Thiruvalluvar, commonly known as Valluvar, was an Indian poet and philosopher. He is best known as the author of the Tirukkuṟaḷ, a collection of couplets on ethics, political and economic matters, and love. The text is considered an exceptional and widely cherished work of Tamil literature.

Almost no authentic information is available about Valluvar, states Kamil Zvelebil – a scholar of Tamil literature. His life and likely background are variously inferred from his literary works by different biographers. There are unauthentic hagiographic and legendary accounts of Valluvar's life, and all major Indian religions, as well as Christian missionaries of the 19th century, have tried to claim him as secretly inspired (crypto-) or originally belonging to their tradition. Little is known with certainty about his family background, religious affiliation, or birthplace. He is believed to have lived at least in the town of Mylapore (a neighbourhood of the present-day Chennai), and his floruit is dated variously from fourth century BCE to early fifth century CE, based on the traditional accounts and the linguistic analyses of his writings. Kamil Zvelebil infers the  and Valluvar are best dated to around 500 CE.

Valluvar has influenced a wide range of scholars down the ages since his time across the ethical, social, political, economical, religious, philosophical, and spiritual spheres. He has long been venerated as a great sage, and his literary works a classic of Tamil culture.

Life
There is negligible authentic information available about Valluvar's life. In fact, neither his actual name nor the original title of his work can be determined with certainty.  itself does not name its author. Monsieur Ariel, a French translator of his work in the 19th century, famously said it is "the book without a name by an author without a name". The name Thiruvalluvar (lit. Saint Valluvar) was first mentioned in the later text Tiruvalluva Maalai.

The speculations about Valluvar's life are largely inferred from his work  and other Tamil literature that quote him. According to Zvelebil, Valluvar was "probably a learned Jain with eclectic leanings and intimate acquaintance with the early works of Tamil classical period and some knowledge of the Sanskrit legal and didactic texts (subhashita)".

Traditional biographies

The Shaivite Tamil text Tiruvalluva Maalai contains the earliest known textual reference to the legend of Valluvar, but it remains undated. This text attracted attention in the colonial era because an early 19th-century commentary referred to him as "Valluvan" (Valluvar) whose text presented the "esoteric wisdom of the Vedas to the world". The original text relates the Kural in the context of Sanskrit literature. The commentary includes the gloss that Valluvan was "born in a low caste", but the original text does not. According to Stuart Blackburn, this comment appears to be extra-textual and possibly based on the oral tradition. No other pre-colonial textual sources have been found to support any legends about the life of Valluvar. Starting around the early 19th century, numerous legends on Valluvar in Indian languages and English were published.

Various claims have been made regarding Valluvar's family background and occupation in the colonial era literature, all inferred from selective sections of his text or hagiographies published since the colonial era started in Tamil Nadu. One traditional version claims that he was a Paraiyar weaver. Another theory is that he must have been from the agricultural caste of Vellalars because he extols agriculture in his work. Another states he was an outcast, born to a Pariah woman and Brahmin father. Mu Raghava Iyengar speculated that "valluva" in his name is a variation of "vallabha", the designation of a royal officer. S. Vaiyapuri Pillai suggested Valluvar derived his name from "valluvan" (a Paraiyar caste of royal drummers) and theorized that he was "the chief of the proclaiming boys analogous to a trumpet-major of an army". H. A. Stuart, in his Census Report of 1891, claimed that Valluvans were a priestly class among the Paraiyars and served as priests during Pallava reign, and similarly Robert Caldwell, J. H. A. Tremenheere and Edward Jewitt Robinson, too, claimed that Valluvar was a Paraiyar. Valluvar was likely married to a woman named Vasuki and lived in Mylapore. According to traditional accounts, Valluvar died on the day of Anusham in the Tamil month of Vaikasi.

The poem Kapilar Agaval, purportedly written by Kapilar, describes its author as a brother of Valluvar. It states that they were children of a Pulaya mother named Adi and a Brahmin father named Bhagwan. The poem claims that the couple had seven children, including three sons (Valluvar, Kapilar, and Atikaman) and four sisters (Avvai, Uppai, Uruvai, and Velli). However, this legendary account is spurious. Kamil Zvelebil dates Kapilar Agaval to 15th century CE, based on its language. Various biographies mention the name of Valluvar's wife as Vasuki, but such details are of doubtful historicity.

The traditional biographies are not only inconsistent, they contain claims about Valluvar that are not credible. Along with various versions of his birth circumstances, many state he went to a mountain and met the legendary Agastya and other sages. During his return journey, he sits under a tree whose shadow sits still over Valluvar and does not move the entire day, he kills a demon, performs miracles such as causing floods and making them retreat, he touches a grounded ship which miraculously then floats and sails off, his bride Vasuki cooks sand which comes out as boiled rice, and many more. Scholars consider these and all associated aspects of these hagiographic stories to be fiction and ahistorical, a feature common to "international and Indian folklore". The alleged low birth, high birth, and being a pariah in the traditional accounts are also doubtful.

By 1904, Purnalingam Pillai, an ardent Dravidianist, had analyzed and called these traditional accounts and stories as myths. Pillai's analysis and arguments are robust, according to Blackburn. These fictional accounts of Valluvar's life have become popular because aspects of the traditional accounts were selectively accepted by Christian missionaries such as George Pope and other European writers, were widely published and then became a required reading about Tamil history.

Date

The exact date of Valluvar is unclear. His work  has been dated variously from 300 BCE to about the sixth century CE. According to traditional accounts, it was the last work of the third Sangam and was subjected to a divine test (which it passed). The scholars who believe this tradition, such as Somasundara Bharathiar and M. Rajamanickam, date the text to as early as 300 BCE. Historian K. K. Pillay assigned it to the early first-century CE. These early dates such as 300 BCE to 1 BCE are unacceptable and not supported by evidence within the text, states Zvelebil. The diction and grammar of the , his indebtedness to some earlier Sanskrit sources, suggest that he lived after the "early Tamil bardic poets", but before Tamil bhakti poets era.

In 1959, S. Vaiyapuri Pillai assigned the work to around or after the sixth-century CE. His proposal is based on the evidence that the  contains a large proportion of Sanskrit loan words, shows awareness and indebtedness to some Sanskrit texts best dated to the first half of the first-millennium CE, and the grammatical innovations in the language of . Pillai published a list of 137 Sanskrit loan words in . Later scholars Thomas Burrow and Murray Barnson Emeneau show that 35 of these are of Dravidian origin, and not Sanskrit loan words. Zvelebil states that an additional few have uncertain etymology and future studies may prove those to be Dravidian. The 102 remaining loan words from Sanskrit are "not negligible", and some of the teachings in the  states Zvelebil are "undoubtedly" based on the then extant Sanskrit works such as the Arthashastra and Manusmriti (also called the Manavadharmasastra).

According to Kamil Zvelebil, the  does not belong to the (Sangam) period. In the 1970s, Zvelebil dated the text to somewhere between 450 and 500 CE. His estimate is based on the dates of Tamil texts with similar Tamil language features, and by placing it after some of the Tamil and Sanskrit treatises that are evidenced in the . Zvelebil notes that the text features several grammatical innovations, that are absent in the older Sangam literature. The text also features a higher number of Sanskrit loan words compared with these older texts. According to Zvelebil, besides being part of the ancient Tamil literary tradition, the author was also a part of the "one great Indian ethical, didactic tradition", as a few of his verses are "undoubtedly" translations of the verses in Sanskrit classics.

In the 19th century and early 20th century, European writers and missionaries variously dated the text and Valluvar to between 400 and 1000 CE. According to Blackburn, the "current scholarly consensus" dates the text and the author to approximately 500 CE.

In January 1935, the Tamil Nadu government officially recognized 31 BCE as the year of Valluvar. As suggested by Maraimalai Adigal, the Valluvar Year was added to the calendar. Thus, the Valluvar year is calculated by adding 31 to any year of the common era.

Birthplace

As with most other details about Valluvar, the exact place of his birth remains uncertain. Valluvar is believed to have lived in Madurai and later in the town of Mayilapuram or Thirumayilai (present-day Mylapore in Chennai). There are also accounts that say he was born in Mayilapuram and later moved to Madurai in order to publish his work at the royal court. The poem Kapilar Akaval states that Valluvar was born on the top of an oil-nut or iluppai tree (Madhuca indica) in Mayilapuram,
while verse 21 of the Tiruvalluva Maalai claims that he was born in Madurai.

In 2005, a three-member research team from the Kanyakumari Historical and Cultural Research Centre (KHCRC) claimed that Valluvar was born in Thirunayanarkurichi, a village in present-day Kanyakumari district. Their claim was based on an old Kani tribal leader who told them that Valluvar was a king who ruled the "Valluvanadu" territory in the hilly tracts of the Kanyakumari district.

Religion
Valluvar is generally thought to have belonged to either Jainism or Hinduism. Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism were the three religions that flourished in the Indian subcontinent during the time of Valluvar. Early 19th-century writers proposed that Valluvar may have been a Jain. The 1819 translation by Francis Whyte Ellis mentions that the Tamil community debates whether Valluvar was a Jain or Hindu. If Valluvar was indeed a Jain, it raises questions about the source of the traditional Valluvar legends and the mainstream colonial debate about his birth.

Kamil Zvelebil believes that the ethics of the  reflects the Jain moral code, particularly moral vegetarianism (couplets 251–260), and ahimsa, that is, "abstention from killing" (couplets 321–333); scholars also note the articulation of Thiruvalluvar in one of the couplets of Tirukkuṟaḷ on the liberation (Moksha) from the cycle of rebirth (Saṃsāra) through living a life with a compassionate heart. Zvelebil states that the text contains epithets for God that reflect Jain ideology:
 Malarmicaiyekinan (Couplet 3), "he who walked upon the [lotus] flower"
 Aravaliyantanan (Couplet 8), "the Brahmin [who had] the wheel of dharma"
 Enkunattan (Couplet 9), "one of the eight-fold qualities"

These, according to Zvelebil, are "very much Jaina-like" because the arhat is seen as "standing on the lotus", or where the arhat in the Jain conception is the god with the lotus as his vehicle. There are exceptions, adds Zvelebil, when Valluvar treats this God with epithets found in the Hindu text Manusmriti (1.6), that is, "the Primeval Lord" and "the King, the Monarch". Zvelebil states that his proposal is supported by the 13th-century Hindu scholar Parimelalhagar, who wrote a commentary on the Kural text, who admitted that these epithets are "very well applicable" to a Jain Arhat. However, according to P. S. Sundaram – a scholar who has translated the text in the late 20th century, Parimelalhagar's commentary explicitly states that there are no [Jaina] heretical beliefs in the texts either.

Some other epithets mentioned in the text also reflect a "strong ascetic flavour" of Jainism in Zvelebil's view:

 Ventutal ventamai ilan (Couplet 4), "he who has neither desire nor aversion"
 Porivayil aintavittan (Couplet 6), "he who has destroyed the gates of the five senses"

Zvelebil further states that Valluvar seems to have been "cognizant of the latest developments" in Jainism. Zvelebil theorizes that he was probably "a learned Jain with eclectic leanings", who was well-acquainted with the earlier Tamil literature and also had knowledge of the Sanskrit texts. Nevertheless, early Digambara or Svetambara Jaina texts do not mention Valluvar. The first claim of Valluvar as an authority appears in a 16th-century Jain text, about 1,100 years after his life.

According to other scholars, Valluvar's writings suggest that he belonged to Hinduism. Hindu teachers have mapped his teachings in  to the teachings found in Hindu texts. Valluvar's treatment of the concept of ahimsa or non-violence, which is the principal concept in both Jainism and Hinduism, bolsters this argument. While the text extols the virtue of non-violence, it also dedicates many of 700 porul couplets to various aspects of statecraft and warfare in a manner similar to Arthasastra: "An army has a duty to kill in battle, and a king must execute criminals for justice." This non-mystic realism and the readiness for just war teachings are similar to those found in Hinduism. According to M. S. Purnalingam Pillai, Valluvar has not condemned Saiva Siddhanta or its principles anywhere in the text, which he says is the crucial test to be applied in determining his religion. Matthieu Ricard believes Valluvar belonged to the Shaivite tradition of South India.

The three parts that the Kural literature is divided into, namely, aram (virtue), porul (wealth) and inbam (love), aiming at attaining vitu (ultimate salvation), follow, respectively, the first three of the four foundations of Hinduism, namely, dharma, artha, kama and moksha. According to Norman Cutler, the prodigious 13th-century Tamil scholar Parimelalakar – who wrote the most influential commentary on  – interprets the layout and focus on the Valluvar to be synonymous with the Sanskritic concept of Puruṣārtha (the objectives of human life). According to Parimelalakar, the Valluvar text covers primarily and directly the first three aspects, but not vitu (moksha, release). The text, however, does cover turavaram (renunciation) – the means to attain spiritual release. Thus, vitu is indirectly discussed in the Kural text.

In the introductory chapters of the Kural, Valluvar cites Indra, the king of heaven, to exemplify the virtue of conquest over one's senses. According to Tamil Hindu scholars such as Parimelalakar, other concepts and teachings found in Valluvar's text and also found in Hindu texts include Vedas, gods (Trimurti), sattva, guṇa, munis and sadhus (renouncers), rebirth, affirmation of a primordial God, among others. According to Purnalingam Pillai, who is known for his critique of Brahminism, a rational analysis of the Valluvar's work suggests that he was a Hindu, and not a Jain. Similarly, J. J. Glazov, a Tamil literature scholar and the translator of the Kural text into the Russian language, sees "Thiruvalluvar as a Hindu by faith", according to a review by Kamil Zvelebil.

Valluvar's mentioning of God Vishnu in couplets 610 and 1103 and Goddess Lakshmi in couplets 167, 408, 519, 565, 568, 616, and 617 hints at the Vaishnavite beliefs of Valluvar. Shaivites have characterised Valluvar as a devotee of Shiva and have installed his images in their temples. According to Zvelebil, Valluvar sometimes uses epithets for God that are found in Hindu Dharmasastras and not in Jaina texts. Further, in some teachings about politics, economics, and love, Valluvar undoubtedly has translated into Tamil the verses found in Sanskrit texts such as Arthasastra.

According to Stuart Blackburn, the  is not a bhakti text, and it neither satirizes nor eulogizes Brahmins or ritualism. It is a practical, pragmatic text and "certainly not a Shaivite or Vaishnavite" text. According to Norman Cutler,  is an aphoristic text and the influential Parimelalakar's commentary interprets it within his own context, grounded in Hindu concepts and theological agenda. His elegantly written interpretations have made his commentary a Tamil classic and maneuvered Valluvar as consistent within the framework of Parimelalakar's Hinduism. His commentary on Valluvar's teachings reflects both the cultural values and textual values in the 13th-to-14th-century Tamil Nadu. Valluvar's text can be interpreted and maneuvered in other ways.

Other religious claims
Despite scholars suggesting that Valluvar is either a Jain or a Hindu, owing to the Kural text's non-denominational nature, almost every religious group in India, including Christianity, has claimed the work and its author as one of their own. However, these claims are not supported academically and are constantly refuted by scholars. For example, the Christian claims have cropped up only after the colonial missionaries came to India. The Tamil Scholar Mu. Varadarajan suggests Valluvar must have "practised religious eclecticism, maintained unshakeable faith in dharma but should have rejected religious symbols and superstitious beliefs."

Buddhism
The Dalit activist Iyothee Thass, who converted to Buddhism, claimed that Valluvar was originally called "Tiruvalla Nayanar", and was a Buddhist. Thass further contended that the name "Tirukkuṟaḷ" is a reference to the Buddhist Tripiṭaka. He claims that Valluvar's book was originally called Tirikural ("Three Kurals"), because it adhered to the three Buddhist scriptures Dhamma Pitaka, Sutta Pitaka, and Vinaya Pitaka. According to Thass, the legend that presents Valluvar as the son of a Brahmin father and a Paraiyar mother was invented by Brahmins in 1825, who wanted to Hinduise a Buddhist text. According to Geetha, the deconstruction and reinterpretation of the history of Valluvar into a Buddhist framework by Thass shows the significance and appropriation of Valluvar's text by all sections of Tamil society.

Christianity
The 19th-century Christian missionary George Uglow Pope claimed that Valluvar must have come in contact with Christian teachers such as Pantaenus of Alexandria, imbibed Christian ideas and peculiarities of Alexandrian teachers and then wrote the "wonderful Kurral" with an echo of the "Sermon of the Mount". According to Pope, Valluvar must have lived in the ninth century CE because that would fit the historical chronology to his theory. Nevertheless, scholars, including Zvelebil, J. M. Nallaswamy Pillai, Sundaram Pillai, Kanakasabai Pillai, and Krishnaswamy Aiyengar, and even missionaries such as John Lazarus refute such claims. Pillai declares Pope's claim as "an absurd literary anachronism" and says that the first two books of the Kural, in particular, are "a stumbling block which can browbeat the most sublime ideas of Christian morality." According to John Lazarus, the Kural's chapter on "no killing" applies to both humans and animals, in stark contrast to the Bible's concept of killing, which refers only to the taking away of human life. He observes, "None of the ten epithets by which the Deity is described in the opening chapter of the Kural have the remotest connection with Christ or God, that is to say, as they are designated in the Bible". He also says that the chapter on love "is quite different from the Apostle's eulogium in 1 Cor. xiii".

In the 1960s, some South Indian Christians led by M. Deivanayagam at the Madras Christian College, presented Valluvar as a disciple of Thomas the Apostle. According to this theory, Thomas visited present-day Chennai, where Valluvar listened to his lectures on the Sermon of the Mount. However, later scholars refute this claim. According to Zvelebil, the ethics and ideas in Valluvar's work are not Christian ethics, but those found in Jainism doctrine, which can be seen from the Kural's unwavering emphasis on the ethics of moral vegetarianism (Chapter 26) and non-killing (Chapter 33), as against any of the Abrahamic religious texts.

Literary works

 is the primary work credited to Valluvar. It contains 1330 couplets, which are divided into 133 sections of 10 couplets each. The first 38 sections are on moral and cosmic order (Tamil: aram, Skt: dharma), the next 70 are about political and economic matters (Tamil: porul, Skt: artha), and the remaining 25 are about pleasure (Tamil: inbam, Skt: kama).

Of the three sections, Valluvar's second section (porul) is about twice the size of first section, and three times that of the third. In the 700 couplets on porul (53% of the text), Valluvar mostly discusses statecraft and warfare. Valluvar's work is a classic on realism and pragmatism, and it is not a mystic, purely philosophical document. Valluvar teachings are similar to those found in Arthasastra, but differ in some important aspects. In Valluvar's theory of state, unlike Kautilya, the army (patai) is most important element. Valluvar recommends that a well kept and well trained army (patai) led by an able commander and ready to go to war is necessary for a state. Valluvar presents his theory of state using six elements: army (patai), subjects (kuti), treasure (kul), ministers (amaiccu), allies (natpu), and forts (aran). Valluvar also recommends forts and other infrastructure, supplies and food storage in preparation for siege.

The  text has been translated into several Indian and international languages. It was translated into Latin by Constanzo Beschi in 1730, which helped make the work known to European intellectuals.  is one of the most revered works in the Tamil language.

 is generally recognized as the only work by Valluvar. However, in the Tamil literary tradition, Valluvar is attributed to be the author of many other later-dated texts including two Tamil texts on medicine, Gnana Vettiyan (1500 verses) and Pancharathnam (500 verses). Many scholars state that these are much later era texts (16th and 17th centuries), possibly by an author with the same name as Valluvar. These books, 'Pancharathnam' and 'Gnana Vettiyan', contribute to Tamil science, literature and other Siddha medicines. In addition to these, 15 other Tamil texts have been attributed to Valluvar, namely, Rathna Sigamani (800 verses), Karpam (300 verses), Nadhaantha Thiravukol (100 verses), Naadhaantha Saaram (100 verses), Vaithiya Suthram (100 verses), Karpaguru Nool (50 verses), Muppu Saathiram (30 verses), Vaadha Saathiram (16 verses), Muppu Guru (11 verses), Kavuna Mani (100 verses), Aeni Yettram (100 verses), Guru Nool (51 verses), Sirppa Chinthamani (a text on astrology), Tiruvalluvar Gyanam, and Tiruvalluvar Kanda Tirunadanam. Several scholars, such as Devaneya Pavanar, deny that Thiruvalluvar was the author of these texts.

Reception

George Uglow Pope called Valluvar "the greatest poet of South India", but according to Zvelebil, he does not seem to have been a poet. According to Zvelebil, while the author handles the metre very skillfully, the  does not feature "true and great poetry" throughout the work, except, notably, in the third book, which deals with love and pleasure. This suggests that Valluvar's main aim was not to produce a work of art, but rather an instructive text focused on wisdom, justice, and ethics.

Valluvar is revered and highly esteemed in the Tamil culture, and this is reflected in the fact that his work has been called by nine different names:  (the sacred kural), Uttaravedam (the ultimate Veda), Thiruvalluvar (eponymous with the author), Poyyamoli (the falseless word), Vayurai valttu (truthful praise), Teyvanul (the divine book), Potumarai (the common Veda), Muppal (the three-fold path), and Tamilmarai (the Tamil Veda).

Its influence and historic use is legendary. In 1708, the German missionary, Bartholomaus Ziegenbalg, remarked that the Malabaris "think very highly of it", they make it "their handbook" often quoting from it to prove the validity of their traditions and arguments, and such books are "not just read but learned by heart" by the learned among them. According to Blackburn, it is hard to outdo the "hyperbolic honors" heaped on Valluvar and his work by the early Europeans in colonial India. Gover, for example, praised it as "Tamil Homer, The Ten Commandments, and Dante rolled into one". During the colonial era, it was the text the Hindus used to respond to the "Christian allegations of Hindu superstition and barbarity".

Temples

Valluvar is traditionally worshiped as a god and saint by various communities across the Southern region of India. Many communities, including those in Mylapore, and Tiruchuli, worship Valluvar as the 64th Nayanmar of the Saivite tradition. There are various temples exclusively dedicated to Valluvar across South India. The most famous of these is the temple at Mylapore, Chennai. Built in the early 16th century, the temple is located within the Ekambareeswara-Kamakshi (Shiva-Parvati) temple complex in Mylapore. The locals believe that this is where Valluvar was born, underneath a tree within the shrines complex. A Valluvar statue in a seated posture holding a palm leaf manuscript of  sits under the tree. In the shrine dedicated to him, Valluvar's wife Vasuki is patterned after the Hindu deity Kamakshi inside the sanctum. The temple shikhara (spire) above the sanctum shows scenes of Hindu life and deities, along with Valluvar reading his couplets to his wife. The sthala vriksham (holy tree of the temple) is the iluppai tree under which Valluvar is believed to have been born. The temple was extensively renovated in the 1970s.

At the Valluvar temple at Tiruchuli near Aruppukkottai in Virudhunagar district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, Valluvar is taken in a procession as the 64th Nayanmar on his death anniversary in the Tamil month of Maasi (February–March) by the Valluvar community, who are into fortune-telling, chiefly in the Periya Pudupatti village. The same practice can be found in other communities as well, including Mylapore.

Other temples for Valluvar are located at Periya Kalayamputhur, Thondi, Kanjoor Thattanpady, Senapathy, and Vilvarani.

Memorials

A temple-like memorial to Valluvar, Valluvar Kottam, was built in Chennai in 1976. This monument complex consists of structures usually found in Dravidian temples, including a temple car carved from three blocks of granite, and a shallow, rectangular pond. The auditorium adjoining the memorial is one of the largest in Asia and can seat up to 4,000 people.

A 133-foot tall statue of Valluvar was unveiled on 1 January 2000, at Kanyakumari at the southern tip of the Indian subcontinent, where the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the Indian Ocean converge. The 133 feet denote s 133 chapters or athikarams and the show of three fingers denote the three themes Aram, Porul, and Inbam, that is, the sections on morals, wealth and love. The statue was designed by V. Ganapati Sthapati, a temple architect from Tamil Nadu. On 9 August 2009, a statue was unveiled in Ulsoor, near Bengaluru, also making it the first of its kind in India for a poet of a local language to be installed in its near states other than his own home land. A 12-foot statue of Valluvar was also installed in Haridwar, Uttarakhand. There is also a statue of Valluvar outside the School of Oriental and African Studies in Russell Square, London. A life-size statue of Valluvar is one among an array of statues installed by the Tamil Nadu government on the stretch of the Marina.

The Government of Tamil Nadu celebrates the 15th (16th on leap years) of January (the second of the month of 'Thai' as per Tamil Calendar) as Thiruvalluvar Day in the poet's honour, as part of the Pongal celebrations. Thiruvalluvar Day was first celebrated on 17 and 18 May 1935.

Music
Valluvar's works have also influenced the South Indian classical music and popular culture. Carnatic musicians and composers such as Mayuram Vishwanatha Shastri and M. M. Dandapani Desigar have tuned select couplets in the 19th and 20th centuries. In January 2016, Chitravina N. Ravikiran set music to the entire 1330 verses using over 169 Indian ragas. The Kural couplets have also been recorded by various Tamil film music composers.

 See also

 Sarvajna and Tiruvalluvar statues installation
 Valluvar Kottam
 List of Sangam poets
Valluvar year
 Thiruvalla
 Kingdom of Valluvanad

Notesa.  The period of Valluvar is dated variously by scholars from c. fourth century BCE to c. fifth century CE, based on various methods of analysis, including traditional accounts and linguistics analyses. The officially accepted date, however, is 31 BCE, as ratified by the government in 1921, and the Valluvar Year is being followed ever since. For more in-depth analysis, see Dating the Tirukkural.b.'  "Valluvanadu" was a Taluk in erstwhile Madras Presidency as part of Malabar District. Currently, that area is part of Palakkad and Malappuram districts of Kerala adjoining the Nilgiri District of Tamil Nadu. The Valluvanadu kings claim that they descended from Pallava Kings and were ruling earlier from the Nilgiri area.

References

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Thiruvalluvar


João Nuno Pinto Pedrosa  (Porto, 31 de maio de 2000) é um jogador de voleibol de praia português medalhista de ouro no Campeonato Mundial Universitário de 2022 no Brasil.

Carreira

A prática desportiva  surgiu por influência do seu pai, José Pedrosa que foi jogador de voleibol, e no mesmo ramo seu tio António Pedrosa. Iniciou no futebol, na posição de goleiro no Boavista, e durante o verão praticava o voleibol de praia, na Praia Pop, juntamente com amigos, ou para a praia da Rua 37, com seu pai, e ao passar dos anos o voleibol tornou-se prioridade, e aos 14 anos de idade ingressa na Académica de Espinho, sob orientação dos professores José Moreira e o Jorge Martins, e no voleibol indoor defendeu as categorias de base do SC de Espinho.

Em 2016 fazia dupla com Lidio Guedes e Afonso Reis competindo nos Campeonatos Europeus Sub-20 e Sub-18, respectivamente. A partir de 2017 passa a formar dupla com Hugo Campos, em 2019, estrearam no Circuito Mundial, no Torneio quatro estrelas de Espinho. Terminaram na quinta posição nos Jogos do Mediterrâneo de Praia de 2019.Em 2020, ao lado de Hugo Campos, foram campeões do Torneio de Inverno de Vôlei de Praia em Ourense.

No ano de 2021, com Hugo Campos, obteve a medalha de bronze no primeiro evento do Torneio uma estrela de Sófia e prata no segundo evento, também o vice-campeonato no Torneio uma estrela de Cortegaça.Ainda juntos, em 2022 obtiveram o vice-campeonato no Future de Cortegaça, e também conquistaram a medalha de bronze na edição do Campeonato Mundial Universitário de Voleibol de Praia de 2022 realizado em Maceió e terminaram na quarta posição no Challenge de Torquay.

Títulos e resultados

 Challenge de Edmonton do Circuito Mundial de 2023
 Future de Cortegaça do Circuito Mundial de 2022
 1* de Cortegaça do Circuito Mundial de 2021
 1* de Sófia (II) do Circuito Mundial de 2021
 1* de Sófia (I) do Circuito Mundial de 2021
 Challenge de Torquay do Circuito Mundial de 2022

Ligações externas

Jogadores de voleibol de praia de Portugal

João Pedrosa


مجموعة العربة السعودية هي شركة سعودية لصناعة السيارات أنشئت عام 1980 يرأسها المهندس فوزي أيوب صبري والتي تتخذ من الرياض مقر لها كانت متخصصة في بدايتها في المقاولات العامة وتجارة السيارات. منذ 25 سنة مضت عملت الشركة في تعديل السيارات وأصبحت لديها الخبرة الكافية في هذا المجال.اليوم تتركز نشاطات هذه الشركة في تجهيز السيارات الأمنية وتعديل السيارات وتجهيز المصفحات العسكرية والباصات.
وفي عام 2003 صنعت أول سيارة سعودية الصنع باسم العربة 1.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 مجموعة العربة (قيد الإنشاء).

شركات سعودية
شركات دفاع في السعودية
مصنعو سيارات
شركات سعودية أسست في 1980

العربة (شركة)


Muzeu și atelier este un film românesc din 1974 regizat de Erich Nussbaum, Alexandru Boiangiu.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1974 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1974

Muzeu și atelier


Ulysse. Mon nom est Personne (Ulisse. Il mio nome è Nessuno) est une série animée signée par le dessinateur Massimo Rotundo et réalisée par Giuseppe Laganà. Elle est diffusée pour la première fois en 2012 sur la chaîne de télévision italienne Rai 2.

La série est co-produite par The Animation Band et Rai Fiction et comporte 26 épisode de 26 minutes.

Prix

 2012 : Cartoon on the bay in Venice au Festival international du film de Venise

Notes et références

Série télévisée d'animation
Série télévisée italienne des années 2010

Ulysse. Mon nom est personne


Réttargæsluaðild er tegund aðildar að dómsmáli þar sem viðkomandi aðila hefur verið stefnt inn í dómsmál til að gæta hagsmuna sinna án þess að eiginlegri dómkröfu sé beint að honum. Þessi leið er að jafnaði gagnleg til þess að slíta fyrningarfrest gagnvart réttargæslustefnda.

Réttarfar
Lögfræði

Réttargæsluaðild


La Commission écologique du Danemark et du Groenland (, GEUS) est l'institut de recherche indépendant du secteur relevant du ministère danois du Climat et de l'Énergie. Le GEUS est un institut de conseil, de recherche et d'étude en hydrogéologie, géophysique, géochimie, stratigraphie, glaciologie, géologie marine, minéralogie, climatologie, histoire de l'environnement, interprétation des photos aériennes, étude de l'énergie géothermique pour le Danemark et le Groenland.

Le GEUS travaille en étroite collaboration avec l'Institut Geologisk et le Musée Geologisk, tous deux faisant partie de l'université de Copenhague.

Il publie un document de service appelé  (GHEXIS) et un bulletin d'information appelé  (MINEX) en coopération avec le Bureau des minéraux et du pétrole (), un secrétariat du Comité mixte sur les ressources minérales sous la loi locale du Groenland.

Histoire
En 1888, le  (DGU) fut fondé ] .

En 1946, le  a été créé.

Le 14 juin 1965, la loi n° 238 créé le GGU.

Le 23 décembre 1987, la loi n° 864 fusionna le GGU avec le DGU, changeant son nom en DGGU ().

Le 14 juin 1995, la loi n° 408 annula la loi n° 238 et le 20 décembre suivant, la loi n° 1076 concernant les instituts de recherche sectoriels danois créa le GEUS, par la fusion entre le DGU et le GGU.

Références

Articles connexes
 Géographie du Danemark
 Géographie du Groenland
 vol Air France 066 où des équipes du GEUS ont retrouvé la pièce du réacteur après 12 semaines de recherches dans le sud du Groenland.

Liens externes
 Service géologique du Danemark et du Groenland, site officiel
 Bulletin du Service géologique du Danemark et du Groenland

Géologie du Danemark
Centre ou institut de recherche en géologie
Géologie du Groenland
Laboratoire de recherche au Danemark
Environnement au Danemark

Commission géologique du Danemark et du Groenland


Prumnopitys harmsiana er sígrænt tré frá S-Ameríku.

Tilvísanir

 Dallimore, W., & Jackson, A. B. (1966). A Handbook of Coniferae and Ginkgoaceae, 4th ed. Arnold, London.

Gagnviðarætt

Prumnopitys harmsiana


නාගදීපය යනු බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේ තෙවනුව වැඩි ස්ථානයයි.මෙම දූපත යාපනයට අයත් දූපතකි.

නාගදීප


Fiskeri og hvalfangst ved Færøerne er en dansk undervisningsfilm fra 1950 instrueret af Erik R. Knudsen og efter manuskript af Heine S. Heinesen.

Handling
Til undervisningsbrug. Der vises først linefiskeri fra fiskekutter; det giver stor fangst af torsk, helleflyndere og rokker. Dernæst ses storhvalfangst; man følger jagten på en flok finhvaler, ser hvalen blive harpuneret, hvorefter den slæbes til hvalfangerstationen, flænses og parteres.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Undervisningsfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1950

Fiskeri og hvalfangst ved Færøerne


Vila Nova de Cerveira  belediyesi, Portekiz'in Norte bölgesine bağlı Minho-Lima altbölgesinin belediyelerinden biridir.

Bucaklar
Belediyede 15 bucak (Por.: freguesia) yer almaktadır.

 Campos
 Candemil
 Cornes
 Covas
 Gondar
 Gondarém
 Loivo
 Lovelhe
 Mentrestido
 Nogueira
 Reboreda
 Sapardos
 Sopo
 Vila Meã
 Vila Nova de Cerveira

Portekiz'in belediyeleri

Minho-Lima

Vila Nova de Cerveira


Venom, Newcastle'da kurulmuş bir İngiliz heavy metal grubudur. New Wave of British Heavy Metal'in son dönemlerine doğru kurulan grup, genel olarak thrash metal ve ekstrem metal gruplarını büyük bir ilham kaynağı olmuştur. Grup, aynı zamanda "black metal" tarzının öncülüğünü yapmış ve "Black Metal" isimli albümüyle türe isim babalığı da yapmıştır.

Tarihi
İlk yıllar (1978–1981)

Venom'un orijinal kadrosu üç farklı müzik grubundan gelmiştir: Guillotine, Oberon, Dwarfstar. Guillotine'in orijinal kadrosunda gitarda Jeffery Dunn ve Dave Rutherford, bas gitarda Dean Hewitt, vokallerde Dave Blackman, bateride Paul Burke bulunuyordu. Grup kurulduktan kısa bir süre sonra Burke'nin yerine Chris Mercater geçiyor. Daha sonra ise Blackman ve Mercater yerine  baterici Anthony Bray ve Vokalist Clive Archer geçiyor. Sonrasında Hewitt'in yerini de Alan Winston geçiyor. Reyrolls'da çalışırken Clive Archer, Eric Cook, Tony Bray ve Ian Kell yeni bir grup kurdu. 1978'in ortalarında Ian Kell'İn yerine geçilmişti. 1979'un sonlarında ise Dave Rutherford yerine Conrad Lant gelmiştir. Winston'ın gruptan ayrılması yüzünden Lant bas gitara geçti. Grup üyeleri sahne isimleri kullanmaya başladı. Archer "Jesus Christ", Lant "Cronos", Tony Bray "Abaddon", Jeff Dunn "Mantas" ismini kullanmaya başlamıştır.

Black Sabbath, Judas Priest, Motörhead, ve Kiss kurulan gruplar için ana ilhamlar olmuştur. Venom'a ilham veren başka sanatçılar ise Deep Purple, Sex Pistols, the Who, the Tubes, Van Halen, the Rolling Stones ve Elvis Presley'dir.

Kariyerlerinin başlangıcından beri Venom "Satanik" şarkı sözleri ve imaja sahiplerdir. Ama bu göndermeler sadece şok değeri içindir.

1979'un sonlarında aynı cover şarkılarını çalmak istemediği için gruba şarkı fikirlerini tanıtmıştır ve Dunnla beraber grup için yeni şarkılar yazmaya başladılar. Lant "Sons of Satan", "Bloodlust" ve "Welcome To Hell" gibi şarkıları besteledi, Dunn ise "Angel Dust", "Red Light Fever", "Buried Alive", "Raise The Dead" ve "Live Like An Angel, Die Like A Devil" gibi şarkıları besteledi. Nisan 1980'de Lant parçası olduğu müzik şirketini onlara stüdyoda zaman vermesi için ikna etti ve grup üç şarkılık bir demo albümü hazırladı. Sonrasında da 50£ karşılığında 6 tane yeni parça kaydettiler. Lant "Live Like An Angel" parçasında vokalleri üstlendi. Archer bir süre sonra gruptan ayrıldı ve Venom kadrosu üçlü olarak yollarına devam etti.

Klasik Kadro(1981–1986)

Venom'un profesyonel kayıt olarak ilk ortaya çıkışı Neat Records tarafından yayınlanan 1981'de çıkan "In League With Satan/"Live Like An Angel" single'ıdır.

Welcome To Hell gelecekteki Thrash metal grupları için büyük bir iham kaynağıydı. Venom'un müziği zamanındaki çoğu Heavy metal grubuna göre daha hızlı ve daha sertti ve Satanizm ve başka karanlık konular metal müzikte daha önce de geçmiş olsa da daha önce bu kadar önde olmamıştı.

Venom'un ikinci albümü  "Black Metal" Death metal, Thrash metal, Black metal ve diğer Ekstrem metal türlerinin gelişiminde en önemli albümlerden biri olarak anılıyor. Bu türleri tanımlayan öğeler ilk olarak Lant'in yazdığı şarkıların sözlerinde ve isimlerinde bulunmaktadır. Çoğu NWOBHM akranları başarılı olsa da ve övgü alsa da veya Heavy metalden çok Hard rock'a yanaşsa da Venom eleştirmenler tarafından hala "soytarı üçlüsü" olarak sayılıyordu.

1984'te Venom At War with Satan'ı çıkardı. Albümle aynı isme sahip 20 dakikalık içinde farklı müzik türleri bulunan ve albümün ilk kısmının tamamını alan bir epik bulunuyordu. Bu Venom'un müzik yapamadığı ile eleştiren eleştirmenlere karşı yapılan bir şarkıydı. 1985'te Venom dördüncü stüdyo albümü olan "Possessed"'i çıkardı. Bu sürede Venom birkaç tane single çıkarmıştı (Warhead, Die Hard, Manitou vs.) ve canlı EP'ler (The Assault Series including Canadian Assault, American Assault ve French Assault). Mart 1986 sırasında "Deadline" isimli yeni bir albümün kayıtlarına başlayacak gibiydi (yayınlanmadı) ama grup üyeleri arasındaki ilişkiler kötüleşmeye başlıyordu. Dunn daha sonra solo bir albüm çıkarmak için gruptan ayrıldı.

Kadro değişimi, "Calm Before the Storm"'un çıkışı ve Conrad Lant'in ayrılışı

Dunn'ın yerine geçmek için iki tane gitarist çağrılıdı: Micke Hickey ve Jim Clare. Venom'un beşinci albümü "Calm Before the Storm" büyü gibi öğeler için Satanistik öğelerden uzaklaştı. Venom'un büyü öğelerine yönelmesi uzun sürmedi ve bir süre sonra ayrılmaya karar verdi. Lant, Clare ve Hickey Lant'in yeni grubu "Cronos"'u kurmak için ayrıldı.

Diskografi

Stüdyo albümleri ve EP'ler
 Welcome to Hell (1981)
 Black Metal (1982)
 At War with Satan (1984) (Chart Position #64 UK), (#48 SE)
 Possessed (1985) (Chart Position #99 UK)
 Calm Before the Storm (1987)
 Prime Evil (1989)
 Tear Your Soul Apart (EP) (1990)
 Temples of Ice (1991)
 The Waste Lands (1992)
 Venom '96 (EP) (1996)
 Cast in Stone (1997)
 Resurrection (2000)
 Metal Black (2006)
 Hell (2008)
 Fallen Angels (2011)
 From the Very Depths (2015)
 Storm the Gates (2018)

Konser albümleri
 Eine Kleine Nachtmusik (1986)

Toplama albümler
 From Hell to the Unknown (1985)
 The Singles 1980-1986 (1986)
 The Book of Armageddon (Best of) (1992)
 Skeletons In The Closet (1993)
 Kissing the Beast (1993)
 New, Live and Rare (1998)
 Old New Borrowed & Blue (1999)
 In League with Satan (2002)
 MMV (Box set) (2005)
 The First Born Will Die (2012)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Venom Legions official website
 Venom Legions official twitter

1979'da kurulan müzik grupları
İngiliz black metal grupları
İngiliz thrash metal grupları

Venom (müzik grubu)


Le palais du Prince () est un palais urbain et ancienne résidence royale situé dans le centre de Copenhague, capitale du Danemark, par le canal de Frederiksholm. Il abrite aujourd'hui le musée national du Danemark ().

Histoire
Le bâtiment principal fut construit par l'architecte danois et bâtisseur de cour Nicolai Eigtved en 1743-1744 comme résidence du prince héritier Frédéric, futur roi Frédéric V, et son épouse, Louise de Grande-Bretagne. Le palais fut reconstruit et restauré en 1766-1768 et sa grande salle fut un temps l'atelier des peintres Jens Juel et Nicolai Abraham Abildgaard jusqu'à ce qu'il soit repris par la Cour suprême du Danemark, dont les bâtiments furent détruits lors de l'incendie du palais de Christiansborg en 1794. Le palais fut repris par l'État danois en 1849, après quoi le bâtiment fut utilisé pour divers fins, y compris les collections du musée qui aboutirent à l'ouverture du musée national en 1892.

Architecture

Architecture extérieure
C'est l'une des plus anciennes demeures rococo du Danemark en style français avec une aile de porte basse avec des balustrades face au canal et au palais de Christiansborg, derrière laquelle se trouve une cour d'honneur fermée de quatre côtés. Le jardin derrière le bâtiment principal, qui fut aménagé par Eigtved en jardin à la française, disparut lors de l'agrandissement du musée en 1932.

Architecture intérieure
L'art intérieur original d'Eigtved est encore visible à plusieurs endroits du bâtiment principal.

Références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Musée national du Danemark

Bibliographie

Liens externes
  Nationalmuseet – site officiel du musée national du Danemark

Palais à Copenhague
Résidence royale danoise
Frédéric V (roi de Danemark)

Palais du Prince


Partida de crichet este o pictură în ulei pe pânză din 1873 a pictorului francez Édouard Manet. Face parte din colecția muzeului Städel din Frankfurt pe Main.

Manet a reprezentat un joc de crichet, un joc în vogă în societatea bună a vremii, în grădina prietenului său Alfred Stevens. Acest joc permitea să se întâlnească în aer liber într-o atmosferă relaxată, la marginea societății încorsetate a vremii. Remarcăm prezența în acest tablou a lui Alfred Stevens, Paul Rodier, Victorine Meurent și Alice Legouvé.

Bibliografie
 Sabine Schulze, Gärten: Ordnung - Inspiration - Glück, Städel Museum & Hatje Cantz Verlag,  Ostfildern, 2006

Picturi din 1873
Picturi realizate de Édouard Manet

Partida de crichet


Curculigo scorzonerifolia est une espèce herbacée sud-américaine appartenant à la famille des Hypoxidaceae.

Elle est connue en Guyane sous les noms de Hya-Hya (Créole), ya'ɨlala poã (Wayãpi - NB : ce nom est partagé avec Caladium bicolor).

Description
Curculigo scorzonerifolia est une petite plante herbacée, rhizomateuse, touffue, et d'une taille généralement inférieure à  de hauteur.

Répartition
On rencontre Curculigo scorzonerifolia depuis le Mexique jusqu'au sud du Brésil en passant par l'Amérique centrale et les Antilles.

Écologie
Curculigo scorzonerifolia pousse dans les savanes depuis le niveau de la mer jusqu'à  d'altitude. En Guyane, cette espèce rudérale est souvent entretenue autour des habitations.

Utilisations
Curculigo scorzonerifolia est considéré comme une plante magique chez les Wayãpi, utilisée par les mères comme protection suprême contre toutes les violations d'interdits de chasse par le père pendant les deux premières années de la vie d'un enfant.

Curculigo scorzonerifolia aurait des propriétés emménagogues (fleurs), et antispasmodiques (feuilles).

Le rhizome possède des propriétés fertilisantes d'après les Yawalapiti du haut Xingu (Brésil).

Histoire naturelle

En 1775, le botaniste Aublet propose la diagnose suivante pour Hypoxis decumbens (synonyme de Curculigo scorzonerifolia) :

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des plantes décrites par Fusée-Aublet

Liens externes

Liliaceae (Cronquist)
Hypoxidaceae
Espèce d'Angiospermes (nom scientifique)
Plante décrite par Aublet
Taxon décrit par Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
Espèce décrite en 1878

Curculigo scorzonerifolia


Conceição Portekiz'de Vila Viçosa belediyesine bağlı olan, 32,79 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 4.364 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Vila Viçosa

Conceição (Vila Viçosa)


Walter Alexander Erman (* 19. September 1904 in Münster; † 6. November 1982 in Havixbeck) war ein deutscher Rechtswissenschaftler. Er wurde durch den seinen Namen tragenden Handkommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch weithin bekannt.

Biographie
Walter Erman entstammte einer Familie mit bedeutenden Akademikern. So waren sein Vater der deutsche Jurist und Hochschullehrer Heinrich Erman, sein Großvater der Physiker und Geologe Georg Adolf Erman und seine Urgroßväter der Physiker Paul Erman und der Astronom Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel. Sein Onkel war der Ägyptologe Adolf Erman.

Erman besuchte in Münster das Schiller-Gymnasium und nahm im Jahre 1922 das Studium der Rechtswissenschaften und der Volkswirtschaftslehre an der Universität Münster auf. Er studierte außerdem in München und Berlin und schloss sein Studium mit dem ersten Staatsexamen (1925) und dem zweiten Staatsexamen (1929) in Münster vor dem Oberlandesgericht Hamm mit Auszeichnung ab. Zuvor wurde er bereits bei dem Honorarprofessor Hallermann mit einer Arbeit über "Wissenschaftliches Eigentum (Frage des Entdeckungsschutzes in Anlehnung an Patent- und Urheberrecht)" zum Dr. jur. promoviert. Er erhielt die Note summa cum laude. Nach dem Studium trat er in den Justizdienst ein. Von 1930 bis 1945 war er Landgerichtsrat in Münster. Seine Beförderung zum Oberlandgerichtsrat wurde 1932/33 sowie 1943 trotz hervorragender Leistungen und persönlicher Empfehlungen abgelehnt, da er wegen der jüdischen Ehefrau seines Urgroßvaters Paul Erman nicht "reinrassig" im Sinne der NS-Ideologie war.

Im Winter- und Sommersemester 1926 und 1927 war er Fakultätsassistent an der Universität Münster. Ab dem Wintersemester 1930/31 erhielt er einen besoldeten Lehrauftrag für ein Repetitorium auf dem Gebiet des Privatrechts, welches im Sommersemester 1933 auf Handels- und im Sommersemester 1934 auf Zivilprozessrecht erweitert wurde. Im Sommersemester 1935 bewarb er sich für eine freie Assistenzstelle, die ihm allerdings vom nationalsozialistischen deutschen Dozentenbund untersagt wurde, ebenso wie im Jahr 1933 zuvor schon seine Habilitation, obwohl er seine Habilitationsschrift (Titel: "Zur Haftung für das Verhalten bei Vertragsverhandlungen") schon fertiggestellt hatte. Ob ihm die Habilitation aus persönlichen oder politisch-rassistischen Gründen verwehrt wurde, kann nicht abschließend geklärt werden. Im Jahre 1936 stellte er selbst den Antrag, seinen Lehrauftrag niederzulegen, was ihm schließlich gewährt wurde. Ab 1940 diente er als Soldat an der Ostfront.

Nach dem Zusammenbruch des Dritten Reiches konnte Erman 1946 zum Professor der Rechtswissenschaften an der Universität Münster habilitieren. Bereits ein Jahr später wechselte Erman nach Köln an den obersten Gerichtshof für die Britische Militärzone, später dann als Senatspräsident zum Oberlandesgericht. Ein Angebot, Richter am Bundesgerichtshof zu werden, schlug er aus, um weiter lehren zu können. Von 1956 bis 1958 war er Präsident des Landesjustizprüfungsamtes von Nordrhein-Westfalen. 1958 wurde er auf den Lehrstuhl für Bürgerliches Recht und Handelsrecht an der Universität zu Köln berufen. 1982 starb Erman in Havixbeck.

Veröffentlichungen (Auswahl)
 Wissenschaftliches Eigentum (= Arbeiten zum Handels-, Gewerbe- und Landwirtschaftsrecht. Bd. 52). Mit einer Vorrede von Ernst Heymann. Elwert, Marburg 1929.
 Personalgesellschaften auf mangelhafter Vertragsgrundlage. Aschendorff, Münster 1947.
 (Hrsg.) Handkommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch. Aschendorff, Münster 1952, 4. Aufl. 1967.
 Die Globalzession in ihrem Verhältnis zum verlängerten Eigentumsvorbehalt. Müller, Karlsruhe 1960.

Literatur
 Bodo Pieroth (Hrsg.): Heinrich und Walter Erman: Dokumentation der Gedenkveranstaltung am 19. September 2004 an der Rechtswissenschaftlichen Fakultät Münster. Lit, Münster 2005, ISBN 3-8258-9087-2.
 Sebastian Felz: Im Geiste der Wahrheit? Zwischen Wissenschaft und Politik. Die Münsterschen Rechtswissenschaftler von der Weimarer Republik bis in die frühe Bundesrepublik. In: Hans-Ulrich Thamer, Daniel Droste, Sabine Happ (Hrsg.): Die Universität Münster im Nationalsozialismus. Kontinuitäten und Brüche zwischen 1920 und 1960 (= Veröffentlichungen des Universitätsarchivs Münster. Band 5). Aschendorff, Münster 2012, Bd. 1, S. 347–412.
 Heinz Holzhauer: Ein juristisches Lebensbild. Walter Erman (1904–1982). In: Martin Schöpflin et al. (Hrsg.): Von der Sache zum Recht. Festschrift für Volker Beuthien zum 75. Geburtstag. Beck Juristischer Verlag, München 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-59484-7, S. 621–637.
 Lieselotte Steveling: Karriere-"Probleme" während des Dritten Reiches. In: Lieselotte Steveling: Juristen in Münster. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Rechts- und Staatswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Westf. Lit, Münster 1999, ISBN 3-8258-4084-0, S. 405–407.
 Lienhard Dreger: Zum Gedenken an Walter Erman, http://www.flurgespraeche.de/juridicum/walter-ermann/
 Erman, Walter, in: Hans Bergemann, Simone Ladwig-Winters: Richter und Staatsanwälte jüdischer Herkunft in Preußen im Nationalsozialismus : eine rechtstatsächliche Untersuchung. Eine Dokumentation. Köln : Bundesanzeiger-Verlag, 2004, S. 167

Einzelnachweise

Privatrechtler (20. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Universität zu Köln)
Richter (Landgericht Münster)
Richter (Oberster Gerichtshof für die Britische Zone)
NS-Opfer
Absolvent der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster
Deutscher
Geboren 1904
Gestorben 1982
Mann

Walter Erman


Storbritannien er en af de 14 nationer som deltog i de første moderne olympiske lege under Sommer-OL 1896 i Athen, og har siden deltaget i samtlige sommer- og vinterlege. Storbritannien er den eneste nationen som har vundet minst én guldmedalje i alle sommerlege.

Storbritannien som vært

Medaljeoversigt

Eksterne henvisninger
 Storbritanniens OL-statistik  på Sports-reference.com

Storbritannien ved sommer-OL
Storbritannien ved vinter-OL
OL

Storbritannien ved OL


Amalia Mallén de Ostolaza foi uma ensaísta, tradutora, sufragista e ativista feminista cubana. Mallén foi uma das arquitetas da campanha de sufrágio feminino em Cuba na década de 1910, junto com Digna Collazo e Aída Peláez de Villa Urrutia. Participou na fundação das primeiras organizações do país de apoio a essa causa, como o Partido Nacional Feminista (1912), o Partido Sufragista (1913) e o Partido Nacional Sufragista (1913). Foi também diretora dos jornais La Luz (1913) e El Sufragista.

Em 1924, como presidente do Partido Nacional Sufragista, nomeou a jornalista María Collado Romero sua vice-presidente.

Referências

Sufragistas de Cuba
Mulheres de Cuba na política
Sufragistas

Amalia Mallén


The voiced labial–palatal (or labio-palatal) approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It has two constrictions in the vocal tract: with the tongue on the palate, and rounded at the lips. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a rotated lowercase letter , or occasionally , which indicates  with a different kind of rounding.

The labial–palatal approximant can in many cases be considered the semivocalic equivalent of the close front rounded vowel . They alternate with each other in certain languages, such as French, and in the diphthongs of some languages,  and  with the non-syllabic diacritic are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound. Sometimes,  is written in place of , even though the former symbol denotes an extra-short  in the official IPA.

Some languages, though, have a palatal approximant that is unspecified for rounding, and therefore cannot be considered the semivocalic equivalent of either  or its unrounded counterpart . An example of such language is Spanish, in which the labialized palatal approximant (not a semivowel) appears allophonically with rounded vowels in words such as ayuda  'help'. According to some sources, it is not correct to transcribe this with the symbol , which has a different kind of rounding, or with , which implies spread lips; the only suitable transcription is . See palatal approximant for more information.

There is also the labialized postpalatal approximant in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical labialized palatal approximant, though not as back as the prototypical labialized velar approximant. It can be considered the semivocalic equivalent of the close central rounded vowel . The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as  or  (both symbols denote a retracted ),  (centralized ),  (advanced ) or  (centralized ). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are H_o, H_", w_+ and w_", respectively. Other possible transcriptions include a centralized and labialized  ( in the IPA, j_"_w in X-SAMPA) and a non-syllabic  ( in the IPA, }_^ in X-SAMPA).

Especially in broad transcription, the labialized postpalatal approximant may be transcribed as a palatalized and labialized velar approximant ( in the IPA, w' or w_j in X-SAMPA).

Compressed palatal approximant
The compressed palatal approximant is typically transcribed in IPA simply as , and that is the convention used in this article. There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, the compression of the lips can be shown with the letter  as  (simultaneous  and labial compression) or  ( modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic  may also be used with a labialized approximant letter  as an ad hoc symbol, though technically 'spread' means unrounded.

The compressed post-palatal approximant can be transcribed simply as  (centralized ), and that is the convention used in this article. Other possible transcriptions include  (centralized  modified with labial compression) and  (centralized  with the spread-lip diacritic).

Features
Features of the compressed palatal approximant:

Its place of articulation is palatal and in addition it is endo-labialized, which is accomplished by raising the body of the tongue toward the palate while approximating the lips.

Occurrence
Because the labialized palatal approximant is assumed to have compression, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some examples in the table below may actually have protrusion.

Protruded palatal approximant

As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, an old diacritic for labialization, , will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for the protruded palatal approximant. Another possible transcription is  or  (a palatal approximant modified by endolabialization).

Acoustically, this sound is "between" the more typical compressed palatal approximant  and the non-labialized palatal approximant .

Features
Features of the protruded palatal approximant:

Its place of articulation is labial–palatal, which is accomplished by raising the body of the tongue toward the palate while approximating the lips.

Occurrence

Notes

References

External links

Palatal consonants
Bilabial consonants
Oral consonants
Co-articulated consonants
Central consonants
Pulmonic consonants

Voiced labial–palatal approximant


Olaylar

Doğumlar

Ölümler
 5 Nisan - I. Nikiforos, Rum Ortodoks Patriği (d. 758)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Abdulmelik el-Esmaî, Arap zooloji ve filoloji bilgini (d. 740)
 Vâfî Ahmed, İsmâilîyye İmâmı

828


Neuendorf-Sachsenbande er en by og en kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Wilstermarsch i den sydvestlige del af Kreis Steinburg. Kreis Steinburg ligger i den sydvestlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Den  1.931 ha store kommune ligger nordvest for byen Wilster. Vandløbet Wilsterau løber gennem kommunen.
Neuendorf-Sachsenbande er kendt for at have det laveste punkt i Tyskland, som er 3,54 meter under havet overflade.. (Indtil 1988 regnedes lavningen i det tidligere Freepsumer Meer som det laveste punkt.)

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens websted
 Kommunens side på amtets  websted
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Steinburg

Neuendorf-Sachsenbande


Christian Grindheim (Haugesund, Noruega, 17 de julio de 1983) es un exfutbolista noruego que jugaba de centrocampista.

En noviembre de 2020 anunció su retirada al término de la temporada tras 20 años como profesional.

Clubes

Palmarés

Títulos nacionales

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Futbolistas del FK Haugesund
Futbolistas del Vålerenga Fotball
Futbolistas del Sport Club Heerenveen
Futbolistas del FC Copenhagen
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de Noruega en los años 2000
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de Noruega en los años 2010
Nacidos en Haugesund

Christian Grindheim


Die Roseggerwarte am Ruckerlberg ist eine Aussichtswarte im neunten Grazer Stadtbezirk Waltendorf.

Die Warte, benannt nach dem steirischen Dichter Peter Rosegger ist ein im 19. Jahrhundert errichteter turmartiger Erker einer Gründerzeitvilla am Ruckerlberg. Josef Zwicknagel, Besitzer eines Delikatessengeschäfts, wollte die Warte Besuchern öffnen. Der Ansturm hielt sich in Grenzen und die Villa wurde verkauft. Die Roseggerwarte, im Gegensatz zu den anderen Grazer Warten nicht freistehend, ist nicht öffentlich zugänglich.

Literatur
 Renate Kniely: Aussichtswarten um Graz. In: Historisches Jahrbuch der Stadt Graz. Band 38/39. Graz 2009. S. 453–454.

Einzelnachweise

Aussichtsturm in Graz
Aussichtsturm in Europa

Roseggerwarte (Graz)


is a district located in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of June 1, 2019, the district has an estimated population of 14,025 and a density of 115 persons per km2. The total area is 122.48 km2.

Towns and villages
Higashimiyoshi

Mergers
On March 1, 2006 the towns of Ikawa, Ikeda, Mino and Yamashiro, and the villages of Higashiiyayama and Nishiiyayama merged to form the new city of Miyoshi. (Merger Information Page)
On March 1, 2006 the towns of Mikamo and Miyoshi merged to form the new town of Higashimiyoshi. (Merger Information Page)

Districts in Tokushima Prefecture

Miyoshi District, Tokushima


Starman is an American science fiction television series starring Robert Hays and Christopher Daniel Barnes which continues the story from the 1984 film of the same name. The series aired on ABC from September 19, 1986, to May 2, 1987.

Storyline

The series takes place fifteen years after the film's story and features the return of the alien as a clone of deceased photojournalist Paul Forrester (Robert Hays) to meet and guide his now-teenage son Scott Hayden Jr. (Christopher Daniel Barnes) as they try to avoid a U.S. government agent and find the missing Jenny Hayden, Scott's mother.

Each episode of the series has the fugitive father and son moving from place to place meeting people that are in need of some assistance, while Scott tries to explain to his alien father what it means to be a human being as Starman is forced to deal with fallout from Forrester's rather hedonistic past. Each has a small silvery sphere of alien material, about 3–4 cm in diameter, that allows a trained mind to project thoughts to carry out telekinesis or telepathy in some limited manner. Starman is adept, but Scott is learning how to focus; in one episode, "Blue Lights", Scott inadvertently creates a picturesque image of a rotating ring of blue lights that is mistaken for a UFO. Both are also able to empathically connect with animals.

Starman and Scott are constantly trying to stay one step ahead of government UFO investigator George Fox (Michael Cavanaugh), who regards both father and son as a threat to humanity and will not tolerate them running free in society. In one episode, when Starman tells Fox that children are the world's hope for the future, Fox reacts with hostility to imply that Scott is some sort of mutant and therefore not acceptable. Starman, however, holds no malice toward Fox, and even treats a life-threatening condition Fox has before he and Scott make their escape.

In a two-part episode, "Starscape", Starman and Scott find Jenny Hayden (Erin Gray) living as an artist, under the name Karen Iseley, in Arizona. One more episode, "The Test", aired after the two-part episode, trying to pave the way for a second season, but the series was canceled.

Cast
Robert Hays as Paul Forrester / Star Man
Christopher Daniel Barnes as Scott Hayden Jr.
Michael Cavanaugh as George Fox
Patrick Culliton as FSA Agent Wylie

Critical reception
Starman scored a critics' rating of 34 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 5 "generally unfavorable" reviews. These ranged from The Miami Herald calling it "warm and funny" to the Los Angeles Times stating, "Brother, is this a drag".

Episodes

Awards and nominations
Starman was nominated twice in 1987 for the Young Artist Award. The series received a nomination for Best Family Television Drama, and its co-star Christopher Daniel Barnes received a nomination for Best Young Actor Starring in a Television Drama Series.

DVD release
The entire series was released on DVD in April 2012.

References

External links

1980s American science fiction television series
1986 American television series debuts
1987 American television series endings
American Broadcasting Company original programming
Live action television shows based on films
Television series about alien visitations
Television series by Sony Pictures Television

Starman (TV series)


Morgano ist eine nordostitalienische Gemeinde (comune) mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) in der Provinz Treviso in Venetien. Die Gemeinde liegt etwa Kilometer von Treviso am Parco naturale regionale del Fiume Sile und grenzt unmittelbar an die Provinz Padua. Der Verwaltungssitz der Gemeinde befindet sich im Ortsteil Badoere. Durch die Gemeinde fließt der Sile. Die südliche Gemeindegrenze bildet der Zero.

Geschichte
Das Gemeindegebiet ist spätestens seit dem 1. Jahrhundert vor Christus besiedelt gewesen. Die erste urkundliche Erwähnung des Ortes aus dem 9. Jahrhundert bezieht sich auf die Martinskirche. 1234 wird die Burg von Morgano geschleift.

Verkehr
Der frühere Bahnhof (Badoere-Levada) an der Bahnstrecke Treviso-Ostiglia ist bereits 1945 geschlossen worden.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Venetien

Morgano


A cui e vina? este un film românesc documentar de scurtmetraj din 1965 regizat de Florica Holban. A fost produs de Studioul Alexandru Sahia și distribuit de Direcția Difuzării Filmelor.

Prezentare

Este un film anchetă despre ce se întâmplă cu copiii după divorțul părinților.

Primire
Dintre cele trei documentare laureate la Mamaia în 1965, Ana Maria Narti consideră "A cui e vina?" ca fiind cel mai viu, cel mai omenesc, în autenticitatea sa — adică și cel mai cinematografic, cel mai puternic ca documentar.
 1965 - Mamaia - Premiul pentru cel mai bun reportaj
 1965 - Leipzig - Premiul Federației Internaționale a Femeilor Democrate

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1965 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1965
Filme regizate de Florica Holban
Filme documentare românești

A cui e vina?


සිනෙමා ෆෝඩී යනු සුප්‍රසිද්ධ ත්‍රිමාන වැඩසටහනකි. එය චිත්‍රපටවල වඩා ජනප්‍රිය වී තිබේ. එයට හේතු වී ඇත්තේ එය සාර්ථක ලෙස   (composing ) වැඩසටහන් සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වී තිබීමය. එසේම එය ඉතා දැකුම්කළු මෙන් ම භාවිතයට පහසු වන ලෙස සකස් කර තිබීමද එහි ජනප්‍රියත්වය සඳහා බලපා තිබේ. මෙම ක්‍රමවේදය පෝලර් එක්ස්ප්‍රස්  (polar Express) ඕපන් සීසන් (open season)  හා මොන්ස්ටර් හවුස්   (Monster Mouse) වැනි චිත්‍රපට සඳහා භාවිතා කර ඇත.
මෙම වැඩසටහන දැනට වැඩියෙන් භාවිතා වන්නේ ත්‍රිමාන වැඩසටහන්වල ක්‍රියාත්මක වන සමුහ  (points) (Vertices) සමඟය. මෙහි දි ත්‍රිමාන ඡායාව නිර්මාණය වන්නේ වස්තු වල තුන්පිට කිහිපයක් නිරූපණය කිරීමෙනි.  නිසල ඡායාරූප, චිත්‍රපට මෙන්ම ස්භාව ධර්මය ද මෙම ක්‍රමවේදය ඔස්සේ නිරූපණය කළ හැකිය.

එයට ඊට ආවේණික  වූ පරිගණක භාෂාවක් ඇත.

C.O.F.F.E.E	වන මෙය 	Jscript  හා වඩාත් භාවිතා   C++API සමාන වේ. මිල රහිත
C++SDK (plugins) සඳහා යොදා ගන්නා අතර එය එයට ම යොදා ගන්නා මෘදුකාංගයකින් ද සමන්විත වේ. තවද මෙය (plug in cafe)  වලින් ලබාගත හැක.

මැක්සන්  (MAXON) ආයතනය විසින් වැඩසටහන් හතරක් හදුන්වා දී ඇත. එනම්, (The care cinema 4D application) ද කෙයාර් සිනොමා ෆෝඩ් ඇප්ලිකේෂන්, (the excel bundle) ද එක්සෙල් බන්ඩින්  (Net render (3 license) PyroCluster, Advanced Render, MOCCA and Thinking particles)ඇතුලත්ව ,  (the studio bundle) ද ස්ටුඩියෝ බන්ඩිල් , මෙය සෑම මොඩුයුල වලින් හා  Cinema 4 D  වලින්  ද සේවා සහතිකයක් ද තවත් නවීන අංග වලින්  ද සමන්විත වේ. මෙම මාදිලිය ලබාගත හැක්කේ විශේෂ ඉල්ලීමක් මත පමණි.

පළමුව Cinema 4 D   නිපදවන ලද්දේ අටිගා  (Amiga) පරිගණක සඳහාය නමුත් පසු කාලයේ දී එය මැක් (Mac), ඕ එස් එක්ස්  (Mac OS X) මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් වින්ඩෝස්   (Microsoft windows)  මෙන්ම වර්තමාන ලිනක්ස්  (Linux.) සඳහා ද ඉදිරිපත් කර ඇත.

සෑම මැක්සන්  (MAXON)  භාවිතාකරන්නෙකුටම ත්‍රිමාණ මෘදුකාංග සඳහා ලගා වීමට ඔවුන්ගේ මෘදුකාංග හරහා ඉඩ ලබා දී ඇත. පුහුණු ඩීවීඩී තැටි හා ජි. බී වලට වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක උපදේශක (ජර්මානු බසින් හා ඉංග්රීසි බසින් ) මෙයට උපකාර වී ඇත. තවද මැක්සන් (MAXON)  ඉගෙන ගන්නා පිරිසට  සම්බන්ධ වීමට සිනවෙන්ස්ඩි ඩොට් කොම් (cinevencdy.com)  නමැති සමාජයක් ද පිහිටුවා ඇත. තවද මීට අමතරව  ෆෝඩ් කැෆේ (4D  café), (Spanish forum) හා සි ජි ටෝක් (CG talk)  වැනි සජීවි සන්නිවේදන පහසුකම් ද සලසා දී තිබේ.  මැක්සන්  (MAXON) HQMC ලියවිලි හා උපදේශන එකට එකතු කර මෘදුකාංග සමඟ ලබා දීමක් සිදු කරයි.

සිනෙමා ෆෝඩී (cinema 4D) අඩොබි ආෆ්ටර් ඉෆෙක්ට්ස්  (Adobe after effects) මඟින් දක්වා ඇති පරිදි.

පරිගණක මෘදුකාංග

සිනෙමා ෆෝඩී (මෘදුකාංගය)


An Kunhardtia radiata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Bassett Maguire ngan Julian Alfred Steyermark. An Kunhardtia radiata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Kunhardtia, ngan familia nga Rapateaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Kunhardtia

Kunhardtia radiata


Etal Castle er en middelalderborgruin i landsbyen Etal i Northumberland i England. Den blev opført omkring år 1341 af Robert Manners og bestod af et beboelsestårn, en portbygning og et hjørnetårn, der var beskyttet af en ringmur. Fæstningen var med både i en lokal fejde og grænsekrige mellem England og Skotland: Der var et slag mellem de to rivaliserende familier Manner og Heron uden for murene i 1428, og i 1513 blev den erobret af kong Jakob 4. af Skotland under hans invasion af England.

Fæstningen overgik til Kronen i 1547, og der blev lagt en garnison der som en del af grænseforsvaret, men den gik i forfald og blev forladt som fæstning efter 1603. I 1700-tallet ophørte den som beboelse og blev en ruin. I 2000-tallet er den ejet af Joicey-familien, men drives af English Heritage. Den er åben for offentligheden og er fredet som ancient monument og er en listed building af første grad.

Se også
 Liste over borge og slotte i England

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

English Heritage's visitor website

Slotte i Northumberland
Borgruiner i Storbritannien

Etal Castle


ماري دولوريس إليزا روزانا غيلبيرت  والمعروفة باسم لولا مونتيز (1818؟ - 1861) هي مغامرة وراقصة وهي ابنة ضابط في الجيش البريطاني ولدت في ليمريك في أيرلندا حوالي العام 1818 وتقول مصادر أُخرى أنها ولدت عام 1824، ومات أبوها في الهند عندما كان عمرها سبع سنوات، وتزوجت أمها مُجددا وأرسلت الطفلة إلى أوروبا لتعليمها وكانت تعيش مع أمها بشكل متقطع في باث.

في عام 1837 هربت مع الرقيب جيمس من الجيش الهندي (على الأغلب هربت لأن أمها رتبت لها زواجاً من قاضٍ عجوز) ورافقته على الهند ورجعت إلى إنكلترا عام 1842 بعد أن طلقها زوجها. ودرست بعدها الرقص لكنها لم تنجح في عروضها الأولى في المسرح الملكي في لندن، ولكنها جذبت الانتباه بجمالها وغرابة أطوارها. وفي عام 1843 سمت نفسها «لولا مونتيز الراقصة الإسبانية» وغيرت تاريخ ميلادها إلى 17 فبراير 1821، وظهرت في عدة دول وحققت نجاحاً ومنها ألمانيا وبولندا وروسيا ثم ذهبت إلى باريس وفي عام 1847 ذهبت إلى ميونخ حيث أصبحت عشيقة لودفيغ الأول ملك بافاريا، حيث مُنِحَت الجنسية وأُعطيت لقب كونتيسة لاندزفيلد، وأُعطيت أجراً 2000 جنية إسترليني سنوياً.

أصبحت لولا الحاكِمة الفِعلية على بافاريا، حيثُ اتبعت سياسة تحررية ومُضادة لليسوعية، وكانت سياستها مُزعجة للكَنيسة ومُسيئة للشعب مِما سَبب عدة اضطرابات شعبية، لكن خصومها السياسيين كانوا أقوى منها فَطُرِدت من المملكة في ثورة عام 1848 وتمت تَنحية الملِك عن العرش. ورجعت إلى إنجلترا في السنة التالية وتزوجت ضابطاً من الحرس يدعى جورج هيلد، لكنها اتهمت بِتعدد الأزواج بحجة أن زواجها من النقيب جيمس لم يكتمل قانونياً فهربت مع هيلد إلى إسبانيا.

في عام 1851 ظهرت على مسرح برودواي في نيويورك ثم في مسرح شارع والنت في فيلادلفيا، وكررت عروضها في بوسطن ونيو أورليانز وسان فرانسيسكو حيثُ مثلت في مسرحية تُدعى لولا مونتيز في بافاريا، وفي عام 1853 غرق هيلد في لشبونة وفي السنة نفسها تزوجت صاحب صحيفة سان فرانسيسكو، ولكنها لم تعش كثيراً معه. وظهرت مِراراً في أستراليا وعادت عام 1857 إلى أمريكا لِتُمثل وتُلقي المُحاضرات، وأعادت هذه المحاضرات في إنكلترا. لكن أعمالها الأدبية لم تلق الاستحسان، فعادت إلى أمريكا محبطة ودون عمل.

تدهورت صحتها وأمضت باقي حياتها في زيارة المنبوذات من النساء في نيويورك وأُصيبت هُناك بالشلل وماتت في أستوريا يوم 17 يناير 1861 حيث عاشت أواخر أيامها في ملجأ صحي.

كتب إدمون باسيل دوفرني كتاباً عنها يُدعى لولا مونتيز صدر في نيويورك عام 1909.

مؤلفاتها
 نوادر الحب Anecdotes of Love
 محاضرات، وهي عبارة عن سيرة ذاتية
 فنون الجمال The Arts of Beauty

روابط خارجية

مصادر

 هذه المقالة تحتوي على معلومات مترجمة من موسوعة أبلتون للسير الأمريكية نسخة العام 1900، وهي الآن تحت إطار الملكية العامة

انظر أيضاً
 أمرابالي

ممثلون من مقاطعة سليجو
أشخاص من حمى ذهب كاليفورنيا
أشخاص من غراس فالي (كاليفورنيا)
أشخاص من مقاطعة سليجو
أشخاص من مقاطعة ليمريك
أشخاص من مملكة بافاريا
ألمان من أصل أيرلندي
ألمان من أصل بريطاني
أيرلنديون مهاجرون إلى الولايات المتحدة (قبل سنة 1923)
اجتماعيون أيرلنديون
راقصات ألمانيات
راقصات أيرلنديات
راقصات بريطانيات
شخصيات من الربيع الأوروبي 1848
كونتيات ألمانيا
محظيات
مدفونون في مقبرة غرين-وود
ممثلات أيرلنديات في القرن 19
ممثلات مسرح أيرلنديات
ممثلون من مقاطعة لمريك
مواليد 1821
وفيات 1861
وفيات بسبب الزهري
وفيات في نيويورك

لولا مونتيز


Diese Liste stellt eine Übersicht über die Highways in der kanadischen Provinz Saskatchewan dar. Nachfolgend dargestellt sind die sogenannten Primary highways, diese stehen unter Verwaltung des Ministry of Highways and Infrastructure.

Neben diesen Primary highways gibt es unter anderem folgende Straßen die als Highways bezeichnet werden:
 Northern highways (Nummern 100–199) und
 Secondary highways (Nummern 200–399)

Saskatchewan

Liste der Highways in Saskatchewan


Cabernet Blanc ist eine im Jahr 1991 neu gezüchtete weiße Rebsorte. Die Sorte zählt zu den pilzwiderstandsfähigen (PIWI) Sorten. Die Weine sind extraktreich, stoffig und erinnern an Sauvignon Blanc.

Herkunft
Sie ist eine Kreuzung zwischen Cabernet Sauvignon und Regent. Zunächst wurde angenommen, dass es sich beim Resistenzpartner um eine komplexe Abstammung aus (Silvaner × Riesling × Vitis vinifera) ×(JS 12417Chancellor) handeln würde. Gezüchtet wurde die neue Rebsorte vom Schweizer Rebenzüchter Valentin Blattner. Die Selektion erfolgte in der deutschen Rebschule Freytag in Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Ortsteil Lachen-Speyerdorf in der Pfalz. Nach mehreren Jahren der Versuchsauswertung wurde die Rebsorte von Volker Freytag im Jahre 2004 zum Sortenschutz und 2010 zur Klassifizierung angemeldet.

Ampelografische Merkmale
 Die Triebspitze mittelwollig behaart.
 Der Wuchs kräftig und aufrecht.
 Das Blatt typisch Cabernet Sauvignon; fünfeckig mit 5 Lappen. Die Stielbucht ist offen bis wenig offen mit v-förmiger Basis. Die Blattunterseite ist schwach behaart.
 Die Traube ist groß, geschultert und lockerbeerig. Die Beeren sind klein und rund, gemischtbeerig, d. h. normal große und jungfernfrüchtige Beeren befinden sich nebeneinander. Besonders die kernlosen Früchte weisen einen sehr hohen Zuckergehalt und gute Extraktwerte auf. Bis zur vollständigen Reife sind die Beeren dunkelgrün und wirken lange unreif; erst bei Beginn der Endreife Anfang Oktober färben sie sich gelb. Die Beeren haben einen hohen Gerbstoffgehalt.

Die Weinbeeren sind vergleichsweise klein, rund und nahezu kernlos. Sie weisen ausgereift einen sehr hohen Zuckergehalt und Extraktwerte auf. Die Beeren sind dunkelgrün und wirken lange unreif. Mit Beginn der Reife, meist erst Anfang Oktober färben sich die Beeren gelb.

Reife: mittelspät - Oktober

Ertrag
Wegen der starken Verrieselungsneigung können die Erträge je nach Standort sehr unterschiedlich sein.

Ansprüche
Wegen der starken Verrieselungsneigung soll die Sorte nur auf eine schwach wachsende Unterlage veredelt werden.

Vor- und Nachteile
Vorteile
 Die Sorte besitzt eine gute Resistenz gegen Oidium und Botrytis.
 Die Traube besitzt normalgroße und jungfernfrüchtige Beeren. Dadurch sind die Trauben eher lockerbeerig, luftig und leicht abtrocknend, was sich positiv auf die Resistenz gegen Botrytis (Grauschimmelfäule) auswirkt.
 Besitzt eine gute Resistenz gegen den echten und falschen Mehltau der Weinrebe.
 Die Winterfrostfestigkeit ist sehr gut - vergleichbar mit Riesling.
Nachteile
 Ist sehr blüteempfindlich, deswegen sind Verrieselungsschäden möglich.

Wein
Der Wein ist komplex, würzig, extraktreich, im Bukett ähnelt er dem Sauvignon Blanc. Der Geschmack wird häufig mit Riesling oder Sauvignon Blanc verglichen.

Literatur
 Karl Bauer, Ferdinand Regner, Barbara Schildberger: Weinbau (= AV-Fachbuch.). 9., aktualisierte Auflage. Cadmos, Wien 2013, ISBN 978-3-7040-2284-4.
 Jancis Robinson, Julia Harding, José Vouillamoz: Wine Grapes. A complete Guide to 1,368 Vine Varieties, including their Origins and Flavours. Ecco/HarperCollins, New York 2012, ISBN 978-0-06-220636-7.

Weblinks

 Sortenbeschreibung von der Rebschule Freytag
 Cabernet Blanc auf der Traubenshow

Einzelnachweise

Neuzüchtung (Rebsorte)
Weinrebenhybride

Cabernet Blanc


Lasioideae, potporodica kozlačevki, dio reda Alismatales. Sastoji se od 10 rodova, od kojih je tipični lasija (Lasia), dvije vrste polugrmova iz tropske Azije i južne Kine.

Rodovi
 Urospatha Schott (13 spp.)
 Dracontium L. (28 spp.)
 Dracontioides Engl. (2 spp.)
 Anaphyllopsis A. Hay (3 spp.)
 Podolasia N. E. Br. (1 sp.)
 Lasia Lour. (2 spp.)
 Cyrtosperma Griff. (13 spp.)
 Pycnospatha Thorel ex Gagnep. (2 spp.)
 Lasimorpha Schott (1 sp.)
 Anaphyllum Schott (2 spp.)

Izvori

Kozlačevke

Lasioideae


Orsilochos (, latinisiert Orsilochus), manchmal auch Ortilochos (griechisch ) steht für:

in der griechischen Mythologie:
 Orsilochos (Sohn des Alpheios) (auch Ortilochos), König von Pherai
 Orsilochos (Sohn des Diokles) (auch Ortilochos), Enkel des Orsilochos, dem Sohn des Alpheios
 Orsilochos (Trojaner), Kämpfer im Trojanischen Krieg
 Orsilochos (Argiver), Erfinder des Viergespanns
 Orsilochos (Sohn des Idomeneus), den Odysseus in einer seiner Lügengeschichten vorgibt, erschlagen zu haben.

in der römischen Mythologie:
 Orsilochus (Gefährte des Aeneas), wird von Camilla getötet

Siehe auch:
 (5284) Orsilocus

Orsilochos


Kvælende gifte  er en gruppe af giftkemikalier, som alle er dræbende. Det enestående ved kvælende gifte er at de kvæler personen som har indtaget giften, modsat andre former for gifte,som f.eks. kan stoppe alt hjerte- og/eller nyreaktivitet. Giften kan kvæle på to måder, enten ved stoppe ilttilførslen eller stoppe udluftningen af kuldioxid. Der findes også en tredje mulighed, nemlig den der lammer hjernen øjeblikkeligt, så vedkommende  hverken kan ind- eller udånde. Den mest kendte af kvælende gifte er cyanid som blandt andet er blevet brugt ved Eva Brauns selvmord og Gavrilo Princips selvmordsforsøg.

Gift

Kvælende gift


Bakanal ili bacchanale može značiti:

 bakanalije, starorimske svečanosti čast bogu Bakhu, od kojih su nastali drugi pojmovi
 bakanal, pijanka ili orgija
 Bakanal, skladba Camillea Saint-Saënsa iz opere "Samson i Dalila"
 Bacchanale, skladba Johna Cagea za preparirani klavir

Bakanal (razdvojba)


Karlo Letica (Split, 11. veljače 1997.) hrvatski je nogometaš koji igra na poziciji golmana. Trenutačno igra za Lausanne-Sport.

Reprezentativna karijera
Četrnaest puta je nastupao za selekciju do 19 godina i jednom za selekciju do 21 godine.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Profil, Soccerway
 Profil, Transfermarkt

Hrvatski nogometni vratari
Vratari Hajduka
Nogometaši NK Mosora
Nogometaši NK Rudeša
Nogometaši Club Bruggea
Nogometaši Sampdorije
Nogometaši CFR Cluja
Životopisi, Split
Aktivni nogometaši

Karlo Letica


Carlos Canzani (* 15. Januar 1953 in Fray Bentos, Uruguay) ist ein uruguayischer Sänger und Produzent.

Leben und Wirken
Canzani, auch unter dem Namen Pájaro Canzani bekannt, begann seine musikalische Laufbahn 1971, als er beim Festival in Salto mit Revelación auftrat. Bevor er sich 1975 in Buenos Aires Los Jaivas anschloss, nahm er die beiden Platten Aguaragua und Algún día auf, die 24 Jahre später in einer Neuauflage bei Ayuí auf den Markt gebracht wurden. Zwei Jahre später zog er nach Paris, wo er seit 1977 lebt. 1981 gründete Canzani gemeinsam mit "Negrito" Trasante Atlántico und tourte in der Folge durch Europa.

Auch ansonsten führten ihn im Laufe seiner Karriere Touren mehrfach durch Europa, Südamerika, Kanada, die USA und Japan, wobei er insbesondere in Frankreich und teils auch in den Beneluxstaaten, der Schweiz und den USA nahezu alle bedeutenden Veranstaltungssäle bespielte. Zu seinen weiteren Platten zählen beispielsweise das 1994 erschienene Rock latino, Pájaro Canzani - Trópico de Capricornio aus dem Jahr 1999 und das 2008 bei Random Records publizierte Transamericana, auf dem er spanisch und portugiesisch singt.

In der Folgezeit tat er sich auch als Produzent hervor. So produzierte und arrangierte Canzani 1983 sowohl das erste Album der Rockgruppe Corazón rebelde, das in Spanien und Frankreich erschien, als auch die Filmmusik zu Eric Rohmers Les nuits de la peine lune. Das 1988 erschienene Album De corazón, das er für Francis Lalanne produzierte, brachte ihm aufgrund 100.000 verkaufter Tonträger die Goldene Schallplatte ein. 2000 gründete er in Paris das Digitale Aufnahmestudio Angel Studio, für das er als unabhängiger Produzent tätig ist. Im Folgejahr zählten die CD Lágrima Ríos - En el Sena und die Platte der amerikanischen Gruppe The Wedding Band zu seinen Produktionen. Río Negro for export war der Name einer weiteren, im Jahre 2002 mit Künstlern Río Negros aufgenommenen CD.

Diskografie (Auszug)
 1974: Aguaragua
 Algún día
 1994: Rock latino
 1997: Los Jaivas y amigos mit Leon Giecco, Illapu und Los tres
 1997: La rubia mit Elli Medeiros
 1999: Pájaro Canzani - Trópico de Capricornio
 1999: Aguaragua und Algún día, Neuauflage bei Ayuí
 2008: Transamericana, erschienen bei Random Records

Literatur
 Nuevo Diccionario de la Cultura Uruguaya von Miguel Ángel Campodónico, Librería Linardi y Risso, 2003, S. 70

Weblinks
 Pájaro Canzanis Blog, abgerufen am 13. Mai 2012
 Pájaro Canzanis Internetpräsenz auf www.myspace.com, abgerufen am 13. Mai 2012

Einzelnachweise

Sänger
Uruguayer
Geboren 1953
Mann

Carlos Canzani


L'Open de Manchester masculin 2022 est l'édition masculine de l'Open de Manchester de squash qui se déroule du 13 au  à Manchester. Le tournoi fait partie de la catégorie PSA World Tour Silver et il est doté de  de prix.

Le tableau est composé de 24 participants dont 8 têtes de série et une wild card Simon Herbert.

Le finaliste de l'édition précédente Joel Makin remporte le titre face à l'ancien  mondial Mohamed El Shorbagy.

Dotation et points
En 2022, la dotation est de . Les points sont répartis suivant le tableau suivant.

Têtes de série

Tableau final

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Open de Manchester de squash
 Saison 2021-2022 de la PSA
 Open de Manchester féminin de squash 2022

Liens externes
 Page PSA

Sport en Angleterre en 2022
masculin 2022
Squash en 2022
Sport en avril 2022

Open de Manchester masculin de squash 2022


زافيتنيي  هي مدينة في مقاطعة كراسنودار كراي في روسيا. يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 4404 نسمة.

مراجع

مدن كراسنودار كراي

زافيتنيي


Bosættelse på Månen er et foreslået tilblivelse af permanente menneskelig beboelse eller robotindustrier på Månen.

Opdagelsen af månevand på Månens sydpol af Chandrayaan-1 har genoptaget interessen i Månen. Polarkolonier kan også forhindre problemet med lange månenætter - omkring 354 timer, lidt mere end to uger – og udnytte Solen kontinuerligt, i det mindste under lokal sommer (der findes endnu ikke data for vinteren).

Permanent menneskelig beboelse på en anden planet end jorden er en af science fiction mest gennemgående temaer. I takt med at teknologien er blevet bedre, og bekymringer om menneskets fremtid på Jorden er øget, har argumentet om at rumkolonisering er muligt og et opnåeligt mål opnået større støtte. På grund af dens afstand til Jorden, er Månen ofte set som det mest naturlige valg til en ekspansion væk fra Jorden. Der er også forskellige projekter fra rumturisme-virksomheder for turisme på månen.

Referencer

Rumfart

Bosættelse på Månen


Cynanchinae, podtribus svileničevki iz porodice zimzelenovki, dio je tribusa Asclepiadeae. Podijeljena je na tri roda, a tipični je lastavina Cynanchum, rasprostranjen po svim kontinentima.

U Hrvatskoj je prisutna samo  šiljasta lastovina ili  šiljasta lastavina, Cynanchum acutum.

Rodovi
 Cynanchum L. 256 vrsta
 Mahawoa Schltr. 1
 Schizostephanus Hochst. ex Benth. & Hook.f. 2

Izvori

Svileničevke

Cynanchinae


Leandro Tomaz Perez (født 29. juli 1979) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Mito HollyHock.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Leandro Tomaz Perez


الشجاعة معروفة كذلك بالثبات والجرأة وتنقسم إلى نوعين:
 شجاعة طبيعية
وهي شجاعة تجاه الألم الطبيعي والمشقّة أو التهديد بالموت.
 شجاعة أخلاقية
وهي القدرة على التصرف بشكل صحيح تجاه المعارضة الشعبية والخزي والفضيحة أو الإحباط.

معنى الشجاعة
في اللغة:

يرد معناها إلى أصل واحد هو الجرأة و الإقدام. في لسان العرب: شَجُع شجاعة: اشتد عند بأس، و الشجاعة: شدة القلب في البأس، و من يتصف بهذا الخلق يقال له : شَجاع وشِجاع و شُجاع وأشجع و شَجع وشَجيع و شِجَعَة ويُجمع على : شُجْعان وشِجعان و شَجَعَاء وشِجَعَة و شِجْعَة وشَجْعَة و شُجْعَة وشِجَاع و المرأة شِجَاعَة وشَجِعَة و شَجِيعَة وشَجْعَاء.

في الاصطلاح:

قيل الشجاعة هي: (الإقدام على المكاره، والمهالك، عند الحاجة إلى ذلك، وثبات الجأش عند المخاوف، والاستهانة بالموت).
وقال ابن حزم: (حد الشَّجَاعَة هو بذل النفس للموت، عن الدين، والحريم، وعن الجار المضطهد، وعن المستجير المظلوم، وعن الهضيمة ظلمًا في المال، والعرض، وفي سائر سبل الحق، سواء قلَّ من يعارض أو كثر).

الفرق بين الشجاعة وغيرها من الصفات المتقاربة

الفرق بين الشجاعة والقوة
(

الفرق بين البسالة والشَّجَاعَة
(

الفرق بين الشَّجَاعَة والجرأة
(

مراتب الشجاعة
تحدث ابن القيم عن مراتب الشجعان فقال:

(أوَّل مراتبهم: الهُمام؛ وسمي بذلك لهمته وعزمه، وجاء على بناء فُعَال كشجاع.

الثاني: المِقْدام؛ وسمي بذلك من الإقدام، وهو ضد الإحجام وجاء على أوزان المبالغة، كمعطاء، ومنحار، لكثير العطاء، والنحر، وهذا البناء يستوي فيه المذكر والمؤنث، كامرأة معطار كثيرة التعطر، ومذكار تلد الذكور.

الثالث: الباسل؛ وهو اسم فاعل من بسل يبسل، كشرف يشرف، والبسالة الشَّجَاعَة والشدة، وضدها فشل يفشل فشالة، وهي على وزنها فعلًا ومصدرًا وهي الرذالة.

الرابع: البطل؛ وجمعه أبطال وفي تسميته قولان:
أحدهما: لأنَّه يبطل فعل الأقران، فتبطل عند شجاعة الشجعان، فيكون بطل بمعنى مفعول في المعنى؛ لأنَّ هذا الفعل غير متعد.
والثاني: أنَّه بمعنى فاعل لفظًا ومعنى؛ لأنَّه الذي يبطل شجاعة غيره فيجعلها بمنزلة العدم، فهو بطل بمعنى مبطل.
ويجوز أن يكون بطل بمعنى مبطل بوزن مكرم، وهو الذي قد بطله غيره، فلشجاعته تحاماه النَّاس، فبطلوا فعله باستسلامهم له، وترك محاربتهم إياه.

الخامس: الصنديد (بكسر الصاد).

الحث على الشجاعة في القرآن
قال سبحانه (في سورة البقرة): .
وأمر الله المسلمين بالثبات في الجهاد فقال: [الأنفال].
وقال تعالى (في سورة الأنفال): .

يأمر الله سبحانه وتعالى المسلمين بالقتال في سبيله، والثبات عليه، والإقدام في الحروب، وعدم الجبن.

وقال سبحانه أيضاً في نفس السورة: .

قال السعدي: (

الحث على الشجاعة في السنة النبوية

قال النووي: (والمراد بالقوة هنا، عزيمة النفس والقريحة في أمور الآخرة، فيكون صاحب هذا الوصف أكثر إقدامًا على العدو في الجهاد، وأسرع خروجًا إليه، وذهابًا في طلبه، وأشد عزيمة في الأمر بالمعروف والنهي عن المنكر، والصبر على الأذى في كل ذلك، واحتمال المشاق في ذات الله تعالى، وأرغب في الصلاة، والصوم، والأذكار، وسائر العبادات، وأنشط طلبًا لها، ومحافظةً عليها، ونحو ذلك).

وعن عمرو بن ميمون الأودي قال: كان سعد يعلِّم بنيه هؤلاء الكلمات، كما يعلم المعلم الغلمان الكتابة ويقول:

قال المهلب: (أما استعاذته  من الجبن، فإنَّه يؤدي إلى عذاب الآخرة؛ لأنَّه يفر من قرنه في الزحف فيدخل تحت وعيد الله لقوله: ((وَمَن يُوَلِّهِمْ يَوْمَئِذٍ)) [الآية 16 في الأنفال]، وربما يفتن في دينه، فيرتد لجبن أدركه).

وعن عبادة بن الوليد بن عبادة عن أبيه عن جده قال:

أقوال السلف والعلماء في الشجاعة

قال أبو بكر الصديق لخالد بن الوليد :
وقيل لبعضهم: ( ما الشَّجَاعَة؟ فقال: صبر ساعة.)
وقال بعض أهل التجارب:

وكتب زياد إلى عبد الله بن عباس :
وقالوا: (حد الشَّجَاعَة سعة الصدر، بالإقدام على الأمور المُتْلِفة)

- وقال بعض الحكماء: (

انظر أيضا
 جبن (صفة)
 بوغاتير

المصادر

المراجع

 Ernest Becker, The Denial of Death (New York: The Free Press, 1973).
 Douglas N. Walton, Courage: A philosophical investigation (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1986).
 Stephen Palmquist, "Angst and the Paradox of Courage" [1], Chapter XII in The Tree of Philosophy (Hong Kong: Philopsychy Press, 2000)
 لسان العرب.

شجاعة
فضيلة
فلسفة الحب
مشاعر
مصطلحات
أخلاق إسلامية
أخلاقيات اجتماعية

شجاعة


Bianca Pitzorno, née le  à Sassari, est une écrivaine italienne surtout connue pour ses livres pour enfants et jeunes adultes. Elle est considérée comme l'une des auteures les plus importantes d'Italie dans ce domaine.

Biographie
Bianca Pitzorno naît à Sassari, en Sardaigne (Italie). Elle étudie l'archéologie et la littérature classique puis entame une carrière de productrice d'émissions pour la télévision.

Elle commence à écrire des livres pour filles à . Elle écrit également des pièces de théâtre, des scénarios et des paroles de chansons. Au cours des années 1970, elle est responsable des programmes pour enfants à la télévision RAI. Plus tard, elle travaille sur la série télévisée pour enfants . Elle vit et travaille à Milan.

Œuvre
Ses livres sont traduits dans de nombreuses langues dont le français, l'allemand, l'espagnol, le grec, le polonais, le hongrois, le coréen et le japonais. Ses histoires pour enfants mélangent la réalité contemporaine avec des éléments de magie.

Elle a traduit en italien des œuvres d'auteurs tels que JRR Tolkien, Sylvia Plath, David Grossman, Tove Jansson et Soledad Cruz Guerra.

Œuvres choisies

 Clorofilla dal cielo blu ("Chlorophylle d'un ciel bleu") (1974), également adapté au cinéma
 L'incredibile storia di Lavinia ("L'incroyable histoire de Lavinia") (1985)
 La bambola dell'alchimista ("La poupée de l'alchimiste") (1988)
 Ascolta il mio cuore ("Écoute mon cœur") (1991)
 Streghetta mia ("Ma petite sorcière") (1997)
 La voce segreta ("La voix secrète") (1998)
 Una scuola per Lavinia ("Une école pour Lavinia") (2005)

Prix et distinctions

 Premio Andersen dell'Infanzia
 Premio Castello di Sanguinetto
 Prix Cento
 1990 : (international) « Honour List » de l'IBBY pour La poupée de l'alchimiste
 2012 et 2014 : Sélections Prix Hans-Christian-Andersen catégorie Auteur

Engagements
Bianca Pitzorno est ambassadrice de bonne volonté de l'UNICEF. Elle aide à établir un projet de bibliothèque à Cuba qui rend la littérature italienne accessible aux enfants cubains. Elle aide également à mettre à disposition de la littérature cubaine traduite en italien aux jeunes en Italie.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Traducteur italien
Romancière italienne
Auteur italien de littérature d'enfance et de jeunesse
Naissance en août 1942

Bianca Pitzorno


Le Raspoutine est un ancien cabaret-restaurant, dans un immeuble construit en 1931 sur des plans de Louis-Hippolyte Boileau et Charles-Henri Besnard, inauguré en 1965 avec une nouvelle décoration intérieure et extérieure du plasticien Erté et reconverti depuis les années 2000 en discothèque.

Histoire
Le complexe immobilier, qui donne sur le 101 avenue des Champs-Élysées, l'avenue George-V, la rue Vernet et la rue de Bassano, est inauguré en 1931.

Avant 1965, le cabaret « Le Drap d'or » occupe déjà le site du 58 rue de Bassano. Propriété d'Hélène Martini, et dirigé par Henri de la Palmira, il est réputé comme un des endroits les plus chers de Paris. En 1965, il change de vocation et fait l'objet d'une nouvelle décoration pour devenir un cabaret russe sous l'impulsion d'Hélène Martini, qui fait appel à son ami le pasticien russe Erté. Il prend alors le nom de Raspoutine.

Le Raspoutine est notamment fréquenté par Serge Gainsbourg et Jane Birkin.

Les façades et les toitures sur rues de l'immeuble sont inscrites aux monuments historiques le 15 avril 1991. La devanture du cabaret-restaurant et sa marquise, le vestibule, l'escalier et sa cage, le vestiaire, tous les décors du premier sous-sol et du salon des toilettes du deuxième sous-sol sont inscrits par arrêté du 24 mars 1993.

Le cabaret est racheté à la fin des années 2000 par Laurent de Gourcuff via sa société Paris Society, qui devient également propriétaire de plusieurs autres discothèques et établissements de luxe parisiens. Il la transforme en night-club chic qu'il loue régulièrement pour des tournages et des soirées privées.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Boîte de nuit à Paris
Cabaret à Paris
Monument historique dans le 8e arrondissement de Paris
Patrimoine du XXe siècle
Monument historique inscrit en 1991
Monument historique inscrit en 1993

Cabaret-restaurant le Raspoutine


An Digitaria aridicola in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Diana Margaret Napper. An Digitaria aridicola in nahilalakip ha genus nga Digitaria, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Digitaria (Poaceae)

Digitaria aridicola


Alexeï Andreïevitch Romanov (en ), prince de Russie, né le  à San Francisco, États-Unis appartient à la Maison de Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov. Il est prétendant au trône de Russie. Il est considéré par une partie des monarchistes russes comme le chef de la maison impériale de Russie depuis le . L'autre prétendante au trône est sa cousine Maria Vladimirovna Romanova (née en 1953).

Biographie

Famille
Il est le fils aîné du prince Andreï Andreïevich et de sa première épouse Elena Konstantinovna Dourneva. En , après le divorce de ses parents, il reste avec sa mère. Il est par son arrière-grand-mère paternelle, la grande-duchesse Xenia Alexandrovna de Russie, l'arrière-petit-neveu de  de Russie. Il est également un .

Formation et carrière
En , il est diplômé de St. Mary's College Hight School, puis fréquente l'Université de Berkeley. Actuellement, Alexis Andreïevich possède sa propre entreprise, se consacre à la photographie et vit à Oakland, en Californie. Depuis , il est membre de l'Association de la famille Romanov. Depuis le , il est à la tête de la Maison Romanov.

Mariage et descendance
Le  à Oakland, il épouse Zoetta Leisy (née à Memphis, le ). Ils n'ont pas eu d'enfants.

Références

Bibliographie
 .

Lien externe
 http://www.angelfire.com/realm/gotha/gotha/russia.html

Maison de Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Naissance en avril 1953
Naissance à San Francisco
Prince de Russie du XXe siècle
Prince de Russie du XXIe siècle
Prétendant au trône de Russie

Alexis Andreïevitch de Russie