Ronald Belford "Bon" Scott (9 July 1946 – 19 February 1980) was an Australian singer and songwriter. He was the lead vocalist and lyricist of the hard rock band AC/DC from 1974 until his death in 1980.

Born in Forfar in Angus, Scotland, Scott spent his early years in Kirriemuir. He moved to Australia with his family in 1952 at the age of six, living in Melbourne for four years before settling in Fremantle, Western Australia.

With AC/DC Scott performed on the band's first seven albums: High Voltage (1975, Australian only release), T.N.T. (1975, Australian only release), High Voltage (1976, first international release), Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap (1976, not released until 1981 in the United States), Let There Be Rock (1977), Powerage (1978), Highway to Hell (1979).

Scott formed his first band, The Spektors, in 1964 and became the band's drummer and occasional lead vocalist. He performed in several other bands, including The Valentines and Fraternity, before replacing original AC/DC lead singer Dave Evans in 1974.
AC/DC's popularity grew throughout the 1970s, initially in Australia, and then internationally. Their 1979 album Highway to Hell reached the top 20 in the United States, and was their commercial breakthrough. However, on 19 February 1980, Scott died after a night out in London with former musician and alleged drug dealer Alistair Kinnear. AC/DC briefly considered disbanding, but the group recruited vocalist Brian Johnson of the British glam rock band Geordie. AC/DC's subsequent album, Back in Black, was released only five months later, and was a tribute to Scott. It went on to become at one point the second-best-selling album of all time.

In the July 2004 issue of Classic Rock, Scott was ranked number one in a list of the "100 Greatest Frontmen of All Time". Hit Parader ranked Scott as fifth on their 2006 list of the 100 Greatest Heavy Metal Vocalists of all time.

Biography

1946–1964: early years
Ronald Belford Scott was born on 9 July 1946 at Fyfe Jamieson Maternity Hospital in Forfar, Scotland, to Charles Belford "Chick" Scott (1917–1999) and Isabelle Cunningham "Isa" Mitchell (1917–2011). He grew up in Kirriemuir and was the Scotts' second child; their first was a boy, Sandy, who died shortly after birth. A third child, Derek, was born in 1949. Chick and Isa ran the family bakery in Kirriemuir's Bank Street. The family emigrated from Scotland to Australia in 1952.

The Scotts lived in the Melbourne suburb of Sunshine, Victoria, and Scott attended nearby Sunshine Primary School. The nickname "Bon" was acquired shortly after starting school; because there was another Ronald in the class, his classmates played on the phrase "Bonnie Scotland". A fourth child, Graeme, was born in 1953.

In 1956, the family moved to Fremantle, Western Australia. Scott joined the associated Fremantle Scots Pipe Band, learning the drums. He attended North Fremantle Primary School and later John Curtin College of the Arts until he dropped out at the age of 15. He subsequently worked as a farmhand and a crayfisherman, and was later a trainee weighing-machine mechanic. In 1963 he spent a short time in Fremantle Prison's assessment centre and nine months at the Riverbank Juvenile Institution, relating to charges of giving a false name and address to the police, having escaped legal custody, having unlawful carnal knowledge, and stealing  of petrol. He attempted to join the Australian Army, but was rejected and deemed "socially maladjusted".

1964–1970: The Spektors and The Valentines
Scott's vocals were inspired by his idol, Little Richard. After working as a postman, bartender and truck packer, Scott started his first band, The Spektors, in 1964 as drummer and occasional lead singer. In 1966 they merged with another local band, the Winstons, and formed The Valentines, in which Scott was co-lead singer with Vince Lovegrove. The Valentines recorded several songs written by George Young of The Easybeats. "Every Day I Have to Cry" (a song originally written and sung by Arthur Alexander) made the local record chart. In 1970, after gaining a place on the National Top 30 with their single "Juliette", The Valentines disbanded due to artistic differences after a much-publicised drug scandal.

1970–1973: Fraternity and The Mount Lofty Rangers
Scott moved to Adelaide in 1970 and joined the progressive rock group Fraternity. Fraternity released the LPs Livestock and Flaming Galah before touring the UK in 1973, where they changed their name to Fang. During this time they played support slots for Status Quo and Geordie, whose front man Brian Johnson would eventually succeed Scott as the lead singer of AC/DC after his death. During this time, on 24 January 1972, Scott married Irene Thornton.

In 1973, just after returning to Australia from the tour of the UK, Fraternity went on hiatus. Scott took a day job at the Wallaroo fertiliser plant and began singing with The Mount Lofty Rangers, a loose collective of musicians helmed by Peter Head (né Beagley) from Headband, who explained, "Headband and Fraternity were in the same management stable and we both split about the same time so the logical thing was to take members from both bands and create a new one ... the purpose of the band was for songwriters to relate to each other and experiment with songs, so it was a hotbed of creativity". Other ex-Fraternity members also played with the band as did Glenn Shorrock pre Little River Band. During this time, Head also helped Scott with his original compositions.

Vince Lovegrove said, "Bon would go to Peter's home after a day of (literally) shovelling shit, and show him musical ideas he had had during his day's work. Bon's knowledge of the guitar was limited, so Peter began teaching him how to bridge chords and construct a song. One of the songs from these sessions was a ballad called 'Clarissa', about a local Adelaide girl. Another was the country-tinged 'Bin Up in the Hills Too Long', which for me was a sign of things to come with Bon's lyrics; simple, clever, sardonic, tongue-in-cheek ..."

In return, Scott recorded vocals for Mount Lofty Rangers songs "Round & Round" and "Carey Gully". Head released these original recordings in 1996, also teaming up with producer Ted Yanni, another old friend of Scott's, to create an entirely new backing for Round & Round & Round that more accurately reflected the original intentions Head had. Long out of print, and massively bootlegged, this EP finally got an official digital release in June 2010. Unrecorded original compositions of Scott's, "Been Up in the Hills Too Long" and "Clarissa" have been recorded by Head on his Peter Head & the Mount Lofty Rangers Lofty album, also released in digital format only in 2011.

About 11 pm on 3 May 1974, at the Old Lion Hotel in North Adelaide, during a rehearsal with the Mount Lofty Rangers, a very drunk, distressed and belligerent Scott had a raging argument with a member of the band. Scott stormed out of the venue, threw a bottle of Jack Daniel's on to the ground, then sped off on his Suzuki GT550 motorbike. Scott suffered serious injuries from the ensuing motorcycle accident, spending three days in a coma and a further 18 days in hospital. Vince Lovegrove and his wife, by then running a booking/management agency, gave Scott odd jobs, such as putting up posters and painting the office during his recovery, and shortly after introduced him to AC/DC who were on the lookout for a new lead singer.

"There was a young, dinky little glam band from Sydney that we both loved called AC/DC ... Before another AC/DC visit, George Young phoned me and said the band was looking for a new singer. I immediately told him that the best guy for the job was Bon. George responded by saying Bon's accident would not allow him to perform, and that maybe he was too old (9 years older than Angus at the time). Nevertheless I had a meeting with Malcolm and Angus, and suggested Bon as their new singer. They asked me to bring him out to the Pooraka Hotel that night, and to come backstage after the show. When he watched the band, Bon was impressed, and he immediately wanted to join them, but thought they may be a bit too inexperienced and too young. After the show, backstage, Bon expressed his doubts about them being "able to rock". The two Young brothers told Bon he was "too old to rock". The upshot was that they had a jam session that night in the home of Bon's former mentor, Bruce Howe, and at the end of the session, at dawn, it was obvious that AC/DC had found a new singer. And Bon had found a new band."

Fraternity later reformed and replaced Scott with Jimmy Barnes.

1974–1980: AC/DC

Scott's wife, Irene Thornton, later wrote, "The first time Bon saw AC/DC was in August 1974. They came through Adelaide with the Lou Reed and Stevie Wright tour, and played their own show at the Pooraka Hotel... The first time I saw AC/DC was at the Pooraka Hotel in September. 'Get up there, Bon,' Vince kept saying. The band didn't have a singer that night; they were playing instrumental versions of old rock 'n' roll standards. The boys ripped through all these classic numbers and then finally, with enough pressure from Vince, Bon climbed onto the stage. I didn't realise that AC/DC had just sacked Dave Evans and they wanted Bon to replace him. Like Bon, the Youngs were Scottish, so there was an instant bond."

Scott replaced Dave Evans as the lead singer of AC/DC on 24 October 1974, when it became obvious the band and Evans were heading in different directions, with Evans having personal clashes with band members and management. Scott's appointment coincided with him working as a chauffeur for the band at the time until an audition promoted him to lead singer.

With the Young brothers as lead and rhythm guitarists, session drummer Tony Currenti (see AC/DC line-ups) and George Young as a temporary bassist, AC/DC released High Voltage, their first LP in Australia, in February 1975. Within a few months Currenti was replaced by Phil Rudd and Mark Evans was hired as a permanent bassist, and AC/DC began recording their second album T.N.T., which was released in Australia in December 1975. The first AC/DC album to gain international distribution however was a compilation of tracks from the first two albums, also entitled High Voltage, which was released in May 1976. Another studio album, Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap, was released in September of the same year, but only in Australia; the international version of the album was released in December with a different track listing. The album was not released in the US until March 1981.

In the following years, AC/DC gained further success with their albums Let There Be Rock and Powerage. The 1978 release of Powerage marked the debut of bassist Cliff Williams (who had replaced Mark Evans), and with its harder riffs, followed the blueprint set by Let There Be Rock. Only one single was released from Powerage—"Rock 'n' Roll Damnation"—which gave AC/DC their highest chart position at the time, reaching #24. An appearance at the Apollo Theatre in Glasgow during the Powerage tour was recorded and released as If You Want Blood You've Got It.

The band's sixth album, Highway To Hell, was produced by Robert "Mutt" Lange and was released in 1979. It became AC/DC's first LP to break the US top 100, eventually reaching #17, and it propelled AC/DC into the top ranks of hard-rock acts.

On 9 February 1980; AC/DC appeared on Aplauso TV (Spain) where they played "Beating Around the Bush", "Girls Got Rhythm", and "Highway to Hell", this would be Bon Scott's last appearance with AC/DC before his death.

Marriage and alleged children
Scott met Irene Thornton, from Adelaide, in 1971 while he was the lead singer for Fraternity. They married in 1972. After two years of marriage, they separated before divorcing in 1977 but remained friends until his death.

Michael Browning, who managed AC/DC in their early years, stated in his book on managing AC/DC, Dog Eat Dog, that he visited Scott in hospital in Melbourne in 1975 after Scott had overdosed on drugs. Browning claimed "Bon was bragging to me the last time he was in that hospital he was visiting two separate girls, both unknown to each other, who were both giving birth to his kids at the same time. So there's at least two of Bon Scott's children out there, or at least two I can vouch for."

However, no DNA tests have ever been conducted on people claiming to be the progeny of Scott and they have not been recognised in any way by the Bon Scott Estate.

Death

On 15 February 1980, Scott attended a session where Malcolm and Angus Young were working on the beginnings of two songs that would later be recorded on the Back in Black album: "Have a Drink On Me" and "Let Me Put My Love Into You", with Scott accompanying on drums rather than singing or writing lyrics. Young has also claimed Scott played drums on "Hells Bells" while AC/DC drummer Simon Wright has claimed Angus Young played him a demo of Scott playing drums on "Back in Black".

Days earlier, Scott had gone with Mick Cocks to visit their friends the French group Trust in the Scorpio Sound studio in London, where they recorded the album Répression; Scott was working on the English adaptation of texts by Bernie Bonvoisin for the English version of the album. During this visit, the musicians did a jam session of "Ride On". This improvised session was Scott's last recording.

Sometime during the late evening of 18 February and early morning of 19 February 1980, Scott passed out and died at the age of 33. He had just visited a London club called the Music Machine (currently known as KOKO). He was allegedly left to sleep in a Renault 5 owned by his friend Alistair Kinnear, at 67 Overhill Road in East Dulwich. Later that day, Kinnear found Scott, lifeless, and alerted the authorities. Scott was taken to King's College Hospital in Camberwell, where he was pronounced dead on arrival. The official report of the coroner concluded that Scott had died of "acute alcohol poisoning" and classified it as "death by misadventure".

The chronology of events on 19 February, Kinnear's account of what happened, and when exactly Scott was found dead has been challenged by Jesse Fink's 2017 book Bon: The Last Highway, which quotes the late UFO guitarist Paul Chapman as having been informed early that morning by Scott's friend Joe Fury that Scott was dead. Kinnear said he found Scott in the evening. Chapman claims Scott and Fury were with him the previous evening of 18 February and that Scott left his apartment to buy heroin, never to return. In February 2023, in a post on Facebook, AC/DC photographer Robert Ellis confirmed Chapman's account of being informed of Scott's death on the morning of 19 February 1980 – supporting Fink's narrative.

Fink's book also claims Scott and Kinnear were not alone in East Dulwich but with a third person, Zena Kakoulli, who stayed over at Kinnear's apartment while Scott remained in the parked Renault. An updated edition of Fink's book released in 2018 produces new evidence that a fourth individual, Kakoulli's husband and rock musician Peter Perrett, was also with Scott, Kinnear and Kakoulli. Fink contends that pulmonary aspiration of vomit was the cause of Scott's death via a suspected heroin overdose.

As part of the funeral arrangements, Scott's body was embalmed by Desmond Henley; it was later cremated, and Scott's ashes were interred by his family at Fremantle Cemetery in Fremantle.

Shortly after Scott's death, the remaining members of AC/DC briefly considered disbanding; however, it was eventually decided that Scott would have wanted them to continue, and with the Scott family's encouragement, the band hired Brian Johnson as their new vocalist.

Lyrics controversy
Five months after Scott's death, AC/DC finished the work they began with Scott and released Back in Black as a tribute to him. The issue of whether Scott's lyrics were used, uncredited, on the album remains an enduring topic of debate. In Fink's Bon: The Last Highway, he produces interview quotes from Angus Young admitting that Scott's lyrics were at least partly used and from Vince Lovegrove that Scott's family receives royalties for Back in Black. Scott's girlfriends Silver Smith (who died in 2016) and "Holly X" (a pseudonym) both claim Scott wrote the song "You Shook Me All Night Long".

In his 2022 memoir The Lives of Brian, Brian Johnson stated the following: "I should probably take this opportunity to put some of the rumours about the writing of the Back In Black lyrics to bed. The conspiracy theories are legion – usually started by people who think they know what happened but weren't there. That includes one journalist in Australia who claimed that Bon Scott had already scribbled most of the words to the album in one of his notebooks before he died. But no – it was me at the end of the pen, writing every night and every morning, with only the title to work with. That's what happened. That's the truth and I really hope that settles it."

Johnson's comments, however, are directly contradicted by AC/DC guitarist Angus Young, as quoted in Fink's Bon: The Last Highway. In a 1991 interview with Kerrang! magazine, Young was asked by journalist Paul Elliott: "Who wrote the lyrics on ['Given The Dog A Bone'] and the others on Back in Black? Bon, or Brian, or both?" Young replied: "Bon wrote a little of the stuff."

Legacy

Landmarks

Australia

His grave site has become a cultural landmark; more than 28 years after Scott's death, the National Trust of Australia declared his grave important enough to be included on the list of classified heritage places. It is reportedly the most visited grave in Australia. On 7 July 2006, to mark his 60th birthday, the Metropolitan Cemeteries Board completed refurbishments on the Bon Scott Grave Area. This consisted of a Bon Scott Arch and Memorial Entrance gate off Carrington Street in the north-west corner of Fremantle Cemetery. On 9 July 2006, sixty years to the day from Scott's birth, the bronze plaque was stolen from the site.

A bronze statue of Scott was unveiled at Fremantle Fishing Boat Harbour in Western Australia on 24 February 2008. The statue portrays Scott atop a Marshall amplifier.

ACDC Lane is a street in the central business district of Melbourne. It was renamed on 1 October 2004 as a tribute to AC/DC. The trademark lightning bolt or slash ("/") used to separate the AC and the DC in the band's name contravened the naming policy of the Office of the Registrar of Geographic Names, so the punctuation was omitted on the street sign. Melbourne's Lord Mayor John So launched ACDC Lane with the words, "As the song says, there is a highway to hell, but this is a laneway to heaven. Let us rock". Bagpipers then played "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)". Those were all songs from Bon Scott era. The lane contains a rock 'n' roll nightclub called the Cherry Bar.

Scotland
On 6 May 2006, the town of Kirriemuir in Scotland held a service and unveiled a Caithness stone slab commemorating the singer. A message was read from a long-time friend and fellow member of the Valentines, Vince Lovegrove, in which he said:

A life-sized bronze statue of Scott was unveiled by former AC/DC bass player Mark Evans in Bellies Brae Car Park in Kirriemuir on 30 April 2016, during the 10th anniversary of the Bonfest music festival. Kirriemuir hosts an annual festival known as "Bonfest" as a tribute to Bon Scott and AC/DC. It was originally held in July on the weekend closest to his birthday but moved to May because of other events in the local area during July. The statue was commissioned by local community group DD8 Music and created by John McKenna.

Posthumous releases
AC/DC released a box set entitled Bonfire as a tribute to Scott on 18 November 1997. It contains four albums; a remastered version of Back in Black; a "rarities" album with alternate takes, outtakes, and stray live cuts, Volts; and two live albums, Live from the Atlantic Studios and Let There Be Rock: The Movie. Live from the Atlantic Studios was recorded on 7 December 1977 at the Atlantic Studios in New York City. Let There Be Rock: The Movie is a double album which was recorded on 9 December 1979 at the Pavillon de Paris in Paris, and was the soundtrack of the motion picture, AC/DC: Let There Be Rock.

Accolades, awards and tributes
AC/DC's seventh studio album Back In Black was released as a dedication and tribute to Scott. In 2003, Scott was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of AC/DC with his nephews present to accept the honour in his place.

In 2003, Scott's final studio album with AC/DC, 1979's Highway to Hell ranked 199 on Rolling Stones "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time". In 2004, the song "Highway to Hell" that Scott co-wrote with Malcolm and Angus Young ranked 254 on Rolling Stones The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.

In the July 2004 issue of UK magazine Classic Rock, Scott was rated as number one in a list of the "100 Greatest Frontmen", ahead of Freddie Mercury and Robert Plant.

The French rock band Trust wrote their hit song "Ton dernier acte" ("Your Last Act") in memory of Scott in 1980. German hard rock band Kingdom Come wrote and recorded a song titled "Bon Scott" for their album, Ain't Crying for the Moon, as a tribute to the former AC/DC frontman. Romanian hard rock group Iris recorded the song "Ultimul mic dejun al lui Bon" ("Bon's Last Breakfast") as a tribute to Scott, released on their 1997 album Lună plină.

Many artists perform live covers of songs that Scott wrote with AC/DC as a tribute to him. On 19 February 2005, the 25th anniversary of Scott's death, thrash metal band Megadeth performed a cover of "Problem Child" as a tribute. Singer and guitarist Dave Mustaine talked about how much Scott had influenced him. Hard rock band Guns N' Roses frequently perform "Whole Lotta Rosie" in concert and covered it in 1987. AC/DC performed their song "Ride On" only one time in 2001 as a tribute to Scott.

Literature
Scott is the subject of several books including two biographies: Clinton Walker's Highway to Hell (1994 and updated in 2015) and Jesse Fink's Bon: The Last Highway (2017 and updated in 2018 and 2022).
Fink's book claims that Scott died from a lethal combination of alcohol and heroin, while Walker backs the coroner's finding of alcohol poisoning. The controversial point that he and Walker both agree on is that many of Scott's lyrics were co-opted, uncredited, into Back in Black. Other books about Scott include Irene Thornton's memoir My Bon Scott (2014, retitled outside Australia as Have a Drink on Me), the variously authored tribute book Live Wire (2015), and J.P. Quinton's "historical fiction" Bad Boy Boogie (2016). Scott's time in the pre-AC/DC Australian band Fraternity is documented in Victor Marshall's Fraternity: Pub Rock Pioneers (2021).

Awards

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References

Further reading
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External links

1946 births
1980 deaths
AC/DC members
Accidental deaths in London
Alcohol-related deaths in England
APRA Award winners
Australian tenors
Australian multi-instrumentalists
Australian rock singers
Australian male songwriters
Burials at Fremantle Cemetery
Musicians from Western Australia
Naturalised citizens of Australia
People educated at John Curtin College of the Arts
People from Fremantle
People from Kirriemuir
Scottish emigrants to Australia
20th-century Australian male singers
Blues rock musicians

Bon Scott


O Irish Naturalists 'Journal () é uma revista científica que cobre todos os aspectos da história natural. Está publicado desde 1925. Foi antecedido por The Irish Naturalist (1892 a 1924).

Referências

Ligações externas

 The Irish Naturalist (1892 a 1924) na Biodiversity Heritage Library

Revistas de biologia
Publicações fundadas em 1925

Irish Naturalists' Journal


Günter Fronius () a fost un antreprenor și fondator al Fronius International GmbH.

Fronius s-a născut în Sibiu, Austro-Ungaria (acum Sibiu, România), și a obținut diploma de inginer la Universitatea de Tehnologie din Breslau în 1945. Sas din Transilvania, Fronius a deținut titlul onorific profesional de Kommerzialrat pentru "Serviciu de lungă durată de Merit al Republicii Austria". În 2007, el a fost medaliat cu Julius Raab Medalie, cel mai mare premiu austriac pentru economie, de către Dr. Josef Pühringer, guvernatorul din Austria Superioară, cu ocazia celei de-a 100-a aniversări a zilei sale de naștere. A murit în 2015, la vârsta de 107 ani.

Referințe

Nașteri în 1907
Decese în 2015
Sibieni
Centenari români
Sași transilvăneni
Inventatori austrieci
Oameni de afaceri austrieci

Günter Fronius


Gleym mér ei styrktarfélag eru félagasamtök stofnuð til að styðja við einstaklinga og foreldra sem missa barn á meðgöngu og í/eftir fæðingu. Tilgangur félagsins er að bæta stuðning og umgjörð við foreldra sem missa og standa vörð um hagsmuni þeirra, sem og auka skilning samfélagsins á þeirri sorg sem fylgir missi á meðgöngu og í/eftir fæðingu.

Anna Lísa Björnsdóttir, Þórunn Pálsdóttir og Hrafnhildur Hafsteinsdóttir stofnuðu Gleym mér ei haustið 2013. Sameiginleg reynsla þeirra af missi á meðgöngu færði þær saman með það að markmiði að styðja betur við foreldra sem missa barn á meðgöngu og í/eftir fæðingu.

Gleym mér ei á Íslandi er aðili að International Stillbirth Alliance (ISA).

Gleym mér ei styrktarfélag


Håndlæsning eller kiromanti er tydning af håndens fysisk fremtoning.
Den traditionelle håndlæsning er en spådomskunst hvor det siges at håndfladens foldelinjer (furer) kan forudsige skæbnen.
Indenfor denne tradition giver man navne til de forskellige linjer, hvor de vigtigste er livslinjen, hovedlinjen, hjernelinjen, skæbnelinjen, morallinjen og sollinjen.

Videnskabelige undersøgelse af håndlæsning synes at være meget begrænsede.
Udenfor den traditionelle håndlæsnings tydninger eksisterer der dog mange undersøgelser af fingerlængdeforholdet mellem pegefinger og ringfinger (2D:4D).
Indenfor denne forskning hævdes det at forholdet er en biomarkør for tidlig påvirkning af hormoner.
Lægevidenskaben taler om firfingerfuren, der er en tværgående fure over hele håndfladen.
Tilstanden forekommer forholdsvis sjældent, men ses ofte hos folk med Downs syndrom
og i Cri du chat syndromet.

Litteratur

Referencer

Esoterik
Folketro
Pseudovidenskab

Håndlæsning


El Center for Inquiry es una organización "dedicada a promover la ciencia, la razón, la libertad de investigación y los valores humanistas". Es una institución no partidaria y sin fines de lucro con sede central en los Estados Unidos y representantes internacionales. Entre sus organizaciones afiliadas está el Comité para la Investigación Escéptica (Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, CSI) y el Concejo para el Humanismo Secular (Council for Secular Humanism, CSH).
El CFI también es promueve un enfoque científico hacía la medicina y la salud. La organización fue descrita como un think-tank y como una organización no gubernamental.

Véase también
Americanos Unidos por la Separación Iglesia-Estado

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Sitio web oficial
en Twitter

Asociaciones de vigilancia gubernamental en temas de laicismo
Librepensamiento
Organizaciones laicas de Estados Unidos
Organizaciones no gubernamentales de Estados Unidos
Religión en Estados Unidos
Separación Iglesia-Estado

Center for Inquiry


La bandera de la República Socialista Soviética Carelo-Finesa fue adoptada por la RSS Carelo-Finesa en 1953.  Es una modificación de la bandera nacional de la URSS.

Descripción
La bandera de la República Socialista Soviética Carelo-Finesa se presenta como un paño rectangular de color rojo con una franja verde en el borde inferior (la cual representa los bosques) sobre la cual hay una franja celeste (la cual representa los ríos y lagos de la región), con el martillo y la hoz dorados, y la estrella con bordes dorados en la parte superior del cantón.

Historia
Antes de esto, la bandera era roja con un martillo y la hoz dorada en la esquina superior izquierda, y los caracteres latinos Karjalais-Suomalainen SNT (Karjalais-Suomalainen Sosialistinen Neuvostotasavalta) con Карело-Финская ССР (Карело-Финская Советская Социалистическая Республика) debajo de ellos en dorado en un tipo de letra sans-serif.

En una propuesta de 1947 aparece exactamente el mismo diseño como la bandera adoptada en 1953, excepto con las abreviaciones K.-S.S.N.T. y К.-Ф.С.С.Р. en dorado en un tipo de letra sans-serif por debajo de la hoz y el martillo dorado. La propuesta también contó con una línea de árboles estilizados en color negro en la línea azul que habría hecho que se destaque entre las banderas de la República Socialista Soviética Carelo-Finesa.

Banderas históricas

Véase también
 Escudo de la República Socialista Soviética Carelo-Finesa
 Bandera de la República de Carelia

Banderas de la Unión Soviética
República Socialista Soviética Carelo-Finesa
Introducciones de 1953

Bandera de la República Socialista Soviética Carelo-Finesa


Der Verlag Rudolf Mosse war ein Zeitungsverlag in Berlin von 1870 bis 1933.

Geschichte

1867 gründete Rudolf Mosse ein Annoncen-Büro in der Friedrichstraße 60 in Berlin. Dieses vermittelte Anzeigen in verschiedenen Zeitungen. Nach einem Konkurs zog er 1870 in die Neue Friedrichstraße 66 (jetzt Littenstraße) und gründete 1871 dort ein neues Druck- und Verlagshaus. Der Schwerpunkt der Annoncen-Expedition Rudolf Mosse blieb die Vermittlung von Anzeigen, wozu er die Werbeseiten einzelner Zeitungen wie des Kladderadatsch und der Fliegenden Blätter vollständig erwarb und selbstständig vermarktete.

Am 1. Januar 1872 gründete Mosse das Berliner Tageblatt, als Lokalblatt mit großem Anzeigenteil. 1873/74 erfolgte ein Neubau des Unternehmensgebäudes in der Jerusalemer Straße / Schützenstraße. 1892 hatte die Annoncen-Expedition Filialen in über einhundert Städten Europas, wie Wien, Prag, Zürich und London.

In den folgenden Jahren entwickelte sich ein Zeitungskrieg mit den ebenfalls wachsenden Medienunternehmen Ullstein und Scherl, in dem versucht wurde, durch weitere Zeitungsneugründungen die jeweils eigenen Anteile am Zeitungsmarkt zu verbessern.
Seit 1906 war Theodor Wolff Chefredakteur des Berliner Tageblatts, unter dessen Leitung sich dieses zum zur wichtigsten liberalen Tageszeitung in Berlin und dem Deutschen Reich entwickelte. Die politische Position des Verlages war liberal, auch in den Kriegsjahren 1914 bis 1918, wobei Mosse einige kaisertreue Ansichten beibehielt.

Im Januar 1919 wurden der Verlag und die Druckerei in der Schützenstraße durch spartakistische Kämpfer für einige Tage besetzt. Bei der gewaltsamen Rückeroberung durch Regierungstruppen wurden Teile des Eingangsbereiches beschädigt. Das Gebäude wurde danach erweitert und aufgestockt.

1920 übernahm Hans Lachmann-Mosse nach dem Tode des Firmengründers die Leitung des Unternehmens. Dieses war zu dieser Zeit der größte Zeitungsverlag in Deutschland, mit einer erfolgreichen wirtschaftlichen Bilanz und über 3000 Mitarbeitern. Durch die Inflation von 1922/1923 verlor der Verlag Rudolf Mosse den größten Teil seiner Vermögenswerte. Durch eine verfehlte Geschäftspolitik, bei der etliche neue Zeitungen und Immobilien gekauft wurden, geriet das Unternehmen in große wirtschaftliche Schwierigkeiten. Große Anteilseigner wie die Deutsche Bank zogen ihre Beteiligungen aus dem Unternehmen ab. Ein nötiges Insolvenzverfahren wurde seit 1928 verschleppt und erst im September 1932 eröffnet. Hans Lachmann-Mosse entließ im März 1933 den langjährigen Chefredakteur Theodor Wolff des Berliner Tageblattes nach andauernden persönlichen und wirtschaftlichen Meinungsverschiedenheiten. Er selbst floh in die Schweiz und wandelte dort den Verlag in eine Stiftung für Kriegsopfer des Ersten Weltkrieges um. Diese wurde 1934 von Max Winkler erworben und in ein Medienimperium der NSDAP eingebunden.

Publikationen

Im Mosse-Verlag erschienen das Berliner Tageblatt sowie weitere Zeitungen und Zeitschriften. Dazu kamen Adressbücher für Wirtschaft und Handel in mehreren europäischen Ländern (Deutschland, Schweiz, Osterreich, Niederlande, Polen, Ungarn, Tschechoslowakei, Spanien u. a.) und weitere Publikationen.

 Berliner Tageblatt,  1872–1934, dann im Ullstein Verlag; mit Beilagen
 Ulk, humoristische Zeitschrift, seit 1872, Beilage zum Berliner Tageblatt
 Sonntagsblatt, seit 1873
 Deutsche Lesehalle, seit 1881
 Zeitgeist, seit 1888
 Technische Rundschau, seit 1895
 Haus, Hof, Garten, seit 1899
 Der Welt-Spiegel, seit 1902
 Illustrierte Familien-Zeitung, 1911–1929
 Berlin-Spiegel, 1933–1934

 Deutsches Reichsblatt, 1881–1894, dann im Verlag Hoffschläger
 Bäder-Almanach, Mitteilungsblatt der Bäder, Luftkurorte und Heilanstalten, 1882–1933
 Handelszeitung, seit 1886
 Berliner Morgen-Zeitung, seit 1889
 Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums, 1890–1922, dann C-V-Zeitung
 Berliner Volks-Zeitung, 1904
 Gießerei-Zeitung, 1904–1930
 Central-Verein-Zeitung, Blätter für Deutschtum und Judentum, 1922–1938
 Illustrierte Reichsbanner-Zeitung, 1924–1928, dann im Dietz-Verlag
 Jede Woche Musik, Illustrierte Wochenschrift, 1924–1931
 8 Uhr-Abendblatt, 1927–1934
 Ton und Bild, Illustrierte Film-Zeitung, 1929–1930

Literatur

 , mit ausführlicher Literaturverzeichnis
 Schwarz: Berliner Tageblatt (1872–1939), in Heinz-Dietrich Fischer (Hrsg.): Deutsche Zeitungen des 17. bis 20. Jahrhunderts. Pullach 1972. S. 315ff.
 Joachim Klippel: Geschichte des "Berliner Tageblatts" von 1872 bis 1880. Dissertation 1935
 Richard Hamburger: Zeitungsverlag und  Annoncen-Expedition Rudolf Mosse. Berlin, 1928
 Rudolf Mosse. 1867-1917. Festschrift zur Feier des 50jährigen Bestehens der der Annoncen-Expedition, 1917
 Otto Kanngießer, Fritz Engel (Hrsg.): Festschrift zum 25jährigen Bestehen der Firma Rudolf Mosse, 1882

Weblinks
 Der Mosse-Verlag und der Beitrag jüdischer Pressemacher für Demokratie und Pressefreiheit von Moritz Felgner
 Mosse Verlag Polunbi
 Publikationen des Mosse-Verlages Zeitschriftendatenbank

Zeitungsverlag (Deutschland)
Ehemaliger Verlag (Berlin)
Judentum in Berlin
Gegründet 1871
Aufgelöst in den 1930er Jahren
!
Berlin in der Weimarer Republik
Jerusalemer Straße (Berlin)

Mosse-Verlag


Gustavo Cuervo  (  )

Nacido en Madrid en 1958. Motociclista profesional, reportero, fotógrafo y escritor. Ha viajado en motocicleta on y off road por los cinco continentes, sumando más de 2.000.0000 de km.  Ha publicado varios libros de viajes en moto así como de sus experiencias y anécdotas. Embajador BMW Motorrad. Fundador y director de EHISA empresa dedicada a la transmisión por TV de eventos deportivos desde motocicletas, ha participado en cinco Juegos Olímpicos, (Sídney 2000, Atenas 2004, Pekín 2008, Londres 2012 y Tokio 2020). Fundador de Iberian Moto Tours. Fundador de China Tierra de Aventura, empresa dedicada a los viajes de aventura en moto, auto 4x4 y montañismo por China. Fundador de Producciones Internacionales Televisión (PIDETV) empresa dedicada a la transmisión en directo de grandes eventos deportivos. Actualmente sigue desarrollando programas de viajes en América, África, y Asia y viajando por todo el mundo en motocicleta.
Organizó y participó en dos vueltas al mundo en motocicleta BMW con la fórmula de equipos y relevos (1996/97 y 2006/07). En 2015 organizó la Vuelta América con cuatro motocicletas BMW y 120 pilotos de 15 nacionalidades relevándose a sus mandos para recorrer todo el continente americano. En 2021, creador de los Premios Moto Turismo dedicados a distinguir a los más destacados actores públicos y privados del mundo del turismo en Motocicleta. La primera edición celebrada en Navacerrada (Madrid,España) tuvo 243 candidaturas en las 11 categorías.

Libros

España en moto, 2007, Editorial Timun Mas ISBN 9788448047962
Europa en moto, 2009, Editorial Timun Mas ISBN 9788448048518
Madrid en moto, 2010, Editorial Timun Mas ISBN 9788448067861
Andalucía en moto, 2010, Editorial Timun Mas ISBN 9788448067885
Sin Fronteras y otros relatos, 2010, Interfolio Libros ISBN 9788493695071
100 Años BMW Motorrad. 2020 Escudería los Hierros S.L. ISBN 9788409249732

Enlaces externos
Fragmento de Sin Fronteras

https://www.gustavocuervo.es

Fotógrafos de España del siglo XX
Periodistas de España
Escritores de la Comunidad de Madrid
Escritores del siglo XX
Escritores del siglo XXI
Nacidos en Madrid

Gustavo Cuervo


Massakren i Dvor er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2015 instrueret af Georg Larsen og Kasper Vedsmand.

Handling
Ganske få meter fra et kompagni af danske FN-soldater blev ni handicappede serbere og kroatere koldblodigt myrdet i det tidligere Jugoslavien den 8. august 1995 af ukendte gerningsmænd. Ifølge FN mandatet, som de danske soldater skulle operere under, måtte danskerne kun bruge våben i selvforsvar. Derfor var det op til én dansk officer at træffe den altafgørende beslutning: At give ordre til at skyde eller følge FNs mandat og undlade at gribe ind. Massakren i Dvor følger daværende stabskompagnichef Jørgen Kolds rejse tilbage til Balkan til stedet, hvor han for 20 år siden måtte træffe sit livs vanskeligste beslutning. Her bliver han konfronteret med fortiden og møder de involverede krigsherrer og ikke mindst de efterladte til massakrens ofre. I filmen stilles han overfor det vanskelige spørgsmål: Havde han overhovedet noget valg, og blev han og de danske soldater i virkeligheden svigtet af FN?

Medvirkende

 Jørgen Kold
 Villy Bøgelund

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2015

Massakren i Dvor


Kidugalo - et spedalskhedshospital i Tanzania er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1970, der er instrueret af Ole Neesgaard efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Spedalskhed er ikke mere en håbløs sygdom. Den kan helbredes, når den blot opdages i tide. "Kidugalo" er navnet på en spedalskhedskoloni i Tanzania. Hospitalet er støttet af Brødremenighedens Danske Mission. "Kidugalo" betyder "Vejs ende", fordi man her har samlet patienter, som er blevet behandlet for sent, så deres hænder og fødder er forkrøblede. Navnet burde ændres, for takket være lægers og fysioterapeuters fælles arbejde er patienternes tilværelse ikke håbløs.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1970

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark


Trix van Hoof nizozemska je likovna umjetnica i fotografkinja, poznata po šarenim cvjetnim kolažima.

Osim u rodnoj Nizozemskoj, gdje drži cvjećarnicu, posjeduje kuću u Mimicama pokraj Trogira, u kojem je održavala izložbe 2014. (Živog je ples duša) i 2017. (Ni jedan čovjek nije sam... tu je i cvijet) u Muzeju grada Trogira.

Svoje kolaže izrađuje oblikovanjem cvjetova od hrvatskih novinskih tiskovina, spajanjem i nanošenjem živih, razdraganih boja punih pigmenta i sjaja po uzoru na Van Gogha.

Vrela

Nizozemski umjetnici
Fotografi

Trix van Hoof


قناة ألبرت ( بالإنجليزية Albert Canal ) مــمر مائي صناعي يقع شمال شرق بلجيكا، سميت باسم الملك ألبرت الأول ملك بلجيكا، تربط القناة بين مدن بلجيكية رئيسة هي أنتويرب ولياج ونهرين كبيرين هما ميوز وشيلد. ويبلغ إجمالي طول القناة حوالي 129.5 كيلومترًا (80.5 ميل).

الخصائص والحجم
يبلغ عمق قناة ألبرت 3.4 أمتار (11 قدمًا) وكانت المسافة بين القناة والجسور المقامة فوقها تبلغ سابقا حوالي 6.7 أمتار (22 قدمًا). ولكي يتم السماح بمرور السفن التي تحمل الحاويات تم زيادة ارتفاع الجسور حتى وصلت المسافة بين القناة وأسفل الجسر حاليا إلى 9.1 متر (30 قدمًا).

هناك اختلاف في الارتفاع بين مدينتي أنتويرب ولياج يبلغ 56 مترًا (184 قدمًا) ، ولهذا جاءت الحاجة إلى بناء ستة أقفال للقناة (التي تسمى الهَويِس) للتغلب على هذا الاختلاف. يوجد خمسة أقفال للقناة في مدن (جينك وديبينبيك وهاسلت وكواديمشيلن وأولين) لها القدرة على رفع منسوب المياه إلى ارتفاع 10 أمتار (33 قدمًا) ، أما القفل السادس فيقع في (ويغنيغجيم) وله قدرة رفع منسوب المياه تبلغ 5.45 متر (17.9 قدم).

خلال ثلاثينيات القرن الماضي وقبل اكتمال بناء قناة ألبرت، كان السفر من مدينة أنتويرب إلى لياج يستغرق حوالي سبعة أيام. اما في الوقت الحالي فيمكن قطع المسافة نفسها بين المدينتين في حوالي 18 ساعة.

تاريخ

شُيدت قناة ألبرت من عام 1930 حتى عام 1939. قامت شركة الإنشاءات الألمانية Hochtief AG بحفر القناة بين عامي 1930 و 1934 ، ولاحقا تم استكمال حفرها من قبل الشركات البلجيكية. ونظرا لاشتعال الحرب العالمية الثانية والاحتلال الألماني، لم يتم استخدام القناة إلا في عام 1940 ( أي بعد سنة من اكتمال حفرها).

خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية ، عملت قناة ألبرت كخط دفاع. قامت القوات الألمانية خلال الغزو الألماني لبلجيكا بعبور القناة وتدمير قلعة (ابن إميل) في 11 مايو 1940 ويعتبر هذا الحدث من أهم أحداث الغزو الألماني لبلجيكا.

أثناء تحرير بلجيكا من قبل الحلفاء في سبتمبر 1944 ، كانت الفرقة الكندية الثانية هي أول قوات الحلفاء التي عبرت قناة ألبرت. كما عبر الجيش البريطاني قناة ألبرت في طريقه شمالًا عبر بلجيكا حتى وصل إلى هولندا، ودخل الجيش الأمريكي بلجيكا من الشرق لتحرير بقية بلجيكا ولوكسمبورغ ثم توجه شرقًا لغزو ألمانيا النازية. وبالتالي تم تحرير بلجيكا من الجنوب بواسطة ثلاثة جيوش مختلفة، احتاج أثنان من هذه الجيوش لعبور قناة ألبرت.

مصادر

النقل في أنتفيرب
جغرافيا أنتفيرب
بلجيكا في عقد 1930
قنوات في أنتفيرب (مقاطعة)
قنوات في الفلاندرز
ممرات مائية
ممرات مائية افتتحت في 1939
ممرات مائية في ليمبورغ (بلجيكا)

قناة ألبرت


Akuamarin, akvamarin veya aquamarin (Lat. aqua marina, "denizin suyu" anlamına gelir). Kıymetli taşlardan olup berilin şeffaf ve silikatlı bir türüdür. Hegzagonal sistemde kristalleşir ve sertliği 7,5-8 arasındadır. Kimyasal formülü: Be3Al2Si6O18 şeklindedir. Açık mavi ya da mavimsi yeşil renktedir ve Zümrüte çok benzer.

Genellikle berilin bulunduğu koşullarda oluşur ve en güzelleri çoğunlukla Rusya'da bulunur. Brezilya'da bulunan sarı beril, bazen aquamarin krisolit olarak adlandırılır. Tipik aquamarin'in mavimsi tonunu veren korundum mevcutsa oryantal aquamarin adıyla anılır. Aquamarin, ABD'de orta Colorado'daki Sawatch dağ silsilesinin Mt. Antero tepelerinde bulunur. Brezilya'da, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo ve Bahia eyaletlerinde aquamarin madenleri vardır.

Bugüne dek en büyük aquamarin, 1910 yılında Brezilya'nın Minas Gerais bölgesindeki Marambaia'dan çıkarılmıştır. Ağırlığı 110 kg dan fazla olup (520.000 karat) 48,5 cm uzunluğunda ve 42 cm çapındadır.

Mart ayında doğanların uğurlu taşı olduğuna inanılır.

Denizciler uğurlu olduğuna inanır ve eskiden Kaptan olmayı hak eden denizcilere, akuamarin hediye edilirmiş.

Değerli taşlar
Berilyum mineralleri
Alüminyum mineralleri
Silikat mineralleri

Akuamarin


إن مفاهيم التلون  والصفاء اللوني والإشباع اللوني في قياس الألوان ونظرية اللون متعلقة ببعضها البعض، ولكن هذه المفاهيم تشير إلى الشدة المدركة للون محدد. التلون هو الفرق بين اللون مقارنة باللون الرمادي. والصفاء اللوني هي الفرق بين اللون مقارنة بسطوع لون آخر يظهر لونه أبيضا تحت ظروف المشاهدة المشابهة. الإشباع هو الفرق بين اللون مقارنة بسطوعه. ومع أن هذا المفهوم العام هو مفهوم بديهي، إلا أن المصطلحات مثل «الصفاء: chroma»، و«الإشباع: saturation»، و«النقاء: purity»، و«الشدة: intensity» تستخدم غالبا بدون دقة كبيرة حتى عندما تعرّف جيدا بالاعتماد على النموذج اللوني المستخدم.

فالمحفزات المتلونة جدا تكون زاهية وحادة في حين تظهر المحفزات الأقل تلونا خافتة وأقرب إلى الرمادي. وبدون تلون يكون اللون حياديا ورماديا (الصورة التي لا يكون فيها تلون في أحد من ألوانها تكون ذات تدرج رمادي). ويمكن وصف أي لون باستخدام ثلاثة صفات مثل التلون (أو الصفاء اللوني أو الإشباع اللوني)، والإضاءة (أو السطوع)، والصبغة.

المراجع

لون

تلون


Lemkos (; ; ) are an ethnic group inhabiting the Lemko Region (; ) of Carpathian Rus', an ethnographic region in the Carpathian Mountains and foothills spanning Ukraine, Slovakia and Poland.

Lemkos are considered to be a sub-group of Rusyns (also called Carpatho-Rusyns or Carpatho-Ruthenians). Other Carpathian sub-ethnic groups identifying as Rusyns include the Boykos and Hutsuls. Members of these groups have historically also been given other designations such as Verkhovyntsi (Highlanders). Among people of the Carpathian highlands, communities speaking the same dialect will identify with a different ethnic label when crossing borders due to the influence of state-sponsored education and media. As well the same community may switch its preferred identification over time. In Slovakia between the 1991 and 2001 censuses, the number of people identifying as "Ukrainian" declined by 2,467 people (an 18.6% decrease) while those reporting Rusyn as their national identity increased by 7,004 people (a 40.6% increase). It is not clear however, if this refers to the same individuals switching their identification, more young first-time respondents choosing Rusyn, or migration.

The spoken language of the Lemkos, which has a code of rue under ISO 639-3, has been variously described as a language in its own right, a dialect of Rusyn or a dialect of Ukrainian. In Ukraine, almost all Lemkos speak both Lemko and standard Ukrainian (according to the 2001 Ukrainian Census). Ukraine itself categorizes Lemkos as subdivided ethnic group of Ukrainians and not as a separate ethnicity, though such information is reflected mostly by Lemkos self-identification within Ukraine. In the Polish Census of 2011, 11,000 people declared Lemko nationality, of whom 6,000 declared only Lemko nationality, 4,000 declared double national identity – Lemko-Polish, and 1,000 declared Lemko identity together with a non-Polish identity.

Etymology

The ethnonym Lemko derives from the word  (). The term is thought to have first originated as a nickname for users of the word lem in the borderlands between the Lemko and Boyko regions: the easternmost extent of usage of the word on the north side of the Carpathians. (On the south side of the Carpathians, the analogous nickname, lemak, was used in the lem-lyš isogloss area.) The ethnonym eventually entered use in academia and was first recorded in print with the 1834 publication of Grammatik der ruthenischen oder klein russischen Sprache in Galizien (lit. 'Grammar of Ruthenian or Little Russian Language in Galicia') by Yosyp Levytsky.

As an endonym, Lemko only entered wider use in the early 20th century. Prior to adopting the name, Lemkos would refer to themselves as Rusyns () or Rusnaks (). By the interwar period the popularity of Lemko as an endonym had grown, and appeared in periodicals such as Lemko and Naš Lemko.

Polish authorities also played a  hand in popular adoption of the term  leading up to World War II. Concerned by the potential for Ukrainian nationalism in the region, authorities sought to encourage Rusyn identity as a counter. This led to promotion of the exaggerated historicity of Lemkos as a distinctive ethnographic group and of their corresponding ethnonym.

In the aftermath of WWII, Lemko finally supplanted Rusyn and Rusnak as the term of choice for the Rusyns on the north face of the Carpathians in Poland.

History

Several hypotheses account for the origin of the Lemkos, however, like all Rusyns, they most probably have a diverse ethnogenetic origin. The Lemkos (and other Carpatho-Rusyns) are considered to be descendants of the medieval White Croats, affected by the migration of Rusyn-influenced Slovaks, and the Vlach/Romanian migrations in the 14th and 15th centuries.

The Lemko Region became part of Poland in the time of the medieval Piast dynasty but was frequently disputed with the neighbouring Rus', as can be seen by taking the town of Sanok as an example: In 981CE Vladimir I of Kiev invaded the area and took it over from Poland. In 1018 it returned to Poland, in 1031 it went back to Rus', and in 1340 Casimir III of Poland recovered it for Poland. The gord of Sanok is mentioned for the first time in Hypatian Codex in 1150.

Lemkos (or their progenitors) became an ethnic minority as part of the Austrian province of Galicia in 1772. Mass emigration from this territory to the Western hemisphere for economic reasons began in the late 19th century. After World War I, Lemkos founded two short-lived republics, the Lemko-Rusyn Republic in the west of Galicia, which had a russophile orientation, and the Komancza Republic, with a Ukrainophilic orientation.

It is estimated that about 130,000 to 140,000 Lemkos were living in the Polish part of the Lemko Region in 1939. Depopulation of these lands occurred during the forced resettlement, initially to the Soviet Union (about 90,000 people) and later to Poland's newly acquired western lands (about 35,000) in the Operation Vistula campaign of the late 1940s. This action was a state ordered removal of the civilian population, in a counter-insurgency operation to remove potential support for guerrilla war being waged by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) in south-eastern Poland.

Some 5,000 Lemko families returned to their home regions in Poland between 1957 and 1958, (they were officially granted the right to return in 1956), the Lemko population in the Polish section of Lemkivschyna only numbers around 10,000–15,000 today. Some 50,000 Lemkos live in the western and northern parts of Poland, where they were sent to populate former German villages in areas ceded to Poland. Among those, 5,863 people identified themselves as Lemko in the 2002 census. However, 60,000 ethnic Lemkos may reside in Poland today. Within the Lemko Region, Lemkos live in the villages of Łosie, Krynica-Zdrój, Nowica, Zdynia, Gładyszów, Hańczowa, Zyndranowa, Uście Gorlickie, Bartne, Binczarowa and Bielanka. Additional populations can be found in Mokre, Szczawne, Kulaszne, Rzepedź, Turzańsk, Komańcza, Sanok, Nowy Sącz, and Gorlice.

In 1968 an open-air museum dedicated to Lemko culture was opened in Zyndranowa. Additionally, a Lemko festival is held annually in Zdynia.

Religion

An important aspect of Lemko culture is their deep commitment to Byzantine Christianity which was introduced to the Eastern Slavs from Byzantium via Moravia through the efforts of Saints Cyril and Methodius in the 9th century. Originally the Lemkos adhered to Orthodoxy, but in order to avoid latinization, directly entered into Union of Brest with the Roman Catholic Church in the 17th century.

Most Lemkos today are Eastern rite or Byzantine-rite Catholics. In Poland they belong to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church with a Roman Catholic minority, or to the Ruthenian Catholic Church (see also Slovak Greek Catholic Church) in Slovakia. A substantial number belong to the Eastern Orthodox Church. Through the efforts of the martyred priest Father Maxim Sandovich (canonized by the Polish Orthodox Church in the 1990s), in the early 20th century, Eastern Orthodoxy was reintroduced to many Lemko areas which had accepted the Union of Brest centuries before.

The distinctive wooden architectural style of the Lemko churches is to place the highest cupola of the church building at the entrance to the church, with the roof sloping downward toward the sanctuary as opposed to their neighbouring sub-ethnic groups such as the Boykos who place the highest cupola in the middle. Both groups styles have three cupola with numerous eaves.

Language/dialect

The Slavic dialects of Central Europe form (or formed, prior to standardization) a dialect continuum with few distinct boundaries between neighbouring varieties. However the question of language boundaries has become a controversial political issue since the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and later the Soviet Union into "nation states", each having only one official language. The Lemko dialects share many features with other Carpathian ones, which are often grouped together as the Rusyn language by outside linguists.

The Lemko dialect has been influenced greatly by the languages spoken by geographically neighboring peoples and ruling elites, so much so that some consider it a separate entity.Lemko speech includes some patterns matching those of the surrounding Polish and Slovak languages, leading some to refer to it as a transitional dialect between Polish and Slovak (some even consider the dialect in Eastern Slovakia to be a dialect of the Slovak language).

Metodyj Trochanovskij developed a Lemko Primer (Bukvar: Perša knyžečka dlja narodnŷch škol, 1935) and a First Reader (Druha knyžečka dlja narodnŷch škol, 1936) for use in schools in the Lemko-speaking area of Poland. In 1934, Lemko was introduced as the language of instruction in schools in the Lemko region. The pupils were taught from textbooks prepared by Trochanovskij and published by the State Publishing House. However, shortly before the outbreak of World War II Polish authorities replaced them with Ukrainian texts. Important fieldwork on the Lemko dialect was carried out by the Polish linguist Zdzisław Stieber before their dispersal.

According to the Central Statistical Office of Poland, in the school year 2010–2011, Lemko was taught as a first language in twenty primary schools and interschool groups, and ten schools and interschool groups at junior high level, with 188 students attending classes.

In the late 20th century, some Lemkos/Rusyns, mainly emigres from the region of the southern slopes of the Carpathians in modern-day Slovakia, began codifying a standard grammar for the Lemko dialect, which was presented on the 27 January 1995 in Prešov, Slovakia. In 2013 the famous novel The Little Prince was translated into Lemko by Petro Krynyckij.

Lemkos in fiction
Nikolai Gogol's short story The Terrible Vengeance ends at Kriváň, now in Slovakia and pictured on the Slovakian euro, in the heart of the Lemko Region in the Prešov Region. Avram Davidson makes several references to the Lemko people in his stories. Anna Bibko, mother-in-law of the protagonist of All Shall Be Well; and All Shall Be Well; and All Manner of Things Shall Be Well, is a Lemko "guided by her senses of traditionalism and grievance, not necessarily in that order".

In the critically acclaimed movie The Deer Hunter the wedding reception scene was filmed in Lemko Hall in the Tremont neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio, which had a significant immigrant population of Lemkos at one time. The three main characters' surnames, however, appear to be Russian, possibly Polish and Ukrainian (Michael "Mike" Vronsky, from Polish Wroński, Steven Pushkov, and Nikonar "Nick" Chevotarevich) and the wedding was filmed inside St. Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral, which is also located in Tremont.

Location

The Lemkos' homeland is commonly referred to as the Lemko Region (; ; ). Up until 1945, this included the area from the Poprad River in the west to the valley of Oslawa River in the east, areas situated primarily in present-day Poland, in the Lesser Poland and Subcarpathian Voivodeships (provinces). This part of the Carpathian mountains is mostly deforested, which allowed for an agrarian economy, alongside such traditional occupations as ox grazing and sheep herding.

The Lemko region became part of Poland in medieval Piast times. Lemkos were made part of the Austrian province of Galicia in 1772. This area was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until its dissolution in 1918, at which point the Lemko-Rusyn Republic (Ruska Lemkivska) declared its independence. Independence did not last long however, and the republic was incorporated into Poland in 1920.

As a result of the forcible deportation of Ukrainians from Poland to the Soviet Union after World War II, the majority of Lemkos in Poland were either resettled from their historic homeland to the prеviously German territories in the North-Western region of Poland or to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Only those Lemkos living the Prešov Region in present-day Slovakia continue to live on their ancestral lands, with the exception of some Lemkos who resettled in their homeland in the late 1950s and afterward. Lemkos are/were neighbours with Slovaks, Carpathian Germans and Lachy sądeckie (Poles) to the west, Pogorzans (Poles) and Dolinians (a Rusyn subgroup) to the north, Ukrainians to the east, and Slovaks to the south.

Notable Lemkos
 Bohdan Ihor Antonych, poet
 Mary Beck, Detroit politician
 Thomas Bell, American novelist
 Emil Czyrniański, chemist
 Steve Ditko, comic book artist, co-creator of Spider-Man
 Oleksandr Dukhnovych, writer
 Bill Evans, American jazz pianist and composer
 , Lemko activist, creator of the Lemko Culture Museum in Zyndranowa
 , musician
 Misia Furtak, musician
 Andrew Kay, inventor of the digital voltmeter (1953), and inductee of the Computer Hall of Fame for founding Kaypro Computer
 Nina Petrovna Khrushcheva, wife of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev
 Ivan Krasovs'kyi, Lemko ethnographer/historian
 Volodymyr Kubiyovych, Ukrainian geographer
 Seman Madzelan, Lemko writer and activist
 Adrian Mikhalchishin, Ukrainian chessmaster
 , Ukrainian politician, member of Ukrainian party Svoboda, son of Adrian Mikhalchishin
 Nikifor, painter
 Radoslav Rochallyi, writer
 Maxim Sandovich, Orthodox saint
 Andrij Savka aka Andrew Sawka, bandit, folk hero, Lemko "Robin Hood", led peasant revolution in 1651
 Khrystyna Soloviy, Ukrainian folk singer
 George Stroumboulopoulos, Canadian television personality with Ukrainian-born mother
 Petro Murianka (Piotr Trochanowski), Lemko poet, involved with contemporary Lemko issues
 Metodyj Trochanovskij, Lemko grammarian
 Andy Warhol (birth name Warhola), American artist, major figure in the pop art movement
 James Warhola, American artist
 John Warhola, American artist
 Julia Warhola, American artist

See also

 Besida
 Boyko
 Carpathian Ruthenia
 Green Ukraine republic
 History of Ukraine
 Hutsuls
 Lemko Republic
 Muzeum Budownictwa Ludowego w Sanoku
 Red Ruthenia
 Rusyn American
 Rusyn language
 Rusyns
 Ruthenia
 Ruthenians
 Shlakhtov Ruthenians
 Siberian Republic
 Ukraine
 Ukrainians
 White Croatia

Notes

References

Further reading
 Moklak, Jaroslaw. The Lemko Region in the Second Polish Republic: Political and Interdenominational Issues 1918--1939 (2013); covers Old Rusyns, Moscophiles and National Movement Activists, & the political role of the Greek Catholic and Orthodox Churches
 Łemkowie Grupa Etniczna czy Naród?, [The Lemkos: An Ethnic Group or a Nation?], trans.
 The Lemkos of Poland – Articles and Essays, editor Paul Best and Jarosław Moklak
 The Lemko Region, 1939–1947 War, Occupation and Deportation – Articles and Essays, editor Paul Best and Jarosław Moklak

 Лемкiвскiй календар. (Lemkivskiĭ kalendar)

 Gocz T., Życie Łemka / Teodor Gocz. - wyd. II, poprawione i uzupełnione. - Zyndranowa - Krosno : Oficyna Wydawnicza "APLA", 2007. - 142 s.
 Drozd R., Halczak B. Dzieje Ukraińców w Polsce w latach 1921–1989 / Roman Drozd, Bohdan Halczak. – wyd. II, poprawione. – Warszawa : TYRSA, 2010. – 237 s.
 Halczak B. Publicystyka narodowo – demokratyczna wobec problemów narodowościowych i etnicznych II Rzeczypospolitej / Bohdan Halczak. – Zielona Góra : Wydaw. WSP im. Tadeusza Kotarbińskiego, 2000. – 222 s.
 Halczak B. Problemy tożsamości narodowej Łemków / Bohdan Halczak // W: Łemkowie, Bojkowie, Rusini: historia, współczesność, kultura materialna i duchowa / red. nauk. Stefan Dudra, Bohdan Halczak, Andrzej Ksenicz, Jerzy Starzyński . – Legnica – Zielona Góra : Łemkowski Zespół Pieśni i Tańca "Kyczera", 2007 – s. 41–55 .
 Halczak B. Łemkowskie miejsce we wszechświecie. Refleksje o położeniu Łemków na przełomie XX i XXI wieku / Bohdan Halczak // W: Łemkowie, Bojkowie, Rusini – historia, współczesność, kultura materialna i duchowa / red. nauk. Stefan Dudra, Bohdan Halczak, Roman Drozd, Iryna Betko, Michal Šmigeľ . Tom IV, cz. 1 . – Słupsk – Zielona Góra : [b. w.], 2012 – s. 119–133 .
 Дрозд Р., Гальчак Б. Історія українців у Польщі в 1921–1989 роках / Роман Дрозд, Богдан Гальчак, Ірина Мусієнко; пер. з пол. І. Мусієнко. 3-тє вид., випр., допов. – Харків : Золоті сторінки, 2013. – 272 с.

 Patrycja Trzeszczyńska, "Bridges to the past: a Lemko family history explored through letters. An ethnographic case study," Canadian Slavonic Papers 60, no. 1-2 (2018)

External links

 Lemko Portal in Ukraine
 Canadian Lemko Association
 Lemko revival in Poland
 The Zarzad Glowny Zjednoczenia Lemkow w Polsce (Lemko-Ukrainian Union in Poland)
 Lemko.org
 Stowarzyszenie Łemków (Association of Lemkos)
 Lemko Portal in Lviv
 "The Lemko Project" - A blog and resource site about Lemko history, culture and events. English language.
 Ukraine Lemko ethno folk group
 "The bells of Lemkivshchyna. Will the authorities of Ukraine and Poland listen to them", Zerkalo Nedeli, (Mirror Weekly), May 25–31, 2002. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
 "Five questions for a Lemko", Zerkalo Nedeli, (Mirror Weekly), January 19–25, 2002. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
 Metodyj Trochanovskij
 Lemko Portal in Poland

Ethnic groups in Poland
Ethnic groups in Slovakia
Ethnic groups in Ukraine
Lemko Region
Slavic highlanders
Ukrainian words and phrases

Lemkos


El Schwullesbische Archiv Hannover (SARCH), en español «Archivo Gay-Lésbico de Hanóver», es una colección privada sobre el tema homosexualidad, reunida y supervisada por el activista LGBT Rainer Hoffschildt, con el objetivo de poner el material a disposición de los estudiosos del movimiento LGBT y otras personas interesadas. Los principales temas incluidos son la historia de la homosexualidad y el destino de los homosexuales durante la persecución por el régimen nazi.

Colección
A 2011, la colección estaba formada por aproximadamente:
 14.000 revistas,
 5.500 libros,
 2.000 carteles,
 más de 350 carpetas con artículos, fotos, cartas y panfletos.
A ello hay que añadir películas y entrevistas grabadas. Además posee una colección de obras de arte, postales, pins y otros objetos de exposición.

Proyectos
El archivo ha servido y sirve de base para diferentes estudios y proyectos.

«Registro central de la discriminación gay»
Desde 1985, el proyecto «Registro central de la discriminación gay», en alemán Zentrale Erfassung Homosexuellendiskriminierung (ZEH) evalúa todos los materiales del SARCH en relación con la discriminación de los homosexuales. El proyecto ha recogido, evaluado y archivado más de 2000 casos dentro de este proyecto. Una parte también ha sido clasificada en 40 casos distintos e introducida en el ordenador.

«Caras y nombres»
El proyecto central y el aspecto moral más importante para Rainer Hoffschildt es el proyecto «Caras y nombres», en alemán Namen und Gesichter. Desde 1987 se trata de reunir la mayor cantidad de información sobre la vida y el destino de los hombres homosexuales perseguidos por el régimen nazi. Hasta 2011, se habían reunido los nombres de 15.000 víctimas, entre los que se contaban 3000 presos en los campos de concentración, 1300 presos en los campos de detenidos de los distritos de Bentheim y Emsland, los llamados Emslandlager, y un total de 2000 víctimas mortales.

El objetivo de este proyecto es devolver a estas víctimas del terror nazi, largo tiempo ignoradas, un nombre y una cara, y sacarlas del olvido. Con este proyecto se ha apoyado la colocación de innumerables Stolpersteine a víctimas gais, además de ayudar en el estudio regional, así como en la construcción de monumentos de recuerdo a las víctimas homosexuales. También se han prestado materiales para exposiciones en museos y lugares del recuerdo.

Véase también
 Schwules Museum
 Centrum Schwule Geschichte
 Historia de la homosexualidad en Alemania

Bibliografía
 Rainer Hoffschildt: Die Verfolgung der Homosexuellen in der NS-Zeit - Zahlen und Schicksale aus Norddeutschland. Rosa Winkel, Berlín 1999, ISBN 3-86149-096-X
 Rainer Hoffschildt: «Schwullesbisches Archiv Hannover (SARCH)», en: Invertito, Jahrbuch für die Geschichte der Homosexualitäten, MännerschwarmSkript Verlag GmbH, Hamburg, 8º año 2006, p. 190 - 192, ISBN 978-3-939542-00-1

Enlaces externos

 VEHN-SARCH-ZEH

Monumentos conmemorativos LGBT
Archivos y museos LGBT
LGBT en Alemania
Cultura de Hannover
Historia LGBT de Alemania
LGBT en 1980

Schwullesbisches Archiv Hannover


Vitalijan (latinski: Flavius Vitalianus, grčki: Βιταλιανός; ? -520) bio je istočnorimski (bizantski) vojskovođa.

Životopis

Podrijetlo i obitelj
Vitalijan je rođen u Zaldapu u Donjoj Meziji (obično poistovječenom s modernim Abritom u sjeveroistočnoj Bugarskoj).
U bizantskim izvorima je nazivan "Gotom" ili "Skitom". Budući da je Vitalijanova majka bila sestra patrijarha Makedonija II. Konstantinopolskog (496. – 521.), to ukazuje na miješani brak i vjerojatno barbarsko podrijetlo njegovog oca Patricija.
S druge strane, tvrdnja da je on "Got" temelji se na jednom sirijskom izvoru, i danas se smatra sumnjivim. Isto tako, "skitsku" etiketu, koju su nekolicina suvremenih autora obično primijenjivali, nije konačna jer pojam "skitijanac" može značiti stanovnik Male Skitie (Scythia Minor) ili jednostavno, u klasicističkom jeziku koji je uobičajen u bizantskim tekstovima, netko sa sjeveroistočnih rubova grčko-rimskog svijeta. Ako bi se okrenuli na Sredozemlje, onda bi taj izraz imao široko obuhvatano značenje, bez jasnih etničkih obilježja. Nadalje, jer nitko od "skitskih monaha", s kojima su Vitalian i članovi njegove obitelji bili povezani, nisu izrazili krvno srodstvo ili duhovnost, s Arianskim Gotima koji su u to vrijeme vladali Italijom, Vitalijanovo gotičko podrijetlo je upitno.
Bez obzira na podrijetlo njegovog oca Patricija, njegovo ime je bilo latinsko (Patriciolus), dok su Vitalijevi vlastiti sinovi, generali Bouzes i Coutzes nosili tračanska imena a Venilus gotsko ime. Njegov nećak, Ivan, kasnije je postao istaknuti general u ratovima protiv Talijanskih Ostrogota.
Prema opisu kroničara, Vitalijan je bio sitnog stasa i mucao je, ali njegova osobita hrabrost i vojne vještine bili su naveliko priznati.

Karijera
Postao je poznat po tome što je godine 513. digao veliki ustanak protiv cara Anastazia I., najvećim dijelom motiviran svojim nicejsko-kalcedonskim vjerovanjem, nasuprot cara koji je sve više preferirao miafizitizam. Vitalijanu se iz tih razloga, ali i zbog nezadovoljstva Anastazievom poreznom politikom, priključio veliki dio vojske, ali i brojni siromašni seljaci, zahvaljujući kojima je preuzeo vlast u Traciji i ozbiljno ugrozio samu prijestolnicu Konstantinopol. Car je ispočetka doživio brojne poraze, te je Vitalijana umjesto vojnim sredstvima nastojao zaustaviti pregovorima, odnosno političkim i vjerskim ustupcima. Tek 515. je Anastazie prikupio dovoljno snaga zahvaljujući kojima je Vitalijanova vojska poražena.

Kraj karijere
Vitalijan se nakon toga počeo skrivati što je potrajalo sve do srpnja 518. kada je Anastazije umro, a na prijestolje došao, kalcedonskom učenju odani, Justin I. On je odmah Vitalijana, ne samo amnestirao, nego i proglasio konzulom, te mu povjerio pregovore s rimskim papom Hormizdom temeljem kojih je okončana višedecenijska Akacijeva šizma između zapadne i istočne Crkve, 28. ožujka 519. godine. Vitalijan je iduće, 520. godine, imenovan redovitim konzulom za tu godinu, dijeleći ured s Rusticiusom. Ipak, bivša pobuna je nastavila predstavljati potencijalnu prijetnju Justinu, a što je još važnije njegovu nećaku i nasljedniku, Justinianu (527-565). Posljedično, u srpnju te iste godine, Vitalijan je ubijen u Velikoj Palači Konstantinopola zajedno sa svojim tajnikom Pavlom (Paulusom) i domaćinom (pomoćnikom) Kalerijanom (Celerianom). Prema riječima Ivana od Nikioua, ubijen je zbog toga što je spremao urotu protiv Justina, ali većina kroničara, međutim, stavila je odgovornost za zločin na Justinijanovu želju da se riješi potencijalnog suparnika za sukcesiju svog ujaka.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 .

Životopisi, Sirija
Bizantski vojskovođe

Vitalijan (general)


බැරක් ඔබාමා "Hope" පෝස්ටරය යනු බැරක් ඔබාමා ගේ පින්තූරයක් යොදා ගනිමින් ශෙපර්ඩ් ෆේරි  නම් කලාකරුවා විසින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද පෝස්ටරයකි. 2008 ඔබාමා ජනාධිපතිවරණ ව්‍යාපාරය නියෝජනය කළ ප්‍රබලතම අංගයක් ලෙස මෙම නිර්මාණය සැළකෙයි. තද රතු,  ලා දුඹුරු හා (හුණු පැහැ සහ අඳුරු) නිල් යන වර්ණ උපයෝගී කරගෙන ස්ටෙන්සිලයක අධාරයෙන් නිර්මාණය කළ, බැරක් ඔබාමාගේ ප්‍රතිමූර්තියක් සහිත මෙහි පහළින් "progress", "hope", හෝ "change" යන වචනය (තවත් ප්‍රතිනිර්මාණයන්හි වෙනත් වචන) යොදා ඇත.

දිනක් තුළ මෙහි සැලසුම නිර්මාණය කෙරුණු අතර පළමුව මුද්‍රණය කෙරුණේ පෝස්ටරයක් ලෙසිනි. මෙය මුද්‍රණය කළ විගස ෆේරි විසින් පෝස්ටර 350ක් පමණ අලෙවි කළේය. ආරම්භයේදී තනිව වුවත් ඔබාමාගේ, නිළ ඡන්ද ව්‍යාපාරයත් සමග 2008 ඡන්ද සමය ඩිජිටල් මෙන්ම වෙනත් මාධ්‍ය හරහාද එය අධික ලෙස බෙදා හැරුණි. මෙම පින්තුරය ඔබාමාගේ ජනාධිපතිවරණ පණිවිඩයේ විශේෂිත වූ සංඛේතයක් බවට පත් විය. විවිධ වෙනස්කම් සහ අනුකරණයන්  සහිතව ලොව පුරා ව්‍යාප්ත වූ මෙම පින්තුරය පිලිබඳ අධිකාරික බලයක් ඔබාමාගේ ජනාධිපතිවරණ ව්‍යාපාරය විසින් ලබා ගත්තේය. මෙය ජිම් ෆිට්ස්පැට්‍රික්ගේ චේ ගුවේරා පෝස්ටරය පින්තුරය මෙන් ඉතා ඉක්මනින් සම්භාවනාවට පාත්‍ර වූ බවත් ඉදිරි වසරේදී ටී-ෂර්ට්, කෝපි කෝප්ප හා ළමයින්ගේ නිදන කාමර වල බිත්ති අලංකරණයටත් නිසැකවම යොදාගන්නා බවත් ප්‍රකාශ කිරීමට තරම් ද ගාර්ඩියන් පුවත්පතේ ලෝරා බාර්ටන් පෙළඹවීය.

2009 ජනවාරියේදී ඔබාමාගේ ජනාධිපතිවරණ ජයග්‍රහණයත් සමග ෆේරි විසින් නිර්මිත මිශ්‍ර මාධ්‍යයික, ස්ටෙන්සලීකරණය කරන ලද ඔබාමාගේ ප්‍රතිමුර්තිය සහිත පින්තූරය ස්මිත්සෝනියන් ආයතනය විසින් එහි  ජාතික පිළිරූ ගැලරිය වෙත ලබා ගත්තේය.  ෆේරි විසින් මෙම පෝස්ටරය සඳහා පාදක කරගත් ඡායාරූපය පිළිබඳව 2009 ජනවාරි අගදී අනාවරණය විය. එය ඇසෝසියේටඩ් ප්‍රෙස්හි හිටපු නොබැඳි ඡායාරූප ශිල්පී මැනී ගාර්ෂියා ගන්නා ලද්දකි.  In response to claims by the Associated Press for compensation, Fairey sued for a declaratory judgment that his poster was a fair use of the original photograph. The parties settled out of court in January 2011, with details of the settlement remaining confidential.

On February 24, 2012, Fairey pleaded guilty in a New York federal court to destroying and fabricating documents during his legal battle with the Associated Press. Fairey had sued the news service in 2009 after it claimed that the famous poster was based on one of its photos. Fairey claimed that he used a different photograph for the poster. But he admitted that, in fact, he was wrong and tried to hide the error by destroying documents and manufacturing others, which is the source of the one count of criminal contempt to which he pleaded guilty. In September, Fairey was sentenced to two years of probation, 300 hours of community service, and a fine of $25,000.

Concept and design
Shepard Fairey, who had created earlier political street art critical of government and of George W. Bush, discussed the nascent Obama campaign with publicist Yosi Sergant in late October 2007.  Sergant suggested Fairey create some art in support of Obama.  Sergant contacted the Obama campaign to seek its permission for Fairey to design an Obama poster, which was granted a few weeks before Super Tuesday. Fairey has said that his decision to create a portrait of Obama stemmed from Fairey's feeling that Obama's "power and sincerity as a speaker would create a positive association with his likeness."  Fairey found a photograph of Obama using Google Image Search (eventually revealed to be an April 2006 photo by freelancer Mannie Garcia for The Associated Press) and created the original poster design in a single day.  The original image had the word "" and featured Fairey's signature  star—a symbol associated with his Andre the Giant Has a Posse street art campaign—embedded in the Obama campaign's sunrise logo. Due to the Obama campaign's concerns about the troublesome connotations of the original wording, Fairey changed the slogan printed under Obama's image from "" to "."

According to design writer Steven Heller, the poster was inspired by Social Realism and, while widely praised as original and unique, can be seen as part of a long tradition of contemporary artists drawing inspiration from political candidates and producing "posters that break the mold not only in terms of color and style but also in message and tone." Fairey himself has said, "My historical inspiration was the well-known JFK portrait where he is posed in a three-quarters view looking slightly upward and out into the distance. The image of Lincoln on the five- dollar bill has a similar feel."

Distribution during the 2008 campaign
Fairey began screen-printing posters soon after completing the design and showing it to Yosi Sergant. Initially, he sold 350 and put 350 more up in public. Beginning with that sale and continuing throughout the campaign, Fairey used proceeds from selling the image to produce more of it; after first printing, he made 4,000 more that were distributed at Obama rallies before Super Tuesday. He also put a printable digital version on his website. As Fairey explained in an October 2008 interview, the image quickly went viral, spreading spontaneously through social media and word of mouth.

After the initial 700 posters, the Obama campaign conveyed through Sergant that they wanted to promote the theme of hope, and most of the posters sold by Fairey subsequently had the word "" and later "" instead of ""; the  star was also absent from later versions. By October 2008, Fairey and Sergant claimed to have printed 300,000 posters (with less than 2,000 sold and the rest given away or displayed) and 1,000,000 stickers, as well as clothing and other items with the image sold through Fairey's website, in addition to copies printed by others.  According to Fairey and Sergant, proceeds from sales of the image were used to produce more posters and other merchandise in support of the Obama campaign, rather than direct profit for Fairey.

Parodies and imitations
As the campaign progressed, many parodies and imitations of Fairey's design appeared.  For example, one anti-Obama version replaced the word "" with "", while parody posters featuring opponents Sarah Palin and John McCain had the word "".  In January 2009 Paste magazine launched a site allowing users to create their own versions of the poster.  More than 70,000 images were uploaded to the site in its first two weeks.

Mad magazine parodied the "" poster with an "Alfred E. Neuman for President!" poster. Alfred was on the poster, and the word "" was replaced with "". Anti-Gaddafi protesters in Chicago, in solidarity with the 2011 Libyan civil war, have co-opted the image.

Fairey himself was commissioned to create a number of works in the same style. He produced two other versions, based on different photographs, officially on behalf of the Obama campaign, and another to serve as the cover of the Person of the Year issue of Time.  He also created a portrait of comedian Stephen Colbert in the same style, which appeared in an issue of Entertainment Weekly honoring Colbert's television show The Colbert Report.

Firas Alkhateeb, the student who designed the controversial Obama "Joker" image, cited Fairey as being his greatest influence.  Alkhateeb described the "Joker" image as a corrective to Fairey's glowing portrayal of Obama.  Fairey has both criticized and praised the "Joker" poster, stating "The artwork is great in that it gets a point across really quickly", but that "I don't agree with the political content of the poster".

Conservative satire site The People's Cube did designs using words like "Chaos" with an image of Rush Limbaugh ("Operation Chaos"), "Shrugged" with an image of Ayn Rand (as in
"Atlas Shrugged") and "Marxism" with an image of Groucho Marx.

The September 2009 issue of The Advocate, America's oldest-continuing LGBT publication, featured a cover image that was similar to Fairey's design.  The blue and red coloring was replaced with pink and purple, but instead of "", the caption was "".  Jon Barrett, the magazine's editor-in-chief, said the cover symbolized frustration among some Democratic members of the LGBT community.

The poster has also been parodied in popular culture. In the Futurama episode "Proposition Infinity," a similar poster of President Richard Nixon can be seen, with the slogan "DESPAIR". In the 2010 movie Megamind, a version of the poster can be seen with Megamind's visage and the caption "NO YOU CAN'T", parodying Obama's campaign slogan "Yes we can". Disney's animated series "Phineas and Ferb" has two episodes, "Nerds of a Feather" and "She's the Mayor", both with Obama's poster parodied with Candace's face. American heavy metal band Five Finger Death Punch has released a version with their mascot and the words "WAR", referring to their then-new album War Is The Answer.  In Iron Man 2, Tony Stark receives a similar poster of the Iron Man armor and hangs it in his Malibu garage, much to the displeasure of his assistant and love interest Pepper Potts.

Fairey's adaptation for the occupy movement

Sympathizing with the occupy movement, in November 2011 Shepard Fairey introduced an imitation of his original "Hope" poster. In the new poster, Obama's face was replaced with the Guy Fawkes mask, and the single word "hope" was replaced by the message "Mister President, we HOPE you're on our side", with the word "HOPE" in large font and the rest of the sentence in small font. The Obama campaign logo on the right was replaced by a similar looking logo with the inscription "We are the 99%".

Acquisition by Smithsonian
On January 7, 2009, the Smithsonian Institution's National Portrait Gallery announced it had acquired Fairey's hand-finished collage (stencil and acrylic on paper) version of the image (with the word ""), which the gallery said would go on display shortly before Obama's inauguration on January 20, 2009.  The work was commissioned and later donated by art collectors Heather and Tony Podesta (Tony is the brother of Obama's transition co-chairman John Podesta). It is an unusual acquisition, in that the National Portrait Gallery normally collects official portraits as presidents are leaving office rather than before they take office.

Origin and copyright issues

The original source photograph Fairey based the poster on was not publicly known until after Obama had won the election.  After a mistaken attribution to Reuters photographer Jim Young for a similar-looking January 2007 photograph, in January 2009 photographer and blogger Tom Gralish discovered that the poster was based on an Associated Press photograph by freelance photographer Mannie Garcia.  It was taken at a 2006 media event with Kansas Senator Sam Brownback, where the actor George Clooney was raising awareness of the War in Darfur after a trip to Sudan he had taken with his father.

On February 4, 2009, the Associated Press announced that it determined "that the photograph used in the poster is an AP photo and that its use required permission."  In a press release, the AP announced they are in discussions with Fairey's attorney to discuss an amicable solution.  Fairey is being represented by Anthony Falzone, executive director of the Fair Use Project at Stanford University.  Falzone is quoted in the press release, "We believe fair use protects Shepard's right to do what he did here."  Fairey subsequently filed a federal lawsuit against the Associated Press, seeking a declaratory judgment that his use of the AP photograph was protected by the fair use doctrine and so did not infringe their copyright.

On October 16, 2009, Fairey admitted that he had based the poster on the AP photograph and had fabricated and destroyed evidence to hide the fact. Fairey's admission came after one of his employees informed Fairey that he had discovered damning documents on an old hard drive. Realizing that these documents would expose his cover-up attempt, Fairey chose to come clean to his attorney.

Photographer Mannie Garcia contended that he retained copyright to the photo according to his AP contract.  He said that he was "so proud of the photograph and that Fairey did what he did artistically with it, and the effect it's had," but that he did not "condone people taking things, just because they can, off the Internet." Fairey countered that his conduct did not constitute "improper appropriation" because he had not taken any protected expression from Garcia's original photo. In addition, he claimed his behavior would qualify as a fair use. At trial AP would have to address both arguments.

A judge urged a settlement, stating that AP would win the case. The AP and Shepard Fairey settled out of court in January 2011. In a press release, the AP announced that the AP and Fairey "agreed to work together going forward with the Hope image and share the rights to make the posters and merchandise bearing the Hope image and to collaborate on a series of images that Fairey will create based on AP photographs. The parties have agreed to additional financial terms that will remain confidential."

In a separate criminal action Federal prosecutors have requested prison time and a fine of $3.2 million for Fairey with the government sentencing request stating that "A sentence without any term of imprisonment sends a terrible message to those who might commit the same sort of criminal conduct. Encouraging parties to game the civil litigation system…creates terrible incentives and subverts the truth-finding function of civil litigation."

References

External links
Obama - original version from Fairey's website, obeygiant.com

Person of the Year Videos: Icon-maker Shepard Fairey  - TIME video
Shepard Fairey Tells Of Inspiration Behind 'HOPE' - October 28, 2008 interview by Farai Chideya on NPR
Behind Obama's Iconic HOPE Poster by Joshuah Bearman, Huffington Post, November 11, 2008
Money and the Muse by Ted Hamilton, The Cornell Daily Sun, March 22, 2009
 Artist admits using key AP photo for 'HOPE' poster by NPR

2008 works
Hope poster
Hope poster
Political art
Public art

fr:Shepard Fairey#Le poster HOPE de Barack Obama

බරාක් ඔබාමා "Hope" පෝස්ටරය


Victory Road to the King of Neo Visual Rock —en español: Camino a la victoria del rey del neo visual rock— es un álbum recopilatorio del cantante japonés Miyavi publicado el 8 de mayo de 2009. Contiene todos los sencillos de Miyavi desde finales de 2004 hasta la fecha del lanzamiento del álbum.

Lista de canciones

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial de Miyavi

Álbumes de 2009
Álbumes de pop
Álbumes recopilatorios de 2009


Bodil Malmsten (19 August 1944 – 5 February 2016) was a Swedish poet and novelist.

Malmsten was born in Bjärme, Östersund Municipality. Due to her parents' early separation, she grew up at her maternal grandparents and at foster care in Vällingby, Stockholm. Her paternal grandfather was designer and architect Carl Malmsten. She debuted as author in 1970 together with Peter Csihas (1945–2011) with their children's book Ludvig åker. Csihas and Malmsten had a relationship during the 1960s and 70s and have a daughter, Stefania, born 1967, who is designer and actor.

The English translation of her novel, Priset på vatten i Finistère (The Price of Water in Finistère, translated by Frank Perry), was selected as a Book of the Week on BBC Radio 4.  In the novel, having decided to pack up and leave her country of birth, she recounts the story her settling into her new home in the Finistère département, in Brittany. It is told in a series of vignettes about gardening, learning the language, dealing with French bureaucracy, and struggling with writer's block.

She was awarded a doctorate honoris causa ad gradum (honorary degree) by the Faculty of Human Sciences at the Mid-Sweden University in Östersund in 2006.

Malmsten died of cancer at her home in Stockholm on 5 February 2016, aged 71.

Published works
Dvärgen Gustaf (1977)
Damen, det brinner! (1984)
Paddan & branden (1987)
B-ställningar (1987)
Svartvita bilder (1988)
Nåd & onåd Idioternas bok (1989)
Nefertiti i Berlin (1990)
Landet utan lov (1991)
Det är ingen ordning på mina papper (1991)
Inte med den eld jag har nu : dikt för annan dam (1993)
Den dagen kastanjerna slår ut är jag långt härifrån (1994)
Nästa som rör mig (1996)  — The next one who touches me
Undergångarens sånger (1998)
Priset på vatten i Finistère (2001)  (published in English as The Price of Water in Finistère )
Det är fortfarande ingen ordning på mina papper (2003)
 Kom och hälsa på mig om tusen år (2007)
Det här är hjärtat (2015)

References

Further reading

External links

1944 births
2016 deaths
People from Östersund Municipality
Writers from Jämtland
Swedish-language poets
Litteris et Artibus recipients
Swedish women poets
Swedish women novelists
20th-century Swedish novelists
20th-century Swedish poets
21st-century Swedish novelists
21st-century Swedish poets
20th-century Swedish women writers
21st-century Swedish women writers

Bodil Malmsten


Der Stadtteil (eng. Neighborhood) Chinatown (, alternativ ) befindet sich im Stadtzentrum von Boston im Bundesstaat Massachusetts der Vereinigten Staaten und ist das einzige historische chinesische Gebiet in Neuengland.

Geografie
Das charakteristische Eingangstor nach Chinatown (ein Pailou mit einem Wächterlöwen auf jeder Seite) befindet sich an der Kreuzung von Beach Street und Surface Road. Im Zuge des Big-Dig-Projekts wurde an dieser Stelle ein Park angelegt. Das Tor ist vom Busbahnhof an der Boston South Station gut sichtbar und eine beliebte Attraktion bei Touristen.

Ausdehnung des Stadtgebiets
Der Stadtteil ist entlang der Beach Street angeordnet und wird durch den Boston Common, die Stadtteile Downtown Crossing und South End sowie durch die Interstate 93 begrenzt.

Stadtgliederung
In jüngerer Vergangenheit hat sich etwa  südlich des Stadtteils eine Satellitenstadt gleichen Namens an der Hancock Street im benachbarten Quincy etabliert. Das neue Viertel wird vor allem von Hokkien sprechenden chinesischen Immigranten aus der Provinz Fujian sowie von im Exil lebenden Vietnamesen bewohnt. Es gibt bereits einige große Asia-Märkte und andere Geschäfte, die im Wettbewerb mit dem ursprünglichen Chinatown stehen. Daher haben viele Geschäfte aus Chinatown Zweigstellen in Quincy eröffnet.

Geschichte

Einwohnerentwicklung
Ein Teil von Chinatown befindet sich auf Land, das im Zuge von Landaufschüttung gewonnen und zunächst durch weiße angelsächsische Protestanten besiedelt wurde. Nachdem die Grundstücke in dieser Gegend durch die fortschreitende Eisenbahnentwicklung zunehmend an Wert verloren, zogen Einwanderer bestehend aus Iren, Juden, Italienern, Syrern und Chinesen in das Viertel. Dabei zogen sie ihren Vorteil aus den gefallenen Häuserpreisen und guten Arbeitsmöglichkeiten im Stadtteil. Während des späten 19. Jahrhunderts zogen auch Textilfabriken in das Viertel und bildeten so den heute historischen Garment District, der bis in die 1990er Jahre noch in Betrieb war.

Im Jahr 2000 wohnten 6.015 Personen im Stadtteil, der mit einer Bevölkerungsdichte von 28.136 Personen pro Quadratmeile mehr als doppelt so dicht besiedelt ist wie Boston selbst. 69 % der Einwohner sind Asiaten, gefolgt von Weißen (17 %), Schwarzen (7 %) und Hispanics (5 %). Das mittlere Haushaltseinkommen betrug 14.829 US-Dollar, der Altersdurchschnitt 35,1 Jahre. 60 % der Einwohner haben keinen Highschool-Abschluss.

Kultur und Sehenswürdigkeiten

Bauwerke
Das Hayden Building ist ein historisches Gebäude an der Adresse 681-683 Washington Street und wurde 1875 von Henry Hobson Richardson entworfen. Im Jahr 1980 wurde es dem National Register of Historic Places hinzugefügt.

Kulinarische Spezialitäten
Chinatown ist nach wie vor das Zentrum des Asiatisch-Amerikanischen Lebens in Neuengland und beheimatet viele chinesische und vietnamesische Restaurants und Märkte.

Wirtschaft und Infrastruktur

Verkehr
In Chinatown gibt es mehrere lokale und regionale Verkehrsverbindungen. Der Stadtteil wird von der Red Line und Silver Line der MBTA angefahren, ebenso können Pendlerzüge an der Boston South Station sowie die Orange Line an der Station Chinatown genutzt werden. Die Interstate 93 und der Massachusetts Turnpike befinden sich ebenfalls in unmittelbarer Nähe. Die beiden Buslinien Fung Wah und Lucky Star/Travelpack bieten stündliche Verbindungen nach Chinatown in New York City.

Medien
Das The World Journal - Boston Edition ist die größte und am meisten gelesene Tageszeitung im Stadtteil. Die gemeinnützige Zeitung Sampan erscheint zweimal pro Monat in englischer Sprache.

Öffentliche Einrichtungen
Das Tufts Medical Center belegt einen großen Teil der Fläche des Stadtteils. Es verfügt über ein Krankenhaus sowie verschiedene Bildungseinrichtungen im Gesundheitswesen der Tufts University, darunter die Tufts University School of Medicine, die Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, die Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy und die Tufts University School of Dental Medicine.

Das 1972 zur besseren Versorgung von Asiatischen Amerikanern gegründete South Cove Community Health Center unterhält die Chinatown Clinic an der Washington Avenue.

Bildergalerie
Eindrücke vom Chinesischen Neujahrsfest im Stadtteil aus dem Jahr 2009:

Literatur

Weblinks

 Der Chinatown Park
 Website des Boston Chinatown Neighborhood Center
 Website der Asian American Civic Association
 Website der Asian Community Development Corporation

Einzelnachweise

Stadtteil von Boston

Chinatown (Boston)


Savoja-Aosta (tal. Savoia-Aosta), mlađi ogranak talijanske kraljevske dinastije Savoja-Carignano, koja je 1831. godine postala glavna loza Savojske dinastije. Pobočna linija Savoja-Aosta nastala je 1845. godine kada je sardinski kralj i savojski vojvoda, od 1861. godine talijanski kralj Viktor Emanuel II. (1849. – 1878.) dodijelio mlađem sinu Amadeu I., bivšem španjolskom kralju, naslov vojvode od Aoste. Poslije smrti posljednjeg talijanskog kralja Umberta II. 1983. godine, vojvoda Aimone Savoja-Aosta počeo je zahtijevati vodstvo nad dinastijom, smatrajući da je Umbertov sin Viktor Emanuel prekršio obiteljski zakon te nema više pravo na titulu starješine obitelji. Prema Aimonevom tvrdnjama, pravo na talijansku krunu prešlo bi na članove dinastije Savoja-Aosta, koja bi tim činom trebala postati glavna linija Savojske dinastije.

Povijest obitelji

Prvi vojvoda od Aoste bio je bivši španjolski kralj Amadeo I., sin talijanskog kralja Viktora Emanuela II. i kraljice Adelaide Austrijske. Godine 1890. naslijedio ga je, kao drugi vojvoda od Aoste, stariji sin Emanuel Filibert (1869. – 1931.). Princ Emanuel Filibert je sudjelovao u Prvom svjetskom ratu za kojeg se istaknuo kao vrstan vojni zapovjednik, zbog čega ga je 1926. godine, premijer Benito Mussolini imenovao maršalom Italije.

Treći vojvoda od Aoste bio je stariji sin Emanuela Filiberta, Amadeo (1898. – 1942.) koji je za vrijeme Drugog svjetskog rata bio imenovan potkraljem Talijanske Istočne Afrike. Umro je u britanskom zarobljeničkom logoru u kenijskom gradu Nairobiju te ga je na položaju vojvode od Aoste naslijedio mlađi brat Aimone Savoja-Aosta (1900. – 1948.), koji je 18. svibnja 1941. godine bio proglašen za kralja Nezavisne Države Hrvatske pod vladarskim imenom Tomislav II. Aimone od Aoste je abdicirao s hrvatskog prijestolja 25. srpnja 1943. godine. Nakon završetka rata, bio je, kao i ostali članovi Savojske dinastije, prisiljen napustiti Italiju te je emigrirao u Argentinu gdje je uskoro umro.

Aimoneov sin, princ Amadeo naslijedio ga je 1948. godine na položaju vojvode od Aoste.

Popis vladara iz dinastije Savoja-Aosta

Vojvode od Aoste

 Amadeo I. (1873. – 1890.)
 Emanuel Filibert (1890. – 1931.)
 Amadeo II. (1931. – 1942.)
 Aimone od Aoste (1942. – 1948.)
 Amadeo III. (1948.-....)

Savojci
Povijest Italije
Vladarske dinastije

Savoja-Aosta


Vasili Vasílievich Prónchishchev  (finca Boguímovo, distrito de Tarusa, provincia imperial de Kaluga, 1702 – 9 de septiembre (O.S. 29 de agosto) de 1736) fue un marino y explorador polar ruso del Ártico, recordado por haber participado, junto con su mujer, María Prónchishcheva, en la Gran Expedición del Norte, dirigiendo una partida encargada de cartografiar las costas entre la desembocadura del río Lena y la del río Yeniséi. Ambos fallecieron en ese viaje.

Biografía
Vasili Vasílyevich Prónchishchev era el quinto hijo de una familia noble. En abril de 1716 entró como aprendiz en la Escuela de Matemáticas y Navegación de Moscú de Moscú, situada en la Torre Sújarev (:en:Sukharev Tower), donde se graduó en 1718. Ese mismo año fue trasladado a San Petersburgo, a la Academia Naval (donde estudió con los luego también exploradores polares Semión Cheliuskin y Dmitri Láptev) y se convirtió en guardiamarina. Desde 1718 hasta 1724 estuvo en distintas nave en la Flota del Báltico. En 1722 participó en la campaña persa de Pedro. En 1727 fue ascendido a asistente de piloto y en 1733 alcanzó el rango de teniente, siendo nombrado jefe de una de las unidades de la segunda expedición a Kamchatka, la gran expedición científica cuya finalidad era cartografiar las costas del océano Ártico desde la desembocadura del río Lena hasta la desembocadura del río Yeniséi.

En 1735, Vasili Prónchishchev descendió el río Lena desde la ciudad de Yakutsk, en un balandro que bautizó con ese mismo nombre, Yakutsk, logrando doblar el delta y deteniéndose para la invernada en la desembocadura del río Olenek. Muchos miembros de la tripulación cayeron enfermos y debido principalmente al escorbuto, murieron. A pesar de las dificultades, en 1736, alcanzaron la costa oriental de la península de Taimyr, y se dirigieron al norte siguiendo su litoral. Finalmente, Prónchishchev y su esposa María (también conocida como Tatyana Fiódorovna) sucumbieron al escorbuto y murieron en el camino de regreso.

A pesar de la cifra de muertos, la expedición fue un éxito al cumplir sus objetivos. Durante su viaje, Vasili Prónchishchev descubrió una serie de islas de la costa noreste de la península de Taimyr, como las islas Faddéy, las islas Komsomólskoy Pravdy y las islas de San Pedro. Su expedición fue la primera en hacer un mapa preciso del río Lena, desde Yakutsk hasta el estuario, y de la costa del mar de Láptev desde la boca del Lena hasta el golfo de Faddéy.

La esposa de Prónchishchev, Maria Prónchishcheva (muerta el 12 de septiembre (23), 1736), se considera la primera mujer exploradora polar. Después de su muerte, ambos fueron enterrados en la desembocadura del río Olenek.

Reconocimientos
Una parte de la costa oriental de la península de Taimyr, y una cordillera entre la desembocadura del Olenek y del río Anabar llevan el nombre de Vasili Prónchishchev. El rompehielos Vasili Prónchishchev, construido en 1961 en Leningrado, fue nombrado para honrar a este pionero explorador del Ártico. La bahía María Prónchishcheva, en el mar de Láptev, también recuerda a su esposa.

Referencias
 El artículo de la Wikipedia en inglés recoge las siguientes referencias:
 Historical data
 Excavations at the burial site of the couple:

Enlaces externos

Exploradores de Rusia del siglo XVIII
Exploradores del Ártico de Rusia
Exploradores de Siberia
Mar de Láptev
Fallecidos por escorbuto

Vasili Prónchishchev