Dame Zaha Mohammad Hadid  ( Zahā Ḥadīd; 31 October 1950 – 31 March 2016) was an Iraqi and British architect, artist and designer, recognized as a major figure in architecture of the late-20th and early-21st centuries. Born in Baghdad, Iraq, Hadid studied mathematics as an undergraduate and then enrolled at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in 1972. In search of an alternative system to traditional architectural drawing, and influenced by Suprematism and the Russian avant-garde, Hadid adopted painting as a design tool and abstraction as an investigative principle to "reinvestigate the aborted and untested experiments of Modernism [...] to unveil new fields of building".

She was described by The Guardian as the "Queen of Curves", who "liberated architectural geometry, giving it a whole new expressive identity".  Her major works include the London Aquatics Centre for the 2012 Olympics, the Broad Art Museum, Rome's MAXXI Museum, and the Guangzhou Opera House. Some of her awards have been presented posthumously, including the statuette for the 2017 Brit Awards. Several of her buildings were still under construction at the time of her death, including the Daxing International Airport in Beijing, and the Al Wakrah Stadium (now Al Janoub) in Qatar, a venue for the 2022 FIFA World Cup.

Hadid was the first woman to receive the Pritzker Architecture Prize, in 2004. She received the UK's most prestigious architectural award, the Stirling Prize, in 2010 and 2011. In 2012, she was made a Dame by Elizabeth II for services to architecture, and in February 2016, the month preceding her death, she became the first woman to be individually awarded the Royal Gold Medal from the Royal Institute of British Architects (Ray Eames and Sheila O'Donnell had previously been awarded it jointly with Charles Eames and John Tuomey respectively).

Early life and family
Zaha Hadid was born on 31 October 1950 in Baghdad, Iraq, to an upper-class Iraqi family. Her father, Muhammad al-Hajj Husayn Hadid, was a wealthy industrialist from Mosul. He co-founded the left-liberal al-Ahali group in 1932, a significant political organisation in the 1930s and 1940s. He was the co-founder of the National Democratic Party in Iraq and served as minister of finance after the overthrow of the monarch after the 1958 Iraqi coup d'état for the government of General Abd al-Karim Qasim. Her mother, Wajiha al-Sabunji, was an artist from Mosul while her brother Foulath Hadid was a writer, accountant and expert on Arab affairs. Hadid once mentioned in an interview how her early childhood trips to the ancient Sumerian cities in southern Iraq sparked her interest in architecture. In the 1960s, Hadid attended boarding schools in England and Switzerland. Hadid was unmarried with no children.

Career
Hadid studied mathematics at the American University of Beirut before moving, in 1972, to London to study at the Architectural Association School of Architecture. There she studied with Rem Koolhaas, Elia Zenghelis and Bernard Tschumi. Her former professor, Koolhaas, described her at graduation as "a planet in her own orbit." Zenghelis described her as the most outstanding pupil he ever taught. 'We called her the inventor of the 89 degrees. Nothing was ever at 90 degrees. She had spectacular vision. All the buildings were exploding into tiny little pieces." He recalled that she was less interested in details, such as staircases. "The way she drew a staircase you would smash your head against the ceiling, and the space was reducing and reducing, and you would end up in the upper corner of the ceiling. She couldn't care about tiny details. Her mind was on the broader pictures—when it came to the joinery she knew we could fix that later. She was right.' Her AA graduation thesis, Malevich's Tektonik, was a concept and design for a 14-level hotel on London's Hungerford Bridge executed as an acrylic painting, inspired by the works of the Russian suprematist artist Kazimir Malevich.

After graduation in 1977, she went to work for her former professors, Koolhaas and Zenghelis, at the Office for Metropolitan Architecture, in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Through her association with Koolhaas, she met the architectural engineer Peter Rice, who gave her support and encouragement during the early stages of her career. Hadid became a naturalised citizen of the United Kingdom. She opened her own architectural firm, Zaha Hadid Architects, in London in 1980. During the early 1980s Hadid's style introduced audiences to a new modern architecture style through her extremely detailed and professional sketches. At the time people were focused on postmodernism designs, so her designs were a different approach to architecture that set her apart from other designers.

She then began her career teaching architecture, first at the Architectural Association, then, over the years at Harvard Graduate School of Design, Cambridge University, the University of Chicago, the Hochschule für bildende Künste in Hamburg, the University of Illinois at Chicago, and Columbia University. She earned her early reputation with her lecturing and colourful and radical early designs and projects, which were widely published in architectural journals but remained largely unbuilt. Her ambitious but unbuilt projects included a plan for Peak in Hong Kong (1983), and a plan for an opera house in Cardiff, Wales, (1994). The Cardiff experience was particularly discouraging; her design was chosen as the best by the competition jury, but the Millennium Commission, acting as funding body, refused to pay for it, and the commission was given to a different and less ambitious architect. Hadid's response to the decision was to ask "Do they want nothing but mediocrity?". Her reputation in this period rested largely upon her teaching and the imaginative and colourful paintings she made of her proposed buildings. Her international reputation was greatly enhanced in 1988 when she was chosen to show her drawings and paintings as one of seven architects chosen to participate in the exhibition "Deconstructivism in Architecture" curated by Philip Johnson and Mark Wigley at New York's Museum of Modern Art. This, a conference at the Tate in London and press coverage of her work began to not only get her name out into the architecture world, but allowed people to associate a particular style of architecture with Hadid.

Early buildings (1991–2005)

Vitra Fire Station (1991–1993)

One of her first clients was Rolf Fehlbaum, the president-director general of the Swiss furniture firm Vitra, and later, from 2004 to 2010, a member of the jury for the prestigious Pritzker Architecture Prize. In 1989, Fehlbaum had invited Frank Gehry, then little-known, to build a design museum at the Vitra factory in Weil-am-Rhein. In 1993, he invited Hadid to design a small fire station for the factory. Her design, made of raw concrete and glass, was a sculptural work composed of sharp diagonal forms colliding together in the centre. The design plans appeared in architecture magazines before construction. When completed, it only served as a fire station for a short period of time, as Weil am Rhein soon opened their own fire station. It became an exhibit space instead, and is now on display with the works of Gehry and other well-known architects. It was the launching pad of her architectural career.

Spittelau Viaducts Housing Project (1994–2005)
In 1994, Hadid was commissioned by the city of Vienna to design and construct a three-part scheme for the urban redevelopment of an area adjacent to the Danube Canal. Situated along the Spittelauer Lände, the series of buildings interact with and cross over the railway viaduct by Viennese Modernist architect Otto Wagner, a protected structure. In its initial design consisting of five buildings, the mixed-use scheme, described as a "sculpture-like overbuilding" of the historic Stadtbahn railway, was designed by Hadid's practice ZHA. Hadid, together with British architectural artist Brian Clarke, developed an unexecuted collaborative proposal for the project that incorporated integral artworks by Clarke as part of the Neo-Futurist structures, with interrelated glass mosaic and traditionally-leaded stained glass forming part of the cladding and fenestration of the complex. Clarke developed a new type of mouth-blown glass for the scheme, which he christened 'Zaha-Glas'. Later reduced to three buildings, the project, which experienced delays in construction, was completed in 2006, without the artwork.

Bergisel Ski Jump (1999–2002)
Hadid designed a public housing estate in Berlin (1986–1993) and organised an exhibition, "The Great Utopia" (1992), at the Guggenheim Museum in New York. Her next major project was a ski jump at Bergisel, in Innsbruck Austria. The old ski jump, built in 1926, had been used in the 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics. The new structure was to contain not only a ski jump, but also a cafe with 150 seats offering a 360-degree view of the mountains. Hadid had to fight against traditionalists and against time; the project had to be completed in one year, before the next international competition. Her design is 48 metres high and rests on a base seven metres by seven metres. She described it as "an organic hybrid", a cross between a bridge and a tower, which by its form gives a sense of movement and speed.

Contemporary Arts Center, Cincinnati (1997–2003)
At the end of the 1990s, her career began to gather momentum, as she won commissions for two museums and a large industrial building. She competed against Rem Koolhaas and other well-known architects for the design of the Contemporary Arts Center in Cincinnati, Ohio (1997–2003). She won, and became the first woman to design an art museum in the United States. At 8,500 square metres, the museum was not huge, and her design did not have the flamboyance of the Guggenheim Bilbao of Frank Gehry, built at the same time. But the project demonstrated Hadid's ability to use architectural forms to create interior drama, including its central element, a 30-metre long black stairway that passes between massive curving and angular concrete walls.

Phaeno Science Center (2000–2005)
In 2000, she won an international competition for the Phaeno Science Center, in Wolfsburg, Germany (2002–2005). The new museum was only a little larger than the Cincinnati Museum, with 9,000 square metres of space, but the plan was much more ambitious. It was similar in concept to the buildings of Le Corbusier, raised up seven metres on concrete pylons. Unlike Corbusier's buildings, she planned for the space under the building to be filled with activity, and each of the 10 massive inverted cone-shaped columns that hold up the building contains a cafe, a shop, or a museum entrance. The tilting columns reach up through the building and also support the roof. The museum structure resembles an enormous ship, with sloping walls and asymmetric scatterings of windows, and the interior, with its angular columns and exposed steel roof framework, gives the illusion of being inside a working vessel or laboratory.

Ordrupgaard Museum extension (2001–2005)
In 2001, she began another museum project, an extension of the Ordrupgaard Museum near Copenhagen, Denmark, a museum featuring a collection of 19th century French and Danish art in the 19th-century mansion of its collector. The new building is 87 metres long and 20 metres wide, and is connected by a five-metre wide passage to the old museum. There are no right angles – only diagonals – in the concrete shell of the museum. The floor-to-ceiling glass walls of the gallery make the garden the backdrop of the exhibits.

BMW Administration Building (2001–2005)
In 2002, she won the competition to design a new administrative building for the factory of the auto manufacturer BMW in Leipzig, Germany. The three assembly buildings adjoining it were designed by other architects; her building served as the entrance and what she called the "nerve centre" of the complex. As with the Phaeno Science Center, the building is hoisted above street level on leaning concrete pylons. The interior contains a series of levels and floors which seem to cascade, sheltered by tilting concrete beams and a roof supported by steel beams in the shape of an 'H'. The open interior inside was intended, she wrote, to avoid "the traditional segregation of working groups" and to show the "global transparence of the internal organisation" of the enterprise, and wrote that she had given particular attention to the parking lot in front of the building, with the intent, she wrote, of "transforming it into a dynamic spectacle of its own".

Pritzker Architecture Prize
In 2004, she won the Pritzker Architecture Prize, the most prestigious award in architecture, though she had only completed four buildings – the Vitra Fire Station, the Ski Lift in Innsbruck Austria, the Car Park and Terminus Hoenheim North in France, and the Contemporary Art Center in Cincinnati. In making the announcement, Thomas Pritzker, the head of the jury, announced: "Although her body of work is relatively small, she has achieved great acclaim and her energy and ideas show even greater promise for the future."

Major projects (2006–2010)

Zaragoza Bridge Pavilion (2005–2008)
Between 1997 and 2010, Hadid ventured into the engineers' domain of bridge construction, a field also occupied by other top architects including Norman Foster and Santiago Calatrava. Between 2005 and 2008, she designed and built the Bridge-Pavilion of Zaragoza, which was both an exhibit hall and a bridge, created for Expo 2008, an event on the themes of water and durable development. The concrete bridge span on which the pavilion rests is 85 metres long, as measured from the Exposition site to an island in the Ebro River. The bridge carries or is attached to four tunnel-like exhibition spaces she termed "pods", which spread onto the island, for a total length of 275 metres. The pods are covered with a skin of 26,000 triangular shingles, many of which open to let in air and light. The bridge-pavilion, characteristic of her designs and buildings of the period, is composed entirely of diagonal slopes and curves, with no right-angles of orthogonal forms. By its curving shape and low profile, the bridge-pavilion fits smoothly into the grassy landscape along the river.

Sheikh Zayed Bridge (1997–2010)
Between 1997 and 2010, she constructed a much more ambitious bridge, the Sheikh Zayed Bridge, which honors Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, between the island of Abu Dhabi and the mainland of Abu Dhabi, as well as to the Abu Dhabi International Airport. Both the design of the bridge and the lighting, consisting of gradually changing colours, were designed to give the impression of movement. The silhouette of the bridge is a wave, with a principal arch 235 metres long, standing 60 metres above the water. The total span of four lanes is  long, and also includes pedestrian walkways.

National Museum of Arts of the 21st Century (MAXXI), Rome, Italy (1998–2010)
The National Museum of Arts of the 21st Century (MAXXI for short), in Rome, was designed and built between 1998 and 2010. The main theme of its architecture is the sense of movement;  Everything in the structure seems to be moving and flowing. Hadid took inspiration from the surrounding orthogonal site grids to determine the overall form. The facade belongs to her earlier period, with smooth curving white walls and an austere black and white colour scheme. The building is perched on groups of five very thin pylons, and one gallery with a glass face precariously overhangs the plaza in front of the museum, creating shade. Rowan Moore of The Guardian of London described its form as "bending oblong tubes, overlapping, intersecting and piling over each other. The imagery is of flow and movement and it resembles a demented piece of transport architecture. Inside, black steel stairs and bridges, their undersides glowing with white light, fly across a void. They take you off to the galleries, which are themselves works of frozen motion. The design is intended to generate what Hadid called  "confluence, interference and turbulence",

Guangzhou Opera House (2003–2010)
In 2002 Hadid won an international competition for her first project in China. The Guangzhou Opera House is located in a new business district of the city, with a new 103-storey glass tower behind it. It covers 70,000 square metres and was built at cost of US$300 million. The complex comprises an 1,800-seat theatre, a multipurpose theatre, entry hall, and salon. A covered pathway with restaurants and shops separates the two main structures. This building, like several of her later buildings, was inspired by natural earth forms; the architect herself referred to it as the "two pebbles". It appears akin to two giant smooth-edged boulders faced with 75,000 panels of polished granite and glass. Edwin Heathcote, writing for the Financial Times, noted Hadid's concentration on how her design could transform the urban landscape of Guangzhou, as the building rose as the centre of the new business area. He wrote in 2011 that Hadid "produced a building that seems to suck the surrounding landscape into a vortex of movement and swirling space... appears both as alien object in a landscape of incomprehensible vastness (and often overwhelming banality), and as an extrusion of the peculiar nature of this landscape." Nicolai Ourousoff, architecture critic of the New York Times, wrote that "stepping into the main hall is like entering the soft insides of an oyster...The concave ceiling is pierced by thousands of little lights—it looks like you're sitting under the dome of a clear night sky." Ourousoff noted that the finished building had construction problems: many of the granite tiles on the exterior had to be replaced, and the plaster and other interior work was poorly done by the inexperienced workers, but he praised Hadid's ability "to convey a sense of bodies in motion" and called the building "a Chinese gem that elevates its setting."

Major projects  (2011–2012)

Riverside Museum, Glasgow, Scotland (2004–2011)

The Riverside Museum (2004–2011), on the banks of the River Clyde Glasgow, Scotland, houses the Glasgow Museum of Transport. Hadid described the 10,000-square metre building, with 7,000 square metres of gallery space, as "a wave", "folds in movement", and "a shed in the form of a tunnel, open at the extreme ends, one end toward the city and the other toward the Clyde." Like many of her buildings, the whole form is only perceived when viewed from above. The facades are covered with zinc plates, and the roofline has a series of peaks and angles. The interior galleries caused some controversy; visitors who came to see the collection of historic automobiles found that they are mounted on the walls, high overhead, so it is impossible to look into them. Rowan Moore of  The Guardian of London wrote: "Obviously the space is about movement...Outside it is, typologically, a supermarket, being a big thing in a parking lot that is seeking to attract you in...It has enigma and majesty, but not friendliness."

CMA CGM Tower, Marseille, France (2006–2011)
Hadid's first built tower, the CMA CGM Headquarters in Marseille, France, is most immediately notable for its dual vertical form. According to Zaha Hadid Architects, "The curving profiles on the exterior facades work with the central core of the building, bringing a rigid frame and a sense of movement to this completely new typology of tower." The 94,000-square metre building, which resembles a ship's prow, is the highest in the town at 147 m and has a capacity of 2700 desks, an 800-seat company restaurant, a 190-seat auditorium, a maritime museum, a fitness room and training rooms.

London Olympics Aquatics Centre (2005–2011)
Hadid described her Aquatics Centre for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London as "inspired by the fluid geometry of water in movement". The building covers three swimming pools, and seats 17,500 spectators at the two main pools. The roof, made of steel and aluminium and covered with wood on the inside, rests on just three supports; it is in the form of a parabolic arch that dips in the centre, with the two pools at either end. The seats are placed in bays beside the curving and outward-leaning walls of glass. At £269 million, the complex cost three times the original estimate, owing principally to the complexity of the roof. This was the subject of much comment when it was constructed, and it was the first 2012 Olympic building begun but the last to be finished. It was praised by architecture critics. Rowan Moore of The Guardian said that the roof "floats and undulates" and called the centre "the Olympics' most majestic space".

Broad Art Museum, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, US (2007–2012)
The Broad Art Museum at Michigan State University in East Lansing, Michigan, Hadid's second project in the United States, has a space of 4,274 square metres, dedicated to contemporary art and modern art and an historical collection. The parallelogram-shaped building leans sharply and seems about to tip over. Hadid wrote that she designed the building so that its sloping pleated stainless steel facades would reflect the surrounding neighbourhood from different angles;  the building continually changes colour depending upon the weather, the time of day and the angle of the sun. As Hadid commented, the building "awakens curiosity without ever truly revealing its contents". Elaine Glusac of The New York Times wrote that the architecture of the new museum "radicalizes the streetscape". The Museum was used in a scene of the 2016 Batman vs. Superman movie.

Galaxy SOHO, Beijing, China (2008–2012)
Many of Hadid's later major works are found in Asia. The Galaxy SOHO in Beijing, China (2008–2012) is a combination of offices and a commercial centre in the heart of Beijing with a total of 332,857 square metres, composed of four different ovoid glass-capped buildings joined by multiple curving passageways on different levels. Hadid explained, "the interior spaces follow the same coherent formal logic of continual curvilinearity." The complex, like most of her buildings, gives the impression that every part of them is in motion.

Last completed major projects  (2013–2016)

Heydar Aliyev Center, Baku Azerbaijan (2007–2013)
The Heydar Aliyev Center in Baku, Azerbaijan (2007–2013) is a gigantic cultural and conference centre containing three auditoriums, a library and museum, with a total space of 10,801 square metres on a surface of 15,514 square metres, and a height of 74 metres. Hadid wrote that "its fluid form emerges from the folds of the natural topography of the landscape and envelops the different functions of the centre",  though the building when completed was largely surrounded by Soviet-era apartment blocks. Peter Cook in Architectural Review called it "a white vision, outrageously total, arrogantly complete ... a unique object that confounds and contradicts the reasonable ... a wave form sweeping up, almost lunging, into the sky ... here is architecture as the ultimate statement of theatre ... It is the most complete realisation yet of the Iraqi-born architect's vision of sweeping curves and flowing space."

Consisting of eight storeys, the centre includes an auditorium with 1000 seats, exhibition space, conference hall, workshop and a museum. No straight line was used in the project of the complex. The shape of the building is wave-like and the overall view is unique and harmonic. Such an architectural structure stands for post-modernist architecture and forms oceanic feeling. The lines of the building symbolise the merging of past and future.

While the building itself was widely praised, Dame Zaha was criticized in many circles when she was awarded Britain's most prestigious prize in architecture, the Design Museum "Design of the Year," the first woman to do so. The building was named for the former ruler of Azerbaijan,
Heydar Aliyev, and commissioned by his son, Illham, who became president after his father's death in 2003. Hugh Williamson, director of Human Rights Watch for Europe and the Central Asian division, called Aliyev "an authoritarian leader and so is his son." The former Soviet secret police general ruled for 30 years, first as its Communist leader and then as its president. Amnesty International accused him of human rights abuses, balloting irregularities and intimidating the opposition while in power. Several architecture critics who admired the work itself felt that Dame Zaha should have raised questions about this repressive leader even as she accepted the commission, and other critics questioned the UK granting its most prestigious architecture award to a building which memorialized a vicious Soviet dictator.

Dongdaemun Design Plaza, Seoul, Korea (2007–2013)
The Dongdaemun Design Plaza (2007–2013) is among the largest buildings in Seoul, South Korea. Its name means "Great Gate of the East", in reference to the old walls of the city. The complex of 86,574 square metres contains exhibition space, a museum of design, conference rooms and other common facilities, as well as the bureaux and a marketplace for designers which is open 24 hours a day. The main building is 280 metres long with seven levels, including three levels underground. The smooth-skinned, giant mushroom-like structure floating atop sloping pylons is made of concrete, aluminium, steel and stone on the exterior, and finished inside with plaster reinforced with synthetic fibre, acoustic tiles, acrylic resin, and stainless steel and polished stone on the interior. Hadid wrote that the principal characteristics of her design were "transparency, porousness, and durability." It also features many ecological features, including a double skin, solar panels, and a system for recycling water.

Library and Learning Center, Vienna University of Economics and Business, Vienna, Austria (2008–2013)
The Library and Learning Center was designed as the centrepiece of the new University of Economics in Vienna. Containing 28,000 square metres of space, its distinctive Hadid features include walls sloping at 35 degrees and massive black volume cantilevered at an angle over the plaza in front of the building. She described the interior as follows: "The straight lines of the building's exterior separate as they move inward, becoming curvilinear and fluid to generate a free-formed interior canyon that serves as the principal public plaza of the Center, as well as generating corridors and bridges ensuring smooth transitions between different levels."

Serpentine Sackler North Gallery, Kensington Gardens, London UK (2009–2013)
The Serpentine Sackler Gallery is a synthesis of two distinct parts – the 19th century classical brick structure named The Magazine (a former gunpowder store), and a 21st-century tensile structure. This is the second art space (after the MAXII Museum in Rome) where Zaha Hadid Architects worked on the melding of both old and new elements. Zaha Hadid's Magazine extension on the original Grade II building was aided by the reinstatement of the building to an historic arrangement as a free-standing pavilion within an enclosure, with the former courtyards covered. The North Gallery extension features Hadid's distinct hallmark of curves, and houses a series of skylights which welcome natural light into the space as well as retractable blinds when less light is needed. Hadid also worked in collaboration with architect and heritage specialist Liam O'Connor, whose reconstructions and conversions of the original space were designed in consultation with English Heritage and Westminster City Council. The extension houses internal exhibition spaces as well as the museum shop and offices for the curatorial team.

Innovation Tower, Hong Kong Polytechnic University (2007–2014)
The Innovation Tower in Hong Kong (2007–2014) is part of Hong Kong Polytechnic University. The building of 15 floors has 15,000 square metres of space, with laboratories, classrooms, studios and other facilities for 1,800 students and their faculty. It was built on the site of the university's former football pitch. The extremely complex forms of the building required computer modelling. Early designs experimented with a facade made of reinforced plastic, textiles or aluminium, but Hadid finally settled upon metal panels with multiple layers. The building seems to lean towards the city. The floors inside are visible from the exterior like geological strata.

Wangjing SOHO Tower, Beijing (2009–2014)
Wangjing SOHO tower in Beijing is the second building Hadid designed for the major Chinese property developer, located half-way between the centre of Beijing and the airport. The towers slope and curve; Hadid compared them to Chinese fans, "whose volumes turn one around the other in a complex ballet." The tallest building is 200 metres high, with two levels of shops and 37 levels of offices. A single atrium level three storeys high joins the three buildings at the base.

Nanjing International Youth Cultural Centre (2012–2015)
The Nanjing International Youth Cultural Centre are two skyscrapers in Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. Tower 1 is 314.5 metres (1,032 ft) tall and Tower 2 is 255 metres (837 ft). Construction began in 2012 and ended in 2015.

Issam Fares Institute, AUB, Beirut (2014)
The Issam Fares Institute is located in the campus of the American University of Beirut (AUB). It won the Agha Khan Award in 2016, the same year Hadid died. It has a 21 meters cantilever in order to preserve the existing landscape. The institute aims to harness, develop and initiate research of the Arab world to enhance and broaden debate on public policy and international relations. It is currently headed by Joseph Bahout

Port Authority, Antwerp, Belgium (2016)
Of all her works, Hadid designed only one government building, the Port Authority Building, or Havenhuis, in Antwerp, Belgium, completed in 2016. Most new government buildings attempt to express solidity and seriousness, but Port Authority, a ship-like structure of glass and steel on a white concrete perch, seems to have landed atop the old port building constructed in 1922. The faceted glass structure also resembles a diamond, a symbol of Antwerp's role as the major market of diamonds in Europe. It was one of the last works of Hadid, who died in 2016, the year it opened. The square in front of the building was renamed to Zaha Hadidplein (Zaha Hadidsquare) to honor her death.

Death

On 31 March 2016, Hadid died of a heart attack at the age of 65 at Mount Sinai Medical Center in Miami, where she was being treated for bronchitis.

The statement issued by her London-based design studio announcing her death read, "Zaha Hadid was widely regarded to be the greatest female architect in the world today". She is buried between her father Mohammed Hadid and brother Foulath Hadid in Brookwood Cemetery in Brookwood, Surrey, England. In her will she left £67m, bequeathing various amounts to her business partner and family members. Her international design businesses, which accounted for the bulk of her wealth, were left in trust.

Posthumous major projects (2016–present)

Salerno Maritime Terminal in Salerno, Italy (2000–2016)
The first major project to be completed shortly after her death was the Salerno Maritime Terminal in Salerno, Italy, her first major transportation building. She won the competition for the building in 2000, but then the project was delayed due to funding and technical issues. Hadid scouted the site from a police boat in the harbour to visualise how it would appear from the water. The final building covers 50,000 square feet and cost 15 million Euros. Paola Cattarin, the project architect who completed the building after Hadid's death, said, "We thought of the building as an oyster, with a hard shell top and bottom, and a softer, liquid, more organic interior." At the opening of the new building, posters of Hadid were placed around the city, saying, "Goodbye Zaha Hadid; Genius and Modernity, Inspiration and Transformation, Light That Takes Shape."

Central Bank of Iraq Tower (2018–incomplete)

In May 2010, the Central bank of Iraq (CBI) had commissioned Hadid to design the new headquarters. Although the project was presented in 2011, the construction on the project only began in late 2018 and it is scheduled to be completed in 2023. The tower will serve as the new headquarters for the Central bank of Iraq. It's also features VIP entrance, visitor entrance, main lobby, museums, personnel entrance, energy center, public area, personnel facility, cash management area, data center, security center and landscaping areas.

Scorpion Tower of Miami
The Scorpion Tower of Miami, now known as One Thousand Museum, was started while Hadid was still alive though currently undergoing completion posthumously. It is noted by its curved external columns standing the full length of the building. Its twin Scorpion Tower has also been built in Dubai.

Skyscraper re-purposing of 666 Fifth Avenue (2015–incomplete)
On 25 March 2017, Kam Dhillon reported a yet-to-be completed skyscraper design designed by Hadid prior to her death in 2016 in an article titled "Zaha Hadid Architects Unveils Monumental Skyscraper Project for NYC".

Grand Théatre de Rabat (2014–incomplete)

A futuristic building, faithful to the imprint of the architect, which should host the biggest cultural events of the Moroccan capital. The works, launched in October 2014, are still in progress. This project consists of a large multipurpose room, which has 1822 seats and can accommodate different types of shows. For each artistic presentation with specific acoustics needs, the theater will be equipped with adjustable systems. The theater also has a small modular room with 127 seats, a restaurant with panoramic views, shops, cafes and a bookstore.

Beijing Daxing International Airport, China
The Beijing Daxing International Airport opened in September 2019.

Navi Mumbai International Airport, India
The Navi Mumbai International Airport is yet to be constructed and the first phase is set to open in 2024.

Sky Park Residence, Bratislava, Slovakia
The complex of three 31-storey residential towers neighbouring Bratislava city centre is still under construction. Part of the construction area includes a preserved historical waterworks building designed by one of the most influential Slovak architects of early 20th century – Dušan Jurkovič.

King Abdullah Financial District (KAFD) Metro Station
A 7-story, 20,434 sq. meter metro station in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Mercury Tower (2016–2022)

The Mercury Tower is the tallest building in Malta. The Tower is 122 metres (400 ft) tall, with 32 floors of mixed residential and hotel space. The most iconic feature of the building is the twisted area between levels 9 and 11 that will provide its distinctive appearance.

Teaching
In the 1990s, she held the Sullivan Chair professorship at the University of Illinois at Chicago's University of Illinois at Chicago College of Architecture and the Arts school of architecture. At various times, she served as guest professor at the Hochschule für bildende Künste Hamburg (HFBK Hamburg), the Knowlton School of Architecture at Ohio State University, the Masters Studio at Columbia University, and was the Eero Saarinen Visiting professor of Architectural Design at the Yale School of Architecture. From 2000, Hadid was a guest professor at the Institute of Architecture at the University of Applied Arts Vienna, in the Zaha Hadid Master Class Vertical-Studio.

Interior architecture and product design

Hadid also undertook some high-profile interior work, including the Mind Zone at the Millennium Dome in London as well as creating fluid furniture installations within the Georgian surroundings of Home House private members club in Marylebone, and the Z.CAR hydrogen-powered, three-wheeled automobile, amongst many other designs.

In 2006, Zaha Hadid founded Zaha Hadid Design (ZHD); her eponymous design studio.

In 2007, Hadid designed Dune Formations for David Gill Gallery and the Moon System Sofa for leading Italian furniture manufacturer B&B Italia.

In 2009 she worked with the clothing brand Lacoste to create a new, high fashion, and advanced boot. In the same year, she also collaborated with the brassware manufacturer Triflow Concepts to produce two new designs in her signature parametric architectural style.

In 2013, Hadid designed Liquid Glacial for David Gill Gallery which comprises a series of tables resembling ice-formations made from clear and coloured acrylic. Their design embeds surface complexity and refraction within a powerful fluid dynamic. The collection was further extended in 2015–2016. In 2016 the gallery launched Zaha's final collection of furniture entitled UltraStellar

ZHD now operates under the lead of Co-directors Woody Yao and Maha Kutay who ensure consistency with the Founder's ethos by continuing to coherently translate and apply Hadid's methodological approach to any new design.

Architectural firm
Hadid established an architectural firm named Zaha Hadid Architects in New York. One of the notable buildings designed by this agency is the boutique pavilion of Il Makiage.

Reputation
Following her death in March 2016, Michael Kimmelman of The New York Times wrote: "her soaring structures left a mark on skylines and imaginations and in the process re-shaped architecture for the modern age...Her buildings elevated uncertainty to an art, conveyed in the odd way of one entered and moved through these buildings and in the questions that her structures raised about how they were supported ... Hadid embodied, in its profligacy and promise, the era of so-called starchitects who roamed the planet in pursuit of their own creative genius, offering miracles, occasionally delivering." She is quoted as saying "I don't make nice little buildings".

Deyan Sudjic of The Guardian described Hadid as "an architect who first imagined, then proved, that space could work in radical new ways ... Throughout her career, she was a dedicated teacher, enthused by the energy of the young. She was not keen to be characterised as a woman architect, or an Arab architect. She was simply an architect."

In an interview published in Icon magazine, she said: "I never use the issue about being a woman architect ... but if it helps younger people to know they can break through the glass ceiling, I don't mind that." However, she admitted that she never really felt a part of the male-dominant architecture "establishment". She once said "As a woman in architect you're always an outsider. It's OK, I like being on the edge.'

Sometimes called the "Queen of the curve", Hadid was frequently described in the press as the world's top female architect. although her work also attracted criticism. The Metropolitan Museum in New York cited her "unconventional buildings that seem to defy the logic of construction".
Her architectural language was described as "famously extravagant" and she was accused of building "dictator states". Architect Sean Griffiths characterised Hadid's work as "an empty vessel that sucks in whatever ideology might be in proximity to it".

Qatar controversy
As the architect of a stadium to be used for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar, Hadid was accused in The New York Review of Books of giving an interview in which she allegedly showed no concern for the deaths of migrant workers in Qatar involved in the project. In August 2014, Hadid sued The New York Review of Books for defamation and won. Immediately thereafter, the reviewer and author of the piece in which she was accused of showing no concern issued a retraction in which he said "work did not begin on the site for the Al Wakrah stadium, until two months after Ms Hadid made those comments; and construction is not scheduled to begin until 2015 ... There have been no worker deaths on the Al Wakrah project and Ms Hadid's comments about Qatar that I quoted in the review had nothing to do with the Al Wakrah site or any of her projects. I regret the error."

Style
The architectural style of Hadid is not easily categorised, and she did not describe herself as a follower of any one style or school. Nonetheless, before she had built a single major building, she was categorised by the Metropolitan Museum of Art as a major figure in architectural Deconstructivism. Her work was also described as an example of neo-futurism and parametricism. An article profiling Hadid in the New Yorker magazine was titled "The Abstractionist".

At the time when technology was integrating into design, Zaha accepted the use of technology but still continued to hand draw her buildings and make models of the designs. This was because she did not want to limit herself and her designs to only to what the computer could do.

Through her design style, she paints the conceptual designs of her many projects in fluid and geometrical forms where "Zaha Hadid's work took shape." These would be large paintings that would aspire towards her design process and "rational nature of her construction, the drawings pulled the parts and pieces apart, exploding its site and programme."

When she was awarded the Pritzker Prize in 2004, the jury chairman, Lord Rothschild, commented:  "At the same time as her theoretical and academic work, as a practising architect, Zaha Hadid has been unswerving in her commitment to modernism. Always inventive, she's moved away from existing typology, from high tech, and has shifted the geometry of buildings."

The Design Museum described her work in 2016 as having "the highly expressive, sweeping fluid forms of multiple perspective points and fragmented geometry that evoke the chaos and flux of modern life".

Hadid herself, who often used dense architectural jargon, could also describe the essence of her style very simply: "The idea is not to have any 90-degree angles. In the beginning, there was the diagonal. The diagonal comes from the idea of the explosion which "re-forms" the space. This was an important discovery."

Awards and honours
Hadid was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2002 Birthday Honours and Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2012 Birthday Honours for services to architecture.

Hadid was named an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters and an honorary fellow of the American Institute of Architects. She was on the board of trustees of The Architecture Foundation.

In 2002, Hadid won the international design competition to design Singapore's one-north master plan. In 2004, Hadid became the first female recipient of the Pritzker Architecture Prize. In 2005, her design won the competition for the new city casino of Basel, Switzerland and she was elected as a Royal Academician. In 2006, she was honoured with a retrospective spanning her entire work at the Guggenheim Museum in New York; that year she also received an Honorary Degree from the American University of Beirut.

In 2008, she was ranked 69th on the Forbes list of "The World's 100 Most Powerful Women". In 2010, she was named by Time as an influential thinker in the 2010 TIME 100 issue. In September 2010 the New Statesman listed Zaha Hadid at number 42 in its annual survey of "The World's 50 Most Influential Figures of 2010".

In 2013, she was assessed as one of the 100 most powerful women in the UK by Woman's Hour on BBC Radio 4. In 2014, 2015 and 2016, Hadid appeared on Debrett's list of the most influential people in the UK. In January 2015, she was nominated for the Services to Science and Engineering award at the British Muslim Awards.

She won the Stirling Prize, the UK's most prestigious award for architecture, two years running: in 2010, for one of her most celebrated works, the MAXXI in Rome, and in 2011 for the Evelyn Grace Academy, a Z‑shaped school in Brixton, London. She also designed the Dongdaemun Design Plaza & Park in Seoul, South Korea, which was the centrepiece of the festivities for the city's designation as World Design Capital 2010. In 2014, the Heydar Aliyev Cultural Centre, designed by her, won the Design Museum Design of the Year Award, making her the first woman to win the top prize in that competition. In 2015, she became the first woman to receive the Royal Gold Medal awarded by the Royal Institute of British Architects.

In 2016 in Antwerp, Belgium a square was named after her, Zaha Hadidplein, in front of the extension of the Antwerp Harbour House designed by Zaha Hadid.

Google celebrated her achievements with a Doodle on 31 May 2017, to commemorate the date (in 2004) on which Hadid became the first woman to win the prestigious Pritzker Architecture Prize.

1982: Gold Medal Architectural Design, British Architecture for 59 Eaton Place, London
1994: Erich Schelling Architecture Award
2001: Equerre d'argent Prize, special mention
2002: Austrian State Prize for Architecture for Bergiselschanze
2003: European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture for the Strasbourg tramway terminus and car park in Hoenheim, France
2003: Commander of the Civil Division of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for services to architecture
2004: Pritzker Prize
2005: Austrian Decoration for Science and Art
2005: German Architecture Prize for the central building of the BMW plant in Leipzig
2005: Designer of the Year Award for Design Miami
2005: RIBA European Award for BMW Central Building
2006: RIBA European Award for Phaeno Science Centre
2007: Thomas Jefferson Medal in Architecture
2008: RIBA European Award for Nordpark Cable Railway
2009: Praemium Imperiale
2010: RIBA European Award for MAXXI
2012: Jane Drew Prize for her "outstanding contribution to the status of women in architecture"
2012: Jury member for the awarding of the Pritzker Prize to Wang Shu in Los Angeles.
2013: 41st Winner of the Veuve Clicquot UK Business Woman Award
2013: Elected international member, American Philosophical Society
She was also on the editorial board of the Encyclopædia Britannica.

List of architectural works

Her architectural design firm, Zaha Hadid Architects, employs 400 people and its headquarters are in a Victorian former-school building in Clerkenwell, London.

Conceptual projects
Malevich's Tektonik (1976–77), London, UK
Museum of the nineteenth century (1977–78), London, UK
Dutch Parliament Extension (1978–79), The Hague, Netherlands
Irish Prime Minister's Residence (1979–80), Dublin, Ireland
Hafenstraße Development (1989), Hamburg, Germany
Cardiff Bay Opera House (1995), Cardiff, Wales – not realised
Price Tower the extension hybrid project (2002), Bartlesville, Oklahoma, United States – pending
Signature Towers (2006)
Kartal-Pendik Masterplan (2006), Istanbul, Turkey
Bahrain International Circuit (2007), Sakhir, Bahrain
Surfers Paradise Transit Centre Site (2007), Surfers Paradise, Queensland, Australia

Completed projects (selection)
Vitra Fire Station (1994), Weil am Rhein, Germany
Bergisel Ski Jump (2002), Innsbruck, Austria
Rosenthal Center for Contemporary Art (2003), Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
Hotel Puerta America (2003–2005), Madrid, Spain
BMW Central Building (2005), Leipzig, Germany
Ordrupgaard annexe (2005), Copenhagen, Denmark
Phaeno Science Center (2005), Wolfsburg, Germany
R. Lopez De Heredia Wine Pavilion (2001–2006), Haro, La Rioja, Spain
Issam Fares Institute for Public Policy and International Affairs at the American University of Beirut (2006–14), Beirut, Lebanon
Maggie's Centres at the Victoria Hospital (2006), Kirkcaldy, Scotland
Hungerburgbahn new stations (2007), Innsbruck, Austria
Chanel Mobile Art Pavilion (2006–08), worldwide
Bridge Pavilion (2008), Zaragoza, Spain
Pierresvives (2002–12), Montpellier, France
MAXXI – National Museum of the 21st Century Arts (1998–2010), Rome, Italy. Stirling Prize 2010 winner.
Guangzhou Opera House (2010), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
Sheikh Zayed Bridge (2007–10), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Galaxy SOHO in Beijing, China.
London Aquatics Centre (2011), 2012 Summer Olympics, London, United Kingdom
Riverside Museum (2004–11) development of Glasgow Transport Museum, Scotland
Deutsche Guggenheim (2005), Berlin, Germany
CMA CGM Tower (2006–11), Marseille, France
Ark Evelyn Grace Academy (2006–10) in Brixton, London, UK. Stirling Prize 2011 winner.
Capital Hill Residence (2006), in Moscow, Russia. Private home owned by Vladislav Doronin.
Urban Nebula (2007), London Design Festival, London, UK
Lilas (2007), Serpentine Gallery, London, UK
Roca London Gallery (2009–11) in Chelsea Harbour, London, UK
d'Leedon, Singapore (2007–2011)
Design For Proposed Museum In Vilnius (2007–2011), Vilnius, Lithuania
Heydar Aliyev Cultural Centre (2007–12) in Baku, Azerbaijan.
Eli and Edythe Broad Art Museum (2010–12), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
Mandarin Oriental Dellis Cay, Villa D (2012) (private home under construction), Dellis Cay, Turks & Caicos Islands
Library and Learning Center of the Vienna University of Economics and Business Campus (2010–2013)
Salerno Maritime Terminal (2007–13), Salerno, Italy
Napoli Afragola railway station, Italy (2013)
Jockey Club Innovation Tower (2013), Hong Kong
Dongdaemun Design Plaza (2008–14), Seoul, South Korea
Citylife office tower (Storto) and residentials, Milan, Italy (2014)
Investcorp Building, St Antony's College, Oxford (2013–15), UK.
King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (2010–15)
Nanjing International Youth Cultural Centre, China (2016)
Antwerp Harbour House, Antwerp, Belgium (2016)
Dubai Opera, Dubai, UAE (2016)
The Opus, Dubai, UAE (2007–2018)
Scorpion Tower, One Thousand Museum, Miami, Florida, US (2018)
520 West 28th Street, New York City, United States (2017)
Messner Mountain Museum, Corones, Province of Bozen, South Tyrol, Italy (2015)

Incomplete projects
Vilnius Guggenheim Hermitage Museum in 2008. In 2010, commissioned by the Iraqi government to design the new building for the Central Bank of Iraq. An agreement to complete the design stages of the new CBI building was finalised on 2 February 2012, at a ceremony in London. This was her first project in her native Iraq. In 2012, Hadid won an international competition to design a new National Olympic Stadium as part of the successful bid by Tokyo to host the 2020 Summer Olympics. As the estimated cost of the construction mounted, however, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe announced in July 2015 that Hadid's design was scrapped in favour of a new bidding process to seek a less expensive alternative. Hadid had planned to enter the new competition, but her firm was unable to meet the new requirement of finding a construction company with which to partner.

600 Collins Street, Melbourne, Australia
Mercury House Tower, St Julians, Malta
Nuragic and Contemporary art museum (on hold), Cagliari, Italy
Eleftheria square (Freedom Square) in Nicosia, Cyprus
Esfera City Center in Monterrey, Mexico
New Century City Art Center, Chengdu, China
Dominion Tower in Moscow, Russia
Danjiang Bridge in New Taipei, Taiwan
Iraqi Parliament Building in Baghdad
2014 Qatar 2022 FIFA World Cup stadium design
2016 Winton (Mathematics) Gallery at the Science Museum, London
2017 666 Fifth Avenue, New York, USA
California Residence, California, USA
Middle East Centre. St Antony's College, Oxford, UK
Regium Waterfront, Reggio, Italy
Dubai Financial Market, Dubai, UAE

Non-architectural work

Museum exhibitions
1978 – Guggenheim Museum, New York
1983 – Retrospective at the Architectural Association, London
1985 – GA Gallery, Tokyo
1988 – Deconstructivist Architecture show at Museum of Modern Art, New York
1995 – Graduate School of Design at Harvard University
1997 – San Francisco MoMA
2000 – British Pavilion at the Venice Biennale
2001 – Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg
2002 – (10 May – 11 August) – Centro nazionale per le arti contemporanee, Rome
2003 – (4 May – 17 August) – MAK – Museum für angewandte Kunst (Museum of Applied Arts) in Vienna
2006 – (3 June – 25 October) – Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York
2006 – (1 June – 29 July) – Ma10 Mx Protetch Gallery, Chelsea, New York
2007 – (29 June – 25 November) – Design Museum, London
2007 – Dune Formations with David Gill Gallery – Venice Biennale
2011/12 – (20 September – 25 March) – Zaha Hadid: Form in Motion at the Philadelphia Museum of Art
2012 – Liquid Glacial – David Gill Gallery, London
2013 – (29 June – 29 September) – Zaha Hadid: World Architecture at the Danish Architecture Centre
2015 – (27 June – 27 September) – Zaha Hadid at the State Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg, Russia

Other work
Nightlife (1999). Zaha Hadid designed the stage set for the Pet Shop Boys' world tour.
A Day with Zaha Hadid (2004). A 52-minute documentary where Zaha Hadid discusses her current work while taking the camera through her retrospective exhibition "Zaha Hadid has Arrived". Directed by Michael Blackwood.
In October 2008, she guest-edited Wallpaper magazine.
On 2 January 2009, she was the guest editor of the BBC's flagship morning radio news programme, Today.

See also

Iraqi art
List of Iraqi artists
List of Iraqi women artists

Bibliography

Fontana-Giusti, Gordana and Schumacher, Patrik. (2004). Complete Works of Zaha Hadid, 4 volumes, Thames and Hudson, Rizzoli, published in English, translated into German and Spanish.

References

External links

1950 births
2016 deaths
American University of Beirut alumni
Alumni of the Architectural Association School of Architecture
British interior designers
British jewellery designers
British Muslims
British women architects
Burials at Brookwood Cemetery
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Honorary Fellows of the American Institute of Architects
Harvard University faculty
Columbia University faculty
Iraqi architects
Iraqi designers
Iraqi emigrants to the United Kingdom
Iraqi Muslims
Iraqi women architects
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Neo-futurist architecture
People educated at Berkhamsted School
People from Baghdad
Pritzker Architecture Prize winners
Recipients of the Praemium Imperiale
Recipients of the Austrian State Prize
Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art
Royal Academicians
Stirling Prize laureates
University of Illinois Chicago faculty
British architects
Women jewellers
BRIT Award trophy designers
Zaha Hadid

Zaha Hadid


Contas bancárias numeradas são contas bancárias em que a identidade do titular é substituída por um número de vários dígitos conhecido apenas pelo cliente e banqueiros privados selecionados. Embora essas contas adicionem outra camada de sigilo bancário, elas não são completamente anônimas, pois o nome do cliente ainda é registrado pelo banco e está sujeito a divulgação limitada e garantida.

Durante a década de 1910, banqueiros da Suíça criaram contas bancárias numeradas para adicionar uma camada de anonimato para clientes europeus que buscavam evitar o pagamento de impostos da Primeira Guerra Mundial. Com a aprovação da Lei Bancária Suíça de 1934, esta prática proliferou em todo o setor bancário na Suíça. Alguns bancos suíços complementam o número com um codinome como "Cardinal", "Octopussy" ou "Violoncelo" como forma alternativa de identificar o cliente. No entanto, para abrir esse tipo de conta na Suíça, os clientes devem passar por um procedimento de liberação em várias etapas e provar ao banco a origem legal de seus ativos. As instituições bancárias que adotaram essa prática na Europa, Ásia e Américas também exigem que os clientes passem por uma verificação rigorosa e forneçam a identidade do beneficiário efetivo. O uso de nomes falsos para abrir essas contas é proibido na Suíça, União Européia, Estados Unidos e outros centros financeiros offshore.

Muitos governos de estados soberanos proibiram o uso dessas contas, pois são comumente associadas ao desejo do titular da conta de minimizar o escrutínio governamental ou evitar a tributação. A maioria dos regulamentos que regem o uso de contas bancárias numeradas exige que o titular assine um documento e passe por uma verificação de antecedentes que confirme quem é e uma conexão com a conta. Apesar dos regulamentos, as contas bancárias numeradas, por sua própria natureza, são mais privadas do que as contas bancárias normais. Na Suíça, por exemplo, os banqueiros são proibidos de divulgar se uma conta está ou não numerada em qualquer agência governamental, a menos que seja estabelecida prova de fraude deliberada, e não apenas a não declaração de ativos para evitar tributação.

Referências

Segurança
Privacidade

Sistema bancário

Conta bancária numerada


La croix de cimetière de Plaisance est calvaire située sur le territoire de la commune de Plaisance, en France. Initialement lanterne des morts, elle surmonte un caveau-pourrissoir utilisé au Moyen Âge.

Généralités
La croix est située dans le cimetière sur le territoire de la commune de Plaisance, dans le département de la Vienne, en région Nouvelle-Aquitaine, en France.

Historique

Au , une lanterne des morts est érigée dans le cimetière dont la fonction précise, comme toutes les lanternes des morts, est sujette à hypothèses (phare guidant les voyageurs, enseigne indiquant un cimetière, fanal permettant aux morts quittant leurs tombes, ...).

A une date inconnue, une grande partie de la lanterne est détruite et transformée en calvaire par l'adjonction d'une croix en fer.

Lors de travaux de terrassement en 1894, des caveaux situés en dessous de l'édicule sont découverts.

La croix et ses caveaux sont classés au titre des monuments historiques par arrêté 2 juin 1917.

En 2020, l'édicule du calvaire, n'est plus visible du public : il a été démonté pour des raisons de conservation.

Description

Le calvaire
L'édicule repose sur un massif carré en appareil irrégulier sur deux mètres de hauteur datant de l'origine du fanal (). Le socle de pierre conserve l'autel dirigé vers l'est. Au nord, est visible la base de la porte taillée dans la pierre permettant de pénétrer dans l'ancienne colonne creuse de la lanterne.

Lors des fouilles de 1894, était présente une dalle sculptée sur la façade ouest du monument avec des dimensions de 1,67 mètre de longueur, 52 centimètres de largeur et 26 centimètres d'épaisseur. La gravure représente une croix pattée et encadrée par une baguette apparente. La fonction de cette dalle aurait été plus votive que fonctionnelle.

Les caveaux

Révélé lors des travaux de terrassement en 1894 au pied de l'édicule, le caveau géminé contenait encore, lors de son ouverture, deux squelettes accompagnés de vases en terre cuite, ainsi que plusieurs autres ossements correspondant à sept autres squelettes. Il s'agit d'un « caveau-pourrissoir », permettant aux corps de se décomposer et de pouvoir récupérer les ossements plus facilement. Le caveau se compose de cinq murs de 50 centimètres d'épaisseur environ, délimitant deux « cases » de 2 mètres de longueur sur une hauteur de 1,19 mètre. À mi hauteur de chaque case, des dalles transversales permettant d'étendre les cadavres le temps de leur décomposition.

Ce caveau a été vraisemblablement utilisé par les religieux du prieuré Notre-Dame. Les religieux recueillaient ensuite les ossements qui, possibles reliques, avaient un caractère sacré.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 .

Articles connexes
 Liste des monuments historiques de la Vienne
 Liste de lanternes des morts en France

Liens externes

Plaisance
Monument historique dans la Vienne
Monument historique classé en 1917

Croix de cimetière de Plaisance


Jean-Paul Dermont est un acteur belge né le  à Liège.

Biographie

Filmographie

Cinéma
 1987 : Il court, il court, le monde
 1989 : Baptême : le clown
 1989 : Les Vloems
 1990 : Un été après l'autre : l'agent de police
 1990 : Rally du désert
 1990 : Mon Dieu, c'est plein d'étoiles
 1991 : Casino
 1993 : Le Fils du requin
 1994 : Les Amoureux : l'entrepreneur
 1996 : La Promesse : Muller
 1996 : Camping Cosmos : M. Vandeputte
 1996 : Menteur : le juge
 1997 : The Black Flower
 1997 : La Conquête du Pôle Sud
 1998 : Tout le monde peut se tromper : le gérant
 1998 : J'adore le cinéma : le présentateur de la bande-annonce
 2002 : Les Enfants de l'amour : le père de Nathalie
 2003 : Dédales : Simon
 2009 : Une chaîne pour deux : Raoul
 2010 : Rien à déclarer : le père de Vandevoorde
 2011 : Hasta la vista : le propriétaire du domaine viticole

Télévision
 1975 : Métro Luxembourg
 1977 : Mariages : Didier
 1979 : L'Homme au petit chien : Cormille
 1981 : La Mésaventure : Pardonge
 1981 : Les Roues de la fortune : Bruno Sonners (7 épisodes)
 1983 : Aéroport (1 épisode)
 1995 : Julie Lescaut : Jacques Raymond (1 épisode)
 1996 : Le R.I.F. : Paul Rasnin (1 épisode)
 1996-1999 : Les Steenfort, maîtres de l'orge : Adolphe (4 épisode)
 1996 : Les Cordier, juge et flic : le barman (1 épisode)
 1998 : Tous les papas ne font pas pipi debout : Freddy
 1998 : Théo et Marie : Ulysse
 2000 : Léopold : le droguiste
 2001 : Maigret : le patron de l'auberge (1 épisode)
 2002 : Joséphine, ange gardien : l'animateur AA (1 épisode)
 2002 : Libre circulation
 2004 : Le Président Ferrare : l'avocat général (1 épisode)
 2005 : Moby Dick et le Secret de Mu : Stubb
 2018 : Champion : Willy (2 épisodes)

Doublage

Cinéma
 1994 : Frankenstein : La Créature (Robert De Niro)
 2001 : Cowboy Bebop, le film : Colonel, Carlos et Bob
 2004 : Yu-Gi-Oh!, le film : La Pyramide de Lumière : Anubis
 2005 : Inspecteur Gadget et le Ptérodactyle géant :  Gang
 2006 : Hui Buh : Le Fantôme du château
 2008 : Le Royaume des guerriers : roi Zhao (Zhang Shan)
 2011 : La Revanche du Petit Chaperon rouge : Nicky Flippers (David Ogden Stiers)
 2012 : Lettre à Momo : Sachio, le grand-oncle
 2013 : Albator, corsaire de l'espace : le vieil homme
 2017 : Cyborg 009 Call of Justice :  Isaac Gilmore

Télévision
 1992-1993 : Ran la légende verte : Kaba
 1997-1999 : Spawn
 1997-2002 : Lupo Alberto
 1998 : Mythologies : Eumée
 1999-2000 : Beast Machines: Transformers : Megatron
 2000-2003 : X-Men: Evolution : Le Fauve
 2001-2002 : Le Projet Zeta : voix additionnelles
 2002 : Cybermatt : le hacker (Christopher Lloyd)
 2003-2006 : Jacob Jacob : le père de Jacob
 2004-2005 : Fantastic Children : le directeur
 2004-2008 : Miss Spider : Spiderus
 2005 : Gun X Sword : le narrateur et Carlos
 2010-2012 : Avengers : L'Équipe des super-héros : Odin
 2011-2013 : Doctor Who : Winston Churchill et Androgar

Liens externes

Naissance en novembre 1943
Naissance à Liège
Acteur belge
Acteur francophone de doublage

Jean-Paul Dermont


Akademikernes Jobbank eller Jobbank.dk er en dansk jobdatabase med jobopslag til jobsøgende med videregående uddannelsesbaggrund. Jobbasen består af en søgemaskine, der samler jobopslag private og offentlige arbejdspladser. Jobbanken indeholder også en række virksomhedsprofiler, artikler om jobsøgning og en CV-database.

Jobbank.dk drives af Move On Communications A/S og blev lanceret i 1998.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Officiel hjemmeside

Etableret i 1998
Jobtjenester

Jobbank.dk


Count Dooku, (Darth Tyranus olarak da bilinir)  Yıldız Savaşları (Star Wars) evreninde geçen kurgusal bir karakterdir. Filmlerde karakteri Christopher Lee canlandırmıştır.

Dooku, bir Sith Lordu'dur. Klon Savaşları'nda, dolaylı olarak Büyük Jedi Katliamı ve Galaktik Cumhuriyet'in düşmesine sebep olmuştur. Sith adı Darth Tyranus'tur. Bu isim "tyrant" (zalim, zorba) kelimesinden türetilmiştir. Dooku ismi ise Japonca "doku" (毒) kelimesinden türetilmiş olup, zehir anlamına gelir.

Eskiden bir Jedi Ustası olan fakat yaptığı bir operasyonda gördükleri ve Jedi Düzeni'nde gördüğü çürümüşlük yüzünden karanlık tarafa geçen bir karakterdir. Karanlık tarafa olan bağlılığını kanıtlamak için, en yakın dostu olan Jedi ustası Sifo-Dyas'ı bizzat öldürtmüştür.
Ustası Yoda'dır fakat Sith olduğu dönemde Darth Sidious'un çırağı olmuştur. Ayrılıkçı ordusunun görünürdeki lideridir. Klon ordusu için ustasına Jango Fett'i önermiştir ve ödül avcısıyla yaptığı anlaşma ile Jango Fett klon ordusuna yardım etmeyi kabul eder.
Kont Dooku, Geonosis'te esir düşen Obi-Wan Kenobi, Anakin Skywalker ve Padme'yi Geonosis halkının gözleri önünde idam ettirmeye karar verir. Gladyatör arenasına benzeyen bu yerde Mace Windu ve Yoda'nın liderliğindeki yüzlerce Jedi ve Klon Ordusu Geonosis'e çıkartma yaparlar. Count Dooku kaçar fakat Obi-Wan ve Anakin onu saklandığı yerde bulur. Yapılan düelloda Dooku, Obi-Wan'ı etkisiz hale getirir ve Anakin'in sağ kolunu keser. Tam iki Jedi'yı öldürecekken eski ustası Yoda düelloda onu yener ve iki Jedi'yı kurtarır.

Geonosis'ten kaçan Dooku,Klon Savaşları sırasında,Asajj Ventress, Durge ve General Grievous gibi kişileri Ayrılıkçı ordusuna hizmet etmeleri için tutar.
General Grievous'un Coruscant Kuşatması'nda Senatör Palpatine'i kaçıran Dooku yine Obi-Wan Kenobi ve Anakin Skywalker ile karşılaşır. Obi-Wan'ı boğup savurarak saf dışı bırakan Dooku, Anakin ile dövüşürken Anakin onun ellerini tutarak keser ve Palpatine'nin kışkırtmasıyla Dooku'nun kafasını keser. Anakin pişmanlık duyar. Dooku, ölmeden önce bir maşa olarak kullanıldığını bilmiyordu. Bu yüzden Palpatine onun ölüm emrini verirken büyük şaşkınlık içindeydi ve titriyordu.

Filmografi
2002 - Attack Of The Clones
2005 - Revenge Of The Sith
2008-2020 - Clone Wars

Kaynakça

Yıldız Savaşları karakterleri
Kurgusal kontlar
Sith karakterler
Jedi
2002'de tanıtılan kurgusal karakterler
Erkek film karakterleri

Kont Dooku


The MTV Video Music Award for Best Dance was first awarded in 1989, and it was one of the original four genre categories that were added to the MTV Video Music Awards that year.

With a revamp of the awards in 2007, the category was cut out along with several others, yet it returned for the 2008 awards, where it was given a new name: Best Dancing in a Video. In 2009 the award for Best Dancing was again eliminated from the VMAs, but it was revived again in 2010 as Best Dance Music Video. The following year, though, the award was once again absent from the category list. Once again, the award was revived in 2012, this time under the name of Best Electronic Dance Music Video, celebrating the rise in popularity of EDM throughout the year. It was again eliminated from the 2013 awards. On July 17, 2014, MTV brought the category back, this time renaming it the MTV Clubland Award for the 2014 Awards. The pattern of awarding the Moonman every other year continued in 2016 where the award was renamed Best Electronic Video. Finally, in 2017 this award's name was changed to Best Dance, which it has kept until the present. It was again eliminated from the 2020 awards.

En Vogue, The Pussycat Dolls, Calvin Harris and Zedd are the category's biggest winners, with each having won it twice. Madonna and Janet Jackson, on the other hand, are the two most nominated artists, each having been nominated six times for this category; followed by Jennifer Lopez and Calvin Harris, who have been nominated five times.

Recipients

1980s

1990s

2000s

2010s

Notes

References

See also
 MTV Europe Music Award for Best Electronic

MTV Video Music Awards
Dance music awards
Awards established in 1989

MTV Video Music Award for Best Dance Video


Ögmundarhraun er hraunbreiða á Reykjanesskaga sem rann árið 1151 í Krýsuvíkureldum og á upptök sín í norðurhluta gígaraðar austan í Núpshlíðarhálsi.  Ögmundarhraun stendur milli Latsfjalls og Krýsuvíkur-Mælifells og allt suður í sjó og langleiðina austur undir Krýsuvíkurberg. Sunnan til í hrauninu er tveir hólmar sem standa upp úr og er annar nefndur Óbrynnishólmi en hinn, sá austari Húshólmi.
Hinum megin á nesinu rann Kapelluhraun í sjó fram í Straumsvík sennilega í sama gosi eða goshrinu.

Í Krýsuvík var áningarstaður á árum áður, þar komu menn við áður lagt var á hið illfæra Ögmundarhraun, en það var talið með verstu hraunum yfirferðar á Suðurlandi. Um hraunið er til gömul vísa, sem lýsir því allvel:
Eru í hrauni Ögmundar
ótal margir þröskuldar,
gjótur bæði og grjótgarðar,
glamra þar við skeifurnar.

Tenglar
Ferlir.is - Aldur Ögmundarhrauns og miðaldalagsins

Hraun á Íslandi
Suðurnes

Ögmundarhraun


Rudolf Signer (* 17 de marzo de 1903, Herisau, Suiza; † 1 de diciembre de 1990, Gümlingen, Suiza) fue un químico suizo que contribuyó al descubrimiento de la estructura en doble hélice del ADN, aportando importantes mejoras en los métodos de extracción de largas moléculas de ADN sin roturas. También ideó una técnica sencilla para saber la forma de las moléculas, basada en la birrefringencia de flujo.

Formación y carrera académica
Estudió en la Escuela del cantón St. Gallen, entre 1921 y 1925. Finaliza sus estudios de química en la  ETH de Zúrich consiguiendo el doctorado en 1927 bajo la dirección de Hermann Staudinger.

De 1926 a 1935 fue profesor ayudante en la Universidad de Freiburg, consiguiendo su habilitación en 1930. En el periodo 1932-33, realiza visitas de investigación a las universidades de Upsala y de Manchester con una beca Rockefeller.

En 1935 es nombrado profesor asociado de química general y química orgánica en la Universidad de Berna. Desde 1939 hasta su jubilación en 1972 fue profesor titular y director del Instituto de Química. Finalmente ocupó el puesto de decano durante los periodos 1943-44 y 1957-58.

Dedicó sus investigaciones al estudio de las macromoléculas en los productos naturales, especialmente el ADN. El ADN de alta pureza que preparó Singer, permitió a James Watson y Francis Crick en 1962 la determinación de la estructura del ADN.

Fue autor de más de 250 publicaciones científicas y fue galardonado en 1949 con la Medalla Lavoisier que otorga la Société Chimique de France.

Enlaces externos
 .
 . Unipress, Heft 119 (PDF; tañaño total: 1,85 MB)

Referencias

Químicos de Suiza
Nacidos en Herisau
Fallecidos en el cantón de Berna

Rudolf Signer


Brian Herman Thomas Redman (Lancashire, Engleska, 9. ožujka 1937.) je bivši britanski vozač motociklističkih i automobilističkih utrka.

Britanski vozači Formule 1

Brian Redman


Baron Joicey, of Chester-le-Street in the County of Durham, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1906 for the coal mining magnate and former Liberal Member of Parliament for Chester-le-Street, Sir James Joicey, 1st Baronet. He had already been created a baronet, of Longhirst and of Ulgham, both in the County of Northumberland, in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom in 1893. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Baron. He was High Sheriff of County Durham in 1910. The second baron lost his son young, and on his death his younger brother succeeded to the barony. The third Baron was an army officer, whose elder son died in WWII without male issue, and he was thus succeeded by his younger son, the fourth baron.  the titles are held by the latter's eldest son, the fifth Baron, who succeeded in 1993.

John Joicey, uncle of the first Baron, was a Liberal politician and coal owner.

The family seat is Etal Manor on the Ford Castle and Etal Castle estate.

Barons Joicey (1906)
James Joicey, 1st Baron Joicey (1846–1936)
 James Arthur Joicey, 2nd Baron Joicey (1880–1940) Died 24 July 1940
 Hugh Edward Joicey, 3rd Baron Joicey (1881–1966), second son of the first Baron.
 Michael Edward Joicey, 4th Baron Joicey (1925–1993)
 James Michael Joicey, 5th Baron Joicey (born 1953)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son the Hon. William James Joicey (born 1990)

Notes

References

Book cited

Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1906
Noble titles created for UK MPs

Baron Joicey


Galeria Narciza é uma galeria de arte brasileira fundada pelo pintor Henrique Manzo, localizada na estrada do Pico do Jaraguá, na Zona Oeste de São Paulo. O edifício serviu como sua residência e atelier até meados dos anos 80, quando o artista faleceu. A galeria fica localizada no sopé da montanha do Pico do Jaraguá e está ao lado da aldeia indígena Itakupe, uma das últimas aldeias indígenas localizadas em São Paulo.

O nome da galeria é uma homenagem dele a sua esposa, sua companheira durante 60 anos.

Acervo
O acervo da galeria compõe-se com mais de 150 obras do pintor Henrique Manzo, entre esculturas, pinturas e objetos que o artista usava para criar suas obras.

Dentro do salão há móveis projetados pelo próprio Henrique, ainda conservados e dispostos como ele os deixou. Nas paredes são expostas caixas com proteção de vidro, dentro da qual são mostrados vários objetos utilizados pelo artista: relógios, canetas, óculos, estiletes, medalhas, metro, anéis, um panfleto da inauguração da galeria e catálogos de exposições das quais participou.

A propriedade
A propriedade de Henrique Manzo, que hoje é residência de seu sobrinho Amleto e sua esposa, conta com cerca de 2.000 m2 de área, contando os dois cômodos ao lado da galeria, onde funcionava seu ateliê.

Em sua fachada, é exposta uma parede enfeitada com dois painéis onde estão desenhadas 20 mulheres indígenas e duas crianças, além da inscrição: "Coral da Paz. Pintura de Henrique Manzo. Ano 1963". O pintor faz alusão nessa cena ao contato com o povo indígena muito presente na região.

Atualmente
Servindo de residência para seu sobrinho Amleto e sua esposa há 50 anos, onde tentam preservar tudo o que o pintor deixou desde sua morte, a galeria permanece fechada a visitação há 24 anos.

Hoje em dia, a galeria conta com problemas estruturais e infiltrações. Mesmo após anos de tentativas de seu sobrinho de doar a galeria à gestão pública - o que era um desejo explícito do próprio Henrique -, a galeria continua sendo cuidada e administrada apenas pelos esforços da família de Henrique, afim de preservar a memória histórica e cultural do artista e da região.

Henrique Manzo

Galeria Narciza


Ideal est une ville américaine située dans le comté de Macon, en Géorgie. Selon le recensement de 2020, sa population est de .

Liens externes

Municipalité en Géorgie (États-Unis)
Comté de Macon (Géorgie)

Ideal (Géorgie)


Murat Aras, (1 Ocak 1973, Ankara - ), Türk senarist.

Hayatı
"Benden Baba Olmaz", "Ayrılsak da Beraberiz", "En Son Babalar Duyar", "İki Arada Aşk", "Karım ve Annem" adlı televizyon dizilerinin senaristi. Senaryolarında Türk ailesinin günlük yaşamına, Türk toplumunun sosyal ve kültürel değerlerine yer vermektedir.

1973 yılında Ankara'da doğan Aras, Deniz Askeri Lisesi ve Ankara Üniversitesi İktisat Bölümünü bitirdi. 1999 yılında "Ayrılsak da Beraberiz" adlı dizisiyle senaristliğe başladı. 490 bölüm süren bu dizinin büyük bölümünü yazdıktan sonra "En Son Babalar Duyar" isimli dizinin senaryosunu yazmaya başladı.

http://www.murataras.tv

Filmografi

Senarist olarak
 1999: Ayrılsak da Beraberiz (TRT 1, atv, Star TV)
 2002: En Son Babalar Duyar (TRT 1, Star TV)
 2004: Karım ve Annem (Kanal D)
 2005: İki Arada Aşk (TV8 ve atv)
 2007: Benden Baba Olmaz (Star TV)
 2008: Yalancı Romantik (Kanal 1 ve FOX)
 2009: Papatyam (Star TV)
 2011: Babam Sağolsun (atv)
 2012: Seksenler (TRT 1)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Türk senaristler
Yaşayan insanlar

Murat Aras


Grænsekonventionen af 1826 mellem Norge og Rusland blev undertegnet den 14. maj 1826 og regulerede for anden gang den norsk-russiske grænse. Aftalen af 1826 var altså ikke den første af sin art. Nøjagtig 500 år tidligere blev den såkaldte Novgorod-traktat af 1326 indgået mellem den russiske og norske konge, og dette var en en grænse- og fredstraktat, som trak grænsen ved Lyngstuva.

Historie

Skoltesameområderne Petsjenga, Pasvik og Neiden blev fra begyndelsen af 1600-tallet til begyndelsen af 1800-tallet betragtet som et fælles norsk-russisk skatteland, det såkaldte fællesdistrikt. Frem til 1813 beskattedes skolterne både af Rusland og af Danmark-Norge, men de stod under russisk verdslig og kirkelig jurisdiktion. I perioden mellem 1814 og 1826 krævede Sverige-Norge heller ikke skat af skolterne.

Danmark-Norge indtil 1814

Der var et dansk-norsk krav frem til slutningen af 1700-tallet om en grænse, som lagde hele fællesdistriktet under Norge. Hvert år fra 1602 til et stykke ind i 1800-tallet drog fogeden i Finmark fra Vardøhus fæstning til Malmis (Kola by) for at fremlægge den dansk-norske konges territorielle krav over for russerne. Rusland mente at have stærkere krav på fællesdistriktet, fordi de russiske samer (skolterne) var russiske borgere og de var tillige underlagte russisk jurisdiktion. Desuden havde skolterne også tidligere modtaget privilegier af den russiske zar og ikke mindst havde skolternes vigtigste handelsvej altid gået øst over.

Aftalen i 1826

Da fogeden i Finmark undlod at gøre sine krav gældende i 1816, 1819 og 1822, tog de russiske myndigheder det for givet, at nordmændene havde givet afkald på fællesdistrikterne. De klagede over, at nordmænd havde krænket skoltesamerne, og at soldaterne fra Vardøhus havde skudt rensdyr, som tilhørte samerne. Konflikterne i 1820'erne bevirkede, at det blev besluttet at dele grænsedistrikterne. Efter opdrag fra sine lands regeringer udarbejdede to officerer – oberst Spørck på norsk side, og oberstløjtnant Valerian Galjamin på russisk – et grænsekort sommeren 1825. Kortet var et kompromis mellem norske og russiske krav og dannede udgangspunktet for grænsekonventionen mellem Norge og Rusland. Konventionen blev undertegnet i Sankt Petersburg den 14. maj 1826 (2. maj efter russisk tidsregning) af kongen af Sverige og Norge Karl XIV Johan og den russiske zar  Nikolai I.

Sommeren 1826 blev det foretaget en grænsegennemgang og grænseafmærking. Grænsemarkeringen over land blev hugget 6 alen eller 5 arsjiner bred (ca. 4m). Dybå-princippet (at grænsen gik det dybeste sted i grænsevandløbet) blev lagt til grund for grænsetrækningen både i Pasvikelven og Grense Jakobselv.

1920-1944

I 1920 blev Petsamo-området på russisk side overdraget til Finland ved Freden i Tartu, og Norge havde ikke længere grænse mod Rusland (Sovjetunionen).

Efter 1944

I våbenstilstandsaftalen af 19. september 1944 efter fortsættelseskrigen måtte Finland overdrage Petsamo-området til Sovjetunionen, og den gamle grænse fra 1826 dannede igen grænsen mellem Norge og Russland.

Eksterne henvisninger
 History maps

Se også
Grensekommissariatet for den norsk-russiske grænse

Norge i 1800-tallet
Rusland i 1800-tallet
Traktater

Grænsekonventionen af 1826


13748 Radaly este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
13748 Radaly este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Kitt Peak National Observatory în cadrul proiectului Spacewatch. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,09 ua, o excentricitate de 0,11 și o înclinație de 2,7° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 13001-14000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1998
Centura de asteroizi

13748 Radaly


Auskunft – Zeitschrift für Bibliothek, Archiv und Information in Norddeutschland ist eine bibliothekarisch-archivische Fachzeitschrift, die 1981 gegründet wurde. Sie erscheint halbjährlich im Verlag Traugott Bautz (Nordhausen) und wird im Auftrag des Landesverbandes Hamburg im Deutschen Bibliotheksverband herausgegeben von Marlene Grau, Rainer Hering, Hermann Kühn, Mirko Nottscheid und Rüdiger Schütt (Chefredakteur).

Die "Auskunft" informiert laufend über die Aktivitäten von Bibliotheken und Archiven, deren Neuerungen und Veränderungen im norddeutschen Raum. Veröffentlicht werden einschlägige Beiträge zum Buch- und Bibliothekswesen, zu geschichts- und kulturwissenschaftlichen Themen, Vorträge und Aufsätze zur Literatur-, Kultur- und Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Buchbesprechungen und Hinweise auf Neuerscheinungen.

Die Inhaltsverzeichnisse der "Auskunft" werden seit 2011 regelmäßig im Onlinemagazin "H-Soz-Kult" veröffentlicht.

Chefredakteure
Georg Ruppelt (SUB Hamburg) 1981–1987, Elke Wawers (SUB Hamburg) 1987–1988, Harald Weigel (SUB Hamburg) 1988–1995, Michael Mahn (SUB Hamburg) 1996–2003, Rüdiger Schütt (UB Kiel) seit 2004.

Weblinks
 Ausgaben im Volltext bis auf die letzten fünf Jahrgänge

Bibliothekszeitschrift (Deutschland)
Ersterscheinung 1981
Deutschsprachige Halbjahreszeitschrift


Francisco Gómez García, conocido como Quico, fue un futbolista canterano del Real Betis que llegó a debutar con el primer equipo a mediados de la década de los 90.

Trayectoria

Militando en el equipo filial del Real Betis en la temporada 1994-1995, Lorenzo Serra Ferrer hizo debutar a este corpulento central en Primera División, dadas las buenas maneras que apuntaba. Disputó dos partidos esa campaña y tal circunstancia volvió a repetirse en la campaña siguiente, la 1995-1996, cuando disputó un partido de Liga (en El Molinón ante el Sporting de Gijón, con victoria bética por 2-3, y otro de la Copa de la UEFA ante el Kaiserslautern.

Sin embargo, Quico se vio forzado a dejar el fútbol en activo rápidamente, al diagnosticársele una complicada enfermedad, y falleció en Sevilla en marzo de 2004. Un año después, destacados miembros del que fue su equipo y del Sevilla FC le rindieron un caluroso homenaje en la capital hispalense.

Más recientemente, en 2011, se halló una camiseta suya de la época en un paquete de material que le fue incautado al por entonces presidente bético Manuel Ruiz de Lopera. Esta camiseta fue entregada a un amigo cercano de Quico a través de Juan Ureña, con el que compartió vestuario.

Referencias

 Camiseta de Quico hallada entre material de Lopera

Futbolistas del Real Betis Balompié en los años 1990
Nacidos en Sevilla

Francisco Gómez García, Quico


Hilbert is a lunar impact crater that is located on the far side of the Moon, just past the southeast limb. It is named for German mathematician David Hilbert. It lies just beyond the region of the surface that is occasionally brought into view due to libration, and so this feature cannot be observed directly from the Earth.

The crater is attached to the southeast rim of the walled plain Pasteur, a formation nearly half as large again as Hilbert. To the southeast of Hilbert is the smaller crater Alden, while Backlund lies to the west-northwest.

Much of the outer rim of Hilbert remains relatively intact, although it is heavily eroded in places particularly in the south. The interior is relatively flat, but has been deeply gouged by several small craters. There is a short range of central ridges offset to the west of the interior midpoint. Just to the west of the ridges is Hilbert W, a crater with a smaller crater overlying the western rim, giving it a pear-like shape. Hilbert H is a circular, bowl-shaped crater in the east part of the floor. Next to the northern rim is Hilbert Y. There are also many lesser craterlets scattered about the interior.

Hilbert is one of the largest craters of Nectarian age.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Hilbert.

References

Impact craters on the Moon

Hilbert (crater)


The Three Sisters est un groupe d'îles du détroit de Torrès, appartenant à la .

Il est composé de l'îlet Poll, l'îlet Bet, et de l'îlet Sue, qui sont des îles coralliennes.

Le groupe d'îles est situé à environ  au nord-est de Thursday Island.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes
 https://hyperleap.com/topic/The_Three_Sisters_(Queensland)

Île du détroit de Torres
Île dans le Queensland

The Three Sisters (Queensland)


Catracca uhlei é uma espécie de molusco pulmonado terrestre, do gênero Catracca, endêmico de Minas Gerais, encontrada no entorno do Parque Nacional do Peruaçu, numa região de vegetação de Cerrado e formações calcáreas de solo. O tamanho da concha varia em torno de 45mm e tem coloração uniforme bege ou bege amarelado.

Strophocheilidae
Fauna da América do Sul
Animais descritos em 2022

Catracca uhlei


عبد الله الوهيّب (1959 - 28 ديسمبر 2007), لاعب كرة يد سعودي يعد من أبرز لاعبي كرة اليد في السعودية, لعب في نادي العربي السعودي, وحقق معه عدة إنجازات, ومارس اللعبة من عام 1974 حتى 1993, وفي عام 2009 صدر كتاب وهيبا.. اليد الحديدية وهو كتاب يتحدث عن سيرة اللاعب.

حياته الرياضية

بدأ ممارسة اللعبة عندما كان طالباً في المتوسطة الأولى في عنيزة بتشجيع من معلم التربية الرياضية إبراهيم التركي, وفي نادي العربي المدرب علي القرطون, والمدرب محمد البسطويسي, وحقق إنجازات في عدة ألعاب من ضمنها ألعاب القوى.

ثم شارك بين 1973 / 1974 تقريباً, مع فريق درجة الشباب لنادي العربي, وحقق أهم إنجاز وهو تحقيق بطولة السعودية للشباب.

مشاركاته مع المنتخب

شارك مع منتخب الشباب بين عامي 1976 / 1975, ثم تحول للفريق الأول وحقق معه عدة مراكز في الوصيف في عدد من البطولات الرسمية والودية, وحقق خامس هدافي بطولة العالم العسكرية وحصل على جائزة أفضل لاعب في كأس فلسطين في عام 1979, وأفضل لاعب في الدورة العربية.

وشارك في بطولة الصداقة التي اقيمت بالكويت مع منتخب الخليج, وحقق لقب هداف البطولة.

إنجازاته

 حقق لقب هداف كأس فلسطين.
 حقق لقب هداف البطولة العربية.
 حقق لقب خامس هدافي بطولة كأس العالم العسكرية.
 حقق لقب هداف الدوري الممتاز السعودي.
 حقق لقب هداف بطولة المملكة لدرجة الشباب.
 حقق لقب هداف بطولة منطقة القصيم لدرجة الشباب.

محاولات انتقاله
رفض عرضاً مغرياً قدم له من الأمير عبد الرحمن عبد الله الفيصل, عبارة عن مليون ريال وراتب عشرة الآف ريال, مع السكن والمواصلات للأنتقال لنادي الاهلي السعودي.

أيضاً رفض عرضاً من نادي الاتحاد السعودي قدم له في فترات متفاوته حتى بعد اعتزاله.

الاعتزال
قرر اعتزال كرة اليد بعد مشوار دام تسعة عشر سنة, وذلك في عام 1413 هـ الموافق 1993, بعد مباراة مع الغريم التقليدي نادي النجمة, والتي فاز فيها نادي العربي ليضمن البقاء من خلالها موسم آخر في الدوري الممتاز.

وفاته
في 28 ديسمبر 2007 بعد أن عاد من منتزه الغضا متجهاً إلي محافظة عنيزة, هو وزوجته وثلاثة من أبنائه وهما ولدان وبنت, وكان يستقل سيارة نيسان صني, وبعد نهاية الطريق تفاجأ بسيارة تويوتا لاند كروزر, تستقلها عائلة مكونة من سبعة أفراد, وحاول تفاديها ولكن حدث اصطدام بين السيارتين من الجهة اليسرى لسيارته وجراء قوة الاصطدام لفظ أنفاسه وزوجته وابنه محمد في موقع الحادث فيما توفي ابنه الثاني أسامة في المستشفى في اليوم التالي.

مراجع

أشخاص من عنيزة
ضحايا حوادث الطرق
لاعبو كرة يد سعوديون
مدربو كرة يد سعوديون
مواليد 1959
نجديون
وفيات 1428 هـ
وفيات 2007
وفيات حوادث الطرق في السعودية

عبد الله الوهيب


The Slave Trade Act 1807, officially An Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom prohibiting the slave trade in the British Empire. Although it did not abolish the practice of slavery, it encouraged British action to press other nation states to abolish their own slave trades. It took effect on 1 May 1807, after 18 years of trying to pass an abolition bill.

Many of the supporters thought the Act would lead to the end of slavery. Slavery on English soil was unsupported in English law and that position was confirmed in Somerset's case in 1772, but it remained legal in most of the British Empire until the Slavery Abolition Act in 1833.

Background
As British historian Martin Meredith writes, "In the decade between 1791 and 1800, British ships made about 1,340 voyages across the Atlantic, landing nearly 400,000 slaves.  Between 1801 and 1807, they took a further 266,000.  The slave trade remained one of Britain's most profitable businesses."

The Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade was formed in 1787 by a group of Evangelical English Protestants allied with the Quakers, to unite in their shared opposition to slavery and the slave trade. The Quakers had long viewed slavery as immoral, and a blight upon humanity. By 1807 the abolitionist groups in Britain had a very sizeable faction of like-minded members in the British Parliament. At their height they controlled 35–40 seats. Known as the "Saints", the alliance was led by the best known of the anti-slave trade campaigners, William Wilberforce, who had taken on the cause of abolition in 1787 after having read the evidence that Thomas Clarkson had amassed against the trade. These dedicated Parliamentarians had access to the legal draughtsmanship of James Stephen, Wilberforce's brother-in-law. They often saw their personal battle against slavery as a divinely ordained crusade. On Sunday, 28 October 1787, Wilberforce wrote in his diary: "God Almighty has set before me two great objects, the suppression of the slave trade and the reformation of manners."

On 2 April 1792, William Wilberforce sponsored a motion in the House of Commons "that the trade carried on by British subjects, for the purpose of obtaining slaves on the coast of Africa, ought to be abolished."  He had introduced a similar motion in 1791, which was soundly defeated by MPs, with a vote of 163 opposed, 88 in favour.  Henry Dundas was not present for that vote, but when it was again before MPs in 1792, Dundas tabled a petition from Edinburgh residents who supported abolition. He then went on to affirm his agreement in principle with Wilberforce's motion:  "My opinion has been always against the Slave Trade."  He argued, however, that a vote for immediate abolition would be ineffective, as it would not prevent merchants from other countries from stepping in to continue the trade abandoned by the British. He stated: "this trade must be ultimately abolished, but by moderate measures".  He proposed an amendment that would add the word "gradual" to the Wilberforce motion. The amendment was adopted, 192 in favour, 125 opposed.  The motion as amended then passed 230 in favour, 85 opposed. Dundas insisted that any abolition of the slave trade would have to be dependent on the support of West Indian colonial legislatures, and the implementation of laws concerning the amelioration of the conditions of slaves. Abolitionists argued that West Indian assemblies would never support such measures, and that making the abolition of the slave trade dependent on colonial reforms would cause indefinite delay.

Three weeks after the vote, Dundas tabled resolutions setting out a plan to implement gradual abolition by the end of 1799.  At that time he told the House that proceeding too quickly would cause West Indian merchants and landowners to continue the trade "in a different mode and other channels."  He argued that "if the committee would give the time proposed, they might abolish the trade; but, on the contrary, if this opinion was not followed, their children yet unborn would not see the end of the traffic."  MPs voted in favour of ending the trade in slaves by the end of 1796, after defeating proposals to end the trade in slaves in 1795 or 1794. The House then amended the supporting resolutions tabled by Dundas, to reflect the new target date of 1796. The motion and resolutions did not receive consent in the House of Lords, however, consideration being formally deferred to a subsequent session on 5 June 1792, where they were never revived.

Thus the 1792 Slave Trade Bill passed the House of Commons; but mangled and mutilated by the modifications and amendments of Pitt, Earl of Mornington, Edward James Eliot and MacDonald, it lay for years, in the House of Lords.

Abolitionists numbers were magnified by the precarious position of the government under Lord Grenville, whose short term as Prime Minister was known as the Ministry of All the Talents. Grenville himself led the fight to pass the bill in the House of Lords, while in the Commons the bill was led by the Foreign Secretary, Lord Howick (Charles Grey, later Earl Grey). Other events also played a part; the Acts of Union 1800 brought 100 Irish MPs into Parliament, most of whom supported abolition. The Bill was first introduced to Parliament in January 1807. It went to the House of Commons on 10 February 1807. On 23 February 1807, twenty years after he first began his crusade, Wilberforce and his team were rewarded with victory. After a debate lasting ten hours, the House agreed to the second reading of the bill to abolish the Atlantic slave trade by an overwhelming 283 votes for to 16. The Bill received Royal Assent on 25 March 1807. The Act took effect on 1 May 1807. However,  had received clearance to sail on 27 April, before the deadline. Thus, when she sailed on 27 July, she did so legally. This was the last legal slave voyage for a British vessel.

All that took place against the background of the ongoing War of the Fourth Coalition. In the last months of 1806, Napoleon had won a major victory, crushing the military power of Prussia, entering into its capital Berlin and there issuing the Berlin Decree, bringing into effect the Continental System whose declared purpose was to weaken the British economy by closing French-controlled territory to its trade. Originally, the French Revolution had abolished slavery, but Napoleon – though claiming the mantle of continuing the revolutionary heritage – had in 1802 taken the retrograde step of reintroducing slavery in the French colonies. Thus, in abolishing the slave trade Britain – which could do little to directly oppose the string of French military victories on the continent – could at least gain the moral high ground against its French foe.

Other nations
By its Act Against Slavery of 1793, the Parliament of Upper Canada in British North America (modern-day Canada) abolished the slave trade, freed slaves immigrating by choice or force, as well as children born to enslaved women subsequently upon their 25th birthday, but did not emancipate existing resident slaves. In 1805 a British Order-in-Council had restricted the importation of slaves into colonies that had been captured from France and the Netherlands. Following adoption of the 1807 Act, Britain used its diplomatic influence to pressure other nations to end their own involvement in the slave trade. With the Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1810, Portugal agreed to restrict its trade into its colonies; in the Anglo-Swedish Treaty of 1813, Sweden outlawed its slave trade; and in the Treaty of Paris of 1814 whereby France agreed with Britain that the slave trade was "repugnant to the principles of natural justice" and agreed to abolish its involvement the slave trade in five years. In the 1814 Anglo-Dutch treaty the Netherlands outlawed its slave trade, and the 1817 Anglo-Spanish treaty called for Spain to suppress its trade by 1820.

The United States adopted its Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves on 2 March 1807, the same month and year as the British action.  It provided for the abolition of its Atlantic slave trade but did not alter its internal trade in slaves, while the American abolition of the international slave trade led to the creation of a coastwise slave trade in the United States. Article 1, Section 9, Clause 1 of the United States Constitution forbade the closing of the slave trade for twenty years, until 1808. The long-planned law was passed a year earlier, and with the economic incentives of the slave trade coming to an end, there was both a spike in the number of slaves being traded and a unification of political factions against the trade.

Enforcement

The Act created fines for ship captains who continued with the trade. These fines could be up to £100 per enslaved person found on a ship. Captains would sometimes dump captives overboard when they saw Navy ships coming in order to avoid these fines.
The Royal Navy, which then controlled the world's seas, established the West Africa Squadron in 1808 to patrol the coast of West Africa, and between 1808 and 1860 they seized approximately 1,600 slave ships and freed 150,000 Africans who were aboard. The Royal Navy declared that ships transporting slaves would be treated the same as pirates. Action was also taken against African kingdoms which refused to sign treaties to outlaw the trade, such as "the usurping King of Lagos", who was deposed in 1851. Anti-slavery treaties were signed with over 50 African rulers.

In the 1860s, David Livingstone's reports of atrocities within the Arab slave trade in East Africa stirred up the interest of the British public, reviving the flagging abolitionist movement. The Royal Navy throughout the 1870s attempted to suppress "this abominable Eastern trade", at Zanzibar in particular. In 1890 Britain handed control of the strategically important island of Heligoland in the North Sea to Germany in return for control of Zanzibar, in part to help enforce the ban on slave trading.

See also
 Slave Trade Act 1807 - Original Text
Amazing Grace (2006), a film that portrays the campaign to pass the Act
Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slavery
Slave Trade Act

References

External links
Digital reproduction of the Original Act on the Parliamentary Archives catalogue
Text of Act
Parliament and the British Slave Trade 1600 to 1833
Teaching Resources about Slavery and Abolition
Timeline of Aftereffects, Royal Naval Museum
Developments leading up to the Bill being passed

United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1807
Slave trade legislation
Abolitionism in the United Kingdom
History of sugar
Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament
March 1807 events
Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey

Slave Trade Act 1807