The M60, officially the Machine Gun, Caliber 7.62 mm, M60, is a family of American general-purpose machine guns firing 7.62×51mm NATO cartridges from a disintegrating belt of M13 links. There are several types of ammunition approved for use in the M60, including ball, tracer, and armor-piercing rounds.

It was adopted in 1957 and issued to units beginning in 1959. It has served with every branch of the U.S. military and still serves with the armed forces of other states. Its manufacture and continued upgrade for military and commercial purchase continues into the 21st century, although it has been replaced or supplemented in most roles by other designs, most notably the M240 machine gun in U.S. service.

Overview

The M60 is a belt-fed machine gun that fires the 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge (similar to .308 Winchester), which is commonly used in larger rifles, such as the M14. It is generally used as a crew-served weapon and operated by a team of two or three individuals. The team consists of the gunner, the assistant gunner (AG), and the ammunition bearer. The gun's weight and the amount of ammunition it can consume when fired make it difficult for a single soldier to carry and operate. The gunner carries the weapon and, depending on his strength and stamina, anywhere from 200 to 1,000 rounds of ammunition. The assistant carries a spare barrel and extra ammunition and reloads and spots targets for the gunner. The ammunition bearer carries additional ammunition and the tripod with associated traversing and elevation mechanism, if issued, and fetches more ammunition as needed during firing.

The M60 can be accurately fired at short ranges from the shoulder thanks to its design. This was an initial requirement for the design and a hold-over in concept from the M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle. It may also be fired from the integral bipod, M122 tripod, and some other mounts.

M60 ammunition comes in a cardboard box containing a cloth bandolier of 100 pre-linked rounds. The M60 uses the M13 ammunition link, a change from the older M1 link system with which it was not compatible. The cloth bandolier is reinforced to allow it to be hung from the current version of the feed tray. Historically, units in Vietnam used B3A cans from C-rations packs locked into the ammunition box attachment system to roll the ammunition belts over for a straighter and smoother feed to the loading port to enhance reliability of feed. The later models changed the ammunition box attachment point and made this adaptation unnecessary.

The M60 has been adopted by various military agencies around the world. It also has been updated and modernized throughout the years to meet modern military requirements.

History

The M60 machine gun began development in the late 1940s as a program for a new, lighter 7.62 mm machine gun. It was partly derived from German guns of World War II (most notably the FG 42 and the MG 42), but it contained American innovations as well. The final evaluation version was designated the T161E3. It was intended to replace the M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle and M1919A6 Browning machine gun in the squad automatic weapon role, and in the medium machine gun role. One of the weapons tested against it during its procurement process was the FN MAG.

The U.S. Army adopted the T161E3 as the M60 in 1957. The decision to adopt the M60 instead of foreign designs, like modified versions of the proven German MG 42 or the still-unproven FN MAG, was largely due to Congressional requirements that preference be given to the designs of U.S. arms manufacturers primarily to avoid licensing fees, but also to support U.S. firms.

Vietnam War
Many U.S. units used the M60 during the Vietnam War as a squad automatic weapon. Every soldier in the rifle squad would carry an additional 200 linked rounds of ammunition for the M60, a spare barrel, or both. The up-gunned M113 armored personnel carrier added two M60 gunners beside the main .50-caliber machine gun while the Patrol Boat, River had one in addition to two .50-cal mounts.

The M60 received the nickname "The Pig" due to its bulky size and appetite for ammunition. Vietnam's tropical climate harshly affected weapons, and the M60 was no exception. Its light weight led to it being easily damaged and critical parts like the bolt and operating rod wore out quickly. Even so, soldiers appreciated the gun's handling, mechanical simplicity, and effective operation from a variety of firing positions. United States Navy SEALs used M60s with shorter barrels and no front sights to reduce weight. Some SEALs had feed chutes from backpacks to have a belt of hundreds of rounds ready to fire without needing to reload.

Many incidents demonstrated the effectiveness of the M60 in combat. In 1966, Medal of Honor recipient Lance Corporal Richard Pittman, a Marine with 1/5 (1st Battalion/5th Marine Regiment), used the M60 to engage superior elements of the 324th North Vietnamese Army (NVA) Division, defeating two enemy machine gun positions and suppressing enemies in his immediate vicinity, then advancing another 50 meters into the face of more attacking NVA.

In the 1980s, the Army partially replaced the M60 by the M249 Squad Automatic Weapon within infantry squads. Their new doctrine reduced the general-purpose machine gun role in favor of portability and a greater volume of fire. However, many disliked the M249, which was less reliable, accurate, and long-ranged, and fired a 5.56 mm round that was lighter than the M60's 7.62 mm round. The M60 was retained in the vehicle-mounted and the general-purpose roles due to its greater power and range.

The U.S. Marine Corps, which became concerned about the M60's reliability, weight, and the high round counts, adopted the M60E3 to replace most original M60s in infantry units. The M60E3 was five pounds lighter than the original M60. It included a forward pistol grip and had the bipod mounted to the receiver rather than the barrel. The weapon still was not durable and its performance was reduced.

In the early 1990s, Saco Defense addressed Navy Special Warfare requirements to develop a retrofit parts package for the machine gun. Called the M60E4, it was more reliable and durable than the M60E3, had a "duckbill" flash suppressor, and a shorter and thicker positive lock gas cylinder extension. NAVSPECWAR units began to receive it in late 1994, when it was designated the Mk 43 Mod 0.

In January 1994, the U.S. Army began the Medium Machine Gun Upgrade Kit program. The only two competitors were M60 and M240 versions. Saco offered an "enhanced" M60E3 with improved parts, and FN offered the M240 variant of its MAG; both weapons were upgrade kits of weapons already in service. Eighteen guns of each were tested until December 1995. There were two main performance areas: mean rounds between stoppages (MRBS-jams) and mean rounds between failures (MRBF-parts breaking). 50,000 rounds were fired through both guns. The M240 had 2,962 MRBS and 6,442 MRBF, compared to the M60's 846 MRBS and 1,669 MRBF. As a result, the M240 was declared the winner and accepted into infantry service. Although the M60 was lighter, had better balance, was more controllable, and there were many in the inventory, it did not work reliably enough.

Starting with Ranger battalions, the U.S. Army began adopting and modifying M240 variants to replace their remaining M60s in the early 1990s.

The M60, though largely phased out, continued to be used in the 21st century by U.S. Navy SEALs. It was the main 7.62 mm machine gun used by some U.S. special operations forces to the late 1990s. As of 2005 it was used by the U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Navy, and some reserve units.

Design

The M60 is a gas-operated, air-cooled, belt-fed, automatic machine gun that fires from the open-bolt position and is chambered in 7.62×51mm NATO. It has a cyclic rate of fire of around 500–650 rounds per minute (RPM). Ammunition is usually fed into the weapon from a 100 or 250-round disintegrating, metallic split-link belt.

The design drew on many common concepts in firearms manufacture of the period, such as stamped sheet metal construction, belt feed (a modified mechanism for belt feed from the MG 42 with a single pawl), quick barrel replacement, a pistol grip and stock, and a semi bullpup design similar to the FG 42 (much of the action occupies the weapon's stock). The M60's operating system of an operating rod turning a rotating bolt was inspired by the FG 42, which was based on the much earlier Lewis Gun. The M60 was even constructed with a secondary assisting firing pin spring that is used in the FG 42 in semi-automatic mode even though it is actually unnecessary in the M60, which operates only in full automatic mode. The M60's gas operation is unique, and drew on technical advances of the period, particularly the White "gas expansion and cutoff" principle also exploited by the M14 rifle. The M60's gas system was simpler than other gas systems and easier to clean.

The M60 was designed for mass production, like the MG 42 it was based on. While the M1919 required much machining for its large, recoil-operated internal mechanisms, the M60's stamped sheet receiver had a gas-operated, carrier-cammed bolt mechanism; the same type of mechanism was used on the Lewis machine gun. The straight-line layout allowed the operating rod and buffer to run directly back into the buttstock and reduce the overall length of the weapon.

As with all such weapons, it can be fired from the shoulder, hip, or underarm position. However, to achieve the maximum effective range, it is recommended that a bipod-steadied position or a tripod-mounted position be used, and the gun fired in bursts of 3–5 rounds. The weapon is heavy and difficult to aim when firing without support, though the weight helps reduce the felt recoil. The large grip also allowed the weapon to be conveniently carried at the hip. The gun can be stripped using a live round of ammunition as a tool.

The M60 is often used with its own integrated bipod or with the M122 tripod. The M60 is considered effective up to 1,100 meters when firing at an area target and mounted on a tripod; up to 800 meters when firing at an area target using the integral bipod; up to 600 meters when firing at a point target; and up to 200 meters when firing at a moving point target. United States Marine Corps doctrine holds that the M60 and other weapons in its class are capable of suppressive fire on area targets out to 1,500 meters if the gunner is sufficiently skilled.

Originally, an experimental M91 tripod was developed for the M60, but an updated M2 tripod design, which became the M122, was selected over it. The M122 was replaced in the 2000s (decade) by a new mount, in time for the M60 to also be used with it.

Ammunition

The M60 family of weapons are capable of firing standard NATO rounds of the appropriate caliber. Most common in U.S. use are M61 armor-piercing, M62 tracer, and M80 Ball. For training purposes, M63 Dummy and M82 blanks are used. Newer tungsten-cored M993 Armor-piercing rounds may also be fired in the M60, though they did not enter the inventory until after the M60 was withdrawn from service in active-duty units.

When firing blanks, the M13 or M13A1 blank-firing adaptor (BFA) is necessary in order to produce enough gas pressure to cycle the weapon with blanks. All ammunition must be fixed in a NATO standard M13 disintegrating metallic split-link belt to feed into the weapon.

The standard combat ammunition mix for the M60 consists of sequences of four ball (M80) cartridges and one tracer (M62) in belts of 100 rounds. The four-to-one ratio theoretically allows the gunner to accurately "walk" the fire into the enemy. Tracer bullets do not fly quite the same trajectory as ball, and the weapon's sights must be used for accurate fire—particularly at ranges in excess of 800 meters, where 7.62×51mm NATO tracer bullets usually burn out and are no longer visible. This is a problem for all weapons in this caliber using this tracer round.

Design flaws

At the time of the M60's development, other designs, like the Belgian FN MAG and the German Rheinmetall MG 3 (MG42 derivative), had yet to enter production. In Army tests, the M60 proved fairly effective, but in the jungles of Southeast Asia, it displayed a number of troubling issues.

A common complaint was the weapon's weight; though the M60 was among the lightest 7.62 mm machine guns of the era, the weapon was poorly balanced and thus awkward to carry for long periods. The single most common complaint was that the M60 was unreliable in extreme conditions and prone to jamming and other malfunctions during heavy firing, especially when it was dirty. Sometimes spent casings would fail to extract and stay stuck inside the chamber, forcing a barrel change before it could be fired again.

Due to the rotating bolt design, the M60 required stoning of burrs or roughness on the lugs, which could increase headspace, occasionally causing cartridge case stretching and head separation. This required replacement of the bolt. The M60 sometimes (depending on the version) tore off the rims from fired cartridge cases during the extraction cycle, causing a jam that required a cleaning rod to be rammed down the barrel to extract the torn cartridge, a potentially deadly procedure while under fire in combat. The barrel latch mechanism (a swinging lever) could catch on the gunner's equipment and accidentally unlatch, causing the barrel to fall out of the gun. On new M60s, the lever was replaced with a push button mechanism that was less likely to be accidentally released, but few of the older M60s were modified due to expense, with many of the extant weapons still bearing them.

The grip/trigger housing assembly is held in place with a rather fragile leaf spring clip instead of the captive pins used in other designs. The spring clip has been known to be prone to breakage since the first trials at Aberdeen Proving Ground. Duct tape and cable ties have been seen on M60s in the field, placed there by their crews in case the spring clip breaks. The sear in the trigger mechanism gained a reputation for wearing down, and a malfunction could cause the gun to "run away". A second sear notch was eventually added to the operating rod to reduce the chance of this happening.

Variants

The nomenclature M60 describes either the first adopted variant or, generically, the family of weapons were derived from it.  Major variations include the M60E1 (an improved variant that did not enter production), the M60E2 (a variant designed to be used from fixed mounts as a co-axial for armored vehicles or in helicopter armament systems), the M60E3 (a lightweight variant) and the M60E4 (another improved variant, designated as the Mk 43 Mod 0 by the U.S. Navy).

The M60C was adopted for use on fixed mounts on aircraft. It was characterized by the use of an electric solenoid to operate the trigger and a hydraulic system to charge the weapon. The M60D differed from the base model by employing spade grips, a different sighting system, and lacking a forearm. It was typically employed as a door gun on helicopters or as a pintle-mounted weapon as on the Type 88 K1 tank.

There are many smaller variants among each type, between makers of the firearm, and over time.

Variant summary
T161: The M60's developmental designation before it was type-classified in the 1950s.
M60: The basic model, type-classified in 1957.
M60E1: An improved variant that did not enter production. The primary difference was the handle fixed to the barrel and the removal of the gas cylinder and bipod from the barrel assembly.
M60E2: Used in vehicles as a coaxial machine gun; electrically fired.
M60B: Used in helicopters in the 1960s and 1970s; unmounted.
M60C: Used in fixed mounts in aircraft in the 1960s and 1970s; electrically fired and hydraulically charged.
M60D: Replaced the M60B; a pintle-mounted variant used especially in armament subsystem for helicopters, but also some other roles.
M60E3: An updated, lightweight variant adopted in the 1980s.
M60E4 (Mk 43 Mod 0/1): An improved variant of the 1990s that looks similar to the M60E3, but has many improvements. It has subvariants of its own and is also used by the U.S. Navy (as the Mk 43 Mod 0/1). The Mk 43 Mod 1 is a specialized variant with additions such as extra rails for mounting accessories.
M60E6: A lightened and improved variant of the M60E4.

M60

The initial variant was officially adopted by the U.S. Army in the late 1950s, though at this time it was only intended for the infantry. It was known as the T161 before it was adopted (specifically the T161E3) and was chosen over the competing T52 during testing in the 1950s. They both used a similar feed and were both gas-operated, but the T161 was easier to produce and its different internals performed better. The model that won the competition was the T161E3.

The model was type-classified in 1957 and entered production. It saw its first heavy use in the 1960s. The basic design has undergone some smaller changes and has been produced by different manufacturers.

M60E1
The M60E1 was the first major variant of the original M60. It did not go into full-scale production, though many of its features were included in the later E3 and E4 variants. Some of its features were also incorporated into the existing M60 production. This mainly changed how the gas cylinder, the barrel, and the bipod were connected; in the first iteration. The M60 and the M60E1 are two different versions. Opinions varied on whether the M60E1 was officially adopted or not.

One of the more noticeable changes on the M60E1 is that the bipod attachment point was moved to the gas tube rather than the barrel (like on the later M60E3). It did not, however, have a forward pistol grip, as was added on the E3 variant.

M60E2

The M60E2 is used on armored fighting vehicles, such as the M48A5, later M60 Patton tanks and the K1 Type 88. It lacks many of the external components of the standard M60, including stock and grips. The M60E2 was electrically fired, but had a manual trigger as a backup, as well as a metal loop at the back for charging. The gas tube below the barrel was extended to the full length of the weapon to vent the gas outside the vehicle. This version achieved a mean time between failures of 1,669 during testing in the 1970s.

The M60E2 is used on the South Korea's K1 Type 88 tank as a co-axial weapon, along with an M60D on a pintle mount.

M60B
The M60B was a short-lived variant designed to be fired from helicopters, with limited deployment made in the 1960s and 1970s. It was not mounted, just held, and was soon replaced by the pintle-mounted M60D. The 'B' model differed most noticeably in that it had no bipod and featured a different rear stock than the regular model. It still had a pistol grip (as opposed to spade grips). The M60B's advantage over pintle-mounted variants was that it had a wider and much less restricted field of fire.

M60C

The M60C is a variant of the standard M60 for aircraft mounting, such as in helicopter armament subsystems. It lacks things like the bipod, pistol grip, and iron sights. The main difference between the standard M60 and the "C" variant is the electronic control system and the hydraulic swivel system used. It could be fired from the cockpit by the pilot or co-pilot. It is an electronically controlled, hydraulic-powered, air-cooled, gas-operated, belt-fed weapon system. It used the M2, M6, and M16 armament subsystems and was mounted on the OH-13 Sioux, the OH-23 Raven, the UH-1B Huey, and comprised the standard fixed armament of the OV-10 Bronco. M60C production was on the order of several hundred. It was also used in the XM19 gun pod.

M60D

The M60D is a mounted variant of the standard M60. It can be mounted on boats, vehicles and as a pintle-mounted door gun in helicopters. When used in aircraft, it differs from the M60C in that it is not controlled by the pilot—rather, it is mounted in a door and operated by a member of the crew. Like the rest of the M60 family, it is an air-cooled, gas-operated, belt-fed weapon. Unlike other models, however, the M60D normally has spade grips and an aircraft ring-type sight or similar, as well as an improved ammunition feed system. A canvas bag is also affixed to the gun to capture ejected casings and links, preventing them from being sucked into the rotor blades or into an engine intake. The M60D was equipped on the UH-1B Huey (using the M23, XM29, M59, and the Sagami mounts), the CH-47 Chinook (using the M24 and M41 mounts) in both door and ramp locations, the ACH-47A "Guns-A-Go-Go" variant of the Chinook (using the XM32 and XM33 mounts), and on the UH-60 Black Hawk (using the M144 mount). The M60D is also used by the British on Royal Air Force Chinooks. In US service, the M60D has been primarily replaced by the M240H. The M60D is still manufactured by U.S. Ordnance and still used on the SH-60 Seahawk.

M60E3

The M60E3 was fielded c. 1986 in an attempt to remedy problems with earlier versions of the M60 for infantry use. It is a lightweight, "improved" variant intended to reduce the load carried by the gunner. Unlike its predecessors, the M60E3 has several updated modern features. It has a bipod (attached to the receiver) for improved stability, ambidextrous safety, universal sling attachments, a carrying handle on the barrel, and a simplified gas system. However, these features also caused almost as many problems for the weapon as they fixed. There were different types of barrels used, but the lightweight barrel was not as safe for sustained fire at 200 rounds per minute as heavier types. Despite this, some personnel claim to have witnessed successful prolonged firing of the weapon. The stellite superalloy barrel liner makes it possible, but the excessive heat generated by this process may quickly render the gun unusable. There were two main barrels, a lightweight barrel and another heavier type—the former for when lighter weight was desired, and the latter for situations where more sustained fire was required.

The reduced-weight components also reduced the durability of the weapon, making it more prone to rapid wear and parts breakage than the original. Most infantry units in the U.S. Army and Marine Corps have now switched over to the M240 as their general-purpose machine gun, which is more reliable (particularly when dirty) and seems to be well liked by the troops for its ruggedness, despite the fact that it weighs 27.6 lb (12.5 kg) compared to the standard M60 at 23.15 lb (10.5 kg).

U.S. Navy SEALs continued to use the "CAR-60" (M60E3) version due to its lighter weight and slower rate of fire, which allows a more effective duration of fire with allowable levels of ammunition carried.

The U.S. Air Force Security Forces received the M60E3 from 1988 to 1989. All USAF M60E3s were withdrawn from general issue by 1990, because it did not meet the vehicle mount requirements of the Cadillac Gage Ranger and due to overheating problems. The M60E3 did remain in the Air Force as weapons converted back to M60 configuration with the E3 X-stamped via locally installed kits issued from depot. The Air Force cut the barrel change times, sustained fire 100 rounds per minute change barrel every 10 minutes (M60) to five minutes (M60E3), and rapid fire 200 rounds per minute change barrel every five minutes to two minutes.

M60E4/Mk 43 Mod 0/1
The M60E4 or Mk 43 is a 7.62×51mm NATO general-purpose machine gun. Evolved from the M60 machine gun series, it has several improvements over the originals. The M60E4/Mk 43 series includes the Mod 0 and Mod 1 configurations.

It is the primary light machine gun used in some NATO countries and other U.S. Government export-approved countries. The Mk 43 machine gun currently is manufactured solely by U.S. Ordnance (USORD). USORD has produced it since 2000.

The M60E4/Mk 43 is one of the modernized variants in the generations of the old M60 family and incorporates a number of improvements over past the versions. Externally, it looks somewhat like the M60E3, but it has many internal changes and improvements that modernize the effectiveness and reliability of this weapon. In general it is a more reliable weapon than all previous M60s. Externally, it features a different forward grip, iron sights, butt stock and bipod. The M60E4/Mk 43 has higher pull for the belt, and is available in a variety of configurations. Older M60 models can be upgraded with a conversion kit manufactured by U.S. Ordnance to the M60E4/Mk 43. The M60E4/Mk 43 were primarily developed in the 1990s and have continued to be redeveloped in the 2000s (decade). Early Mk 43s had some distinct differences from the E4 (such as a duckbill flash suppressor), though by the 2000s these distinctions seemed to have ended.

The Navy has designated this weapon as the Mk 43 Mod 0. It was developed for the U.S. Navy SEALs to replace their existing stock of M60E3 machine guns fitted with shorter "assault barrels". These weapons are identical to standard M60E4s, with the exception of the barrel length, and can be used either as suppressive fire or direct fire weapons. The Mk 43 Mod 1 adds significantly more rail attachment points to the weapon's receiver cover and handguard.

U.S. Ordnance's website states in their FAQ, as of 2005, that the "M60E4 and the Mk 43 are the same weapon system". The M60E4 and Mk 43 variants in the past were roughly similar, although they are part of the same family. While it might be fair to say that the Mk 43s are a type of M60E4, there are technical differences between any given M60E4 model. Early Mk 43s have certain differences over M60E4 from the same period, the most obvious being the duck-bill flash hider and different handguard. This difference is no longer seen on the current Mk 43s still manufactured by U.S. Ordnance.

In Army trials during the 1990s the M60E4 produced by Saco Defense was pitted against the M240E4 (then called) produced by FN for a new medium machine gun to be used by the infantry. The competition was to replace the decades-old M60s. The M240E4 won, and was then classified as the M240B. While the M240B had been more reliable in the tests, it was noted to be a heavier weapon than the M60E4.

The M60E4/Mk 43 is a modern update to the entire series, such that it is also available in many of the previous configurations, such as a co-axial weapon. Kits are offered to convert older models to the E4 standard.

M60E4 (Light machine gun):
Short barrel: weight: 22.5 lb (10.2 kg); length: 37.7 in (95.8 cm)
Long barrel: weight: 23.1 lb (10.5 kg); length: 42.4 in (108 cm)
Assault barrel: weight: 21.3 lb (9.66 kg); length: 37.0 in (94.0 cm)
Width: 4.8 in (12.2 cm)
M60E4 (mounted):
Length: 43.5 in (110 cm)
Width: 5.9 in (15.0 cm)
Weight: 22.7 lb (10.3 kg)
M60E4 (co-axial):
Length: 42.3 in (107 cm)
Width: 4.8 in (12.2 cm)
Weight: 21.2 lb (9.62 kg)

Design details
The M60E4/Mk 43 is a gas-operated, disintegrating-link, belt-fed, air-cooled machine gun that fires from an open bolt. It is the newest, upgraded variant of the M60 series machine guns. It fires a 7.62x51mm NATO cartridge, which offers accuracy, reliability, and stopping power. It fires at a cyclic rate of around 500 to 600 rounds per minute, with an effective distance of 1200 yards (1100 meters). The weapon's controllable, yet lethal, rate of fire allows for accurate firing in the standing, kneeling and prone positions.

The M60E4/Mk 43 is ambidextrous, and shares its parts with all previous M60 configurations, including vehicle mounts. The adjustable front sight allows for zeroing of the primary and spare barrel, the chrome and induction hardening lengthens service life, and the ammunition is now mounted on the receiver, preventing damage, and thereby feed failure. The machine gun's light weight—20 to 21 pounds (9 to 10 kilograms)—and compact design make it easy to carry long distances and maneuver in tight spaces. It also allows for the weapon to be fired from the shoulder accurately.

The M60E4/Mk 43 Mod 0, typically used as an infantry machine gun, features an injection-molded composite handguard. The weapon system's quick-change barrel is crucial for safety and efficiency, particularly when the operator is under fire. With the lightweight bipod mounted to the receiver, the barrel can be changed without removing the bipod.

The M60E4/Mk 43 Mod 1 has multiple M1913 rail mounting points for mounting optics, aiming lasers, and accessories for around-the-clock capability. It mounts directly or adapts to all standard NATO tripod and vehicle mounts.

Barrels are stellite lined for sustained fire and extended barrel life. They are available in short, long and heavy fluted configurations for use in various applications. All major components of the M60E4/Mk 43 directly interchange with other M60 configurations. U.S. Ordnance manufactures a conversion kit that upgrades older M60s to its M60E4/Mk 43 model.

M60E6

The M60E6 is an improvement on the M60E4 and the latest M60 variant. It won against the HK121 in the Danish Army's GPMG replacement program to replace the M/62 in March 2014. The weight has been reduced to ,  lighter than the M/62. Its rate of fire of around 500–650 rounds per minute (RPM) is significantly less than the M/62's 1,200 RPM, but it allows for better control, greater accuracy, more conservation of ammunition, more versatile firing positions, and less risk of collateral damage from losing control while shooting. The M60E6 features a redesigned quick-change barrel assembly with an offset barrel handle, which is also used to carry the weapon and allows for the replacement of a hot barrel without using protective gloves. Changes to the rail system and bipod have been made, and a significant number of internal improvements have also increased reliability.

Danish C79 LMG Optic
The Danish military uses a 3.4×28 optical sight mounted on top of the receiver which can be set from  in  increments on their M/60E6. What sets the Danish C79 LMG Optic designated as M/98 apart from the standard C79 optical sight is its unique reticle of a chevron  with a height of 12,5 TS and two TS line left and right with a length of 7,5 TS beginning 2,5 TS away from the tip of the chevron. The sight is designated as M/99 also available in a night vision configuration.

Civilian variants
A number of semi-automatic only variants have been produced for the civilian market in the United States. The internals have been extensively modified to make it essentially impossible to convert them to fire in fully automatic. If the design is approved by the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (BATFE), they are treated as belt-fed semi-automatic rifles; however, individual state and local regulations still apply.

The U.S. Ordnance company is the current maker authorized by Saco to produce mil-spec M60s and M60 parts. The company had charged $8,000 for a new semi-automatic M60.

The Desert Ordnance company is a current maker of M60s and M60 parts. The company charges between $13,000–$14,000 for a new semi-automatic M60, depending on the model.

There are a variety of M60 models, some that have been upgraded to the current M60E4 configuration, on the market as well, but they are heavily regulated and restricted by the National Firearms Act, and they cost over $40,000, with some models, such as a Maremont/SACO upgraded to M60E6 configuration costing as much as $65,000.

Users

: Replaced by the FN Minimi (light roles) and FN MAG (general-purpose roles).

: The M60E4 is used in small numbers by specialized units of the Czech Army. Known to be in use by the 601st Special Forces Group in 2006 to replace the UK-59L.

: Starting 2015, the Danish Army will receive 600+ M60E6s.

: M60, M60E2 used by the army; M60C by the air force; M60E6 by the navy.

: Received a grant of 75 M60s in 2002 from the USA's Defense Logistics Agency.
: In service 1957–1972; replaced by FN MAG.
: M60E1 is used by the Malaysian Army Grup Gerak Khas.

: Portuguese Army uses M60E and D mounted on V-150 Commando.

: Received a grant of 2,500 M60s in 2002 from the USA's Defense Logistics Agency.
: Produced under license since 1974.

: Produced locally.

: M60E4 used by Unité Spéciale – Garde Nationale.

: Used by the Royal Air Force; mounted on the Chinook.
: Used by the U.S. Army, the U.S. Navy SEALs, and the Los Angeles Police Department

: Used by the PAVN and former ARVN.

Non-state operators
  Amal Movement
  Army of Free Lebanon (AFL)
  Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA)
  Lebanese Arab Army (LAA)
  Lebanese Forces
  Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)
  Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF)
 Nicaraguan Contras
  Progressive Socialist Party/People's Liberation Army (PLA) of Lebanon
  Provisional Irish Republican Army
  Lord Resistance Army

See also
 PK machine gun, Warsaw Pact counterpart of the M60

References

Department of the Army Field Manual No. 3-22.68
U.S. Army TACOM — Rock Island
MCWP 3–15.1 United States Marine Corps: "Machine Guns and Machine Gun Gunnery"
Navy SEALs
 U.S. Ordnance Mk 43 MOD 0
 de UNOPES, GEO,FES,BFP y marinos de la armada de México

External links

US Ordnance Website (current maker of M60s, M60D, M60E4/Mk 43)
US Army manual: Operator's Manual For M60, M122, M60D

  The article includes a detailed list of the twenty-two improvements made over previous versions of the M60.

7.62×51mm NATO machine guns
Aircraft guns
FG 42 derivatives
General-purpose machine guns
Infantry weapons of the Cold War
Machine guns of the United States
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1957

M60 machine gun


Toshiya Sueyoshi (født 18. november 1987) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Toshiya Sueyoshi


Die Korea Open 1994 im Badminton fanden vom 25. bis zum 30. Januar 1994 im Seoul National University Gymnasium in Seoul statt. Das Preisgeld betrug 125.000 US-Dollar. Es war die 4. Auflage der Korea Open. Hauptsponsor des Turniers war die koreanische Regierung. 244 Spieler aus 17 Ländern nahmen am Turnier teil, welches von KBS im Fernsehen übertragen wurde.

Finalergebnisse

Weblinks
  (englisch)
 Korea Open 1994 auf www.tournamentsoftware.com (englisch)

1994
Badmintonwettbewerb in Seoul
World Badminton Grand Prix 1994

Korea Open 1994


La Liga C, llamada Metfone C-League por razones de patrocinio, es la máxima categoría del fútbol en Camboya, se disputa desde 1982 y es organizada por la Federación de Fútbol de Camboya.

Los 2 equipos más populares son el Phnom Penh Crown FC y el Nagaworld FC.

Competición
Es una liga que da premios en efectivo a los mejores equipos en cada temporada. El campeonato lo disputan 10 equipos bajo un formato de 2 fases:
 Primera Fase: Los equipos se enfrentan todos contra todos a dos vueltas, los mejores 4 avanzan a la siguiente ronda y los peores 2 descienden a la segunda división.
 Segunda Fase: Los 4 mejores equipos de la primera ronda se cruzan en duelos de muerte súbita, donde los ganadores juegan la final de donde sale el campeón.

Equipos Temporada 2016

Asia Europe University
Boeung Ket
Cambodia Tiger
United CMAC
Naga World
National Defense
Police Commissary
Phnom Penh Crown
Svay Rieng
Western Phnom Penh

Campeones

 1982: Ministry of Commerce FC
 1983: Ministry of Commerce FC
 1984: Ministry of Commerce FC
 1985: National Defense Ministry FC
 1986: National Defense Ministry FC
 1987: Ministry of Health FC
 1988: Kampong Cham Province FC
 1989: Ministry of Transports
 1990: Ministry of Transports
 1991: Municipal Constructions
 1992: Municipal Constructions
 1993: National Defense Ministry FC
 1994: Civil Aviation
 1995: Civil Aviation
 1996: Body Guards Club
 1997: Body Guards Club
 1998: Royal Dolphins
 1999: Royal Dolphins

 2000: National Police FC (Nokorbal Cheat)
 2001: Título desierto
 2002: Samart United
 2003: Título desierto
 2004: Título desierto
 2005: Khemara Keila FC
 2006: Khemara Keila FC
 2007: Nagacorp FC
 2008: Phnom Penh Empire
 2009: Nagacorp FC
 2010: Phnom Penh Crown FC
 2011: Phnom Penh Crown FC
 2012: Boeung Ket Angkor FC
 2013: Preah Khan Reach Svay Rieng FC
 2014: Phnom Penh Crown FC
 2015: Phnom Penh Crown FC
 2016: Boeung Ket Angkor FC
 2017: Boeung Ket Angkor FC
 2018: Nagaworld FC
 2019: Preah Khan Reach Svay Rieng FC
 2020: Boeung Ket Angkor FC
 2021: Phnom Penh Crown FC

Títulos por club

Últimos Goleadores

Véase también
 Copa de Camboya - Copa Hun Sen
 Selección de fútbol de Camboya

Enlaces externos
 Camboya - List of Champions
 soccerway.com Temporadas de Archivo
 FFC

Camboya
Fútbol en Camboya

Liga C de Camboya


Çıkrık, Çorum ilinin Merkez ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1921 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır. Daha önceleri Mecitözü ilçesine bağlıyken, 1990'lı yıllarda Çorum Merkez ilçeye bağlandı.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 45 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Çorum merkez belde ve köyleri

Çıkrık, Çorum


Biserica Nașterea Maicii Domnului din Gârbovița este un monument istoric aflat pe teritoriul satului aparținător Gârbovița, municipiului Aiud. În Repertoriul Arheologic Național, monumentul apare cu codul 1302.01.

Localitatea
Gârbovița, cunoscută și ca Gârbova de Mijloc, (în , în ), este un sat ce aparține municipiului Aiud din județul Alba, Transilvania, România. Localitatea este atestată documentar din anul 1505, cu denumirea Közep-Orbo.

Istoric și trăsături
Biserică greco-catolică, cu hramul Nașterea Fecioarei Maria. Partea veche a bisericii datează din secolul XIV, cu adăugiri din secolul XVIII. Lăcașul de cult a fost sfințit în anul: 1808. În anul 1910, din 433 de locuitori români, 430 erau greco-catolici.

Note

Vezi și
 Gârbovița, Alba

Legături externe
 Sfințire de troiță în Parohia Gârbovița
 Sfințirea "Căii Crucii" în Parohia Gârbovița–Aiud

Imagini

Monumente istorice din județul Alba
Biserici din județul Alba
Biserici din secolul al XIV-lea din România
Biserici greco-catolice din România
Biserici cu hramul Nașterea Maicii Domnului


Zepeda est un patronyme porté notamment par :

 David Zepeda (1973-), acteur, chanteur et mannequin mexicain ;
  (1949-), diplomate chilien ;
  (1784-1837), homme politique nicaraguayen ;
 Lorenzo Zepeda (?-1958), président de la République du Salvador ;
 Miguel Zepeda (1976-), footballeur mexicain ;
 Ofelia Zepeda (1954-), linguiste, poète et intellectuelle amérindienne ;
 Omar Zepeda (1977-), athlète mexicain, spécialiste de la marche ;
 Salvador Cienfuegos Zepeda (1948-), militaire et homme politique mexicain.

Zepeda


A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas er en komedie julefilm fra 2011 instrueret af Todd Strauss-Schulson, skrevet af Jon Hurwitz og Hayden Schlossberg med John Cho, Kal Penn og Neil Patrick Harris i hovedrollerne.

Eksterne henvisninger

Amerikanske film fra 2011
Komediefilm fra USA

A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas


Mustafa Hilmi Soydan (d. 1881, Niğde Türkiye), (ö. 10 Ekim 1958)

Medrese mezunu olarak dava vekilliği yaparken 39 yaşında 1. dönem Niğde milletvekili seçilmiştir. Şeriye encümen azalığı ve başkanlığında bulunmuştur. Niğde Müftülüğü yapmıştır.

1881 doğumlular
1958 yılında ölenler
TBMM 1. dönem Niğde milletvekilleri
Niğde doğumlu siyasetçiler
Resim aranan siyasetçiler

Mustafa Hilmi Soydan


Christopher Edward Nolan (d. 30 Temmuz 1970, Londra), İngiliz film yönetmeni, senarist, yapımcı, görüntü yönetmeni ve editör. Yönettiği filmler dünya çapında 6 milyar dolardan fazla hasılat elde etmiştir. Ayrıca 36 Oscar adaylığı ve 10 ödülü vardır.

1998 yılında Takip filmiyle ilk yönetmenlik denemesini yaptı. İkinci filmi Akıl Defteri ile dikkatleri üzerine çekti ve En İyi Özgün Senaryo Akademi Ödülü adaylığı elde etti. Bu başarısı ona büyük bütçeli Uykusuz ve Prestij filmlerini çekme fırsatı verdi. Kara Şövalye Üçlemesi ve Başlangıç filmleriyle mali ve eleştirel başarı ve ikinci En İyi Özgün Senaryo Akademi Ödülü adaylığını elde etti.

Yaşamı ve meslek hayatı

Yaşamının erken dönemi ve meslek hayatının başlangıcı: 1970-97

Nolan Londra'da doğdu. İngiliz babası Brendan James Nolan bir reklamcılık yöneticisi, Amerikalı annesi Christina ise uçuş görevlisi ve İngilizce öğretmeni olarak çalıştı. Çocukluğu Londra ve Chicago arasında geçmiş ve hem İngiliz hem de Amerikan vatandaşlığına sahiptir. Matthew Francis Nolan adında sabıkalı bir abisi ve Jonathan adında bir kardeşi vardır. Yedi yaşında film çekmeye başladı, babasının Super 8 kamerasını ödünç aldı ve kendi aksiyon figürleriyle kısa filmler çekti. Nolan bir Yıldız Savaşları hayranıydı ve sekiz yaşlarındayken Space Wars adını verdiği stop motion animasyon filmi yaptı. Amcası NASA'da çalışıyordu, Apollo roketleri için rehberlik sistemleri kuruyordu ve ona birkaç görsel gönderiyordu. 11 yaşındayken film yönetmeni olmak istiyordu.

Nolan'ın ailesi, gelişim yıllarında Chicago'ya taşındığında Adrien ve Roko Belic'le film yapmaya başladı. Belic kardeşlerin 1999 yapımı Akademi adayı Genghis Blues belgeselinde jenerikte isminin karşısına kurgusal yardım yazdırarak işbirliğine devam etti. Nolan, foto muhabiri Dan Eldon'un 1990'lı yılların başında düzenlediği dört Afrika ülkesinde bir safari belgelemesi üzerine Roko Belic'in yanı sıra Jeffrey Gettleman ile birlikte çalıştı. Nolan Hertford Heath, Hertfordshire'daki bağımsız bir okul olan Haileybury ve İmparatorluk Hizmet Koleji'nde eğitim gördü ve daha sonra Londra Üniversitesi Akademisi'nde İngiliz dili edebiyatı okudu. Film yapım tesisleri olduğu için özellikle burayı seçti. Okul yılı boyunca 35 mm uzun metrajlı filmler sahneledi ve elde ettiği parayı 16 mm film yapmak için kullandı. Nolan kolej yıllarında iki kısa film yaptı. Birincisi, Image Union'da (PBS'deki bağımsız bir film ve video vitrini) gösterilen gerçeküstü 8 mm Tarantella'ydı (1989). İkincisi bir hafta sonu sınırlı oyuncu, ekip ve donanım ile siyah beyaz çekilen Larceny'ydi (1995). Yatırımı Nolan tarafından yapıldı ve toplumun ekipmanlarıyla çekildi. 1996'da Cambridge Film Festivalinde gösterildi ve Londra Üniversitesi Akademisi'nin en iyi kısa filmlerinden biri olarak düşünülüdü.

Mezuniyet sonrası Nolan, senaryo okuyucu, kamera operatörü ve kurumsal video ve endüstriyel film yönetmeni olarak çalıştı. Ayrıca üçüncü kısa filmi Doodlebug'u çekti.

Çıkış yılları: 1998-2004
1998'de Nolan, yapımcılığını yaptığı ve arkadaşlarıyla çektiği ilk uzun metraj filmini yönetti. Film, Nolan'ın Londra'daki yaşam deneyiminden esinlendi. Takip 3.000 £ tutarında mütevazı bir bütçeyle yapıldı ve bir yıl boyunca hafta sonlarında çekildi. Nolan, Emma Thomas ve Jeremy Theobald ile filme ortak yapımcı oldu ve yazımını, görüntü yönetmenliğini ve kurgusunu kendisi yaptı.

Takip filminin başarısının sonucunda Nolan çıkış filmi Akıl Defteri'ni yapma fırsatını elde edebildi. Chicago'dan Los Angeles'a bir yolculuk sırasında kardeşi Jonathan kendi kısa hikâyesi "Memento Mori" için bir fikir sundu. Nolan hikâyeyi tersine çeviren bir senaryo geliştirdi. Filme $4.5 milyonluk bir bütçe verildi. Akıl Defteri galasını Eylül 2000'de Venedik Uluslararası Film Festivali'nde yaptı. Gişede ve eleştirel anlamda başarı yakalayan film Akademi ve Altın Küre adaylığı dahil birçok başarı elde etti.

Akıl Defteri'ndeki çalışmalarından etkilenen Steven Soderbergh, Nolan'ı psikolojik gerilim filmi Uykusuz'u yönetmeye yönlendirdi. Warner Bros. ilk başta daha tecrübeli bir yönetmen istedi ancak Soderbergh ve Section Eight Productions, Nolan'ın yanı sıra kendisinin seçtiği görüntü yönetmeni Wally Pfister ve editör Dody Dorn için savaşıyordu. $46 milyonluk bir bütçeyle, "yönetmenin daha önce yapmış olduğu herhangi bir şeyden çok daha fazla bir geleneksel Hollywood filmi" olarak tanımlandı. Film aynı adlı 1997 Norveç yapımı filminin yeniden yapımıydı. Eleştirmenlerden olumlu yorumlar aldı ve $113 milyonluk hasılatı ile gişede başarı sağladı. Özgün filmin yönetmeni Erik Skjoldbjærg, Nolan'ın sürümünden memnun kalmıştı ve film için "iyi hazırlanmış, akıllı bir film ... ve gerçekten iyi yönetmen tarafından ele alınmış" dedi.

Uykusuz'dan sonra Nolan başrolünde Jim Carrey'in yer aldığı Howard Hughes biyografi filmi tasarladı. Bir senaryo yazmıştı ancak Martin Scorsese'nin Hughes'ın biyografisini yaptığı öğrendiğinde isteksizce senaryosunu rafa kaldırdı ve diğer yapımlara geçti. Nolan tarihsel film Truva'yı yönetmesi için gelen tekliften geri döndü ve Ruth Rendell'in suç romanı The Keys to the Street'i uyarlama üzerinde çalışarak Fox Searchlight Pictures için yönetmeyi tasarladığı bir senaryo yazdı ancak sonunda önceki filmleriyle benzerlik taşıdığından bahsederek yapımı bıraktı.

Kara Şövalye Üçlemesi ve ana başarılar: 2005-13
2003 yılının başında Nolan, yeni bir Batman filmi yapma fikriyle Warner Bros'a yaklaştırıldı. Karakter ve öyküden etkilenerek çizgi romana kıyasla daha çok klasik bir dramayı andıran bir film yapmak istedi. Nolan'ın bu noktada üstlendiği en büyük yapım olan Batman Başlıyor, hem eleştirel beğeni hem de ticari başarı için Haziran 2005'te gösterime girdi. Batman Başlıyor 2005'in en fazla hasılat yapan ABD'de beşinci, dünya çapında ise 9. filmi oldu. Film En İyi Sinematografi Akademi Ödülü ve 3 BAFTA adaylığı elde etti.

Batman'ın devam filmlerine geri dönmeden önce Nolan, Christopher Priest'in romanından uyarlanan Prestij adlı filmi yazdı ve yönetti. 2001'de, Nolan Uykusuz filmi için yapım sonrası aşamasındayken kardeşi Jonathan'dan filmin senaryosunu yazmasına yardım etmesini istedi. Nolan başlangıçta filmi 2003'ün başında yapmayı tasarlamıştı fakat Batman Başlıyor'u yapmayı kabul ettikten sonra yapımı erteledi. İki Akademi adaylığı elde eden film dünya çapında $109 milyonun üzerinde hasılat elde etti.

Temmuz 2006'da, Nolan Batman Başlıyor'un devam filmini Kara Şövalye olarak açıkladı. 2008'de gösterime giren Kara Şövalye, 2000'li yılların en iyi filmlerinden biri ve şimdiye kadar yapılmış en iyi süper kahraman filmlerinden biri olarak gösterildi. Eleştirel olarak ve gişede başarı sağlayan film dünya çapında $1 milyardan fazla hasılat elde etti. 81. Akademi Ödülleri'nde 8 dalda adaylık elde etti ve En İyi Ses Kurgusu ve En İyi Yardımcı Erkek Oyuncu ödüllerini kazandı. ''En İyi Yardımcı Erkek Oyuncu'' ödülüne layık görülen Heath Ledger maalesef 22 Ocak 2008 tarihinde ''İlaç Zehirlenmesinden'' hayata gözlerini yumdu.

Kara Şövalye'nin başarısından sonra Warner Bros. Başlangıç filmi için Nolan ile masaya oturdu. 16 Temmuz 2010'da gösterime giren film eleştirel ve ticari başarı elde etti. Film dünya çapında $820 milyondan fazla hasılat etti ve En İyi Film dahil 8 Akademi adaylığı elde etti ve En İyi Görüntü Yönetmeni ödülünü kazandı.

Nolan 2012'de üçüncü ve son Batman filmi Kara Şövalye Yükseliyor'u yönetti. Başlangıçta seriye dönmek konusunda tereddütlü olmasına rağmen kardeşi ve David S. Goyer ile bir hikâye geliştirdikten sonra seriye dönmeyi kabul etti. 20 Temmuz 2012'de gösterime giren film eleştirel başarı sağladı ve dünya çapında $1 milyardan fazla hasılat elde etti.

Goyer, 2010 yılında Kara Şövalye Yükseliyor'un hikâye tartışmaları sırasında Nolan'a Superman'i modern bir bağlamda sunma fikrinden bahsetti. Goyer'in fikrinden etkilenen Nolan, Çelik Adam fikrini Warner Bros'a sundu. Warner Bros Nolan'ı yapımcı, Goyer'i yazar olarak tuttu. Nolan filmi yönetmesi için Zack Snyder'a teklif götürdü. İyi bir gişe başarısı yakalayan film eleştirel anlamda orta seviyede kaldı.

2014-günümüz
Ocak 2013'te Nolan'ın Yıldızlararası adlı filmi yazıp, yöneteceği ve yapımcı olacağı duyuruldu. Taslağı ve senaryosu Jonathan Nolan tarafından yazılan filmi aslında Steven Spielberg yönetecekti. Film kuramsal fizikçi Kip Thorne'un bilimsel kuramlarına dayanıyordu. 5 Kasım 2014'te gösterime giren film olumlu yorumlar aldı ve dünya çapında $670 milyon hasılat elde etti. Film 87. Akademi Ödülleri'nde beş adaylık elde etti ve En İyi Görsel Efekt ödülünü kazandı. Nolan 2016 yılında eşi Thomas ile Batman v Superman: Adaletin Şafağı filmine yönetici yapımcı oldu.

Aralık 2015'te Nolan'ın Dunkirk adlı filmi kendi senaryosundan yöneteceği ve yapımcı olacağı duyuruldu. Film 21 Temmuz 2017'de gösterime girdi. Eleştirmenlerden olumlu yorumlar alan film gişede de başarılı oldu.

Nolan'ın yönetmenliğini yaptığı, senaryosunu kaleme aldığı ve Emma Thomas ile birlikte yapımcılığını üstlendiği on birinci uzun metrajlı filmi Tenetin 26 Ağustos 2020 tarihinde gösterime girdi. Filmde John David Washington, Robert Pattinson, Elizabeth Debicki, Aaron Taylor-Johnson, Dimple Kapadia, Clémence Poésy, Kenneth Branagh ve Michael Caine rol alıyor. Covid-19 Pandemisi döneminde gösterime giren film zor durumda olan sinema sektörüne hareket katacağı düşünüldü.

Tenet filminin yapımı sırasında senaryosunu üstlendiği ve 2000 yılında Türkiye'de Akıl Defteri ismiyle gösterime giren, karısının katilinin izini sürerken kısa süreli hafıza kaybından muzdarip bir adam hakkındaki 'Memento' filmini yeniden çekeceği duyuruldu.

Film yapımı

Tarz
Birçoğu tarafından yazar bir film yapımcısı olarak görülen Nolan'ın sıklıkla kentsel mekanlar, takım elbiseli adamlar, sessiz tonlar ve konuşma sahneleri üzerinde duran görsel tarzı modern mekanlar ve mimari ile geniş yakın çekimde çerçevelendi. Estetik olarak yönetmen, stüdyo çalışmalarında belgesel tarzı aydınlatmayı, doğal mekanları ve gerçek çekim yerlerini tercih eder. Nolan tüm filmlerinin kara filmden büyük ölçüde etkilendiğini söyledi.

Nolan üstkurmaca elemanlar, oval kesim, tekbencilik bakış açısı, doğrusal olmayan öykü anlatımı, dolambaçlı konular ve tarz ve şeklin birleşimi ile sürekli olarak deneme yapmıştır.

Besteci David Julyan'la çalıştığı dönemde Nolan'ın filmleri minimalist ifadeler ve ortam dokuları ile yavaş ve atmosferik müzikler içeriyordu. Nolan 2005'te Hans Zimmer ile çalışmaya başladı.   Zimmer ile Nolan'ın filmlerindeki ses manzarası gittikçe gür ve hareketli hale gelmek üzere gelişti.

Yöntem
Nolan film yapım sürecini sezgi ve geometrinin birleşimi olarak nitelendirdi. Nolan daha az güvenilir ve film için daha düşük görüntü kalitesi sunduğunu hissettiği dijital ara ürünlerin ve dijital sinematografinin kullanılmasına karşı çıkıyor. Özellikle anamorfik 35 mm, VistaVision, 65 mm ve IMAX gibi daha kaliteli, daha geniş biçimli film stoku kullanımını savunuyor.

Nolan filmlerinde özel efektler için bilgisayar üretimli imgeleme miktarını en aza indirmeyi, ancak mümkün olduğunda pratik efektleri kullanmayı ve yalnızca kamerada görüntülenen unsurları geliştirmek için imgeleme kullanmayı tercih ediyor.

İçerik
Nolan'ın çalışmaları öznel tecrübe, hafızanın bozulması, insan ahlakı, zamanın doğası ve kişisel kimliğin inşası gibi varoluşsal, etik ve epistemolojik konuları araştırıyor. Karakterleri genellikle yalnızlık, suçluluk, kıskançlık ve açgözlülük, korkuları ve endişeleri ile karşı karşıyayken duygusal açıdan rahatsız ve manevi açıdan belirsizdir.

Filmografi

Yönetmen

 I Ayrıca editör II Ayrıca görüntü yönetmeni III Ayrıca besteci

Diğer

Önemli ödülleri ve adaylıkları

Kaynakça

1970 doğumlular
Amerikalı film yönetmenleri
Amerikalı film yapımcıları
Amerikalı senaristler
İngiliz film yönetmenleri
İngiliz film yapımcıları
İngiliz senaristler
İngiliz asıllı Amerikalılar
Yaşayan insanlar
Edgar Ödülü sahipleri
University College London'da öğrenim görenler
Çevrimiçi Sinema Eleştirmenleri Topluluğu En İyi Yönetmen Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Senaryo Saturn Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Yönetmen Chicago Sinema Eleştirmenleri Derneği Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Özgün Senaryo Chicago Sinema Eleştirmenleri Derneği Ödülü sahipleri
BAFTA Los Angeles Britanya Ödülleri sahipleri
BAFTA Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Yönetmen Bağımsız Ruh Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Senaryo Bağımsız Ruh Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Özgün Senaryo Writers Guild of America Ödülü sahipleri
Writers Guild of America Ödülü sahipleri
Çevrimiçi Sinema Eleştirmenleri Topluluğu En İyi Çıkış Yapan Yapımcı Ödülü sahipleri
Çevrimiçi Sinema Eleştirmenleri Topluluğu Ödülü sahipleri

Christopher Nolan


Korobejniki (rus. "Коробейники") - ruski film redatelja Vasilija Gončarova.

Radnja
Film govori o trgovcima koji su pali u ruke razbojnika.

Uloge
 Vasilij Stepanov
 Andrej Gromov
 Aleksandra Gončarova

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Korobejniki na Kino Poisk

Ruski filmovi 1910-ih

Korobejniki


La  division d'infanterie d'Afrique ( DIA) est une grande unité de l'Armée de terre française qui a participé à la défense du protectorat français de Tunisie au début de la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

Commandant
La division est commandée par le général Rochas.

Historique
La division est créée le , sous le nom de  d'infanterie d'Afrique bis, la  d'infanterie d'Afrique ayant quitté l'Afrique du Nord pour la France métropolitaine à cette date.

Elle devient la  d'infanterie d'Afrique le . La division est positionnée dans le Sud tunisien derrière la ligne Mareth.

Elle est dissoute en , sans avoir combattu.

Composition
 Infanterie :
  de zouaves, à partir de , venu de la
  de tirailleurs algériens, à partir de , venu de la
  de tirailleurs algériens, à partir du , date de création de ce régiment
 Artillerie :  d'artillerie d'Afrique à partir de  (deux groupes de 75 et un groupe de 155)
 Cavalerie :  groupe de reconnaissance de division d'infanterie, de  à  (devient  de la )

Sources et bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Armée d'Afrique (France)
 Histoire de la Tunisie
 Liste des divisions françaises de la Seconde Guerre mondiale

AFRIQUE, 180
Unité militaire de la Seconde Guerre mondiale

180e division d'infanterie d'Afrique


Memorijalni turnir 'Neven i Mijo' je nogometni turnir za seniorske klubove kojeg organizira nogometni klub Svačić iz Starog Slatinika kod Slavonskog Broda.
Turnir se igra neprekidno od 2001. godine, krajem srpnja. Svačić, iako domaćin i organizator turnira, često natjecateljski ne sudjeluje na turniru, nego za vrijeme turnira igra revijalnu utakmicu. Na turniru nastupaju klubovi uglavnom s područja Brodsko-posavske županije.
Nevenko-Neven Đalaković (26. prosinca 170. – 25. lipnja 1992.) i Mijo Vrljić (6. listopada 1964. – 2. svibnja 1992.) su bili nogometaši Svačića koji su kao pripadnici 3. gardijske brigade poginuli u Domovinskom ratu.

Dosadašnji pobjednici i sudionici

Poveznice
 NK Svačić Bagi Stari Slatnik
 Stari Slatinik
 nksvacic.com.hr
 nksvacic.com.hr - stranica turnira

Izvori
 nksvacic.com.hr, MEMORIJALNI TURNIR  'NEVEN I MIJO' , pristupljeno 1. ožujka 2017.

Nogometni turniri u Hrvatskoj

Memorijalni turnir 'Neven i Mijo'


Anton Cosma () a fost un critic și istoric literar român.

Biografie
S-a născut în familia notarului Augustin Cosma și al soției sale, Aurelia (n. Berghian). A urmat școala elementară și Liceul "Iacob Mureșianu" din Blaj (absolvit în 1957), apoi Facultatea de Filologie a Universității "Babeș-Bolyai" din Cluj, pe care a absolvit-o în 1963. După absolvirea studiilor universitare a lucrat ca profesor de limba și literatura română la Dumbrăveni.

A debutat publicistic în 1969 în revista România literară, colaborând apoi cu articole și studii de critică și istorie literară în paginile revistelor culturale Vatra (al cărei redactor a fost începând din 1981), Tribuna, Transilvania, România literară, Steaua, Astra, Familia, Revue roumaine, Cahiers roumaine d'études littéraires și Igaz Szó. A editat și prefațat volumul Ioan Slavici, Romanele vieții (1979). A scris, de asemenea, poezii și piese de teatru, care au rămas în manuscris ca urmare a morții premature a autorului.

Activitate literară
Anton Cosma a fost consacrat ca istoric și critic literar de cele trei volume de sinteză dedicate romanului românesc: Romanul românesc și problematica omului contemporan (1977), Geneza romanului românesc (1985; distins cu Premiul Asociației Scriitorilor din Târgu Mureș) și Romanul românesc contemporan: 1945-1985 (vol. I, Realismul, 1988; vol. II, Metarealismul, 1998).

Studiul Geneza romanului românesc (1985) ocupă o poziție centrală în opera autorului, investigând cronologic, cu mijloacele sociologiei moderne, începuturile romanului românesc de la imitația romanelor franceze și italiene (Nicolae Filimon) până la formarea unei ficțiuni epice autohtone spre sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea (Ion Creangă, Ioan Slavici și Duiliu Zamfirescu). Anton Cosma susține că romanul românesc este rezultatul unor "deformări succesive ale povestirii", adică își are originea în proza populară, legende, basme, narațiuni religioase, cronici și letopisețe, jurnale de călătorie și memorii. Acest proces complex de metamorfoză este respins de Nicolae Manolescu, care afirmă că romanul românesc ar fi apărut, ca urmare a cererii publicului, prin imitarea romanelor occidentale populare. În ciuda acestei controverse, opiniile majorității criticilor au fost favorabile. Adrian Marino observa că investigația critică a lui Cosma este "scrisă cu ușurință, cursiv, și chiar cu un anumit «condei»", în timp ce Nicolae Manolescu o considera "un studiu foarte ambițios, cu multe puncte de vedere personale, fără însă acoperirea unor argumente totdeauna judicioase".

Celelalte două studii literare sunt dedicate romanului contemporan. Romanul românesc și problematica omului contemporan (1977) urmărește evoluția postbelică a romanului românesc, plasând-o sub influența realismului, în timp ce studiul Romanul românesc contemporan (1988, 1998) realizează o panoramă vastă a romanelor românești apărute între anii 1945 și 1985, delimitând trei etape în evoluția romanului contemporan: momentul 1950 (al "Dogmei «Utopiei»"), momentul 1960 (al "Adevărului") și momentul 1980 (al "Romanului ca literatură").

Opera
 Romanul românesc și problematica omului contemporan, Ed. Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 1977;
 Geneza romanului românesc, Ed. Eminescu, București, 1985;
 Romanul românesc contemporan: 1945-1985 (vol. I, "Realismul", Ed. Eminescu, București, 1988; vol. II, "Metarealismul", Presa Universitară Clujeană, Cluj-Napoca, 1998).

Note

Nașteri în 1940
Decese în 1991
Critici literari români
Istorici literari români
Români din secolul al XX-lea
Oameni din județul interbelic Alba

Anton Cosma


Silas Weir Mitchell (Filadelfia, 30 de septiembre de 1969) es un actor estadounidense conocido por interpretar frecuentemente personajes atormentados o inestables emocionalmente.

Biografía
Descendiente del médico y neurólogo Silas Weir Mitchell, al finalizar la educación secundaria, estudió Teatro en la sede de San Diego de la Universidad de California. Después de graduarse, se mudó a la ciudad de Los Ángeles. Comenzó su carrera artística a mediados de los años 90 y desde entonces ha participado en más de una veintena de largometrajes, así como en más de 50 series y telefilmes.

Entre sus roles televisivos más destacados se encuentran el de Eli Stram en la serie 24, Charles 'Haywire' Patoshik en Prison Break y Donny Jones en My Name Is Earl.  Sus créditos incluyen además, participaciones en incontables series, entre ellas, ER, NYPD Blue, Nash Bridges, JAG, CSI: New York, Cold Case, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, Burn Notice, Numb3rs, The Good Guys y The Mentalist, por nombrar sólo algunas.

Hasta marzo de 2017 estuvo interpretando el rol protagonista de Eddy Monroe, en la serie televisiva de corte sobrenatural Grimm, cuyo elenco encabeza David Giuntoli.

Uno de sus primeros largometrajes fue el thriller de acción protagonizado por Steven Seagal, The Patriot (1998), en el que interpretó el papel de Pogue. Su carrera continuó con títulos como Rat Race (2001); The Whole Ten Yards (2004), un thriller en tono de comedia protagonizado por Bruce Willis y Matthew Perry; también integró el elenco del film de Clint Eastwood nominado a dos premios Oscar, Flags of Our Fathers (2006) y Halloween II (2009), entre otros.

Silas es un apasionado del teatro, ámbito en el que ha dirigido, producido y protagonizado numerosas obras, tanto clásicas como contemporáneas, presentadas en la ciudad de Los Ángeles y sus alrededores. Recientemente ha hecho sus primeras incursiones detrás de las cámaras, dirigiendo el cortometraje Song in a Convenience Store (2010), presentado en varios festivales internacionales, incluyendo el Festival de Cine de Atenas, donde ganó el primer premio en su categoría.

En octubre de 2011, Mitchell comenzó a aparecer en la serie de televisión  de la NBC Grimm.

Filmografía

Como actor

Como director

 Song in a Convenience Store (2010)

Como productor

 Cat Dancers (2008) (TV) (productor ejecutivo)
 Ant (2002) (productor)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Sitio oficial

Actores de televisión de Estados Unidos
Reparto de Grimm
Nacidos en Filadelfia

Silas Weir Mitchell


Pier Francesco Giambullari est un  littérateur italien de la Renaissance, né à Florence vers 1495 et mort dans la même ville en 1564.

Biographie
Pier Francesco Giambullari est né à Florence vers l'année 1495. Son père  Bernard est un poète. Il apprit le latin, le grec et l'hébreu et étudia l'histoire. Ecclésiastique, il fut pourvu d'un canonicat d'abord à l'église ducale de St-Laurent et ensuite de la cure de St-Pierre. Proche d'Alphonsine, mère de Laurent de Médicis, de laquelle il a été le secrétaire, il contribua à faire accorder des pensions aux artistes et aux savants qu'il en jugeait le plus dignes et  l'établissement de l'Académie florentine, antichambre de l'Accademia della Crusca.

Pier Francesco Giambullari mourut à Florence, en 1564, à l'âge d'environ 69 ans. L'Académie lui fit célébrer des obsèques et Cosimo Bartoli prononça son oraison funèbre.

Œuvres
 Descrizione del sito, forma e misure dell'inferno da Dante cantato, Florence, 1541, in-8°.
 Origine della lingua fiorentina altrimenti il Gello, ibid., 1546, in-4° ; deuxième édition augmentée, ibid., 1549, in-8° ; et dans le recueil des Autori per ben parlare, Venise, 1618, t. 6. Il y traite de l'origine de la langue italienne, et s'efforce de prouver qu'on doit la chercher dans l'ancien étrusque. « On peut imaginer, dit Tiraboschi, dans quels écarts le jette un pareil système. » Cependant Giambullari doit être compté parmi les écrivains qui ont rendu le plus de services à la langue italienne, en s'attachant à fixer le sens des mots et à n'en employer que de choisis ; mais il n'est point aussi correct qu'élégant et son orthographe est défectueuse.
 Le regole per bene scrivere e parlare toscano, ibid., 1549, in-8°.
 Della lingua che si parla e scrive in Firenze, e un dialogo di Giambattista Gelli sopra la difficultà dell'ordinar detta lingua, ibid., 1551, in-8°. « Les Toscans, dit Salvini, ont l'avantage d'avoir le plus bel idiome et de posséder le territoire le plus fertile de toute l'Italie ; mais comme ils négligent d'ajouter par la culture à la fertilité de leurs champs, de même ils semblent dédaigner de polir leurs compositions littéraires. »
 Lezioni sopra alcuni luoghi di Dante, ibid., 1551, in-8°. Elles sont au nombre de quatre : la première traite de la situation du Purgatoire ; la seconde, de la pitié ; la troisième, des influences célestes ; et la quatrième, de l'ordre de l'univers. Les deux premières avaient déjà paru dans le recueil des Lezioni degli academici fiorentini sopra Dante, publié par Doni, ibid., 1547, in-4°.
 Istoria delle case accadute in Europa dall'anno 800 sino al 1200 dopo la nascita di Cristo. Cette histoire, que l'auteur a laissée imparfaite, a été imprimée par les soins de Bartoli, Venise, 1566, in-4°. L'éditeur y ajouta l'Oraison funèbre de Giambullari et son portrait. Elle est citée par l'Académie de la Crusca dans la liste des Testi di lingua. Tiraboschi en loue l'exactitude, et regrette qu'elle n'ait point été terminée ; les sept livres imprimés ne vont que jusqu'à l'année 913.
 Six chansons ou chants de carnaval, dans le recueil intitulé Tutti i trionfi, carri e mascherate, etc., publié par le Lasca, Florence, 1559, 2 vol. in-4°.
 Des opuscules dans les recueils de l'Académie, et un commentaire manuscrit sur le poème du Dante.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Sources

Liens externes

Écrivain italien du XVIe siècle
Décès en 1564
Naissance à Florence
Décès à Florence

Pier Francesco Giambullari


Dies ist eine Liste der italienischen Botschafter in China.

Einzelhinweise

China
Italien


Helmut Ziegner (né le  à Berlin, mort le  dans la même ville) est un acteur allemand. Il crée une fondation pour la réinsertion des détenus et des sortants de prison, ainsi que pour les jeunes vulnérables et défavorisés.

Biographie
En , en tant qu'employé de la RIAS, Helmut Ziegner participe à une représentation théâtrale par des détenus de la prison de Lehrter Strasse. Il est moins impressionné par le spectacle que par la vie désolée des prisonniers. Ainsi, en 1948, il a commencé à collecter des vêtements pour les prisonniers à Berlin, ville en ruines. Il s'organise dans une fondation, Universal-Stiftung Helmut Ziegner, formée en 1957.

En plus du théâtre, Ziegner travaille également pour le cinéma et la télévision. Dans les années 1950, il joue des adaptations de contes de fées de Förster Film, compagnie d'Alfred Förster. En 1970, il apparaît dans le premier épisode de la série ARD Recht oder Unrecht.

Filmographie
 1955 : Le Chat botté
 1955 : Rumpelstilzchen
 1957 : Effervescence au pays de cocagne
 1964 : Meine Frau Susanne, épisode Der Lottoschein (série télévisée)
 1970 : , épisode Der Fall Krumbholz (premier de la série télévisée)

Liens externes

Source de traduction

Acteur allemand de cinéma
Personnalité liée au secteur de l'aide humanitaire
Naissance en août 1921
Naissance à Berlin
Décès en juillet 2006
Décès à 84 ans
Décès à Berlin
Commandeur de l'ordre du Mérite de la République fédérale d'Allemagne

Helmut Ziegner


Der Nützenberger Querriegel ist eine kleinteilige naturräumliche Einheit mit der Ordnungsnummer 3371.36 auf dem Stadtgebiet der bergischen Großstadt Wuppertal (Stadtteil Elberfeld) innerhalb der Wuppertaler Senke.

Er bildet eine Engstelle im Durchbruchstal der Wupper zwischen der Elberfelder Kalksenke (Naturräumliche Einheit 3371.35) im Osten und dem Sonnborner Kalkgebiet (Naturräumliche Einheit 3371.37) im Westen. Die Engstelle wird durch die Erhebungen Nützenberg im Norden und dem Kiesberg im Süden gebildet, die vor dem Wupperdurchbruch einen Höhenzug bildeten.

Die Engstelle wird in verschiedenen Publikationen als Porta Wupperana bezeichnet.

In der dicht bebauten Talachse verlaufen die Verkehrswege Bahnstrecke Düsseldorf–Elberfeld und Bundesstraße 7 (Friedrich-Ebert-Straße), sowie die Strecke der Wuppertaler Schwebebahn durch die Engstelle. Das Stammwerk der Bayer AG und das Heizkraftwerk Elberfeld befinden sich ebenfalls in der Engstelle.

Geologisch besteht der Querriegel mit seinen beiden Erhebungen aus mitteldevonischen Lenneschiefer, der aufgrund seiner Härte den verkarsteten Massenkalk in der Wuppertaler Senke überragt.

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Wuppertal)
Naturraum im Süderbergland

Nützenberger Querriegel


Paul Gouin (May 20, 1898 – December 4, 1976) was a politician in Quebec, Canada, was the son of Lomer Gouin and the grandson of Honoré Mercier.

Life and career
He was born in Montreal, Quebec to Lomer Gouin and Éliza Mercier. He fought in World War I as a tank commander, studied at Université Laval, and was admitted to the bar of Quebec in 1920.

Dissatisfied with the direction of the Quebec Liberal Party, he helped found the Action libérale nationale party on June 6, 1934. He soon formed an alliance with Maurice Duplessis's Quebec Conservative Party to contest the 1935 provincial election.  Gouin withdrew his support from Duplessis on June 18, 1936, but most members of the ALN caucus sided with Duplessis and joined with his Conservative caucus, which formally merged into the Union Nationale party, which not long afterwards won the 1936 election.

He re-formed the Action libérale nationale and became its leader on July 24, 1938. However, the ALN did poorly in the 1939 election, winning only 4.5% of the popular vote and no seats, and soon disbanded. He helped found the Bloc populaire canadien in 1942 but left it in early 1944 when André Laurendeau was chosen to lead the Quebec wing of the party. In 1952 he succeeded Madame Athanase David as the President of the Montreal Festivals, a post he held through 1956.

See also
 Politics of Quebec
 Quebec general elections
 Timeline of Quebec history

External links

1898 births
1976 deaths
Action libérale nationale MNAs
Politicians from Montreal
Quebec political party leaders
Université Laval alumni

Paul Gouin


Julien Bos, né le  à Pessac, est un handballeur international français évoluant au poste d'arrière droit au Handball Club de Nantes.

Biographie

Il est le fils de Patrick Bos, joueur en D1 dans les années 1990 au Girondins de Bordeaux HBC, et de Carole Bos. Il a également un frère Clément Bos qui évolue un temps en N2 au Girondins de Bordeaux HBC.

Julien Bos rejoint en 2016 le centre de formation du Montpellier Handball, avant d'y signer son premier contrat professionnel en 2018.

Auteur d'un début de saison 2021/2022 particulièrement réussi notamment en Ligue des champions, il est retenu en novembre 2021 par Guillaume Gille pour participer à la Golden League avec l'équipe de France. Après plusieurs mois de rumeurs, sa signature au HBC Nantes à compter de l'été 2023 est officialisée en octobre 2022

Palmarès

En club
compétitions nationales
 deuxième du Championnat de France en 2021 et 2023
 finaliste de la coupe de France en 2021 et 2023

En équipes nationales
autres
  vainqueur du championnat du monde junior en 2019
  finaliste du championnat d'Europe junior en 2018
  vainqueur du championnat du monde jeunes en 2017
  vainqueur du championnat d'Europe jeunes en 2016

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en août 1998
Naissance à Pessac
Handballeur international français
Joueur du Montpellier Handball
Joueur du Handball Club de Nantes

Julien Bos


ප්‍රාග් ඵෙතිහාසික යුගය

අවුරුදු 34000 කට පෙර දිවයි‍නේ මානව ජනාවාස විය. ඵම මානව වර්ගය බලංගොඩ මානවයා ලෙසින් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ ඔවුන්ගේ ඇට සැකිලි හා වෙනත් දේ බලංගොඩ ප්‍රදේශයෙන් හමු වූ බැවිනි. ඔවුන් ගල් ගුහාවල ජීවත්වූ මෙසොලිතික් (පාෂාණ යුගයේ ඵක්තරා අවස්ථාවකි) යුගයට අයත් දඩයමින් ජීවිකාව ගෙන ගිය පිරිසක් බව සොයා ගෙන ඇත. මොවුන් දිවයිනෙහි ආදිතම වැසියන් බව බටදොඹ ලෙන පාහියන් වැනි ප්‍රසිද්ධ ලෙන් කිපයක් ආශ්‍රීතව ලැබුණු ඔවුන් පරිහරණය කළ උපකරණවලින් සනාථ වෙයි.

මධ්‍ය කඳුකරයේ පිහිටි හොර්ටන් තැන්න නිර්මාණය වූයේ බලංගොඩ මනවයා විසින් දඩයම් සෙවීම සඳහා ඵහි තිබූ ගස් කොලන් ගිනි තැබිමෙනැයි විශ්වාසයක් පවතී. ඵමෙන්ම ඵම ප්‍රදේශයේ තිබී හමු වූ ක්‍රි.පූ.15000 ක කාලයේ යැයි අනුමාන කරන බාර්ලි සහ ඕට් වැනි ධාන්‍ය වර්ග හමුවීමෙන් පෙනී යන්නේ බලංගොඩ මානවයා කෘෂි කර්මාන්තයේද නියැලුනු බවයි.

වාරණ රාජ මහා විහාරය සහ කලටුවාව ප්‍රදේශයේ මැතකදී කරන ලද කැනීම්වලින් අවුරුදු 8000 කට පෙර ජීවත්වූ මෙසොලිතික් ශිලා යුගයේ මානවයා විසින් පරිහරණය කරන ලද සෙ.මි 4 ක් පමණ වූ ඉතා කුඩා ශිලා මෙවලම්ද මැටි භාජන ද, පුළුස්සන ලද දැව වල අඟුරු ද, මළ මිනී භූම දානය කිරීම සඳහා යොදා ගත් මැටි භාජන ද සොයා ගෙන ඇත.

ශ්‍රී ලංකා‍වේ දේශිය ශාකයක් වූ කුරුඳු ක්‍රි.පූ. 1500 දී පමණ ඊජිප්තුවෙදී පාවිච්චියට ගෙන තිබීමෙන් පෙනී යන්නේ දෙරට අතර ඵ් වන විට වෙළඳ සම්බන්ධයක් තිබුණු බවයි.

අනුරාධපුර ප්‍රදේශයේදී ක්‍රි.පූ. 900 ට කලින් වූ විශාල ජනාවාස සහ ගල් යුගයේ සංස්කෘතික ලක්ෂණ සොයාගෙන තිබේ. ඵ් කාළය වන විට ඵම ජනාවාස වූ ප්‍රදේශ හෙක්ටයාර් 15 ක ප්‍රදේශයකට සීමා වුවත් ඵය ශත වර්ෂ කිපයක් තුළදී නගරයක තත්වය දක්වා හෙක්ටයාර් 50 ක් පමණ පුළුල් විය. මේ හා සමාන භුමියක් සීගිරියේ අලිගල ප්‍රදේශයේ ද සොයාගෙන ඇත.

වන්නිල ඇත්තෝ නොහොත් වැද්දන් යනුවෙන් හඳුන්වන දඩයම ජීවිකාව කරගත් තවමත් උතුරු නැගෙනහිර ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත්වන ජනතාව ඵක්කෝ අනිවාර්යෙන්ම දෙමළ හෝ නැතිනම් ද්‍රවිඩ සම්භවයක් ඇති ජන කොටසකි.

ක්‍රි.පූ. 2 සහ 4 වැනි සියවස් අතර රචනා කරන ලදැයි සැලකෙන රාමායන නම් වීර කාව්‍යයෙහි ලංකාව ගැන විස්තර වන්නේ ඵය කුවේර නම් ධනයට අධිපති දෙවියා වෙනුවෙන් විශ්වකර්මයා විසින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද්දක් ලෙසිනි. කුවේර පරදවා රාවණා විසින් අනියමින් සිහසුනට පත් විය. රාම කුමරු සුග්‍රිව (වානර හමුදාවේ රජු) සහ ඇමති වූ හනුමන් සමග මන්නාරම හරහා පැමිණ ලංකාවේ රජු වූ රාවණා විසින් පැහැර ගෙන ඵනු ලැබූ ඔහුගේ බිරිඳ සීතාවන් බේරා ගත් බව රාමායනයේ විස්තර කර ඇත.

පුරාණ වංශකතාවක් වූ මහා වංශයේ සහ දීපවංශයේ විස්තර කර ඇති පරිදි ආර්යයන් ලංකාවට ඵ්මට පළමුව යක්ෂ සහ නාග නම් ගෝත්‍රවල ජනයා ලංකාවේ ජීවත්වී ඇත.

ඉතා පැරණි අක්ෂරවලට උදාහරණයක් වූ බ්‍රාහ්මී අක්ෂර හා බ්‍රාහ්මීය නොවන අක්ෂරවලින් යුත් මැටි භාණ්ඩ අනුරාධපුරයෙන් සොයාගෙන ඇත.

ප්‍රාග් ඵෙතිහාසික යුගය


Hugland er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2016 instrueret af Andreas Haaning Christiansen.

Handling
Filmen handler om Lars H.U.G. Filmen byder på unikke optagelser, som skildrer Lars H.U.G.s kreative proces, hans virke som sangskriver og perfektionisme som performer. Filmen er med helt inde i maskinrummet i den et år lange og udmarvende slutspurt for at færdiggøre comebackpladen Ti sekunders stilhed. Den er en skildring af det tætte og opslidende parløb mellem to mennesker: komponisten Lars H.U.G. og arrangør og producer Povl Kristian, som holder sammen på projektet. Et projekt, hvor studiemusikere forventes at arbejde gratis og store dele af teknikerarbejdet udføres af en 20-årig og særdeles udholdende lærling. Filmen er en både varm, humoristisk og hudløs skildring af en ener, som ikke kan klare sig alene.

Medvirkende
 Lars H.U.G.
 Povl Kristian
 Peter Peter
 Peter Bastian
 Jean Riel

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2016

Hugland


نيكولاي إيفانوفيتش بيروغوف  (ولد في 25 نوفمبر 1810، توفي في 5 ديسمبر 1881) - طبيب جراح روسي ولد في موسكو وتوفي في مدينة فينيتسا الأوكرانية له فضل كبير في إضافة أشياء كثيرة للطب وعلم التشريح.
هو جراح و عالم تشريح مشهور، ولد في موسكو (المملكة الروسية) و مات في ڤينا (г.винница).
مؤسس أول اطلس تشريحى طبُجرافى، مؤسس الجراحة المدنيه العسكريه الروسية، و مؤسس للمدرسه الروسية للتخدير.
في سنة (1823) التحق بكلية الطب في جامعة ( императорского Московского университета )
و حصل على درجة الدكتوراه في سنة (1833) و تم مناقشتها في جامعة برلين مع مجموعه من 11 من رفاقه؛ بعد ارساله بغرض الدراسة.
بعد عودته لروسيا في 1836 في سن السادس و العشرين، عُين استاذا للجراحة النظرية و العملية.
في عام 1841 دُعي بيرغوف في سانت بيترس بيرج، حيث ترأس قسم الجراحة في الأكاديمية الطبيه الجراحيه.
في نفس الوقت، بيرجوف اشرف على عيادة جراحة المستشفى التي نظمها
ويوجد له متحف كبير في المدينة.

وفاته
توفي جراء اصابتة بسرطان الفم حيث نتيجة لهذا المرض لم يأكل أي شيء تقريبا في الأشهر الأخيرة من وفاتة لذلك أصبح هزيلا جدا

بعد وفاتة وبغرض تخليد ذكراه قام ابنه بتحنيطة في عام 1881، حيث انة الآن موجود في ضريح اسفل مدينة فنيستا تعرض جثتة للزائرين من جميع ارجاء العالم وخصوصا طلبة الطب في جميع أنحاء أوكرانيا

من الجدير بالذكر انة خلال الفترة الماضية تعرضت جثة هذا الطبيب الماهر إلى الإهمال الشديد من قبل الحكومة الاكرانية مما أدى إلى تحلل بعض اجزاءها الن ان أُنقذت من قبل الجانب الروسي المتمثل ب

في أن مراقبة حالة جثة بيروغوف لم تكن بالصرامة التي روقبت بها حالة جثة لينين، ولهذا السبب أخذت تتحلل. ولذا ترتب على اختصاصيي مركز تدريس طرائق وتقنيات الطب الأحيائي في العام 1978 أن يذهبوا إلى فينيتسا حيث رأوا لوحة محزنة. فجسم بيروغوف غطاه عفن أخضر وزال عن رأسه ووجهه (كان ذلك الجراح ملتحيا وذا شوارب) الشعر كليا وبدأ تحوّل في كل الأنسجة لا بد من أن نأخذ في الحسبان مع ذلك، يقول روماكوف، أن التحول ربما كان أشد لو كان بيروغوف سميناً. إلا أنه مات من سرطان الفم ولم يأكل شيئا تقريبا خلال بضعة الأشهر المتبقية من حياته ولذا هزل هزالا شديدا
ولا بد من القول بالمناسبة أن المرجع الأعلى في الكنيسة الأرثوذكسية الروسية
الذي تقدمت إليه بالطلب أرملة المتوفي هو الذي سمح بعدم مواراته الثرى ودفنه
في تابوت مكشوف. وقد صلي على نفس بيروغوف وروعيت كل المراسم و
الطقوس المسيحية. وليس ما تمكن إدانته إن في واقع عدم مواراة جسم بيروغوف
الثرى أو في أن بإمكان الزائرين أن يروه بحرية
وقد مكن تدخل مركز تدريس طرائق وتقنيات الطب الأحيائي في الوقت المناسب
في العام 1978 من إكساب جثة بيروغوف الشكل «اللائق». ولكن هاهي الآن بدأت ترد، للأسف، من فينيتسا بأوكرانيا مجددا أنباء مقلقة. ويبدو أن الأموال التي تخصصها السلطات الروسية سنويا للاعتناء برفات هذا الجراح لا تستخدم دائما كما يجب وحيث يجب. وليس عبثا ان طرحت موسكو غير مرة أمام الحكومة الأوكرانية مسألة تسليم روسيا جثة بيروغوف، ولكنها كانت تلقى الصد والرفض في كل مرة. وأخيرا
قررت إدارة محافظة فينيتسا تخصيص مبلغ 20 ألف دولار في عام 2003 للمحافظة على ضريح بيروغوف. ولكن هيهات أن يستطيع هذا المبلغ المتواضع جدا أن يغير الوضع تغييرا جذريا نحو الأفضل.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص من موسكو
أطباء روس في القرن 19
أطباء عسكريون روس
أطباء من موسكو
أعضاء الأكاديمية الروسية للعلوم
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة تارتو
أفراد الجيش الروسي في حرب القرم
جراحون روس
جراحون من الإمبراطورية الروسية
خريجو جامعة تارتو
علماء تشريح روس
علماء تشريح من الإمبراطورية الروسية
علماء روس
علماء من الإمبراطورية الروسية
مخترعون روس
مخترعون من الإمبراطورية الروسية
مواليد 1810
مواليد في موسكو
مومياوات
وفيات 1881
وفيات في فينيتسا

نيكولاي إيفانوفيتش بيروغوف


Regionalna nogometna liga Zagreb, također i kao Zagrebačka regionalna nogometna liga u sezoni 1981./82. je predstavljala ligu petog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije.
Sudjelovalo je 12 klubova, a prvak je bila "Moslavina" iz Kutine.

Ljestvica

 Kurilovec danas dio Velike Gorice
 "Moslavina" prvak zbog bolje gol-razlike

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Kvalifikacije za Ligu Zagrebačke regije
Igrano u lipnju 1982. godine
{| style="font-size: 90%"
|-
|Jedinstvo Dvor na Uni || || - || ||'Moslavina Kutina || ||1:1, 0:1 ||
|}"Moslavina" se plasirala u Ligu Zagrebačke regije''

 Izvori:

Unutarnje poveznice
 Liga Zagrebačke regije 1981./82.
 Zona ZO Bjelovar 1981./82.
 Zonska liga Varaždin – Čakovec 1981./82.
 Zagrebačka zona – Istok 1981./82.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori
 Stjepan Balog: HNŠK "Moslavina", Kutina : 85 [godina], Kutina, 2004., , str. 40-41
 Branko Piljek: Monografija zagorskog sporta , Zabok, 2011., , str. 41

1981-82 regija
Zagreb-regija
1981-82 Zagreb-regija

Regionalna nogometna liga Zagreb 1981./82.


Troldeskoven eller Troldeskov er navnet på flere lokaliteter i Danmark. Navnene kommer i de fleste tilfælde af troldeskov (eller troldskov) i den særlige betydning 'skov med gamle forvredne og knudrede træer'. Udviklingen af troldeskov skyldes stærkt forblæste, næringsfattige lokaliteter, tilbagevendende insektangreb og menneskets hårdhændede behandling som stævningsdrift, kan spille en rolle.

Troldeskove i Danmark
Troldeskove findes mange steder i Danmark.

På Bornholm ligger en Troldeskov sydøst for Stammershalle Badehotel (Stammershalle) på kystvejen Søndre Strandvej mellem Tejn og Gudhjem. Det har været et beskyttet område siden 1918. Den ligger dels på klippebund, dels på frugtbar jord mellem klipper og kampesten. Før 1900-tallet var Troldeskoven kendt som Kjølleregårdsskoven. Skoven tilhørte Viggo Valdemar Riis af Kjøllergaard, en bondegård af samme navn. Også de tilstødende græsarealer og det lukkede kystnære område på den anden side af Søndre Strandvej hører til Troldeskoven. Det samlede areal dækker cirka 10 hektar.

I Rold Skov i Himmerland findes en berømt Troldeskov. Skoven er blandt andet kendt for sit øjetræ, der siden  Margrethe, Benedikte og Anne Marie som prinsesser i 1952 krøb gennem øjet, kaldtes for Prinsessetræet. Træet væltede under en storm i 1994.

På Sjælland er særligt Troldeskoven i Tisvilde Hegn berømmet.
Trylleskoven ved Karlstrup Strand hører også til Troldeskovene.
I øvrigt findes der troldeskove i "Stursbøl Plantage, to skove nær Silkeborg, nord for Ebeltoft, ved Tvorup Klitplantage i Thy, ved Sunds nord for Herning, ved Fussing Vandmølle vest for Randers, ved Sonnerup Skov i Odsherred, i Hestehave Skov ved Kalø, ved Ølgryde Plantage syd for Holstebro, ved Svendborg, ved Ensted syd for Aabenraa, ved Lyngså Skov syd for Sæby, ved Ugilt ved Børglumkloster, ved Lindeballe Skov nær Billund og ved Østerklit i Tversted Klitplantage".

Referencer

Litteratur
 Martin Sejer Danielsen: "Troldeskoven – et forfærdeligt knudret navn." Månedens navn på https://navn.ku.dk/ den 1. november 2018. Direkte link: https://navn.ku.dk/maanedens_navn/troldeskoven/.
Jens Emborg: troldeskov i Den Store Danske, Gyldendal. Hentet 5. december 2018 fra http://denstoredanske.dk/index.php?sideId=174502.
Finn Ole Nielsen og Gerda Kofod: Fortidsminder på Bornholm (Bornholms Regionskommune, 2006), p. 49-51: Stammershalle/Troldeskoven.
C.V. Prytz: "Troldeskov" i Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon. 2. udgave. Bd. 23. Købehavn 1927, s. 783. Online udgave: http://runeberg.org/salmonsen/2/23/0791.html.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Stammershalle og Troldeskoven på fredninger.dk
 Troldeskoven på Klatring.dk
 Foto af skibssætning

Skovbrug
Skov
Stednavne

Troldeskoven


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