Malvinas Argentinas est une localité dans la province de Buenos Aires, en Argentine. Elle se situe dans le partido d'Almirante Brown.

Géographie
Malvinas Argentinas est une banlieue de l'agglomération du Grand Buenos Aires qui se trouve à  au sud du centre-ville. Le territoire de Malvinas Argentinas forme un rectangle presque parfait ayant pour limite au nord-ouest l'avenue Capitán de Fragata Moyano, au nord-est l'avenue Hipólito Yrigoyen (route provinciale 16), au sud-est plusieurs rues résidentielles, et au sud-ouest l'avenue Argentina. Malvinas Argentinas partage une frontière avec le partido d'Esteban Echeverría. L'Arroyo del Rey traverse le centre de la localité.

Transports
La ville est reliée à Buenos Aires par la route provinciale 16, et à sa banlieue est par la route provinciale 4. Une liaison ferroviaire avec la capitale argentine est aussi possible par les gares voisines d'Adrogué et de Burzaco.

Toponymie
Le nom de la localité rappelle la dispute de souveraineté sur les îles Malouines entre l'Argentine et le Royaume-Uni, vive en 1976 lorsque le nom a été choisi. On l'appelait jusqu'alors Loma Verde, c'est-à-dire « colline verte », en référence à la hauteur du lieu et de sa forte couverture en végétation.

Histoire
Le village de Loma Verde apparut graduellement durant la fin du  et était alors une petite agglomération d'exploitations agricoles. Cette agglomération commença à s'urbaniser à partir des années 1950 grâce à sa proximité de Buenos Aires et la présence de plusieurs axes de communication importants sur son territoire. Loma Verde ainsi que les différents hameaux qui l'entouraient prirent le statut de localité en 1976 par le décret  du partido. La délégation municipale est inaugurée le .

Population et société

Malvinas Argentinas comptait  en 2010. Elle a donc droit à une délégation municipale, représentée par Antonella Napoli.

On trouve diverses chapelles catholiques à Malvinas Argentinas, ainsi qu'une église sous le vocable de la Sagrada Familia (Sainte Famille) ainsi qu'un séminaire des Prêtres du Sacré-Cœur de Jésus de Bétharram.

Économie

Sports

Football

Culture et loisirs

Patrimoine culturel et touristique
 Église de la Sagrada Familia (Sainte Famille).
 Chapelle Nuestra Señora de Betharram (Notre-Dame de Bétharram) et son parc.
 Monumento al Soldado de Malvinas, sur la place Puerto Argentino, réalisé en 1995.

Personnalités

Notes et références

Liens externes
  Carte détaillée de la province de Buenos Aires
  Site officiel du partido.
 Coordonnées :

Ville dans la province de Buenos Aires
Division administrative fondée en 1976

Malvinas Argentinas (Almirante Brown)


II. razred nogometnog Prvenstva Zagreba je bila liga 6. stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije za sezonu 1956./57. Sudjelovalo je 12 klubova, a prvak je bio ''"Elektrosond".

Ljestvica

Povezani članci
 Zagrebačka nogometna liga 1956./57.
 I. razred nogometnog Prvenstva Zagreba 1956./57.

Vanjske poveznice
 nk-maksimir.hr

Izvori

1956
1956
Zagreb-3

II. razred nogometnog Prvenstva Zagreba 1956./57.


Marquess of Anglesey () is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1815 for Henry Paget, 2nd Earl of Uxbridge, a hero of the Battle of Waterloo, second in command to the Duke of Wellington. The Marquess holds the subsidiary titles of Earl of Uxbridge, in the County of Middlesex, in the Peerage of Great Britain (1784), Baron Paget, de Beaudesert, in the Peerage of England (1553), and is also an Irish Baronet, of Plas Newydd in the County of Anglesey and of Mount Bagenall in the County of Louth.

The 8th Marquess carried the standard of Wales at the 2023 Coronation.

The family seat now is Plas Newydd, at Llanddaniel Fab, Anglesey. Most recent marquesses are buried at St Edwen's Church, Llanedwen, built and maintained by the Marquess. The former family seat was Beaudesert, near Cannock Chase, Staffordshire.

Family history 1553–1815

The Paget family descends from Sir William Paget, a close adviser to Henry VIII, who in 1553 was summoned to Parliament as Lord Paget de Beaudesert. His younger son, the third Baron, was a Catholic opponent of Elizabeth I. In 1589, he was attainted and his title forfeited. However, his son, the fourth Baron, was restored to the title in 1604. In contrast to his father, he was a prominent Protestant. He was succeeded by his son, the fifth Baron. He was Lord Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire for the parliamentarians between 1641 and 1642, when he joined the Royalists and was dismissed. His son, the sixth Baron, was Ambassador to both Austria and the Ottoman Empire. On his death, the title passed to his son, the seventh Baron. He had already been created Baron Burton, of Burton-on-Trent in the County of Stafford, in 1711, prior to succeeding to the barony of Paget in 1713. In 1714 he was further honoured when he was made Earl of Uxbridge, in the County of Middlesex. However, the earldom and barony of Burton became extinct on the death of his grandson, the second Earl (son of Thomas Catesby Paget, Lord Paget), in 1769.

The barony of Paget, which could be passed on through the female line, devolved on his cousin Henry Bayly, who became the ninth Baron. He was the son of Sir Nicholas Bayly, 2nd Baronet, of Plas Newydd, and Caroline, Lady Bayly (d. 1766), daughter of Thomas Paget and granddaughter of the Hon. Henry Paget, second son of William Paget, 5th Baron Paget. In 1770 Henry Bayly assumed the surname and arms of Paget only. Twelve years later, in 1782, he succeeded his father in the baronetcy, and in 1784 the earldom of Uxbridge was revived for him, when he was made Earl of Uxbridge, in the County of Middlesex. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Earl. He was a prominent military commander who gained fame at the Battle of Waterloo, where he lost his leg. A few weeks after the battle he was made Marquess of Anglesey.

Family history, 1815–present

Lord Anglesey later held political office as Master-General of the Ordnance and Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. He was succeeded by his eldest son from his first marriage, the second Marquess. He served as Lord Chamberlain of the Household under Lord Melbourne between 1839 and 1841. His only son from his first marriage, the third Marquess, represented Staffordshire South in Parliament. He was childless and was succeeded by his half-brother, the fourth Marquess. He held the honorary post of vice-admiral of North Wales and West Carmarthen. His son, the fifth Marquess, became known for squandering his inheritance on a lavish social life and accumulating massive debts. In 1904 he was declared bankrupt. He died the following year aged only 29 and was succeeded by his cousin, the sixth Marquess. He was the son of Lord Alexander Paget, third son of the second Marquess. He was a soldier and courtier. He was succeeded by his only son, the seventh Marquess, who succeeded in 1947 and who was an author and historian. The seventh Marquess died in 2013 and was succeeded by his son Charles Alexander Vaughan Paget, 8th Marquess of Anglesey (born 13 November 1950). He was educated at Eton and Exeter College, Oxford (graduating M.A.), and at the University of Sussex (D.Phil.) His mother is the writer Shirley Paget, Marchioness of Anglesey, née  Morgan. In 1986 he married Georgeanne Elizabeth Elliott Downes; they were divorced in 2011. They have a son, Benedict Dashiell Thomas Paget, Earl of Uxbridge, born 1986, the heir apparent, and a daughter, Clara Paget, born 1988, who is a model and actress. On 13 June 2015, the 8th Marquess married secondly in Mayfair Susan Blanche Louise de Paolis (née Sigmund), formerly wife of Pietro de Paolis.

Bayly, later Paget Baronetcy
The Bayly, later Paget Baronetcy, of Plas Newydd in the County of Anglesey and of Mount Bagenall in the County of Louth, was created in the Baronetage of Ireland in 1730 for Edward Bayly, who had previously represented Newry in the Irish House of Commons. In 1712 he inherited substantial estates on Anglesey, including Plas Newydd, still the family's main residence, from a cousin, Nicholas Bagenall. He was succeeded by his son, the second Baronet. He represented Anglesey in the British House of Commons. His son was the aforementioned third Baronet, who had already succeeded as ninth Baron Paget and was created Earl of Uxbridge in 1784.

Note: The Baronetcy has remained unclaimed since the death, in 2013, of the 7th Marquess (16th Baronet).

Other family members

Numerous other members of the Bayly and Paget families have gained distinction. Charles Paget, youngest son of the first Baron, was a Roman Catholic conspirator.

The first Earl of the 1784 creation was especially prolific in notable offspring. His second son, William Paget, was a Captain in the Royal Navy and Member of Parliament. His third son, Sir Arthur Paget, was a diplomat and politician. (His son Sir Augustus Berkeley Paget was a diplomat. His second son Sir Ralph Paget was also a diplomat. Arthur Paget (1839–1924), son of Stewart Paget, eldest son of Sir Arthur Paget, was a vice-admiral in the Royal Navy.)

The first Earl's fourth son, Sir Edward Paget, was a general in the Army. His fifth son, Sir Charles Paget, was a vice-admiral in the Royal Navy. His sixth son, Berkeley Paget, sat as Member of Parliament for Anglesey and Milborne Port. (He was the father of 1) Frederick Paget, Member of Parliament for Beaumaris, and 2) Leopold Paget, a colonel in the Royal Artillery, whose son Wellesley Paget became a Major-General in the Royal Artillery.)

The first Marquess also had several notable descendants. His second son, Lord William Paget, was a naval commander and politician. His fourth son, Lord Clarence Paget, was a naval commander, politician and sculptor. His fifth son, Lord Alfred Paget, was a soldier, politician and courtier. (He was the father of (1) Sir Arthur Paget, a general in the Army; (2) Sydney Paget, a racehorse owner; and (3) Almeric Paget, a politician who was created Baron Queenborough in 1918 and who was the father of Dorothy Paget, a racehorse owner, and Olive Paget, a landowner and hostess.) His sixth son, Lord George Paget, was a general in the Army. Lord Alfred Paget is a descendant, and he was a prominent courtier and politician during the reign of Queen Victoria.

Lady Adelaide Paget (1820–1890), daughter of the first Marquess, as Lady Adelaide Cadogan, was a prodigious author, most noted for her seminal work on plays and card games.

Lady Caroline Paget (1913–1973), daughter of the sixth Marquess, was a socialite and actress. Her sister Lady Rose Paget was also a socialite.

Lady Clara Paget (born 1988), daughter of the eighth Marquess, is an actress and model well known for her role in the TV series Black Sails.

Lewis Bayly (died 1631), grandfather of the first Baronet, was Bishop of Bangor. His son Nicholas Bayly, father of the first Baronet, was a member of the Irish House of Commons for Newry. The Very Reverend Edward Bayly, younger son of the first Baronet, was Archdeacon of Dublin. Lambert Bayly, younger son of the first Baronet, was the father of the Very Reverend John Bayly, Dean of Killaloe, who was the grandfather of (1) Paget Bayly, a major-general in the Army, and (2) John Bayly, a general in the Army. Charles Bayly, younger son of the first Baronet, was a captain in the Royal Navy. Paget Bayly, younger son of the second Baronet, was also a captain in the Royal Navy. Nicholas Bayly, younger son of the second Baronet, was Member of Parliament for Anglesey.

In 1727, the town of Uxbridge, in the Massachusetts Colony, was named after the Earl of Uxbridge.

Barons Paget (1553)
William Paget, 1st Baron Paget (c. 1506–1563)
Henry Paget, 2nd Baron Paget (c. 1535–1568)
Thomas Paget, 3rd Baron Paget (c. 1540–1590) (forfeit 1589)
William Paget, 4th Baron Paget (1572–1628) (restored 1604)
William Paget, 5th Baron Paget (1609–1678)
William Paget, 6th Baron Paget (1637–1713)
Henry Paget, 7th Baron Paget (1663–1743) (created Baron Burton in 1711 and Earl of Uxbridge in 1714)

Earls of Uxbridge, First creation (1714)
Henry Paget, 1st Earl of Uxbridge (1663–1743)
Henry Paget, 2nd Earl of Uxbridge (1719–1769)

Barons Paget (1553; Reverted)
Henry Bayly, later Paget, 9th Baron Paget (1744–1812) (created Earl of Uxbridge in 1784)

Earls of Uxbridge, Second creation (1784)

Henry Paget, 1st Earl of Uxbridge (1744–1812)
Henry William Paget, 2nd Earl of Uxbridge (created Marquess of Anglesey in 1815)

Marquesses of Anglesey (1815)
Henry William Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey (1768–1854)
Henry Paget, 2nd Marquess of Anglesey (1797–1869)
Henry William George Paget, 3rd Marquess of Anglesey (1821–1880)
Henry Paget, 4th Marquess of Anglesey (1835–1898)
Henry Cyril Paget, 5th Marquess of Anglesey (1875–1905)
Charles Henry Alexander Paget, 6th Marquess of Anglesey (1885–1947)
George Charles Henry Victor Paget, 7th Marquess of Anglesey (1922–2013)
Charles Alexander Vaughan Paget, 8th Marquess of Anglesey (born 1950)

Present peer
Charles Alexander Vaughan Paget, 8th Marquess of Anglesey (born 13 November 1950) is the son of the 7th Marquess and his wife Elizabeth Shirley Vaughan Morgan. Formally styled as Earl of Uxbridge from birth, he was educated at Eton College and Exeter College, Oxford, where he graduated MA, and Sussex University, where he was awarded a D.Phil.
In 1986, Uxbridge married firstly Georgeanne Elizabeth Elliott Downes, daughter of Colonel J. A. Downes. They had two children:
Benedict Dashiel Thomas Paget, Earl of Uxbridge (born 1986)
Lady Clara Elizabeth Iris Paget (born 1988)

In 2015, Anglesey married secondly Susan Blanche Louise de Paolis.

In 1999 he was living at Plas Newydd, Llanfairpwll, Anglesey.

On 13 July 2013 he succeeded his father as Marquess of Anglesey (1815), Earl of Uxbridge (1784), and Lord Paget, of Beaudesert (1549), and also inherited the baronetcy of Bayly, of Placenewyd, Anglesey and Mount Bagenall, County Louth (1730).

At the coronation of King Charles III he carried the standard of Wales.

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, Benedict Dashiell Thomas Paget, Earl of Uxbridge.

Bayly, later Paget Baronets, of Plas Newydd (1730)
Sir Edward Bayly, 1st Baronet (d. 1741)
Sir Nicholas Bayly, 2nd Baronet (1709–1782)
Sir Henry Bayly Paget, 3rd Baronet (1744–1812) (succeeded as Baron Paget in 1769)
see above for further succession

Individuals numbered (1) to (3) are in remainder to the marquessate, earldom of Uxbridge and the barony of Paget, while those numbered from (4) to (13) are only in remainder to the latter two peerages. After those individuals, the Paget barony may be transferred through the female lines, of whom Matthew Carl Megarry is the seniormost female-line descendant.

  Henry Paget, 1st Earl of Uxbridge (1744–1812)
 Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey (1768–1854)
 Henry Paget, 2nd Marquess of Anglesey (1797–1869)
Lord Alexander Victor Paget (1839–1896)
 Charles Paget, 6th Marquess of Anglesey (1885–1947)
 George Paget, 7th Marquess of Anglesey (1922–2013)
Lady Henrietta Charlotte Eiluned Megarry (b. 1949), m. 1980 Timothy Megarry
Matthew Carl Megarry (b. 1985)
 Charles Paget, 8th Marquess of Anglesey (b. 1950)
(1). Benedict Dashiel Thomas Paget, Earl of Uxbridge (b. 1986)
(2). Lord Rupert Edward Llywellyn Paget (b. 1957)
(3). Hon. Jack William Kyffin Paget (b. 1989)
General Hon. Sir Edward Paget (1775–1849)
Rev. Edward Heneage Paget (1828–1884)
Hugh Arthur Paget (1862–1924)
Clarence Arthur Edward Paget (1909–1991)
(4). Hugh Charles Edward Paget (b. 1946)
(5). Francis Andrew Edward Paget (b. 1984)
Hon. Berkeley Thomas Paget (1780–1842)
Catesby Paget (1809–1878)
Berkeley Paget (1841–1910)
Leopold Cecil Paget (1871–1934)
Edward Catesby Paget (1903–1963)
Anthony Berkeley Paget (1946–2007)
(6). William Berkeley Paget (b. 1976)
(7). Catesby Langer Paget (b. 1982)
(8). Rodney Langer Paget (b. 1984)
Leopold Grimston Paget (1824–1892)
Claude Paget (1851–1917)
Cyril Nevil Paget (1891–1980)
Richard Berkeley Paget (1928–1991)
(9). Edward Berkeley Paget (b. 1977)
(10). Jago Berkeley Paget (b. 2013)
Mark John Paget (1864–1938)
John Francis Paget (1903–1989)
(11). Peter Jeremy Valentine Paget (b. 1933)
(12). Mark Sebastian Boye Paget (b. 1967)
(13). Charles John Leopold Paget (b. 1974)

See also

Baron Queenborough
Earl of Anglesey, which existed from 1623 to 1761

References

External links

Marquessates in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Marquess
Marquess
Noble titles created in 1815
Noble titles created for UK MPs

Marquess of Anglesey


Santo Antônio de Jesus es un municipio brasileño del estado de Bahía localizado en la región del Recôncavo Sur . Su población, según el conteo del IBGE, realizada en el censo nacional de 2010, era de 90.949 habitantes. Tiene importancia como centro comercial y de servicios en todo el recôncavo, siendo así considerada la "Capital del Recôncavo".

Historia
El primer poblado surgió en torno de un oratório consagrado a Santo Antônio de Jesus, en las proximidades del río Sururu. Municipio creado con los territorios de las freguesias de Santo Antônio de Jesus y de São Miguel de la Nueva Losa, desmembrados de Nazaré, por la Ley Provincial del 29.05.1880. La sede fue elevada a la categoría de ciudad a través del Acto Estatal del 30 de junio de 1892.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Bahía

Santo Antônio de Jesus


Kurfyrstedømmet Braunschweig-Lüneburg (uformelt Kurfyrstedømmet Hannover, tysk Kurfürstentum Braunschweig-Lüneburg) var det niende kurfyrstedømme i det Tysk-Romerske Rige. Det blev oprettet i 1692, da kejser Leopold I ophøjede hertug Ernest Augustus til kurfyrsten i riget som tak for hans støtte under ni-årskrigen. Der var protester mod at oprette en ny kurfyrste, og den nye status vandt ikke juridisk kraft, førend han var godkendt i parlamentet i 1708.

Historie

I 1714 var Georg Louis konge i Det Forenede Kongerige og Hertugdømmet Braunschweig-Lüneburg og Storbritannien var en del af en personalunion. Kurfyrstens ejendomme voksde i Tyskland da han overtog de formelt svenske landområder Bremen og Verden i 1719, og som en del af den tyske Reichsdeputationshauptschluss fra 1803 fik kurfyrstedømmet fyrstbiskopsdømmet Osnabrück. Kurfyrsten opholdt sig altovervejende i England og direkte kontakt med kurfyrstedømmet foregik gennem det tyske kancelli i St. James Palace i London.

I 1803 blev kurfyrstedømmet besat af den franske og preussiske tropper efter Artlenburg-konventionen. I 1806 blev Det Tysk-Romerske Imperium afskaffet. Efter freden i Tilsit af 1807 blev området under det hidtidige kurfyrstedømme sammen med områder afgivne fra Preussen forvandlet til Kongedømmet Westfalen, styret af Napoleons broder Jérôme Bonaparte. George III anerkendte ikke Frankrigs annektering og de hannoveranske ministre fortsatte deresarbejde fra London. Regeringen i Braunschweig-Lüneburg formåede at fastholde holde deres egne diplomatiske tjenester i forhold til det østrigske imperium og Preussen, som Storbritannien teknisk set i krig med. Hæren i Hertugdømmet Braunschweig-Lüneburg blev opløst, men mange af dens officerer og soldater rejste til England, hvor de dannede den tyske hær under kongen. Legionen var den eneste tyske hær, som kæmpede vedvarende mod franskmændene under Napoleonskrigene.

Den franske havde kontrol over kurfyrstedømmet til oktober 1813 da området blev overtaget af russiske kosakker, og Slaget ved Leipzig samme måned bragte en endelig afslutning på områdets stilling som napolionsk klientstat samt hele Rhinforbundet, og Huset Hannover overtog bestyrelsen igen. Hannover blev omdannet til kongedømme ved Wienerkongressen i 1814.

Etableret i 1708
Ophørt i 1814
Braunschweig-Lüneburg

Kurfyrstedømmet Braunschweig-Lüneburg


Theodor Alexander Viktor Ernst von Schoeler (né le  à Potsdam et mort le  à Cobourg) est un général d'infanterie prussien.

Biographie

Origine
Alexander est le fils du général prussien de l'infanterie et directeur du département général de la guerre  (1771-1855) et de sa femme Eleonore, née comtesse von Dohna-Lauck (1777-1855). Son grand-père paternel est le général de division , et son grand-père maternel est le général de division . Son oncle, , est un général prussien et chevalier de l'Ordre de l'Aigle noir.

Carrière militaire
Suivant la tradition familiale, Schoeler est devient le 28 avril 1824 officier de carrière dans l'armée prussienne. Il sert d'abord dans le 2e régiment de grenadiers et, à la mi-novembre 1825, il passe au rang de lieutenant secondaire. De la mi-février 1830 au début avril 1833, il est adjudant de bataillon puis adjudant de régiment jusqu'à la fin juin 1836. En 1838, il est affecté au commandement général du Corps de la Garde. Schoeler devient premier lieutenant en avril 1841 et est promu capitaine le 13 avril 1847 commandant de compagnie. À ce titre, il participe à la répression de la  et au cours de l'année pendant la guerre contre le Danemark dans la bataille de Schleswig. Lors de son commandement comme adjudant au haut commandant des Marches, Schoeler est agrégé à son régiment fin novembre 1849 et deux ans plus tard sous le poste à la suite d'adjudant au commandement général du . En tant que major, il est transféré à l'état-major général du commandement de l'infanterie de la Garde à la mi-juin 1853. À la fin de décembre 1856, il est brièvement affecté au commandement général du corps de la Garde. Le 4 avril 1857, Schoeler est chargé d'assumer les fonctions de chef d'état-major général du . Après sa promotion au grade de lieutenant-colonel, il est nommé le 30 mai 1857 nommé chef d'état-major. Il est promu colonel fin mai 1859 et est chargé le 5 mai 1860 de commander le 12e régiment d'infanterie combiné, qui devient début juillet 1860 le . Schoeler est commandant de régiment jusqu'au 19 décembre 1863, puis est nommé commandant de la  d'infanterie et promu général de division à la fin du mois de juin 1864. Pendant la guerre austro-prussienne, Schoeler entre en Bohême en 1866 avec l'armée de l'Elbe, sous le commandement du général d'infanterie Eberhard Herwarth von Bittenfeld, et se distingua lors des batailles de Hühnerwasser et de la bataille de Sadowa. À la suggestion de Bittenfeld, il se voit décoré de l'ordre Pour le Mérite par le roi Guillaume . Au cours de la phase finale de la campagne de Bohême, Schoeler succède au général August Wilhelm von Horn le 21 juillet 1866 à la direction de la 8e division d'infanterie et est promu lieutenant-général fin septembre 1866.

Dans le rapport de Herwarth von Bittenfeld du 4 août 1866 au roi, dans lequel il propose de le décorer, on peut lire : "Par le commandement énergique et énergique de l'avant-garde de l'armée de l'Elbe pendant toute la campagne et par ses succès victorieux dans les deux combats à Hünerwasser le 26 juin, dans les combats à Münchengrätz le 28 juin et dans la bataille à Sadowa le 3 juillet, il se distingue comme digne d'une distinction particulière"

Après le début de la guerre franco-prussienne, la division Schoeler fait partie du  jusqu'au 29 juillet 1870 dans la région de Mannheim et entre en France via Toul. Après la poursuite, le 8e division d'infanterie rencontre à nouveau l'ennemi le 30 août lors de la bataille de Beaumont, le 1er septembre. Les troupes de Schoeler interviennent également dans la bataille de Sedan et parviennent à reconquérir le faubourg perdu de Balan. Le 16 septembre, la 8e division atteint Nanteuil en tant qu'aile droite de la 3e armée et participa quelques jours plus tard au siège de Paris quelques jours plus tard. En plus des deux classes de la croix de fer, il reçoit la croix de chevalier de l'Ordre militaire de Maximilien-Joseph de Bavière.

Schoeler reçoit l'Ordre de l'Aigle rouge de 1re classe avec feuilles de chêne et est mis en disposition avant le traité de paix du 22 avril 1871, en vue de l'approbation de sa demande de démission avec pension. Après son départ, il reçoit le caractère de général d'infanterie.

Famille
Le 5 avril 1848, il épouse Ottilie Börger (1828-1895), qui travaille également comme écrivain. Plusieurs enfants sont sortis du mariage :

 Charlotte (née en 1849)
 Maurice (né en 1851)
 Viktor (1852-1932), homme d'affaires marié le 24 février 1892 avec Janie Cecilia Torras (né en 1865)
 Valérie (1853-1933)
 Rüdiger (1855-1909), major, titulaire de la médaille Fidicin
 Waldemar (1868-1945), chambellan et conseiller de cabinet du prince régnant de Waldeck et Pyrmont marié le 23 septembre 1897 avec Else (Less) Hepner (1870-1948) (dont la petite-fille est l'actrice Sasha von Scherler)

Bibliographie
 Gustav von Glasenapp: Militärische Biographien des Offizier-Corps der Preussischen Armee. Berlin 1868, S. 116–117.
 Handbuch des Preußischen Adels. Band 2, Mittler & Sohn, Berlin 1893, S. 533.
 Hermann Berkun, Friedrich Wilhelm Krüger: Stammliste der Offiziere, Sanitätsoffiziere und Beamten des Infanterie-Regiments v. Alvensleben (6. Brandenburgisches) Nr. 52. Verlag Gerhard Stalling, Oldenburg 1912, S. 12.
 Kurt von Priesdorff: Soldatisches Führertum. Band 7, Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt, Hamburg [1939], S. 237–238 (mit Bild).
 Max Schöler: Die Familien Scholer/Schöler/Schöller unter Einschluss weiterer Schreibverschiedenheiten. Flamm Druck Wagener, Waldbröl 1992.
 Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels. Band B XX, C. A. Starke-Verlag, Limburg 1993, S. 395.

Références

Général prussien d'infanterie
Personnalité prussienne de la guerre des Duchés
Personnalité prussienne de la guerre austro-prussienne
Militaire allemand de la guerre franco-allemande de 1870-1871
Chevalier de l'ordre militaire de Maximilien-Joseph de Bavière
Chevalier de 2e classe de l'ordre de la Couronne (Prusse)
Récipiendaire de l'ordre de l'Aigle rouge de 1re classe
Récipiendaire de la croix Pour le Mérite (ordre militaire)
Récipiendaire de 1re classe de la croix de fer
Naissance en mars 1807
Naissance à Potsdam
Décès en août 1894
Décès à Cobourg
Décès dans le duché de Saxe-Cobourg et Gotha
Décès à 87 ans

Alexander von Schoeler


is a town located on Tokunoshima, in Ōshima District, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of June 2013, the town has an estimated population of 6,350 and a population density of 79 persons per km2. The total area is 80.35  km2. The economy of the town is based on sugar cane, beef and seasonal tourism.

Geography
Amagi occupies the northeastern portion of the island of Tokunoshima, with the East China Sea to the west.

Surrounding municipalities
Tokunoshima
Isen

Climate
The climate is classified as humid subtropical (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with very warm summers and mild winters. Precipitation is high throughout the year, but is highest in the months of May, June and September.

History

Invasion of Ryukyu
During the Invasion of Ryukyu, a fleet of the Satsuma Domain landed at Amagi on April 17, 1609. The ships were besieged all night by locals until the next day, when troops fired into the crowds after being disembarked. A total of 50 people were killed.

Modern History
Amagi Village was established on April 1, 1908. As with all of Tokunoshima, the village came under the administration of the United States from 1 July 1946 to 25 December 1953.  On 1 January 1961, Amagi was upgraded to town status.

Transport

Ports
Hetono Port

Airport
Tokunoshima Airport

Noted people from Amagi
Kyokunankai Hiromitsu

References

External links

Town website in Japanese]

Towns in Kagoshima Prefecture
Populated coastal places in Japan

Amagi, Kagoshima


بلدية أولولا ديل رايو , هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة المرية. جنوب شرق إسبانيا. يبلغ عدد سكانها 6.358 نسمة.

وصلات خارجية
  (بالإسبانية)

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في المرية
بلديات المرية

أولولا ديل رايو


النخر الأنبوبي الحاد  (أو ATN) هو حالة طبية يحدث فيها تموت للخلايا الأنبوبية (أو الخلايا الظهارية الأنبوبية) المكونة للأنابيب الكلوية .و يشتكي المريض المصاب بهذا النخر من فشل كلوي حاد والذي يعتبر بدوره من أكثر الأسباب المؤدية إلى ذلك، ومن الأمراض الحالات الشائعة أيضا والمسببة للنخر ارتفاع الضغط بالإضافة إلى الأدوية ذات السمية الكلوية. وجود اسطوانة بلون الطين البني في تحليل البول يعطينا تشخيصاً قطعياً لهذا المرض. ولأن الخلايا الأنبوبية تقوم بتجديد نفسها فإن عولج السبب في النخر الأنبوبي فإن إنذار الإصابة يكون جيد جدا، ويتم الشفاء عادة خلال 7-21 يوماً.

التصنيف
يصنف النخر الكلوي الحاد من حيث المنشأ بأنه حالة ذات منشأ كلوي (أي ليس قبل كلوي أو بعد كلوي)، ويمكن تصنيف النخر الإنبوب الحاد من حيث المسبب إما ك سمّي أو إقفاري:
 السمي: يحدث السمي عندما تتعرض الخلايا الأنبوبية إلى مواد ذات سمية كلوية.
 الإقفاري: فيحدث عندما يكون الوارد الأكسجيني للخلايا الأنبوبية قليل وذلك بسبب حساسيتها الشديدة له بسبب معدل استقلابها العالي.

التشخيص
يتم عبر فحص الطرح الجزئي للصوديوم والذي يكون فوق 3% ، بالإضافة إلى فحص البول بحثا عن الاسطوانات ذات اللون الطيني.

انظر أيضاً
 نخر القشرة الكلوية

المراجع

طب الكلى

نخر أنبوبي حاد


Jorge III (en georgiano: გიორგი III) (muerto el 27 de marzo de 1184), de la dinastía Bagrationi, fue rey de Georgia desde 1156 hasta 1184. Su reinado, y el de su hija y sucesora Tamara, son vistos como la «época dorada» de la historia de Georgia, la era del imperio, el éxito diplomático, los triunfos militares, gran aprendizaje, cultural, espiritual, y el florecimiento artístico.

Vida
Sucedió a su padre Demetrio I tras su muerte en 1156. Cambió la política defensiva de su padre a una más agresiva y reinició la ofensiva contra los Selyúcidas de Armenia. El mismo año que ascendió al trono, Jorge lanzó una campaña exitosa contra los Shah Arman, que había participado en casi todas las campañas emprendidas contra Georgia entre 1130 y 1170. Además, habían apoyado a todos los señores feudales desafectos de lo monarcas georgianos y les habían dado asilo.

En 1156 la población cristiana de Ani se levantó contra el emir Fakr al-Din Shaddad, un vasallo de Jorge III, y entregó la ciudad a su hermano Fadl ibn Mahmud. Pero Fadl, tampoco podía satisfacer al pueblo de Ani y ofreció la ciudad a Jorge III, que aprovechó el ofrecimiento para someter a Ani, nombrando a su general Ivane Orbeli como su gobernante en 1161. Una coalición formada por el gobernante de Ahlat, el Shah-Arman Sökmen II, el gobernante de Diyarbakır, Kotb ad-Din il-Ghazi, Al-Malik de Erzerum, y otros fue derrotada por los georgianos. Jorge III marchó entonces contra el rey de Erzerum, al que venció e hizo prisionero, pero que liberó a cambio de un gran rescate. La captura de Ani y la derrota de las fuerzas saltúkidas permitieron al rey georgiano a marchar sobre Dvin. En septiembre/de agosto 1162, Dvin fue ocupado temporalmente y saqueada, la población no cristiana fue objeto de pillaje y las tropas georgianas volvieron a casa con un sustancioso botín. El rey nombró a Ananiya, un miembro de la nobleza feudal local para gobernar la ciudad.

Una coalición de gobernantes musulmanes dirigida por Shams al-Din Eldiguz, gobernante de Adarbadagan y algunas otras regiones, se embarcó en una campaña contra Georgia a comienzos de 1163. A ellos se les unió el Shah-Armen Sökmen II, Ak-Sunkur, gobernante de Maraghe, y otros. Con un ejército de 50.000 hombres marcharon sobre Georgia y el ejército georgiano fue derrotado. El enemigo tomó la fortaleza de Gagi, devastó hasta la región de Gagi y Gegharkunik, capturó prisioneros y botín, y entonces se dirigió a Ani. Los gobernantes musulmanes estaban contentos y se prepararon para una campaña nueva. No obstante, esta vez se encontraron con la respuesta de Jorge III, que marchó sobre Arran a principios de 1166, ocupó una región que extendía hasta Ganyá, devastó el territorio y regresó con prisioneros y botín. En 1167, Jorge III marchó para defender a su vasallo, el Shah Aghsartan de Shirvan contra las agresiones de Jázaros y Kipchakos y fortaleció el poder Georgiano en el área.

Parecía no haber final a la guerra entre Jorge III y el atabeg Eldiguz. Pero los beligerantes estaban tan agotados que Eldiguz propuso un armisticio. Jorge no pudo hacer otra cosa que firmar la paz. Devolvió Ani a sus anteriores poseedores, los Shaddádidas, que se convirtieron en sus vasallos. Los Shaddádidas, gobernaron la ciudad durante aproximadamente 10 años, pero en 1174 Jorge tomó a Shahanshah ibn Mahmud como prisionero y ocupó Ani nuevamente. Ivane Orbeli, fue nombrado gobernador de la ciudad. Durante este periodo, el ejército georgiano se vio reforzado por entusiastas voluntarios armenios que deseaban participar en la liberación de su país.

En 1177, los nobles del reino se levantaron contra el rey y proclamaron al príncipe Demna (Demetrio) como "Rey cierto y lícito de Georgia". Siendo hijo del difunto hermano mayor de Jorge III, David V, Demna fue considerado por muchos como legítimo pretendiente al trono. Aproximadamente 30.000 hombres se rebelaron bajo las órdenes del suegro de Demna, Ivane Orbeli que fortaleció sus posiciones en la ciudadela de Lore y solicitó ayuda a los reinos vecinos. En particular, pidieron ayuda a los Shah Armenios y a los Eldiguzidas, pero sin éxito. Jorge III fue capaz de aplastar la revuelta y se embarcó en una campaña para aplastar a los clanes aristocráticos más levantiscos; Demna fue cegado y castrado y la mayoría de sus parientes políticos asesinados. Ivane Orbeli fue ejecutado y los miembros supervivientes de su familia expulsados de Georgia. Sargis I Mkhargrdzeli fue nombrado gobernador de Ani.

En 1178, Jorge III nombró a su hija y heredera Tamara como heredera aparente y co-gobernante para evitar cualquier disputa después de su muerte. Aun así, permaneció como co-regente hasta su muerte en 1184. Fue enterrado en el monasterio de Gelati, Georgia occidental.

Matrimonio y descendencia
En ca. 1155, Jorge se casó con Burdukhan (Gurandukht), hija de Khuddan, Rey de Alania. Tuvieron dos hijas:
 Tamara, que le sucedió como monarca de Georgia.

 Rusudan, casada con Manuel Comneno, el hijo mayor de Andrónico I que fue brevemente emperador bizantino. Rusudan y Manuel fueron padres de Alejo y David, fundadores del Imperio de Trebisonda.

Referencias
Marie-Félicité Brosset, Histoire de la Géorgie depuis l'Antiquité jusqu'au XIXe siècle, v. 1-7, Saint-Pétersbourg, 1848-58 (lire ce livre avec Google Books : , ), p. 383-403.

Enlaces externos

Reyes de Georgia del siglo XII
Dinastía Bagrationi del reino de Georgia
Monarcas ortodoxos de Georgia

Jorge III de Georgia


Hans Hartvig Seedorff Pedersen er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1945.

Handling
En optagelse af digteren Hans Hartvig Seedorff Pedersen, der fremsiger sit digt Der rider en Konge.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1945

Hans Hartvig Seedorff Pedersen (dokumentarfilm)


Kemik veya süyek, vücudu oluşturan dokular arasında en sert olanıdır. Organizmada gerçek anlamda destek görevi yapan dokudur. Ayrıca organizmanın kalsiyum depolarıdır. Kalsiyum bakımından doymuş olduklarından serttir. Sert olmalarına rağmen kıkırdak dokusundan farkları damar içermeleridir. Bu doku yapısında çeşitli tipte hücreler (osteosit, osteoblast, osteoklast) ve hücrelerarası madde (matrix) bulunmaktadır.

Kemiğin enine kesiti incelendiğinde dış ve iç yüzeyleri bir zarla örtülüdür. Bunlardan dıştakine; periosteum, iç yüzeydekine; endosteum denir. Bu zarlar düzensiz sıkı bağ dokusundan yapılmışlardır. Periosteumun hemen altında dış halkasal sistem yer alır. Endosteumun hemen üstünde ise iç halkasal sistem bulunur.

Havers sistemleri olarak da bilinen osteonlar ise iç ve dış halkasal sistemlerin arasını doldurur. Osteonların ortasında içerisinde kan damarlarının geçtiği Havers kanalları yer alır. Komşu Havers kanalları, Volkmann kanalları vasıtasıyla birleşirler.

Yetişkin bir insan iskeleti 207 kemikten oluşmaktadır. Fakat yeni doğan bir bebeğin ise 300'e yakın kemiği bulunmaktadır. Bu farklılığın sebebi ise insanın yetişkin haline gelirken kemiklerin zamanla birleşmesiyle yeni kemiklerin ortaya çıkmasıdır.

İnsan iskeletindeki kemikler
 Aksiyel iskelet
 Apendiküler iskelet

Kemik anatomisi

 Kemik zarı(Preost): Kemiğin enine büyümesini sağlar.
 Sert kemik: Kemiğin orta kısmında yer alır. İçinde sarı ilik bulunur. Hovers ve Wolkman kanalları bulunur

 Süngerimsi kemik: Gözenekli bir yapısı vardır.

 Kırmızı ilik: Süngerimsi kemikte bulunur. Görevi alyuvarları üretmektir.
 Sarı ilik: Yağ depolar. Gerektiği zaman da kan hücresi üretir.
 Kan damarları: Üretilen kanı vücut damarlarına taşır.
 Eklem kıkırdağı: Kemiğin boyca uzamasını sağlar.

Tıp terimleri

Kemik


Kršćanski radnički pokret (tal. Movimento Cristiano Lavoratori, MCL) je međunarodni radnički pokret kršćanskog predznaka.

Sjedište je u Rimu. Službeni jezik je talijanski. Djeluje kao eklezijalni pokret svjedočenja organizirane evangelizacije, odan zapovjedima nauka Katoličke Crkve. Osnovan je 1970. godine. Službeno je osnovan 8. prosinca 1972. godine. To je bila skupština ponovnog ujedinjenja dviju komponenta koje su napustile Associazioni Cristiane Lavoratori Italiani, talijanske asocijacije socijalne promocije, jer nisu dijelile motive, prospektive i iznad svega pomake na crkvenom i društvenom planu nakon, a u svezi sa socijalističkim zaokretom (svolta socialista) poslije 1968. godine.
MCL je zadržao kao nepohodno, propagirati ideju kapitalizma s ljudskim licem, u kojem se dopunjaju sloboda tržišta, solidarnost i supsidijarnost. Uvijek se poziva na Socijalni nauk Katoličke Crkve u svom nauku, u slici slobode izbora, i duboke zajednice u svim raznim šarolikim sastavnicama svijeta katoličkog asocijacionizma.
U pokretu je 320.000 članova organiziranih u 1840 mjesnih odbora. Predsjednik Kršćanskoga radničkog pokreta od 2001. godine je Carlo Costalli. Kršćanski radnički pokret održava svoje kongrese. Zadnji održani bio je 13. kongres, održan u Rimu od 24. do 27. siječnja 2019. godine pod nazivom "Osnažujemo vlastiti identitet, preko rada izgrađujemo nadu, u Italiji i u Europi", na kojem je bilo više od 795 delegata s pravom glasa. Teme Kongresa bile su identitet, rad, te predstojeći izbori za Europski parlament. Elaborirane teme bile su važnost društveno odgovornih i karitativnih radnji koje za cilj imaju osiguravanje poboljšanja životnih uvjeta ugroženih populacija, poput siromašnih, beskućnika te migranata, kojima je zajedničkim naporima potrebno osigurati život dostojan čovjeka, dohodak građana dohotku građana, socijalne mjere u Italiji koja kroz 18 mjeseci alocira mjesečni iznos od 780 eura građanima koji su izgubili posao ili se našli u objektivnim teškoćama, potreba da dohodak građana ne smije postati samo jedna socijalna mjera već je potrebno razvijati složenije mehanizme pomoći, važnost socijalnog nauka Crkve kao putokaza prilikom društveno odgovornih radnji, posebno prema ugroženim populacijama, nejednak razvoj predjela države, nezaposlenost mladih, migracije te zastarjelo zakonodavstvo koje otežava svaku strukturnu društvenu promjenu, promicanje socijalnog dijaloga te društveno odgovornih radnji, nužnost novih razvojnih politika i političkog angažiranja katolika. HKD Napredak održava višegodišnje strateško partnerstvo s Pokretom.

Vidi
Europski pokret za radnička pitanja (EZA)

Izvori

Kršćanstvo
Radnički pokret

Kršćanski radnički pokret


Svindlerne er en film instrueret af Michael Dinesen.

Handling
De tre unge fyre Casper, Jakob og Kristian er hinandens bedste venner. De er naboer, de er sammen om alt og ses dagligt. Deres venskab er i stor grad baseret på humor og ironi, og de er fælles om en stor interesse for damer, sex, fest og farver. De har også et alvorligt grundvilkår tilfælles. De lider alle tre af muskelsvind, og betegner sig selv som 'svindlere', der formår at få det bedste ud af livet og tusker sig til glæde, nærvær og sjov i et liv, hvor det ellers synes umuligt. De lever et liv spændt fast i en kørestol med apparater, der puster luft i deres skrøbelige kroppe.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2015

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Svindlerne


النمش أو الكُلفة بقع صغيرة بنية اللون على الجلد متناظرة تظهر في منتصف الوجه عادة أو الساعد أو العضد أو الكتفين وأعلى الظهر في أعمار باكرة, تتراجع مع تقدم العمر تصيب ذوي الشعر الأحمر أو الأشقر والنمش مرض وراثي يورث بصفة جسمية سائدة.

التعريف

الاشخاص الذين لديهم بشره حساسه ، يتشكل النمش لديهم بأدنى تعرض للضوء. النمش قد يكون وراثيا أو انتقاليا من جيل لاخر. الاضطراب النادر في الجلد يسمي جفاف الجلد المصطبغ قد يقود لتشكل النمش حيث أنه يجعل الجلد حساس للاشعه فوق البنفسجيه .
يبدأ النمش في شكل بقع مصبوغه ومع الوقت تتحول الي لون بني غامق ومع مرور الزمن تتغير الي بقع حمراء أو صفراء. بشرة الوجه هي الأكثر عرضة للنمش لان الوجه هو الجزء الوحيد الأكثر تعرضاً للشمس، لذلك ستجد الكمية الأكثر من النمش على الخدين والانف والذقن. مع ذلك الأجزاء الأخرى من الجسم كالرقبة والذراعين والرجلين قابلة لتشكل النمش عليها.
النمش هو اضطراب في الجلد ولكن لا يعتبر حالة طبية خطرة. يمكن بسهولة التخلص منه بواسطة وصفات منزلية بسيطة وفعالة. لكن ذلك يتطلب فترة من الزمن والانتظام.

بيولوجيا

يمكن أن يظهر النمش بأي شخص بغض النظر عن الخلفية الوراثية، لكن يبقى النمش مرتبطا بالوراثة عن طريق وجود مستقبلات ميلانوكورتين، وعند التعرض للأشعة فوق البنفسجية الاتية من الشمس تنشط الخلايا لإنتاج الميلانين والتي تزيد من قتامة النمش.
يظهر النمش بالغالب على الوجه مع إمكانية ظهورها في باقي أنحاء الجسم مثل الكتفين، والنمش نادر عند الأطفال الرضع، والأكثر ظهورا عند الأطفال قبل سن البلوغ.

العلاج

قد لا يتلاشى النمش مع تقدم العمر في بعض الحالات لكن من الممكن علاجه بواسطة حمض الستريك أو العلاج بالليزر.
وينصح الأشخاص المصابون بالنمش عدم التعرض لأشعة الشمس لأنهم أكثر عرضة للتعرض للأشعة فوق البنفسجية وكذلك استخدام واقي شمسي

المراجع

انظر أيضا

 واقي شمسي
 حمض الستريك
 الليزر
 الميلانين
 الجلد

أورام ووحمات ميلانينية
تصبغ الجلد
حالات جلدية ناتجة عن عوامل فيزيائية
طب الجلد

نمش


Paolo Lombardo (* 30. August 1941 in Messina) ist ein italienischer Filmschaffender.

Lombardo wirkte von 1958 an ein Jahrzehnt als Drehbuchautor für Genrefilme und produzierte 1967 einen heute vollkommen vergessenen Film Angelo Dorigos. In den 1970er Jahren verlegte er sich auf den Verleih und die Vermarktung etlicher Filme, von denen er zwei auch selbst inszenierte. 1989 und 1993 entstanden zwei weitere von Lombardo produzierte Werke.

Filmografie (Auswahl)

Drehbuch
 1966: El Cisco
 1967: Sein Wechselgeld ist Blei (I giorni della violenza)

Regie
 1972: L'amante del demonio
 1973: Dagli archivi della polizia criminale

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Drehbuchautor
Filmproduzent
Filmregisseur
Italiener
Person (Sizilien)
Geboren 1941
Mann

Paolo Lombardo


Sissinghurst Castle Garden, at Sissinghurst in the Weald of Kent in England, was created by Vita Sackville-West, poet and writer, and her husband Harold Nicolson, author and diplomat. It is among the most famous gardens in England and is designated Grade I on Historic England's register of historic parks and gardens. It was bought by Sackville-West in 1930, and over the next thirty years, working with, and later succeeded by, a series of notable head gardeners, she and Nicolson transformed a farmstead of "squalor and slovenly disorder" into one of the world's most influential gardens. Following Sackville-West's death in 1962, the estate was donated to the National Trust. It was ranked 42nd on the list of the Trust's most-visited sites in the 2021–2022 season, with over 150,000 visitors.

The gardens contain an internationally respected plant collection, particularly the assemblage of old garden roses. The writer Anne Scott-James considered the roses at Sissinghurst to be "one of the finest collections in the world". A number of plants propagated in the gardens bear names related to people connected with Sissinghurst or the name of the garden itself. The garden design is based on axial walks that open onto enclosed gardens, termed "garden rooms", one of the earliest examples of this gardening style. Among the individual "garden rooms", the White Garden has been particularly influential, with the horticulturalist Tony Lord describing it as "the most ambitious ... of its time, the most entrancing of its type."

The site of Sissinghurst is ancient and has been occupied since at least the Middle Ages. The present-day buildings began as a house built in the 1530s by Sir John Baker. In 1554 Sir John's daughter Cecily married Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset, an ancestor of Vita Sackville-West. By the 18th century the Baker's fortunes had waned, and the house, renamed Sissinghurst Castle, was leased to the government to act as a prisoner-of-war camp during the Seven Years' War. The prisoners caused great damage and by the 19th century much of Sir Richard's house had been demolished. In the mid-19th century, the remaining buildings were in use as a workhouse, and by the 20th century Sissinghurst had declined to the status of a farmstead. In 1928 the castle was advertised for sale but remained unsold for two years.

Sackville-West was born in 1892 at Knole, the ancestral home of the Sackvilles. But for her sex, Sackville-West would have inherited Knole on the death of her father in 1928. Instead, following primogeniture, the house and the title passed to her uncle, a loss she felt deeply. In 1930, after she and Nicolson became concerned that their home Long Barn was threatened by development, Sackville-West bought Sissinghurst Castle. On purchasing Sissinghurst, Sackville-West and Nicolson inherited little more than some oak and nut trees, a quince, and a single old rose. Sackville-West planted the noisette rose 'Madame Alfred Carrière' on the south face of the South Cottage even before the deeds to the property had been signed. Nicolson was largely responsible for planning the garden design, while Sackville-West undertook the planting. Over the next thirty years, working with her head gardeners, she cultivated some two hundred varieties of roses and large numbers of other flowers and shrubs. Decades after Sackville-West and Nicolson created "a garden where none was", Sissinghurst remains a major influence on horticultural thought and practice.

History

Early history
The site is ancient; "hurst" is the Saxon term for an enclosed wood. Nigel Nicolson, in his 1964 guide, Sissinghurst Castle: An Illustrated History, records the earliest owners as the de Saxinhersts. Stephen de Saxinherst is named in an 1180 charter about the nearby Combwell Priory. At the end of the 13th century the estate had passed, through marriage, to the de Berhams. Nicolson suggested that the de Berhams constructed a moated house in stone, of an appearance similar to that of Ightham Mote, which was later replaced by a brick manor. More recent studies, including those of Nicolson's son, Adam, cast doubt on the existence of an earlier stone manor, suggesting instead that the brick house, or perhaps a timber construction of a slightly earlier date, occupying the corner of the orchard nearest the moat, was the earliest house on the site. Edward I is reputed to have stayed at this house in 1305.

Rise, decline, collapse: c. 1490–1930

In 1490 the de Berhams sold the manor of Sissinghurst to Thomas Baker of Cranbrook. The Bakers were cloth producers and in the following century, through marriage and careers at court and in the law, Thomas's successors greatly expanded their wealth and their estates in Kent and Sussex. In the 1530s Sir John Baker, one of Henry VIII's Privy Councillors, built a new brick gatehouse, the current West Range. In 1554 Sir John's daughter Cecily married Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset, creating the earliest connection between the Sackville family and the house. Sir John's son Richard undertook a massive prodigy expansion in the 1560s. The Tower is part of that expansion, and formed the entrance to a very large courtyard house, of which the South Cottage and some walls are the only other remaining fragments. Sir Richard surrounded the mansion with an enclosed  deer park and in August 1573 entertained Queen Elizabeth I at Sissinghurst.

After the collapse of the Baker family fortunes following the civil war (1642–1651), the building declined in importance. Horace Walpole visited in 1752: "yesterday, after twenty mishaps, we got to Sissinghurst for dinner. There is a park in ruins and a house in ten times greater ruins." During the Seven Years' War, it became a prisoner-of-war camp. The historian Edward Gibbon, then serving in the Hampshire militia, was stationed there and recorded "the inconceivable dirtiness of the season, the country and the spot". It was during its use as a camp for French prisoners that the name Sissinghurst Castle was adopted; although it was never a castle, there is debate as to the extent to which the house was a fortified manor. In 2018 an important collection of historical graffiti drawn by some of the 3,000 prisoners was uncovered beneath 20th-century plaster.
Around 1800, the estate was purchased by the Mann family and the majority of Sir Richard's Elizabethan house was demolished; the stone and brick were reused in buildings throughout the locality. The castle later became a workhouse for the Cranbrook Union, after which it housed farm labourers. In 1928, the castle was put up for sale for a price of £12,000, but attracted no bids for two years.

Vita Sackville-West and Harold Nicolson: 1930–1968

Vita Sackville-West

Vita Sackville-West, poet, author, and gardener, was born at Knole, about 25 miles from Sissinghurst, on 9 March 1892. The great Elizabethan mansion, home of her ancestors but denied to her through agnatic primogeniture, held enormous importance for her throughout her life. Sissinghurst was a substitute for Knole, and she greatly valued its familial connections. In 1913 Sackville-West married Harold Nicolson, a diplomat at the start of his career. Their relationship was unconventional, with both pursuing multiple, mainly same-sex, affairs. After breaking with her lover Violet Trefusis in 1921, Sackville-West became increasingly withdrawn. She wrote to her mother that she would like "to live alone in a tower with her books", an ambition she achieved in the tower at Sissinghurst where only her dogs were regularly admitted.

From 1946 until a few years before her death, Sackville-West wrote a gardening column for The Observer, in which, although she never referred directly to Sissinghurst, she discussed a wide array of horticultural issues. In an article, "Some Flowers", she discussed the challenge of writing effectively about flowers: "I discovered this only when I started to do so. Before ... I found myself losing my temper with the nauseating phraseology ... and sickly vocabulary employed." In 1955, in recognition of her achievement at Sissinghurst, "bending some stubborn acres to my will", she was awarded the Royal Horticultural Society's Veitch Medal. Her biographer Victoria Glendinning considers Sissinghurst to be Sackville-West's "one magnificent act of creation".

Harold Nicolson

Harold Nicolson, diplomat, author, diarist, and politician, was born in Tehran on 21 September 1886. Following his father into the diplomatic corps, he served as a junior member of the British delegation at the Paris Peace Conference at the end of the First World War, and returned to Iran as Counsellor in 1925. In 1929 he resigned from the Foreign Office to pursue a career in journalism, editing the Londoner's Diary for Lord Beaverbrook's Evening Standard. This proved unsuccessful, as did his subsequent political career, which saw him move from Oswald Mosley's New Party to Clement Attlee's Labour Party.  Throughout, he maintained a detailed private diary. His entry for 4 April 1930, records, "Vita telephones to say she has seen the ideal house – a place in Kent, near Cranbrook, a sixteenth-century castle".

Building a garden

Sackville-West and Nicolson found Sissinghurst in April 1930, after Dorothy Wellesley, their near neighbour and a former lover of Sackville-West's, saw the estate for sale. They had become increasingly concerned about encroaching development near their property Long Barn, near Sevenoaks, Kent. Their offer on Sissinghurst was accepted on 6 May and the castle and the farm around it were bought for £12,375, using only Sackville-West's money rather than Nicolson's. The property was  in total. The house had no electricity, running water, or drains, and the garden was in disarray. Anne Scott-James notes their "planting inheritance" as "a grove of nut-trees, some apple trees, a quince [and] a tangle of old roses". The physical assets on the site were "four buildings of beautiful mellow brick, part of a moat [and] various fine walls". Clearing the ground took almost three years, but by 1939 the garden was largely complete, with the exception of the White Garden. Nicolson was responsible for the design and layout, while Sackville-West, at the head of her team of gardeners, undertook the planting. Simon Jenkins, the architectural writer, describes Nicolson's design as "post-Picturesque, a garden not as an imitation of nature but as imitation of a house", and suggests his thinking was much influenced by Lawrence Johnston's garden at Hidcote. Sackville-West's approach was plant-centred, within the constraints of her husband's plan, "profusion, even extravagance and exuberance, within confines of the utmost linear severity".

The buildings scattered around the site were converted to become an unconventional home. Part of the long brick gatehouse range from Sir John Baker's construction of c.1533 became the library, or Big Room; the tower gatehouse dating from Richard Baker's rebuilding in 1560–1570 became Sackville-West's sitting room, study, and sanctuary. The Priest's House was home to their sons Ben and Nigel, and held the family dining room, while the South Cottage housed their bedrooms and Nicolson's writing room.

The garden was first opened to the paying public for two days in mid-1938.  Thereafter, the opening hours were gradually increased. Despite her love of privacy, Sackville-West came to enjoy greatly her encounters with the visitors, known as "shillingses" on account of the entrance fees they deposited in a bowl at the gate. She described her relationship with them in a 1939 article in the New Statesman: "between them and myself a particular form of courtesy survives, a gardener's courtesy". Nicolson was less welcoming. Sackville-West's Observer articles raised awareness of the garden; Scott-James records photographic articles in Gardening Illustrated, Vogue, and Picture Post, and notes consequently that "increasingly paying visitors poured into Sissinghurst, coming in thousands in the course of a summer".

War and after

Nicolson's diary entry for 26 September 1938 records the tense European atmosphere at the time of the Munich Crisis. "They are making the big room at Sissinghurst gas-proof. I know one who will not be there. He will be in his bed minus gas-mask and with all the windows open." He drove down to Sissinghurst on the day war was declared, encountering an angry woman who shook her fist at him while declaring that the war was the fault of the rich. He found on his arrival at the castle that the Sackville flag had been lowered from the tower. During the Second World War, Sissinghurst saw much of the Battle of Britain, which was mainly fought over the Weald and the English Channel. Nicolson's diary entry for 2 September 1940 reads: "a tremendous raid in the morning and the whole upper air buzzes and zooms with the noise of aeroplanes. There are many fights over our sunlight fields".

In 1956, the BBC proposed making a television programme at Sissinghurst. Although Sackville-West was in favour, Nicolson was opposed. "I have a vague prejudice against (a) exposing my intimate affections to the public gaze; (b) indulging in private theatricals." He later withdrew his objections, but Sackville-West declined the BBC's offer in order to please him. In 1959 the American CBS network broadcast a four-way discussion from the dining room at the Priest's House, between Nicolson, the journalist Edward R. Murrow, and the diplomats Chip Bohlen and Clare Boothe Luce. Sackville-West intensely disliked the result.

Sackville-West died in the first-floor bedroom of the Priest's House on 2 June 1962. Nicolson recorded her death in his diary: "Ursula is with Vita. At about 1.5 she observes that Vita is breathing heavily, and then suddenly is silent. She dies without fear or self-reproach. I pick some of her favourite flowers and lay them on her bed". Her death devastated Nicolson and his last years were not happy. Giving up his Albany apartment in May 1965, he retired to Sissinghurst and thereafter he never stayed anywhere else. He died of a heart attack in his bedroom at the South Cottage on 1 May 1968.

Nigel Nicolson

Nigel Nicolson had always been devoted to his father, and admiring of his more distant mother. Preserving Sissinghurst was "an act of intense filial duty". He had first raised the possibility of giving the house and garden to the National Trust in 1954, but Sackville-West was adamantly opposed. After her death in 1962, which saw the castle pass to him although Benedict was the elder son, he began lengthy negotiations to bring about the handover. The Trust was cautious: it felt that an endowment beyond the Nicolsons' means would be required, and it was also unsure that the garden was of sufficient importance to warrant acceptance. Sir George Taylor, Chairman of the National Trust's Gardens Committee doubted it was "one of the great gardens of England", and had to be persuaded of its merits by Sackville-West's close friend and one-time lover, the gardener Alvilde Lees-Milne. Discussions continued until, in April 1967, the castle, garden, and Sissinghurst Farm were finally accepted.

Although always intending to transfer Sissinghurst to the Trust, Nigel Nicolson undertook major remodelling at the castle. Unwilling to live in four separate structures – the Big Room, the Tower, the Priest's House, and the South Cottage – he built a substantial family home in the half of the entrance range that stood on the side of the gateway opposite from the library. He died at the castle on 23 September 2004.

National Trust: 1967–present
The National Trust took over the whole of Sissinghurst – its garden, farm, and buildings – in 1967. Since then, the number of visitors has steadily increased. Anne Scott-James,  the author of the first non-Nicolson history of the garden, records 13,200 visitors in 1961, the year of Sackville-West's death, 47,100 in 1967, when the castle passed to the Trust, and 91,584 by 1973. It is now among the Trust's most popular properties, receiving nearly 200,000 visitors in 2017. Although the increased foot traffic has necessitated the replacement of the grass paths with York paving stones, the entry fees generate considerable income which, under the terms of the handover, can only be expended on Sissinghurst. In 2008, Adam Nicolson described the estate as "better funded than it has been since the 16th century". Major works of reconstruction, such as the restoration of the Tower brickwork, and the cataloguing and conservation of the collection of books in the library, have been made possible by the availability of these funds.

The property has an iconic status in LGBTQ culture; Adam Nicolson has noted "rivers of lesbians coming through the gate" each spring. The castle was one of the sites chosen in 2017 as a focus for the celebration of the LGBTQ history of Trust buildings. In the same year, the Trust opened the South Cottage to visitors for the first time.  the gardens are open to the public daily from 7 March to 31 October. It was ranked 42nd on the list of the Trust's most-visited sites in the 2021–2022 season, with over 150,000 visitors.

Adam Nicolson

Adam Nicolson, Nigel's son and the resident donor after his father's death, and his wife Sarah Raven, have sought to restore a form of traditional Wealden agriculture to Sissinghurst Farm. Their work to reunite the garden with its wider landscape is described in Adam's 2008 book, Sissinghurst: An Unfinished History, which won the Ondaatje Prize, and was the subject of a BBC Four documentary, Sissinghurst, in 2009. Their efforts have generated some controversy, reflecting the tension between the demands of traditional agricultural practices and the requirements of a major tourism destination in the 21st century.

Architecture and landscape

Plan

Buildings
The site is a Grade I registered garden, and many other structures within the garden are listed buildings in their own right.

West Range

The West Range forms part of Sir John Baker's original house of the 1530s. Sackville-West and Nicolson enlisted architect A.R. Powys to help convert the stables into a library, known as the Big Room and containing an important literary collection. For the design of the Big Room, they also employed Philip Tilden. The room as a whole is a recreation of Knole, "Vita's record of her disinheritance". Powys provided most of the architectural input into the conversion of the buildings at Sissinghurst, including the Priest's House and the South Cottage, as well as occasionally advising on elements of the design of the gardens.

The range is of brick and of two storeys, with attics and decorated gables and chimneys. The wing to the south was converted into a family home by Nigel Nicolson. The coat of arms of the Carnocks above the entrance archway was brought to Sissinghurst by Nicolson. The West Range has a Grade I listing.

Tower

The Tower is of brick and was the entrance to the cour d'honneur of the 1560s rebuilding. Of four storeys, it has recessed staircase turrets to each side, creating what the architectural historian Mark Girouard described as an "extraordinarily slender and elegant" appearance. The courtyard was open on the tower side, its three facades containing seven classical doorways. Girouard notes Horace Walpole's observation of 1752, "perfect and very beautiful". Such an arrangement of a three-sided courtyard with a prominent gatehouse set some way in front became popular from Elizabethan times, similar examples being Rushton Hall and the original Lanhydrock.

The Tower was Sackville-West's sanctum; her study was out of bounds to all but her dogs and a small number of guests by invitation. Her writing room is maintained largely as it was at the time of her death. Nigel Nicolson records his discovery in the Tower of his mother's manuscript describing her affair with Violet Trefusis. This went on to form the basis of his book Portrait of a Marriage. The clock, below the Tower parapet, was installed in 1949. A plaque is affixed to the arch of the Tower; the words were chosen by Harold Nicolson: "Here lived V. Sackville-West who made this garden". Nigel Nicolson always felt that the memorial failed to acknowledge his father's contribution. The Tower has a Grade I listing.

Priest's House

The architectural historian John Newman suggests that this building was a "viewing pavilion or lodge". Its name derives from the tradition that it was used to house a Catholic priest, the Baker family having been Catholic adherents. Sackville-West and Nicolson converted the cottage to provide accommodation for their sons, and the family kitchen and dining room. Of red brick and two storeys, Historic England suggests that the building may originally have been attached to Sir Richard Baker's 1560s house but Newman disagrees.

South Cottage
This building formed the southeast corner of the courtyard enclosure buildings. It was restored by Beale & Son, builders from Tunbridge Wells, and provided the pair with separate bedrooms, a shared sitting room, and Nicolson's writing room. His diary entry for 20 April 1933 records: "My new wing has been done. The sitting room is lovely ... My bedroom, w.c. and bathroom are divine". Of two storeys in red brick, with an extension dating from the 1930s, South Cottage has a Grade II* listing.

Gardens

Although the estate as a whole is , the gardens themselves occupy only . Anne Scott-James sets out the principles of the design: "a garden of formal structure, of a private and secret nature, truly English in character, and plant[ed] with romantic profusion". As gardeners and landscapers, both Sackville-West and Nicolson were amateurs. Nicolson largely undertook the design and Sackville-West the planting. The landscape is designed as a series of "garden rooms", each with a different character of colour or theme, the enclosures being high clipped hedges and pink brick walls. The rooms and "doors" are so arranged as to offer glimpses into other parts of the garden.

Sackville-West described the overall design: "a combination of long axial walks, usually with terminal points, and the more intimate surprise of small geometrical gardens opening off them, rather as the rooms of an enormous house would open off the corridors". Nicolson considered the garden's success was down to this "succession of privacies: the forecourt, the first arch, the main court, the tower arch, the lawn, the orchard. All a series of escapes from the world, giving the impression of cumulative escape". In the White Garden and along some paths in other gardens, the flower beds were set off from the paths by closely clipped low square hedges of box.

Sackville-West's planting philosophy is summed up in the advice from one of her gardening columns in the Observer: "Cram, cram, cram, every chink and cranny". Gardener Sarah Raven (Adam Nicolson's wife) notes the use of the vertical dimension, as well as horizontal paths, in her planting. Assisted by the number of walls still standing from the Tudor manor, and constructing more of her own, Sackville-West remarked "I see we are going to have heaps of wall space for climbing things."

Old roses formed the centrepiece of the planting, and their history appealed to her as much as their appearance did: "there is nothing scrimpy or stingy about them. They have a generosity which is as desirable in plants as in people", and ultimately around 200 varieties were grown at Sissinghurst.

Influences
Edwin Lutyens, long-time gardening partner of Gertrude Jekyll, was a friend to both Sackville-West and Nicolson and a frequent visitor to Long Barn, and gave advice regarding Sissinghurst. Sackville-West denied that Jekyll's work had an impact on her own designs, but Nigel Nicolson described Lutyens' influence as "pervasive". Fleming and Gore go further, suggesting that the use of groupings of colours "followed Jekyll"; "a purple border, a cottage garden in red, orange and yellow, a walled garden pink [and] purple, a white garden, a herb garden". Scott-James notes however that herbaceous borders, "Jekyll's speciality", were much disliked by Sackville-West. Other influencers and friends were the noted plantswoman Norah Lindsay, the plant collector Collingwood Ingram, who was their neighbour at Benenden, and Reginald Cooper, one of Nicolson's closest friends, whose earlier garden at Cothay Manor in Somerset has been described as the "Sissinghurst of the West Country". Sackville-West's considerable knowledge of old roses was deepened by her friendship with Edward Bunyard, plantsman, epicure, and the author of Old Garden Roses, who was a frequent visitor. The historian Peter Davey places the garden at the very end of a tradition of Arts and Crafts gardening which by the 1930s, in the face of changes in "taste and economics", had almost come to its close.

The concept of "garden rooms" has been dated to the Romans, who included rooms within some homes that opened on one side onto a garden. The horticultural scholar and gardener Marie-Luise Gothein identified such a room at Pliny's Villa Tusci, in her study A History of Garden Art. In the late 19th century, reaction set in against both the Victorian fashion for elaborate bedding and Italianate formality, and the earlier 18th century landscape gardening modelled on the paintings of Claude Lorrain and Nicolas Poussin. This led in part to a concept of the "garden room" (distinct from the architectural concept of a sunroom as a garden room) as a space out of doors, in which paths, corresponding to halls in a house, lead to enclosed gardens within the garden as a whole, conceived of as rooms. The architect Hermann Muthesius described the style which developed into the Arts and Crafts approach in his  ("The English House"): "the garden is seen as a continuation of the rooms of the house, almost a series of ... outdoor rooms, each of which is self-contained". A number of pre-Sissinghurst gardeners, including Jekyll and Lawrence Johnston, had designed in this style, and much of their work was known to Sackville-West and Nicolson. This landscaping feature has since become an established one in garden design.

Many of the gardening themes developed at Sissinghurst were conceived during Sackville-West's and Nicolson's time at Long Barn: the prominence of roses, the emphasis on "rectilinear perspectives" through axial paths, and an informal, massed planting approach. Jane Brown suggests that "without Long Barn there would have been no Sissinghurst."

Head gardeners

John Vass, appointed head gardener in 1939, left in 1957. Called up to the RAF in 1941, he had urged that the hedges be maintained, confident that everything else in the garden could be restored after the war. Ronald Platt succeeded him from 1957 to 1959. In 1959 Pamela Schwerdt and Sibylle Kreutzberger were appointed as joint replacements. They remained at Sissinghurst until 1991, their contributions, "as much, if not more than Vita's, mak[ing] it the most admired and popular 20th-century garden in England". In 2006 they were awarded the Royal Horticultural Society's Victoria Medal of Honour for their work at Sissinghurst. The pair were followed as head gardener by Sarah Cook, who was succeeded by Alexis Datta.

In 2014, Troy Scott Smith, previously head gardener at Bodnant, was appointed – the first male head gardener since the 1950s. He has written of the challenges of maintaining the garden "in the manner of its creator, after they have gone". In 2018 Scott Smith announced plans to extend the flowering season at Sissinghurst beyond the autumn period established by Schwerdt and Kreutzberger, into the winter months, allowing for year-round opening of the garden. The gardening writer and landscape critic Tim Richardson, writing in 2015, described Scott Smith's re-making of the garden: "Sissinghurst, more than any other garden I know, inspires extremes of emotion. There is a feeling that this is Britain's leading garden – and so, arguably, the world's, a status that has proven to be both a great boon and an albatross around its neck". Scott Smith's plans include the reinstatement of every species of rose known to have been grown by Sackville-West. A new history of the garden by Sarah Raven was published in 2014. Sissinghurst continues to exert considerable influence, being described as a "Mecca" and a "place of pilgrimage" for gardeners from around the world and encouraging many imitators.

Top Courtyard and Tower Lawn

Entered through the archway in the West Range, that had been blocked for over 100 years before Sackville-West and Nicolson's arrival, the Top Courtyard is dominated by the Tower. Planted against a new wall constructed on ancient foundations is the Purple Border, a colour palette deliberately chosen by Sackville-West in defiance of Gertrude Jekyll's dictum against massing purple flowers. The gardening writer Tony Lord considers it "the courtyard's greatest glory". The height of the Tower attracts considerable wind which necessitates intensive staking of the plants, particularly the taller specimens such as Sackville-West's much-favoured Rosa moyesii. On the opposite side of the Tower is the Tower Lawn, also known as the Lower Courtyard; Nicolson emphasised that "the English lawn is the basis of our garden design". The west–east vista from the Top Courtyard, through the Tower gateway, across the Tower Lawn, and to the statue of Dionysus across the moat, forms one of the most important horizontal axes. It bisects the north–south axis running from the White Garden, across the Tower Lawn, to the Roundel in the Rose Garden. In the southwestern corner of the Tower Lawn is a small garden known as the Sunk Garden. It was created in 1930 as the Lion Pond, but the pond was prone to leaking and was drained in 1939. The site was subsequently considered for planting what became the White Garden, but was ultimately rejected as too confined, shady, and damp. The Trust is considering reinstatement of the pool.

White Garden

"A symphony in subtle shades of white and green", the White Garden is considered the "most renowned" and most influential of all of Sissinghurst's garden rooms. Planned before the war, it was completed in the winter of 1949–1950. Using a palette of white, silver, grey, and green, it has been called "one of Vita and Harold's most beautiful and romantic visions". Sackville-West recorded her original inspiration in a letter to Nicolson dated 12 December 1939: "I have got what I hope will be a lovely scheme for it: all white flowers, with some clumps of very pale pink". The concept of single-colour gardens had enjoyed some popularity at the end of the 19th century, but few such gardens remained when Sissinghurst was designed. Influences for the White Garden include Hidcote and Phyllis Reiss's garden at Tintinhull, both of which Vita had seen. Gertrude Jekyll had discussed the concept, but argued for varying the white palette with the use of blue or yellow plants, advice followed by Reiss. But neither Hidcote nor Tintinhull equals the "full-scale symphony" of the White Garden at Sissinghurst. A more prosaic motivation for the colour scheme was to provide reflected illumination for Sackville-West and Nicolson as they made their way from their bedrooms at the South Cottage to the Priest's House for dinner.

The focal point of the garden was originally four almond trees, encased in a canopy of the white rose, Rosa mulliganii. By the 1960s, the weight of the roses had severely weakened the trees, and they were replaced with an iron arbour designed by Nigel Nicolson. Beneath the arbour is sited a Ming dynasty vase bought in Cairo. A lead statue of a Vestal Virgin, cast by Toma Rosandić from the wooden original which is in the Big Room, presides over the garden. Sackville-West intended that the statue should be enveloped by a weeping pear tree, Pyrus salicifolia 'Pendula', and the present tree was planted after her original was destroyed in the Great Storm of 1987. Lord considers the White Garden "the most ambitious and successful of its time, the most entrancing of its type".

A possibly apocryphal story records a visit by the colour-loving gardener Christopher Lloyd, during which he is supposed to have scattered seeds of brightly coloured nasturtiums across the lawn. Troy Scott Smith, the current head gardener, is undertaking a major research project on the history of the White Garden with the intention of recreating the original planting scheme in its entirety. This project has seen the number of plants being propagated in the Sissinghurst nursery rise from 400 to over 530.

Rose Garden

The Rose Garden was constructed on the site of the old kitchen garden from 1937. It terminates the north–south axis running from the White Garden and concludes with a brick wall, designed by A. R. Powys and known as the Powys Wall, constructed in 1935. Old garden roses, those bred before 1867, formed the heart of the garden's planting. Such roses appealed not only for their lavish appearance, but also for their history. The informal and unstructured massing of the plants was Sackville-West's deliberate choice, and has become one of Sissinghurst's defining features. Roses were supplied by, among others, Hilda Murrell of Edwin Murrell Ltd., notable rose growers in Shropshire, and the florist Constance Spry from her home Winkfield Place. In addition to using established suppliers and receiving plants as gifts from friends, Sackville-West sometimes sourced specimens herself. Sarah Raven records Sackville-West digging up the hybrid perpetual rose 'Souvenir du Docteur Jamain' at an old nursery; Anne Scott-James noted that the rose had passed out of commerce and it was Sackville-West who returned it to cultivation. The Rose Garden is divided by the Roundel, constructed of yew hedging by Nicolson and Nigel in 1933. As elsewhere in the garden, the Trust has replaced the original grass paths with stone and brick, to cope with the increases in visitor numbers. Scott-James considered the roses in the Rose Garden "one of the finest collections in the world". The writer Jane Brown describes the Rose Garden, more than any other including the White, as expressing "the essence of Vita's gardening personality, just as her writing-room enshrines her poetic ghost".

Delos and Erechtheum
Delos, between the Priest's House and the courtyard wall, was the one area of the garden that neither Sackville-West nor Nicolson considered a success. She explained its origins in an article in Country Life in 1942 as being inspired by the terraced ruins covered with wild flowers she had observed on the island of Delos. Neither the shade nor the soil, nor its inter-relationships with other parts of the garden, have proved satisfactory, either in the Nicolson's time or subsequently. The Erechtheum, named after one of the temples at the Acropolis, is a vine-covered loggia and was used as a place for eating out of doors.

Cottage and Herb Gardens

The dominating colours in the Cottage Garden are hot saturated shades of red, orange, and yellow, a colour scheme that both Sackville-West and Nicolson claimed as their own conception. Lord considers it as much a traditional "cottage garden as Marie Antoinette was a milkmaid". Here, as elsewhere, Sackville-West was much influenced by William Robinson, a gardener she greatly admired and who had done much to popularise the concept of the cottage garden. It contains four beds, surrounded by simple paths, with planting in colours that Sackville-West described as those of the sunset. Plants include a range of dahlias, a particular favourite of Nicolson's, and the red-hot poker, which he despised. In a 1937 letter to his wife he observed, "I think the secret of your gardening is simply that you have the courage to abolish ugly or unsuccessful flowers. Except for those beastly red-hot pokers which you have a weakness for, there is not an ugly flower in the whole place."

The Herb Garden contains sage, thyme, hyssop, fennel and an unusual seat built around a camomile bush. Known to the family as Edward the Confessor's chair, it was constructed by Copper, the Nicolson's chauffeur. Originally laid out in the 1930s, the garden was revitalised by John Vass in the years immediately after the Second World War. The Lion Basin in the centre of the garden was brought back from Turkey in 1914. Most of the over one hundred herbs in the garden are now started in the nurseries and planted out at appropriate times of year.

Walks, the Nuttery, and the Moat

The Lime Walk, also known as the Spring Garden, was the one part of Sissinghurst where Nicolson undertook the planting as well as the design. He had originally intended a single axis running straight from the Rose Garden, through the Cottage Garden, and then through the Nuttery to the moat, but the topography of the site precluded that. Instead, an angled walk was established in the mid-1930s, and substantially replanted in 1945–1962. Sackville-West was critical of the angularity of the design, comparing it to Platform 5 at Charing Cross station, but treasured it as her husband's creation. "I walked down the Spring Garden and all your little flowers tore and bit at my heart. I do love you so, Hadji. It is quite simple: I do love you so. Just that." The limes are pleached and the dominant plant is Euphorbia polychroma 'Major'. Nicolson kept meticulous gardening records of his efforts in the Lime Walk from 1947 to the late 1950s and, providing consolation after the end of his parliamentary career, he described the walk as "My Life's Work".

The Yew Walk runs parallel to the Tower Lawn. Its narrow width has been problematic, and by the late 1960s the yew hedges were failing. Extensive pruning proved successful in revitalising the avenue.

The Nuttery was famed for its carpet of polyanthus. Nicolson called it "the loveliest planting scheme in the whole world". Unlike the other gardens, where flowering plants were placed within flower beds, in the Nuttery and the Orchard plants were allowed to spread across lawns as though they were growing in the wild. By the 1960s, the plants were dying, and attempts to improve the soil did not assist. The primrose carpet was replaced in the 1970s by a mixture of woodland flowers and grasses.

The Moat Walk stands on the old bowling green constructed by Sir Richard Baker in the 1560s and his reconstructed moat wall provides the axis. The azaleas were bought with the £100 Heinemann prize Sackville-West received in 1946 for her last published poem, The Land. The wisteria were a gift from her mother, Lady Sackville, as were the six bronze vases. A bench designed by Lutyens terminates one end of the walk, the other focal point being the statue of Dionysus across the moat. The two arms of the moat that remain from the medieval house are populated by goldfish, carp, and golden orfe.

Orchard
The Orchard was an unproductive area of fruit trees when the Nicolsons arrived. The unplanned layout was retained as a contrast to the formality of most of the garden; the fruit trees were paired with climbing roses and the area provided space for the many gifts of plants and trees they received. The rose Rosa filipes 'Kiftsgate', a present from Sackville-West's friend and fellow gardener Heather Muir of Kiftsgate Court, is one example. This part of the garden suffered particularly severe losses in the Great Storm of 1987 and much replanting has taken place. The Orchard is the setting for two structures planned by Nigel Nicolson and commissioned in memory of his father: the boathouse and the gazebo. The gazebo, of 1969, is by Francis Pym and has a candlesnuffer roof intended to evoke those of Kentish oast houses. The boathouse, of timber construction and with Tuscan colonnades, dates from 2002 and is by the local architectural firm Purcell Miller Tritton.

Plants

Tony Lord has noted that Sackville-West and Nicolson intended the gardens at Sissinghurst to be a source of personal enjoyment, rather than to be a public garden displaying rare plants. Aside from Sackville-West's interest in collecting and preserving rare varieties of old roses, the other garden plants were selected primarily for their abilities to look good and grow successfully in their intended planting sites, as opposed to assembling a collection of rare plants from around the world. Later, in the 1960s, Pamela Schwerdt and Sibylle Kreutzberger decided to propagate the most successful flowering plant varieties in order to offer them for sale and make them more easily available to amateur gardeners.

Roses
The collection of rose varieties at Sissinghurst is considered to be extraordinary as well as to encapsulate Sackville-West's approach to gardening. In 1953, John Vass counted 194 rose varieties on the property. A few modern rose varieties are included: the floribunda rose 'Iceberg' is planted in the White Garden, having been supplied by Hilda Murrell to supplement plant losses after a hard winter following Sackville-West's death, and the bright scarlet climbing hybrid tea 'Allen Chandler' grows on each side of the entrance gate to the Top Courtyard.

The focus of Sackville-West's collection was, however, on species roses and old garden varieties. Sackville-West described her love of the old roses, saying that one should "discard the idea that roses must be limited to certain accepted and accustomed colours, and to welcome the less familiar purples and lilacs, and the striped, flaked, mottled variations which recall the old Dutch flower-paintings; to approach them, in fact, with open and unprejudiced eyes, and also with a nose that esteems the true scent of a rose warmed by the sun." She was especially fond of the bourbon roses 'Madame Isaac Péreire' and 'Madame Pierre Oger'. Graham Stuart Thomas, who helped locate rose varieties for Sissinghurst and advised Sackville-West on the design of the Rose Garden, described 'Madame Isaac Péreire' as "[p]ossibly the most powerfully fragrant of all roses", and 'Madame Pierre Oger' as having a "formal perfection unique among roses".

When she first visited the property, Sackville-West came upon a dark red, double-flowered form of Rosa gallica growing wild and apparently dating from earlier plantings there. She eventually planted it in the Orchard, and it is now known as the cultivar 'Sissinghurst Castle'. In 1930, even before the deeds to the property had been signed, she planted the noisette rose 'Madame Alfred Carrière' on the south face of the South Cottage, making it the first rose she would plant in the gardens.

In the Rose Garden itself, many roses were planted singly, but two deep pink varieties, the bourbon 'Madame Lauriol de Barny' and the damask 'La Ville de Bruxelles', were planted closely in groups of three and allowed to grow together, providing focal points on the left and right sides, respectively, of the garden.

In the White Garden, Rosa mulliganii is trained over an arbour to provide the centrepiece of the design. Several varieties are trained to climb up trees in the Orchard. These include 'Albéric Barbier', described by Thomas as "a great favourite" among the hybrids of Rosa wichuraiana. Another is 'Félicité et Perpétue', a Rosa sempervirens hybrid that was named for the two daughters of the gardener to the Duke of Orléans in 1827, who were, in turn, named after Perpetua and Felicity. A third is the noisette 'Madame Plantier', of which Sackville-West wrote: "I go out and look at her in the moonlight: she gleams, a pear-shaped ghost, contriving to look both matronly and virginal."

Trees and hedges

For the most part, Sackville-West and Nicolson simply kept the large trees that were already growing on the property, to serve as the major specimens. These included numerous ancient oaks that frame many of the individual gardens. The Orchard was made up of apple and pear trees that had been planted long before; Sackville-West and Nicolson decided to keep them and use them as supports for climbing roses. Similarly, the Nuttery consisted entirely of filberts that appear to have been planted around 1900.

Some trees were added to the plantings, notably the limes of the Lime Walk. A bed of Magnolia liliiflora 'Nigra' is at the southern end of the Lower Courtyard, and some Magnolia grandiflora are on the walls of the Top Courtyard. A coral tree is in the Lower Courtyard. Some Malus and Prunus previously in the Rose Garden died out, as have Robinia pseudoacacia, Cercidiphyllum japonicum, and Koelreuteria paniculata in the Cottage Garden. A catalpa was planted as a focal point of the Lower Courtyard lawn in 1932, and Nicolson liked to sit beneath it and read, but it died in the 1960s.

Hedges play a critical role in defining the "garden rooms". Yews, hornbeams, and box are each used in this way, clipped into formal square-edged rows of various heights. Yews are also pruned into vertical accents that mimic the shape of Italian cypress.

Named cultivars

In addition to the 'Sissinghurst Castle' rose, multiple other flowering plants have been grown at Sissinghurst and given names honouring the property or the people associated with it. Sackville-West herself had low enthusiasm for naming plants in this way, and she and Nicolson actually dug up and discarded a rose that was named 'Lady Sackville' after her mother. There are numerous plants that have been given trade names based on the gardens, including Tanacetum parthenium 'Rowallane' which has often been mislabelled as 'Sissinghurst', but there are several that are grown at or were discovered at Sissinghurst and were named to reflect the association.

Sackville-West made an exception to her dislike of naming plants in memory of people and purchased Viola 'Lady Sackville' late in her life, around 1960, planting it in the Delos. A few years after her death, a seedling appeared that seems to have been a spontaneous cross between 'Lady Sackville' and the variety 'Nellie Britton' that was growing alongside it. It had flowers of a rich pink that were larger than those of the parent varieties. The gardeners named it 'Vita'. Sackville-West had also grown a variety of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) that self-seeded in the Tower steps, and differed from the common variety in having upright rather than trailing stems, and flowers of a deeper shade of blue. It has come to be recognized as a distinct cultivar, and named 'Sissinghurst Blue'.

In 1969, a gardener in Kent bred a cultivar of dwarf bearded iris with reddish-purple flowers. He gave a specimen to Sissinghurst, where it was planted in the Purple Border, and named Iris 'Sissinghurst'. During the 1970s, a pink-flowered specimen of Glandularia (Verbena) was given to the garden and named 'Sissinghurst'. In 1976, the garden was given a distinctive specimen of Pulmonaria officinalis that, unlike the species, has large white flowers (along with the white-spotted leaves of the species). It was planted in the White Garden and named 'Sissinghurst White'. Around 1977, the gardeners purchased a collection of seedlings of Thalictrum aquilegiifolium. They selected the best plant, having larger flowers, and propagated it. This plant was added to the White Garden and named 'White Cloud'. From a planting of Penstemon 'Evelyn', which is a selection of Penstemon barbatus, a specimen was named 'Sissinghurst Pink', although Lord does not consider it to be distinct from 'Evelyn'.

In the late 1980s, Pamela Schwerdt and Sibylle Kreutzberger found a specimen of Phlox stolonifera with a remarkably rich purple colour in a florist's shop near the Chelsea Flower Show. They planted it in the Top Courtyard and named it 'Violet Vere' after Schwerdt's mother, who had been President of the Wild Flower Society and was celebrating her ninetieth birthday.

Footnotes

See also

 History of gardening (with a list of notable historical gardens)

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

 Sissinghurst Castle Garden information at the National Trust
 Blog written by the current gardeners at Sissinghurst
 Photo essay/visual overview with plan
 Video tour of Sissinghurst
 Vita Sackville-West reads from her poem The Land

Bloomsbury Group locations
Buildings and structures in the Borough of Tunbridge Wells
Gardens in Kent
Grade I listed buildings in Kent
Grade I listed parks and gardens in Kent
National Trust properties in Kent
Rose gardens in Kent

Sissinghurst Castle Garden


Moneda bizantină utilizată în Imperiul Roman de Răsărit, după căderea celui de Apus, consta îndeosebi în două tipuri de piese: solidus sau nomisma și o varietate de piese de bronz clar evaluate.

Iconografie

Primele piese bizantine se înscriu în convențiile romane târzii: pe avers, împăratul este reprezentat mai degrabă din față decât din profil, iar pe revers, în general un simbol creștin precum o cruce, o alegorie a Victoriei, sau un înger (ultimele două tind să nu formeze decât unul).

Piesele de aur ale lui Iustinian al II-lea s-au demarcat de aceste convenții introducând un bust al lui Isus Hristos pe avers, și un semiportret sau unul întreg al împăratului, pe revers. Aceste inovații au avut și efectul de a-l conduce pe califul  Abd al-Malik, care copiase, până atunci, stilul bizantin să înlocuiască simbolurile creștine cu echivalentele lor islamice, să dezvolte un stil propriu Islamului, fără portret sau reprezentări pe fiecare parte. Acest stil a fost adoptat practic pe toate piesele musulmane până în epoca modernă.

Stilul lui Iustinian al II-lea a fost reluat după sfârșitul iconoclasmului și, deși a suferit câteva modificări, a rămas normă până la sfârșitul Imperiului.

Piesele bizantine au urmărit până la extrem tendința ca piesele de metal prețios să devină mai mari și mai fine, pe măsură ce trecea timpul. Ultimele piese de aur puteau fi pliate în mână.

Moneda bizantină avea un prestigiu care a durat aproape până la sfârșitul Imperiului. Suveranii europeni, când au putut să-și bată propriile lor monede, au urmărit o versiune simplificată a modelului bizantin, cu portretul lor din față.

Denominații
Începutul a ceea ce se numește "monedă bizantină" este reforma monetară a lui Anastasiu I în 498, care a pus capăt sistemului monetar al Imperiului Roman târziu, și care consta în piese de aur – solidus – și de bronz nummi. Nummus-ul era o piesă foarte mică de 8 până la 10 mm puțin practică, întrucât trebuiau foarte multe, chiar pentru tranzacții de mică importanță.

Noile piese de bronz au fost stabilite ca multipli de nummus: 40 nummi, 20 nummi, 10 nummi, 5 nummi. Pe avers era reprezentată efigia foarte stilizată a împăratului, iar pe revers era indicată valoarea nominală a piesei potrivit numerației grecești (M=40, K=20, I=10, E=5).

Piesele de argint erau rar emise, singura emisă regulat era miliaresion, a cărei finețe era variabilă și a cărei greutate se situa, în general,  între 7,5g și 8,5g. Miliaresion a fost bătut pentru prima oară la începutul secolului al VI-lea, dar pare mai obișnuit de la mijlocul secolului al VII-lea până în secolul al IX-lea din era creștină. În timpul acestei perioade, micile tranzacții erau făcute cu piese de bronz.

La începutul secolului al IX-lea, tetarteron-ul, cântărind trei sferturi dintr-un solidus, a fost bătut în paralel cu solidus, cele două păstrând titlul standard, pentru a fi acceptată de piață valoarea lor egală, permițându-se astfel o economie de aur.  Tetarteron-ul a devenit impopular încă de la punerea sa în circulație și nu a fost reemis decât sporadic în cursul secolului al X-lea.

Solidus neschimbat, cunoscut și sub numele de nomisma, a fost denumit histamenon.

Solidus a rămas un standard al comerțului internațional cu un titlu care varia între 955‰ și 980‰ până în secolul al XI-lea, când a fost depreciat sub mai mulți împărați succesivi, începând cu Constantin Monomahul, până n-a mai conținut decât 15 % aur, sub Roman Diogenes.

Alexie I Comnenul a reformat în întregime denominațiile și a instaurat hyperperul în 1092, ceva mai ușor decât histamenon (4,48g în loc de 4,5g) și cu titlul 875‰ (adică de 21 de carate). A rămas în circulație până la sfârșitul Imperiului, deși a fost și el depreciat începând cu a doua jumătate a secolului al XIV-lea.

Piesele calificate drept scifate erau concave și, în general, făcute din electrum și din bilon. Deși rațiunea exactă a fabricării unor asemenea piese este necunoscută, se crede că ele erau așa pentru ușurința stivuirii lor.

La sfârșitul Imperiului, cele mai multe piese aflate în circulație erau de origine venețiană, dovadă a dependenței sale economice față de fosta sa vasală.

Bibliografie
 Alfred Bellinger & Philip Grierson, Catalogue of Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton and in Whittemore Collection, Washington, 1966-1973
 Herlan J. Berk, Eastern Roman Successors of the Sestertius, Chicago, 1986
 Hugh Goodacre, A Handbook of the Coinage of the Byzantine Empire, London 1928-1931 (retipărită în 1965)
 Philip Grierson, Byzantine Coins, Berkeley, 1982
 Wolfgang Hahn, Moneta Imperii Byzantini, Vienna, 1973-1981 (3 vol.), ISBN 978-3-7001-0005-8
 Cécile Morrisson, Catalogue des monnaies byzantine de la Bibliotèque Nationale, Paris, 1970
 Rodolfo Ratto, Monnaies byzantine, Catalog de vânzări, Amsterdam, 1930 (retipărită în 1959)
 Diego Ricotti Prina, La monetazione aurea delle zecche minori bizantine dal VI al IX secolo, Roma, 1972
 Justin Sabatier, Description générale des monnaies byzantines frappées sous les Empereurs d'Orient, în 2 volume, Paris, 1862
 David Spear, Byzantine Coins & their Value, Londra, 1974
 Rodolfo Spahr, Le monete siciliane dai Bizantini a Carlo I d'Angiò, Zurich, 1976
 Jean Tolstoi, Monnaies byzantine, 1912 (ristampa 1968)
 Warwick William Wroth, Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum, London, 1908

Legături externe
 Byzantine coinage by rulers
 Byzantine coinage by Sear numbers
 Digital Library Numis (DLN)  Online books and articles on Byzantine coins
 Talking about Ancient and Byzantine Coins: Interview with Yannis Stoyas  An informative October 2015 interview on the Byzantine coinage with a leading Greek numismatist

Vezi și
 Solidus
 Monedă romană
 Nomisma
 Nomisma histamenon
 Nomisma tetarteron
 Hyperpyron
 Basilikon

Istoria Imperiului Bizantin
Monede din Evul Mediu

Numismatică

Monedă bizantină


St. Vrain je naseljeno neuključeno područje u okrugu Curryju u američkoj saveznoj državi Novom Meksiku.

Promet
Nalazi se na prometnicama broj 60 i broj 84 26,2 km zapadno od Clovisa. St. Vrain imao je poštanski ured od 1907. sve dok nije zatvoren 13. kolovoza 2011. godine. Naselje još ima svoj ZIP kod, 88133.

Zemljopis
Ime je prikupio United States Geological Survey između 1976. i 1981. u prvoj fazi prikupljenja zemljopisnih imena, a Informacijski sustav zemljopisnih imena (Geographic Names Information System) ga je unio u popis 13. studenoga 1980. godine.

Nalazi se na .

Ostalo
U St. Vrainu je i meteorološka postaja.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Fotografije istočnog Novog Meksika i Llano Estacada

Neuključena područja u Novom Meksiku

St. Vrain, Novi Meksiko