Batu (Moğolca: Бат Хаан, Rusça: Баты́й, Farsça: باتو Bātū, Çince: 拔都, bá dōu; 1205 - 1255), Cengiz Han'ın en büyük oğlu olan Cuci'nin oğludur. Moğol İmparatorluğu'na bağlı Altın Orda'nın kurucusudur. 1240 - 1255 yılları arasında Altın Orda Devleti'ni yönetmiştir. Lehistan ve Macaristan ordularını yendikten sonra kurduğu devlet Rus toprakları ve Kafkaslarda 250 yıl egemen olmuştur.

İlk yılları
Oğlu Cuci öldükten sonra Cengiz Han topraklarının oğullarını geçmesini buyurarak yönetimi Batu'ya verir. Batu'nun ağabeyi Orda Han da buna karşı çıkmaz. 1227 yılında Cengiz Han öldüğünde ise topraklar Batu ile Orda arasında yeniden dağıtılacaktır. Buna göre Batu İdil Nehri'nin batısındaki toprakları, Orda ise sonradan Ak Orda devletini kuracağı nehrin doğu kıyısındaki toprakları alacaktır. Batu, Ögeday komutasındaki Kuzey Çin seferine katılırken, kardeşi de batıda Kumanlar, Alanlar ve Bulgarlara karşı savaşır.

Rus topraklarının fethi
Kuzey Çin'in fethinden sonra Ögeday, kurultayda Batu'dan batıya doğru seferlere devam etmesini ister. 1235 yılına gelindiğinde Kırım topraklarını zaten fethetmiş olan Batu 130 bin kişilik orduyla Doğu Avrupa'ya ilerlemeye başlar. Ögeday'ın emriyle sefere Güyük, Büri, Möngke, Hulgen, Kadan, Baydar gibi Moğol asillerinin yanı sıra Sübedey, Borolday gibi önemli komutanlar katılır. Ordunun genel komutası Sübedey'dedir.

İdil Nehri'ni geçen ordu Volga Bulgarlarının topraklarını işgal eder. Volga Bulgarları, Kıpçaklar ve Alanların işgale karşı direnişleri bir yıl içinde bastırılır. 1237 yılının Kasım ayında Batu, Kiev Knezliği sarayına elçi göndererek II. Yuri'den bağlılığını bildirmesini ister. Yuri Moğollara teslim olmayı reddedince Ryazan kuşatılır. 6 gün süren muharebelerden sonra şehir tamamen yerle bir edilir. Yuri'nin, Moğol ordusunu durdurmak için oğullarının komutasında gönderdiği ordular yenilir. Kolomna ve Moskova şehirleri yakılır. 4 Şubat 1238 tarihinde Vladimir kuşatılır. 3 gün içinde başkent yakılır ve tamamen yokolur. Kraliyet ailesinin çoğunluğu yangında ölecek, Yuri kuzeye çekilir. Yeni kurduğu ordu ise Moğollar tarafından 4 Mart 1238 tarihinde Sit Nehri'nde hezimete uğratılır.

Bundan sonra Moğol ordusu gruplara ayrılarak Rus şehirlerine saldırır. Rostov, Uglich, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Kashin, Ksnyatin, Gorodets, Galich, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Yuriev-Polsky, Dmitrov, Volokolamsk, Tver ve Torzhok ele geçirilir. Moğollara karşı en başarıyla direnen şehir 7 hafta boyunca işgalcilere boyun eğmeyen Kozelsk olur. Moğollara bağlılığını ilan eden Smolensk yıkımdan kurtulurken, Novgorod ve Pskov coğrafi engeller ve uzaklıklarından dolayı işgale uğramaz. İşgal sırasında Moğollar arasında da sorunlar yaşanır. Batu ile gerilim yaşayan Güyük ve Buri geri çağrılacak, Ögeday sadece Güyük'ün cepheye geri dönmesine izin verecektir. 1240 yılının Aralık ayında kuşatmadan sonra Kiev de ele geçirilince tüm Rus toprakları Moğol boyunduruğuna girmiş olur.

Avrupa seferi

Moğolların ilerleyişinden kaçan Kumanlar Macaristan Krallığına sığınırlar. Batu, Macar kralı IV. Bela'ya sayısız elçiler gönderecek ve cevap alamayacaktır. Batu, Moğollara ihanet ettiğini iddia ettiği Kumanların iadesini isteyerek Macarları tehdit eder. Tarihçiler arasında Batu'nun amaçları hakkında ortak bir görüş yoktur. Batu'nun tüm Avrupa'yı fethetmek mi istediği, yoksa sadece hakim olduğu toprakların güvencesini sağlamak için mi Doğu Avrupa seferi düzenlediği bilinmemektedir. Lehistan ve Macar topraklarına saldırmayı planlayan Sübedey ve Batu bu ülkelere casuslar göndererek durum hakkında bilgi sahibi olurlar. Genel komuta Sübedey'de olacak şekilde istila planı hazırlanır. Üçe bölünen ordunun ilk grubu Lehistan topraklarına girerken, ikinci grup Karpatlara girer, üçüncü grup ise Tuna Nehri boyunca ilerler. Lehistan Ordusu Legnica Muharebesi, Macar Ordusu ise Mohi Muharebesinde yenilir. Macaristan ovası, Avusturya ve Dalmaçya Moğol egemenliğine girer. Moğollardan kaçan Macar kralı IV. Bela'yı takip etmek için Kadan görevlendirilir. 1241 yılında Batu ve Sübedey İtalya ve Almanya topraklarına sefer düzenleme planları yaparken Aralık ayında Ögeday Han'ın ölüm haberi alınır. Yeni hanın seçilmesi için geri çağrılan Moğol asilleri başkent Karakurum'a gitmek üzere cepheyi terk edecektir. Sübedey geri dönse de Batu fethedilen topraklarda kalacaktır.

Güyük ile mücadele
Macar topraklarından Volga kıyılarına çekilen Batu, yeni hakanın seçilmesi için Töregene Hatun tarafından Karakurum'a davet edilse de gelemeyeceğini bildirir. Uzun bir zaman süren belirsizlikten sonra 1246 yılında tahta Güyük geçecektir. Börçigin hanedanının en yaşlı temsilcilerinden olan Batu, Moğol İmparatorluğunun batıdaki topraklarının hakimi olur. Rus toprakları ve Kafkaslarda egemenliğini ilan etse de Büyük Kağanın otoritesini hiçbir zaman reddetmeyecektir. Batu egemenliği altına aldığı Rus topraklarında Vladimirli Rus prens II. Yaroslav ile görüşür ve onu Kiev'de yetkili tayin eder. Batu daha sonra Yaroslav'ı Karakurum'a göndererek Güyük Han'ın tahta çıkış törenine katılmasını ister. Ancak Batu'nun başkentteki düşmanları Yaroslav'ı zehirleyerek öldürür. Batu Rus topraklarını ele geçirdikten sonra Rus prenslerinin kendisine bağlılıklarını ilan etmesini talep eder. Chernigovlu Mihail Cengiz Han döneminden kalan şaman geleneklerine göre iki ateşin önünden geçmeyi ve Cengiz Han'ın yazıtlarının önünde eğilmeyi reddedince Batu tarafından öldürülür.

Gürcistan'da soğuk savaş

Batu ile Güyük arasındaki çekişme Moğol istilası altındaki Gürcü Krallığında şiddetli şekilde hissedilir. Ögeday tarafından Moğol hakimiyetini yaymak üzere görevlendirilen Baycu Noyan, İran'daki ordusuyla Anadolu üzerine yürür. Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti 1243 yılında yapılan Kösedağ Muharebesinde yenilerek Moğol boyunduruğuna girer.  Baycu Noyan, Selçukluların elindeki Gürcü prens VII. Davit Ulu'yu serbest bırakarak Güyük'ün sarayına gönderir. Gürcü tahtına kendi oğlunun çıkmasını isteyen kraliçe Rusudan ise Batu'nun sarayına oğlu VI. Davit Narin'i gönderir. Batu, VII. Davit Ulu'yu Gürcü topraklarının egemeni olarak tanıyarak desteklese de, Güyük Batu'nun kararını çiğneyerek VI. Davit Narin'i Gürcü kralı ilan eder.

Batu ile Güyük arasındaki gerginlik daha da artınca bölgedeki komutanı olan Baycu Noyan'ı görevden alacak ve Eljigidei adlı Moğol komutanı getirecektir. Bu dönemde Güyük, Rus topraklarında Batu'ya karşı ittifak yapmaya girişecek ve Aleksandr Nevski ile ittifak yapacaktır. Batu'yu huzuruna çağırdığı bir dönemde Güyük ölecektir.

Möngke ve Batu
Güyük ölünce Batu için Ögeday ve oğlu Güyük tarafından sürdürülen aile hanedanına son verme şansı ortaya çıkar. Tahta geçme şansı olan Batu, kendisi çok hasta iken ziyaretine gelen Möngke'nin bağlılığından etkilenecek ve 1250 yılında kendi hakimiyetindeki topraklarda yapılacak kurultayda Möngke'nin hanlığını destekleyecektir. Karara karşı çıkan Ögeday ve Çağatay soyundan Moğol prensler kurultayın Moğolistan'da yapılması gerektiğini öne sürerler. Batu, kardeşi Berke ve oğlu Sartak'ın korumasında olduğu halde Möngke'yi Moğolistan'a gönderir ve resmî kurultayda han seçilmesini sağlar. Ögeday hanedanının devam etmesini isteyen prensler kurultay tanımayacaktır. Bunun üzerine 1251 yılında tahta geçen Möngke rakiplerini hızla tasifiye eder.

Batı Rus topraklarında ise Batu'ya karşı çıkan Rus prens II. Andrey isyancı Moğol prenslerine destek verir. Bunun üzerine Vladimir'e saldıran Batu'nun ilerleyişi Novgorod ve Pskov önlerinde Töton Şövalyeleri tarafından durdurulur. Bu bölgeyi ise Batu Han ve oğlu Sartak ile dostluğu olan Aleksandr Nevski yönetecektir.

Möngke'nin iktidarı sırasında ona yardım ettiği için Batu'nun prestiji en yüksek seviyededir. Kardeşi Berke'nin itirazlarına rağmen Hülagu'nun seferlerine asker gönderecektir. Ancak Moğol İmparatorluğunda belirginleşmeye başlayan ayrılık sonunda Moğollar kendi aralarında savaşmaya başlayacaktır.

Batu'nun soyu kurmuş olduğu Altın Orda haricinde de bölgede çok sayıda hanedanda sürdürülecektir.

Ailesi ve geleneği
Batu'nun en az dört çocuğu olduğu bilinmektedir. Bunlardan Sartak babası öldükten sonra 1255-56 yılları arasında Altın Orda tahtına çıkacak, ancak Möngke'yi Moğolistan'da ziyaretinden az sonra ölecektir. Ondan sonra tahta amcası Berke geçecektir. Müslümanlığı seçen Berke, Moğolistan İmparatorluğuna şeklen bağlı kalsa da Abbasileri yenen akrabası Hülagû Han ile savaşacaktır. Bu dönemde artık Moğol İmparatorluğundaki çatlak iyice artmış olacak ve Altın Orda bağımsız bir devlet konumuna gelecektir. Berke, Doğu Avrupa'ya karşı büyük seferlere girişmeyecek ve iktidarı döneminde bazı yağma seferleri yaşanmasına rağmen kardeşi Batu dönemine göre Avrupa'da Moğol istilası yaşanmayacaktır. Altın Orda diğer Moğol devletlerine göre en uzun süre ayakta kalan olacaktır.

Dipnotlar

Ayrıca bakınız
 Avrupa'nın Moğollar tarafından istilası
 Moğol İmparatorluğu
 Altın Orda
 Altın Orda hanlar listesi

1205 doğumlular
1255 yılında ölenler
Altın Orda hanları
Kurucu hükümdarlar
Tengrici hükümdarlar

Batu Han


Argentina konkurrere ved vinter-PL 2018  i Pyeongchang, Sydkorea i perioden 9.-18. marts 2018. Holdet bestod af Carles Codina og Enrique Plantey. Codina konkurrerede i para-snowboarding. Plantey konkurrerede i para-alpine skiløb.

Medaljer

2018
Lande ved vinter-PL 2018

Argentina ved vinter-PL 2018


Richard L. "Rick" Adams, Jr. is an American Internet pioneer and the founder of UUNET, which, in the mid and late 1990s, was the world's largest Internet Service Provider (ISP).

Life
Adams was responsible for the first widely available Serial Line IP (SLIP) implementation and founding UUNET, thereby making the Internet widely accessible. In 1982 he ran the first international UUCP e-mail link, known as "Seismo", at the Center for Seismic Studies in Northern Virginia), which evolved into the first (UUCP-based) UUNET. He maintained B News (at that time the most popular Usenet News transport).

In 1996, he donated one million dollars U.S. to the James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF) to be used as the basis for its One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge. He is the JREF's treasurer.

Adams co-authored the O'Reilly book !%@:: A Directory of Electronic Mail Addressing & Networks with his wife Donnalyn Frey. He is a co-author of RFC 1036, the Standard for Interchange of USENET Messages.

He obtained a master's degree in computer science from Purdue University.

, he resides in Northern Virginia with his wife Donnalyn and their two sons.

Creation of SLIP
In the early 1980s, 3Com's UNET Unix system could exchange TCP/IP traffic over serial lines.  In 1984 Adams implemented this system on Berkeley Unix 4.2 and dubbed it SLIP.  The SLIP protocol was documented in RFC 1055.

The SLIP protocol was superseded in the early 1990s, by the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), which is still in use.

Founding UUNET
Adams founded a nonprofit telecommunications company, UUNET Communications Service, to reduce the cost of mail and Usenet traffic sent by UUCP, particularly for rural sites in America. (UUNET was founded with a $50,000 loan from the USENIX Association, which was subsequently repaid.) UUNET became an official gateway between UUCP mail and Internet email, as well as between North America and Europe. It hosted many related services, such as Internet FTP access for its UUCP clients and the comp.sources.unix archives.

Adams spun out a for-profit company, UUNET Technologies, which was the first ISP in the United States.  The for-profit company bought the assets of the nonprofit, repaying it with a share of the profits over the years. The nonprofit has spent that money for many UNIX-related charitable causes over the years, such as supporting the Internet Software Consortium. The for-profit ISP became a multibillion-dollar company and made an initial public offering in 1995.  It was acquired by MFS (Metropolitan Fiber Systems, a wide-area optical-networking company), in 1996, which was subsequently acquired by Worldcom, which rose to challenge the largest telecommunications companies in America.

Adams left UUNET after transitioning leadership of the company to John Sidgmore in 1994. After leaving UUNET, Adams pursued opportunities as a partner in other ventures, including Cello and the 2941 restaurant in Falls Church, Virginia.

Cello Recording Studios
In 1999 Adams purchased the "Western Studio" portion of Ocean Way Recording Studios in Hollywood, California from Alan Sides and renamed it Cello Studios. Many notable artists recorded at Cello Studios, including Weezer, Rage Against The Machine, Macy Gray, Blink 182 and Red Hot Chili Peppers. Cello Studios continued under Adams ownership until January 2005, when the business abruptly closed and filed for bankruptcy. The vacant building, threatened with demolition, was eventually sold to EastWest producer Doug Rogers, who reopened the studio under the name EastWest Studios.

Bibliography
Donnalyn Frey and Rick Adams, %@:: a directory of electronic mail addressing & networks (Sebastopol, CA : O'Reilly & Associates, 1994)
Another book by Rick Adams in 1993.

References

External links
UUNET
Tim O'Reilly discusses Rick Adams' creating UUNET as an open source-derived business. Includes some history.

Free software programmers
Usenet people
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American technology company founders
People from Virginia
Purdue University alumni

Rick Adams (Internet pioneer)


Tolos (od ), mn. tholoi, , mn. tholi), je arhitektonsko obilježje koje se naširoko koristilo u klasičnom svijetu. To je okrugla građevina, obično izgrađena na nekoliko stepenica (podij), s prstenom stupova koji podupiru kupolasti krov.

U rimskim gradovima često su se mogli naći u središtu macelija (tržnice mesa), gdje su se možda prodavale ribe. Predložene su i druge upotrebe središnjeg tholosa, poput mjesta gdje su se službene mjere i težine držale kao referenca ili kao svetišta bogovima tržnice. Neke su macele imale fontanu ili vodeni element u središtu svog dvorišta, kao i, ili umjesto, strukturu tolosa.

Izvori

Rimska arhitektura

Tolos (stari Rim)


Le Birkenhead United Association Football Club, plus couramment abrégé en Birkenhead United, est un club néo-zélandais de football fondé en 1960 et basé à Beach Heaven, une banlieue d'Auckland.

Il participe actuellement à la NZNL, plus haut niveau du football néo-zélandais, dans la Northern League.

Histoire
Le club est fondé en 1960 sous le nom de Birkenhead. Il prend son nom actuel en 1963 lors de la fusion avec Birkdale.

En 2021, le club noue un partenariat avec le club écossais de Saint-Mirren.

Palmarès

Chatham Cup :
 Vainqueur : 2016, 2018.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Club de football en Nouvelle-Zélande
Club de football à Auckland
Club de football fondé en 1960


Jefferson Park Transit Center es una estación en la línea Azul del Metro de Chicago. La estación se encuentra localizada en 4917 North Milwaukee Avenue en Chicago, Illinois. La estación Jefferson Park Transit Center fue inaugurada el 1 de febrero de 1970.  La Autoridad de Tránsito de Chicago es la encargada por el mantenimiento y administración de la estación. Los trenes en la estación operan las 24 horas al día.

Descripción
La estación Jefferson Park Transit Center cuenta con 1 plataforma central, 1 plataforma lateral y 5 vías.

Conexiones
La estación es abastecida por las siguientes conexiones:
 Rutas del CTA y Pace

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Estación Jefferson Park Transit Center
 Líneas y estaciones del Metro de Chicago

Estaciones de Metro de Estados Unidos inauguradas en 1970
Estaciones de la línea Azul (Metro de Chicago)
Estaciones de Metra

Jefferson Park Transit Center


Dionizije II. od plemena Turje (?, oko 1200. – ?, 1255.), mađarski velikaš, ugarski palatin (1245. – 1246. i 1248.), prvi hrvatski herceg (1242. – 1245.) koji nije bio kraljevskog roda, slavonski (1241. – 1245.) i primorski ban (do 1245.). Bio je najistaknutiji predstavnik mađarskog roda Turje i jedan od najmoćnijih velikaša za vladavine hrvatsko-ugarskog kralja Bele IV. (1235. – 1270.).

Stupio je kao mladić u službu kralja Bele IV. i nalazio se u njegovoj pratnji. Istaknuo se 1241. godine u bitci na rijeci Šaju, zbog čega je za zasluge dobio naslov slavonskog bana, a nešto kasnije i naslov primorskog bana. Nakon smrti hercega Kolomana iz dinastije Arpadovića, koji je preminuo od posljedica ozljede zadobivene u bici na rijeci Šaju, dobio je i naslov herceg, kao prva osoba nekraljevskog roda.

Godine 1242. pobjegao je s kraljem Belom IV. i dvorom iz Ugarske na jug u Hrvatsku, povlačeći se pred invazijom Tatara. Sljedeće godine je teško ranjen u sukobu protiv Mlečana kod Zadra. Tom je prilikom pomogao zadarskim protivnicima Mlečana da se nasele u gradu Ninu. Kralj ga je nagradio posjedima u Križevačkoj županiji za zasluge koje je stekao tijekom tatarske invazije.

Sudjelovao je 1244. godine u ratu između Splita i Trogira za selo Ostrog na području Kaštela te je tom prilikom, na kraljevu preporuku, sklopio mir s Mlečanima. Sukob je završio porazom Splita, koji je morao pristati na vrlo teške uvjete mira.

Prilikom krunidbe Belina sina Stjepana 1245. godine, Dionizije je imenovan šomođskim županom i palatinom.

Bilješke

Vanjske poveznice

 Dionizije – Hrvatska enciklopedija
 Dionizije – Hrvatski biografski leksikon

Mađarsko plemstvo
Hrvatski hercezi
Hrvatski banovi
Ugarski palatini

Dionizije od Turja


Die Brut des Bösen ist der Titel der Filme:
 Embryo (Film), US-amerikanischer Horrorfilm
 Die Brut des Bösen (1979), deutscher Actionfilm
 Die Mongolen, italienischer Abenteuerfilm

Die Brut des Bösen


ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 ශ්‍රී ලංකා වෛද්‍ය සංගමය
සේවක සංගම් - එක්සත් රාජධානිය
වෛද්‍ය සංගම් - එක්සත් රාජධානිය

බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය වෛද්‍ය සංගමය


Kosmos 2084, sovjetski satelit sustava upozorenja o raketnom napadu iz programa Kosmos. Vrste je Oko (US-K; Oko br. 6052).

Lansiran je 21. lipnja 1990. godine u 20:45 s kozmodroma Pljesecka, s mjesta 43/3. Lansiran je u pogrešnu, nisku orbitu oko planeta Zemlje raketom nosačem Molnija-M 8K78M Blok 2BL. Nije bilo komunikacije sa satelitom. Orbita mu je 582 km u perigeju i 758 km u apogeju. Orbitna inklinacija mu je 62,81°. Spacetrackov kataloški broj je 20663. COSPARova oznaka je 1990-055A. Zemlju obilazi u 98,15 minuta. Bio je mase 1800 kg.

Blok 2BL ostao je kružiti u niskoj orbiti, a dva dijela su se vratila u atmosferu.

Izvori
А.Железняков. Энциклопедия "Космонавтика". Хроника освоения космоса. 1990 год. (rus.)
Heavens-above (engl.)
NASA (engl.)
Planet4589.org Tablični prikaz podataka o satelitima (engl.)
N2YO Satellite Database - Tehnical Details - Real Time Satellite Tracking and Predictions (engl.)
Gunter's Space Page US-K (73D6) (engl.)

Vanjske poveznice
N2YO.com Search Satellite Database (engl.)
Celes Trak SATCAT Format Documentation (engl.)

Sateliti Kosmos

Kosmos 2084


was a town located in Ōno District, Ōita Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 9,309 and the density of 66.88 persons per km2. The total area was 139.19 km2.

On January 1, 2005, Notsu was merged into the expanded city of Usuki.

Dissolved municipalities of Ōita Prefecture

Notsu, Ōita


Théophane d'Alexandrie parfois nommé  est un  patriarche copte d'Alexandrie de 953 à 956

Contexte
Théophane  ou Théophile est à l'origine un moine du Monastère Saint-Macaire de Scété[2]. Les chroniques relatent qu'il a été exécuté par noyade par les évêques et les clercs parce qu'il avait proféré des blasphèmes en raison d'une prétendue possession diabolique.[1] .Selon les sources plus anciennes suivies par Venance Grumel il aurait dirigé le patriarcat du  au  c'est-à-dire 10 Khoiak de l'an 675 du calendrier copte. Certains auteurs contemporains situent son gouvernement de 952 et 956.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Patriarche d'Alexandrie
Décès en 956
Patriarche du IXe siècle
Personnalité du haut Moyen Âge par nom

Théophane d'Alexandrie


Opažanje je opća metoda koja se prilagođava predmetu svake posebne znanosti. U psihologiji se opaža ponašanje ljudi (to jest sve vidljive i mjerljive reakcije ljudskoga organizma koje mogu pokazivati psihonervnu aktivnost). U tu svrhu koriste se takozvani psihologijski mjerni instrumenti, kao što su primjerice testovi (za mjerenje intelektualne razvijenosti, psihomotorni testovi i tako dalje). Meteorološki uređaji ili meteorološki instrumenti služe za opažanje, mjerenje i bilježenje atmosferskih pojava.

Izvori

Znanost

Opažanje


Güney Çin kayını (Fagus sinensis), kayıngiller (Fagaceae) familyasından bir kayın türü.

25 m'ye kadar yükselir. Tomurcuklar 2 cm uzunluğundadır. Yaprak sapı 1-3.5 cm'dir. Yaprak 9–15 cm yumurta veya yumurtamsı-dikdörtgendir. Alt yüzeyi ince sık tüylü, dip kısmı ise kama şeklinde nadiren yuvarlaktır. Yaprakların kenarları az dişli olup ucu sivridir. İkincil damarlar ana damarın her iki yanında 9-15 kadar devam eder. Kupula 2-2,5 cm, brahte ince ve uzun, tüylü olup geriye doğrudur. Brahtenin ucu 7 mm uzunluğunda fakat dip kısmı kısadır. Nuks uzun veya kupuladan biraz küçüktür. Tohum kanadı uca yakın dardır.

Doğal olarak Çin ve Vietnam'da bulunur.

Kaynakça

Fagus

Güney Çin kayını


سمعان المجوسي (باليونانية Σίμων ό μάγος) أو سمعان الساحر، اسم استعمله الكتاب المسيحيون القدماء للإشارة إلى شخص عرف بأنه سامري غنوصي. واستعمل الاسم للإشارة إلى شخص أسس فرقة دينية خاصة به. درج المسيحيون الأوائل على اعتبار سمعان المجوسي أول الهراطقة، وفي الوقت عينه أول الغنوصيين؛ وقد ورد ذكره في أعمال الرسل، في معرض الحديث عن مرور القديس بولص بالسامرية. ويبدو أنه جرى الخلط بينه وبين سمعان آخر، سامريٌ أيضاً، وزعيم بدعة سمعانيين يحدثنا عنها كل من جوستينيان وإيرينيوس ومؤلف الـPhilosophoumena. الكتاب الذي نُسب، على التوالي، إلى أوريجان وترتليان والقديس إيبولت.

مراجع

أشخاص في القرن 1
بطرس الرسول
تاريخ وثقافة السامريين
رومان في القرن 1
سامريون
سبط دان
سيمونية
شخصيات سفر أعمال الرسل
صفقة مع الشيطان
غموضيون
غموضيون مسيحيون
غنوصية
مسيحيون قدماء مرتبطون بخلافات
وفيات في روما

سمعان المجوسي


Periodisering er en betegnelse for det fænomen, der handler om, at mennesker inddeler fortiden i "bidder"/perioder for at skabe forståelse og overblik. På denne måde deler historikere fortiden op i forskellige dele, som så hvert især får et navn, som fx antikken, middelalderen, renæssancen eller oplysningstiden m.v. Dog er denne inddeling af fortiden præget af, at den er skabt af mennesker og således ikke noget, der er indiskutabel. Historien kan inddeles på forskellige måder afhængig af, hvad der er i fokus. Fx er oplysningstiden en idéhistorisk måde at anskue 1700-tallet på, hvorimod den politiske historie ofte vil se 1700-tallet i Danmark som en del af enevælden. Johannes Sløk kommenterede i 1960'erne, at periodiseringer ofte fokuserede på politisk historie eller militærhistorie: "De traditionelle periodeinddelinger har en tendens til at hæfte sig ved politiske og militære begivenheder" hvilket bl.a. afspejler sig i periodebetegnelser som mellemkrigstiden, efterkrigstiden eller enevælden eller at man traditionelt siger, at middelalderen i Danmark slutter i 1536 i forbindelse med reformationen, hvor kirkens magt blev alvorligt stækket og kongen blev styrket og magten i samfundet dermed blev centraliseret i væsentligt højere grad.

Udfordringer
Periodisering er dog udfordret af flere forskellige faktorer, herunder geografiske forhold. Fx siger historikere ofte, at den danske middelalder starter omkring 1050, da vikingetiden slutter her, men i det meste af Europa, der var erobret af Romerriget, starter middelalderen ca. 476, da det Vestromerske Rige faldt dette år. Betegnelsen "middelalder" udspringer af idéen, at renæssancen (fra ca. 1400 og frem) er en genfødsel af antikkens (Oldtidens Grækenland og Romerriget) storslåede kultur og i periodebetegnelsen "middelalder" ligger således renæssancens kulturelle nedvurdering af perioden mellem deres egen tid og antikken. Denne dynamik i ordet ligger derfor ikke i den danske kontekst, da der i det danske område aldrig har været nogen antik storkultur. I Danmark var der før middelalderen vikingetiden og før det var der jernalderen.

Referencer

Historie
Humaniora

Periodisering


Initium is the 1984 debut album by American deathrock band Samhain, released on lead singer Glenn Danzig's independent record label Plan 9. In various interviews, Danzig stated that the album's title, which translates from Latin to English as "beginning", represents his new start after disbanding his prior band, Misfits, in 1983. Most of the final track, "Archangel", was actually recorded in March 1981 with Jerry Only, and was originally meant to either be a Misfits song featuring Dave Vanian (who never did vocals for the song) or a track for the band the Damned. The track "Horror Biz" likewise dates to Danzig's Misfits era, as it is a new version of "Horror Business" with different musical arrangements. The album was recorded at Reel Platinum studio in Lodi, New Jersey, excluding the introduction which was recorded at Eerie Von's home on a four track cassette.

Also appearing on this recording are Lyle Preslar, guitarist for the influential D.C. band Minor Threat (CD tracks 2, 4, 6, and 7),  and Al Pike, bassist for Reagan Youth (CD track 9).

Different versions
The 1986 cassette release features Initium plus the entire original version of the band's follow-up record, the Unholy Passion EP, and is highly prized by collectors. Also much sought is the initial 1987 CD release of Initium, which featured the album plus the re-recorded/remixed version of the EP. (In 1989, these extra tracks were removed from all future CD pressings, and were instead included on the original 1990 Final Descent album). A very rare pressing exists, which contains the full Initium album and only the remixed title track from the EP. Likewise, some copies of the 2001 Initium reissue also feature the song "Unholy Passion" as an unlisted bonus track.

Track listing
All songs written and composed by Glenn Danzig.

Original 1984 LP and most CD and cassette releases

* Unlisted bonus track only on 1989 2nd press CD and on some copies of 2001 reissue

1986 cassette and 1987 CD

** "Initium" and "Samhain" appear as a single track on all CD releases of the album.
*** This song only appears on the CD version as part of the 1987 remix of Unholy Passion.

Personnel

Tracks 1–9
 Glenn Danzig - vocals, guitar
 Eerie Von - bass
 Steve Zing - drums, ambience on "Initium"

Tracks 10–15
 See Unholy Passion

References

1984 debut albums
Albums produced by Glenn Danzig
Gothic rock albums by American artists
Hardcore punk albums by American artists
Plan 9 Records albums
Samhain (band) albums

Initium


Loyola Hearn,  (born March 25, 1943) is a Canadian diplomat and former politician. Hearn is the former Canadian Ambassador to Ireland. He served as a Member of the House of Commons of Canada from 2000 to 2008, and as Minister of Fisheries and Oceans from February 6, 2006 to October 30, 2008.

Biography

Early life
Hearn was born in the fishing village of Renews, Newfoundland, where he received his early education. After graduating from high school, he began his studies at Memorial University of Newfoundland and the University of New Brunswick.

Career
After graduating from the university, he started a teaching career in Renews. Hearn then served in the Newfoundland House of Assembly from 1982 to 1993, and served as Minister of Education from 1985 to 1989. Hearn was a candidate in the 1989 Progressive Conservative Leadership Convention to replace outgoing Premier Brian Peckford, the eventual winner was Tom Rideout.

Hearn went on to enter federal politics and was a member of the Conservative Party of Canada in the House of Commons of Canada, representing the riding of St. John's West from 2000 to 2003 and St. John's South—Mount Pearl from 2003 to 2008. He was a member of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 2000 to 2004, and was active in representing the party during its merger discussions with the Canadian Alliance. Those discussions culminated in the merger of the two parties in December 2003, to the Conservative Party of Canada. Hearn served as the first House Leader of the newly created party until it had its first leadership convention.

He has served (either before or after the merger) as the Progressive Conservative Party House Leader, Conservative Party House Leader, Opposition House Leader, Canadian Heritage Critic, Public Works and Government Services Critic, and Critic of the Leader of the Government in the House of Commons.

Following his victory in the 2006 federal election he was named Minister of Fisheries and Oceans on February 6, 2006. As Minister of Fisheries and Oceans, Hearn has been active in defending the controversial east coast seal hunt. In this role, he claimed that several observers from the Humane Society of the United States had been arrested for illegal activity during their campaign against the seal hunt, but was later forced to apologize under threat of a libel suit, as no arrests had in fact taken place.

Hearn has also had to deal with the crises in several rural Newfoundland communities involving the sale of fish plants by Fishery Products International to Ocean Choice, often being in conflict with the provincial government, business and unions.

A few days prior to the dissolution of Parliament in September 2008, Hearn announced that he would not stand for re-election in the 2008 election.

Ambassador to Ireland
On November 19, 2010, Lawrence Cannon, Canada's Minister of Foreign Affairs, announced the appointment of Hearn as Canada's Ambassador to Ireland, succeeding Pat Binns. Hearn's term as ambassador ended on January 19, 2015 and was replaced by Kevin Vickers.

In 2018, Hearn endorsed Ches Crosbie in the 2018 provincial PC leadership race.

Hearn endorsed Peter Mackay in the 2020 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election.

Personal life
Hearn has a son, David (January 1979), and a daughter, Laurita (February 1976), with his wife, Maureen Hearn.

Electoral record

|- bgcolor="white"
! align="right" colspan="3" | Turnout
! align="right" | 37,371
! align="right" | 58.3%
! align="right" | +5.7%

References

External links

1943 births
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Newfoundland and Labrador
Education ministers of Newfoundland and Labrador
Conservative Party of Canada MPs
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs
Members of the 28th Canadian Ministry
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Living people
Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador MHAs
Ambassadors of Canada to Ireland
Memorial University of Newfoundland alumni
University of New Brunswick alumni
People from Renews-Cappahayden

Loyola Hearn


يُعرّف التطهير العرقي (بالإنكليزية: Ethnic cleansing) بأنه الإزالة الممنهجة القسرية لمجموعات إثنية أو عِرقية من منطقة معينة، وذلك مِن قبل مجموعة عرقية أخرى أقوى منها، غالباً بنيّة جعل المنطقة متجانسة عرقياً، وتتنوع أساليب القوى المُطبقة لتحقيق ذلك، كأشكال التهجير القسري (مثل الترحيل أو إعادة التوطين)، والترهيب، بالإضافة إلى الإبادة الجماعية والاغتصاب الإبادي.

يترافق التطهير العرقي عادة مع جهود مبذولة لإزالة الدلائل المادية والثقافية على وجود المجموعة المستهدَفة، من خلال تدمير منازلها، ومراكزها الاجتماعية، ومزارعها، وبُناها التحتية، وكذلك بتدنيس آثارها، ومقابرها ودور عبادتها.

بدايةً ارتكب جناة الحروب اليوغسلافية التطهير العرقي، ومن ثم استُشهد بهذا المصطلح في السياق المذكور ككناية تُماثل «الحل الأخير» الذي ارتكبته ألمانيا النازيّة، وبحلول تسعينيات القرن العشرين، اكتسب هذا المصطلح قبولاً واسع الانتشار، نظراً لتداوله المتزايد من قِبل الصحافة ووسائل الإعلام بمعناه العام.

أصل الكلمة
يعود مصطلح «التطهير العرقي» للكلمة اليونانية السالفة (ανδραποδισμός أو andrapodismos)، والتي تعني حرفياً «الاستعباد» واستُخدمت في النصوص القديمة لوصف الأعمال الوحشية التي ترافقت مع غزو الإسكندر الأكبر لطيبة عام 335 قبل الميلاد، ويمكن العثور على تنوعات مناطقية لهذا المصطلح في بدايات القرن العشرين لدى كل من التشيكيين (أسموه: očista)، والبولنديين (oczyszczanie)، والفرنسيين (épuration)، والألمان (Säuberung).

وتضمّن تقرير لمؤسسة كارنيغي للسلام الدولي عام 1913، أُدينت فيه أفعال جميع المشاركين في حروب البلقان، مصطلحات جديدة متنوعة لوصف الأعمال الوحشية المُرتكبة بحق المجموعات العرقية.

وأثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية، استخدمت الحركة الثورية الكرواتية (الأوستاشا) الكناية (čišćenje terena)، أي «تطهير الأرض»، لوصف الممارسات العسكرية التي قُتل فيها الأفراد غير الكرواتيين عمداً أو اجتثّوا من منازلهم، وكان فيكتور غوتيتش، وهو قيادي بارز في الأوستاشا، أحد أوائل الكرواتينين الوطنيين الذين سُجّل استخدامهم لهذ المصطلح كناية عن ارتكاب الأعمال الوحشية بحق الصربيين.

بعد ذلك استُخدم مصطلح التطهير العرقي في المذكرات الداخلية لجماعة التشيتنيك الصربية، للدلالة على أعداد المجازر الثأرية التي ارتكبتها بحق البوسنيين والكرواتيين بين عامي 1941 و1945.

بينما استُخدم المصطلح الروسي (очистка границ) أو (ochistka granits)، والذي يعني حرفياً «تطهير الحدود»، في المستندات السوفييتية العائدة لبدايات ثلاثينيات القرن العشرين، وذلك للدلالة على إعادة التوطين القسرية للبولنديين من المنطقة الحدودية التي تمتد على مسافة 22 كيلومتر في جمهوريتي أوكرانيا وبيلاروس الاشتراكيتين السوفييتيتين.

وأُعيدت العملية السابقة على نطاق أكبر بين العامي 1939 و1941، شاملة العديد من المجموعات الأخرى التي شكّ الاتحاد السوفييتي بخيانتها له، ومن جهة أخرى اتّبعت ألمانيا النازية أثناء الهولوكوست سياسةً تضمن جعل أوروبا «مُطهَّرة من اليهود»، أو ما سُمّي بـ«يودناين».

ظهر مصطلح التطهير العرقي بهيئته المكتملة لأول مرة في اللغة الرومانية (purificare etnică)، في مخاطبة نائب رئيس الوزراء ميهاي أنتونيسكو لأعضاء مجلس الوزراء في تموز/يوليو عام 1941، في قوله: «لا أدري متى سيحصل الرومانيون على فرصة كهذه للتطهير العرقي».

وفي ثمانينيات القرن العشرين استخدم السوفيتيون المصطلح ذاته لوصف العنف القائم بين الأعراق في مرتفعات قرة باغ، وفي الفترة ذاتها تقريباً، تداولته وسائل الإعلام اليوغوسلافية بوصف ما زعمت كونه حبكة ألبانيّة وطنيّة لإجبار جميع الصربيين على مغادرة كوسوفو.

ومن ثم زاد الإعلام الغربي من شعبية هذا المصطلح كثيراً أثناء حرب البوسنة (بين عامي 1992 و1995)، ويعود الذكر المُسجّل الأول له فيه إلى مقالة في صحيفة نيويورك تايمز في الخامس عشر من أبريل/نيسان عام 1992، وذلك ضمن اقتباس لدبلوماسي غربي مجهول.

تعاريف
اعتمد التقرير النهائي للجنة الخبراء المُنشأة وفقاً لقرار مجلس الأمن ذي الرقم 780 تعريف التطهير العرقي على أنه «سياسة هادفة تصمّمها مجموعة عرقية أو دينية واحدة لإزالة السكان المدنيين التابعين لجماعات عرقية أو دينية أخرى من مناطق جغرافية محددة، وذلك بأساليب عنيفة وباعثة للرعب.»

كما أشارت في تقريرها السابق المؤقت الأول: «أوردت تقارير عديدة وصفت السياسة والممارسات المُتّبعة من قِبل يوغوسلافيا السابقة اقتراف التطهير العرقي من خلال القتل، والتعذيب، والاعتقال والاحتجاز التعسفيين، والإعدامات خارج نطاق القضاء، والاغتصاب والإساءات الجنسية، وحجز المدنيين في مناطق الغيتوات (المعازل)، وإزالتهم، وتهجيرهم وترحيلهم قسراً، والهجمات العسكرية المتعمَّدة على المدنيين والمناطق المدنية أو التهديد بها، والتدمير المتعمَّد للممتلكات، وتشكل هذه الممارسات جرائم بحق الإنسانية، ويمكن مماثلتها ببعض جرائم الحرب، بالإضافة إلى أن هذه الجرائم قد تُدرج تحت معنى اتفاقية الإبادة الجماعية.»
بينما يتجلّى التعريف الرسمي للأمم المتحدة للتطهير العرقي بأنه «تصيير منطقة ما متجانسة عرقياً باستخدام القوة أو الترهيب في إزالة أفراد مجموعة عرقية أو دينية أخرى منها.»

كجريمة بموجب القانون الدولي
لا توجد معاهدة دولية تحدد جريمة معينة للتطهير العرقي، ولكن هذه الممارسة بمعاناها العام –أي الترحيل القسري لمجموعة من السكان– تُعرّف كجريمة ضد الإنسانية بموجب قوانين كل من المحكمة الجنائية الدولية، والمحكمة الجنائية الدولية ليوغوسلافيا السابقة، وتُعامل الانتهاكات الفادحة لحقوق الإنسان المتطلبة تعريفاتٍ أشد صرامة للتطهير العرقي كجرائم منفصلة تندرج تحت القانون الدولي العام للجرائم ضد الإنسانية، وتحت مسمّى الإبادة الجماعية في حالات معيّنة.

لكن توجد بعض الحالات، كفرار وطرد الألمان بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية، التي ارتُكب فيها التطهير العرقي دون تدارك قانوني، ويناقش تيموثي في. ووترز تبعاً لذلك احتمالية تملّص حوادث مشابهة من العقاب في المستقبل.

إبادة جماعية
تعتبر النقاشات الأكاديمية الإبادة الجماعية والتطهير العرقي من أطياف الإساءات للشعوب أو المجموعات الدينية العرقية، إذ يتشابه الثاني مع الترحيل القسري أو إعادة توطين السكّان، بينما تُعتبر الأولى قتلاً متعمّداً لمجموعة إثنية، أو عرقية، أو دينية أو شعبية معيّنة سواء جزئياً أم كلياً، وربما يتشارك كلا الفعلين الوحشيين الهدفَ ذاته والممارسات المُرتكبة لتحقيقه، إلّا أن التطهير العرقي معنيّ بتهجير الجمهرة المُستهدفة من منطقة معيّنة، بينما تُعنى الإبادة الجماعية بالقضاء عليها.

ويعتبر بعض الأكاديميون الإبادة الجماعية تصنيفاً فرعياً من التطهير العرقي القاتل، لذا يبقى هذان المصطلحان متعلّقين ببعضهما رغم اختلافهما، كما نوّه نورمان نايمارك: «ينصبّ التطهير العرقي دماً في الإبادة الجماعية، حرفياً واستعارةً، عندما تُرتكب المجازر الجماعية بهدف إخلاء الأرض من أُناس معيّنين عليها.»

وأضاف ويليام شاباس: «يُعتبر التطهير العرقي كذلك إنذاراً لحدوث إبادة جماعية، والتي تكون الملاذ الأخير لمرتكب التطهير العرقي المُحبَط.»

التطهير العرقي الصامت
صاغ بعض مشاهدو الحروب اليوغوسلافيّة مصطلح التطهير العرقي الصامت في أواسط تسعينيات القرن العشرين، إذ وُصفت الأعمال الوحشية المُرتكبة بحق الصرب في النزاع بالـ«الصامتة» فيما يتعلق بالإعلام الغربي، لأنها لم تتلقَّ التغطية الكافية مقارنةً بالتركيز الكبير عموماً على الجرائم التي ارتكبها الصرب أنفسهم.
واعتُبرت بعض الحوادث التي جرت شمالي إيرلندا خلال النزاعات بين البروتستانت والكاثوليك تطهيراً عرقياً، بما تضمّن الأحداث التالية لنزاع الصليب المقدّس عام 2001، حين اتُّهمت القوات البروتستانتية شبه العسكرية بارتكاب تطهير عرقي بحق الكاثوليك في شمال بلفاست.

أمثلة
جادل مناصرو التطهير العرقي بحدةٍ تفسيرات هذا الفعل والاتهامات الموجّهة ضده في الكثير من الحالات، بالإضافة إلى تفاصيل الأحداث التي وصفها خبراء أكاديميون وقانونيون بالتطهير العرقي، وهو أمر يؤدي عادةً لتعزيز روايات في غاية التفاوت للحدث المشبوه.

انتقاد المصطلح
انتقد غريغوري ستانتون، مؤسس مراقبة الإبادة الجماعية، تفاقم المصطلح واستخدامه لأحداث يعتقد بأفضلية تسميتها إبادات جماعية؛ فنظراً لعدم امتلاك التطهير العرقي تعريفاً قانونياً، قد تتمكن وسائل الإعلام من إشاحة النظر عن الأحداث التي يجب أن تُحاكَم كإبادة اجتماعية، فبعد قبوله الواسع بسبب تأثير الإعلام، أصبح هذا المصطلح مُستخدماً قانونياً دون أن يحمل أي تداعيات قانونية حقاً، لعدم وجود تعريف له في هذا المجال.

في عام 1992، اختار مجمع اللغة الألمانية المفردة (Ethnische Säuberung) المكافئة للتطهير العرقي لتكون المفردة الألمانية غير المقبولة لذاك العام، نظراً لطبيعتها كتعبير غير مباشر لكن ليس بلائق.

انظر أيضًا

 إبادة الشعب
 إبادة عرقية
 إبادة جماعية
 تهجير
 موت لغة
 تطهير عرقي في الحرب البوسنية
 تطهير عرقي في فلسطين
 قائمة بالحروب والكوارث البشرية حسب عدد القتلى
 قائمة حملات التطهير العرقي
 نزوح السكان
 اضطهاد ديني

مراجع

اضطهاد
العنف بدوافع عنصرية
انتهاك حقوق الإنسان
تلطيف التعبير
تمييز
صراع عرقي
عنصرية
عنف
هجرة قسرية

تطهير عرقي


Kazuo Ishiguro () (født 8. november 1954 i Nagasaki, Japan) er en britisk forfatter og modtager af Nobelprisen i litteratur 2017. Han er en af tidens mest fejrede engelsksprogede forfattere, der inden han fik nobelprisen havde været nomineret fire gange til den prestigefyldte Bookerpris og vundet den i 1989 med sin roman Resten af dagen (The Remains of the Day, 1989).

Ishiguros familie flyttede til England i 1960, da han var fem år. Han har en bachelor fra University of Kent (1978) og en master i kreativ skrivning fra University of East Anglia (1980). Han var allerede godt i gang med at skrive skønlitteratur på den tid, og han fik udgivet sin første bog De fjerne blå bjerge (A Pale View of Hills) i 1982, samme år som han fik britisk statsborgerskab. Han har skrevet syv romaner, en række noveller og skuespil samt skrevet tekster til nogle sange, indspillet af den amerikanske jazzsangerinde Stacey Kent.

Bibliografi
 Klara og solen (2021; roman)

Referencer

Forfattere fra Storbritannien
Nobelprismodtagere fra Storbritannien
Personer tildelt Order of the British Empire

Kazuo Ishiguro


Le système temporel de Reichenbach constitue une analyse des temps grammaticaux mise en place par le logicien Hans Reichenbach (1891-1953). Il s'agit de classer les différents temps selon trois points : le point du discours, noté S (pour Speech), le point de l'évènement, noté E (pour Event) et le point de référence, noté R (pour Reference). C'est l'ordre des points sur une flèche temporelle qui détermine le temps verbal.

Présentation
Ce système, qui a pour but de classer logiquement les temps verbaux, est développé en 1947 par Hans Reichenbach. Les points S (point du discours, speech), E (point de l'évènement, event) et R (point de référence, reference) sont considérés par Reichenbach comme nécessaires à la détermination d'un temps verbal, bien que deux ou les trois points puissent être simultanés (Louis de Saussure donne ainsi l'exemple du passé simple, où il y a simultanéité entre E et R). Le point du discours représente le moment de l'énonciation, le point de l'évènement le moment de l'action décrite, et le point de référence le point de vue où se place le locuteur. D'après le schéma, les trois points sont représentés sur la ligne du temps, l'ordre de gauche à droite indiquant un ordre du passé vers le futur. La simultanéité de deux points est notée par une virgule (les points séparés par des virgules sont donc interchangeables) et la succession par un tiret. Les temps sont nommés selon la relation entre les points : la relation entre S et R détermine le temps (passé, présent ou futur). Si R se situe avant S, c'est du passé, en même temps, c'est du présent, après, c'est du futur. La relation entre R et E indique l'antériorité ou la postériorité. Si R se situe avant E, c'est un temps postérieur, si R et E sont simultanés, c'est un temps simple, si R se situe après E, c'est un temps antérieur (la relation entre E et S n'indique rien). Ainsi, par exemple, le temps schématisé S,E-R est nommé futur antérieur. Il est alors possible de dresser une table des différentes combinaisons, qui ne sont pas toutes distinguées dans les langues : c'est le cas de l'anglais, sur lequel Reichenbach travailla.

Exemples
La phrase anglaise I will see Helen, au futur simple, se traduit par S-E,R (la référence se situe après le moment de l'énonciation,  l'évènement de voir Helen aussi). Dans la phrase "En 2050, nous aurons vécu deux tremblements de terre", la référence (en 2050) se situe après l'évènement (le fait de vivre les tremblements de terre), et après l'énonciation (ce qui peut se traduire par E-S-R, E,S-R, ou S-E-R selon le contexte de production de la phrase). S étant situé avant R, il s'agit d'un futur, et E étant situé avant R, le futur est donc antérieur.

Notes et références

Sémantique

Système temporel de Reichenbach


Kozçeşme, Çanakkale ilinin Biga ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, kurulduğundan beri günümüzdeki adını taşımaktadır. 1875 tarihinde Bulgaristan'ın Şumnu vilayeti Razgrad kasabası Karaveliler köyünden göç eden muhacirler tarafından 60 hane olarak kuruldu. 9 Aralık 1973 tarihinde belediye statüsü alarak beldeye dönüşen kasabanın belediye statüsü, nüfusunun 2000 kişinin altına düşmesi üzerine 2013 yılında sona erdi.

Coğrafya
Köy, Biga ilçe merkezine 25 km uzaklıktadır. Kozçeşme, Biga-Lapseki arasında bulunan il kara yolu üzerindedir. Köyün doğusunda Gündoğdu Köyü, kuzeydoğusunda Selvi ve Hisarlı Köyleri, kuzeybatısında Gürgendere ve Arabakonağı köyleri, batısında Kazmalı, Karaağaç ve Çömlekçi köyleri, güneyinde ise Gürçeşme ve Danişment köyleri bulunur.

Nüfus

Yönetim

Belediye başkanlığı

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

6360 sayılı yasaya göre kaldırılan belediyeler
Biga belde ve köyleri

Kozçeşme, Biga


Pčoliné este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Snina din regiunea Prešov. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 560 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu Čukalovce, Parihuzovce, Stakčín, Jalová, Snina,  și Nechválova Polianka.

Istoric
Localitatea Pčoliné este atestată documentar din 1557.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Pčoliné, Snina


Roger William Bede Vaughan (nascido em 9 de janeiro de 1834 em Ross-on-Wye, † 18 de agosto de 1883 em Liverpool) foi um religioso britânico e arcebispo católico romano de Sydney.

Vida
Em 9 de abril de 1859, Roger Vaughan recebeu o Sacramento da Ordem Beneditina de Constantino Patrizi Naro na Basílica de Latrão em Roma. A partir de 1861, Vaughan foi professor de Metafísica e Filosofia Moral na Abadia de Belmont.

Em 28 de fevereiro de 1873, Roger Vaughan foi nomeado arcebispo titular pro hac vice de Nazianzo e arcebispo coadjutor da Arquidiocese de Sydney. Recebeu a consagração episcopal em 19 de março do mesmo ano pelo Arcebispo de Westminster, Henry Edward Manning; Co-consagradores foram Robert Cornthwaite, Bispo de Beverley, e James Chadwick, Bispo de Hexham e Newcastle. Após a morte de Bede Polding em 16 de março de 1877, ele o sucedeu como arcebispo.

Roger Vaughan morreu em 18 de agosto de 1883 na propriedade vizinha de Ince Blundell Hall durante uma viagem a Liverpool.

Religiosos

Roger Vaughan


A Estação de Malesherbes é uma estação ferroviária francesa na linha de Villeneuve-Saint-Georges a Montargis, localizada no território da comuna de Le Malesherbois, no departamento de Loiret, na região do Centre-Val de Loire.

É uma estação da Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Français (SNCF), servida pelos trens da linha D do RER, da qual constitui o terminal de um ramal operado separadamente. Ela está localizada a uma distância de  de Paris-Gare-de-Lyon.

Situação ferroviária
Estação de junção, está localizada no ponto do quilômetro (PK) 76.644 da linha de Villeneuve-Saint-Georges a Montargis, após a estação Boigneville, no PK 26.150 da linha de Bourron-Marlotte - Grez a Malesherbes parcialmente usada no tráfego de carga e em PK 177,8 na linha Aubrais - Orléans em Malesherbes (também frete parcial). Sua altitude é de 71 m.

História

A Compagnie des chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée (PLM) põe em serviço o trecho de Maisse a Montargis, no qual se encontra a estação de Malesherbes, em 5 de maio de 1867.

De 14 de dezembro de 2008 até 15 de dezembro de 2013, os trens que partiam da estação Malesherbes não serviam mais a parte norte da ligne D e tinham como destino a estação Châtelet - Les Halles ou Paris-Gare-de-Lyon.

Em 2018, segundo estimativas da SNCF, o atendimento anual da estação foi de 476 200 passageiros, número arredondado para a centena mais próxima.

Serviços aos passageiros

Recepção

Estação SNCF da rede Transilien, tem seu histórico edifício de passageiros aberto todos os dias.

Como a estação está localizada na região de Centre-Val de Loire, o preço do transporte público na Île-de-France não é teoricamente aplicável; existe uma tolerância, no entanto, sob certas condições.

Ligação
A estação é servida por trens da linha D do RER, da qual é um dos terminais sul (D4).

Intermodalidade
As linhas de ônibus passam nas proximidades: linhas 14 e 22 da rede de mobilidade interurbana (Rémi) da região Centre-Val de Loire e linha 184.014 da Cars Bleus.

Serviços de mercadorias
Esta estação está aberta ao serviço de carga.

Ver também

Artigos relacionados
 Lista de estações na França
 Lista de estações RER em Île-de-France
 Linha de Villeneuve-Saint-Georges a Montargis

Notas e referências

Estações ferroviárias inauguradas em 1867
Estações ferroviárias da França
Loiret

Estação de Malesherbes


An Xylobium chapadense in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni João Barbosa Rodrigues, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Célestin Alfred Cogniaux. An Xylobium chapadense in nahilalakip ha genus nga Xylobium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Xylobium

Xylobium chapadense


Eric Sykes, CBE (* 4. Mai 1923 in Oldham, Lancashire; † 4. Juli 2012 in Esher, Surrey), war ein britischer Schauspieler und Komiker.

Leben
Sykes stand seit dem Zweiten Weltkrieg auf der Bühne, doch erst beim Fernsehen der BBC entwickelte er sich ab 1948 sowohl als Schauspieler als auch als Autor zur Comedy-Größe. Von 1958 bis 1965 gestaltete er seine eigenen Fernsehreihen, Sykes and a … und Sykes, und gehörte zu den bekannten Komikern seiner Zeit; oft arbeitete er mit Peter Sellers, Spike Milligan, Tony Hancock und Hattie Jacques zusammen. Beim Film war er durchweg in komischen Rollen besonders in den 1960er Jahren zu sehen. Danach widmete er sich wieder verstärkt der Bühne und dem Fernsehen. Tourneen führten ihn unter anderem nach Rhodesien, Australien und Kanada.

2005 wurde seine Autobiografie veröffentlicht. Sie trägt den Titel If I Don't Write it, Nobody Else Will.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1959: Tommy, der Torero (Tommy the Toreador)
 1961: Ist ja irre – unser Torpedo kommt zurück (Watch Your Stern)
 1963: Himmlische Freuden (Heavens Above!)
 1965: Die tollkühnen Männer in ihren fliegenden Kisten (Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines or How I Flew from London to Paris in 25 hours 11 minutes)
 1965: L – Der Lautlose (The Liquidator)
 1966: Der Spion mit der kalten Nase (The Spy with a Cold Nose)
 1967: Das Brett (The Plank), auch Regie und Drehbuch
 1968: Shalako
 1969: Monte Carlo Rallye (Monte Carlo or Bust!)
 1973: Theater des Grauens (Theatre of Blood)
 1979: The Plank oder Die Tücke des Objekts (The Plank), auch Regie und Drehbuch
 1981: Im Wald, da sind… (If You Go Down in the Woods Today), auch Regie und Drehbuch
 1982: Tom und Bobby in Aktion (The Boys in Blue)
 1986: Absolute Beginners – Junge Helden (Absolute Beginners)
 1986: Sherlock Holmes (Fernsehserie, Folge Sechsmal Napoleon)
 1993: Und ewig schleichen die Erben (Splitting Heirs)
 2001: The Others
 2005: Harry Potter und der Feuerkelch (Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire)
 2007: Der Sohn von Rambow (Son of Rambow)
 2007: New Tricks – Die Krimispezialisten (New Tricks, Fernsehserie, 1 Folge)
 2010: Die Halloween-Party (Agatha Christie's Poirot; Fernsehserie, Folge Hallowe'en Party)

Literatur
 Kay Weniger: Das große Personenlexikon des Films. Die Schauspieler, Regisseure, Kameraleute, Produzenten, Komponisten, Drehbuchautoren, Filmarchitekten, Ausstatter, Kostümbildner, Cutter, Tontechniker, Maskenbildner und Special Effects Designer des 20. Jahrhunderts. Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-89602-340-3.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmschauspieler
Theaterschauspieler
Komiker
Drehbuchautor
Filmregisseur
Commander des Order of the British Empire
Darstellender Künstler (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Ehrenbürger von London
Brite
Geboren 1923
Gestorben 2012
Mann

Eric Sykes


A leading edge inflatable kite (LEI) is a single skin kite with inflatable bladders providing structure. It is useful as a power or traction kite. These kites are flown using 2, 4 or 5 control lines and a bar. (See also: kite control systems) A LEI is a great kite for water use because the inflated bladders cause it to float on the water surface. A LEI can sit on the water for an indefinite time and still be relaunched because, unlike a foil kite, there are no chambers that can fill with water. Generally used for kitesurfing and kiteboarding, leading edge inflatable kites come in many different sizes, most commonly from 5 to 18 square metres.

Based on their design Leading Edge Inflatable kites can be broken down into four categories: C-kites, hybrid kites, delta kites, and bow kites.

C-kites
C-kites are the oldest style of LEI used for traction kiting.  They typically come with four lines, and some have the option of an additional 5th line for safety and easy relaunching.  The main difference between C-kites and other LEI styles is that they do not have any lines that support the leading edge of the kite (called bridles).  The lines on a C-kite attach to the four corners of the kite. Hybrid kites, together with bow kites and later delta kites are all subtypes of a SLE-kite (Supported Leading Edge), defined by having a bridle which supports the leading edge. C-kites are the preferred kite of wake-style kiteboarders.

SLE sub-types

Bow kites

All of the Bow kite's advantages are because of its concave trailing edge. This design feature changes the shape of the kite's trailing edge as it flies, requiring that the leading edge flatten to match, resulting in a much flatter looking kite. The bridles on the kite restrict the leading edge and hold it in line with the rest of the kite. In addition, the concave trailing edge enables the kite to be sheeted out further than a traditional C- kite, which is why a Bow kite can be nearly 100% depowered.

The inflatable and bow kite designs were invented by Dominique and Bruno Legaignoux.

Hybrid kites
Hybrid kites are a cross between C-kites and bow kites.  Like bow kites, they incorporate bridles to support their leading edge. These bridles support the kite and enable designers to experiment with different arc profiles - some Hybrids can have a very flat arc, while some can look similar to a C-kite.  Individual characteristics of the Hybrid kites vary depending on how similar they represent one of the other two kite styles.  The defining difference between a Hybrid and Bow kite is the shape of the trailing edge.  The trailing edge on a Hybrid kite is convex, whereas that of a Bow is concave.

Delta kites
Delta kites are a refinement of the hybrid design. Their shape (when flattened out) is more triangular, which places more of the kite's canopy in the middle. This increases the amount of "projected area" that is exposed to the wind, resulting in more power. These kites still use a bridle (though often extremely simplified), and so could still be called SLE kites. (They are often called C-shaped, but they are not C-kites as they are traditionally known.) Delta C-kites are a new breed of hybrid which combines the high-performance of a C-kite with the depowerable fast-turning triangular Delta kites.

See also
 List of inflatable manufactured goods

References

Kites
Kitesurfing
Inflatable manufactured goods

Leading edge inflatable kite


Park Petra Krešimira IV. je gradski park u Puli.

Podignut je 1953. godine na površini od 3380 m² u gradskom središtu. Godine 1960. izgrađena je fontana od prirodnog istarskog kamena kao simbol dovođenja pitke vode u Pulu s izvora u dolini Raše. Ističe se i osmerokutni mauzolej iz 1. stoljeća građen na području rimske nekropole. Parkom dominira stablo atlaskog cedra pravilne krošnje i debla. Tu su još i grmovi tamarike, oleandera i suručice, od ljetnica ukrasne kadulje i kadifice, u proljeće maćuhice i tratinčice.

Izvori

Parkovi u Puli

Park Petra Krešimira IV. u Puli


Pseudosphaerodes es un  género de coleópteros adéfagos de la familia Carabidae.

Especies
Comprende las siguientes especies:

 Pseudosphaerodes rhodopus (Bates, 1892)
 Pseudosphaerodes sphaerodoides (Alluaud, 1917)
 Pseudosphaerodes sulcatus (Eschscholtz, 1833)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Pseudosphaerodes en ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus
 Carabidae of the World

Oodini

Pseudosphaerodes


Lita zu Putlitz (eigentlich Elisabeth Karoline Josephine Gans zu Putlitz, * 27. Oktober 1862 auf Schloss Retzin; † 1935) war eine deutsche Schriftstellerin.

Leben
Lita zu Putlitz war die einzige Tochter der Eheleute Gustav und Elisabeth Gans zu Putlitz, geb. Gräfin Königsmarck. Sie hatte vier ältere Brüder, Stephan Gans zu Putlitz, Konrad Gans zu Putlitz, Joachim Gans zu Putlitz und Wolfgang Gans zu Putlitz. Ein jüngerer Bruder namens Victor starb schon als Kleinkind. Die Familie lebte abwechselnd auf Schloss Retzin und im Königsmarckschen Palais in Berlin, bis der Beruf Gustav Gans zu Putlitz nach Karlsruhe führte. Nach dem Tod des Vaters lebte Lita zu Putlitz mit der Mutter und einem Bruder auf Schloss Retzin.

Sie verfasste eine autobiographische Schrift mit dem Titel Aus dem Bildersaal meines Lebens und 1813, ein Festspiel in zwei Akten, sowie literarische Gelegenheitsarbeiten. Außerdem gab sie die Lebenserinnerungen ihrer Mutter heraus. Lita zu Putlitz selbst blieb unvermählt.

Literatur
 Gothaisches Genealogischen Taschenbuch der Freiherrlichen Häuser 1940. A (Uradel), Jg. 90, Justus Perthes, Gotha 1939. Zugleich Adelsmatrikel der Deutschen Adelsgenossenschaft.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Autobiografie
Literatur (Deutsch)
Deutscher
Familienmitglied des Adelsgeschlechts Gans zu Putlitz
Geboren 1862
Gestorben 1935
Frau

Lita zu Putlitz


Rootes Arrow was the manufacturer's name for a range of cars produced under several badge-engineered marques by the Rootes Group (later Chrysler Europe) from 1966 to 1979. It is amongst the last Rootes designs, developed with no influence from future owner Chrysler. The range is almost always referred to by the name of the most prolific model, the Hillman Hunter.

A substantial number of separate marque and model names were applied to this single car platform. Some were given different model names to justify trim differences (Hillman GT, Hillman Estate Car) and, from time to time, models were sold in some European markets under the Sunbeam marque (Sunbeam Sceptre for instance), and at other times used UK marque/model names. Singer Gazelle and Vogue models were also sold in the UK for one season badged as Sunbeams after the Singer brand was withdrawn.

The models sold – not all concurrently – were, alphabetically by marque:
 Chrysler Hunter, Chrysler Vogue
 Dodge Husky
 Hillman Arrow, Hillman Break de Chasse, Hillman Estate Car, Hillman GT, Hillman Hunter, Hillman Hustler, Hillman Minx, Hillman Vogue
 Humber Sceptre
 Iran National Paykan
 Singer Gazelle and Singer Vogue
 Sunbeam Alpine and Sunbeam Rapier fastback coupés
 Sunbeam Arrow, Sunbeam Break de Chasse, Sunbeam Hunter, Sunbeam Minx, Sunbeam Sceptre, and Sunbeam Vogue

The most prolific model within the Arrow range, the Hillman Hunter, was the Coventry-based company's major competitor in the small family car segment. In its 13-year production run, its UK market contemporaries included the Ford Cortina, Vauxhall Victor, Austin/Morris 1800, and Morris Marina. The sports-orientated Sunbeam Rapier occupied a segment contested by the Ford Capri, MGB GT, Vauxhall Firenza, and to an extent the Triumph Dolomite, while the more upmarket Humber Sceptre competed with other premium-specification cars based on conventional saloons, such as the Vanden Plas 1300 and 1500, the Wolseley 18/85, and the Ford Cortina 1600E and 2000E.

The Arrow range extended to several body styles: saloon, estate, fastback coupé and a two different coupe utilities (pick-ups) (the Dodge Husky from South Africa and the Paykan Pick-Up in Iran, each model had a unique body). Depending on the model, they had two doors or four doors. Not all marques were represented in all body styles, with the coupés being reserved for Sunbeam.

Development
The Arrow range was conceived in 1962. Following the Hillman Imp, consideration was given to developing a larger rear-engined car, but this concept was dismissed, and the engineering settled on for the new car was more conventional and closer to the layout of the existing Audax series (which included the previous Hillman Minx).

With cash-strapped Rootes struggling amid continuing engine cooling problems with the Imp, which often resulted in warped cylinder heads, the cautious Arrow broke little new engineering ground. New parts were largely based on tried and tested Rootes components, using a new but strong 5-bearing version of the well-proven 1725 cc overhead valve petrol engine as a starting point which varied in output from  (in the Humber Sceptre). The engine was inclined by a modest 15 degrees, to allow for a lower bonnet line and to enable packaging of the carburettors. This engine was further uprated by specialists Holbay, employing two Weber 40DCOE carburettors to produce  for the Sunbeam Rapier H120 and Hillman Hunter GLS. A smaller 1500 cc engine was the standard for manual versions of the Hillman Minx and the Singer Gazelle, and the Hillman Hunter DeLuxe model which succeeded the Minx. Automatic models were all powered by the 1725 cc engine. Particular attention was paid to weight and cost to bring the vehicle in line with its natural competitors, including the Mark 2 Ford Cortina.

For the first time in a Rootes car MacPherson strut suspension featured at the front, with a conventional live axle mounted on leaf springs at the rear. Other firsts for Rootes in the new car were curved side glass and flow-through ventilation.

Manual transmissions were available in four-speed form with an optional Laycock de Normanville overdrive, or Borg-Warner automatic transmission, again as an option. Initially, the Borg Warner Type 35 3-speed automatic was offered, then the Type 45 four-speed automatic became available in 1973.

The handbrake was situated between the driver's seat and door (i.e. on the driver's right-hand side for a right-hand drive car) rather than between the front seats. This followed the practice established with the 'Audax' cars.

The first Arrow model to be launched, the Hillman Hunter, was presented as a replacement for the Hillman Super Minx. The Hunter was lighter than its predecessor and the wheel-base of the new car was actually  shorter than that of the old, but the length of the passenger cabin was nonetheless increased by moving the engine and the toe-board forwards.

For the first two years there were few changes. However, in May 1968 power assisted brakes were made available as a factory fitted option. Hitherto this possibility had been offered only as a kit for retro-fitting: it was stated that the factory fitted servo-assistance, at a domestic market price slightly below £13, would be cheaper for customers.

A mild facelift in 1970 gave new grilles to the various Hunter trim levels, and some derivatives gained a (then) more fashionable dashboard, exchanging wood for plastic, but the car remained fundamentally the same throughout its life.

A more detailed facelift for 1972 brought a new all-plastic dashboard with deeply hooded round dials (earlier versions had either a strip speedometer or round dials in a flat dashboard for more expensive models like the Vogue), new steering wheel, plastic instead of metal air cleaner, reshaped squarer headlamps in a new grille and some engine tuning changes.

For 1975, bumpers were enlarged and the tail lights were enclosed in a full-width anodised aluminium trim piece.

Following the 1967 acquisition of Rootes by Chrysler, the Arrow derivatives were rationalised until only the Hillman Hunter version was left by 1976. From September 1977 it was re-badged as a Chrysler, which it was to be for the remaining 2 years of its life. Hunter production was switched in 1969 to Rootes' troubled Imp plant in Linwood, from its original home of Ryton.

Sales were lower after 1975 following the launch of the Chrysler Alpine, a similar sized car but with front-wheel drive and a hatchback bodystyle, at a time when rear-wheel drive saloons still dominated in this sector.

Following the Hillman Avenger's move to Linwood in 1976, the very last European Hunters were assembled in the Santry plant, Shanowen Road, Ireland from "complete knock down" (CKD) kits until production ended in 1979 – but no evidence exists to suggest that the Talbot badge was applied to any production Hunter following Chrysler Europe's 1978 takeover by Peugeot, and the application of that badge to other Chrysler models sold on or after 1 August 1979.

The final Chrysler Hunter was built in September 1979 in Porirua, New Zealand, and was donated to the Southward Museum. In 2000 the Museum sold the car to a private collector.

Models and market positions
As Rootes looked to rationalise the number of platforms and the total engineering cost of their vehicle line-up during the 1960s, they kept alive the many names of the companies they had purchased to maintain product differentiation in the market place. As such, the Arrow was simultaneously aimed at several slightly different market segments, using a range of brand and model names during the car's 13-year production run.

Hillman

The first models, launched on the domestic market in October 1966 with a 1725 cc engine, were given the Hillman Hunter name with the respected name Hillman Minx (for the cheaper 1496 cc version), following in January 1967.   Hillman would remain the British group's most prolific marque. The Hunter model name was not in fact entirely new for a Rootes-related car, having been used for one year's production of the Singer SM1500.

Sports models included the Hillman GT, which was based on the Minx trim, but was a model in its own right (not a "Hillman Minx GT" nor "Hillman Hunter GT"). It featured a twin Zenith Stromberg CD150 carburettor version of the 1725 engine developing  and Ro-Style wheels. in 1972 came the Hillman Hunter GLS with a specially tuned twin-Weber-carburettor engine (by Holbay) shared with the Sunbeam Rapier H120 model, as well as close-ratio gearbox and quad headlights.

The estate version, announced in April 1967, was originally launched as the "Hillman Estate Car" without either Hunter or Minx badging. It came with a one-piece tailgate which was much cheaper to produce than the horizontally split two piece tailgate featured on the car it replaced, but the change nevertheless drew some unfavourable press comment.

The car's image was boosted when a Hunter driven by Andrew Cowan won the 1968 London-Sydney Marathon.

The range was soon simplified with trim levels and varying engine specifications: the Hillman Hunter DeLuxe or DL replaced the Minx and retained the Minx 1496 cc engine; the 1725 cc engine with an iron cylinder head being an option on these entry-level models. Above that were the Hunter Super and Hunter GL, both with the higher specification alloy headed engine and two different trim levels. The twin carburettor engined "Hillman Hunter GT" eventually replaced the Hillman GT, and the Holbay-engined GLS was positioned at the top of the range.

For the 1975 Motor Show, a limited edition Hillman Hunter Topaz was produced. This was largely based on the Hunter Super and equipped with overdrive, radio, vinyl roof, Rostyle wheels and a special half cloth upholstery as standard. This car was only available in a unique metallic bronze paint finish. The price was less than that of the standard Hunter Super when fitted with the optional overdrive. A Hillman Break de Chasse was sold in French-speaking markets, based on the Minx specification. (Also offered was a similar Sunbeam Break de Chasse; "break" being a French term for an estate, and the phrase break de chasse translating roughly as shooting-brake.)

Singer

The Singer Vogue and Singer Gazelle were positioned slightly upmarket of the Hillman Hunter and the Minx respectively. Nevertheless, the need to compete on price was evidenced with the announcement of the Singer Vogue estate car. The Vogue saloon was fitted with an alternator, but the Vogue estate, announced in April 1967, was fitted with a dynamo; the manufacturers explained that the change was made to help keep the model's recommended UK-market selling price below £1,000.

The Singers were short-lived models, retired early in 1970 along with the rest of the Singer range. Briefly following the retirement of the Singer brand, and throughout the model life for principal export markets, the Singer Vogue was badged as a Sunbeam.

Sunbeam

The single-carburettor Sunbeam Alpine and twin-carburettor Sunbeam Rapier were only sold as fastback coupés, and were marketed with a strong sporting image – although it was eventually the Hillman Hunter which was used in long-distance rallying. The sportiest Sunbeam was the Rapier H120 model, though this shared its specially tuned Holbay engine with the Hillman Hunter GLS.

Sunbeam Arrow, Sunbeam Break de Chasse, Sunbeam Hunter, Sunbeam Minx, Sunbeam Sceptre and Sunbeam Vogue were used for export markets where the Sunbeam name was more familiar or deemed more likely to succeed. The Sunbeam Arrow name was used in North America. Sunbeam Break de Chasse, Hunter, Vogue and Minx were offered in some French-speaking markets (where "break" is a term for an estate).

A Sunbeam Sceptre appeared in France and some German-speaking markets (at least), and carried the Humber Sceptre level of specification, as described below. The Sunbeam Vogue was also available in the home (British) market for a short period after the Singer marque was retired in 1970.

Humber

The Humber Sceptre traded on Humber's tradition of building luxury cars and was the best-appointed version. It was marketed as a Sunbeam Sceptre in some markets.

The manual-gearbox model featured either the D-type or the later J-type Laycock De Normanville overdrive, with the J-type fitted from chassis numbers L3 onwards starting in July 1972. As with all Arrows, an automatic gearbox was an option. A closer ratio G-type gearbox was fitted to later Sceptres, using the J-type overdrive.

An estate version of the Humber Sceptre was introduced at the London Motor Show in October 1974.  It featured a built-in roof rack and a carpeted loading floor protected by metal strips and illuminated by an additional interior light.   Washer and wiper were provided for the rear window, a rare feature on UK-market estate cars of the time.

Chrysler Hunter

The Hillman Hunter was rebranded as the Chrysler Hunter for the UK market in September 1976, receiving at the same time a four headlight frontal treatment similar to that of the Hunter GLS model and the Humber Sceptre.   In order to try to prolong the model life an improved level of equipment included a central console and a voltmeter.   The Super version also featured an aluminium-head engine and viscous fan coupling along with reclining seats, a vinyl-covered roof and "simulated wood treatment" for the facia and door sills.   By this time, however, Chrysler UK dealers had been selling the French-built Chrysler Alpine for more than two years: more than ten years after the launch of the original Hillman Hunter, the Chrysler Hunter was self-evidently a run-out model, and relatively few were produced. According to How Many Left, only 7 remain in the UK with only 1 still on the road. The European operations of Chrysler were sold to Peugeot just before the end of Hunter production in 1979, although the Chrysler branding was briefly retained, with the Talbot marque being introduced across Europe from 1 August 1979.

It was effectively replaced by the Talbot Solara – a four-door saloon version of the Alpine hatchback – which was launched in April 1980.

Iranian, Australian and New Zealand ranges

Australia

Commencing in 1967, Chrysler Australia Ltd assembled the Hillman Hunter from imported CKD packs at their Port Melbourne factory, which they inherited as part of Chrysler's acquisition of Rootes Australia. Designated as the HB series, the range comprised two models, the Arrow with basic vinyl upholstery and floormats, and the Hunter, with better quality upholstery and carpeted floors. A Hunter Safari wagon was added to the range in May 1968. The Safari name was also used to identify the Australian Chrysler Valiant wagons. The Safari was a popular seller, particularly as the competing Holden Torana was not available as an estate / station wagon.

The HC series was released in November 1968. Major changes were the adoption of the UK face-lifted Hunter radiator grille and rectangular headlights, and the renaming of the Arrow as the Hunter, retaining the Arrow's trim specification and bench seat. The Hunter was renamed to Hunter Royal, the model corresponding in trim level with the UK Singer Vogue, but retaining the Hunter plastic moulded dashboard, with simulated wood trim. An additional model, the Hunter GT, corresponded with the UK Humber Sceptre in trim level, but utilized the standard Hunter grille. These cars featured trim parts from various UK models, including UK Humber Sceptre bonnet ornaments.

In 1970, the Australian version of the Hunter was face-lifted again, with the introduction of the HE series. Marketing of the car, plus its rear badges, referred to it as the Hunter, rather than a Hillman. The facelift involved a change to the radiator grille, with new and smaller rectangular headlights. Also, the appearance of the rear of the car was changed with a flush trim panel under the boot lid and new twin-lens tail lights. Depending on the model, this panel was painted in the body colour, matte grey or matte black (Hustler Model); this facelift was unique to Australia. Inside, the HE models received a new collapsible steering column, with the Valiant's steering wheel.

The model range was later modified again: a new cut price performance version called the Hustler was introduced. This was similar in concept and execution to the UK Hillman GT – a sparsely trimmed car with high performance. The Hustler was powered by the Rootes Group 1725cc engine, equipped with alloy head and twin Stromberg side-draught carburettors. The Hustler's styling alluded to its big brother; the Chrysler Valiant (VG) Pacer.

The Hunter GT was renamed the Hunter Royal 660. Outside, this car gained Rostyle wheels. Inside, the car was trimmed in the same "buffalo grain" textured vinyl, which also was to be found in the VG series luxury Valiant, the Regal 770.

These cars sold steadily, but they became overshadowed when Chrysler Australia commenced assembly of the Mitsubishi Galant in 1972. By this time, the Mitsubishi was a conspicuously more modern car, and the last Australian Hunter was produced in November 1972. The stockpile of vehicles took almost a year to clear  and the Hunter became the last Rootes car to be marketed in Australia. Chrysler Australia then closed the former Rootes factory, focusing Australian production at its Tonsley Park plant in Adelaide.

New Zealand

New Zealand importer and CKD assembler Todd Motors also created its own unique versions of the Arrow line. The single 1967 launch version (1725 cc aluminium head engine with four-speed manual transmission or three-speed Borg Warner 35 automatic transmission with twin front seats) was almost identical to its UK counterpart but Todd started to use its own upholstery designs from the 1969 rectangular headlight update. For 1970, it added a silver rear trim panel and a 'by Chrysler' boot lid badge to the Hunter saloon and introduced the estate although this had a lower specification than the saloon – an iron head 1725 cc engine, no automatic option, simpler dashboard trim (no locking glovebox), interior door pull handles instead of armrests (sedans had them on the three passenger doors), painted rather than bright metal door window frame trim and fixed rather than opening front quarter-lights. Because the hand brake was between the driver's seat and the driver's door, for safety reasons, there wasn't an arm rest on the driver's door.

Todd's also offered a Singer Vogue saloon with a 1725 cc engine and a more upmarket wood veneer dashboard from 1967 to 1971. It was replaced by the Hunter GL.

The range was given a unique-to-NZ update early in 1971: the iron head "deluxe" estate (never badged as such) was almost unchanged apart from the side "Hunter" badges moving from the front doors to the front guards and revised seat and door trim patterns, and the door tops switched from black to the same colour as the seats. The alloy headed "super" saloon got these changes plus a redesigned 'by Chrysler' boot lid badge, spray-on black, instead of silver, tail panel — the texture of this changed from textured fake vinyl to a matte black over the year's run. Initially the cars were offered with tan, red, blue or black upholstery with the dash painted to match but after a few months, Todd's switched to a new type of vinyl with different colours and texture for their Avenger, Hunter and Valiant lines, the blue option was dropped and the dashboards reverted to black paint. By now the equivalent Super model in the UK had seen its specification reduced to the iron head engine, no bumper over-riders, less exterior bright metal detailing and fixed front quarterlights — so the New Zealand version was unique.

The range's first major facelift for 1972 brought an uprated motor with new carburettor and ignition tuning, re-profiled camshaft and a plastic air cleaner housing (these models were always harder to keep in tune than their predecessors), smaller, squarer headlamps, a new dashboard with deeply hooded round dials (the Hunters had strip speedometers previously), high-backed front seats, and a revised silver trim panel surrounding the tail lights. These models carried over the previous models' upholstery material and colours for about a year but there was a mid-1973 change to the then-new 'wet look' vinyl across all Kiwi assembled Chrysler/Hillman models and the Hunter shared the new cream, brown and blue colours, retaining black dashboards and interior plastics (UK cars had fully colour matched interiors in different colours with available cloth trim, a material Todd's would not introduce till the Hunter's final years).

Todds also added a new 1972 "GL" model, replacing the Singer Vogue, that initially had little to distinguish it (and justify a higher price) apart from wooden dashboard and door inserts, the same different trim patterns from the old Vogue and standard reversing lights. On all sedans, the rear Hunter badge moved from the right hand side of the boot lid to inboard of the left side tail lamp cluster and a locally sourced derivative badge appeared denoting "Super", "Super Auto" and "GL" variants (but not the available "GL Auto" which was badged just "GL"). In 1973 Todds created another completely unique model by updating the "GL" with a simplified variant of the four-headlight nose from the upmarket Humber Sceptre (a rare UK-assembled import) and altering the tail with a new silver strip below the tail lights, incorporating the reversing lights. These changes gave the "GL" a much more distinctive appearance front and rear.

By the mid-70s, the Hunter was an old model and under siege from newer Japanese rivals. Todd's Hunters adopted the larger bumpers and new grille introduced for 1975 in the UK but the range was eventually rationalised into a single Super saloon model with the four-headlight front end and "wood" dashboard inserts (by then it was synthetic wood rather than the real material used originally). The final updates included standard cigarette lighter and heater control illumination.

Around 1975, the optional automatic was uprated from the three-speed Borg Warner 35 to the new, four-speed 45 but there were supply problems and Todds reverted to the 35 three-speed for several assembly runs of the automatic versions.

As in Australia, though six years later, Mitsubishis from Japan sounded the Hunter's death knell. After beginning with CKD assembly of a single Galant coupé model in 1972, Todds had added the Lancer saloon in 1975 and launched its first mid-size Mitsubishi Galant Sigma saloon line in 1977, effectively replacing the Hunter. The far more modern, better equipped Mitsubishis were pricier, and the Hunter still had its fans and lingered on until 1979, when it was discontinued in the UK and Todd's built the last Chrysler-badged version anywhere.

The Hunter's other claim to Kiwi fame was being the first CKD model line to pass the 30,000-unit mark during its 12-year run.

South Africa
The Hunter and the Vogue were assembled locally in South Africa, beginning in 1968. The Vogue received Hillman badging, and the Hunter Deluxe model was sold as the "Hillman Arrow". Since local assembler Stanley Motors also assembled Peugeots, the Arrow cars received the 404's 1618 cc,  XC engine. This continued to be used until the end of South African production in mid-1977 (by Sigma for the last six months, Chrysler SA's successor company), although for 1976 the 504's 1971 cc  XN1 was available on the renamed Chrysler Vogue 2000. The Hunter Wagon was also locally assembled, this was renamed the "Hunter Safari" for 1972. The Arrow was dropped at the same time.

In 1975 the "Dodge Husky" was released as a Hunter-based pickup truck powered by the British 1725 cc unit. The Dodge Husky is different from the Iranian Paykan pickup model; it has a thicker B-pillar and retains the saloon's character lines along the side panels. The rear gate and rear window are also subtly different. For 1976, the Hillman name was dropped and the passenger car versions were renamed as Chrysler Vogues. The 2000 GL, GLS, and Safari received the larger Peugeot engine.

Iranian Paykan
In 1966, Iran National (now Iran Khodro) of Iran began to assemble Hillman Hunters from CKD kits, after a deal was struck between the Rootes Group and Iran National's director, Mahmoud Khayami. The resulting Paykan (Persian for arrow) saloon, utility, and taxi models became known as Iran's national car.

Earlier versions used the Hunter  engine, but later kits were shipped with the Avenger's 1600 cc engine mated to the Arrow range 4-speed gearbox via a special bell-housing. Later, they were all equipped with a 5-speed gearbox. The engine was changed to a Multi Point Electronic Fuel Injection made by the Sagem Company. The spark distributor was replaced with ECU-Controlled Spark Coils. The differential was also upgraded to a version more compatible with the Avenger engine.

In 1977 Roy Axe designed the new facelifted Paykan model using many interior and exterior parts from the Chrysler Alpine.

Full local production began in 1985, after the original British production lines were closed. The new owner in Britain, Peugeot, established a new contract whereby Iran Khodro would manufacture the Paykan with the same body panels but using Peugeot 504 engines and suspension, for six more years. This deal was similar to one in South Africa, where Hunters were once built with locally-made Peugeot 404 engines (from which the 504 units evolved) to meet strict local-content laws applicable in the late 1960s.

The Paykan saloon ceased production in May 2005, to be replaced by the Iranian designed Samand. The Bardo 1600i, the pick-up version of the Paykan, continued to be the sole remaining Arrow variant until the final car rolled off the Teheran Assembly line in May 2015.

Footnotes

References
Rootes-Chrysler site
French car brochure collection
Australian Sunbeam site
Sunbeam Vogue page

External links

 Association of Rootes Car Clubs
 Rootes Archive Centre Trust
 Sunbeam Rapier Owners' Club
 www.PaykanHunter.com (Hillman Hunter & Paykan Blog)

Arrow
Cars introduced in 1966
Rootes Arrow
1970s cars
Station wagons

Rootes Arrow


Joachim Fjelstrup er en dansk skuespiller og underholder.

Han blev nomineret til Bodil-prisen for bedste mandlige hovedrolle i 2016 for sin rolle i Steppeulven. Han spiller én af hovedrollerne i DRs julekalender Julefeber (2020).

Filmografi

Film

TV-serie

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Danmark
Personer fra Herlev

Joachim Fjelstrup


Bent Thomassen Neergaard (født 26. december 1935) er en dansk direktør, gårdejer og erhvervsmand, officer af reserven.

Han har en Højere Handelseksamen og er direktør for vinimportfirmaet Bent Neergaard A/S samt dansk generalagent for Cyperns største vinproducent, KEO. Neergaard stiftede bekendtskab med Cypern, da han som del af Dronningens Livregiment i Aalborg indgik i det danske bidrag til den fredsbevarende FN-styrke UNFICYP. Han avancerede siden til oberstløjtnant af reserven og blev dekoreret som Ridder af Dannebrog.

Bent Neergaard var fra 1963 bestyrer af Shell-depotet i Stilling og tilbragte femten år hos Dansk Shell, hvor han sluttede som direktør for et datterselskab, og etablerede i 1977 sit eget handelshus, A/S Bent Neergaard, som opererer i Skandinavien. Ud over KEO's vine importerer firmaet alle typer trailere, ligesom det driver et engrosfirma med sportsartikler. Neergaard har også grundlagt den første selvbetjeningsforretning for fødevarer i Skanderborg.

Han har oprettet og er formand for Skanderborg Rideklub samt for Oldenborg- og Frederiksborgcentret i Skanderborg. Initiativtager til dannelsen af Dansk Varmblod. Medstifter og første direktør for Vilhelmsborg 1985-92, formand for bestyrelsen Driftsaktieselskabet Vilhelmsborg 1999-2002, formand for Hippologisk Selskab Vilhelmsborg 2007-2013. Æresmedlem af Dansk Ride Forbund, Dansk Varmblod og Hippologisk Selskab. Medlem af Dansk Ride Forbunds hovedbestyrelse 1970-1985. Tildelt Hippologisk Tidsskrifts initiativpris i 1990. National og International dommer samt teknisk delegeret

Han er desuden Ridder af Dannebrog..

Kilder
 Bent Neergaards biografi i Vinavisen

Officerer fra Danmark
Riddere af Dannebrog
Erhvervsfolk fra Danmark
Danskere i 1900-tallet
Danskere i 2000-tallet
Hippologer fra Danmark
Landmænd fra Danmark

Bent Neergaard


Carlos Van den Driessche (* 31. August 1901 in Brüssel; † 14. Mai 1972) war ein belgischer Eishockeyspieler und Ruderer.

Karriere
Carlos Van den Driessche nahm für die belgische Nationalmannschaft an den Olympischen Winterspielen 1924 in Chamonix und 1936 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen teil. Mit seinem Team belegte er bei den Winterspielen 1924 den siebten und somit letzten Platz. Er selbst kam im Turnierverlauf in zwei Spielen zum Einsatz. 1936 belegte er mit seiner Mannschaft den 13. und ebenfalls letzten Platz und kam zu drei Einsätzen. Auf Vereinsebene spielte er für den Brusselse IJshockeyclub.

Weblinks

Eishockeynationalspieler (Belgien)
Ruderer (Belgien)
Olympiateilnehmer (Belgien)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1924
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1928
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1936
Belgier
Geboren 1901
Gestorben 1972
Mann

Carlos Van den Driessche


Biserica Nașterea Maicii Domnului din Cluj-Napoca este un monument istoric aflat pe teritoriul municipiului Cluj-Napoca. În Repertoriul Arheologic Național, monumentul apare cu codul 54984.27.

Note

Galerie

Monumente istorice din județul Cluj
Biserici din secolul al XVIII-lea din România


École d'ingénieurs en génie informatique et productique, ancien département de l'institut des sciences et techniques de l'université de Valenciennes
 Génie informatique, conception, développement et fabrication de systèmes informatiques
 Institut de génie informatique et industriel, école française accréditée à délivrer un diplôme d'ingénieur
 Laboratoire d'automatique, génie informatique et signal, laboratoire de recherches de l'Université de Lille

Voir aussi

Génie informatique (homonymie)


Cameroun deltog første gang i olympiske lege under Sommer-OL 1964 i Tokyo, og har siden deltaget i samtlige efterfølgende sommerlege. Cameroun deltog i vinterlege første og foreløbig eneste gang under Vinter-OL 2002 i Salt Lake City.

Medaljeoversigt

Medaljevindere

Eksterne henvisninger
 Camerouns OL-statistik  på Sports-reference.com

Cameroun ved sommer-OL
Cameroun ved vinter-OL
OL

Cameroun ved OL


Spuyten Duyvil station is a commuter rail stop on the Metro-North Railroad's Hudson Line, serving the Spuyten Duyvil neighborhood of the Bronx, New York City.

, daily commuter ridership was 913 and there were 100 parking spots. More than half of the commuters travel to the station using the Hudson Rail Link bus.

History

Fires and vandalism
Through the 1950s and the 1960s, the New York Central Railroad depot at Spuyten Duvyil was subject to frequent vandalism. Throughout this time period, multiple stations were also subjected to fires, including Marble Hill (1951 and 1960) and Mount Saint Vincent stations (1957). The railroad let the station depots at Spuyten Duyvil be subject to damage, with the windows on the wooden structure boarded up and broken. The depot was always locked and only staff was an employee to sell monthly commutation tickets. There were complaints about the stairways being closed, requiring people to cross the tracks. Vandalism was also common, along with common crimes such as burglary. Someone stole the oil heater from the depot in 1956. The southbound depot caught fire in 1956 as well.
The railroad tried to sell the northbound depot in 1957 for uses other than a railroad station, but no one took advantage.

On July 29, 1957, the station caught fire at 7:20 am. The New York Central suspended service along the Hudson Division. The fire was under control by 8:44 am, but the railroad congestion took a while to be handled. More than 5,000 people were delayed from work to the damage. The damage to the station included the station depot, parts of the platform and parts of the stairway. The repairs were finished in August 1957. Locals wanted some changes in how buildings are maintained after the fire in July 1957, noting that the railroad did not even patrol the area to keep people from destroying the depot. In December 1957, the railroad razed the northbound depot, with all operations shifted to the southbound depot, rebuilt from the 1956 fire.

Yet another fire broke out on the morning of April 19, 1966. This fire engulfed more of the platform and the stairs leading down to the platform. However, this time, the fire department had trouble reaching the station due to poor parking by commuters and had to spend time getting the hoses down from nearby Johnson Avenue to fight with. The fire lasted forty minutes and held up three trains. The railroad made quick repairs to ensure clean service on April 20.

However, the station depot burned for good on June 29, 1969, when the southbound station depot and the downtown platform caught fire once again. Around 2:30 pm that afternoon, the station building walls and platform. The platform itself had suffered a fire on June 24, taking out  of the structure. The fires delayed some Penn Central Railroad trains, but not many due to a smaller Saturday schedule. Despite extinguishing both fires, no one could answer the source of the blaze. A lean-to that was built for Spuyten Duyvil burned down in the winter of 1958–1959. Despite that, a building was constructed for the maintenance crews to use, leaving the commuters exposed to the elements. This included using the stairs as shelters for rain. The railroad put up two three-sided "chicken coop" shelters for commuters to use, to their displeasure. The residents put up signs referring to the shelters as "'roosters" and "hens" to voice their displeasure.

Local pressure led to some bowing from the New York State Public Services Commission in February 1970, who promised the commuters a new, larger shelter above their heads at the station. The new structure would include infrared heaters to keep the commuters warm. However, that was not the end of the fires at Spuyten Duyvil. The northbound platform, the scene of multiple fires, burned down once again on July 21, 1970. This fire leveled the wooden northern platform.

Derailments
In July 2013, two trains derailed near the station. A freight train hauling garbage lost nearly half its cars between Spuyten Duyvil and Marble Hill, requiring four days to clean up before one of the tracks could be reopened. In December 2013, a passenger train derailment north of the station resulted in four passenger deaths (the first in the railroad's history) and 75 injuries.

Station layout
The station has two high-level platforms. Northbound trains utilize an eight-car-long side platform, while southbound trains use a four-car-long island platform. Directly east (railroad south) of the station, Track 4 merges with Track 2. Directly west (railroad north) of the station, Amtrak's Empire Corridor services merges with the Hudson Line.

Gallery

References

External links

Marble Hill and Spuyten Duyvil: The Penn Central Hudson Division in New York City, 1969-1970
 Edsall Avenue entrance from Google Maps Street View
 Platforms from Google Maps Street View

Metro-North Railroad stations in New York City
Former New York Central Railroad stations
Railway stations in the Bronx
Spuyten Duyvil, Bronx

Spuyten Duyvil station


An Piptochaetium tovarii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Sánchez Vega. An Piptochaetium tovarii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Piptochaetium, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Piptochaetium

Piptochaetium tovarii


OBE Mary Quant (født 11. februar 1930 i London, død 13. april 2023) var en engelsk modedesigner, der blandt andet opfandt miniskørtet i 1950'erne, opkaldt efter hendes yndlingsbil, en Morris Mini. Derudover har hun designet plastikregnfrakker, støvler og forklædekjoler.

Hun blev uddannet ved Goldsmiths College of Art i London. Efterfølgende åbnede hun i 1955 en butik i London, der hed Bazaar, sammen med sin mand. En butik mere fulgte i 1961. To år efter begyndte hun at eksportere sine designs til USA, hvor der var efterspørgsel efter dem. Fra 1958 krøb de nederdele, hun designede længere og længere op, for til sidst at ende med miniskørtet i 1965. Det diskuteres dog stadig, om hun er den reelle opfinder. Hun modtog Order of the British Empire blandt andet iført et miniskørt i 1966.

Referencer

Designere fra England
Briter i 1900-tallet
Briter i 2000-tallet
Personer fra London

Mary Quant


Epidendreae, tribus orhideja, dio potporodice Epidendroideae. Podijeljen je na pet podtribusa a tipični rod je Epidendrum.

Podtribusi

 Tribus Epidendreae Lindl.
 Subtribus Agrostophyllinae
 Agrostophyllum Blume (141 spp.)
 Earina Lindl. (8 spp.)
 Subtribus Ponerinae Pfitzer
 Ponera Lindl. (4 spp.)
 Nemaconia Knowles & Westc. (6 spp.)
 Helleriella A. D. Hawkes (2 spp.)
 Isochilus R. Br. (14 spp.)
 Subtribus Calypsoinae
 Ephippianthus  Rchb. fil. (2 spp.)
 Dactylostalix  Rchb. fil. (1 sp.)
 Calypso  Salisb. (1 sp.)
 Tipularia  Nutt. (7 spp.)
 Changnienia  Chien (2 spp.)
 Govenia  Lindl. (30 spp.)
 Aplectrum  Nutt. (1 sp.)
 Cremastra  Lindl. (7 spp.)
 Oreorchis  Lindl. (18 spp.)
 Corallorhiza  Châtel. (15 spp.)
 Yoania  Maxim. (4 spp.)
 Danxiaorchis  J. W. Zhai et al. (2 spp.)
 Coelia  Lindl. (5 spp.)
 Subtribus Chysidinae Schltr.
 Chysis Lindl. (15 spp.)
 Subtribus Bletiinae Benth.
 Bletia Ruiz & Pav. (55 spp.)
 Subtribus Laeliinae Benth.
 Meiracyllium  Rchb. fil. (2 spp.)
 Orleanesia  Barb. Rodr. (8 spp.)
 Jacquiniella  Schltr. (12 spp.)
 Scaphyglottis  Poepp. & Endl. (84 spp.)
 Nidema  Britton & Millsp. (2 spp.)
 Domingoa  Schltr. (5 spp.)
 Arpophyllum  La Llave & Lex. (5 spp.)
 Alamania  La Llave & Lex. (1 sp.)
 Isabelia  Barb. Rodr. (3 spp.)
 xIsanitella  Leinig (0 sp.)
 Loefgrenianthus  Hoehne (1 sp.)
 Homalopetalum  Rolfe (8 spp.)
 Pygmaeorchis  Brade (2 spp.)
 Epidendrum  L. (1822 spp.)
 Microepidendrum  Brieger (5 spp.)
 Dimerandra  Schltr. (5 spp.)
 Barkeria  Knowles & Westc. (19 spp.)
 Acrorchis  Dressler (1 sp.)
 Tetramicra  Lindl. (10 spp.)
 Artorima  Dressler & G. E. Pollard (2 spp.)
 Hagsatera  R. González (2 spp.)
 Pseudolaelia  Porto & Brade (23 spp.)
 Leptotes  Lindl. (9 spp.)
 Dinema  Lindl. (2 spp.)
 Oestlundia  W. E. Higgins (5 spp.)
 Amoana  Leopardi & Carnevali (2 spp.)
 Encyclia  Hook. (194 spp.)
 Prosthechea  Knowles & Westc. (133 spp.)
 Psychilis  Raf. (15 spp.)
 Caularthron  Raf. (2 spp.)
 Cattleya  Lindl. (140 spp.)
 Guarianthe  Dressler & W. E. Higgins (4 spp.)
 Broughtonia  R. Br. (6 spp.)
 Quisqueya  Dod (4 spp.)
 Schomburgkia  Lindl. (21 spp.)
 xSchombolaelia (0 sp.)
 Laelia  Lindl. (7 spp.)
 Adamantinia  van den Berg & C. N. Gonç. (1 sp.)
 Myrmecophila  Rolfe (9 spp.)
 Rhyncholaelia  Schltr. (2 spp.)
 Brassavola  R. Br. (15 spp.)
 Constantia  Barb. Rodr. (6 spp.)
 Subtribus Pleurothallidinae Lindl. ex G. Don
 Neocogniauxia  Schltr. (2 spp.)
 Dilomilis  Raf. (5 spp.)
 Tomzanonia  Nir (1 sp.)
 Brachionidium  Lindl. (83 spp.)
 Atopoglossum  Luer (3 spp.)
 Sansonia  Chiron (2 spp.)
 Octomeria  R. Br. (142 spp.)
 Dresslerella  Luer (14 spp.)
 Myoxanthus  Poepp. & Endl. (51 spp.)
 Echinosepala  Pridgeon & M. W. Chase (17 spp.)
 Pupulinia  Karremans & Bogarín (1 sp.)
 Restrepiella  Garay & Dunst. (5 spp.)
 Barbosella  Schltr. (19 spp.)
 Restrepia  Kunth (63 spp.)
 Pleurothallopsis  Porto & Brade (20 spp.)
 Chamelophyton  Garay (1 sp.)
 Acianthera  Scheidw. (303 spp.)
 Lankesteriana  Karremans (24 spp.)
 Zootrophion  Luer (31 spp.)
 Trichosalpinx  Luer (31 spp.)
 Tubella  (Luer) Archila (73 spp.)
 Pseudolepanthes  (Luer) Archila (11 spp.)
 Pendusalpinx  Karremans & Mel. Fernández (7 spp.)
 Opilionanthe  Karremans & Bogarín (2 spp.)
 Gravendeelia  Bogarín & Karremans (1 sp.)
 Stellamaris  Mel. Fernández & Bogarín (1 sp.)
 Anathallis  Barb. Rodr. (121 spp.)
 Lepanthopsis  (Cogn.) Ames (49 spp.)
 Lepanthes  Sw. (1131 spp.)
 Draconanthes  (Luer) Luer (6 spp.)
 Frondaria  Luer (2 spp.)
 Trisetella  Luer (28 spp.)
 Dracula  Luer (145 spp.)
 Porroglossum  Schltr. (56 spp.)
 Masdevallia  Ruiz & Pav. (640 spp.)
 Diodonopsis  Pridgeon & M. W. Chase (4 spp.)
 Phloeophila  Hoehne & Schltr. (5 spp.)
 Luerella  Braas (1 sp.)
 Ophidion  Luer (15 spp.)
 Andreettaea  Luer (1 sp.)
 Andinia  (Luer) Luer (81 spp.)
 Dryadella  Luer (61 spp.)
 Specklinia  Lindl. (111 spp.)
 Muscarella  Luer (56 spp.)
 Scaphosepalum  Pfitzer (54 spp.)
 Platystele  Schltr. (120 spp.)
 Teagueia  (Luer) Luer (18 spp.)
 Stelis  Sw. (1335 spp.)
 Pleurothallis  R. Br. (535 spp.)
 Pabstiella  Brieger & Senghas (147 spp.)
 Madisonia  Luer (7 spp.)

 Bletiinae Benth.
 Chysinae Schltr.
 Coeliinae Dressler
 Laeliinae Benth.
 Pleurothallidinae Lindl. ex G. Don in Sweet
 Ponerinae Pfitzer

Izvori

Epidendreae


O Matinal Jornalismo é uma empresa de comunicação de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, formada pelos veículos Matinal News (newsletter diária), revista Parêntese (revista semanal) e site do Roger Lerina (jornalismo cultural). É uma start-up de jornalismo, que ganhou notoriedade devido a prêmios na área e à denúncia sobre experiências com proxalutamida em pacientes com Covid-19 no Hospital da Brigada Militar, em Porto Alegre, no Rio Grande do Sul.

O Matinal Jornalismo está listado no Atlas da Notícia e fez parte do estudo internacional Ponto de Inflexão.

História
A primeira newsletter do Matinal Jornalismo foi enviada em 11 de março de 2019. Os jornalistas Paulo Serpa Antunes, Tiago Medina e Filipe Speck foram os idealizadores do veículo que, ainda em 2019, se uniu ao site do jornalista cultural Roger Lerina e também lançou a revista digital Parêntese.

Com sede na cidade de Porto Alegre, capital do Rio Grande do Sul, o Matinal Jornalismo surgiu em 2019 da união entre a Matinal News (uma newsletter diária com as principais notícias de Porto Alegre e do RS), a revista digital Parêntese (editada pelo professor Luís Augusto Fischer e focada em entrevistas, reportagens, ensaios, resenhas e crônicas) e o site rogerlerina.com (editado pelo jornalista Roger Lerina, com notícias de arte e cultura, artigos, críticas e uma agenda cultural de Porto Alegre e região). O Matinal Jornalismo também oferece o ZAP Matinal, um serviço gratuito de transmissão de notícias via Whatsapp, criado em maio de 2020.

Os veículos do Matinal Jornalismo produzem e entregam, via newsletters, conteúdos locais sobre desenvolvimento social e urbano, política, cultura, saúde e meio ambiente. Hoje, a empresa conta com uma equipe de 15 profissionais, entre editores, repórteres, designer e social media, além de um time de colaboradores que produzem textos, ensaios, fotografias, desenhos e reportagens.

O Matinal Jornalismo já recebeu também incentivos como o Fundo de Auxílio Emergencial ao Jornalismo, do programa Google News Initiative e o Fundo de resposta rápida ao impacto do COVID-19, oferecido pela Embaixada e os Consulados dos EUA no Brasil e pela USBEA.

O Matinal Jornalismo é membro da AJOR - Associação de Jornalismo Digital

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