U 22 war ein U-Boot, das für die deutsche Kaiserliche Marine gebaut wurde.

Geschichte, Bau und Indienststellung
Das Boot war ein sogenanntes Zweihüllenboot, welches als Hochseeboot konzipiert war. Der Auftrag zum Bau dieses U-Bootes wurde am 25. November 1910 erteilt. Es wurde am 27. Oktober 1911 auf Kiel gelegt und am 8. Februar 1913 vom Stapel gelassen. Es war eines der ersten U-Boot der Kaiserlichen Marine, das nicht mehr mit einem petroleumbetriebenen Verbrennungsmotor arbeitete, sondern mit einem Dieselmotor.

Es wurde am 25. November 1913 und Kapitänleutnant Bruno Hoppe in Dienst gestellt.

Technik
Das Boot war 64,15 m lang und 6,1 m breit. Es hatte einen Tiefgang von 3,58 m sowie eine Verdrängung von 650 Tonnen über und 837 Tonnen unter Wasser.

Die zwei Sechs-Zylinder-Viertakt Dieselmotoren von MAN mit 1250 kW hatte nahezu alle Vorteile, die man sich davon erwartet hatte. So stiegen die Betriebssicherheit und die Manövrierbarkeit, während der Brennstoffverbrauch sank und die Wartung der Motoren deutlich vereinfacht wurde. Für die Unterwasserfahrt waren zwei AEG-Doppel-Modyn-Elektromotor mit 883 kW eingebaut. Dass die Marine offenbar mit dieser U-Boot-Klasse sehr zufrieden war, zeigt sich auch daran, dass der Typ bis hin zu U 41 im Wesentlichen unverändert blieb. Lediglich bei den Motoren von U 19 gab es einen kleinen Konstruktionsfehler. Der Bereich der kritischen Drehzahlen, also der Bereich, in dem sich die Drehmomente plötzlich um ein Vielfaches erhöhen, lag deutlich niedriger als erwartet. Da dieser Bereich bereits bei einer Geschwindigkeit von mehr als 12 kn erreicht wurde, wurden im September 1915 schließlich die Maschinen ausgetauscht und das Boot generalüberholt. Mit den Motoren waren Geschwindigkeiten von 15,4 kn (über Wasser) bzw. 9,5 kn (unter Wasser) möglich.

Die sechs mitgeführten Torpedos konnten über zwei Bug- und zwei Heckrohre verschossen werden. Weiterhin war ein 8,8-cm Geschütz eingebaut, welches ab 1916 durch ein weiteres 8,8-cm Geschütze ergänzt wurde.

Einsätze und Verbleib
U 22 führte 14 Kriegseinsätze durch, bei denen 44 Handelsschiffe der Entente und neutraler Staaten mit einer Gesamttonnage von 46.365 BRT versenkt wurden.

Am 21. Januar 1915 versenkte Bruno Hoppe mit U 22 das deutsche U-Boot U 7, das er fälschlicherweise für ein gegnerisches Boot hielt. Erst bei der Rettung des einzigen Überlebenden erkannte Hoppe seinen folgenschweren Irrtum.

Am 6. April 1917 lief U 22 in der Nordsee am Horns Rev, einer Sandbank vor Blåvand an der Westküste von Jütland, auf eine britische Mine. Die Mine war eine von 1.235 Minen, die von drei britischen Minenlegern am Auslaufweg Blau zwischen den deutschen Minenfeldern gelegt worden waren. Obwohl das Heck des U-Bootes durch die Minenexplosion vollständig zerstört worden war, konnte U 22 durch ein deutsches Torpedoboot eingeschleppt werden. Das U-Boot wurde repariert und bis zum Kriegsende weiter eingesetzt.

Nach dem Ende des Krieges wurde U 22 am 1. Dezember 1918 an Großbritannien ausgeliefert und in den Nachkriegsjahren 1919 sowie 1920 in Blyth abgewrackt.

Kommandanten

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 Bodo Herzog: Deutsche U-Boote 1906–1966. Karl Müller Verlag, Erlangen 1993, ISBN 3-86070-036-7.
 Paul Kemp: Die deutschen und österreichischen U-Boot-Verluste in beiden Weltkriegen. Urbes, Gräfelfing vor München 1998, ISBN 3-924896-43-7.

Weblinks
 uboat.net WWI U-boats U 22 (engl.)
 uboat.net Fotogalerie

Militär-U-Boot (Kaiserliche Marine)
Kaiserliche Werft Danzig
U-Boot im Ersten Weltkrieg

U 22 (U-Boot, 1913)


Aydoğan, Çorum ilinin Sungurlu ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1928 yılı kayıtlarında Mihmanlı olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 88 km, Sungurlu ilçe merkezine 18 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Sungurlu belde ve köyleri

Aydoğan, Sungurlu


تنافس على المليون دولار في الدوري الذهبي لسنة 2004، 6 رياضين و6 رياضيات خلال 6 محطات.

يجب الفوز ب 6 محطات لنيل جائزة المليون دولار.

الفائزان
 كريستيان اولسون
 تونيك وليامز دارلينج

النتائج

المصدر
 IAAF

الدوري الذهبي
ألعاب القوى (المضمار والميدان) في 2004

الدوري الذهبي 2004


Vito Volterra  (, ; 3 May 1860 – 11 October 1940) was an Italian mathematician and physicist, known for his contributions to mathematical biology and integral equations, being one of the founders of functional analysis.

Biography
Born in Ancona, then part of the Papal States, into a very poor Jewish family: his father was Abramo Volterra and his mother, Angelica Almagià. Abramo Volterra died in 1862 when Vito was two years old. The family moved to Turin, and then to Florence, where he studied at the Dante Alighieri Technical School and the Galileo Galilei Technical Institute.

Volterra showed early promise in mathematics before attending the University of Pisa, where he fell under the influence of Enrico Betti, and where he became professor of rational mechanics in 1883. He immediately started work developing his theory of functionals which led to his interest and later contributions in integral and integro-differential equations. His work is summarised in his book Theory of functionals and of Integral and Integro-Differential Equations (1930).

In 1892, he became professor of mechanics at the University of Turin and then, in 1900, professor of mathematical physics at the University of Rome La Sapienza. Volterra had grown up during the final stages of the Risorgimento when the Papal States were finally annexed by Italy and, like his mentor Betti, he was an enthusiastic patriot, being named by the king Victor Emmanuel III as a senator of the Kingdom of Italy in 1905. In the same year, he began to develop the theory of dislocations in crystals that was later to become important in the understanding of the behaviour of ductile materials. On the outbreak of World War I, already well into his 50s, he joined the Italian Army and worked on the development of airships under Giulio Douhet. He originated the idea of using inert helium rather than flammable hydrogen and made use of his leadership abilities in organising its manufacture.

After World War I, Volterra turned his attention to the application of his mathematical ideas to biology, principally reiterating and developing the work of Pierre François Verhulst. An outcome of this period is the Lotka–Volterra equations.

Volterra is the only person who was a plenary speaker in the International Congress of Mathematicians four times (1900, 1908, 1920, 1928).

In 1922, he joined the opposition to the Fascist regime of Benito Mussolini and in 1931 he was one of only 12 out of 1,250 professors who refused to take a mandatory oath of loyalty. His political philosophy can be seen from a postcard he sent in the 1930s, on which he wrote what can be seen as an epitaph for Mussolini's Italy: Empires die, but Euclid's theorems keep their youth forever. However, Volterra was no radical firebrand; he might have been equally appalled if the leftist opposition to Mussolini had come to power, since he was a lifelong royalist and nationalist. As a result of his refusal to sign the oath of allegiance to the fascist government he was compelled to resign his university post and his membership of scientific academies, and, during the following years, he lived largely abroad, returning to Rome just before his death.

In 1936, he had been appointed a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, on the initiative of founder Agostino Gemelli.

He died in Rome on 11 October 1940. He is buried in the Ariccia Cemetery. The Academy organised his funeral.

Family

In 1900 he married Virginia Almagia, a cousin. Their son Edoardo Volterra (1904–1984) was a famous historian of Roman law.

Volterra also had a daughter, Luisa Volterra, who married Umberto d'Ancona. D'Ancona piqued his father-in-law's interest in biomathematics when he showed Vito a set of data regarding populations of different species of fish in the Adriatic Sea, where decreased fishing activity from the war had led to an increase in the populations of predatory fish species. Vito published an analysis of the dynamics of interacting species of fish the next year.

Selected writings by Volterra
 1912. The theory of permutable functions. Princeton University Press.
 1913. Leçons sur les fonctions de lignes. Paris: Gauthier-Villars.
 1912. Sur quelques progrès récents de la physique mathématique. Clark University.
 1913. Leçons sur les équations intégrales et les équations intégro-différentielles. Paris: Gauthier-Villars.
 1926, "Variazioni e fluttuazioni del numero d'individui in specie animali conviventi," Mem. R. Accad. Naz. dei Lincei 2: 31–113.
 1926, "Fluctuations in the abundance of a species considered mathematically," Nature 118: 558–60.
 1930. Theory of functionals and of integral and integro-differential equations. Blackie & Son.
 1931. Leçons sur la théorie mathématique de la lutte pour la vie. Paris: Gauthier-Villars. Reissued 1990, Gabay, J., ed.
 1936. with Joseph Pérès:
 1938. with Bohuslav Hostinský: Opérations infinitésimales linéaires. Paris: Gauthier-Villars.
 1960. Sur les Distorsions des corps élastiques (with Enrico Volterra). Paris: Gauthier-Villars.
 1954-1962. Opere matematiche. Memorie e note. Vol. 1, 1954; Vol. 2, 1956; Vol. 3, 1957; Vol. 4, 1960; Vol. 5, 1962; Accademia dei Lincei.

See also

 Volterra (crater)
 Volterra's function
 Lotka–Volterra equation
 Smith–Volterra–Cantor set
 Volterra integral equation
 Volterra series
 Product integral
 Volterra operator
 Volterra space
 Volterra Semiconductor
 Poincaré lemma

Notes

Biographical references
.
. "Vito Volterra fifty years after his death" is detailed biographical survey paper on Vito Volterra, dealing mainly with scientific, philosophical and moral aspects of his personality.
. The commemorative address pronounced by Agostino Gemelli on the occasion of the first seance of the fourth academic year of Pontificial Academy of Sciences: it includes his commemoration of various deceased members.
. See also the review in American Scientist.
.
.
. The commemorative address by Carlo Somigliana, colleague and friend of Vito Volterra.

General references
. In this paper Luigi Accardi describes the early research work of Vito Volterra on functionals, leading to the creation of functional analysis.
.
. "The work of Vito Volterra on hereditary phenomena and some of their consequences" is an ample technical survey paper on the research work of Vito Volterra on hereditary phenomena in mathematical physics.

.
.

External links

 Gustavo Colonnetti e le origini dell'ingegneria in Italia, Fausto Giovannardi

1860 births
1940 deaths
People from Ancona
20th-century Italian Jews
Jewish physicists
19th-century Italian physicists
Mathematical analysts
Mathematical physicists
Functional analysts
Mathematical and theoretical biology
University of Pisa alumni
Academic staff of the Sapienza University of Rome
Members of the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy
19th-century Italian mathematicians
20th-century Italian mathematicians
Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Corresponding Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917–1925)
Corresponding Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Honorary Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Academic staff of the University of Turin
20th-century Italian politicians
Academic staff of the University of Pisa
19th-century Italian Jews
20th-century Italian physicists

Vito Volterra


Pöhla ist ein Ortsteil der Gemeinde Starkenberg im Landkreis Altenburger Land in Thüringen.

Lage
Pöhla befindet sich mit seiner Gemarkung im Altenburger-Zeitzer Lösshügelland am Rande der Leipziger Tieflandsbucht. Das Dorf liegt 2 Kilometer nördlich von Starkenberg und 16,5 Kilometer westlich von Altenburg entfernt. Verkehrsmäßig ist das Dorf gut erreichbar. Im Westen des Orts befindet sich die Landesgrenze zu Sachsen-Anhalt.

Geschichte
Im Jahr 1336 ist das Dorf erstmals urkundlich erwähnt worden. In den Beleglisten des Amts Altenburg wurde der Ort als "Behlen" aufgeführt. Die Gründung erfolgte vermutlich durch die Ritter von Starkenberg, da Pöhla ursprünglich unter deren Gerichtsbarkeit stand. Mit dem wettinischen Amt Altenburg stand Pöhla ab dem 16. Jahrhundert aufgrund mehrerer Erbteilungen unter der Hoheit folgender Ernestinischer Herzogtümer: Herzogtum Sachsen (1554 bis 1572), Herzogtum Sachsen-Weimar (1572 bis 1603), Herzogtum Sachsen-Altenburg (1603 bis 1672), Herzogtum Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg (1672 bis 1826). Bei der Neuordnung der Ernestinischen Herzogtümer im Jahr 1826 kam der Ort wiederum zum Herzogtum Sachsen-Altenburg. Nach der Verwaltungsreform im Herzogtum gehörte er bezüglich der Verwaltung zum Ostkreis (bis 1900) bzw. zum Landratsamt Altenburg (ab 1900). Juristisch war ab 1879 das Amtsgericht Altenburg und seit 1906 das Amtsgericht Meuselwitz für den Ort zuständig.

Pöhla gehörte ab 1918 zum Freistaat Sachsen-Altenburg, der 1920 im Land Thüringen aufging. 1922 wurde der Ort dem Landkreis Altenburg zugeordnet. Am 1. Juli 1950 erfolgte die Eingemeindung nach Posa, mit dem Pöhla im Jahr 1952 dem Kreis Altenburg im Bezirk Leipzig angegliedert wurde. Am 1. Januar 1967 erfolgte die Umgliederung nach Starkenberg. 2012 lebten im Ortsteil 74 Personen. In der Dorfmitte steht eine urige Dorfeiche. Sie ist über 130 Jahre alt.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Pöhla auf der Webseite der Gemeinde Starkenberg

Ort im Landkreis Altenburger Land
Starkenberg
Ersterwähnung 1336
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Altenburger Land)
Gemeindeauflösung 1950
Deutscher Ortsname slawischer Herkunft

Pöhla (Starkenberg)


Los pibes del puente es una serie de televisión dramática argentina de 8 capítulos seleccionada por el INCAA (Instituto Nacional de Cine y Artes Audiovisuales) en el marco del Concurso Series Federales de Ficción Argentina, impulsado por el Plan Operativo de Promoción y Fomento de Contenidos Audiovisuales Digitales a cargo del Ministerio de Planificación Federal, Inversión Pública Y Servicios. La serie fue emitida de lunes a viernes en el horario de las 22:30 (UTC -3) por la TV Pública Digital en 2012.

La miniserie estuvo protagonizada por Gustavo Garzón, Guadalupe Docampo, Mónica Lairana, Nahuel Viale, Matías Marmorato, Nicolás Goldschmidt, Nicolás Condito, Nadia Giménez, Joaquín Foong, Mario Hernández, Yiyo Ortiz y Richard Wagener.

Sinopsis
Bingo y Luciano son hermanos de la vida y encabezan una pandilla, un grupo de chicos de la calle con un áspero pasado,  que buscan sobrevivir día a día en la jungla de cemento. En ese intento cometen un grave error,  Bingo se gana la confianza del Ruso, el narcotraficante más pesado de Buenos Aires, y junto a sus pibes, terminan duplicando cocaína en una fábrica abandonada.

Mientras, Yessy, la hija del Ruso, inmersa en la melancolía por la dudosa muerte de su madre, conoce a Luciano, del cual se enamora profundamente, se hace amiga del resto de los pibes,  y encuentra su lugar en el mundo. La felicidad se desvanece cuando el Ruso se entera de donde está su hija.

Los Pibes Del Puente aborda el tema de la vulnerabilidad de los chicos en situación de calle desde un aspecto lúdico y crudo, inocente y violento.

Personajes
Yessy - Guadalupe Docampo: Es la bella y única hija del Ruso. Su madre, con quien tenía un vínculo muy cercano y simbiótico, murió hace seis meses de manera misteriosa, evento que la dejó en un estado de profunda depresión y aislamiento. Ha tenido una vida sexual muy activa, desprecia la incomunicación que tiene con su padre, es inestable, delicada,  rebelde, extremadamente arriesgada, sensual, y romántica.

Luciano - Nahuel Viale: El único recuerdo que tiene es haber nacido en el subte, no posee ningún recuerdo de su madre,  menos de su padre. Algunos dicen que su madre se prostituía para ganar dinero. A los tres años de edad,  Rosa lo encuentra en el subte y se lo lleva a su casa, dándole techo a cambio de trabajo en el subte, cosa que nunca dejó de hacer. Luciano forma con Bingo su hermano de la vida, la pandilla de los pibes. Es romántico, soñador, protector, y silencioso. Quiere mucho a Rosa a quien considera una madre.

Bingo - Matías Marmorato: Su padre,  a los seis años de edad, lo dejó en el subte prometiéndole volver al otro día, dicen que esperó por semanas y meses en el mismo lugar, pero su padre nunca regresó. Un día conoció a Luciano y este lo invitó a vivir con Rosa a cambio de trabajar en la calle. Bingo aprendió rápidamente a esconder el dolor y a aplicar las leyes del empedrado, convirtiéndose en el líder innato de los pibes, con el tiempo dejó de recordar a su padre,  y comenzó a odiar a Rosa. Hoy es, temerario, desafiante, hábil, fuerte e implacable.

Chuqui -  Maxi Roberto: Nació en Burzaco, en la provincia de Buenos Aires,  nunca conoció a su padre, a los siete de edad, pierde a su madre que muere de HIV y se va a vivir a la casa de sus tíos. Una tarde decide escapar para no volver a encontrarse con su familia, debido a los golpes de su tío,. Pasó muchos años viviendo en el barrio de Constitución, enfrentándose en plena soledad a los peligros de la calle, hasta que conoció a Luciano y Bingo, quienes lo unieron a su pandilla. Chuqui es hoy, frío, inteligente, calculador, asertivo, y confidente de Bingo.

Corcho - Nicolás Goldschmidt: Su madre está en la cárcel con cadena perpetua por extrema delincuencia, de su padre no tiene información ni recuerdos. Algunos dicen que nació en un tren. Desde pequeño vivió en la calle y pasó por varias adicciones,  de las que Luciano logró rescatarlo cuando hace años lo conoció. Le gusta rapear, a pesar de las críticas de los pibes y eso intenta hacer en los trenes y subtes, para mantenerse. En cuanto puede visita a Marita, una prostituta de detrás de la vía. Está resentido con Chuqui, admira a Luciano,  es sexual, impulsivo, y siempre soñó con una familia.

Cara de ver - Nicolás Condito: Hijo de una mujer golpeadora, escapó de su casa el día en el que su madre,  borracha,  lo intentó matar. Meses después,  Luciano lo encontró llorando en un baño en Constitución, y lo integró a la pandilla, desde ese momento no se separó de la banda. Quiere mucho a Chuqui y Corcho. Su apodo se debe a que un día lo encontraron en el baño en proceso de ipsación. Es un pibe melancólico, introvertido,  esconde una gran valentía, es extremadamente sensible y no ha tenido relaciones sexuales hasta el momento.

Juana - Nadia Giménez: Tiene escasos recuerdos de su madre, quien escapó cuando Juana tenía tan solo 4 años. Desde ese momento, vivió con su padre alcohólico hasta los doce años de edad, soportando la posesión y violencia de su progenitor. Un día decidió huir trasladándose por las diferentes provincias de Argentina. Años después, conoció a Bingo en Liniers y se unió a la pandilla. En la actualidad está embarazada, y esconde quien es el padre de la criatura que viene en camino. Quiere darle a su futuro hijo una educación digna. Es celosa, agresiva, guerrera y emotiva.

Pepe - Joaquín Foong: Es el integrante más nuevo de la banda, no tiene mucha conciencia de peligro y ve a Luciano como un padre. Es silencioso, disperso y un cadáver.

Renacuajo - Mario Hernández: Fue abandonado por su madre y abuela en el subte, lugar donde es encontrado por Corcho. Es inocente, y quiere a toda costa encontrar a su madre. Se convertirá en el protegido de Bingo.

El ruso: - Gustavo Garzón: Detrás de sus empresas poco activas, se encuentra el tráfico de drogas, siendo el narco más pesado de Buenos Aires. Tiene varias cocinas donde se duplica la cocaína, no está en su auge, ya que la muerte de su esposa, aún lo tiene desequilibrado. En la actualidad sale con Violeta, una bella joven, con la que suele acostarse. Es ambicioso, evasivo, irónico y negador.

Manolo - Yiyo Ortiz: Es el capo de barrio, y el encargado de hacer trabajar la fábrica de ruso. Es perverso, engreído, insensible y violento. Desprecia a Bingo. Su único amor son sus perros a quienes trata como sus hijos, sale con Rosa para tener sexo fácil.

Rosa - Mónica Lairana: Ha criado a Bingo y Luciano, con sus escasos recursos de madre a cambio de trabajo. Es adicta a la pasta base, y a todo lo que se le aparezca en frente,  se encuentra en un terrible abandono, adora a Luciano, y vive peleándose con Bingo desde que este era pequeño. En la actualidad sale con Manolo. Es evasiva, desconectada y sensible.

El negro - Richard Wagener: Trabaja hace años para el Ruso, es ambicioso,  desea ser capo del barrio y esconde desprecio por Manolo. Le gusta Juana, es piropeador, fuerte,  seductor y tramposo.

Aspectos culturales
La serie Los pibes del puente por un lado refleja el contraste social entre el grupo que hace referencia al nombre de la serie y el mundo de clase alta protagonizado por el Russo y su hija Yessy. Con el transcurso de la historia se muestra como estos mundos que parecen opuestos e intocables se relacionan. Ajeno a cualquier intención de denuncia, la serie muestra como el reflejo de chicos que viven en situación de calle y expuestos a las más diversas situaciones y riesgos transitan su vida, los cuales cargan además con una historia sobre sus hombros, por otro lado, una sociedad que lejos de contenerlos los aísla. Serie que se desarrolla en diversos escenarios como lo es un hospital, galpones, talleres ferroviarios, barrios de Buenos Aires como Mataderos y Flores y un recurrente escenario utilizado son los puentes.

Secuencia de apertura
En la secuencia de apertura se muestra de forma recurrentes distintos planos de edificios, desde distintos ángulos y en distintas perspectivas. Se observa un grafiti con cuatro personas dibujadas. Se observan planos realizados en cercanías de puentes donde se muestra el transitar de los autos en diferentes momentos del día. La presentación de cada personaje se da por medio de imágenes donde se los muestra en relación con el otro, en escenarios como un vagones de trenes deshabitados, vías del ferrocarril, edificios descampados, oficina, casas y la calle propiamente dicha.
Se narra la situación de un grupo de jóvenes que viven en situación de calle, expuestos a la marginalidad y a toda clase de riesgos, incluido la posibilidad de poder perder la vida en cualquier situación, además se expone aquí desde el comienzo de la historia la presencia de reflejos testimoniales, pero, como se ha mencionado anteriormente ajeno a cualquier ánimo de denuncia impuesta casi por obligación.

Banda sonora
La serie Los pibes del Puente contó con una musicalización original producida por Ahijuna Musique. Son siete canciones que fueron utilizadas en diferentes momentos y en relación con diferentes personajes en el transcurso de la historia.

Las canciones de la serie son:
 Intro - Los Pibes Del Puente
 Bingo - La tertulia
 Romance - La Vitrina Del Recuerdo
 Muertes - Tutu Marambá
 Yessi - Morto che parla
 Ruso - Mercado De Las Pulgas
 Outro - Los Pibes Del Puente

Lista de capítulos
 La ley de la selva (emisión: 02/05/2012)
 Amor y emboscada (emisión: 03/05/2012)
 ¿Dónde te metiste? (emisión: 04/05/2012)
 La prohibición (emisión: 07/05/2012)
 Igualita a la madre (emisión: 08/05/2012)
 Los tres son perfectos (emisión: 09/05/2012)
 Todos contra todos (emisión: 10/05/2012)
 África (emisión: 11/05/2012)

Ficha técnica
Dirección:Patricio Salinas Salazar - Victoria Miranda
Asist. Dirección: Maxi Estomba
productor general: Alexis Trigo - Celeste Casco
Jefe de Producción: Federico Peña
Dir. Fotografía: Pablo Parra
Gaffer: Aurelio Kerbs
Eléctrico 1: Gabriel Kerbs
Dir.de Arte: Sebastián Narbona
Dir.de Vestuario: Neit Pazos
Maquillaje: Mariela García
Sonidista: Andres Marks
Foto Fija: Matias Pellegrini Sánchez

Locaciones
La serie fue filmada en las siguientes locaciones de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires:
Hospital Israelita (Villa Santa Rita)
Barrio Piedrabuena
Apeadero Talleres (Liniers)
Estación Villa Luro (Villa Luro)
Flores
Mataderos

Premios y nominaciones
 La serie los pibes del puente resultó ganadora de la primera Convocatoria TDA para "Series de Ficción del Plan Operativo de Promoción y Fomento de Contenidos Audiovisuales Digitales" en 2011.
 A fines del 2012 la serie fue distinguida con el premio <Construyendo Ciudadanía> brindado por AFSCA (Autoridad federal de servicios de comunicación audiovisual).
 En el 2013 estuvo nominado a los "Premios Nuevas Miradas en la televisión".
 Matias Marmoratto estuvo nominado como mejor actor en los "Premios Nuevas Miradas en la televisión"
 Nahuel Viale estuvo nominado como participación masculina en los "Premios Nuevas Miradas en la televisión"
 Los pibes del puesto estuvo nominado como mejor diseño de sonido en los "Premios Nuevas Miradas en la televisión"

Enlaces externos
 Sitio Web Oficial

Referencias

Series de televisión de Argentina
Series de televisión de Televisión Pública Argentina
Series de televisión de drama

Los pibes del puente


Musa Anter (1920 - 20 Eylül 1992, lakabı: Apê Musa / Musa Amca), Kürt asıllı Türk yazar, şair ve gazeteci.

Kürt milliyetçisi düşünceleri ile tanınmaktadır. Diyarbakır'da uğradığı silahlı saldırı sonucu hayatını kaybetmiştir.

Yaşamı
Musa Anter, 1920 yılında Mardin'e bağlı Nusaybin ilçesinin Eskimağara köyünde Kürt bir ailenin çocuğu olarak doğdu. İlkokulu Mardin'de, ortaokul ve liseyi Adana'da okudu. İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi'ni bitirdi. Annesi Fesla Hanım, Türkiye'nin ilk kadın muhtarlarından biridir.

1944'te Abdurrahim Rahmi Zapsu'nun kızı Ayşe Hale ile evlendi. Cüneyt Zapsu'nun halası olan Sankt Georg Avusturya Lisesi mezunu Ayşe Hanım ile evliliğinden 1945'te büyük oğlu Anter, 1948'de kızı Rahşan ve 1950'de küçük oğlu Dicle dünyaya geldi.

İlk gözaltına alınması öğrencilik yıllarında Dersim İsyanı sırasında oldu. Atatürk'ün annesi Zübeyde Hanım'a küfrettiği için 45 gün gözaltında kaldı.

Canip Yıldırım ve Yusuf Azizoğlu ile birlikte İleri Yurt gazetesini çıkaran Anter, yayımladığı Kürtçe şiiri "Qimil / Kımıl" sebebiyle 1959 yılında 49'lar Davası ile idamla yargılandı. 27 Mayıs Darbesi'nde aftan yararlanarak serbest kalan Anter, cezaevinden çıktıktan sonra Deng, Barış Dünyası ve Yön dergilerinde yazdı. 1963'te 23'ler davası ile tekrar cezaevine girdi. Mamak, Sultan Ahmet, Balmumcu, Seyrantepe ve Nusaybin cezaevlerinde yattı. 12 Eylül Darbesi'nde Kürtçülük propagandası yapmaktan tutuklandı. Yaşamı boyunca toplam 11,5 yıl hapis yattı.

Devrimci Doğu Kültür Ocakları, Halkın Emek Partisi, Mezopotamya Kültür Merkezi ve İstanbul Kürt Enstitüsü'nün kurucularındandı.

Bir çeşit otobiyografi olan iki ciltlik Hatıralarım adlı eseri için kendisi aşağıdaki yorumu yapmıştır:

Ölümü

Anter, 20 Eylül 1992'de Diyarbakır'ın Seyrantepe mahallesinde uğradığı silahlı saldırıda sol bacağına iki, kalbi ve kafasına birer kurşun sıkılarak öldürüldü. Musa Anter'in yanında bulunan gazeteci ve yazar Orhan Miroğlu saldırı sırasında yaralandı. Eski JİTEM elemanı Abdülkadir Aygan; Anter'in, kendisinin de içinde bulunduğu tim tarafından JİTEM için öldürüldüğünü söylemiştir. Dönemin Başbakanı Mesut Yılmaz'ın isteği üzerine Başbakanlık Teftiş Kurulu Başkanı Kutlu Savaş'ın hazırladığı Susurluk Raporu'nda, Anter cinayetinin Yeşil kod adlı Mahmut Yıldırım tarafından planlanıp uygulandığı yer almıştır.

Mezarı, Nusaybin ilçesinin Eskimağara köyündedir.

Eserleri
Birina Reş / Kara Yara (1959)
Qimil / Kımıl (1962)
Ferhenga Kurdî-Tirkî / Kürtçe-Türkçe Sözlük (1967)
Hatıralarım I (1991)
Hatıralarım II (1992)
Vakayiname (1992)
Fırat Marmara'ya Akar (1996)
Çinara Min (1999)

Hakkında yazılan kitaplar
Üç Dönemim Tanığı, Musa Anter, Ahmet Alış 2010, Birikim
Musa Anter'li Yıllar, Yurda Kaya (2006, Belge Yayınevi)
Dostlarının Gözüyle Musa Anter, Yavuz Çamlıbel (2010, Kurgu Kültür Merkezi Yayınevi)
Ape Musa - Faili Bilindik Meçhul, Ercan Gün (2011, Karakutu Yayınları)
Kuşatmadan İnfaza Musa Anter Cinayeti, Orhan Miroğlu (2012, Everest Yayınları)

Ayrıca bakınız

 49'lar Davası

Kaynakça

1920 doğumlular
1992 yılında ölenler
Nusaybin doğumlular
Türkiye'deki faili meçhul cinayetler
İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
Kürt yazarlar
20. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
Resim aranan yazarlar
Türkçe eser veren yazarlar
Kürtçe eser veren yazarlar
Kürt milliyetçileri

Suikast sonucu ölen yazarlar
Türkiye'de ateşli silahtan ölenler
Türkiye'de öldürülen gazeteciler

Musa Anter


Baja or Bája may refer to:

Places and jurisdictions

In the Americas
 Baja California Peninsula, in northwestern Mexico
 Baja California state in the northern part of the above peninsula
 Baja California Sur state in the southern part of the above peninsula
 Baja Verapaz, department of Guatemala

In Europe
 Bája, Hungarian name of Baia in Suceava County, Romania, a former capital and bishopric of Moldavia
 Baja, Hungary, city

People
 Nedeljko Bajić Baja, Serbian folk singer
 Baja Mali Knindža, Bosnian Serb folk singer
 Baja Tamindžić, Serbian football goalkeeper

Arts, entertainment, and media
 Baja (film), a 2018 American film
 Baja: Edge of Control, a 2008 video game
 "Baja", a 1963 song by The Astronauts
 "Baja", a 1993 song by Böhse Onkelz from Schwarz
 "Baja", a 1999 song by Sasha from Xpander

Automobiles
 Baja bug, car originated for racing
 Subaru Baja, Subaru crossover automobile

Sports
 Baja SAE, the SAE Mini Baja Competition
 Baja 1000, a Mexican rally raid race
 Italian Baja, Italian rally raid race

Other uses
 Baja Jacket, a long-sleeved hooded pullover (garment)
 Patella baja, also known as attenuated patella alta, a pathology of the patella
 Baja Fresh, a Tex-Mex restaurant chain
 Baja Blast, a Taco Bell exclusive flavor of Mountain Dew
 Baja (plant), a genus of ferns

See also

 Baha (disambiguation)
 Baja California (disambiguation)
 Bajan (disambiguation)

Baja


موزيلا بريزم  هو برنامج قيد التطوير من موزيلا. يتيح البرنامج دمج تطبيقات الويب وسطح المكتب، حيث يمكن الولوج إلى والتعامل مع تطبيقات الويب من خلال سطح المكتب، يتوفر البرنامج كامتداد لمتصفح فيرفكس.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 بريزم في ويكي.موزيلا

امتدادات موزيلا
برمجيات 2007
برمجيات تطبيقية حرة
برمجيات حرة بلغة سي++
برمجيات حرة متعددة المنصات
برمجيات موقوفة
موزيلا

موزيلا بريزم


Thomas Young Fitzpatrick (* 20. September 1850 bei Prestonsburg, Floyd County, Kentucky; † 21. Januar 1906 in Frankfort, Kentucky) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1897 und 1901 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Kentucky im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
Thomas Fitzpatrick besuchte die öffentlichen Schulen seiner Heimat. Nach einem anschließenden Jurastudium und seiner 1877 erfolgten Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt begann er in diesem Beruf zu arbeiten. Danach war er zeitweise als Bezirksrichter tätig. Zwischen 1880 und 1884 war er Bezirksstaatsanwalt.

Politisch wurde Fitzpatrick Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei. In den Jahren 1876 und 1877 saß er als Abgeordneter im Repräsentantenhaus von Kentucky. Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1896 wurde er im zehnten Wahlbezirk von Kentucky in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 4. März 1897 die Nachfolge von Nathan T. Hopkins antrat. Nach einer Wiederwahl im Jahr 1898 konnte er bis zum 3. März 1901 zwei Legislaturperioden im Kongress absolvieren. In diese Zeit fiel der Spanisch-Amerikanische Krieg.

Nach seinem Ausscheiden aus dem US-Repräsentantenhaus zog sich Thomas Fitzpatrick aus der Politik zurück. Er starb am 21. Januar 1906 in Frankfort, wo er auch beigesetzt wurde.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Kentucky
Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses von Kentucky
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
Richter (Vereinigte Staaten)
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1850
Gestorben 1906
Mann

Thomas Y. Fitzpatrick


Maeve Dermody (Sidney; 2 de noviembre de 1985) es una actriz australiana, conocida principalmente por haber interpretado a Lee en Black Water y a Toni en Beautiful Kate.

Biografía
Maeve es hija de la directora e historiadora Susan Murphy Dermody y de un psicólogo.

Asistió al Mosman High School en Sídney, tomó varios cursos en la prestigiosa escuela National Institute of Dramatic Art NIDA.

En el 2005 comenzó a salir con el actor Sam Worthington, sin embargo la relación terminó en el 2008.

Carrera
Con solo 5 años Maeve apareció por primera vez en la televisión cuando participó en la película Breathing Under Water, la cual fue dirigida por su madre, Susan.

Entre el 2003 y el 2009 apareció como invitada en series como White Collar Blue, All Saints, Monarch Cove, The Chaser's War on Everything y en My Place.

En el 2007 interpretó a Lee en el thriller independiente Black Water.

En el 2010 apareció en la película Griff the Invisible, donde interpretó a Melody junto a Ryan Kwanten.

En el 2011 interpretó a la periodista Rachel Carr en la miniserie Paper Giants: The Birth of Cleo.

En el 2012 apareció en la miniserie Bikie Wars: Brothers in Arms donde interpretó a Lee Denholm, la novia del motociclista Anthony "Snoddy" Spencer (Callan Mulvey). Ese mismo año apareció como invitada en la serie de drama y misterio Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries interpretando a Eunice Henderson

En el 2013 se unió al elenco principal de la serie Serangoon Road donde interpretará a Claire Simpson, el interés romántico de Sam Callaghan (Don Hany), hasta ahora. Ese mismo año se unió al elenco principal de la miniserie Power Games: The Packer-Murdoch Story interpretando a Anna Torv, la segunda esposa de Rupert Murdoch (Patrick Brammall).

En el 2016 aparecerá en la miniserie SS-GB donde dará vida a Sylvia. En la serie compartirá créditos con Sam Riley, Kate Bosworth, Aneurin Barnard, James Cosmo y Jason Flemyng.

Filmografía

Series de televisión

Películas

Teatro

Premios y nominaciones

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Maeve Dermody - Zimbio

Actores de televisión de Australia
Actores de cine de Australia
Nacidos en Sídney

Maeve Dermody


In theoretical physics and mathematical physics, analytical mechanics, or theoretical mechanics is a collection of closely related alternative formulations of classical mechanics. It was developed by many scientists and mathematicians during the 18th century and onward, after Newtonian mechanics. Since Newtonian mechanics considers vector quantities of motion, particularly accelerations, momenta, forces, of the constituents of the system, an alternative name for the mechanics governed by Newton's laws and Euler's laws is vectorial mechanics.

By contrast, analytical mechanics uses scalar properties of motion representing the system as a whole—usually its total kinetic energy and potential energy—not Newton's vectorial forces of individual particles. A scalar is a quantity, whereas a vector is represented by quantity and direction. The equations of motion are derived from the scalar quantity by some underlying principle about the scalar's variation.

Analytical mechanics takes advantage of a system's constraints to solve problems. The constraints limit the degrees of freedom the system can have, and can be used to reduce the number of coordinates needed to solve for the motion. The formalism is well suited to arbitrary choices of coordinates, known in the context as generalized coordinates. The kinetic and potential energies of the system are expressed using these generalized coordinates or momenta, and the equations of motion can be readily set up, thus analytical mechanics allows numerous mechanical problems to be solved with greater efficiency than fully vectorial methods. It does not always work for non-conservative forces or dissipative forces like friction, in which case one may revert to Newtonian mechanics.

Two dominant branches of analytical mechanics are Lagrangian mechanics (using generalized coordinates and corresponding generalized velocities in configuration space) and Hamiltonian mechanics (using coordinates and corresponding momenta in phase space). Both formulations are equivalent by a Legendre transformation on the generalized coordinates, velocities and momenta, therefore both contain the same information for describing the dynamics of a system. There are other formulations such as Hamilton–Jacobi theory, Routhian mechanics, and Appell's equation of motion. All equations of motion for particles and fields, in any formalism, can be derived from the widely applicable result called the principle of least action. One result is Noether's theorem, a statement which connects conservation laws to their associated symmetries.

Analytical mechanics does not introduce new physics and is not more general than Newtonian mechanics. Rather it is a collection of equivalent formalisms which have broad application. In fact the same principles and formalisms can be used in relativistic mechanics and general relativity, and with some modifications, quantum mechanics and quantum field theory.

Analytical mechanics is used widely, from fundamental physics to applied mathematics, particularly chaos theory.

The methods of analytical mechanics apply to discrete particles, each with a finite number of degrees of freedom. They can be modified to describe continuous fields or fluids, which have infinite degrees of freedom. The definitions and equations have a close analogy with those of mechanics.

Motivation for analytical mechanics

The goal of mechanical theory is to solve mechanical problems, such as arise in physics and engineering. Starting from a physical system—such as a mechanism or a star system—a mathematical model is developed in the form of a differential equation. The model can be solved numerically or analytically to determine the motion of the system.

Newton's vectorial approach to mechanics describes motion with the help of vector quantities such as force, velocity, acceleration. These quantities characterise the motion of a body idealised as a "mass point" or a "particle" understood as a single point to which a mass is attached. Newton's method has been successfully applied to a wide range of physical problems, including the motion of a particle in Earth's gravitational field and the motion of planets around the Sun. In this approach, Newton's laws describe the motion by a differential equation and then the problem is reduced to the solving of that equation.

When a mechanical system contains many particles, however (such as a complex mechanism or a fluid), Newton's approach is difficult to apply. Using a Newtonian approach is possible, under proper precautions, namely isolating each single particle from the others, and determining all the forces acting on it. Such analysis is cumbersome even in relatively simple systems. Newton thought that his third law "action equals reaction" would take care of all complications. This is false even for such simple system as rotations of a solid body. In more complicated systems, the vectorial approach cannot give an adequate description.

The analytical approach simplifies problems by treating mechanical systems as ensembles of particles that interact with each other, rather considering each particle as an isolated unit. In the vectorial approach, forces must be determined individually for each particle, whereas in the analytical approach it is enough to know one single function which contains implicitly all the forces acting on and in the system.
Such simplification is often done using certain kinematic conditions which are stated a priori. However, the analytical treatment does not require the knowledge of these forces and takes these kinematic conditions for granted.

Still, deriving the equations of motion of a complicated mechanical system requires a unifying basis from which they follow. This is provided by various variational principles: behind each set of equations there is a principle that expresses the meaning of the entire set. Given a fundamental and universal quantity called action, the principle that this action be stationary under small variation of some other mechanical quantity generates the required set of differential equations. The statement of the principle does not require any special coordinate system, and all results are expressed in generalized coordinates. This means that the analytical equations of motion do not change upon a coordinate transformation, an invariance property that is lacking in the vectorial equations of motion.

It is not altogether clear what is meant by 'solving' a set of differential equations. A problem is regarded as solved when the particles coordinates at time t are expressed as simple functions of t and of parameters defining the initial positions and velocities. However, 'simple function' is not a well-defined concept: nowadays, a function f(t) is not regarded as a formal expression in t (elementary function) as in the time of Newton but most generally as a quantity determined by t, and it is not possible to draw a sharp line between 'simple' and 'not simple' functions. If one speaks merely of 'functions', then every mechanical problem is solved as soon as it has been well stated in differential equations, because given the initial conditions and t determine the coordinates at t. This is a fact especially at present with the modern methods of computer modelling which provide arithmetical solutions to mechanical problems to any desired degree of accuracy, the differential equations being replaced by difference equations.

Still, though lacking precise definitions, it is obvious that the two-body problem has a simple solution, whereas the three-body problem has not. The two-body problem is solved by formulas involving parameters; their values can be changed to study the class of all solutions, that is, the mathematical structure of the problem. Moreover, an accurate mental or drawn picture can be made for the motion of two bodies, and it can be as real and accurate as the real bodies moving and interacting. In the three-body problem, parameters can also be assigned specific values; however, the solution at these assigned values or a collection of such solutions does not reveal the mathematical structure of the problem. As in many other problems, the mathematical structure can be elucidated only by examining the differential equations themselves.

Analytical mechanics aims at even more: not at understanding the mathematical structure of a single mechanical problem, but that of a class of problems so wide that they encompass most of mechanics. It concentrates on systems to which Lagrangian or Hamiltonian equations of motion are applicable and that include a very wide range of problems indeed.

Development of analytical mechanics has two objectives: (i) increase the range of solvable problems by developing standard techniques with a wide range of applicability, and (ii) understand the mathematical structure of mechanics. In the long run, however, (ii) can help (i) more than a concentration on specific problems for which methods have already been designed.

Intrinsic motion

Generalized coordinates and constraints
In Newtonian mechanics, one customarily uses all three Cartesian coordinates, or other 3D coordinate system, to refer to a body's position during its motion. In physical systems, however, some structure or other system usually constrains the body's motion from taking certain directions and pathways. So a full set of Cartesian coordinates is often unneeded, as the constraints determine the evolving relations among the coordinates, which relations can be modeled by equations corresponding to the constraints. In the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalisms, the constraints are incorporated into the motion's geometry, reducing the number of coordinates to the minimum needed to model the motion. These are known as generalized coordinates, denoted qi (i = 1, 2, 3...).

Difference between curvillinear and generalized coordinates
Generalized coordinates incorporate constraints on the system. There is one generalized coordinate qi for each degree of freedom (for convenience labelled by an index i = 1, 2...N), i.e. each way the system can change its configuration; as curvilinear lengths or angles of rotation. Generalized coordinates are not the same as curvilinear coordinates. The number of curvilinear coordinates equals the dimension of the position space in question (usually 3 for 3d space), while the number of generalized coordinates is not necessarily equal to this dimension; constraints can reduce the number of degrees of freedom (hence the number of generalized coordinates required to define the configuration of the system), following the general rule:

For a system with N degrees of freedom, the generalized coordinates can be collected into an N-tuple:

and the time derivative (here denoted by an overdot) of this tuple give the generalized velocities:

D'Alembert's principle
The foundation which the subject is built on is D'Alembert's principle.

This principle states that infinitesimal virtual work done by a force across reversible displacements is zero, which is the work done by a force consistent with ideal constraints of the system. The idea of a constraint is useful - since this limits what the system can do, and can provide steps to solving for the motion of the system. The equation for D'Alembert's principle is:

where
are the generalized forces (script Q instead of ordinary Q is used here to prevent conflict with canonical transformations below) and  are the generalized coordinates. This leads to the generalized form of Newton's laws in the language of analytical mechanics:

where T is the total kinetic energy of the system, and the notation

is a useful shorthand (see matrix calculus for this notation).

Holonomic constraints
If the curvilinear coordinate system is defined by the standard position vector , and if the position vector can be written in terms of the generalized coordinates  and time  in the form:  and this relation holds for all times , then  are called Holonomic constraints. Vector  is explicitly dependent on  in cases when the constraints vary with time, not just because of . For time-independent situations, the constraints are also called scleronomic, for time-dependent cases they are called rheonomic.

Lagrangian mechanics
Lagrangian and Euler–Lagrange equations

The introduction of generalized coordinates and the fundamental Lagrangian function:

where T is the total kinetic energy and V is the total potential energy of the entire system, then either following the calculus of variations or using the above formula - lead to the Euler–Lagrange equations;

which are a set of N second-order ordinary differential equations, one for each qi(t).

This formulation identifies the actual path followed by the motion as a selection of the path over which the time integral of kinetic energy is least, assuming the total energy to be fixed, and imposing no conditions on the time of transit.

Configuration space

The Lagrangian formulation uses the configuration space of the system, the set of all possible generalized coordinates:

where  is N-dimensional real space (see also set-builder notation). The particular solution to the Euler–Lagrange equations is called a (configuration) path or trajectory, i.e. one particular q(t) subject to the required initial conditions. The general solutions form a set of possible configurations as functions of time:

The configuration space can be defined more generally, and indeed more deeply, in terms of topological manifolds and the tangent bundle.

Hamiltonian mechanics
Hamiltonian and Hamilton's equations

The Legendre transformation of the Lagrangian replaces the generalized coordinates and velocities (q, q̇) with (q, p); the generalized coordinates and the generalized momenta conjugate to the generalized coordinates:

and introduces the Hamiltonian (which is in terms of generalized coordinates and momenta):

where  denotes the dot product, also leading to Hamilton's equations:

which are now a set of 2N first-order ordinary differential equations, one for each qi(t) and pi(t). Another result from the Legendre transformation relates the time derivatives of the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian:

which is often considered one of Hamilton's equations of motion additionally to the others. The generalized momenta can be written in terms of the generalized forces in the same way as Newton's second law:

Generalized momentum space

Analogous to the configuration space, the set of all momenta is the momentum space (technically in this context; generalized momentum space):

"Momentum space" also refers to "k-space"; the set of all wave vectors (given by De Broglie relations) as used in quantum mechanics and theory of waves: this is not referred to in this context.

Phase space

The set of all positions and momenta form the phase space;

that is, the Cartesian product × of the configuration space and generalized momentum space.

A particular solution to Hamilton's equations is called a phase path, a particular curve (q(t),p(t)) subject to the required initial conditions. The set of all phase paths, the general solution to the differential equations, is the phase portrait:

The Poisson bracket

All dynamical variables can be derived from position q, momentum p, and time t, and written as a function of these: A = A(q, p, t). If A(q, p, t) and B(q, p, t) are two scalar valued dynamical variables, the Poisson bracket is defined by the generalized coordinates and momenta:

Calculating the total derivative of one of these, say A, and substituting Hamilton's equations into the result leads to the time evolution of A:

This equation in A is closely related to the equation of motion in the Heisenberg picture of quantum mechanics, in which classical dynamical variables become quantum operators (indicated by hats (^)), and the Poisson bracket is replaced by the commutator of operators via Dirac's canonical quantization:

Properties of the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian functions
Following are overlapping properties between the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian functions.
 All the individual generalized coordinates qi(t), velocities q̇i(t) and momenta pi(t) for every degree of freedom are mutually independent. Explicit time-dependence of a function means the function actually includes time t as a variable in addition to the q(t), p(t), not simply as a parameter through q(t) and p(t), which would mean explicit time-independence.
 The Lagrangian is invariant under addition of the total time derivative of any function of q and t, that is:  so each Lagrangian L and L describe exactly the same motion. In other words, the Lagrangian of a system is not unique.
 Analogously, the Hamiltonian is invariant under addition of the partial time derivative of any function of q, p and t, that is:  (K is a frequently used letter in this case). This property is used in canonical transformations (see below).
If the Lagrangian is independent of some generalized coordinates, then the generalized momenta conjugate to those coordinates are constants of the motion, i.e. are conserved, this immediately follows from Lagrange's equations:  Such coordinates are "cyclic" or "ignorable". It can be shown that the Hamiltonian is also cyclic in exactly the same generalized coordinates.
If the Lagrangian is time-independent the Hamiltonian is also time-independent (i.e. both are constant in time).
If the kinetic energy is a homogeneous function of degree 2 of the generalized velocities, and the Lagrangian is explicitly time-independent, then:  where λ is a constant, then the Hamiltonian will be the total conserved energy, equal to the total kinetic and potential energies of the system:  This is the basis for the Schrödinger equation, inserting quantum operators directly obtains it.

Principle of least action

Action is another quantity in analytical mechanics defined as a functional of the Lagrangian:

A general way to find the equations of motion from the action is the principle of least action:

where the departure t1 and arrival t2 times are fixed. The term "path" or "trajectory" refers to the time evolution of the system as a path through configuration space , in other words q(t) tracing out a path in . The path for which action is least is the path taken by the system.

From this principle, all equations of motion in classical mechanics can be derived. This approach can be extended to fields rather than a system of particles (see below), and underlies the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics,Quantum Field Theory, D. McMahon, Mc Graw Hill (US), 2008,  and is used for calculating geodesic motion in general relativity.

Hamiltonian-Jacobi mechanics
Canonical transformations

The invariance of the Hamiltonian (under addition of the partial time derivative of an arbitrary function of p, q, and t) allows the Hamiltonian in one set of coordinates q and momenta p to be transformed into a new set Q = Q(q, p, t) and P = P(q, p, t), in four possible ways:

With the restriction on P and Q such that the transformed Hamiltonian system is:

the above transformations are called canonical transformations, each function Gn is called a generating function of the "nth kind" or "type-n". The transformation of coordinates and momenta can allow simplification for solving Hamilton's equations for a given problem.

The choice of Q and P is completely arbitrary, but not every choice leads to a canonical transformation. One simple criterion for a transformation q → Q and p → P to be canonical is the Poisson bracket be unity,

for all i = 1, 2,...N. If this does not hold then the transformation is not canonical.

The Hamilton–Jacobi equation

By setting the canonically transformed Hamiltonian K = 0, and the type-2 generating function equal to Hamilton's principal function (also the action ) plus an arbitrary constant C:

the generalized momenta become:

and P is constant, then the Hamiltonian-Jacobi equation (HJE) can be derived from the type-2 canonical transformation:

where H is the Hamiltonian as before:

Another related function is Hamilton's characteristic functionused to solve the HJE by additive separation of variables for a time-independent Hamiltonian H.

The study of the solutions of the Hamilton–Jacobi equations leads naturally to the study of symplectic manifolds and symplectic topology. In this formulation, the solutions of the Hamilton–Jacobi equations are the integral curves of Hamiltonian vector fields.

Routhian mechanicsRouthian mechanics is a hybrid formulation of Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics, not often used but especially useful for removing cyclic coordinates. If the Lagrangian of a system has s cyclic coordinates q = q1, q2, ... qs with conjugate momenta p = p1, p2, ... ps, with the rest of the coordinates non-cyclic and denoted ζ = ζ1, ζ1, ..., ζN − s, they can be removed by introducing the Routhian:

which leads to a set of 2s Hamiltonian equations for the cyclic coordinates q,

and N − s Lagrangian equations in the non cyclic coordinates ζ.

Set up in this way, although the Routhian has the form of the Hamiltonian, it can be thought of a Lagrangian with N − s degrees of freedom.

The coordinates q do not have to be cyclic, the partition between which coordinates enter the Hamiltonian equations and those which enter the Lagrangian equations is arbitrary. It is simply convenient to let the Hamiltonian equations remove the cyclic coordinates, leaving the non cyclic coordinates to the Lagrangian equations of motion.

Appellian mechanicsAppell's equation of motion involve generalized accelerations, the second time derivatives of the generalized coordinates:

as well as generalized forces mentioned above in D'Alembert's principle. The equations are

where

is the acceleration of the k particle, the second time derivative of its position vector. Each acceleration ak is expressed in terms of the generalized accelerations αr, likewise each rk are expressed in terms the generalized coordinates qr.

Extensions to classical field theory
Lagrangian field theory

Generalized coordinates apply to discrete particles. For N scalar fields φi(r, t) where i = 1, 2, ... N, the Lagrangian density is a function of these fields and their space and time derivatives, and possibly the space and time coordinates themselves:

and the Euler–Lagrange equations have an analogue for fields:

where ∂μ denotes the 4-gradient and the summation convention has been used. For N scalar fields, these Lagrangian field equations are a set of N second order partial differential equations in the fields, which in general will be coupled and nonlinear.

This scalar field formulation can be extended to vector fields, tensor fields, and spinor fields.

The Lagrangian is the volume integral of the Lagrangian density:Gravitation, J.A. Wheeler, C. Misner, K.S. Thorne, W.H. Freeman & Co, 1973,

Originally developed for classical fields, the above formulation is applicable to all physical fields in classical, quantum, and relativistic situations: such as Newtonian gravity, classical electromagnetism, general relativity, and quantum field theory. It is a question of determining the correct Lagrangian density to generate the correct field equation.

Hamiltonian field theory

The corresponding "momentum" field densities conjugate to the N scalar fields φi(r, t) are:

where in this context the overdot denotes a partial time derivative, not a total time derivative. The Hamiltonian density  is defined by analogy with mechanics:

The equations of motion are:

where the variational derivative

must be used instead of merely partial derivatives. For N fields, these Hamiltonian field equations are a set of 2N first order partial differential equations, which in general will be coupled and nonlinear.

Again, the volume integral of the Hamiltonian density is the Hamiltonian

Symmetry, conservation, and Noether's theorem
Symmetry transformations in classical space and time

Each transformation can be described by an operator (i.e. function acting on the position r or momentum p variables to change them). The following are the cases when the operator does not change r or p, i.e. symmetries.

where R(n̂, θ) is the rotation matrix about an axis defined by the unit vector n̂''' and angle θ.

Noether's theorem

Noether's theorem states that a continuous symmetry transformation of the action corresponds to a conservation law, i.e. the action (and hence the Lagrangian) does not change under a transformation parameterized by a parameter s:

the Lagrangian describes the same motion independent of s, which can be length, angle of rotation, or time. The corresponding momenta to q'' will be conserved.

See also
Lagrangian mechanics
Hamiltonian mechanics
Theoretical mechanics
Classical mechanics
Dynamics
Nazariy Mexanika
Hamilton–Jacobi equation
Hamilton's principle
Kinematics
Kinetics (physics)
Non-autonomous mechanics
Udwadia–Kalaba equation

References and notes

Mathematical physics
Theoretical physics
Dynamical systems

Analytical mechanics


Frisøren er en dansk kortfilm fra 2012, der er instrueret af Andreas Sommer.

Handling
Frisør Andersen var engang byens bedste frisør, men som årene gik, har han grundet sit hårtab mistet både gejsten og talentet. Da en dreng kommer ind i salonen som den første kunde i mange år, tændes der en gnist i den ellers rustne og forfaldne frisør.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2012

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Frisøren


Zapata, el sueño del héroe, también titulada simplemente como Zapata, es una película mexicana estrenada en 2004. Basada en el personaje histórico Emiliano Zapata, y teniendo como trasfondo la revolución mexicana.

Este retrato ficticio de Emiliano Zapata como un chamán indígena, dirigido por Alfonso Arau, fue la película mexicana más cara jamás producida hasta ese momento, con una campaña publicitaria masiva. Inusual en la industria del cine mexicano, Zapata fue financiada de manera independiente.

El personaje principal fue interpretado por Alejandro Fernández (cantante y actor) hijo de Vicente Fernández. También protagonizada por la actriz de telenovelas y cantante Lucero, así como otros artistas, como Patricia Velázquez y Jaime Camil. Esta película fue vapuleada por los críticos especializados y el público. Está repleta de líneas sin sentido, como "Un revolucionario sin fusil es como un taco sin tortilla". Otros aspectos criticables fueron los problemas de continuidad y la falta de apego a la realidad histórica, así como las preocupaciones sobre el retrato de Zapata. Aunque muchas de las ideas de mercadotecnia y promocionales utilizados en el estreno de la película son "revolucionarios" en México, después de su inauguración, la película tuvo un mal desempeño en las salas de cine, muy por debajo de las expectativas, y hasta el 28 de mayo de 2004, aún no había podido encontrar distribuidores fuera de América Latina. Irónicamente, las expectativas de Alfonso Arau eran de recibir el Óscar y declaró públicamente que "Si los cineastas no pensamos en los premios de la Academia, no sabríamos lo que estamos haciendo".

Zapata hizo su debut en EE.UU. en el Festival de Cine de Santa Fe el 3 de diciembre de 2004 en el Centro de Arte Contemporáneo en Santa Fe, Nuevo México. Hubo algunos rumores de que el diseño de Zapata y algunos de sus accesorios también fueron utilizadas para Amor real, un importante proyecto de telenovela en México (ya que ambos son del mismo estilo), sin embargo se demostró que estos rumores eran falsos, ya que una gran cantidad de los apoyos de Amor real se han reciclado en realidad en otro proyecto (esta vez en una telenovela infantil) llamado: Amy, la niña de la mochila azul, en el que estos conjuntos fueron pintados en colores brillantes sólo para imitar a una playa del lado del pueblo, que no se podría haber utilizado los materiales de Zapata ya que estos eran ruinas y gráficos generados por computadora.

Protagonistas
 Alejandro Fernández como Emiliano Zapata.
 Patricia Velásquez como Josefa.
 Lucero como Esperanza.
 Jesús Ochoa como Victoriano Huerta.
 Jaime Camil como Eufemio.
 Soledad Ruiz como Juana Lucia.
 Arturo Beristáin como González.
 Julio Bracho como Guajardo.
 Alberto Estrella como Martínez.
 José Luis Cruz
 Ángeles Cruz
 Evangelina Sosa como Azucena.
 Angélica Aragón como Mesera 1.
 Carmen Salinas como Mesera 2.
 Blanca Tenario como Mesera 3.
 Fernando Becerril
 Juan Peláez
 Miguel Couturier como Limantour.
 Justo Martínez González como Porfirio Díaz.
 Gerardo Martínez como De la O.
 Rafael Cortés como Arturo.
 Alejandro Calva como Gilgerdo Magaña.
 Omar Sánchez como Otilio Montaña.
 Javier Escobar como Joaquín.
 Eduardo Ocaña como Pablo.
 Isi Rojano como Sobrina.
 Marcial Alejandro como Trovador.
 Francisco Badillo como Zapatista 1.
 Raymundo Ibarra como Zapatista 2.
 Mayahuel Del Monte como Mujer Zapatista.
 Luis Enrique Parra como Francisco Villa.
 Sharmel Altamirano
 Alejandra Palacios
 Jaime Estrada como Gabriel Zapata.
 Angélica Lara como Madre de Zapata.
 Rafael Velasco como Don Lázaro.
 César Valdéz como Sargento.
 Julian Sedgwick como Embajador EUA.
 Paulino Hemmer como Secretario de Huerta.
 Gerardo Pérez
 Omar Espino como Eufemio Niño.
 Paola Ayala como Josefa Niña.
 José Antonio Gutiérrez como Mensajero Federal.
 Eleno Guzmán como Soldado.
 Evangelina Martínez como Vieja.
 José María Negri como Sacerdote.
 Godofredo Villegas como Maestro de Ceremonias.
 Brenda Angulo como Prostituta.
 Carla Hernández como Prostituta.
 Tony Helling como Prostituta.
 Liliana Lago como Prostituta.
 Juana Ponce como Prostituta.
 Maria Guadalupe Hernández como Prostituta.
 Gabriela Tavela como Ama de llaves.
 Alfonso Garza como Marido celoso.
 Lucia Robles como Esposa Infiel.
 Luis Rubiera como Asistente de González.
 Eduardo Francisco Galeano como Asistente de González.

Banda sonora

Películas sobre la Revolución en México
Películas en español
Películas en náhuatl
Películas ambientadas en el siglo XX

Zapata, el sueño del héroe


Raskošno perje (liatris, lat. Liatris) rod glavočika iz Sjeverne Amerike s tridesetak vrsta trajnica i nekoliko hibrida. Tipična vrsta je L. squarrosa (L.) Michx., koja je prvi puta opisana kao Serratula squarrosa L..

Vrste

 Liatris acidota Engelm. & Gray
 Liatris aestivalis G.L.Nesom & O'Kennon
 Liatris aspera Michx.
 Liatris boykinii Torr. & A.Gray
 Liatris bracteata Gaiser
 Liatris chapmanii Torr. & A.Gray
 Liatris cokeri Pyne & Stucky
 Liatris compacta Rydb.
 Liatris × creditonensis Gaiser
 Liatris cylindracea Michx.
 Liatris cymosa K.Schum.
 Liatris elegans (Walter) Michx.
 Liatris elegantula K.Schum.
 Liatris fallacior (Lunell) Rydb.
 Liatris × freemaniana J.R.Allison
 Liatris × frostii Gaiser
 Liatris garberi A.Gray
 Liatris × gladewitzii (Farw.) Farw. ex Shinners
 Liatris glandulosa G.L.Nesom & O'Kennon
 Liatris gracilis Pursh
 Liatris helleri Porter
 Liatris hirsuta Rydb.
 Liatris × johnsonii Matt White
 Liatris laevigata Nutt.
 Liatris lancifolia (Greene) Kittell
 Liatris ligulistylis (A.Nelson) K.Schum.
 Liatris × macdanieliana J.R.Allison
 Liatris microcephala K.Schum.
 Liatris ohlingerae B.L.Rob.
 Liatris oligocephala J.R.Allison
 Liatris × orzellii G.L.Nesom
 Liatris patens Kral & G.L.Nesom
 Liatris pauciflora Pursh
 Liatris pilosa Willd.
 Liatris provincialis R.K.Godfrey
 Liatris punctata Hook.
 Liatris pycnostachya Michx.
 Liatris × ridgwayi Standl.
 Liatris scariosa (L.) Willd.
 Liatris spheroidea Michx.
 Liatris spicata (L.) Willd.
 Liatris squarrosa (L.) Michx.
 Liatris squarrulosa Michx.
 Liatris × steelei Gaiser
 Liatris tenuifolia Nutt.
 Liatris tenuis Shinners
 Liatris virgata Nutt.
 Liatris × weaveri Shinners

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Eupatorieae

Raskošno perje


Red Britanskog Carstva (engleski: Most Excellent Order of the British Empire) je viteško odlikovanje Britanske monarhije koje se dodjeljuje vojnicima i civilima za promicanje znanosti, umjetnosti, kulture, volonterski i humanitani rad te javno, vojno ili civilno djelovanje. Utemeljio ga je britanski kralj Đuro V. 4. lipnja 1917. u ukupno četiri stupnja za civilne i vojne osobe. Primatelji reda ženskoga spola dobivaju naslov "dame", a muškoga spola "viteza". Najsrodnije državno odlikovanje jest Odličje Britanskoga Carstva, čiji su primatelji najčešće i dobitnici nižih stupnjeva Reda, poput stupnjeva člana i časnika.

Isprva su se imenovanja vršila samo za stanovnike Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, ali su se ubrzo proširila i na samoupravne dominione Carstva i britanske kolonije. Tako su osim britanskog kralja, odličje su u kraljevo ime dodjeljivali i potkraljevi Indije, kolonijalni guverneri i časnici u državama Commonwealtha. Unatoč stjecanju neovisnosti brojnih kolonija, odlikovanja se dodjeljuju i u svim članicama Comonwealtha i Britanskim prekomorskim posjedima, koje su kasnije uspostavile i svoje nacionalna odlikovanja poput Australskog i Kanadskog reda te Novozelandskoga reda za zasluge.

Vanjske poveznice
 Stranice Britanskoga parlamenta, Kriteriji za dodjelu Reda Britanskoga Carstva, arhivirano 3. prosinca 2013.
 The London Gazette, Popis dobitnika odlikovanja (1940. – 2017.), pristupljeno 9. prosinca 2016.
 Odsjek za grboslovlje i genealogiju Sveučilišta Cambridge, The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, arhivirano 12. siječnja 2003., pristupljeno 19. prosinca 2016.

Odlikovanja Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva

Red Britanskog Carstva


was a town located in Yame District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 14,023 and a density of 103.50 persons per km2. The total area was 135.49 km2.

On February 1, 2010, Kurogi, along with the town of Tachibana, and the villages of Hoshino and Yabe (all from Yame District), was merged into the expanded city of Yame.

See also
Groups of Traditional Buildings

External links
 Yame official website

Dissolved municipalities of Fukuoka Prefecture
Populated places disestablished in 2010

Kurogi, Fukuoka


Bernardine do Régo est une diplomate béninoise.

Biographie
Bernardine do Régo est née le  et a fait ses études à Dakar et à Paris. Elle a étudié à l'université de Paris de 1961 à 1963 et à l'Institut des hautes études d'Outre-Mer (IHEOM) de 1962 à 1964. Elle est la première femme béninoise à occuper la fonction de diplomate. En effet, elle a été ambassadrice du Bénin près le Nigeria et le Canada.

Références

Articles connexes
 Christine Ouinsavi
 Marie Joe Mamatou Mèba Bio
 Flore Gangbo
 Céline Seignon Kandissounon
 Mamata Bako Djaouga

Famille do Rego (Bénin)
Naissance en août 1937
Étudiant de l'université de Paris
Élève de l'École nationale de la France d'outre-mer
Personnalité féminine béninoise
Diplomate béninoise
Ambassadeur béninois
Ambassadeur au Nigeria
Ambassadeur au Canada
Pionnière en politique

Bernardine do Régo


Victor Ortiz (n. 31 ianuarie 1987) este un boxer american. A deținut centura WBC la categoria semimijlocie în 2011, și a fost clasat în primii trei semimijloci de către revista The Ring, BoxRec sau ESPN.

Rezultate în boxul profesionist

| style="text-align:center;" colspan="8"|32 de victorii (25 prin knockout, 7 la puncte), 6 înfrângeri, 3 remize, 0 lupte nedisputate
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3e3;"
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Rez.
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Rezultat general
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Adversar
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Tip
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Runda,Timp
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Data
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Locația
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Note
|- align=center
|Remiză
|32–6–3
|style="text-align:left;"| Devon Alexander
|
|12
|Feb 17, 2018
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- align=center
|Victorie
|32–6–2
|style="text-align:left;"| Saul Corral
|KO
|4 (10),
|Jul 30, 2017
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- align=center
|Înfrângere
|31–6–2
|style="text-align:left;"| Andre Berto
|TKO
|4 (12),
|Apr 30, 2016
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- align=center
|Victorie
|31–5–2
|style="text-align:left;"| Gilberto Sanchez Leon
|TKO
|8 (10),
|Dec 12, 2015
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- align=center
|Victorie
|30–5–2
|style="text-align:left;"| Manuel Pérez
|TKO
|3 (10),
|Dec 13, 2014
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- align=center
|Înfrângere
|29–5–2
|style="text-align:left;"| Luis Collazo
|KO
|2 (12),
|Jan 30, 2014
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- align=center
|Înfrângere
|29–4–2
|style="text-align:left;"| Josesito López
|RTD
|9 (12),
|Jun 23, 2012
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- align=center
|Înfrângere
|29–3–2
|style="text-align:left;"| Floyd Mayweather Jr.
|KO
|4 (12),
|Sep 17, 2011
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- align=center
|Victorie
|29–2–2
|style="text-align:left;"| Andre Berto
|UD
|12
|Apr 16, 2011
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- align=center
|Egal
|28–2–2
|style="text-align:left;"| Lamont Peterson
|
|10
|Dec 11, 2010
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- align=center
|Victorie
|28–2–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Vivian Harris
|KO
|3 (10),
|Sep 18, 2010
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- align=center
|Victorie
|27–2–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Nate Campbell
|UD
|10
|15 mai 2010
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- align=center
|Victorie
|26–2–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Hector Alatorre
|TKO
|10 (10),
|Feb 25, 2010
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- align=center
|Victorie
|25–2–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Antonio Díaz
|
|7 (10),
|Dec 12, 2009
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- align=center
|Înfrângere
|24–2–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Marcos Maidana
|TKO
|6 (12),
|Jun 27, 2009
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- align=center
|Victorie
|24–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Mike Arnaoutis
|TKO
|2 (12),
|Mar 7, 2009
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- align=center
|Victorie
|23–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Jeffrey Resto
|TKO
|2 (12),
|Dec 6, 2008
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- align=center
|Victorie
|22–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Roberto David Arrieta
|TKO
|5 (12),
|Sep 13, 2008
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- align=center
|Victorie
|21–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Dairo José Esalas
|KO
|5 (10),
|3 mai 2008
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- align=center
|Victorie
|20–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Carlos Maussa
|KO
|1 (10),
|Nov 10, 2007
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- align=center
|Victorie
|19–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Emmanuel Clottey
|TKO
|10 (10),
|Aug 30, 2007
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- align=center
|Victorie
|18–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Maximino Cuevas
|KO
|1 (10),
|Jun 29, 2007
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- align=center
|Victorie
|17–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Tomas Barrientes
|TKO
|5 (8),
|Apr 14, 2007
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- align=center
|Egal
|16–1–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Marvin Cordova Jr.
|
|1 (8),
|Jan 19, 2007
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- align=center
|Victorie
|16–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Yahir Aguiar
|KO
|2 (6),
|Nov 3, 2006
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- align=center
|Victorie
|15–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Alfred Kotey
|UD
|8
|Sep 8, 2006
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- align=center
|Victorie
|14–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Orlando Cantera
|TKO
|4 (8),
|Jun 23, 2006
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- align=center
|Victorie
|13–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Freddie Barrera
|TKO
|1 (8),
|Mar 31, 2006
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- align=center
|Victorie
|12–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Nestor Rosas
|KO
|5 (8),
|Feb 10, 2006
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- align=center
|Victorie
|11–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Leroy Fountain
|
|4 (8),
|Jan 6, 2006
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- align=center
|Victorie
|10–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Donnell Logan
|TKO
|2 (4),
|Nov 4, 2005
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- align=center
|Victorie
|9–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Kevin Carmody
|UD
|6
|Sep 9, 2005
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- align=center
|Victorie
|8–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Oliver Bolanos
|UD
|4
|Aug 26, 2005
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- align=center
|Înfrângere
|7–1
|style="text-align:left;"| Corey Alarcon
|
|1 (6),
|Jun 3, 2005
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|- align=center
|Victorie
|7–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Rodney Jones
|TKO
|2 (4),
|Mar 5, 2005
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- align=center
|Victorie
|6–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Joel Ortega
|TKO
|1 (4),
|Feb 11, 2005
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- align=center
|Victorie
|5–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Juan Patino
|UD
|4
|Nov 26, 2004
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- align=center
|Victorie
|4–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Charles Hawkins
|TKO
|4 (4),
|Oct 8, 2004
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- align=center
|Victorie
|3–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Lee De Leon
|TKO
|2 (4),
|Sep 17, 2004
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- align=center
|Victorie
|2–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Alejandro Nungaray
|
|4
|Jul 24, 2004
|style="text-align:left;"|
|
|- align=center
|Victorie
|1–0
|style="text-align:left;"| Raul Montes
|
|1 (4),
|Jun 4, 2004
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|
|}

Referințe
boxeri americani
campioni mondiali la box

Victor Ortiz


Folgend die Ergebnisse und Platzierungen bei den Commonwealth Games 2002 im Dameneinzel im Badminton.

1. Runde
  Amrita Sawaram –  Caroline Vaughn: 7-1 / 7-3 / 7-0
  Denyse Julien –  Anjali Gudhka: 7-0 / 7-0 / 7-1
  Lisa Lynas –  Sheen Rasheed: 7-0 / 2-7 / 7-4 / 7-1
  Kerry Ann Sheppard –  Jean Mabiza: 7-3 / 5-7 / 7-1 / 7-2
  Chandrika de Silva –  Sarah Le Moigne: 7-3 / 8-7 / 1-7 / 7-2
  Juliette Ah-Wan –  Mariama Eastmond: 7-0 / 7-1 / 7-3
  Trupti Murgunde –  Solenn Pasturel: 8-6 / 7-1 / 7-4
  Kellie Lucas –  Claire Henderson: 5-7 / 7-4 / 7-0 / 7-1
  Kuburat Mumini –  Nigella Saunders: 7-3 / 8-6 / 5-7 / 7-4
  Rebecca Bellingham –  Dionne Forde: 7-2 / 7-0 / 7-0
  Kara Solmundson –  Lucy Burns: 7-1 / 7-2 / 7-2
  B. R. Meenakshi –  Amaani Rasheed: 7-0 / 7-0 / 7-2
  Grace Daniel –  Elizabeth Cann: w.o.
  Asma Butt –  Theresa Tetteh: w.o.
  Jane Crabtree –  Mary Ennoo: w.o.

2. Runde
  Aparna Popat –  Lenny Permana: 8-7 / 7-4 / 7-1
  Amrita Sawaram –  Joyce Malebogo Arone: 7-0 / 7-0 / 7-1
  Nicole Gordon –  Wong Mew Choo: 7-4 / 7-3 / 7-3
  Denyse Julien –  Grace Daniel: 7-0 / 7-0 / 7-2
  Tracey Hallam –  Catherina Paulin: 7-0 / 7-1 / 7-3
  Lisa Lynas –  Kerry Ann Sheppard: 7-3 / 2-7 / 7-4 / 3-7 / 7-5
  Susan Egelstaff –  Deepthi Chapala: 7-0 / 7-4 / 7-1
  Chandrika de Silva –  Asma Butt: 7-2 / 7-2 / 7-0
  Trupti Murgunde –  Juliette Ah-Wan: 7-4 / 7-0 / 7-3
  Ng Mee Fen –  Kellie Lucas: 7-1 / 7-0 / 7-3
  Fiona Sneddon –  Kuburat Mumini: 7-0 / 7-0 / 7-3
  Julia Mann –  Elena Johnson: 7-0 / 7-0 / 7-1
  Kara Solmundson –  Rebecca Bellingham: 7-2 / 7-5 / 7-5
  Li Li –  Karen Foo Kune: 7-1 / 7-0 / 7-0
  B. R. Meenakshi –  Jane Crabtree: 7-2 / 7-1 / 7-0
  Kelly Morgan –  Leungo Tshweneetsile: 7-0 / 7-0 / 7-0

Endrunde

Endstand

Weblinks
 Medaillengewinner der Commonwealth Games

2002
Badminton 2002
Badminton
Badmintonwettbewerb in Manchester
Frauenbadmintonwettbewerb

Commonwealth Games 2002/Badminton (Dameneinzel)


Zoltán Fábián () a fost un scriitor maghiar.

În 1952, a primit Premiul Attila József.

În limba română, romanul lui Kulin György și Fábián Zoltán Üzen a nyolcadik bolygó a fost tradus de Eugen Hadai și publicat ca Mesajul celei de-a opta planete în Colecția "Povestiri științifico-fantastice" nr. 263-268 din 1966. Un alt roman al celor doi scriitori, Az ellentmondások bolygója, a fost tradus ca Planeta contradicțiilor în Colecția "Povestiri științifico-fantastice" nr. 368-371 din 1970.

Note

Legături externe
 Zoltán Fábián

Vezi și
 Științifico-fantasticul în Ungaria

Nașteri în 1926Decese în 1983
Scriitori maghiariScriitori maghiari de literatură științifico-fantastică
Științifico-fantasticul în Ungaria

Zoltán Fábián


"Hayalî" Şinasi Çelikkol, Bursalı Karagöz Ustası,  tasvir yapımcısı.

1983-1994 yılları arasında yardaklık yapan Çelikkol, Metin Özlen, Orhan Kurt, Taceddin Diker ve Torun Çelebi gibi ustalarla çalıştı ve onlardan ders aldı. 1994 yılında Hadi Poyrazoğlu tarafından kendisine Hayalî unvanı verildi. 1994'ten günümüze hayalîlik yapmaktadır.

Uluslararası Gölge Oyunu Birliği Bursa başkanlığını yürüten Çelikkol, Bursa Belediyesi ile birlikte çalışarak Türkiye'nin ilk Karagöz Evi ve Müzesi'nin açılmasında rol oynamıştır. Kukla ve Gölge Oyunları figürleri koleksiyonunun da sergilendiği Bursa Karagöz Evi'nde düzenli Karagöz gösterileri yapmaktadır..

Çalışmalarından ötürü 1993 yılında Türkiye Folklor Araştırma Derneği, 1997'de Uluslararası Gölge Oyunu Birliği, 1998 yılında İstanbul Çocuk Vakfı tarafından ödüllendirilen Çelikkol, 2001 yılında Uluslararası Kukla Festivali Onur Ödülü'nü almıştır.

Türk kuklacılar
Gölge oyunları

Şinasi Çelikkol


Agostino Casaroli (Castel San Giovanni, 24. studenoga 1914. – Vatikan, 9. lipnja 1998.), talijanski katolički nadbiskup, kardinal, visoki vatikanski dužnosnik. Napisao Mučeništvo strpljivosti i dr. Bio je kartaginski naslovni nadbiskup, državni pro-tajnik, pro-prefekt Vijeća za javne crkvene poslove. Papa Ivan Pavao II. imenovao ga je za kardinala na konzistoriju 30. lipnja 1979. godine. Bio je državni tajnik Svete Stolice od 1979. do 1990. godine.

Izvori

Talijanski biskupi
Talijanski kardinali
Diplomati

Agostino Casaroli


Ayerbe, Aragona, İspanya'da şehir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Aragona

İspanya'daki şehirler
Huesca'nın belediyeleri
Huesca'daki belediyeler

Ayerbe


Gaza, İslam dinini korumak veya yaymak amacıyla Müslüman olmayanlara karşı yapılan büyük müslüman devletlerin veya uç beyliklerinin  yaptığı kutsal savaşa verilen isimdir. Katılanlara gazi, savaşta ölenlere ise şehit denir. Bu savaşta ele geçirilen mallara ganimet denir.

Osmanlıda gaza
İslam dinini korumak veya yaymak amacıyla Müslüman olmayanlara karşı yapılan savaşlara gaza veya cihat denir. Osmanlı Devleti
genellikle Batı üzerine (Bizans ve Balkanlar) bir fetihler yapmıştır. Burada asıl amaç İslam dinini yaymak ve Müslümanları korumaktır. Osmanlıların Anadolu Beylikleri yerine Hristiyanlar üzerine seferler yapması diğer Türk beyliklerinin Osmanlı Devletinin etrafında toplanmasına neden olmuştur

İslam terimleri

Gaza


The tarte Tatin (), named after the Tatin sisters who invented it and served it in their hotel as its signature dish, is a pastry in which the fruit (usually apples) is  caramelized in butter and sugar before the tart is baked. It originated in France but has spread to other countries over the years.

History

The tarte Tatin was created accidentally at the Hôtel Tatin in Lamotte-Beuvron, Loir-et-Cher,  south of Paris, in the 1880s. The hotel was run by two sisters, Stéphanie and Caroline Tatin. There are conflicting stories concerning the tart's origin, but the most common is that Stéphanie Tatin, who did most of the cooking, was overworked one day. She started to make a traditional apple pie but left the apples cooking in butter and sugar for too long. Smelling the burning, she tried to rescue the dish by putting the pastry base on top of the pan of apples and quickly finishing the cooking by putting the whole pan in the oven. After turning out the upside-down tart, she was surprised to find how much the hotel guests appreciated the dessert. In an alternative version of the tart's origin, Stéphanie baked a caramelized apple tart upside-down by mistake: regardless, she served her guests the unusual dish. Whatever the veracity of either story, the concept of the upside-down tart was not a new one. For instance, patissier Antonin Carême already mentions glazed gâteaux renversés adorned with apples from Rouen or other fruit in his Pâtissier Royal Parisien (1841).

The tarte became a signature dish of the Hôtel Tatin. Historians and gourmets have argued whether it is a genuine creation of the Demoiselles (Misses) Tatin or the branding of an improved version of the "tarte solognote," a traditional dish named after the Sologne region which surrounds Lamotte-Beuvron. Research suggests that while the tarte became a specialty of the Hôtel Tatin, the sisters did not set out to create a "signature dish"; they never wrote a cookbook or published their recipe; they never even called it tarte Tatin. That recognition was bestowed upon them by Curnonsky, the famous French author and epicure, as well as the Parisian restaurant Maxim's after the sisters' deaths.

One of the legends has it that Louis Vaudable, the owner of Maxim's, once tasted it and was smitten. As he described it:

"I used to hunt around Lamotte-Beuvron in my youth and had discovered, in a very small hotel run by elderly ladies, a marvelous dessert listed on the menu under tarte solognote; I questioned the kitchen staff about its recipe but was sternly rebuffed. Undaunted, I got myself hired as a gardener, but three days later, I was fired when it became clear that I could hardly plant a cabbage; however, this was long enough to pierce the secrets of the kitchen; I brought the recipe back, and put it on my menu under 'tarte des demoiselles Tatin.'"

In reality, Vaudable was born in 1902; the sisters retired in 1906 and died in 1911 and 1917, whereas Maxim's was purchased by the Vaudable family in 1932.

Originally, the tarte Tatin was made with two regional apple varieties: Reine des Reinettes (Pippins) and Calville. Over the years, other varieties have tended to displace them, including Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, Fuji and Gala.

Tarte Tatin can also be made with pears, bananas, quinces, peaches, pineapple, tomatoes, other fruit or vegetables, such as onion.

The Tarte Tatin should be made with puff or shortcrust pastry.

Variations

Variations of this recipe can also be made as turnovers, where the pastry is not only cooked upside-down but also inverted.

See also

 Apple cake
 Apple pie
 List of apple dishes
 List of foods named after people
 List of French desserts
 Tart
 Upside-down cake

References

External links

 Gourmet magazine's recipe for tarte tatin
 Annual Tarte Tatin competition and recipe

French pastries
Tarts
Apple dishes
19th-century food
French cakes

Tarte Tatin


بنسيلفانيا جازيت (بالإنجليزية: Pennsylvania Gazette) هي صحيفة أمريكية وهي الجريدة الرسمية لولاية بنسلفينيا أصدرها بنجامين فرانكلين عام 1728، وهي ثاني صحيفة تنشر في ولاية بنسلفينا تحت اسم Pennsylvania Gazette.

مراجع

تأسيسات سنة 1723 في المستعمرات الثلاثة عشرة
تأسيسات سنة 1728 في بنسيلفانيا
صحف أمريكية أوقفت عن العمل
صحف سابقة في فيلادلفيا
منشورات انحلت في 1800
منشورات أسست في 1728

بنسيلفانيا جازيت (صحيفة)


Polesden Lacey est une maison et un domaine édouardiens, situés dans les North Downs à Great Bookham, près de Dorking, dans le Surrey, en Angleterre. Il appartient et est géré par le National Trust et est l'une des propriétés les plus populaires du Trust.

Cette maison de style Régence est agrandie à partir d'un bâtiment antérieur et largement rénovée en 1906 par , une hôtesse édouardienne bien connue. Sa collection de beaux tableaux, de meubles, de porcelaines et d'argenterie est exposée dans les salons et les galeries, comme à l'époque de ses célèbres fêtes de maison.

Le domaine de 1400 acres comprend une roseraie clos de murs, des pelouses, des bois anciens et des promenades paysagères.

Les futurs George VI et la reine Elizabeth y passent une partie de leur lune de miel en 1923.

Maisons précédentes
On pense que le nom « Polesden » est en vieil anglais. La première maison est construite en 1336. Anthony Rous achète le domaine en 1630 et reconstruit la maison médiévale. Richard Brinsley Sheridan, le poète et dramaturge, achète la maison en 1804.

La maison appartient ensuite à Francis Geary, mais son Polesden Lacey est démoli lorsque Joseph Bonsor achète le domaine et charge Thomas Cubitt de construire une maison entièrement nouvelle en 1824, créant le noyau de la maison que l'on voit aujourd'hui. Bonsor meurt en 1835 et la maison passe à son fils qui, en 1853, vend le domaine à Walter Rockcliff Farquhar, qui le conserve jusqu'à sa mort en 1902.

Début du  siècle

Le domaine Polesden Lacey est acheté en 1902 par Clinton Edward Dawkins, un fonctionnaire de carrière, qui charge Ambrose Poynter, architecte fils de Edward Poynter, d'étendre considérablement le travail de Cubitt pour créer la maison actuelle. Clinton, cependant, est décédé peu de temps après son achèvement. Le domaine est ensuite acheté en 1906 par  pour sa fille, Margaret Anderson, et son mari, le capitaine Ronald Greville.

Les architectes Charles Mewès et Arthur Davis, responsables de l'hôtel Ritz à Londres, remodèlent la maison des Greville. Le couple remplit la maison de collections de beaux meubles, de porcelaine, d'argenterie et d'art.

Ronald Greville meurt en 1908 seulement deux ans après qu'ils ont déménagé à Polesden Lacey, à 46 ans. Margaret continue à recevoir somptueusement à la maison. Elle possède également une maison à Londres dans laquelle elle organise des fêtes coûteuses. Au cours des 30 années suivantes, sa réputation d'hôtesse de la société édouardienne est établie.

En 1923, Margaret invite le duc et la duchesse d'York à passer leur lune de miel à Polesden Lacey et le couple royal y passe par la suite deux semaines. Peu de temps avant leur arrivée, un journal londonien prend des photographies de la maison et publie un grand article sur le lieu de lune de miel proposé.

Propriété du National Trust (1942 - aujourd'hui)

Polesden Lacey est léguée au National Trust par Mme Greville en 1942 en mémoire de son père, le brasseur William McEwan (elle est sa fille illégitime et unique héritière). Le legs comprend environ  de terrain ainsi que des tableaux et des meubles, dont elle espère qu'ils formeront la base d'une future galerie d'art. La maison est ouverte au public par le Trust en août 1946.

En août 1960, un incendie détruit environ la moitié de la toiture de la propriété. Plusieurs plafonds du rez-de-chaussée sont endommagés par l'eau lors des tentatives d'extinction de l'incendie mais la collection d'art et de meubles est sauvée par les travailleurs du domaine. Le coût des réparations, environ , est couvert par l'assurance et la maison ouvre au public le 9 juin 1962.

En 1995, le National Trust lance un programme de restauration et de rénovation. En 2008/9, les installations pour les visiteurs sont assez largement rénovées, avec un nouveau parking, un café, une boutique et un magasin à la ferme. Il reçoit  visiteurs en 2018, le plaçant dans le top 10 des propriétés les plus visitées du Trust.

Certaines parties de la maison ne sont actuellement pas ouvertes au public. En effet, en 1942, on pensait que les chambres et les zones des domestiques n'intéresseraient pas les visiteurs. Le premier étage du manoir est utilisé par le bureau régional du National Trust pour Londres et le sud-est. Les anciennes zones des domestiques (au rez-de-chaussée) sont utilisées par le personnel de Polesden Lacey comme bureaux. En mars 2011 l'appartement privé de Mme Greville qui avait été occupé par la House Manager est ouvert.

Il y a un certain nombre de promenades autour du domaine Polesden Lacey, en particulier dans la vallée que surplombe la maison principale. Le domaine comprend une auberge de jeunesse, Tanners Hatch.

Références

Liens externes

Monument classé de Grade II* dans le Surrey
Propriété du National Trust dans le Surrey
Style Regency au Royaume-Uni

Polesden Lacey


A Taça dos Vencedores de Taças de Hóquei em Patins de 1986-87 foi a 11.ª edição da Taça das Taças.

O FC Barcelona venceu a competição pela 1.ª vez, derrotando os italianos do Hockey Novara na final.

Equipas participantes

Jogos

Fase final

Quartos-de-final

Meias-finais

Final

Competições de hóquei sobre patins
1987 no desporto


ورلد أوف جوو  هي لعبة فيديو من نوع الألغاز مع تركيز قوي على الفيزياء، متوفرة على WiiWare، ويندوز، ماك العاشر، ولينوكس (إكس 86 بصورة عادية ، x86 - 64 عبر معيار 32 بت النظام الفرعي للمكتبات  طورت بواسطة 2D Boy، مطوروا ألعاب مستقلين يتألفون من وكيلي جابلر ورون كارمل، وكلاهما موظفوا شركات فنون إلكترونية سابقين. اللعبة رشحت لجائزة Seumas McNally الكبرى، جائزة التصميم والابتكار والتميز الفني في مهرجان الألعاب المستقلة. قد تم إصدار اللعبة كـ وي واير خاصة بمنصة ألعاب Wii في أمريكا الشمالية في 13 أكتوبر 2008. في 11 نوفمبر 2008، أعلن مطوروا عالم جوو أنه سيتم إصدار اللعبة كـ WiiWare في أوروبا بدلا من أن تكون لعبة مفردة في قرص مرن كماهو الحال في أغلبية الألعاب. وخلال مؤتمر D.I.C.E. Summit لعام 2009، اعلنت نينتندو انها ستنشر عالم جوو في اليابان خلال الربع الثاني من عام 2009  ؛ وقد تم إصدار اللعبة في 21 إبريل 2009 تحت عنوان كوكب جوو   وفي 24 مارس 2009، أعلن أن عالم جوو سيكون جزءا من مجموعة MacHeist الثالثة.

طريقة اللعب

نظرة عامة

اللعبة تدور حول فكرة إنشاء هياكل باستخدام كرات كبيرة من الجوو. وهي تستند على نموذج لعبة برج جوو لكايل جابلر وهو مشروع لعبة اختباري. واللعبة مقسمة إلى خمسة فصول، كل منها يحتوي على عدة مستويات. كل مستوى له أسلوب خاص من الموسقى والرسوم، ليعطيه جواً فريداً،  في أسلوب مماثل لطريقة تصميم أفلام تيم بورتون. كما أن هناك لعبة إضافية مدمجى تدعى مؤسسة عالم جوو، حيث تهدف اللعبة لبناء أعلى برج باستخدام كرات جوو التي يتم جمعها عن طريق أثناء لعب كل مستوى.اللاعبون من كل أنحاء العالم يستطيعون المنافسة، حيث أن ارتفاع البرج وعدد من الكرات المستخدمة يجري تحديثها على الدوام إلى خادم 2D Boy

الهدف من اللعبة

الهدف الرئيسي من اللعبة هو إيصال العدد المطلوب من كرات الجوو إلى ماسورة تمثل المخرج. ومن أجل القيام بذلك، يجب أن يستخدم اللاعب كرات جوو لبناء الجسور، وأبراج وغيرها من الهياكل للتغلب على الجاذبية ومختلف الصعوبات والتضاريس مثل السهول أوالتلال أوالمرتفعات أو المنحدرات. وهناك عدة أنواع من كرات جوو في اللعبة، ولكل منها خصائص فريدة. يجب على اللاعب استغلال هذا التنوع من الكرات من أجل استكمال كل مستوى. كرات الجوو الزائدة التي تصل إلى الماسورة يتم ضخها إلى مؤسسة عالم جوو وهي مثل ساحة اللعب الرملية الهدف منها هو التنافس مع لاعبين آخرين من مختلف أنحاء العالم عن طريق بناء أطول برج يمكن بناؤه كما يمكن للاعبين محاولة تحقيق «علم الإنجاز الشخصي المتميز (OCD)» في كل مستوى من المستويات عن طريق استكمال المستوى بمعايير أكثر صرامة،  مثل جمع عدد أكبر من كرات جوو، استكمال المستوى في وقت محدد أو باستخدام أقل عدد ممكن من التحركات.

المستويات والفصول في اللعبة تتخللها مشاهد سريعة

نسخة الـ WiiWare تدعم عدة لاعبين حتى أربعة اشخاص على نفس المنصة.هذه الخاصية أيضاً متوفرة، وإن كانت غير مدعومة، في نسخة لينوكس.

المستويات

عالم جوو بشكل عام مقسم إلى خمسة فصول، تحتوي كل منها على عدد من المستويات. الفصول وزعت على فصول عام واحد في عالم جوو. كل فصل يستحوذ على موسم واحد، تبدأ في بداية فصل الصيف، وتنتهي في نهاية ربيع العام المقبل.

وهناك 'فصل' إضافي يمكن اختياره من القائمة الرئيسية هو مؤسسة عالم جوو.كرات الجوو الزائدة عن العدد المطلوب لإكمال كل مستوى يتم ضخها إلى هنابتداء من مثلث واحد فقط من كرات جوو، سيقوم اللاعب بمحاولة بناء أعلى برج يمكن بناؤه. كرات جوو في مؤسسة عالم جوو فريدة من نوعها، ذلك لأنها يمكن أن يتغير مكانها مثل الكرات اللزجة لكنها سوداء ولا يمكن أن تشكل إلا أن وصلتين في كل مرة مثل الكرات العادية.
في مؤسسة عالم جوو، الأبراج التي تبنى من قبل لاعبين آخرين في اللعبة تمثل على شكل غيوم تحمل اسم اللاعب، والجنسية، وارتفاع البرج، بما في ذلك تفاصيل عن العدد الإجمالي للكرات التي جمعها اللاعب وعدد التي استخدمت في بناء على البرج. ارتفاع كل سحابة يمثل ارتفاع برج كل لاعب. وهناك لائحة على شبكة الإنترنت تقوم برسم ارتفاع أعلى 50 أبراج بيانياً، وكذلك أفضل 10 لاعبين على مستوى كل لعبة.

هناك ما مجموعه 48 مستوى في اللعبة، بما فيها مؤسسة عالم جوو.

كما ذكر في مقابلة مع المطورين أن النسخة الصادرة في أوروبا ستحصل على فصل إضافي سادس، موجود في القمر. تم الكشف عن تفاصيل قليلة، ولكن أفيد أن هذا الفصل سيتضمن على ساحة لعب حرة، مماثلة لتلك التي من مؤسسة عالم جوو. ولكن هذه الإضافة الغيت عندما أعلنت 2D Boy أنها ستطلق اللعبة على شكل WiiWare في أوروبا.

التطوير

عالم جوو تخيله مطوران إلكترونيان سابقان، كايل جابلر ورون كارمل. استوديو ألعابهم، 2D بوي، وجد في أي مقهى بشبكة لاسلكية تمكنا من العثور عليه. المطوران قدرا الإنفاق على بنحو 10,000 دولار من المدخرات الشخصية لتطوير عالم جوو الذي يشمل الإيجار، والغذاء، والحد الأدنى من المعدات. المطوران يعللان نجاح اللعبة إلى مدونتهما والظهور الأولي على الشبكة بالإضافة إلى الجوائز التي حازتها في مهرجان الألعاب المستقلة في مؤتمر مطوري الألعاب عام 2007، والذي دعى الناشرين الذين لم يستجيبوا لطلباتهم من قبل إلى أن يطالبوا بنشر اللعبة الآن.

المطورون استخدموا العديد من التقنيات المفتوحة المصدر مثل Simple DirectMedia Layer ومحرك Open Dynamics للمحاكاة الفيزيائية، وTinyXML لملفات التهيئة. كما تم استخدام Subversion ومتابع الأخطاء البرمجية Mantis في العمل الجماعي كما تم استخدام PopCap Games Framework لتوليد الخطاللعبة أنشأت بواسطة فريق صغير للغاية بثلاثة أعضاء فقط كحد أعلى.

المطورون اعتمدوا على المجتمع لترجمة اللعبة إلى الهولندية، الفرنسية، الألمانية، الإيطالية والإسبانية لاصدار الاتحاد الأوروبي في كانون الأول / ديسمبر عام 2008. اللعبة متوفرة أيضاً باللغات البولندية في بولندا. في تعليق في مدونة 2D Boy، ذكر مطوروا اللعبة أن التقديرات تشير إلى أنه بسبب القرصنة، واحدة فقط من كل عشر نسخ من إصدار الكمبيوتر الشخصي من عالم جوو تم شراؤها بصورة مشروعة.

مدى تقبل اللعبة
لاقت كل من إصدارات Wii وويندوز من عالم جوو قبولا حسنا، وحصلت على رصيد إجمالي من ميتاكريتيك بمقدار 94/100  و 91/100  على التوالي. أما بالنسبة غيم رانكينغز، فاللعبة حصلت على رصيد 91 ٪ لأجهزة الكمبيوتر الشخصية. يورو جيمر دعا عالم جوو «آخر، وأنقى، وأكثر الهديا الفيزيائية روعة». IGN قال عن نسخة Wii «عالم جوو لعبة WiiWare مذهلة يجب عليك ببساطة شراؤها لأن هذا بالضبط هو نوع البرامج التي يحتاج إلى الاعتراف والدعم»، مع إيجاد خطأ واحد طفيف فقط مع التحكم بالكاميرا وعدم وجود محرر مستويات لإنشاء مستويات جديدة. عالم WiiWare أعطى اللعبة 10/10، قائلين «عالم جوو ليس فقط بباسطة أفضل WiiWare تم إصدارها حتى الآن، بل إنه دليل على أنك لا تحتاج فريق تطوير كبير أو الملايين من الدولارات لإنشاء لعبة فيديو ممتازة». 1أب.كوم قالوا «عالم جوو» «ليس» فقط«أي شيء—ما عدا ذلك، إنه واحدة من الألعاب القليلة الممتازة لمنصة ألعاب Wii». تقرير نينتندو العالمي انتقد «البداية البطيئة» للعبة، ولكن بخلاف ذلك أشاد أنها «بسهولة أفضل لعبة WiiWare حتى الآن، وربما واحدة من أفضل الألعاب لهذا الجيل». مجلة Resolution منحتها 90 ٪. مجلة نينتندو الرسمية منحت نسخة الـ Wii رصيد 95 ٪، زاعمة أنها «بلا عيب تقريبا».

عالم جوو حصلت على العديد من الجوائز. فقد فازت كأفضل لعبة مستقلة من سبايك برنامج جوائز ألعاب الفيديو،  وحصلت على ست جوائز خاصة بمنصة ألعاب Wii وواحدة لأجهزة الكمبيوتر الشخصية، بما فيها أفضل لعبة ألغاز (لك من الـ Wii ، وجهاز الكمبيوتر الشخصي ، وأفضل تصميم فني  أفضل لعبة WiiWare،  أفضل ملكية فكرية جديدة،  أفضل تصميم مبتكر، ، ولعبة السنة من IGN. غيم سبوت أعطتها جائزة أفضل لعبة لم يلعبها أحد. وقد برزت في يورو جيمر 'كإحدى أفضل 50 لعبة في عام 2008. وهي نفس القائمة التي أثارت حفيظة EA Sport لعدم إدراج إحدى آخر ألعابها فيفا 09 في القائمة ووجود لعبة «عالم جوو» في مركز مرتفع جداً. الأمر الذي دعا ورلد أوف جوو للرد معبرين عن سعادتهم بوصول لعبتهم لهذا المركز ساخرين من سخط الشركات الكبرى المعتدة بنفسها.

التوسع
2D Boy قد ذكرت أنها لن تنتج أي تتمة أو أجزاء جديدة للعبة. ولكن المجتمع قد أوجد وسائل لتوسيع اللعبة، مع عدد من المستويات الجديدة والتعديلات المدخلة.

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 تقرير عن اللعبة من موقع تيدوز
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ألعاب آي أو إس
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ألعاب بلاك بيري 10
ألعاب فيديو 2008
ألعاب فيديو ألغاز
ألعاب فيديو فردية وجماعية
ألعاب فيديو مستقلة
ألعاب فيديو مطورة في الولايات المتحدة
ألعاب لينكس
ألعاب ماك أو إس
ألعاب مايكروسوفت
ألعاب نتفليكس
ألعاب نينتندو سويتش
ألعاب نينتندو سويتش إي-شوب
ألعاب وي
ألعاب وي واير
ألعاب ويندوز
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