තාරකා විද්‍යාව පෞරාණික බව ඉතිහාසයේ වාර්තාගත වූ නමුත්  භෞතික විද්‍යාවේ අධ්‍යයනයන්ගෙන් දීර්ඝව වෙන් වූවකි. ඇරිස්ටෝටලියානු ලෝක දර්ශනයෙහි , ද්‍රව්‍යමය ලෝකය අපූර්වත්වය දෛවයෙන් නියම කලාත් මෙන් පෙනෙන අතරතුරේදී , අහසෙහි පිහිටි ලෝකය පරිපූර්ණත්වයට නැඹුරුව පවතී. එනම් ආකාශය තුළ වූ වස්තූන් පරිපූර්ණ වෘත්තාකාර කක්ෂ තුළ චලනය වන පරිපූර්ණ ගෝල ලෙස පෙනෙනා බව සදහන්වේ. මෙම ක්ෂේත්‍ර 2 පෙනෙනා පරිදි සම්බන්ධ නොවේ.

සමෝස් හි ඇරිස්ටාර්චස් (ක්‍රි.පූ. 310 – 250) පෘථිවිය හා අනෙකුත් සෞරග්‍රහ මණ්ඩලයේ ආකාශ වස්තූන්ගේ චලනයන් හිරු වටා, කක්ෂානුගත බව සලකමින් විස්තර කළ හැකි බව පළමුව සංකල්පනයක් ඉදිරිපත් කළේය. අවාසනාවන්ත ලෙස ඒ සමයේ භූ කේන්ද්‍රගත වාදය ඇස්ටාචස්ගේ සූර්ය කේන්ද්‍රික සිද්ධාන්තය, බැහැර කරන ලදී. සාමාන්‍යය හැඟීමේ පරිදි හිරු හා අනෙකුත් ග්‍රහලෝක පෘථිවිය වටා චලනය වන බව මූලික වශයෙන් නිශ්චිත වී තිබුණෙන් මෙම මිථ්‍යාමතික සංකල්පය ශතවර්ෂ ගණනාවක් සත්‍යය ලෙස පිළිගන්නා ලදී. පසුව නිකලස් කොපර්නිකස් නම් නක්ෂත්‍ර විද්‍යාඥයා සූර්ය කේන්ද්‍රක ආකෘතිය 16 වන ශත වර්ෂයේදී නැවත ප්‍රාණවත් කළේය.1609 දී ගැලීලියෝ ගැලිලි බ්‍රහස්පතිගේ ආලෝකමත්ම චන්ද්‍රයන් සිව්දෙනා සොයාගෙන එම ග්‍රහ ලෝකවල කක්ෂ ලේඛනගත කළේය. ඔහුගේ සමයේ එය කතෝලික පල්ලියේ භූ කේන්ද්‍රගත චිරන්තන දෘෂ්ටියට විරුද්ධ කියාපෑමක් වූ අතර එනිසා ඔහුගේ තාරකා විද්‍යාව ගණිතයේ කාර්යයක් බවත් ස්වාභාවික දර්ශනවාදය (භෞතික විද්‍යාව) නොවන බවත් සලකා දැඩි දඬුවමින් ඔහු නිදහස් විය.

නිවැරදි නිරීක්ෂණ දත්ත ප්‍රයෝජනයට ගනිමින් (ටයිකෝ බ්‍රාහේගේ නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයෙන්) ඉහත කළ නිරීක්ෂණයන් සෛද්ධාන්තික විවරණය කිරීම‍ට හා ගවේෂණයට මුලිකත්වය ගන්නා ලදී. පළමුව , 17 වන ශත වර්ෂය ආරම්භයේදී  කෙප්ලර්ගේ ග්‍රහ චලනය පිළිබද නියම වැනි ප්‍රත්‍යක්ෂ මුලක නියමයන් සොයා ගැනිණි. ඉන්පසු,සියවසේ දී පෘථිවිය මත වස්තූන්ගේ ගති විද්‍යාව ග්‍රහලෝකවල චලන හා සඳෙහි චලනය පාලනය කරන්නේ එකම නියම බව අයිසැක් නිව්ටන් සොයා ගනිමින් කෙප්ලර් නියම හා ගැලීලියෝගේ ගති විද්‍යාව අතර පරතරය සංක්ෂිප්ත කළේය. නභෝගත යාන්ත්‍ර විද්‍යාව, එනම්, හි නිව්ටෝනියානු ගුරුත්වයේ යෙදීම හා නිව්ටන්ගේ  නියම මගින් කෙප්ලර්ගේ ග්‍රහ චලන නියම පහදා දීම නක්ෂත්‍ර විද්‍යාවේ හා භෞතික විද්‍යාවේ ප්‍රථම එක්සත් කිරීමයි.

අයිසැක් නිවුටන් විසින් (Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica) 'ෆිලෝසොෆියා නැචුරලිස් ප්‍රින්සිපියා මැතමෙටිකා' ග්‍රන්ථය එළි දැක්වීමෙන් පසු නැව් පිළිබද වූ යාන්ත්‍රණය පරිණාමනය විය. 1670 මුල් භාගයේ පමණ මුළු ලෝකයම විද්‍යාත්මක මිණුම් ගන්නා ලද්දේ නූතන අක්ෂාංශ උපකරණ මගින් හා හොඳම ඔරලෝසු මගිනි.විද්‍යාඥයන් සඳහා බොහෝ දත්ත ලබා ගැනීමට පසුබිමක් සකස් වූයේ, නාවික යාන්ත්‍රණයන් සඳහා අවශ්‍යය උපකරණ සකස් කිරීමත්, එම නවීන උපකරණවලින් ඉතාමත් නිවැරදි තාරකා විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණ ලබා ගැනීමත්ය.

19 වන ශත වර්ෂය අවසානයේදී හිරුගෙන් ලැබෙන එළිය වියෝජනය කිරීමෙන් වර්ණාවලි දත්ත රේඛා සමූහයක් ලබාගත හැකි බව සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. (අඩු හෝ ආලෝකය නැති ප්‍රදේශ) උණුසුම් වායු සමග කළ පරීක්ෂණ මගින් අනන්‍ය රසායනික මුලද්‍රව්‍යවලට අනුරූප විශේෂිත රේඛා වායුවේ වර්ණාවලි රේඛා ලෙස එකම රේඛා, නිරීක්ෂිත බව පෙන්වීය. මෙම ක්‍රමයෙන් හිරුමතදී සොයාගත් රසායනික මූලද්‍රව්‍ය (ප්‍රධානව හයිඩ්‍රජන්) පෘථිවිය මත සොයා ගත හැකි බව සත්‍යාපනය කළේය. සැබැවින්ම හීලියම් මූලද්‍රව්‍ය පළමුව සූර්යාගේ වර්ණාවලියෙන් සොයා ගත් අතර පසුව පෘථිවියෙන් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. එනිසා එය එහි නම ද විය. 20 වන සියවස අතරතුරේදී, විශේෂයෙන්ම ක්වොන්ටම් භෞතික විද්‍යාව පැමිණීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, තාරකා විද්‍යාව හා පරීක්ෂණාත්මක නිරීක්ෂණ තේරුම් ගැනීම අවශ්‍ය වීමත් සමගම වර්ණාවලීක්ෂණය ( මෙම වර්ණාවලි රේඛාවල අධ්‍යයනය) වැඩි දියුණු විය.

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysics#History

විද්‍යා‍වේ ඉතිහාසය
භෞතික විද්‍යාව
තාරකා විද්‍යාව

නක්ෂත්‍ර භෞතික විද්‍යාවේ ඉතිහාසය


26922 Samara este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
26922 Samara este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul La Silla de Eric Walter Elst. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,11 ua, o excentricitate de 0,14 și o înclinație de 2,4° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 26001-27000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1996
Centura de asteroizi

26922 Samara


පාර්ශ්වීය මෛථූන පිහිටුව යනු,  මාස්ටර්ස් සහ ජොන්සන් විසින් ඔවුන්ගේ හියුමන් සෙක්ෂුවල් රෙස්පොන්ස් හි විස්තර කෙරෙන ලිංගික පිහිටුවකි.  ඔවුන් විසින් එය එක් වරක් අත්හදාබැලීමෙන් පසුව,  විෂමලිංගික ප්‍රතිචාරකයන්  අතුරින් 75% විසින්, මෙම පිහිටුව වෙත වඩාත් කැමති බවක් දැක්වූහ.

මුල් උපදෙස
කතුවරුන් විසින් නිර්දේශ කරනුයේ,  යුවලයන් විසින්, ඇඳුම් හැඳ සිටිමින් සහ ලිංගික සංසර්ගයෙහි නොයෙදෙමින්,  මෙම ක්‍රියාවලිය "හාස්‍ය මාත්‍රයකින්" වෙතින්  පුහුණු විය යුත්තේ, මෙම පිහිටුව සඳහා චලන කිහිපයක් අවශ්‍ය වන නිසා බවයි.

ශිල්ප ක්‍රමය
මෙම පිහිටුව වෙත සැපත් වීම සඳහා, ස්ත්‍රීය තුලට ශිෂ්නය ඇතුළු වෙමින්   ස්ත්‍රීය ඉහළින් සිටින ලිංගික පිහිටුව වෙතින්,   සහකරුවන් විසින් ආරම්භයක් ලබා ගැනුම අවශ්‍ය වන අතර ඉන් ඉක්බිතිව:

 පුරුෂයා විසින් ඔහුගේ වම් අත භාවිතා කරමින්  ස්ත්‍රීයගේ දකුණු කකුල ස්වල්පයක් ඔසවයි.
 පුරුෂයා විසින් ඔහුගේ වම් දණහිස නැවීම අරඹනුයේ, ඇඳ වෙතින් ඔහුගේ දණහිස ඔසවන්නේ   නැතිවය.ඒ වෙනුවට, ඔහු විසින් ඔහුගේ වම් දණහිස එය නැවෙන විටම පිටතට ලිස්සා යවමින්, ඔහුගේ වම් ඇතුළු කලවය සිවිලිම දෙසට හරවයි. ඔහු විසින් ඔහුගේ වම් කකුල ඉහළට සහ පිටගට ලිස්සා යවන්නේ, ඇයගේ එසවුනු දකුණු දණහිසෙහි යට, එය විසින් පසු කරන තෙක්ය.
 මේ අතර, ස්ත්‍රීය විසින්  ඇයගේ වමට ඇල වෙන අතර, ඇයගේ  කය ඇයගේ වම් දණහිසට බර කරයි.

පාර්ශ්වීය මෛථූන පිහිටුව


Piet van de Kamp (December 26, 1901 – May 18, 1995), known as Peter van de Kamp in the United States, was a Dutch astronomer who lived in the United States most of his life. He was professor of astronomy at Swarthmore College and director of the college's Sproul Observatory from 1937 until 1972. He specialized in astrometry, studying parallax and proper motions of stars.  He came to public attention in the 1960s when he announced that Barnard's star had a planetary system based on observed "wobbles" in its motion, but this is now known to be false.
On November 14, 2018, the Red Dots project announced that Barnard's star hosts an exoplanet at least 3.2 times as massive as Earth, though this does not match either of the planets he had claimed. In 2021, even this planet's existence was questioned.

Life
Van de Kamp was the son of Lubbertus van de Kamp, who had an administrative job at a cigar factory, and Engelina C.A. van der Wal. His younger brother Jacob van de Kamp was also a successful scientist: an organic chemist, who spent most of his career in the United States. Van de Kamp studied at the University of Utrecht and started his professional career at the Kapteyn Astronomical Institute in Groningen working with Pieter Johannes van Rhijn. In 1923 he left for the Leander McCormick Observatory at the University of Virginia for a year's residence supported by the Draper Fund of the National Academy of Sciences. There he assisted Samuel Alfred Mitchell with his extensive stellar parallax program and Harold Alden with the lengthy Boss star project.

The following year Van de Kamp went to the Lick Observatory in California as a Kellogg fellow. There he received his PhD from the University of California in Astronomy in June 1925. The next year he also received a PhD from the University of Groningen. Van de Kamp returned to McCormick on October 1, 1925, to take up the position left vacant by Harold Alden, who had just taken up the directorship of the Yale University Observatory Southern Station in Johannesburg, South Africa. In the spring of 1937, Van de Kamp left McCormick Observatory to take over as director of Swarthmore College's Sproul Observatory. One of his early pupils in astrometry was Nancy Grace Roman, who went on to become NASA's first Chief of Astronomy.

His work consisted of assisting with the parallax program and continuing the proper motion work that he and Alden had begun. Van de Kamp and Alexander N. Vyssotsky spent eight years measuring 18,000 proper motions. He did additional, smaller projects individually, including an investigation for general and selective absorption of light within the Milky Way.

Barnard's Star affair

While at Sproul Observatory, he made astrometric measurements of Barnard's Star and in the 1960s reported a periodic "wobble" in its motion, apparently due to planetary companions. It was not until several decades had passed that a consensus had formed that this had been a spurious detection. In 1973 astronomers George Gatewood of the Allegheny Observatory and Heinrich Eichhorn of the University of Florida, using data obtained with improved equipment on the 30-inch Thaw Refractor telescope, did not detect any planets but instead detected a change in the color-dependent image scale of the images obtained from the 24-inch refractor telescope at the Sproul Observatory used by Van de Kamp in his study. Astronomer John L. Hershey found that this anomaly apparently occurred after each time the objective lens was removed, cleaned, and replaced. Hundreds more stars showed "wobbles" like Barnard's Star's when photographs before and after cleaning were compared – a virtual impossibility. Wulff Heintz, Van de Kamp's successor at Swarthmore and an expert on double stars, questioned his findings and began publishing criticisms from 1976 onwards; the two are reported to have become estranged because of this. Van de Kamp never admitted that his claim was in error and continued to publish papers about a planetary system around Barnard's Star into the 1980s, while modern radial velocity curves place a limit on the planets much smaller than claimed by Van de Kamp. A study in 2018 suggested that there was a planet orbiting Barnard's Star (Barnard's Star b), albeit of much lower mass than Van de Kamp could have detected; however, the existence of this planet too was questioned in 2021.

From the 1940s on Van de Kamp and his staff made similar claims of planetary systems around the nearby stars Lalande 21185, 61 Cygni, and many others, based on the same flawed photographic plates. All of these claims have been refuted. However, with the recent discoveries of numerous planetary systems, the idea that planetary systems are common—of which throughout his life Van de Kamp was a strong promoter—is being gradually proven correct.

Music
Van de Kamp was a talented musician, playing piano, viola, and violin, only forgoing a musical career in his youth because he considered this more difficult to achieve than a career in astronomy. He helped to organize an orchestra in Charlottesville, which he conducted and included fellow astronomer Alexander Vyssotsky. He also composed music for orchestra as well as for piano. From 1944 to 1954 he was conductor of the Swarthmore College Symphony Orchestra. He combined his musical gifts with another hobby, movies, by playing silent films on Swarthmore campus and accompanying them on the piano. At Swarthmore Van de Kamp performed with Peter Schickele, and made several films of Schickele's student performance, while on the occasion of his 70th birthday Schickele wrote a piano piece for him called The Easy Goin' P. v. d. K. Ever Lovin' Rag. Van de Kamp said that his fondest musical memory was playing chamber music with Albert Einstein, on the evening before the latter's commencement address at Swarthmore College in 1938.

Later life and death
In 1972 he retired from Swarthmore and returned to the Netherlands, where he became Fulbright Professor to the University of Amsterdam.  He died in suburban Amsterdam May 18, 1995, at the age of 93.

Awards and honors
In 1965 he was awarded the Rittenhouse Medal by the Rittenhouse Astronomical Society.
In 1982 he was awarded the Prix Jules Janssen by the Société Astronomique de France. In 2009 a new observatory at Swarthmore College was named for him. Asteroid 1965 van de Kamp named after astronomer Peter van de Kamp.

See also
 Lalande 21185 – Claims of planetary systems
 Sarah Lee Lippincott

References

External links
 Peter van de Kamp – Biography

1901 births
1995 deaths
Kamp, Peter
Kamp, Peter
Kamp, Peter
Kamp, Peter
University of Virginia faculty
Swarthmore College faculty
Kamp, Peter

Peter van de Kamp


Edward Zwick (d. 8 Ekim 1952), Illinois doğumlu Amerikalı yönetmen ve yapımcı. 1974'te Harvard Üniversitesi Edebiyat bölümünden mezun olan Zwick, 1989'da Glory isimli, 1994'te ise Legends of the Fall isimli filmleriyle Altın Küre'ye En İyi Yönetmen dalında aday gösterilmiştir.

Filmografi

Yönetmenlik
 Having It All (1982)
 About Last Night (1986)
 Glory(1989)
 Leaving Normal (1992)
 Legends of the Fall (1994)
 Courage Under Fire (1996)
 The Siege (1998)
 The Last Samurai (2003)
 Blood Diamond (2006)
 Defience (2009)
 Pawn Sacrifice (2015)

Yapımcılık
 Legends of the Fall (1994)
 The Siege (1998)
 Shakespeare in Love (1998)
 Dangerous Beauty (1998)
 Traffic (2000)
 I Am Sam (2001)
 Abandon (2002)
 The Last Samurai (2003)
 Blood Diamond (2006)

1952 doğumlular
Chicago doğumlular
Amerikalı film yönetmenleri
Amerikalı film yapımcıları
En İyi Yönetmen National Board of Review Ödülü sahipleri
Yaşayan insanlar
National Board of Review Ödülü sahipleri
Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan kişiler

Edward Zwick


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Left Right Sir
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| caption        =
| film name      =
| director       = බන්දු සමරසිංහ
| producer       = ජාතික චිත්‍රපට සංස්ථාව
| writer         = ලාල් පාගොඩආරච්චි
| screenplay     = ලාල් පාගොඩආරච්චි
| story          = බන්දු සමරසිංහ
| based on       =
| starring       = බන්දු සමරසිංහ
| narrator       =
| music          = සරත් ද අල්විස්
| cinematography = එම්.ඒ.ගෆූර්
| editing        = එම්.එස්.අලිමාන්
| studio         = ප්‍රසාද් කලර් ලැබ්,මදුරාසිය
සරසවි චිත්‍රාගාරය
| distributor    = රිද්මා එන්ටර්ප්‍රයිසස්
| released       =
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| language       = සිංහල
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}}

රංගනය
බන්දු සමරසිංහ
විජය නන්දසිරි
නීල් අලස්
සනෝජා බිබිලේ
සුසිලා කෝට්ටගේ
නිලන්ති ඩයස්
සැන්ඩෝ හැරිස්
සුසිල් පෙරේරා
සුනිල් ප්‍රේමචන්ද්‍ර
ටෙඩී විද්‍යාලංකාර
ටිරෝන් මයිකල්
රහල් බුලත්සිංහල
රංජිත් ගාමිණී පෙරේරා
ප්‍රියංකර පෙරේරා
ලාල් කුමාර
රුවන් පුංචිහේවා
ඩබ්ලිව්. ඩී. ලීලාරත්න
නීල් අලස්
සුනිල් පෙරේරා

ගීතයන්
ගීත ප්‍රබන්ධය - ආචාර්ය අජන්තා රණසිංහ, සමන් චන්ද්‍රනාත් වීරසිංහ, සෝමපාල ලීලානන්ද
වෙන්නැති ඔබ එදත් පෙම්වතී - ග්‍රේෂන් ආනන්ද, උරේෂා රවිහාරි
ආදර වැස්සක් - ග්‍රේෂන් ආනන්ද, උරේෂා රවිහාරි
පෙම් කළ චාමර සලසලා - ග්‍රේෂන් ආනන්ද, උරේෂා රවිහාරි

නිෂ්පාදනය
සහාය අධ්‍යක්ෂණය - ඇන්ටන් කිංස්ලි
අංග රචනය - මනෝජ් කුමාර සෙල්වරාජා
කලා අධ්‍යක්ෂණය - සරත් සමරවික්‍රම
සටන් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය - ටෙඩී විද්‍යාලංකාර
නැටුම් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය - කුෂාණි වීරක්කොඩි
ශබ්ද පරිපාලනය - ලයනල් ගුණරත්න
ශබ්ද පටිගත කිරීමේ සහාය - නිමල් රණවක, සුසන්ත ධර්මප්‍රිය, ජගත් චාමින්ද, කේ. වී. නන්ද කුමාර, ආනන්ද වික්‍රමරත්න, ඊ. ඒ. ධර්මසිරි, සසික රුවන්, සුමිත් ප්‍රියංකර, රුවන් චාමර, ආර්. එම්. සිරිසේන
කැමරා සහාය - ලලිත් තෝමස්, ප්‍රෑන්ක්ලින් රූප්, ඒ. සී. රුවන් චමින්ද, චූලිත සඳරුවන්, මොහොමඩ් අන්වර්, කේ. ගමගේ, දයානන්ද එදිරිසිංහ
නිෂ්පාදන කළමනාකරණය - ස්වර්ණ ෆිල්ම්ස්
ගීත පටිගත කිරීම - නාමල් ප්‍රනාන්දු, සිතුමිණ ශබ්දාගාරය
ඇඳුම් මැසීම - රත්නායක ට්‍රේලර්ස්
ඇඳුම් නිර්මාණය - ස්වර්ණා සමරසිංහ
නිශ්චල ඡායාරූප - සුජිත් මහේන්ද්‍ර කුරුප්පු
නාමාවලිය - සාලිය ඩයස්

ලෙෆ්ට් රයිට් සර්


Kys min bror er en kortfilm instrueret af Rasmus Kloster Bro efter manuskript af Rasmus Kloster Bro, Jakob Katz.

Handling
I sin kørestol, forklædt som kampvogn, tager Lasse til nytårsfest hos pigen, han er vild med. Lasses storebror Simon er med som handicaphjælper. Da Lasse får chancen for at være alene med sin pige, starter en akavet kamp mellem de to brødre.

Medvirkende
 Rasmus Broberg - Lasse
 Kenneth M. Christensen - Simon
 Sidse Mickelborg - Rikke

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2010

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Kys min bror


Three vessels of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Lysander, after Lysander, a military commander of ancient Sparta.

 The first Lysander was a 4-gun brig, listed from 1842 to 1844 but with little further information available.
 The second  was a  destroyer launched in 1913 as Ulysses but renamed a few weeks later, and sold in 1922.  Rescued the survivors of .
 The third  was an  launched in 1943 as HMCS Hespeler, renamed Cornflower in 1956, and broken up 1957.

Royal Navy ship names

HMS Lysander


HMS Garland, also known by her Polish designation ORP Garland, was a G-class destroyer built for the Royal Navy in the mid-1930s. During the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939 the ship spent considerable time in Spanish waters, enforcing the arms blockade imposed by Britain and France on both sides of the conflict. Shortly after World War II began, she was badly damaged by the premature explosion of her own depth charges and required over six months of repairs. Before these were completed, Garland was loaned to the Polish Navy in May 1940. The ship was assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet afterwards and escorted convoys there before being assigned to the Western Approaches Command in September for escort duties. She escorted a convoy from Gibraltar to Malta during Operation Halberd in September 1941 and escorted Convoy PQ 16 from Iceland to Murmansk in May 1942. She was badly damaged by a near miss from a German bomber during that operation and required three months of repairs.

Garland was then assigned to the Mid-Ocean Escort Force in the North Atlantic until December 1943, when she was transferred to Freetown, Sierra Leone, to escort convoys off West Africa. In April 1944, the ship was transferred to back to the Mediterranean Fleet where she escorted convoys. She sank one German submarine in September before returning to the UK for a lengthy refit that lasted until March 1945. Garland was then assigned to the Western Approaches Command, but carried emergency supplies to coastal towns in Belgium and the Netherlands immediately after the war ended in May. She was paid off and reclaimed from the Polish Navy in July 1946. A few months later, the ship was sold to the Royal Netherlands Navy for use as a school ship. Garland was refitted as an anti-submarine training ship in 1948 and renamed Marnix in 1950. Reclassified as a frigate in 1952, the ship was not decommissioned until 1964 and scrapped afterwards.

Description
Garland displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. The ship had an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . She was powered by Parsons geared steam turbines, driving two shafts, which developed a total of  and gave a maximum speed of . Steam for the turbines was provided by three Admiralty 3-drum boilers. Garland carried a maximum of  of fuel oil that gave her a range of  at . The ship's complement was 137 officers and men in peacetime, but in increased to 146 in wartime.

The ship mounted four 45-calibre 4.7-inch Mk IX guns in single mounts, designated 'A', 'B', 'X', and 'Y' from front to rear. For anti-aircraft (AA) defence, Garland had two quadruple Mark I mounts for the 0.5 inch Vickers Mk III machine gun. She was fitted with two above-water quadruple torpedo tube mounts for 21-inch torpedoes. One depth charge rail and two throwers were fitted; 20 depth charges were originally carried, but this increased to 35 shortly after the war began. By mid-1940, this had increased to 44 depth charges.

Wartime modifications
Most ships of Garlands class had the rear torpedo tubes replaced by a 12-pounder AA gun after the evacuation of Dunkirk in 1940, but it is not known exactly when this modification was made. By 1942, the ship's short range AA armament had been augmented by two Oerlikon 20 mm cannons on her searchlight platform and another pair on the wings of the ship's bridge. 'Y' gun was also removed to allow her depth charge stowage to be increased. The .50-calibre machine gun mounts were replaced by a pair of Oerlikons later. The ship's director-control tower and rangefinder above the bridge were removed in exchange for a Type 271 target indication radar, after 1942, and 'B' gun was replaced by a Hedgehog anti-submarine spigot mortar. A Type 286 short-range surface search radar was probably also fitted mid-way through the war. The ship also received a HF/DF radio direction finder mounted on a pole mainmast.

History

HMS Garland, 1936–1940
Ordered on 5 March 1934 from Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering, Garland was laid down at Govan, Scotland, on 22 August 1934. She was launched on 24 October 1935 and completed on 3 March 1936. Excluding government-furnished equipment like the armament, the ship cost £250,664. She was assigned to the 1st Destroyer Flotilla of the Mediterranean Fleet upon commissioning. Garland patrolled Spanish waters during the Spanish Civil War enforcing the edicts of the Non-Intervention Committee in 1937 and 1938. The ship was overhauled at Sheerness between 24 May and 5 July 1937 and 31 May to 28 July 1938 during which her low-pressure turbines were repaired. Garland patrolled off Cyprus in July 1939.

When World War II began, the ship was en route to Alexandria from Aden and arrived there on 6 September. Whilst escorting a convoy to Malta, some of her depth charges detonated prematurely on 17 September and badly damaged the aft end of the ship. Garland had to be towed back to Alexandria where temporary repairs were made. She was towed to Malta for permanent repairs which lasted from 11 October to 8 May 1940. Shortly before the completion of the repairs, she was loaned to the Polish Navy on 3 May 1940, the anniversary of the 1791 Polish Constitution of 3 May.

ORP Garland, 1940–1946
After working up, the ship escorted a convoy to and from Greece in late June 1940. During Operation Hats, Garland was lightly damaged by Italian aircraft on 31 August whilst escorting a convoy to Malta. She was transferred to the Western Approaches Command in mid-September and was assigned to the 10th Escort Group. On 13 November, Garland was badly damaged by storm whilst escorting the battleship  and required over a month to make repairs. Two men were lost overboard during the storm. In early January 1941, the ship was fitted with a new ASDIC system. She was transferred to the 14th Escort Group in April and was then briefly attached to the Home Fleet, escorting a tanker, during the Allied landing on Spitsbergen in July. Upon her return, Garland was assigned to Escort Group B3 for escort duties in the North Atlantic.

In late September, she joined the Polish-manned destroyer  in Operation Halberd, escorting a large convoy to Malta. The two ships escorted the battleship  back to Gibraltar after she had been torpedoed during the operation. Garland then rejoined Escort Group B3. The ship was refitted between 28 February and 5 May 1942 in Middlesbrough and was assigned to escort Convoy PQ 16 in late May after working up. On 27 May, a bomb was dropped by a Junkers Ju 88 bomber  off the starboard side of the ship, that decimated the crews of 'A' and 'B' guns and the starboard Oerlikon and .50-calibre machine guns (22 killed and 37 wounded). The ship's fire-control director and rangefinder were destroyed and she was ordered to proceed independently to Murmansk for temporary repairs. These took over a month to complete and Garland sailed on 4 July for Troon, as part of the escort for Convoy QP 13, for permanent repairs that were not completed until 21 September.

The ship rejoined Escort Group B3 until she began a lengthy refit in May 1943 that lasted until 8 September. Garland was assigned to the 8th Support Group after working up and escorted several small convoys transporting Allied troops to the Azores to build airbases after the Portuguese gave their consent in late September. From November to April 1944, the ship was based in Freetown to escort convoys between Freetown and Gibraltar. In May she was assigned to the 14th Destroyer Flotilla of the Mediterranean Fleet where she escorted convoys and supported Allied operations in the Aegean. On 19 September 1944, together with two other British destroyers, she sank the  off Santorini. The following month Garland supported the Allied liberation of Greece after the German withdrawal.

On 20 November, the ship sailed for the UK to begin a lengthy refit at Devonport that lasted until 31 March 1945. She was assigned to the 8th Destroyer Flotilla in the Western Approaches Command, but had barely finished working up when the war ended in May. The ship transported emergency supplies to Belgium and the Netherlands immediately afterwards. At the end of 1945, Garland took part in Operation Deadlight, the scuttling of captured German U-boats. In early 1946, the ship patrolled Norwegian waters and then was assigned to the Polish Squadron at Rosyth through June. In late July she was ordered to be paid off and the loan terminated. The ship was disarmed in late August before entering Category C reserve.

HNLMS Marnix, 1946–1964
On 14 November 1946, Garland was sold "as is" to the Royal Netherlands Navy for £9,000 and was initially used as a school ship. She was refurbished in 1948 as an anti-submarine training ship. This is probably when Garland was rearmed with two  anti-aircraft guns in 'A' and 'X' positions, a Hedgehog in 'B' position and six 20-millimetre Oerlikons. She carried four depth charge throwers and two depth charge rails. The ship was renamed HNLMS Marnix on 16 January 1950 and made port visits in southern British ports the following March. Marnix was reclassified as a frigate in 1952 and received a thorough overhaul in 1955–56. She was decommissioned on 31 January 1964 and later scrapped.

Notes

References

External links
 Naval-history.net : HMS Garland
 Uboat.net : ORP Garland

G and H-class destroyers of the Royal Navy
Ships built on the River Clyde
1935 ships
World War II destroyers of the United Kingdom
G-class destroyers of the Royal Netherlands Navy

HMS Garland (H37)


Migaloo ("whitefella" em algumas línguas aborígines) é uma baleia jubarte toda branca (Megaptera novaeangliae) que foi avistada pela primeira vez em 28 de junho de 1991 na costa leste australiana perto de Byron Bay. A sua canção foi gravado pela primeira vez em 1998, o que levou os cientistas a crer que Migaloo é um macho. Após análise genética em 2004 por cientistas da Southern Cross University, foi confirmado que o Migaloo é macho e possivelmente nasceu em 1986. Em 2022, uma baleia jubarte branca morta foi encontrada numa praia em Victoria, Austrália, que se pensava ser Migaloo. Após análise do Departamento de Meio Ambiente, Terra, Água e Planejamento (DEWLP) de Victoria, foi confirmado que a baleia encalhada era fêmea e, portanto, não Migaloo. O último avistamento relatado de Migaloo data de 2020 e, o que faz, algumas pessoas pensarem que Migaloo já pode ter morrido. Por outro lado, os cientistas sugerem que períodos de ausência mais longos não são incomuns e podem ter várias razões, como por exemplo mudanças nas rotas de migração.

Migaloo é provavelmente a baleia jubarte mais famosa do planeta, com um site próprio dedicado a ela e muitas notícias e reportagens. A popularidade levou a declarações especiais em Queensland protegendo Migaloo e outras baleias com mais de 90% de cor branca. Foi estabelecida uma zona de não aproximação de 500 metros em geral e 610 metros para aeronaves.

Coloração branca
Ainda está em discussão se a cor branca de Migaloo é causada por albinismo verdadeiro ou se ele é leucístico ou hipopigmentado. Os primeiros registros mostraram que Migaloo tem uma coloração rosada ao redor do espiráculo, não tem pigmentação escura em marcas e cicatrizes, e parecia ter anormalidades na pele, essas observações juntas fornecem fortes evidências de que Migaloo é um albino verdadeiro. O verdadeiro albinismo, ou albinismo oculocutâneo (OCA) relacionado à tirosinase, ocorre quando a tirosina não é produzida ou não é adequadamente metabolizada em melanina, o que pode ser resultado de múltiplas mutações dando uma variedade de fenótipos, variando de albinismo parcial a completo. Mais recentemente, num estudo publicado em 2012 por um cientista do Australian Marine Mammal Center, amostras e biópsias de pele de Migaloo foram analisadas para procurar as causas da aparência branca. Os resultados mostram uma deleção de citosina no DNA, resultando numa proteína tirosinase truncada, uma base molecular confirmada de OCA1A, confirmando Migaloo como um verdadeiro albino.

Avistamentos na Austrália
Outras baleias jubarte brancas foram vistas na Austrália, embora sejam consideradas raras. Em 2011, uma cria de jubarte branca foi avistada perto da grande barreira de corais na Austrália. A cria foi chamada de Migaloo Jr., dado que as pessoas levantaram a hipótese de que possa estar relacionado ao Migaloo, embora não haja confirmação disso. Migaloo Jr. tem uma mancha escura numa barbatana, o que indica que ele é leucístico e não um verdadeiro albino.

Em abril de 2022, outra baleia jubarte branca foi avistada na costa de Nova Gales do Sul. Sugere-se que seja um macho jovem e tenha uma pequena coloração cinza e, portanto, definitivamente não é Migaloo.

Também em 2022, uma fêmea jubarte branca morta foi encontrada na costa de Victoria, na Austrália.

Avistamentos no resto do mundo
Em outras partes do mundo, os avistamentos de baleias jubarte brancas são raros, mas em 2012 uma baleia jubarte adulta branca foi avistada a alimentar-se perto da costa de Svalbard, na Noruega. Esta baleia foi vista pela primeira vez por um engenheiro marítimo britânico, Dan Fisher, que aproveitou a oportunidade para dar um nome especial à criatura: Willow the Whale. O indivíduo era completamente branco no lado dorsal, mas mostrava alguma coloração escura na parte inferior da barbatana caudal. As manchas e olhos escuros sugerem que se trata de um animal leucístico e não albino. Durante a investigação descobriu-se que em 2004 e 2006 houve avistamentos de uma baleia jubarte branca no Mar de Barents. É provável que se trate do mesmo indivíduo mas não é possível identificá-lo com base nas fotografias existentes. Em abril de 2022 foi avistado um indivíduo de baleia jubarte branco na costa do Pico e Ilha do Faial nos Açores, tratando-se provavelmente do mesmo indivíduo.

Em 2022, outro avistamento de uma jubarte branca foi feito, perto da costa da Costa Rica, onde um individuo branco jovem foi avistado e fotografado com um adulto com coloração normal. A cria foi avistada por um piloto voando sobre o noroeste da Costa Rica, este foi o primeiro avistamento de uma baleia jubarte branca no Pacífico Oriental. Esta cria é hipopigmentada, sem uma conclusão clara sobre a anormalidade cromática exata que determina sua coloração branca.

Controvérsia do nome
Após a crescente popularidade, o público quis dar um nome à baleia. Os cientistas escolheram o nome "Migaloo". O termo "migaloo" significa "whitefella" entre os aborígines de Queensland. O termo foi escolhido pelos aborígines locais após, os cientistas lhes terem pedido para encontrar um nome aborígine apropriado para a baleia jubarte.

Há discussões sobre se o nome é apropriado, pois os termos indígenas para pessoas brancas podem ter significados ambíguos e também podem descrever espíritos humanos desencarnados. Também, à luz do sofrimento que os colonos brancos infligiram nos aborígines na Austrália, algumas pessoas consideram questionável o termo "migaloo" como um nome para uma baleia famosa.

Migração
Como uma baleia jubarte, Migaloo realiza migrações sazonais entre as áreas de alimentação em latitudes elevadas e as áreas de reprodução localizadas em áreas mais tropicais. Ele pertence a um dos 7 stocks reprodutores reconhecidos no Hemisfério Sul, alimentando-se principalmente em solos antárticos, e movendo-se para norte para áreas de reprodução perto da Austrália, onde as baleias passam aproximadamente 2 meses.

Desde seu primeiro avistamento em 1991, a cor única de Migaloo permitiu aos cientistas estudar padrões de migração individuais, dada a elevada disponibilidade de dados relativos a avistamentos. Migaloo migra ao longo da parte oriental da Austrália a uma taxa de migração entre 125 e 140 km/dia, com uma velocidade média de 5,2 km/h, mais rápida do que a velocidade média registrada para outras baleias jubarte, provavelmente porque sendo um macho adulto suporta velocidades mais rápidas do que jovens e fêmeas com crias, por exemplo. Outra razão para a elevada velocidade pode ser evitar a pressão imposta pelos barcos de observação de baleias e outras embarcações recreativas.

Esta baleia mostra alta consistência na sua migração, passando por Cape Byron/Ballina aproximadamente na mesma época todos os anos durante a migração quer para norte quer para sul. Migaloo foi visto a viajar principalmente em grupos de 2 indivíduos, mas também sozinho ou em grupos de superfície ativos.

A ausência de Migaloo nas águas da Austrália Oriental e o seu recente avistamento na Nova Zelândia parecem sugerir que a rota de migração pode mudar com o tempo.

Animais com albinismo

Migaloo


Pascal Bruckner  nascido a 15 de Dezembro de 1948, em Paris, ) é um escritor francês, um dos "Novos filósofos" que se destacou nas décadas de 1970 e 1980. Grande parte da sua obra tem sido dedicada à crítica da sociedade e cultura francesas.

Filósofos franceses
Críticos do Islao

Pascal Bruckner


هيلدسبورغ  هي إحدى مدن مقاطعة سونوما، كاليفورنيا. تم إعطاءها لقب مدينة في 20 فبراير، 1867.

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لهيلدسبورغ:

أعلام
 أريانة ريتشاردز
 هازل هوتشكيس وايتمان
 رالف روز
 جورج إيد باتلر
 ماري إلين بامفورد

مراجع

هيلدسبورغ (كاليفورنيا)
أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1857
أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1867
تأسيسات سنة 1867 في كاليفورنيا
مدن في مقاطعة سونوما (كاليفورنيا)
مدن كاليفورنيا
مدن منطقة خليج سان فرانسيسكو
نبيذ كاليفورنيا

هيلدسبورغ (كاليفورنيا)


In computing, a northbridge (also host bridge, or memory controller hub) is one of two chips comprising the core logic chipset architecture on older motherboards for personal computers. A northbridge is connected directly to a CPU via the front-side bus (FSB) to handle high-performance tasks, and is usually used in conjunction with a slower southbridge to manage communication between the CPU and other parts of the motherboard. Since the 2010s, die shrink and improved transistor density have allowed for increasing chipset integration, and the functions performed by northbridges are now often incorporated into other components (like southbridges or CPUs themselves). As of 2019, Intel and AMD had both released chipsets in which all northbridge functions had been integrated into the CPU. Modern Intel Core processors have the northbridge integrated on the CPU die, where it is known as the uncore or system agent.

On older Intel based PCs, the northbridge was also named external memory controller hub (MCH) or graphics and memory controller hub (GMCH) if equipped with integrated graphics. Increasingly these functions became integrated into the CPU chip itself, beginning with memory and graphics controllers. For Intel Sandy Bridge and AMD Accelerated Processing Unit processors introduced in 2011, all of the functions of the northbridge reside on the CPU. The corresponding southbridge was renamed by Intel as the Platform Controller Hub and by AMD as the Fusion controller hub. AMD FX CPUs continued to require external northbridge and southbridge chips.

Historically, separation of functions between CPU, northbridge, and southbridge chips was necessary due to the difficulty of integrating all components onto a single chip die. However, as CPU speeds increased over time, a bottleneck emerged due to limitations caused by data transmission between the CPU and its support chipset.  The trend for integrated northbridges began near the end of the 2000s — for example, the Nvidia GeForce 320M GPU in the 2010 MacBook Air was a northbridge/southbridge/GPU combo chip.

Overview
The northbridge typically handles communications among the CPU, in some cases RAM, and PCI Express (or AGP) video cards, and the southbridge. Some northbridges also contain integrated video controllers, also known as a Graphics and Memory Controller Hub (GMCH) in Intel systems. Because different processors and RAM require different signaling, a given northbridge will typically work with only one or two classes of CPUs and generally only one type of RAM.

There are a few chipsets that support two types of RAM; generally, these are made available when there is a shift to a new standard. For example, the northbridge from the 2002 Nvidia nForce2 chipset only worked with Socket A processors combined with DDR SDRAM.

Etymology
The name is derived from drawing the architecture in the fashion of a map. The CPU would be at the top of the map comparable to due north on most general purpose geographical maps. The CPU would be connected to the chipset via a fast bridge (the northbridge) located north of other system devices as drawn. The northbridge would then be connected to the rest of the chipset via a slow bridge (the southbridge) located south of other system devices as drawn.

Overclocking
The northbridge plays an important part in how far a computer can be overclocked, as its frequency is commonly used as a baseline for the CPU to establish its own operating frequency. This chip typically gets hotter as processor speed becomes faster, requiring more cooling. There is a limit to CPU overclocking, as digital circuits are limited by physical factors such as rise, fall, delay and storage times of the transistors,  current gain bandwidth product, parasitic capacitance, and propagation delay, which increases with (among other factors) operating temperature; consequently most overclocking applications have software-imposed limits on the multiplier and external clock setting. Additionally, heat is a major limiting factor, as higher voltages are needed to properly activate field effect transistors inside CPUs and this higher voltage produces larger amounts of heat, requiring greater thermal solutions on the die.

Evolution

The overall trend in processor design has been to integrate more functions onto fewer components, which decreases overall motherboard cost and improves performance.  The memory controller, which handles communication between the CPU and RAM, was moved onto the processor die by AMD beginning with their AMD K8 processors and by Intel with their Nehalem processors. One of the advantages of having the memory controller integrated on the CPU die is to reduce latency from the CPU to memory.

Some northbridge chips have supported dual processors, for example Intel's 5000X memory controller used in the original Mac Pro from 2006.

Another example of this kind of change is Nvidia's nForce3 for AMD K8 systems. It combines all of the features of a normal southbridge with an Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) port and connects directly to the CPU. On nForce4 boards it was marketed as a media communications processor (MCP).

AMD Accelerated Processing Unit processors feature full integration of northbridge functions onto the CPU chip, along with processor cores, memory controller, high speed PCI Express interface (usually for graphics card), and integrated graphics processing unit (iGPU). This was an evolution of the AMD K8, since the memory controller was integrated on the CPU die in the AMD64.

The northbridge was replaced by the system agent introduced by the Intel Sandy Bridge microarchitecture in 2011, which essentially handles all previous Northbridge functions. Intel's Sandy Bridge processors feature full integration of northbridge functions onto the CPU chip, along with processor cores, memory controller, high speed PCI Express interface and integrated graphics processing unit (GPU). This was a further evolution of the Westmere architecture, which also featured a CPU and GPU in the same package.

Recent AMD processors starting with the Zen 2 have moved some I/O functions out of the CPU die onto an I/O die on the same MCM package as the CPU. This die is not normally considered to be part of the Northbridge, since it is in the same package as the CPU, but it serves some of the same functions.

See also

 Southbridge
 Chipset
 Intel Management Engine (ME)

References

IBM PC compatibles
Chipsets

Northbridge (computing)


An Philodice cuyabensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni August Gustav Heinrich von Bongard, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Friedrich August Körnicke. An Philodice cuyabensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Philodice, ngan familia nga Eriocaulaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Philodice

Philodice cuyabensis


محافظة لاو كاي  ( بالفيتنامية : Lào Cai ) هي إحدى محافظات فيتنام. وتقع في شمال شرق.

المصادر

روابط إضافية
 Lao Cai Provincial Government website (in Vietnamese)(in English)
 Ta Phin village, near Sapa(in English)
 Sapa accommodation(in English)

شمال غرب (فيتنام)
محافظات فيتنام

محافظة لاو كاي


Scituate puede referirse a:

 Scituate, un pueblo en Massachusetts, Estados Unidos.
 Scituate, un lugar designado por el censo en Massachusetts, Estados Unidos.
 Scituate, un pueblo en Rhode Island, Estados Unidos.

Scituate


Futbolnij Klub Olimpik er en professionel ukrainsk fodboldklub fra Donetsk.

Historiske slutplaceringer

Klubfarver

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Officiell
 Premjer-liha officiell

Fodboldklubber i Ukraine
Etableret i 2001

FK Olimpik Donetsk


Counterparts is the fifteenth studio album by Canadian rock band Rush, released October 19, 1993, on Anthem Records. After the band finished touring its previous album Roll the Bones (1991) in mid-1992, the members took a break before starting work on a follow-up.

Counterparts reached No. 2 in the United States, one of the band's two highest-charting albums in the country, and No. 6 in Canada. The first single, "Stick It Out", was No. 1 on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart for four weeks. In 1994, the instrumental "Leave That Thing Alone" was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance. Counterparts was remastered in 2004 and reissued in 2013 as part of The Studio Albums 1989–2007 box set. In 2015 it was reissued after being remastered by Sean Magee at Abbey Road Studios following a direct approach by Rush to remaster their entire back catalogue.

Background and writing
In June 1992, the band finished their Roll the Bones Tour in support of Roll the Bones (1991). Before the group started to work on the album they casually set out some goals that they wanted to achieve with it from conversations during the Roll the Bones Tour. They agreed to achieve "a sense of balance between spontaneity and refinement [...] and perhaps work on a more organic approach to the songs". The group agreed that rock band Primus, who opened for them on the Roll the Bones Tour, and Pearl Jam influenced them to tweak their sound further.

As with their previous two studio albums, Rush retreated to Chalet Studios in Claremont, Ontario, to write and rehearse new material during the week, returning home on weekends to see their families. They adopted their usual practice of Lee and Lifeson working on the music while Peart worked alone on the lyrics. They stayed at Chalet for about two months, and rehearsed well enough so they could concentrate on obtaining a satisfactory sound and a spontaneous performance for their respective parts. Lee and Lifeson put their ideas down using an eight-track Alesis Digital Audio Tape recorder with Cubase Audio software. The group faced many technical problems which delayed the writing process to the point where Peart had a short amount of time to arrange his parts, but as Lee recalled: "He went through a massive rehearsal period; he works tremendously hard and it's incredible to witness."

Counterparts marks a continuation in the band's transition from synthesizers back to guitar-oriented music which had started on Presto (1989). Lifeson said that this was the first time since Moving Pictures (1981) that there was a conscious decision to have the guitar take a predominant role, resulting in a more satisfying album for him. The writing sessions were met with increased tension between Lee and Lifeson, matters of which began on the Roll the Bones Tour over musical differences. Lifeson had constantly asked for Lee not to use any keyboards for the album but Lee brought them into the studio which created "an immediate atmosphere." Lee maintained that keyboards were used on Roll the Bones merely to embellish the songs and wished to use them in the same manner for Counterparts. "But Alex was making assumptions that I wanted keyboards all over the place. It was a very volatile situation." Lifeson said that the two had "greater emotional ups and downs" during the writing stage than any other previous Rush album and partly blamed various personal "external pressures" that did not relate to either's personal lives.

When it came to writing lyrics, Peart did not have a form of common thread between the individual songs like he had on Roll the Bones and instead devised "a selection of individual themes I didn't really associate at the time." Among the topics he thought about were the differences between genders, the anima and animus principle devised by psychologist Carl Jung, and the good and bad regarding heroism. Peart did point out that duality became the only unifying theme and inspired the album's title.

Recording
Lee recalled the difficulty the band had in achieving more power from some tracks with producer Rupert Hine on Roll the Bones in the studio but were able to on tour, "and I think that stuck in the back of our minds." This matching of music and production style became an element that the band wanted to focus on for Counterparts and in doing so wanted to work with different producers and engineers. Initially, they talked to a lot of young producers, but they soon realized that there was little to gain from someone who had worked on fewer albums than the group had released over its career and sought someone experienced. Rush chose English producer Peter Collins who'd co-produced Power Windows (1985) and Hold Your Fire (1987) with the band. Lee said that the band had remained friendly with Collins, and noticed he'd developed as a producer since they'd last worked with him, including his work with more American rock bands. "As soon as we talked we knew it would be great [...] and he agreed with the vision of what we saw; and his comments, criticizing the past couple records, sonically anyway, were very much in line with the direction we wanted to go, and we thought, 'Bingo! Here you go, this is what we need.' Collins had different engineers in mind to work with, so a "laborious but interesting search" took place to find someone suitable that involved hearing tapes from artists worldwide. In the end, they chose Kevin "The Caveman" Shirley for the recording; Lee said it was because of his "raw" and "natural" sound, which required minimal use of reverb which was difficult for the band to get used to at first. For mixing, the band employed Australian engineer Michael Letho.

The album was recorded from April to June 1993 at Le Studio in Morin-Heights, Quebec, and McClear Pathé in Toronto. The 8-track demos were transferred onto the studio's 24-track recorder and became guide tracks for the band to follow and re-record their parts. Lifeson recorded his parts onto analogue tape; the rest were put down digitally. With Peart having less time to record his parts, he put down 11 tracks in three days. Lifeson said Shirley adopted a "very direct" way of recording the instruments to capture as little resistance from the microphones to the tape machine as possible. Though various effects were explored with later, Lifeson commented on the simplicity of recording: "It was just a matter of plugging into the amp and miking it". He'd resisted the idea of recording his guitars outside of the studio's control room for the past 12 years, but Shirley talked him into playing in the studio room. After a few days, Lifeson enjoyed the experience and wanted to continue recording in this manner: "You could feel the wood of the guitar vibrating against your body, and it was more susceptible to that really cool feedback, and it was your own little world; it was a little bit of an escape." Lee used a 1960s Fender jazz bass and Lifeson played Les Paul, Fender Telecaster and PRS guitar models. He often combined the Les Paul and Telecaster, along with acoustic guitars, to create a single sound.

Upon completion, the album was mastered by Bob Ludwig at Gateway Mastering in Portland, Maine. The album's title was decided upon after the music was finished. Rush had difficulty in selecting the running order on Counterparts partly due to the fact that it was easier to separate the album with two sides of a vinyl. To help, Lifeson listed each track on a magnetic board so they could play around with the order until they had one that they were happy with. Lifeson drew a graphical representation of the mood for each track which helped them select an order which Lee said helps "to ease you out of the record" as much of the album had an aggressive edge. The band had planned to release the album earlier but Lifeson said that would have meant starting the tour earlier, but no members were keen to do so.

Songs
"Animate" features Lee playing his bass with an old amplifier that was in the studio garbage and repaired by one of the studio's technical assistants. Shirley wanted Lee to play his parts to "Animate" with it. "It sounded great, I had a tremendous amount of energy, and all the explosion sounds of it kind of disappeared in the track, so you're not really aware of the fact that it's an amplifier on the verge of death." Lee liked Peart's count in at the start of the track as it displays a "human touch". Lyrically, Peart wrote the words about one person yet structured them to make it as if it may concern a relationship, "almost a love song." He thought that such love lyrics had become a cliché throughout the 1980s, however, and turned to works by Jung and Camille Paglia to understand "what the modern man was supposed to be." He then took Jung's concept of anima and animus to write about a man dominating his softer, feminine side with aggression and ambition, more typical male traits. Peart said he plays a "basic R&B rhythm that I played back in my early days, coupled with that hypnotic effect" that bands like Curve and Lush used.

"Stick It Out" developed from a guitar riff that Lifeson had come up with which Lee had liked, so they "stretched it out a bit, added a few more things and it became that song."

"Cut to the Chase" is one of the few songs on the album where Lifeson's original guide guitar solo on the demo tape was used on the final take.

"Between Sun & Moon" features lyrics co-written by Peart and Pye Dubois, who'd also shared lyrical credits for "Tom Sawyer" and "Force Ten". Peart had always been welcome for Dubois to contribute ideas as he had liked his style of writing. "In this case that was one that we all responded to some of the images in his presentation, so again I went to work on it, shaped it up into the kind of structure that we like to work with, and then added some of my own images and angles on it. And so it went". The music developed from a jam that had Lifeson play a riff that Lee said had a "very un-Alex Lifeson sound," comparing it to the style of The Rolling Stones. Lifeson pointed out the musical bridge before his guitar solo sounds "very Whoish", and named their guitarist Pete Townshend and Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards as influences.

"Nobody's Hero" was inspired by a gay friend of Peart's who worked with him during his time in London and considered his friend as a role model. For Peart, he "prevented me from ever being homophobic" and when they drifted apart geographically, he found out that his friend had died of AIDS. "So, it's certainly not like his life was in vain, but his heroism was in a very small arena." Collins suggested having a string section added and chose Michael Kamen to orchestrate and conduct, so Lee devised some orchestral ideas that were included in the final arrangement.

"Double Agent" was one of the final tracks written for the album and it was described by Lee as "a complete exercise in self-indulgence." Having come up with songs that were more complex in arrangement, Lee fancied a change of pace and have a track where the band has "a bit of a rave."

"Leave That Thing Alone" is an instrumental the group decided to do because they have fun writing them as ideas get put down for them quickly. Lee and Lifeson clarified that despite the connection between it and the instrumental "Where's My Thing?" from Roll the Bones where they both have "Thing" in the titles, there is no further link between the two. Lifeson rated the track's melody as particularly strong.

"Cold Fire" went through several rewrites and Lee credited Collins in helping to put the song together by highlighting the strongest sections in the previous versions. Lee and Lifeson then got a feel into the previously difficult verses which led to Lifeson adding his steel guitar-like parts to which Lee was able to contribute harmonics. Following the difficulty, Lee rated the verses as one of the album's strongest moments.

Release
Before the album was released, it premiered during a radio special hosted by Steve Warden on CILQ in Toronto on October 14, 1993.

It debuted at No. 2 on the Billboard album chart for the week ending Nov. 6, 1993, kept out the top spot by another debuting album, Pearl Jam's Vs. Counterparts earned a gold certification in the United States in December 1993. The album earned a gold certification in Canada in 1994.

The band supported Counterparts with a four-month tour limited to the United States and Canada. Relations between the members were reportedly tense, and they followed the tour with a long break, during which lead singer/bass player Geddy Lee planned to spend time with his growing family, while each member explored other creative interests, such as a Lifeson solo album.

Reception

Odyssey wrote that Counterparts is one of Rush's most unique and best releases in their entire catalog, and called it very heavy sounding.

Track listing

Personnel
Credits taken from the album's 1993 liner notes.

Rush
Geddy Lee – bass, vocals, synthesizer
Neil Peart – drums, cymbals, electronic percussion
Alex Lifeson – electric and acoustic guitars

Additional personnel
John Webster – additional keyboards
Michael Kamen – orchestration and conducting on "Nobody's Hero"

Production
Rush – arrangements, production
Peter Collins – arrangements, production
Kevin "Caveman" Shirley – recording
Simon Pressey – recording at Le Studio, mixing assistant
Bill Hermans – recording assistant at McClear Pathé
Michael Letho – mixing
Brett Zilahi – mixing assistant
Bob Ludwig – mastering at Gateway Mastering
Hugh Syme – art direction, design

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+Certifications and sales for Counterparts
!Region
!Certification
!Certified units/sales
|-
!scope="row"|Canada (Music Canada)
|Platinum
|100,000^
|-

References

External links

1993 albums
Rush (band) albums
Anthem Records albums
Atlantic Records albums
Albums produced by Peter Collins (record producer)
Albums recorded at Le Studio

Counterparts (Rush album)


An Robiquetia ascendens in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré. An Robiquetia ascendens in nahilalakip ha genus nga Robiquetia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Maluku. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Robiquetia

Robiquetia ascendens


Årdalsfjorden er navnet på flere fjorde i Norge
 Årdalsfjorden (Årdal) – en sidefjord til Sognefjorden i Årdal kommune i Sogn og Fjordane fylke.
 Årdalsfjorden (Rogaland) – en sidefjord til Boknafjorden i Hjelmeland og Strand kommuner i Rogaland fylke.
 Årdalsfjorden et også et andet navn på den sydligste del af Byglandsfjorden i Bygland kommune i Aust-Agder fylke.
 Årdalsfjorden – den vestlige arm af Tyin i Vang kommune i Oppland fylke.

 Det har også været navnet på flere lokale rutebåde i Norge:

Årdalsfjorden


Kardar ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 A. J. Kardar (1926–2002), pakistanischer Filmemacher
 Abdul Rashid Kardar (auch A. R. Kardar; 1904–1989), indischer Filmregisseur und Filmschauspieler

Kardar


كلمة عورة تعني سَوأَة الإنسان، وكل شيء يستحى منه، وذلك كناية وأصلها من العار لما يلحق من ظهورها من العار أي المذمة، وفي الإسلام تعني كلُّ ما على المسلم أن يَسْتُرُهُ استنكافًا أو حياءً

العورة
العورة لغة: الخَلَلُ والعَيْبُ في الشيءِ، ويطلق على كل بيت أَو موضع فيه خَلَلٌ يُخْشَى دخولُ العَدُوّ منه، كما في قوله تعالى: سورة الأحزاب الآية 13، قال الأزهري:

اصطلاحًا: كلُّ شيءٍ يستره الإنسان أنفةً وحياءً، ويعرفها الفقهاء بأنها مايحرم كشفه من الرجل والمرأة

ستر العورة
ستر العورة في اصطلاح الفقهاء: تغطية الإنسان ما يَقْبُحُ ظهوره ويُستَحى منه، ذكرًا كان أو أنثى

حكمها
اتفق الفقهاء على أن ستر العورة واجب على الرجل والمرأة عمًّن لايحل له النَّظر إليهما لقوله تعالى:  سورة النور الآية 30 وجاء في الأثر عن بهزِ بنِ حكيمٍ عن أبيه عن جدِّه قال:

حكم السَّاتر
يجب أن يحقق السَّاتر مقصود السِّتر ويشترط في السَّاتر أن يكون كثيفًا لايرى منه لون البشرة ويشترط فيه أن لا يكون السَّاتر رقيقًا يصف ماتحته وأن لا يكون مُهَلهَلًا ترى منه أجزاء الجسم

ستر العورة في الصلاة
ستر العورة شرط من شروط صحة الصلاة لقوله تعالى: يَا بَنِي آدَمَ خُذُواْ زِينَتَكُمْ عِندَ كُلِّ مَسْجِدٍ سورة الأعراف الآية 31، قال ابن عباس:  وقال الشوكاني: ، ولقول النبي : «لَا يَقْبَلُ اللَّهُ صَلَاةَ حَائِضٍ إِلاَّ بِخِمَارٍ».

وعليه أجمع الفقهاء بأن من ترك ثوبه وهو قادرٌ على الاستتار به وصلى عريانًا فإن صلاته فاسدة ولكنهم اختلفوا في تحديد العورة الواجب سترها في الصلاة وإن لم يجد إلا ثوبًا نجسًا أو ثوبًا من الحرير وجب أن يصلي به ولا يصلي عريانًا لأن فرض السَّتر أقوى من منع النجس والحرير وهذا مذهب الحنفية والمالكية والحنابلة وقال المالكية يعيد أما الحنابلة قالوا لا يعيد إذا صلى في ثوب حرير؛ لأنه مأذون في لبسه في بعض الأحوال كالحكة والبرد، ويعيد إذا صلى في ثوب نجس. أما الشافعية فقد فرقوا بين الثوب الحرير والثوب النجس، وقالوا إن لم يجد المصلي إلا ثوبًا نجسًا، ولم يقدر على غسله فإنه يصلي عاريًا ولا يلبسه، وإذا وجد حريرًا وجب عليه أن يصلي فيه؛ لأنه طاهر يسقط الفرض به، وإنما يحرم في غير محل الضرورة، وتجب عليه الإعادة إذا صلى في ثوب نجس

ماتستره المرأة في الإحرام
المرأة مادامت محرمة وجب عليها أن تستر كامل الجسم إلا الوجه فلا تتنقب فإحرامها في وجهها وليس لها أيضًا أن تلبس القفازين، إلا إن خشيت الفتنة وأرادت التستر عن أعين الناس جاز لها أن تضع ساتر على وجهها ولقد اشترط كل من الحنفية والشافعية ألا يلامس الساتر الوجه فيكون بمثابة الاستظلال، أما المالكية فقد أجازوا أن تستر المحرمة وجهها بثوب من فوق رأسها دون ربط ولا غرز بإبرة أو نحوها ومثل ذلك عند الحنابلة، أما القفازين فيحظر على المحرمة لبسهما عند الماليكة والحنابلة وهو المعتمد عند الشافعية أما الحنفية أجازوا لها اللبس بكفيها أو أن تغطي يديها من غير شد كأن تدخل يديها في أكمامها وفي قميصها وهو رواية عند الشافعية

ستر العورة في الخلوة
يجب ستر العورة أيضًا في الخلوة وهي المكان الخالِ من الناس حياءً من الله تعالى وملائكته إلا لحاجة كالإغتسال والتبرُّد ونحوه وهو مذهب الحنفية والشافعية والحنابلة، أما عند المالكية فيندب ستر العورة في الخلوة، فقولهم أنه لا يحرم التجرد في حالة الخلوة، ولكنه يكرهه فقط، ويخص الكراهة بكشف السوأتين، وما عداهما فيجوز كشفه بلا كراهة

تفصيل حَدُّ العورة
يختلف حدُّها باختلاف الجنس وباختلاف العمر، كما يختلف من المرأة بالنسبة للمَحرَم وغير المَحرَم ونذكر فيما يأتي بعضًا من مواطن التقسيم ومقتضب قول الفقهاء ورأي المذاهب الأربعة في كل منها

عورة المرأة
قسم الفقهاء عورة المرأة لعدة مواطن ووضعوا لكل منها أحكامه

أولًا: عورة المرأة بالنسبة للرجل الأجنبي

ذهب جمهور الفقهاء إلى أن جسم المرأة كله عورة بالنسبة للرجل الأجنبي عدا الوجه والكفين؛ لكن جواز كشف ذلك مقيد بأمن الفتنة، وورد عن أبي حنيفة القول بجواز إظهار قدميها، ويقول ابن عابدين: إن ظهر الكف عورة، وورد عن أبي يوسف القول بجواز إظهار ذراعيها وقال القرطبي في معنى قوله تعالى:وَلَا يُبْدِينَ زِينَتَهُنَّ إِلَّا مَا ظَهَرَ مِنْهَا ۖ   والفتخ هو باطنُ ما بين العَضُدِ والذِّراعِ

ثانيًا: عورة المرأة المسلمة بالنسبة للأجنبية الكافرة

ذهب جمهور الفقهاء من الحنفية والمالكية إلى أن المرأة الأجنبية الكافرة كالرجل الأجنبي بالنسبة للمسلمة، فلا يجوز أن تنظر إلى بدنها، وليس للمسلمة أن تتجرد بين يديها، وهذا الرأي هو الأصح عند الشافعية وقد صح عن عمر  الأمر بمنع الكتابيات من دخول الحمام مع المسلمات.

والمذهب عند الحنابلة أنه لا فرق بين المسلمة والذمية ولا بين المسلم والذمي في النظر، وقال الإمام أحمد في رواية عنه: لا تنظر الكافرة إلى الفرج من المسلمة ولا تكون قابلة لها. وفي رواية أخرى عنه أن المسلمة لا تكشف قناعها عند الذمية ولا تدخل معها الحمام

ثالثًا: عورة المرأة بالنسبة للمرأة المسلمة

ذهب الفقهاء إلى أن عورة المرأة بالنسبة للمرأة هي كعورة الرجل إلى الرجل، أي ما بين السرة والركبة، ولذا يجوز لها النظر إلى جميع بدنها عدا ما بين هذين العضوين، وذلك لوجود المجانسة وانعدام الشهوة غالبًا، ولكن يحرم ذلك مع الشهوة وخوف الفتنة.

رابعًا: عورة المرأة بالنسبة للمحارم

المراد بمحرم المرأة من يحرم عليه نكاحها على وجه التأبيد لنسب أو مصاهرة أو رضاع.

ومذهب المالكية والحنابلة هو: أن عورة المرأة بالنسبة إلى رجل محرم لها هي غير الوجه والرأس واليدين والرجلين، فيحرم عليها كشف صدرها وثدييها ونحو ذلك عنده، ويحرم على محارمها كأبيها رؤية هذه الأعضاء منها وإن كان من غير شهوة وتلذذ، وقال الحنابلة: الكافر محرم لقريبته المسلمة.

أما عند الحنفية هي ما بين سرتها إلى ركبتها، وكذا ظهرها وبطنها، إن أمن الفتنة وخلو نظره من الشهوة، وكل ما جاز النظر إليه منهن دون حائل جاز لمسه عند أمن الفتنة وإلا لم يجز.

والشافعية يرون جواز نظر الرجل إلى ما عدا ما بين السرة والركبة من محارمه من النساء من نسب أو رضاع أو مصاهرة صحيحة، وقيل: يحل له النظر فقط إلى ما يظهر منها عادة في العمل داخل البيت، أي إلى الرأس والعنق واليد إلى المرفق والرجل إلى الركبة.

خامسًا: عورة الأَمَة بالنسبة للرجل الأجنبي

اختلف الفقهاء في عورة الأمة بالنسبة للرجل الأجنبي.

فقال المالكية وهو الأصح عند الشافعية: إن عورتها هي ما بين سرتها وركبتها.

وقال الحنفية: عورتها مثل عورة الحرة بالنسبة لمحارمها.

وقال الحنابلة: إن عورتها كعورة الحرة لا يجوز أن ينظر منها إلا ما يجوز النظر إليه من الحرة

عورة الرجل
عورة الرّجل في الصّلاة وخارجها ما بين السّرّة والرّكبة عند الحنفيّة والمالكيّة والشّافعيّة والحنابلة، وهو رأي أكثر الفقهاء لقول النبي : «أسفل السّرّة وفوق الرّكبتين من العورة» وفي روايةٍ عن أحمد أنّها الفرجان فقط لما رواه البخاري عن أنسٍ : «أنّ النّبيّ صلى الله عليه وسلم يوم خيبر حسر الإزار عن فخذه حتّى إنّي لأنظر إلى بياض فخذ النّبيّ»

عورة كل من الزوجين بالنسبة للآخر
أجمع الفقهاء في أن كامل بدن الزوجة ليس عورة بالنسبة للزوج وكذلك بدن الرجل بالنسبة لزوجه، فيكون نظر كل منهما إلى أي جزء من أجزاء الآخر مباحًا بشهوة، أو بدون شهوة، لأن وطأها مباح مستدلين بقوله تعالى: وَالَّذِينَ هُمْ لِفُرُوجِهِمْ حَافِظُونَ إِلَّا عَلَىٰ أَزْوَاجِهِمْ أَوْ مَا مَلَكَتْ أَيْمَانُهُمْ فَإِنَّهُمْ غَيْرُ مَلُومِينَ وحديث بهزِ بن حكيم، لكن الشافعية والحنابلة قالوا: يكره نظر كل منهما إلى فرج الآخر، ونص الشافعية على أن النظر إلى باطن الفرج أشد كراهة. أما قول الحنفية فأنه من الأدب أن يغض كل من الزوجين النظر عن فرج صاحبه، واستدلوا بما روي عن النبي أنه:

عورة الصغير والصغيرة
لم ترد في حدود عورة الصغير والصغيرة أدلة صريحة من الكتاب والسنة، ولكن يستأنس بقوله تعالى: أَوِ الطِّفْلِ الَّذِينَ لَمْ يَظْهَرُوا عَلَى عَوْرَاتِ النِّسَاءِ سورة النور الآية 31، وحديث عبد الله بن عمرو:

يرى الحنفية أن لا عورة للصغير والصغيرة جدًا، وحدد بعضهم هذا الصغر بأربع سنوات فما دونها، ثم إلى عشر سنين يعتبر في عورته ما غلظ من الكبير، وتكون عورته بعد العشر كعورة البالغين، ونقل ابن عابدين أنه ينبغي اعتبار السبع، لأمرهما بالصلاة إذا بلغا هذه السن.

ويرى المالكية أن الصغير ابن ثمان سنوات فأقل لا عورة له، فللمرأة النظر إلى جميع بدنه حيًا وأن تغسله ميتًا، ولها النظر إلى جميع بدن من هو بين التاسعة والثانية عشرة ولكن ليس لها غسله، والبالغ ثلاث عشرة سنة فما فوق عورته كعورة الرجل.

أما الصغيرة فهي إلى سن السنتين وثمانية أشهر فلا عورة لها إذا كانت رضيعة، وأما غير الرضيعة إن كانت لم تبلغ حد الشهوة فلا عورة لها بالنسبة للنظر، أما بالنسبة للمس فعورتها كعورة المرأة فليس للرجل أن يغسلها، أما المشتهاة فعورتها كعورة المرأة بالنسبة للنظر والتغسيل.

أما الشافعية فقد أحلوا النظر إلى صغيرة لا تشتهى؛ لأنها ليست مظنة الشهوة، إلا الفرج فلا يحل النظر إليه، وفرج الصغير كفرج الصغيرة على المعتمد، واستثنى ابن القطان الأم زمن الرضاع والتربية للضرورة، وقالوا: إن عورة الصغير في الصلاة ذكرًا كان أو أنثى، مراهقًا كان أو غير مراهق كعورة المكلف في الصلاة.

وقال الحنابلة: إن الصغير الذي هو أقل من سبع سنين لا عورة له، فيجوز النظر إلى جميع بدنه ومسه، ومن زاد عن ذلك إلى ما قبل تسع سنين فإن كان ذكرا فعورته القبل والدبر في الصلاة وخارجها، وإن كان أنثى فعورتها ما بين السرة والركبة بالنسبة للصلاة. وأما خارجها فعورتها بالنسبة للمحارم هي ما بين السرة والركبة، وبالنسبة للأجانب من الرجال جميع بدنها إلا الوجه والرقبة والرأس واليدين إلى المرفق والساق والقدم

عورة الميت
العورة للميت من السرة إلى الركبة وهي عورة الميت رجلًا كان أو أمرأة

العورة المغلظة
كما ذكر سابقًا فإن حكم ستر العورة في الصلاة أو خارجها هو الوجوب ولا خلاف في ذلك بين الفقهاء ولا في حرمة النظر إلى العورة ولكنهم قسموها إلى مغلظة ومخففة، فذهب المالكية: إلى أن عورة الرجل المغلظة في الصلاة هي السوأتان -القبل والدبر- أما المراة فهي ماعدا صدرها والذراعان والرجلان والعنق، ومن صلى مكشوف العورة المغلظة يعيد في الوقت أو بعد أما عند الحنفية فهي السوأتان للرجل والمرأة على السواء، ولم يرد هذا التقسيم عند الشافعية والحنابلة

كشف العورة

عند الحاجة الملجئة
أجاز الفقهاء عند الحاجة الملجئة كشف العورة من الرجل أو المرأة، لأي من جنسهما أو من الجنس الآخر، ولا يجوز بحال من الأحوال التعدّي وترك مراعاة الضوابط الشرعية، فيجوز نظر القابلة إلى الفرج عند الولادة أو لمعرفة البكارة في امرأة العنين أو نحوها، ويجوز للطبيب المسلم إن لم توجد طبيبة أن يداوي المريضة الأجنبية المسلمة. وينظر منها ويلمس ما تلجئ الحاجة إلى نظره أو لمسه، فإن لم توجد طبيبة ولا طبيب مسلم جاز للطبيب الذمي ذلك. ونفس الأمر للطبيية إن لم يوجد طبيب وهذا الحكم مبني على ترجيح مصلحة حفظ النفس على مصلحة ستر العورة عند التعارض

عند الاغتسال
لا يجوز النظر إلى عورة المسلم الميت، ولا يجوز تجريده من ملابسه بعد موته إلا عند التغسيل، فيجرد وتستر العورة من السرة إلى الركبة وهي عورة الميت رجلًا كان أو أمرأة، وفي استحباب ستر جميع الميت خلاف، فاستحبه الشافعية وقد روي عن أحمد أنه قال: ، وهذا مذهب الشافعي، لأن النبي  غسل في قميصه.

النظر إلى العورة لتحمُّل الشَّهادة
مذهب المالكية والشافعية والحنابلة هو جواز النظر إلى وجه المرأة الأجنبية عند الشهادة وعند البيع والشراء، إن لم يخف الفتنة فإن خافها لم ينظر إلا إن تعين عليه فينظر ويضبط نفسه وكذلك لها النظر، كما يجوز النظر إلى الفرج للشهادة على الزنى والولادة، وإلى الثدي للشهادة على الرضاع، ولكن مع كراهة ذلك في حق الشابة دون العجوز، لمن يخاف الفتنة أو يستغني عن المعاملة، فأما مع الحاجة وعدم الشهوة فلا بأس، أما الحنفية فمذهبهم أنه يجوز للقاضي إذا أراد أن يحكم على امرأة، وللشاهد إذا أراد أن يشهد عليها النظر إلى وجهها وإن خاف الاشتهاء، للحاجة إلى إحياء الحقوق عن طريق القضاء وأداء الشهادة

مقالات ذات صلة
 الاستئذان
 فقه الزينة

مراجع

العفة في الإسلام
فقه العبادات
لباس المرأة في الإسلام
مصطلحات إسلامية

عورة


An Tetraria borneensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Johannes Hendrikus Kern. An Tetraria borneensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tetraria, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Tetraria

Tetraria borneensis


Die Deutschen Kurzbahnmeisterschaften 2004 im Schwimmen fanden vom 25. bis 28. November 2004 im Essener Hauptbad statt und wurden von der SG Essen organisiert. Der Veranstalter war der Deutsche Schwimm-Verband. Der Wettkampf diente gleichzeitig als Qualifikationswettkampf für die Kurzbahneuropameisterschaften 2004 in Wien. Es wurden bei Männern und Frauen Wettkämpfe in je 20 Disziplinen ausgetragen, darunter zwei Staffelwettkämpfe.

Weblinks
 Ergebnisse aus dem Archiv des DSV
 Ergebnisse auf Swimrankings

2004
Sportveranstaltung 2004
Sportveranstaltung in Essen

Deutsche Kurzbahnmeisterschaften 2004


Romen ya da Romenler, Hint-Avrupa dil ailesine bağlı, Latince kökenli dilleri konuşan halklara denmektedir. Günümüzde İtalyanlar, İspanyollar, Fransızlar, Rumenler ve Portekizliler bu gruptan sayılmaktadır.

Romen halkları

İspanyolca

Portekizce

Fransızca

İtalyanca

Rumence

Katalanca

Toplam

Ayrıca bakınız
 Romen dilleri

Kaynakça

Latinler

Romen (halk)


Aserbajdsjans U/20-fodboldlandshold er det nationale fodboldhold i Aserbajdsjan for spillere under 20 år, og landsholdet bliver administreret af Azərbaycan Futbol Federasiyaları Assosiasiyası.

U/20-fodboldlandshold
U/20-fodboldlandshold i Europa

Aserbajdsjans U/20-fodboldlandshold


=දැඩි රක්‍ෂිත

ස්වාභාවික රක්‍ෂිත
සිංහරාජ රක්ෂිත වනාන්තරය
සිරිපාද රක්ෂිත වනාන්තරය
කොට්ටව රක්ෂිත වනාන්තරය

ජාතික වනෝද්‍යාන
විල්පත්තු ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානය
උඩවලව ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානය

අභයභූමි

රක්‍ෂිත ස්වාභාවික ප්‍රදේශ - ශ්‍රී ලංකා

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ රක්‍ෂිත ස්වාභාවික ප්‍රදේශ


Sir Michael Patrick Cashin,  (29 September 1864 – 30 August 1926) was a Newfoundland businessman and politician.

He was elected to the legislature in 1893 as an independent but worked closely with the Liberal Party. In 1907 he joined the Newfoundland People's Party of Sir Edward Patrick Morris and became minister of finance in 1909. When Morris resigned as party leader, Cashin succeeded him. The People's Party had formed a wartime national government which opposition member William F. Lloyd, a Liberal, had joined as minister of justice.

Despite the fact that Cashin had succeeded Morris as leader of the dominant party, the governor appointed Lloyd to the position of prime minister. On 20 May 1919, Cashin, who was still minister of finance, rose and moved a motion of no confidence in the government he was a member of. The motion passed and Cashin became prime minister.

Cashin's government was short-lived, however; the House of Assembly had not seen an election for six years due to the First World War, and a return to the polls was long overdue. An election was held in November 1919 which defeated Cashin's government and elected the opposition Liberals (now called the Liberal Reform Party).

In opposition Cashin changed the name of the People's Party to the Liberal-Labour-Progressive Party before retiring as party leader in 1923. He did not run for re-election in 1924.

Cashin's son, Peter John Cashin, was a prominent Newfoundland politician in his own right and his grandson, Richard Cashin was a federal politician in the 1960s and a trade union leader in the 1970s and 1980s.

He was created a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1918.

He died at his home in St. John's on 30 August 1926.

References

1864 births
1926 deaths
Canadian Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Prime Ministers of the Dominion of Newfoundland
Newfoundland People's Party MHAs

Michael Patrick Cashin


Alexandru Dănilă (n. 1865, satul Feisa, comuna Jidvei, Comitatul Târnava-Mică, Regatul Ungariei – d. 31 decembrie 1953) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba-Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
Alexandru Dănilă a fost delegat al satului Feisa, comuna Jidvei. În satul natal s-a afirmat ca gospodar de frunte, între consătenii săi. Ca răsplată pentru vrednicia sa, a fost ales și trimis ca reprezentant al satului, la Marea Adunare Națională de la 1 decembrie 1918 din Alba-Iulia.

După Marea Unire a continuat să se afirme ca bun gospodar al satului. A încetat din viață, la vârsta de 88 de ani, la 31 decembrie 1953.

Note

Bibliografie
 Ioan I. Șerban, Dorin Giurgiu, Ionela Mircea, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003, ISBN 973-8141-90-7
 Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților, vol. I-II, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005, ISBN 973-27-1258-9 (vol. I); ISBN 973-27-1264-3 (vol. II)

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1865
Decese în 1953
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Agricultori români
Transilvăneni
Români din Austro-Ungaria

Alexandru Dănilă


Agave albopilosa ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Agaven (Agave).

Beschreibung
Agave albopilosa wächst einzeln oder bildet kleine, Gruppen mit Wuchshöhen von 15 bis 30 cm und 20 bis 40 Die gelbgrünen, variablen, linealischen bis triangular nach oben gerichteten, gebogenen Blätter sind 15 bis 25 cm lang und bis 14 mm breit. Nahe dem grauen bis braunen Enddorn befinden sich weiße, haarige Büschel/Tuft mit einem Durchmesser bis 15 mm.

Der rispige Blütenstand wird 70 bis 120 cm hoch. Die glockenförmigen purpurfarbenen Blüten sind 20 bis 25 mm lang und 8 bis 10 mm breit.

Die länglichen dreikammerigen Kapselfrüchte sind 10 bis 12 mm lang und 8 bis 10 mm breit. Die schwarzen Samen sind 2 mm im Durchmesser.

Systematik und Verbreitung
Agave albopilosa ist in Mexiko, Sierra Madre Oriental im Huesteca Canyon an exponierten Stellen an steilen Kalksteinklippen in 1000 bis 1500 m Höhe verbreitet. Sie ist vergesellschaftet mit Agave bracteosa, Agave lechuguilla, Agave striata, Agave victoriae-reginae, Dasylirion berlandieri, Hesperaloe funifera, Hechtia texensis und anderen Arten.

Die Erstbeschreibung durch Ismael Cabral Cordero, José Angel Villareal Quintanilla und Alejandro Eduardo Estrada-Castillón ist 2007 veröffentlicht worden.

Agave albopilosa ist ein Vertreter der Gruppe Striatae und ist endemisch im Huesteca Canyon in Mexiko. Die Pflanzen wurden Ende des letzten Jahrhunderts entdeckt und im Jahr 2007 beschrieben. Einzigartig sind die nahe dem Enddorn befindlichen, weißen, haarigen Büschel/Tuft. Charakteristisch sind die einzeln wachsenden oder kompakten, kleinen dichten Gruppen mit den gelbgrünen, variablen, nach oben gerichteten, gebogenen Blättern, die an die steilen Felswände gepresst sind. Sie ist nahe verwandt mit Agave striata, gleichwohl sind Unterschiede in Blüten- und Fruchtstruktur erkennbar. Die erreichbaren Pflanzen sind stark dezimiert, jedoch sind die an den Steilwänden der Klippen wachsenden Pflanzen zur Zeit ungefährdet.

Literatur
 Ismael Cabral Cordero, José Angel Villareal Quintanilla, Alejandro Eduardo Estrada-Castillón: Agave albopilosa (Agavaceae, subgénero Littaea, grupo Striatae), una especie nueva de la Sierra Madre Oriental en el noreste de México. In: Acta Botanica Mexicana. Nummer 80, 2007, S. 51–57 (PDF).
 Julia Etter, Martin Kristen: The elusive Agave albopilosa. In: Cactus & Co. Band 13, Nummer 1, 2009, S. 44–57.

Weblinks

Agaven
albopilosa

Agave albopilosa


En sokratisk dialog er en dialog mellem en mere lærd person og en uvidende. Gennem dialog skal den uvidende opnå mere indsigt og derved blive mere lærd.

Se også
 Sokratisk dialektik

Filosofi
Platonisme

Sokratisk dialog


Lahcen Bellimam (19. rujna 1989.) je marokanski rukometaš. Nastupa za francuski klub Élite Val d'Oise Handball i marokansku reprezentaciju.

Natjecao se na Svjetskom prvenstvu u Egiptu 2021., gdje je reprezentacija Maroka završila na 29. mjestu.

Izvori

Marokanski rukometaši

Lahcen Bellimam


Guillermo Eugenio Snopek (n. en San Salvador de Jujuy en 1947 - Yala, 23 de febrero de 1996) fue un abogado y político argentino que ejerció como Gobernador de la Provincia de Jujuy desde diciembre de 1995, hasta su fallecimiento, dos meses más tarde.

Biografía

Era hijo de Guillermo Snopek, un prestigioso jurista nacido en San Miguel de Tucumán que ejerció brevemente el cargo de vicegobernador de la Provincia de Jujuy en el año 1966.

Se recibió de abogado y desde su juventud estuvo afiliado al Partido Justicialista. Durante la última dictadura militar defendió a los mineros de la zona minera de El Aguilar, causa por la que fue arrestado.

Fue secretario General de la Gobernación durante la gestión como gobernador de su tío Carlos Snopek y fue elegido diputado provincial durante tres períodos consecutivos, entre 1983 y 1992. Fue vicepresidente de la legislatura y ejerció interinamente el gobierno provincial en cuatro oportunidades, en los años 1989 y 1990.

En 1991 fue candidato a gobernador de la provincia, pero fue derrotado por el otro candidato juticialista, Roberto Domínguez. Al año siguiente fue elegido Senador nacional, reemplazando en su banca a su tío Carlos Snopek, que había fallecido en un accidente automovilístico.

El 1 de octubre de 1995 fue elegido gobernador de la Provincia de Jujuy, cargo que asumió el 10 de diciembre. Su mandato resultó efímero, ya que falleció el 24 de febrero de 1996, tras 76 días de gestión, al colisionar el automóvil que conducía con un caballo, en las inmediaciones de Yala.

Su hijo Guillermo Eugenio Mario fue diputado provincial y actualmente es Senador Nacional.

Referencias

Jujeños (capital)
Abogados de Argentina
Políticos del Partido Justicialista
Senadores nacionales de Argentina por la provincia de Jujuy
Gobernadores de la provincia de Jujuy
Familia Snopek
Nacidos en San Salvador de Jujuy

Guillermo Eugenio Snopek


Olivia Margaret Benson es un personaje ficticio de la serie de la NBC del drama policíaco, La ley y el orden: Unidad de víctimas especiales, interpretado por la actriz Mariska Hargitay. Su compañero fue el detective Elliot Stabler encarnado por Christopher Meloni durante 12 temporadas. En la temporada 13 su compañero es el detective Nick Amaro (Danny Pino). Benson trabaja en la Unidad de Víctimas Especiales, donde se investigan delítos de índole sexual. En la temporada 15 Olivia es ascendida a sargento de dicha Unidad y queda como jefa temporal cuando el Capitán Cragen se jubila.

Biografía
Olivia nació en Manhattan (7 de febrero de 1968), producto de una violación a su madre Serena Benson por Joseph Holister, un vendedor de alimentos. En un episodio, ella descubre y tiene conocimiento de su padre, quien estaba al tanto su vida. Tiene un medio hermano (Simon Marsden), hijo del matrimonio que su padre llevaba, que conoció pasando su ADN ilegalmente por la base de datos.

Olivia intentó adoptar pero rechazaron su petición pues en ese momento, era soltera, no tenía familia, trabaja a cualquier hora y no la vieron como "el mejor material materno".  Fue tutora legal de dos niños: la primera, una niña prematura de cinco meses dejada por su madre. La bebe necesitaba una operación urgente y Olivia tenía que decidir si operarla o no, pero en ese instante la bebé muere. El segundo, es un adolescente llamado Calvin Arliss. Ella se identificó con la madre de él, Vivian, también producto de violación (incluso Benson cree que pueden ser hermanas, pues las madres de ambas fueron violadas en una cafetería en el mismo año). Calvin y Olivia fueron separados después de que Vivian hablara con el padre del chico para cederle la guardia legal a los abuelos paternos de Calvin. En el final de la temporada 15 adopta a Noah Porter después de que mataran a su madre llamada Ellie.

Olivia Benson mantiene una relación con el detective Brian Cassidy en las temporadas 14 y 15.

Asalto sexual
En el episodio 15 de la temporada 9 (Infiltrada), Benson se hace pasar por una presa, en Selvew para investigar una "presunta violación" por un oficial de correccionales llamado Lowel Harris. Este ataca a Olivia forzándola a practicarle sexo oral, pero en ese momento es rescatada por Fin Totuola. Olivia ayuda a condenar a Harris. Esta situación le provocó un trastorno postraumático y al final del episodio, asiste a terapias de grupo.

En la temporada 15, Olivia es secuestrada en su casa por William Lewis (un hombre con quien trató en el último capítulo de la temporada 14). La mantiene encerrada 4 días trasladándola mientras transcurre el tiempo. La obliga a consumir drogas y alcohol. Llegan a una casa vacía y al momento de intentarla violar, llega el ama de llaves de la casa y Olivia logrando desprender un barrote de hierro de la cama donde estaba esposada, deja inconsciente a su atacante, quien en el episodio número 10 "Psycho Teraphist", es juzgado y declarado culpable en 2 de los 4 cargos que enfrentaba. Meses después de esto, en el episodio "La obsesión de la bestia", Lewis escapa de la prisión fingiendo un paro cardíaco para ser trasladado a un hospital, donde se fuga. Manda a Olivia un videomensaje donde diciéndole: "buenos días cariño, te extrañé", Olivia de inmediato lidera una brigada en su búsqueda, pero pronto es relevada por el peligro que corría, y se le asigna seguridad las 24 horas. Lewis después de haberse escapado, viola y asesina nuevamente, y en esta ocasión secuestra a una niña de 12 años para llamar la atención de Olivia, pues esta se volvió su obsesión (por ser la única víctima que se le escapó). Olivia escapa de los agentes de seguridad que la cuidaban para rescatar de Lewis a la niña. Al encontrarse nuevamente con su agresor cara a cara, este la desarma, la secuestra de nuevo, y la lleva donde tenía a la niña. Ahí la amarra a una mesa, la comienza a tocar sexualmente y cuando está a punto de violarla decide no hacerlo, ya que Olivia, estando en shock, no mostraba resistencia, lo cual a Lewis no le pareció excitante. Entonces tomando un revólver, coloca una bala, y obliga a Olivia a jugar con él, el juego de la "ruleta rusa". Lewis se puso primero el arma en la cabeza, apretó el gatillo, pero no disparó la bala, después en el turno de Olivia, como esta se rehusaba, Lewis puso otra arma en la cabeza de la niña para obligar a Olivia a jugar, Olivia entonces puso su arma en la cabeza y apretó el gatillo y la bala de nuevo no disparó, así les siguió sucediendo un par de ocasiones más a ambos, hasta que quedaron solo dos tiros por hacer. Era el turno de Lewis, este puso entonces el arma en su cabeza y apretó el gatillo, la bala no salió, Olivia comenzó a llorar y a temblar sabiendo que era su turno y que iba a morir, Lewis entonces le dijo "Fin del juego, Di adiós Olivia", y el mismo le apuntó a la cabeza de Olivia quien cerró los ojos y espero el final, pero entonces Lewis acercó su cabeza a la de ella y movió el arma apuntándose directamente a él para hacer creer que fue Olivia quien le disparó, afianzando la confesión de ésta con respecto a que le atacó brutalmente cuando él estaba reducido tras los 4 días de secuestro. Al final Lewis dispara, la niña grita, seguido del grito de Olivia, Lewis cae muerto en la mesa donde tenía amarrada a Olivia, mientras que ella termina con la sangre de Lewis en la cara, terminando así este capítulo. En el siguiente episodio ("Post-Mortem Blues") Olivia es investigada por la muerte de Lewis, saliendo victoriosa de toda acusación y sospecha, y este episodio termina con la sargento Benson en la morgue, viendo el cadáver de Lewis con una sonrisa de paz en su rostro que daba a entender que su pesadilla había llegado a su fin.

Véase también
Mariska Hargitay
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Christopher Meloni

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Ficha en IMDb

Policías ficticios
Personajes ficticios abusados
La Ley y el Orden
Personajes ficticios víctimas de violación
Mujeres detectives ficticias

Olivia Benson


Le  est un funiculaire exploité par la compagnie Kintetsu situé dans la ville d'Ikoma, dans la préfecture de Nara au Japon. Il se compose de deux lignes successives sur les pentes du mont Ikoma.

Description

Le funiculaire se compose de deux lignes. La  relie la gare basse de Toriimae à la gare intermédiaire de Hōzanji et comporte deux voies parallèles avec chacune un évitement central. La voie 1 est utilisée en temps normal, tandis que la voie 2 n'est utilisée que lors des pics de fréquentations saisonniers ou lorsque la voie 1 est en maintenance. La  relie la gare de Hōzanji à la gare haute d'Ikoma-Sanjō. Elle comprend une voie avec évitement central et possède deux gares intermédiaires.

Histoire
La ligne Hōzanji ouvre le  pour desservir le temple Hōzan-ji, c'est le plus ancien funiculaire du Japon. La ligne Sanjō ouvre le .

Caractéristiques

Ligne Hōzanji
 Longueur :
 Dénivelé :
 Pente : 22,7 %
 Écartement rails :
 Nombre de gares : 2

Ligne Sanjō
 Longueur :
 Dénivelé :
 Pente : 33,3 %
 Écartement rails :
 Nombre de gares : 4

Liste des gares

Matériel roulant

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste de funiculaires dans le monde
 Liste des chemins de fer japonais

Lien externe
  information sur le site officiel

Ikoma

Funiculaire Ikoma


Sharif University of Technology (SUT; ) is a public research university in Tehran, Iran. It is widely considered as the nation's most prestigious and leading institution for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields.

Established in 1966 under the reign of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, it was formerly named the Aryamehr University of Technology () and for a short period after the 1979 revolution, the university was called Tehran University of Technology. Following the revolution, the university was named after Majid Sharif Vaghefi.

Today, the university provides both undergraduate and graduate programs in 15 main departments. The student body consists of about 6,000 undergraduate students and 4,700 graduate students from all the 31 provinces of Iran. Funding for Sharif University is provided by the government and through private funding. Undergraduate admission to Sharif is limited to the top 800 of the 500,000 students who pass the national entrance examination administered annually by the Iranian Ministry of Science, Research and Technology.

In the 2013 Academic Ranking of World Universities Engineering/Technology and Computer Sciences rankings, SUT was ranked 5th in the Middle East. It is in the top 251–275 universities in the world and 37th in Asia in the 2014 Times Higher Education World University Rankings. In the 2014 Times Higher Education top 100 for newer universities (less than 50 years old), SUT ranked 1st in the Middle East, 6th in Asia, and 27th in the world.

2023 mass purges and resignations report
In September 2023 many academics and lecturers resigned as a continuation of protesting arrests and purges earlier in the year after the anti government uprisings.

History

The university was founded in 1966 with the name Aryamehr University of Industry by Mohammad Ali Mojtahedi. At that time, there were 54 faculty members and a total of 412 students who were selected by national examination. Also, only four departments were established:  Electrical, Metallurgical, Mechanical, and Chemical Engineering.
In 1972, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi appointed Sayyed Hosein Nasr as president of the university with the goal of modeling the school based on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, but with roots in Iranian culture. In 1974 a new campus of the university was established in Isfahan. But later that campus became an independent university, named Isfahan University of Technology (IUT). The emblem of IUT still closely resembles SUT's emblem . Following the revolution, the university was named after Majid Sharif Vaghefi, who was one of the People's Mujahedin of Iran group's leaders who was killed by the members of a splinter group (later renamed to Peykar Organization) who had recently converted from Islam to Marxism and were adamant to forcefully change the Mujahedin's organization's ideology to Marxism.

Currently, the university has about 12,000 students and over 700 faculty members in 16 main departments. During the Mahsa Amini protests in 2022, many students participated, with video footage of the protest and subsequent response by Iranian security forces published first to social media and then by major news organizations. Iranian state news agency IRNA reported that at least 37 students were arrested and most were released shortly afterwards.

Campuses

Main campus
The main campus of the university is located in the Tarasht neighborhood, near Azadi Square, Tehran, Iran. It is located close to the Azadi Tower, which is the symbol of Tehran and one of the main transportation hubs. The endowment of Sharif University of Technology has been estimated at $25 million.

International campus
Sharif University also has an International Campus on Kish Island in Persian Gulf. The International Campus of Sharif University of Technology was established in 2005. Today there are two faculties active in this campus: Faculty of Engineering and Science, and Faculty of Management. The campus is currently admitting students for bachelor's, master's, and Ph.D. degrees in engineering courses and a master's degree in management.

Academic profile

Profile
Sharif University was established in 1966 as an Engineering university with departments of Electrical, Metallurgical, Mechanical, and Chemical Engineering. Currently, Sharif University has 14 science and engineering departments:

In engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Petroleum Engineering, Civil Engineering, Computer Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Industrial Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Aerospace engineering.

In science, Chemistry, Physics, Mathematical Science.

Other non-engineering departments include the School of Management and Economics, Languages and Linguistics Department, and the Department of Philosophy of Science which offers exclusively graduate degrees.

Affiliated research centers
The university has supported the establishment of Research Centers. These are usually started with a spin-off funding provided by or through university but will start to accept research and development projects from industry in their first months of establishment. Most of the employees of these centers are Sharif University students, while in some cases recent alumni or students of other universities have been recruited as well.

Following is a list of research centers affiliated with Sharif University.

 Advanced Communications Research Institute
 Advanced Information and Communication Technology Research Center (AICTC)
 Alborz Observatory for high energy cosmic and gamma rays
 Biochemical and Bio-environmental Research Center
 Condition Monitoring Center (CMC)
 Entrepreneurship Center
 Economical and Industrial Studies research Center
 Electronics Research Center
 Energy Technology Research Center
 Biochemical and Bioenvironmental Research Center(B.B.R.C)
 Green University: environmental research center
 Industrial Systems Research Center
 Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
 Institute for Transportation Studies and Research
 Sharif Applied Physics Research Center
 Water, Energy and Ocean Engineering Research Center
 Sharif Accelerator
 Sharif Incubator

World rankings
In the 2020 Academic Ranking of World Universities (also known as Shanghai Ranking), the university ranked between 501 and 600 in the world and first in Iran. According to the QS Ranking, Sharif University of Technology has stood in the first place of Iran and maintained its international rank 334th. In the 2022-2023 U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking, the university ranked 598th in the world.

Research and endowment
Sharif University is a public university and its funding is provided by the government of Iran. For the top ranks of the national university entrance exam, education is free in all public universities. Those ranking lower are required to pay part or all of the tuition.

Industrial companies have supported Sharif University and provided research funding for the desired programs and projects. For instance, the Petroleum Engineering department was supported by Iran Oil industries .

Sharif University was appointed as a Center of Excellence (:fa:قطب علمی lit. Scientific Pole) by Iran's Ministry of Science and Technology in the fields of Advanced Materials, Aerospace Systems, Biological Process Engineering, Communication, Design, Robotics and Automation, Energy Conversion, Earthquake Engineering, Mathematics, Physics, Power System Management and Control, and Telecommunications, as well as Hydrodynamics and Dynamics of Marine Vehicles. This appointment is based on national standing based on research achievements and invested funding in the mentioned topics.

Student life

Political activities
Before the Islamic Revolution many political organizations including but not limited to Fadaian Khalg and People's Mujahedin of Iran active members and supporters were among students of the Sharif University. In the 14 years since its inception, many active members and supporters were arrested and killed by SAVAK among those Abdolmajid Pirzadeh Jahromi, Majid Ahmadzadeh (Fedaian Khlaq) can be named.

Through the student political movement after the 2nd of Khordad Movement, Sharif students were also actively involved. The major groups with political intentions at Sharif, during 1997–2003, were students Basij and the Association of Muslim students, briefly called Anjoman (Association). Most other smaller groups were allies of either Basij or Anjoman.
Basij was a serious opposer of Mohammad Khatami, the president of the time. Whereas, Anjoman was a loyal follower.
There have been several clashes between member students of the two groups. Free speech tribunes, occasionally end in harsh quarrel-like debates.
However, the major clash between Anjoman and Basij occurred while the student movement was in silence in most other universities. In 2006, a serious controversy resulting in physical tensions, occurred after Basij attempted to bury bodies of unknown Martyrs of the Iran–Iraq War at the universities' Mosque court.

Sharif University of Technology Association (SUTA)

Sharif alumni and affiliates are spread worldwide since many of them continue their graduate studies in Europe or North America and also some of them immigrated to these countries, therefore it is not easy to establish a local organization to be contacted by the alumni. Sharif University of Technology Association (SUTA) is a global organization that was formed in 2000 to facilitate communication and collaboration among the graduates, faculty, and staff of the Sharif University.

This non-profit organization is registered in the state of California, USA and has many chapters and affiliates around the world. Its mission is to enhance professional, academic, and social contacts among its membership, and to strengthen the ties between the association members living outside of Iran and the university.

Since 2000 SUTA has had a reunion/conference every other year, in the following cities: San Diego (California), Toronto (Canada), Heidelberg (Germany), Santa Clara (California), Vancouver (Canada), Gothenburg (Sweden), Ottawa (Canada) and Milan (Italy).

Faculty and alumni

Chancellors

Notable alumni
The university is known for its large number of alumni who join the academic world, including the late Maryam Mirzakhani, Professor of Mathematics at Stanford University and the first female to be awarded a Fields Medal.

Several SUT alumni have been active in the industry. Niloufar Salehi, computer scientist at University of California, Berkeley, Akbar Torkan, director of Petro-Pars Co. and previous Transportations Minister, Ahmad Ghalebaani, former managing director of SAIPA, Salman A. Avestimehr, an American-Iranian professor and co-director of the Communication Sciences Institute at the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of Southern California, managing director of Iran national petroleum company can be named as some of the more famous alumni.

Many of the SUT alumni have entered in politics, including Mohammad Ali Najafi former minister of higher education and member of Tehran City Council, Es'hagh Jahangiri, former Minister of Industries and Mines, Abbas Mohtaj, former commander of Iranian Navy, Mohammad Atrianfar, former head of Tehran City Council, Morteza Alviri, former mayor of Tehran, Ali Larijani, speaker of Majlis and former presidential candidate and former head of IRIB and Mohsen Sazegara, former government official, political activist. Also, some of the opposition groups outside Iran have members who are SUT alumni. These members include Foad Mostafa Soltani, former leader of Komala political party of Iranian Kurdistan and Maryam Rajavi, president of People's Mujahedin of Iran Organization.

Multiple alumni of SUT also continued their careers as professional athletes. Having been affiliated with SUT's athletic teams, Ali Daei, former member and later head coach of Iranian national football team can be named. Adel Ferdosipour, the prominent football commentator and Elshan Moradi Chess Grandmaster are also SUT alumni.

Other publicly known figures with a Sharif related background include Peyman Yazdanian, music composer and Mohammad-Javad Larijani, director of Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics.

Imprisoned human rights blogger Kouhyar Goudarzi was an aerospace student at Sharif until pressure from state security forces allegedly caused his dismissal. Omid Kokabee, an Applied Physics and Mechanics alumnus, was arrested while visiting Iran during his Postdoctoral research in University of Texas at Austin. He was sentenced to 10 years in prison for "communicating with a hostile government" and "illegitimate/illegal earnings."

See also
List of Islamic educational institutions
Higher education in Iran
Pardis Technology Park
Shahbal, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) developed at SUT
Iranian Machine Design Competition

References

External links

Sharif University of Technology's home page

1966 establishments in Iran
Educational institutions established in 1966
Engineering universities and colleges in Iran

Sharif University of Technology


البارة قرية أثرية سورية في محافظة إدلب.
 كلمة فارسية تعني «قطعة» وقد تشير إلى:
 بارة (عملة) عملة تشبه القرش في الدولة العثمانية.
 جزء من القرآن الكريم.

أماكن مأهولة سابقا في سوريا

بارة (توضيح)


UAIOE is a studio album by the German industrial band KMFDM. It was released on 7 October 1989 by Cash Beat Records. Several 1970's "rock" bands are referenced: The titular song borrows heavily from the lyrical tropes of Frank Zappa, as well as the song "EN ESCH", which basically results in a cover version of Deep Purple's "Demon's Eye" (utilizing the opening riff from Slayer's "Jesus Saves").

Release
UAIOE was released in 1989 by Cash Beat Records in Germany, by Deutschland Strikeback Records in the United Kingdom and by Wax Trax! Records in the United States. A remastered reissue of UAIOE was released on 12 September 2006 with new liner notes and photos of the band.

Reception

UAIOE received somewhat positive reviews. Andy Hinds of AllMusic said the work sounded more complete than previous releases, and called "More & Faster" the band's first classic song. Robert Christgau said the album was "groovier than the noise norm" and said the guest vocalists "add personality".

Track listing

Personnel
En Esch – guitars, vocals, programming
Sascha Konietzko – bass guitar, vocals, guitars, synths, programming, production (1–3, 5–9), mixing (1, 9), remastering
Rudolph Naomi – drums, voice (12)
Morgan Adjei – vocals (1, 3, 4, 8, 9)
Sigrid Meyer – vocals (4, 6)

Production
F.M. Einheit – production (4)
Blank Fontana – engineering
Chris Z – layout
Justin Gammon – layout
Nick Head – mixing (2, 5–8), vocals (12)
Adrian Sherwood – mixing (3, 4)
Brute! – artwork
Fritz Brinckmanniherz – photography
Alice Turzynski – photography
Rick Fisher – remastering

References

External links
 KMFDM DØTKØM UAIOE lyrics at the official KMFDM website

1989 albums
KMFDM albums
Wax Trax! Records albums
Metropolis Records albums

UAIOE