Emilio Colombo (11. apríl 1920 – 24. júní 2013) var ítalskur stjórnmálamaður, meðlimur í Kristilega demókrataflokknum og forsætisráðherra Ítalíu frá 1970 til 1972. Hann gegndi fjölda annarra ráðherraembætta á Ítalíu á tímabili sem spannaði allt frá 1955 til 1993. Hann var jafnframt forseti Evrópuþingsins frá 1977-79.

Æviferill
Colombo lauk lögfræðiprófi frá Háskólanum í Rómarborg árið 1941. Í kjölfarið skráði hann sig í herinn og barðist í seinni heimsstyrjöldinni þar til Ítalir drógu sig út úr stríðinu. Á þessum árum varð Colombo einarður and-fasisti. Hann gekk til liðs við Kristilega demókrata og varð yngsti þingmaðurinn á ítalska þinginu eftir kosningarnar árið 1946. Þar með hófst jafn og þéttur tröppugangur hans á sviði stjórnmálanna.

Hann átti mikilvægan þátt í stórfelldum landbúnaðarumbótum á Ítalíu sem samþykktar voru af þinginu árið 1950 og voru styrktar af Marshalláætluninni. Umbætur þessar voru taldar einhverjar þær mikilvægustu í þróun ítalsks þjóðfélags og drógu úr ægivaldi stórra landeigenda.

Colombo varð forsætisráðherra í ágúst 1970. Í stjórnartíð hans var áfram unnið að umbótum í landbúnaði. Þá má nefna ýmis konar löggjöf sem miðaði að því að styrkja stöðu kvenna á vinnumarkaði, m.a. með fæðingarorlofi. Forsætisráðherratíð Colombo stóð aðeins í eitt og hálft ár, en eftir að henni lauk hélt hann áfram þátttöku í stjórnmálum og gegndi ýmsum ráðherraembættum. Árið 2003 var hann settur öldungardeildarþingmaður til lífstíðar, sem eru æðstu metorð ítalskra stjórnmálamanna. Hann tók virkan þátt í störfum öldungadeildarinnar til dauðadags árið 2013.

Forsetar Evrópuþingsins
Colombo, Emilio

Emilio Colombo


A segunda temporada de Bicicleta e Melancia foi exibida entre 5 de setembro de 2011 e 5 de outubro de 2011 pelo canal pago Multishow, tendo sido escrita por Rodrigo Nogueira e dirigida por Jorge Nassaralla.

Sinopse
Diana e Marco, os personagens protagonistas da série, se apaixonam, mas são totalmente diferentes um do outro e possuem dificuldade para superar essas diferenças ao longo da trama. Enquanto Diana é mais culta, Marco gosta de surfar e levar a vida sem muito compromisso.

Elenco
Alguns personagens não retornaram para a segunda temporada, pois os atores escalados decidiram atuar em outros projetos.

Principal

Ligações externas

Programas do Multishow
Séries de televisão de comédia dramática do Brasil
Séries de televisão de comédia dramática da década de 2010
Programas de televisão do Brasil que estrearam em 2010
Programas de televisão do Brasil encerrados em 2010
Programas de televisão em língua portuguesa

Bicicleta e Melancia (2.ª temporada)


Rudolf Petri (* 27. Mai 1915 in Bonn; † 5. November 1980 in Nouméa, Neukaledonien) war ein deutscher buddhistischer Mönch und Schriftsteller, Leiter des Ordens Arya Maitreya Mandala in Südvietnam und exponierter Esperantist.

Leben
Als überzeugter Gegner des Nationalsozialismus meldete sich Petri nach Hitlers Machtergreifung bei der französischen Fremdenlegion. Nach einer schweren Verwundung in Marokko lebte er in Frankreich. Von den deutschen Besatzern aufgegriffen, wurde er im Konzentrationslager Dachau inhaftiert. Nach der Entlassung gelang ihm die Flucht nach Schweden, wo er heiratete. Als seine Frau nach nur einem Ehejahr im Wochenbett starb, entschloss Petri sich, ein buddhistischer Mönch zu werden. Er wanderte als Bettelmönch durch Indien, wo er neben dem Buddhismus auch den Jainismus studierte.

In Indien begegnete Petri seinem Lehrer Lama Anagarika Govinda, von dem er am 21. November 1953 in den Orden Arya Maitreya Mandala aufgenommen wurde. Dieser Orden kennt zwar keinen Zölibat, lässt aber auch zölibatäre Mönche in seinen Reihen zu. Rudolf Petris Initiationsname war Anuruddha nach dem Verfasser der klassischen Schrift Abhidhammatthasangaha.

Petri ließ sich in Südvietnam nieder, wo er in Vũng Tàu 1969 den buddhistischen Tempel Arya Maitreya Vihara gründete. Der Tempel war Maitreya gewidmet. Von hier leitete er die südvietnamesische Ordensprovinz des Arya Maitreya Mandala und betreute "über Vietnam hinaus Mitglieder in Südasien, etwa Singapur." Für die Ausbildung von Ordenskandidaten etablierte er an seinem Tempel eine Akademie, die dem von Ernő Hetényi geleiteten Alexander Csoma de Koros Institute for Buddhology angeschlossen wurde.
In Vietnam entfaltete Petri eine umfangreiche Publikations- und Lehrtätigkeit. Darüber hinaus setzte er sich für politische und gesellschaftliche Freiheiten der Buddhisten in Vietnam ein.

1973, nach Ende des Vietnamkriegs wurde er von der Nationalen Front für die Befreiung Südvietnams für neun Monate inhaftiert. Nach seiner Haftentlassung trat er einen Erholungsurlaub in Deutschland an, um sich danach in den USA und Asien bis an sein Lebensende der Betreuung aus Vietnam geflohener Buddhisten zu widmen.

Einsatz gegen die Unterdrückung der Buddhisten
Als 1955 bis 1963 unter der Herrschaft des katholischen Nationalisten Ngô Đình Diệm der Buddhismus in Vietnam unterdrückt wurde, schickte man Petri, der durch seine deutsche Staatsbürgerschaft einen gewissen Schutz gegen Übergriffe Diệms genoss, mit einem Hilferuf in andere Länder Asiens, darunter zum indischen Ministerpräsidenten Jawaharlal Nehru: "Ein westdeutscher Mahāyāna-Mönch, Bhikṣu Anuruddha (Dr. R. Petri), wurde vom Sangha in Vietnam beauftragt, für die Sache der Buddhisten in Vietnam einzutreten. Er kam am 4. Juli 1963 nach Birma. Ende Juli übergab er in Indien Ministerpräsident Nehru ein Beglaubigungsschreiben der Buddhistischen Sangha-Vereinigung von Vietnam. Nehru berichtete ihm, daß Präsident Diêm auf seine dringenden Mahnungen, den Konflikt beizulegen, lakonisch geantwortet habe:

'Do not worry about the Vietnam Buddhist monks. They are Communists.' ['Sorgen Sie sich nicht um die vietnamesischen buddhistischen Mönche. Sie sind Kommunisten']

Nehru äußerte seine Befriedigung darüber, daß ihm Anuruddha die Unwahrheit dieser Behauptung Diêms bestätigen konnte."

Literarische Aktivitäten
Petri übersetzte zahlreiche buddhistische Texte ins Esperanto, weil er überzeugt war, dass dieser Plansprache eine große Zukunft beim weiteren Zusammenwachsen der Menschheit bevorsteht. Er war Präsident der "Budhana Ligo Esperantista", der Vereinigung buddhistischer Esperantisten, die er 1956 auf dem vierten buddhistischen Weltkongress in Kathmandu vertrat. Seine Bücher und Abhandlungen, die meist in englischer und vietnamesischer Sprache erschienen, umfassen zahlreiche Themen des Buddhismus und der Philosophie Indiens, Vietnams und Tibets. Von 1951 bis 1961 gab er die Zeitschrift La Dharmo heraus, in der Fachartikel über den Buddhismus in Esperanto veröffentlicht wurden. Petri war auch in der Schopenhauer-Gesellschaft aktiv.

Werke
Rudolf Petri veröffentlichte seine Bücher unter verschiedenen Namen, darunter T.T. Anuruddha, R.P. Anuruddha und Dorje Gyaltsen Bhikshu.
 T.T. Anuruddha: Tiel Parolis La Buddho Kaj Liaj Disciploj. Vũng Tàu 1971
 T.T. Anuruddha: Grundlagen des Jainismus: Religion der Gewaltlosigkeit. Aus indischen Quellen. Bodhisattva Csoma Institut für Buddhologie 1972
 T.T. Anuruddha: La Vojo al Nirvano. Vũng Tàu 1973
 R.P. Anuruddha: An Introduction into Lamaism: The Mystical Buddhism of Tibet. Erstausgabe: Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute 1959. Neudruck: Literary Licensing 2011, ISBN 978-1-258-00092-9

Literatur
 Hellmuth Hecker: "Rudolf Petri." In: Lebensbilder deutscher Buddhisten. Ein bio-bibliographisches Handbuch. Band II: Die Nachfolger. Universität Konstanz Forschungsberichte 1992
 Volker Zotz: "Der Geisterseher. Erinnerungen an Anuruddha Rudolf Petri." In: Damaru (), Nr. 27 1995

Weblinks
 History of the Arya Maitreya Mandala

Einzelnachweise

Buddhistischer Mönch
Person des Mahayana-Buddhismus
Person (Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus)
Häftling im KZ Dachau
Esperantist
Übersetzer ins Esperanto
Autor
Emigrant aus dem Deutschen Reich zur Zeit des Nationalsozialismus
Angehöriger des Arya Maitreya Mandala
Deutscher
Geboren 1915
Gestorben 1980
Mann

Rudolf Petri


Tena Nemet Brankov (Zagreb, 4. siječnja 1994.) je hrvatska kazališna, filmska i televizijska glumica.

Životopis
Kći je preminulih hrvatskih glumaca Slavka Brankova i Marine Nemet. Morala se iseliti iz obiteljskog doma 2012., jer je Grad Zagreb tražio da vrati stan od 55 kvadrata koji je njezinim roditeljima dao na korištenje. Nakon što je završila Gimnaziju Tituša Brezovačkog u Zagrebu, diplomirala je 2017. godine glumu na zagrebačkoj Akademiji dramske umjetnosti. Prvu filmsku ulogu imala je u drami "Trampolin" za koju je dobila Zlatnu arenu za sporednu ulogu na Pulskom filmskom festivalu 2016. godine, a prvu kazališnu ulogu u drami "Fine mrtve djevojke" krajem 2014. godine.

Filmografija

Filmske uloge
 "General" kao Jelica (2019.)
 "Trampolin" kao Nika (2016.)
 "Djevojke" (kratki film) kao Tena (2016.)
 "Ljubav ili smrt" kao Lotte (2014.)

Televizijske uloge
 "Majstori" kao Nataša Kosić (2022.)
 "Kumovi" kao Valentina (2022.)
 "Šutnja" kao Goga (2021.)
 "General" kao Jelica (2019.)
 "Ko te šiša" kao mlada Marie (2017.)
 "Počivali u miru" kao Buga Koretić (2017.)
 "Novine" kao Lara Tomašević (2016. – 2020.)
 "Crno-bijeli svijet" kao Selma (2016.)
 "Nemoj nikome reći" kao Iva Tarle (2015. – 2017.)
 "Operacija Kajman" kao Sanja (2007.)

Sinkronizacija
 "UglyDolls" kao Tuesday (2019.)
 "Hugo i lovci na duhove" kao Lola Thompson (2016.)

Radijske uloge
 "Jesenja lica" (2019.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Kazališne uloge Tene Nemet Brankov
 Stranica na Instagramu

Hrvatski filmski glumci
Hrvatski kazališni glumci
Hrvatski televizijski glumci

Tena Nemet Brankov


පරිබ්බාජකකථා
1
එවං මෙ සුතං - එකං සමයං භගවා අන්තරා ච රාජගහං අන්තරා ච නාළන්දං අද්ධානමග්ගප්පටිපන්නො හොති මහතා භික්ඛුසඞ්ඝෙන සද්ධිං පඤ්චමත්තෙහි භික්ඛුසතෙහි. සුප්පියොපි ඛො පරිබ්බාජකො අන්තරා ච රාජගහං අන්තරා ච නාළන්දං අද්ධානමග්ගප්පටිපන්නො හොති සද්ධිං අන්තෙවාසිනා බ්‍රහ්මදත්තෙන මාණවෙන. තත්‍ර සුදං සුප්පියො පරිබ්බාජකො අනෙකපරියායෙන බුද්ධස්ස අවණ්ණං භාසති, ධම්මස්ස අවණ්ණං භාසති, සඞ්ඝස්ස අවණ්ණං භාසති; සුප්පියස්ස පන පරිබ්බාජකස්ස අන්තෙවාසී බ්‍රහ්මදත්තො මාණවො අනෙකපරියායෙන බුද්ධස්ස වණ්ණං භාසති, ධම්මස්ස වණ්ණං භාසති, සඞ්ඝස්ස වණ්ණං භාසති. ඉතිහ තෙ උභො ආචරියන්තෙවාසී අඤ්ඤමඤ්ඤස්ස උජුවිපච්චනීකවාදා භගවන්තං පිට්ඨිතො පිට්ඨිතො අනුබන්ධා (අනුබද්ධා (ක. සී. පී.)) හොන්ති භික්ඛුසඞ්ඝඤ්ච.
2
අථ ඛො භගවා අම්බලට්ඨිකායං රාජාගාරකෙ එකරත්තිවාසං උපගච්ඡි (උපගඤ්ඡි (සී. ස්‍යා. කං. පී.)) සද්ධිං භික්ඛුසඞ්ඝෙන. සුප්පියොපි ඛො පරිබ්බාජකො අම්බලට්ඨිකායං රාජාගාරකෙ එකරත්තිවාසං උපගච්ඡි (උපගඤ්ඡි (සී. ස්‍යා. කං. පී.)) අන්තෙවාසිනා බ්‍රහ්මදත්තෙන මාණවෙන. තත්‍රපි සුදං සුප්පියො පරිබ්බාජකො අනෙකපරියායෙන බුද්ධස්ස අවණ්ණං භාසති, ධම්මස්ස අවණ්ණං භාසති, සඞ්ඝස්ස අවණ්ණං භාසති; සුප්පියස්ස පන පරිබ්බාජකස්ස අන්තෙවාසී බ්‍රහ්මදත්තො මාණවො අනෙකපරියායෙන බුද්ධස්ස වණ්ණං භාසති, ධම්මස්ස වණ්ණං භාසති, සඞ්ඝස්ස වණ්ණං භාසති. ඉතිහ තෙ උභො ආචරියන්තෙවාසී අඤ්ඤමඤ්ඤස්ස උජුවිපච්චනීකවාදා විහරන්ති.
3
අථ ඛො සම්බහුලානං භික්ඛූනං රත්තියා පච්චූසසමයං පච්චුට්ඨිතානං මණ්ඩලමාළෙ සන්නිසින්නානං සන්නිපතිතානං අයං සඞ්ඛියධම්මො උදපාදි - ''අච්ඡරියං, ආවුසො, අබ්භුතං, ආවුසො, යාවඤ්චිදං තෙන භගවතා ජානතා පස්සතා අරහතා සම්මාසම්බුද්ධෙන සත්තානං නානාධිමුත්තිකතා සුප්පටිවිදිතා. අයඤ්හි සුප්පියො පරිබ්බාජකො අනෙකපරියායෙන බුද්ධස්ස අවණ්ණං භාසති, ධම්මස්ස අවණ්ණං භාසති, සඞ්ඝස්ස අවණ්ණං භාසති; සුප්පියස්ස පන පරිබ්බාජකස්ස අන්තෙවාසී බ්‍රහ්මදත්තො මාණවො අනෙකපරියායෙන බුද්ධස්ස වණ්ණං භාසති, ධම්මස්ස වණ්ණං භාසති, සඞ්ඝස්ස වණ්ණං භාසති. ඉතිහමෙ උභො ආචරියන්තෙවාසී අඤ්ඤමඤ්ඤස්ස උජුවිපච්චනීකවාදා භගවන්තං පිට්ඨිතො පිට්ඨිතො අනුබන්ධා හොන්ති භික්ඛුසඞ්ඝඤ්චා''ති.
4
අථ ඛො භගවා තෙසං භික්ඛූනං ඉමං සඞ්ඛියධම්මං විදිත්වා යෙන මණ්ඩලමාළො තෙනුපසඞ්කමි; උපසඞ්කමිත්වා පඤ්ඤත්තෙ ආසනෙ නිසීදි. නිසජ්ජ ඛො භගවා භික්ඛූ ආමන්තෙසි - ''කායනුත්ථ, භික්ඛවෙ, එතරහි කථාය සන්නිසින්නා සන්නිපතිතා, කා ච පන වො අන්තරාකථා විප්පකතා''ති? එවං වුත්තෙ තෙ භික්ඛූ භගවන්තං එතදවොචුං - ''ඉධ, භන්තෙ, අම්හාකං රත්තියා පච්චූසසමයං පච්චුට්ඨිතානං මණ්ඩලමාළෙ සන්නිසින්නානං සන්නිපතිතානං අයං සඞ්ඛියධම්මො උදපාදි - 'අච්ඡරියං, ආවුසො, අබ්භුතං, ආවුසො, යාවඤ්චිදං තෙන භගවතා ජානතා පස්සතා අරහතා සම්මාසම්බුද්ධෙන සත්තානං නානාධිමුත්තිකතා සුප්පටිවිදිතා. අයඤ්හි සුප්පියො පරිබ්බාජකො අනෙකපරියායෙන බුද්ධස්ස අවණ්ණං භාසති, ධම්මස්ස අවණ්ණං භාසති, සඞ්ඝස්ස අවණ්ණං භාසති; සුප්පියස්ස පන පරිබ්බාජකස්ස අන්තෙවාසී බ්‍රහ්මදත්තො මාණවො අනෙකපරියායෙන බුද්ධස්ස වණ්ණං භාසති, ධම්මස්ස වණ්ණං භාසති, සඞ්ඝස්ස වණ්ණං භාසති. ඉතිහමෙ උභො ආචරියන්තෙවාසී අඤ්ඤමඤ්ඤස්ස උජුවිපච්චනීකවාදා භගවන්තං පිට්ඨිතො පිට්ඨිතො අනුබන්ධා හොන්ති භික්ඛුසඞ්ඝඤ්චා'ති. අයං ඛො නො, භන්තෙ, අන්තරාකථා විප්පකතා, අථ භගවා අනුප්පත්තො''ති.
5
''මමං වා, භික්ඛවෙ, පරෙ අවණ්ණං භාසෙය්‍යුං, ධම්මස්ස වා අවණ්ණං භාසෙය්‍යුං, සඞ්ඝස්ස වා අවණ්ණං භාසෙය්‍යුං, තත්‍ර තුම්හෙහි න ආඝාතො න අප්පච්චයො න චෙතසො අනභිරද්ධි කරණීයා. මමං වා, භික්ඛවෙ , පරෙ අවණ්ණං භාසෙය්‍යුං, ධම්මස්ස වා අවණ්ණං භාසෙය්‍යුං, සඞ්ඝස්ස වා අවණ්ණං භාසෙය්‍යුං, තත්‍ර චෙ තුම්හෙ අස්සථ කුපිතා වා අනත්තමනා වා, තුම්හං යෙවස්ස තෙන අන්තරායො. මමං වා, භික්ඛවෙ, පරෙ අවණ්ණං භාසෙය්‍යුං, ධම්මස්ස වා අවණ්ණං භාසෙය්‍යුං, සඞ්ඝස්ස වා අවණ්ණං භාසෙය්‍යුං, තත්‍ර චෙ තුම්හෙ අස්සථ කුපිතා වා අනත්තමනා වා, අපි නු තුම්හෙ පරෙසං සුභාසිතං දුබ්භාසිතං ආජානෙය්‍යාථා''ති? ''නො හෙතං, භන්තෙ''. ''මමං වා, භික්ඛවෙ, පරෙ අවණ්ණං භාසෙය්‍යුං, ධම්මස්ස වා අවණ්ණං භාසෙය්‍යුං, සඞ්ඝස්ස වා අවණ්ණං භාසෙය්‍යුං, තත්‍ර තුම්හෙහි අභූතං අභූතතො නිබ්බෙඨෙතබ්බං - 'ඉතිපෙතං අභූතං, ඉතිපෙතං අතච්ඡං, නත්ථි චෙතං අම්හෙසු, න ච පනෙතං අම්හෙසු සංවිජ්ජතී'ති.
6
''මමං වා, භික්ඛවෙ, පරෙ වණ්ණං භාසෙය්‍යුං, ධම්මස්ස වා වණ්ණං භාසෙය්‍යුං, සඞ්ඝස්ස වා වණ්ණං භාසෙය්‍යුං, තත්‍ර තුම්හෙහි න ආනන්දො න සොමනස්සං න චෙතසො උප්පිලාවිතත්තං කරණීයං. මමං වා, භික්ඛවෙ, පරෙ වණ්ණං භාසෙය්‍යුං, ධම්මස්ස වා වණ්ණං භාසෙය්‍යුං, සඞ්ඝස්ස වා වණ්ණං භාසෙය්‍යුං, තත්‍ර චෙ තුම්හෙ අස්සථ ආනන්දිනො සුමනා උප්පිලාවිතා තුම්හං යෙවස්ස තෙන අන්තරායො. මමං වා, භික්ඛවෙ, පරෙ වණ්ණං භාසෙය්‍යුං, ධම්මස්ස වා වණ්ණං භාසෙය්‍යුං, සඞ්ඝස්ස වා වණ්ණං භාසෙය්‍යුං, තත්‍ර තුම්හෙහි භූතං භූතතො පටිජානිතබ්බං - 'ඉතිපෙතං භූතං, ඉතිපෙතං තච්ඡං, අත්ථි චෙතං අම්හෙසු, සංවිජ්ජති ච පනෙතං අම්හෙසූ'ති.

සීලක්ඛන්ධ වග්ග


Die Cheyne Range ist ein Gebirge im Zentrum des australischen Bundesstaates Tasmanien. Die Gebirgskette befindet sich im Südostteil des Cradle-Mountain-Lake-St.-Clair-Nationalparks, südöstlich des Lake St. Clair.

Berge
Höchste Erhebung ist der ganz im Norden, östlich des Hauptkammes, gelegene Mount Olympus  mit 1.449 m Höhe. Weiter südlich, ebenfalls östlich des Hauptkammes, liegt der 1.403 m hohe Mount Hugel . An der Südspitze der Cheyne Range befindet sich der Mount Gell  mit 1.447 m Höhe.

Flüsse und Seen
An der Ostseite der Cheyne Range, am Mount Hugel, entspringt der Franklin River, an der Nordwestseite der Alma River und an der Nordwestseite, am Mount Olympus der Cuvier River. Östlich des Hauptkammes befinden sich etliche Seen, so der Lake Curly, der Lake Dixon und der Lake Undine.

Weblinks und Quellen
 LISTmap (Cheyne Range). Department of  Primary Industries and Water. Tasmanian Government

Gebirge in Australien und Ozeanien
Gebirge in Tasmanien
Tasmanische Wildnis

Cheyne Range


Piazza della Signoria er en L-formet plads foran Palazzo Vecchio i Firenze, Italien. De fik navn efter Palazzo della Signoria, der også kaldes Palazzo Vecchio. Det var arnestedet for Republikken Firenze og den har stadig ry for at være et politisk fokus for byen. Det er et kendt mødested for Firenzes beboere samt for de mange turister, der besøger byen hvert år. Den ligger nær Palazzo Vecchio og Piazza del Duomo og indgangen til Galleria degli Uffizi.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Virtual Tour of Piazza della Signoria

Firenze
Torve og pladser i Italien

Piazza della Signoria


La microrregión de Cerro Azul es una de las microrregiones del estado brasileño de Paraná perteneciente a la mesorregión Metropolitana de Curitiba. Su población fue estimada en 2009 por el IBGE en 31.661 habitantes y está dividida en tres municipios. Posee un área total de 3.471,972 km².

Municipios

 Adrianópolis
 Cerro Azul
 Doutor Ulysses

Cerro Azul

Microrregión de Cerro Azul


الانزياح نحو الأزرق هو نوع من السرعة الشعاعية وهو ينتج عن تأثير دوبلر ويدل الانزياح نحو الأزرق على اقتراب الجرم السماوي من موقع الراصد. أتى اسمه من أن الموجات القصيرة ذات لون أزرق حيث أن اقتراب الجرم يتسبب في صدور موجة قصيرة منه وبالتالي بازرقاق ضوئه. الانزياح نحو الأحمر هو عكس الانزياح نحو الأزرق حيث أنه يعني أن الجرم يبتعد عنا وأتى اسمه من الموجة الحمراء الطويلة. في عام 1929 قام العالم الفلكي إدوين هابل باكتشاف أن المجرات تبتعد عنا بسبب ازياحها نحو الأحمر واستطاع معرفة أن مجرة أندروميدا تقترب منا ببطئ بسبب انزياحها نحو الأزرق (انظر: اصطدام أندروميدا ودرب اللبانة). لكن الأجرام أو المجرات خصوصا ذات الازياح نحو الأزرق قليلة بينما معظمها ذات انزياح نحو الأحمر، وهناك بعض النجوم ذات الانزياح نحو الأزرق مثل نجم برنارد والذي سجل أعلى مقدار حركة خاصة من بين كل النجوم حتى الآن، فهو يتحرك بسرعة كبيرة نسبيا مقترباً منا. ومن مسببات الانزياح نحو الأزرق غير اقتراب الجرم بكامله منا:
 اقتراب أذرع المجرات الحلزونية منا أثناء دوران مجرة حلزونية حول نفسها.
 دوران النجوم الثنائية حول بعضها أو دوران الكواكب خارج النظام الشمسي حول نجومها، وبالتالي فسوف تتسبب بانزياح نحو الأزرق عندما تقترب منا في مسار حركتها.

فيزياء فلكية.
.
.

مراجع

تأثيرات الجاذبية
تحليل طيفي فلكي
علم الكون الفيزيائي
موجات

انزياح نحو الأزرق


Peter John Snow  (born 20 April 1938) is a British radio and television presenter and historian. Between 1969 and 2005, he was an analyst of general election results, first on ITV and later for the BBC. He presented Newsnight from its launch in 1980 until 1997. He has presented a number of documentaries, including some with his son, Dan Snow.

Early life
Snow was born in Dublin, the son of John FitzGerald Snow and Margaret Mary Pringle. He is the grandson of First World War general Sir Thomas D'Oyly Snow; first cousin of Jon Snow, the presenter of Channel 4 News from 1989 to 2021; nephew of schoolmaster and bishop George D'Oyly Snow; and brother-in-law of historian-writer Margaret MacMillan. He is the father of fellow TV presenter Dan Snow.

He spent part of his early childhood in Benghazi, Libya, where his father was stationed. His father became deputy Fortress commander at Gibraltar in 1956.

Education
Snow was educated at Wellington College, an independent school in the village of Crowthorne in Berkshire, and subsequently read Greats at Balliol College, Oxford, where he was taught by classicist and ancient historian Russell Meiggs and moral philosopher R. M. Hare.  From 1956 to 1958 he did National Service as a junior officer in the Somerset Light Infantry, serving in Plymouth and Warminster.

Life and career
Snow was a foreign correspondent, Defence and Diplomatic Correspondent, and occasional newscaster for Britain's Independent Television News (ITN). He also appeared as an election analyst and co-presenter of ITN's General Election programmes throughout the late 1960s and 1970s. He joined the organisation in 1962. He gained a much higher profile after he was recruited in 1979 to be the main presenter of the new late evening BBC 2 in-depth news programme Newsnight, which began almost a year later than planned, in January 1980. He left Newsnight in 1997 and presented Tomorrow's World (with Philippa Forrester) and the BBC Radio 4 quizzes Masterteam and Brain of Britain, amongst other projects. At the Royal Television Society in 1998, Snow won the Judges' Award for services to broadcasting.

Snow has been involved as an election analyst and co-presenter in the live General Election results programmes for many years, first at ITN for five General Elections (1966–1979) and later at the BBC for a further six (1983–2005). He presented in-depth statistical analyses of the election results at both ITN and the BBC, and at the BBC took over responsibility for this in 1983, following the death of Robert McKenzie, and became largely associated with McKenzie's BBC "Swingometer" when it was reinstated in 1992. In his presenting, he often made use of props and graphics. During the Falklands War in 1982 and the First Gulf War in early 1991, he used a sandpit to illustrate the progress of the combat. In 1994, he parodied his election role by providing analysis of the entries for the Eurovision Song Contest in the BBC's two contest preview shows ahead of the final in Dublin. His data analysis predicted that either France or the United Kingdom would win. They finished seventh and tenth respectively.

Snow survived a plane crash at Port Blakely, Bainbridge Island, Washington on 1 October 1999 when the de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver, registration number N9766Z, in which he was a passenger hit trees during a film project for the BBC.

Along with his son, Dan, Snow presented 'Battleplan: El Alamein' for the BBC in October 2002 to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the allied defeat of Rommel's Afrika Korps. They then went on in 2004 to make the eight-part BBC series Battlefield Britain, covering battles on British soil from Boudicca's struggle with the Romans to the Battle of Britain. They demonstrated the hardships that the much smaller soldiers must have faced (Peter is 6'5" and Dan is 6'6"). They reunited to host 20th Century Battlefields for BBC 2 and the Military Channel in 2006. This covered battles all around the world from the Battle of Amiens in the First World War in 1918 to the Gulf War of 1990–1, and was presented in similar fashion to the first Battlefield Britain. Peter and Dan Snow authored BBC books with the same titles to coincide with the TV shows.

Peter and Dan Snow also presented "Whose Britain is it anyway?", a survey of the ownership of Britain's countryside, in 2006, "What makes Britain rich?" in early 2007 and "What Britain earns" in 2008. Peter and Dan have also made two history series for BBC Radio Four on the Black Prince, on Wellington's Peninsular War, and the story of the Royal Flying Corps. He also presented "Random Edition" over a number of years, a Radio Four programme that examined in detail the stories in a newspaper chosen at random from one day in history.

On 6 October 2005, the BBC announced that Snow would cease working on election broadcasts. Snow said "I shall be over 70 at the next general election and that, frankly, is a bit old to be dancing around in front of huge graphic displays." In July 2006, Snow presented "Pompeii Live" for Channel 5, a live outside broadcast telling the story of the Roman towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum. In January 2008, while presenting What Britain Earns, a BBC programme about salaries in the UK alongside his son, Snow admitted to earning around £100,000 a year. In the summer of 2008, Peter presented a six part series for Channel 5, "Brits who Made the Modern World", a celebration of great twentieth century British engineers and inventors. In August 2008, Snow appeared in the reality TV talent show-themed television series, Maestro on BBC Two.

In July 2009, to coincide with the 40th anniversary of the NASA Moon landings, ITN produced five special 10-minute programmes for ITV titled Mission to the Moon – News from 1969. Snow participated in these programmes, acting as a correspondent alongside former ITN colleague John Suchet, the presenter of the specials. Snow also presented a special on BBC Radio 4 focusing on Britain's First Day of War in 1939. In June 2013, Snow presented D-Day As it Happens for Channel 4.

In July 2016, Snow presented Trainspotting Live – a three part television series about trains and trainspotting on BBC Four.
In June 2018 Peter presented a five-part series for Channel Four Great Train Restorations which created a so-called Time Train from four refurbished railway carriages.
In July 2019 Peter presented Planespotting Live for BBC4 with co-presenter Andi Peters.

Books
In addition to presenting programmes, Snow has written a number of books besides the ones written with his son, Dan. In 1970, he wrote "Leila's Hijack War" with a journalist colleague, David Phillips, telling the story of the international crisis that was caused by Palestinian guerrillas, including Leila Khaled, who hijacked three airliners and blew them up on a desert airstrip.  In 1972, he wrote "Hussein", the Biography of King Hussein of Jordan. In 2010. Snow published "To War with Wellington", the story of the Iron Duke's campaigns from Portugal to Waterloo. In 2013, he published "When Britain burned the White House", the story of the 1814 British invasion of Washington.

In 2015, he published "The Battle of Waterloo Experience" with his son Dan on the occasion of the bicentenary of the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815. In 2016, they went on to write "Treasures of British History, The Nation's History told through its 50 Most Important Documents".

In 2017, Peter and his wife, Ann MacMillan of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), wrote "War Stories, Gripping Tales of Courage, Cunning and Compassion", which was published by John Murray.
In 2020, Peter and Ann wrote "Treasures of World History, the Story of Civilisation in 50 documents" published by Welbeck.

In popular culture
On the show Horrible Histories, a regular sketch in the show, 'HHTV News' featuring Bob Hale, is a character whose personality is similar to that of Peter Snow. He is known for his catchphrases 'But not for long!' and 'Or so we thought!' and usually concludes with a summary but then starts talking more.

Personal life
Snow has been married twice, and has six children from three relationships. His eldest son, French citizen Matthieu, was born before his first marriage, although Snow was not aware of his existence until he was an adult. He married Alison Carter in 1964 and the couple had a son (Shane) and a daughter (Shuna). They divorced nine years later.

In 1976 Snow married Ann MacMillan (of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation since 1981), with whom he has a son, Dan (who is married to Lady Edwina Grosvenor, daughter of the 6th Duke of Westminster), and two daughters, Rebecca and Kate. His wife and sister-in-law are great-granddaughters of former British Prime Minister David Lloyd George.

Snow was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2006 New Year Honours for his services to Broadcasting. His hobbies include model railways, and he has an OO gauge layout installed in his loft. In August 2014, Snow was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September's referendum on that issue.

He is the cousin of fellow journalist and broadcaster Jon Snow.

Works
Peter Snow and David Philips, Leila's Hijack War. Pan Books, 1970,
Peter Snow,  Hussein, a Biography.  Barrie and Jenkins, 1972,
Peter Snow, Dan Snow, Battlefield Britain: From Boudicca to the Battle of Britain,

Peter Snow To War with Wellington: From the Peninsula to Waterloo, John Murray, 2010,
Peter Snow When Britain Burned the White House: The 1814 Invasion of Washington. John Murray, London; St. Martin's Press, U.S., 2013,
Peter Snow and Dan Snow, The Battle of Waterloo Experience, Andre Deutsch, 2015,
Peter Snow and Dan Snow, Treasures of British History,The Nation's History told through its 50 Most Important Documents.  Andre Deutsch, 2016
Peter Snow and Ann MacMillan, 'War Stories, Gripping Tales of Courage, Cunning and Compassion'. John Murray 2017 (ISBN/978-1-47361-829-9)
Peter Snow and Ann MacMillan, 'Treasures of World History, the Story of Civiisation in 50 documents'  Welbeck 2020 (ISBN/978-0-23300-604-8).

References

External links
  – official site
 Peter Snow talks about his career to David Lawson
 BBC News Online – Peter Snow survives plane crash
BBC News Online – Peter Snow hangs up swingometer
 BBC News Online (Peter Snow remembers...) –
 RandomHouse article – The World's Greatest 20th Century Battles
 An Audience with Peter Snow was the highlight of the 2007 Ludlow Festival on 7 July.
 BBC Archive – Swingometer

1938 births
Living people
20th-century British Army personnel
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
British game show hosts
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Wellington College, Berkshire
People from Artane, Dublin
Psephologists
Peter
Somerset Light Infantry officers

Peter Snow


Louise Laure Marie Bloch, née Lévy, dite Louise Bloch, née le 15 juin 1858 à Carling, Moselle et morte à Auschwitz, le 4 juin 1944, pour la France, est la mère de Pierre Abraham et de
Jean-Richard Bloch, et la grand-mére de  France Bloch-Sérazin.

Biographie
Louise Lévy est née le  à Carling, Moselle, au domicile de ses parents, Joseph et Justine Lévy. Joseph Lévy est ingénieur des Mines  et directeur des travaux de la Houillère de Carling.

Louise Lévy épouse Richard Bloch (1852–1934), chef de l'Exploitation de la Compagnie du Chemin de Fer P.O.(Paris-Orléans).

Ils ont trois fils, dont Jean Bloch dit Jean-Richard Bloch, né le  à Paris 8 et mort le  à Paris 1,  un écrivain, essayiste, homme politique, journaliste et poète français et Pierre Abraham, le plus jeune, né Pierre Bloch le  à Paris 8 et mort le  à Paris 4, un journaliste, écrivain et essayiste français.

France Bloch, dite France Bloch-Sérazin  et surnommée Claudia dans la clandestinité, née Françoise Bloch le  à Paris et guillotinée le  à Hambourg en Allemagne, est une militante communiste française, résistante de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Elle est la fille de Jean-Richard Bloch et de Marguerite Herzog, sœur de l'écrivain André Maurois.

Seconde Guerre mondiale
Veuve, elle habite au 103, Boulevard Malesherbes dans le 8e arrondissement de Paris.

Elle quitte Paris, pour des raisons de santé, et part à Nice.

Elle va dans l'Allier le 24 mai 1940. à Néris-les-Bains, station thermale proche de Montluçon et prend pension à l'Hôtel du Jardin, après avoir résidé  Villa Les Iris.

Louise Bloch reçoit une lettre du préfet de l'Allier datée du , lui notifiant sa mise en demeure d'avoir à quitter le département. Elle adresse d'abord une réclamation, puis une requête motivée au Préfet, exprimant sa fierté d'appartenir à "une famille française et juive".

Lettre au préfet de l'Allier

Le 30 août 1942, elle écrit au Préfet de l'Allier :

"Monsieur le Préfet,

Par votre lettre du 27 août, vous me mettez en demeure, comme étant de religion juive, de quitter le département de l'Allier et de ne pas m'installer dans un département côtier.

Je sollicite par la présente requête d'être autorisée à demeurer jusqu'au 30 septembre à Néris où je suis venue suivre un traitement, et à retourner ensuite à Nice où j'ai établi ma résidence.

(...)

J'ajouterai ceci:
Ma famille est française depuis au moins le traité de Westphalie. Je pourrais être considérée comme alsacienne-lorraine réfugiée; mais ce serait au titre de la guerre 1870-1871, après laquelle ma famille a abandonné tout ce qu'elle possédait pour demeurer française…. cependant que mon futur mari gagnait dans les mobiles de l'Yonne la médaille militaire, qu'il portait avec trois de ses camarades seulement, quand il est entré à Polytechnique dans la promotion 1872. Il est devenu plus tard Officier de la Légion d'Honneur, Ingénieur en Chef des Ponts et Chaussées et Chef de l'Exploitation du P.O.

De mes trois fils, l'aîné est Officier de la Légion d'Honneur au titre militaire avec 4 citations à l'ordre de l'Armée (dont 3 signées Pétain). Mon second fils est également Officier de la Légion d'Honneur avec plusieurs blessures et citations. Mon troisième fils enfin est Chevalier avec plusieurs citations.
Cette énumération n'est pas destinée à faire un vain étalage d'une partie de ce qu'a pu faire pour son pays une famille française et juive. Ce qu'elle a fait, ce qu'elle est prête à faire encore, elle le considère et le considérera comme son devoir strict.

Mais ce bref rappel vous permettra sans doute de comprendre, Monsieur le Préfet, ce que -sans courber la tête- peut souffrir une femme, une mère française qui se voit, à un âge avancé et après avoir traversé trois guerres, contester ses droits à vivre en française.

J'ose espérer, Monsieur le Préfet, que, sur le vu de ce qui précède, vous voudrez bien faire donner à ma requête une suite favorable et, je le répète, m'autoriser à:

1.- demeurer à Néris jusqu'au 30 septembre 1942

2.- retourner ensuite à Nice où j'ai ma résidence habituelle.

Veuillez agréer, Monsieur le Préfet, l'expression de mes sentiments de haute considération.".

Arrestation et déportation
Louise Bloch est arrêtée par la Gestapo de Montluçon au Splendid Hôtel, dans la rafle du  à Néris-les-Bains. Elle est internée à Vichy, puis  elle est transférée le  à Drancy où elle reçoit le matricule .

Elle est déportée le  de Drancy à Auschwitz par le convoi . Elle est assassinée à son arrivée le  à Auschwitz.

Mémoire
 Mort pour la France.
 Le  nom de Louise BLOCH née LÉVY figure sur la plaque des "Morts en déportation" à Néris-les-Bains.

Bibliographie
 Serge Klarsfeld. Le Mémorial de la déportation des Juifs de France. Beate et Serge Klarsfeld: Paris, 1978. Nouvelle édition, mise à jour, avec une liste alphabétique des noms.FFDJF (Fils et Filles des Déportés Juifs de France), 2012.

Notes et références

Articles connexes

Naissance en juin 1858
Victime de la Shoah en France
Décès en juin 1944
Décès à Auschwitz
Décès à 86 ans
Mort pour la France
Naissance en Moselle
Victime française de la Shoah

Louise Bloch


Whale Cove can refer to:

Whale Cove, Newfoundland and Labrador
Whale Cove, Nunavut
Whale Cove (Oregon), south of Depoe Bay, Oregon

Whale Cove


වාදී ස්වරය, හින්දුස්ථානී සංගීතය සහ කර්ණාඨක සංගීතය ද්විත්‍වය තුළ ම, රාගයක ප්‍රබල ස්වරය යි. "Vadi is the most sonant or most important note of a Raga."  It does not refer to the most played note but it rather refers to a note of special significance.
It is usually the swara which is repeated the greatest number of times, and often it is the swara on which the singer can pause for a significant time.

වාදී ස්වරය, along with the සංවාදී ස්වරය swara of a raga, usually brings out the uniqueness of the raga and its bhava (mood) and rasa (emotion).

මූලාශ්‍ර

හින්දුස්ථානි සංගීතය

වාදී ස්වරය


Svijet

Natjecanja

Svjetska natjecanja
 XIII. Olimpijske igre – London 1944. odgođene su zbog Drugog svjetskog rata

Kontinentska natjecanja

Europska natjecanja

Osnivanja
 Lille O.S.C., francuski nogometni klub

Rekordi

Nagrade

Ostali događaji

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Natjecanja

Timski športovi

Pojedinačni športovi

Osnivanja

Rekordi

Nagrade

Ostali događaji

Rođenja
 24. srpnja – Damir Anić, hrvatski gimnastičar († 1992.)

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Šport u 1944.


An Schoenoxiphium gracile in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Henri Chermezon. An Schoenoxiphium gracile in nahilalakip ha genus nga Schoenoxiphium, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Schoenoxiphium

Schoenoxiphium gracile


Olympic Stadium () is a multi-purpose stadium in Montreal, Canada, located at Olympic Park in the Hochelaga-Maisonneuve district of the city. Built in the mid-1970s as the main venue for the 1976 Summer Olympics, it is nicknamed "The Big O", a reference to both its name and to the doughnut-shape of the permanent component of the stadium's roof. It is also disparagingly referred to as "The Big Owe" in reference to the high cost to the city of its construction and of hosting the 1976 Olympics as a whole.

The stadium is one of the largest by seating capacity in Canada. After the Olympics, artificial turf was installed and it became the home of Montreal's professional baseball and football teams. The Montreal Alouettes of the CFL returned to their previous home of Molson Stadium in 1998 for regular season games, but continued to use Olympic Stadium for playoff and Grey Cup games until 2012. Following the 2004 baseball season, the Expos relocated to Washington, D.C., to become the Washington Nationals. The stadium currently serves as a multipurpose facility for special events (e.g. concerts, trade shows) with a permanent seating capacity of 56,040. The capacity is expandable with temporary seating. CF Montréal (formerly known as Montreal Impact) of Major League Soccer (MLS) has used the venue when demand for tickets justifies the large capacity or when the weather restricts outdoor play at nearby Saputo Stadium in the spring months.

The stadium has not had a main tenant since the Expos left in 2004.  Despite decades of use, the stadium's history of numerous structural and financial problems has largely branded it a white elephant.

Incorporated into the north base of the stadium, inclined at 45°, and not completed until a full decade after the stadium's opening, is the Montreal Tower. At  it is the world's tallest inclined tower. The stadium and Olympic Park grounds border Maisonneuve Park, which includes the Montreal Botanical Garden, adjacent to the west across Sherbrooke Street (Route 138).

History

Background and architecture

As early as 1963, Montreal Mayor Jean Drapeau sought to build a covered stadium in Montreal.  A covered stadium was thought to be all but essential for Drapeau's other goal of bringing a Major League Baseball team to Montreal, given the cold weather that can affect the city in April, October and sometimes even September.  In 1967, soon after the National League granted Montreal an expansion franchise for 1969, Drapeau wrote a letter promising that any prospective Montreal team would be playing in a covered stadium by 1971.  However, even though Quebec mayors have broad executive power, Drapeau could not make such a guarantee on his own authority.  Just as Charles Bronfman, who was slated to become the franchise's first owner, was ready to walk away, Drapeau had his staffers draw up a proposal for a stadium.  It was enough to persuade Bronfman to continue with the effort.

The stadium was designed by French architect Roger Taillibert to be an elaborate facility featuring a retractable roof, which was to be opened and closed by cables suspended from a huge  tower – the tallest inclined structure in the world, and the tenth tallest structure in Montreal. The design of the stadium has been likened to that of the Australian Pavilion at Expo '70 in Osaka, Japan, although Taillibert had previously explored the concept of an umbrella-style roof for a theatre in Cannes (1964) and Piscine Carnot in Paris (1967).  Soon after Montreal was awarded the 1976 Games, Drapeau struck a secret deal with Taillibert to build the stadium.  It only came to light in 1972.

The Olympic swimming pool is located under this tower. An Olympic velodrome (since converted to the Montreal Biodome, an indoor nature museum) was situated at the base of the tower in a building similar in design to the swimming pool. The building was built as the main stadium for the 1976 Summer Olympic Games. The stadium was host to various events including the opening and closing ceremonies, athletics, football finals, and the team jumping equestrian events.

The building's design is cited as a masterpiece of Organic Modern architecture. Taillibert based the building on plant and animal forms, aiming to include vertebral structures with sinews or tentacles, while still following the basic plans of Modern architecture.

Construction

The stadium was originally slated to be finished in 1972, but the grand opening was cancelled due to a strike by construction workers. The Conseil des métiers de la construction union headed by André "Dédé" Desjardins kept the construction site in "anarchic disorder" until the Quebec Premier Robert Bourassa bought him off in a secret deal. In his 2000 book Notre Cher Stade Olympique, Taillibert wrote "If the Olympic Games took place, it was thanks to Dédé Desjardins. What irony!" Further delays ensued due to the stadium's unusual design and Taillibert's unwillingness to back down from his original vision of the stadium even in the face of escalating costs for raw materials.  It did not help that the original project manager, Trudeau et Associés, seemed to be incapable of handling some of the most basic construction tasks. The Quebec provincial government finally lost patience with the delays and cost overruns in 1974, and threw Taillibert off the project.

Additionally, the project was plagued by circumstances beyond anyone's control. Work slowed to a snail's pace for a third of the year due to Montreal's typically brutal winters. As a result, the stadium and tower remained unfinished at the opening of the 1976 Olympic Games.

The roof materials languished in a warehouse in Marseille until 1982, and the tower and roof were not completed until 1987. It would be another year before the 66-tonne,  Kevlar roof (designed and built by Lavalin) could retract. Even then, it could not be used in winds above . Ultimately, it was only opened and closed 88 times.

Observatory

When construction on the stadium's tower resumed after the 1976 Olympics, a multi-storey observatory was added to the plan, accessible via an inclined elevator, opened in 1987, that travels  along the curved tower's spine. The elevator cabin ascends from base of the tower to upper deck in less than two minutes at a rate of , with space for 76 persons per trip and a capacity of 500 persons per hour. The cabin is designed to remain level throughout its trip, while providing a panoramic view to its passengers.

The elevator faces north-east, offering a view to the north, south and east. It overlooks the Olympic Village, the Biodome, the Botanical Gardens and Saputo Stadium.  The Olympic Park, the stadium's suspended roof and downtown Montreal can be viewed from the south-west facing Observatory at the top of the tower.

Stadium financing

Despite initial projections in 1970 that the stadium would cost only C$134 million to construct, strikes and construction delays served to escalate these costs. By the time the stadium opened (in an unfinished form), the total costs had risen to C$1.1 billion.

The Quebec government introduced a special tobacco tax in May 1976 to help recoup its investment. By 2006, the amount contributed to the stadium's owner, the Olympic Installations Board (OIB) (fr: Régie des Installations Olympiques), accounted for 8% of the tax revenue earned from cigarette sales. The 1976 special tobacco tax act stipulated that once the stadium was paid off, ownership of the facility would be returned to the City of Montreal.

In mid-November 2006, the stadium's costs were finally paid in full, more than 30 years after it opened.
The total expenditure (including repairs, renovations, construction, interest, and inflation) amounted to C$1.61 billion, making it—at the time all costs were paid off—the second most expensive stadium built (after Wembley Stadium in London). Despite initial plans to complete payment in October 2006, an indoor smoking ban introduced in May 2006 curtailed the revenue gathered by the tobacco tax. By 2014, the stadium's expense ranking had fallen to fifth, with the construction of costlier venues like MetLife Stadium, AT&T Stadium, and the new Yankee Stadium. Perceived by many to be a white elephant, the stadium has also been dubbed The Big Owe due to its astronomical cost.

The stadium has generated on average $20 million in revenue each year since 1977. It is estimated that a large-scale event such as the Grey Cup can generate as much as $50 million in revenue.

Continuing problems

Although the tower and retractable roof were not completed in time for the 1976 Olympics, construction on the tower resumed in the 1980s. During this period, however, a large fire set the tower ablaze, causing damage and forcing a scheduled Expos home game to be postponed. In 1986, a large chunk of the tower fell onto the playing field prior to another Expos game August 29 vs. San Diego Padres forcing a doubleheader on August 30.

In January 1985, approval was given by the Quebec government to complete the project and install a retractable roof, financed by an Olympic cigarette tax in the province. The tower construction and installation of the orange-coloured Kevlar roof were completed by April 1987, a decade later than planned. The roof experienced numerous rips, allowing rain to leak into the stadium.

As part of various renovations made in 1991 to improve the stadium's suitability as a baseball venue, 12,000 seats were eliminated, most of them in distant portions of the outfield, and home plate was moved closer to the stands.

On September 8 of that year, support beams snapped and caused a  concrete slab to fall onto an exterior walkway. No one was injured, but the Expos had to move their final 13 home games of that season to the opponents' cities.  The Expos hinted that the 1992 season was at risk unless the stadium was certified safe.  In early November, engineers found the stadium was structurally sound.  However, it took longer to certify the roof as safe because it had been badly ripped in a June windstorm. For the 1992 season, it was decided to keep the roof closed at all times. The Kevlar roof was removed in May 1998, making the stadium open-air for the 1998 season. Later in 1998, a $26 million non-retractable opaque blue roof was installed.

In 1999, a  portion of the roof collapsed on January 18, dumping ice and snow on workers that were setting up for the annual Montreal Auto Show. The auto show and a boat show the following month were cancelled, and the auto show left the venue for good (since then, the Montreal Auto Show has usually been held at the Palais des congrès de Montréal). Repaired once again, the roof was modified to better withstand winter conditions: the OIB installed a network of pipes to circulate heated water under the roof to allow for snow melting. Despite these corrective measures, the stadium floor remained closed from December to March.
Birdair, the fabric provider and designer of the roof, was later sued for the roof failure. The installer of the roof, Danny's Construction, having suffered tremendous cost overruns along with its subcontractor Montacier, due to changes in the plans and specifications and delays, was terminated during the construction, and Birdair completed the project. Danny's Construction sued Birdair in 1999. In February 2010, after a lengthy trial, the Quebec Superior Court awarded a judgement in favour of Danny's Construction and dismissed Birdair's countersuit.

The stadium's condition suffered considerably in the early 21st century. During the Expos' final years in Montreal, it was coated with grime, and much of the concrete was chipped, stained, and soiled.

Plans for a third roof

In 2009, the stadium received approval to remain open in the winter, provided weather conditions are favourable. However, the Olympic Installations Board issued a report stating that the roof was unsafe during heavy rainfall or more than  of snow, and that it rips 50 to 60 times a year. The city fire department warned in August 2009 that without corrective measures, including a new roof, it may order the stadium closed. Events cannot be held if more than  of snow are predicted 24 hours in advance, such as caused postponement of the Montreal Impact home opener soccer match in March 2014. A contract for a new permanent steel roof was awarded in 2004, with an estimated $300 million price tag. In June 2010, the Olympic Installations Board sought approval from the provincial government for the contract.
In May 2011 a committee was formed to study the future of the stadium and improve the usage of the stadium, pool, and sports centre.

A slab of concrete measuring approximately  fell from the roof of the stadium's underground parking facility on March 4, 2012. There were no injuries. The roof continues to deteriorate, with 7,453 tears as of May 2017,
limiting use of the venue in winter to when there are three or fewer centimetres of snow on the roof.

In 2015, a new high definition scoreboard was installed, replacing the aging two-panel display dating back to the stadium's renovations in 1992.

In November 2017 the Quebec government approved a new roof, estimated to cost $250 million. The Olympic Installations Board has estimated the cost of demolishing the stadium would be between $500 and $700 million,
though this figure is based on a preliminary two-month study and thus has a high margin of error. The new roof was then planned to be removable, allowing the stadium to either be open-air or enclosed, consistent with the intent of the original roof. The option of a removable portion of the roof has since been removed from the scope of the project.

Post-Olympic use

Gridiron football

The Canadian Football League's Montreal Alouettes became the stadium's first major post-Olympic tenant when they moved their home games there halfway through the 1976 season.  Capacity was reduced from its Olympic capacity of 72,000 to 58,500, but leapt to 66,308 when the natural grass was replaced with AstroTurf ahead of the 1977 season.  The Alouettes remained there through 1986, the franchise's final season of operations; the team would shut down shortly after the start of the 1987 season. A revived Alouettes franchise returned for the 1996 and 1997 seasons, but then moved to the Percival Molson Stadium in 1998. The Alouettes used Olympic Stadium for select regular season games until 2009, and playoff games until 2012. Due to the increased popularity of the Alouettes and the small capacity of Percival Molson Stadium, the team considered returning to Olympic Stadium on a full-time basis, but instead renovated Percival Molson Stadium to increase its capacity. In addition, the stadium holds the record for the largest Grey Cup attendance, that of the 1977 Grey Cup game, in which the hometown Montreal Alouettes defeated the Edmonton Eskimos, 41-6 before 68,318 spectators; this despite a local transit strike and harsh winter weather conditions.

Olympic Stadium has hosted the Grey Cup a total of six times, most recently in 2008 when the Calgary Stampeders defeated the hometown Alouettes. The stadium holds the record for nine of the ten largest crowds in CFL history, which include five regular-season and four Grey Cup games. A single-game record crowd numbering 69,083 attended a game played on September 6, 1977, between the Alouettes and Toronto Argonauts.

In 1991 and 1992, the stadium was the home of the Montreal Machine of the World League of American Football. This included hosting World Bowl '92 on June 6, 1992, in which the Sacramento Surge defeated the Orlando Thunder 21–17 before 43,789.

In 1988 (Jets and Browns) and 1990 (Steelers and Patriots), NFL pre-season games were played at Olympic Stadium.

Baseball

In 1977, the stadium replaced Jarry Park Stadium as the home ballpark of the National League's Montreal Expos. As a part of the team's franchise grant, a domed stadium was supposed to be in place for the 1972 baseball season. However, due to the delays in constructing Olympic Stadium, until 1977, the Expos annually sought and received a waiver to remain at Jarry.  As late as January 1977, it was thought the Expos would have to play at least part of the 1977 season at Jarry as well.  The Parti Québécois' landslide victory in the 1976 provincial elections caused the Expos to break off lease talks.  However, an agreement was reached in February, and an official announcement came in March.

The Expos regularly played 81 home games every season until 2003, when they played 22 home games in Puerto Rico at Hiram Bithorn Stadium in San Juan. The Expos played 59 home games at Olympic Stadium in each of their final two seasons of 2003 and 2004; the franchise moved south to Washington, D.C. for the 2005 season and became the Washington Nationals.

Olympic Stadium's first baseball game was played on April 15, 1977. In front of 57,592, the Expos lost 7–2 to the Philadelphia Phillies. However, the Expos had to use a hacksaw to cut open the locks because the OIB did not have a master key. The Expos played five home playoff games in 1981; two in the NLDS against the Phillies, and three in the NLCS against the Los Angeles Dodgers, who went on to win the World Series. On October 19, the Expos lost the decisive fifth game, 2–1, to the Dodgers on Rick Monday's ninth-inning home run. In 1982, the Major League Baseball All-Star Game was played at Olympic Stadium in front of 59,057—a stadium record for baseball. On September 29, 2004, the Expos played their last game in Montreal, losing 9–1 to the Florida Marlins before 31,395.

Olympic Stadium proved to be somewhat problematic as a baseball venue. As in all multipurpose stadiums, the lower seating tier was set further back than in baseball-specific parks to accommodate the football field. However, since Canadian football fields are longer and wider than American football fields, Olympic Stadium's lower tier was set back even further than comparable seats at American multipurpose stadiums. The upper deck was one of the highest in the majors; as was the case with most of its multipurpose counterparts, most of the upper-deck seats, particularly those in the outfield, were too far away to be of any use during the regular season.

The Expos were not consulted on the stadium's location, design, or construction even though they were slated to be its primary tenants.  Nonetheless, for most of their tenure they put considerable effort into making the atmosphere friendlier for baseball.  During the 1970s and early 1980s, fans arriving at the stadium from the Metro were greeted by an oom-pah band playing "The Happy Wanderer."  Whenever an opposing pitcher tried to hold a runner at first rather than pitch, the sound system would cluck at him like a chicken.

Before the 1991 season, the OIB began a major overhaul on the stadium's baseball configuration. The lower deck in centre field was removed to make room for a larger scoreboard with replay capability.  That scoreboard was installed ahead of the 1992 season.  Also ahead of the 1992 season, the running track was removed, home plate was moved closer to the stands and new seats closer to the field were installed.  Several distant sections of permanent seating beyond the outfield fence were closed, replaced with bleacher seats directly behind the fence. The total seating capacity for baseball was reduced from a high of around 60,400 to 46,000.

The Expos were very successful in the stadium for a time, with above National League median attendance in 1977 and from 1979 to 1983. The Expos outdrew the New York Mets from 1977 to 1983, and 1994 to 1996, as well as the New York Yankees in 1982 and 1983.

The stadium's playing conditions left much to be desired. For most of the Expos' tenure, the playing surface was an extremely thin AstroTurf carpet, with only equally thin padding between it and the concrete floor. It was so hard on players' knees that visiting teams frequently ran at a nearby park. Longtime Expos trainer Ron McClain begged for a replacement, but the OIB was unwilling to spend the $1 million needed for a new surface. Before the roof finally arrived, players had to contend with huge patches of ice in early April or late September.  Additionally, for most of the Expos' tenure, the padding on the fence was so thin that fielders risked severe injury by going after long fly balls.  However, the OIB was also unwilling to replace the padding. By the 1990s, several free agents specifically demanded that the Expos be taken out of consideration due to the poor playing conditions.

By the mid-1990s, owner Claude Brochu concluded that Olympic Stadium was not suitable as a baseball venue, and actively campaigned for a replacement.  Brochu sold the team to Jeffrey Loria in 2000, who was equally dissatisfied with Olympic Stadium; he bluntly stated, "We cannot stay here."  However, Quebec Premier Lucien Bouchard refused to authorize public funding deemed necessary for a replacement, in part because Olympic Stadium still had not been paid for. The poor conditions played a role in the Expos nearly being disbanded in the 2001 Major League Baseball contraction plan, which fell through due to court rulings.

Ten years after the last Expos game at Olympic Stadium, the Toronto Blue Jays played two spring training games at the stadium against the New York Mets on March 28 and 29, 2014, with combined attendance of 96,350. The Jays would continue this practice for the next 5 years: against the Cincinnati Reds on April 3 and 4, 2015, with combined attendance of 96,545, the Boston Red Sox on April 1 and 2, 2016, with combined attendance of 106,102, the Pittsburgh Pirates on March 31 and April 1, 2017, combined attendance of 95,382, the St. Louis Cardinals on March 26 and 27, 2018, with combined attendance of 51,151 and the Milwaukee Brewers on March 25 and 26, 2019, with a combined attendance of 46,984. The New York Yankees were scheduled to play there on March 23 and 24, 2020; however, the games were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. No further games have been scheduled since, ending baseball spring training at the Montreal Olympic Stadium.

Longest home runs

Willie Stargell of the Pittsburgh Pirates hit the longest home run at Olympic Stadium on May 20, 1978, driving the ball into the second deck in right field for an estimated distance of 535 feet. The yellow seat that marked the location where the ball landed has been removed from the 300 level (a new yellow marker seat was placed in 2015). The seat is now preserved at the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame. Stargell also hit a notable home run at the Expos' original Montreal home, Jarry Park, which landed in a swimming pool beyond the right field fence.

On April 4, 1988, the Expos' Opening Day, Darryl Strawberry of the New York Mets hit a ball off a speaker which hangs off a concrete ring at Olympic Stadium, estimated to have travelled 525 feet.

Henry Rodríguez hit a ball on June 15, 1997, that bounced off the concrete ring in right field, caromed up to hit the roof, and came down, hitting a speaker. The distance travelled by this ball is also estimated at 525 feet.

The longest home run hit to left field was Vladimir Guerrero's blast on July 28, 2003, that hit an advertising sign directly below the left field upper deck. The ad was later replaced with a sign reading "VLAD 502".

Soccer

The Olympic Stadium was the home of the NASL's Montreal Manic soccer team from 1981 to 1983. A 1981 playoff game against the Chicago Sting attracted a crowd of over 58,000. Several games of the 2007 FIFA Under 20 World Cup were played at Olympic Stadium and drew the largest crowds of the tournament, including two sell-outs of 55,800.

Olympic Stadium hosted a CONCACAF Champions League quarter-final game pitting the original Montreal Impact – who played primarily in the adjacent Saputo Stadium – against Club Santos Laguna of the Liga MX (Mexico First Division) on February 25, 2009. This was the first time an international soccer game took place in Montreal during the winter months. The Impact won 2–0 in front of a record crowd of 55,571. The stadium was also home to a friendly match between the Impact and A.C. Milan of the Italian Serie A on June 2, 2010, before 47,861.

On July 25, 2009, Olympic Stadium became the first stadium outside France to host Ligue 1's Trophée des Champions, a super cup played by the winner of Ligue 1 and the Coupe de France. Over 34,000 attended the game. Bordeaux defeated Guingamp, 2–0. The game was held in Montreal to help Ligue 1 break into the growing North America soccer market.

On March 17, 2012, a record crowd of 58,912 packed Olympic Stadium to cheer on the current version of the Montreal Impact for their MLS debut on home soil, in an entertaining 1–1 draw with the Chicago Fire, setting a new attendance record for professional soccer in Quebec. That record was later broken on May 12, 2012, with 60,860 people for a match against the LA Galaxy, also setting a new attendance record for professional soccer in Canada.

On August 24, 2014, the Olympic Stadium hosted the final match of the 2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup.

On April 29, 2015, a record crowd of 61,004 attended the final match of the CONCACAF Champions League between the Montreal Impact and Club América, establishing a new record attendance for professional soccer in Canada.

The Olympic Stadium hosted tournament matches for the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup along with other stadiums across Canada. One notable game was the semi-final match-up between the United States and Germany that took place on June 30, 2015, which drew a crowd of 51,176 people. The Americans won 2–0 in front of a largely partisan crowd and then went on to win their record third FIFA Women's World Cup trophy the following Sunday in Vancouver. This stadium was originally one of Canada's three candidate venues for the 2026 FIFA World Cup and was expected to get a retractable roof. However, Montreal withdrew from the host city selection process for the World Cup on July 6, 2021.

Office space

Starting in 2018, the Desjardins Group plans to move approximately 1000 of its employees into the Montreal Tower. The company plans to occupy 7 of the 12 floors available in the tower. It is estimated that around $60 million in renovations are required before Desjardins can move in.

Other

In winter 1977, Emerson, Lake and Palmer filmed a performance of their arrangement of the Aaron Copland piece "Fanfare For The Common Man" at the stadium. The group also recorded a concert at the stadium in August of that year and released it as a live album.

Olympic Stadium hosted the 1978 World Junior Speed Skating Championships where they crowned the American siblings Eric and Beth Heiden as junior world champions.

In August 1979 the Olympic Stadium hosted the 1979 IAAF World Cup in Athletics.

The Catholic Charismatic Renewal Assembly took place in the presence of Father Emiliano Tardif in 1979.

On June 20, 1980, Roberto Durán defeated Sugar Ray Leonard to win the WBC boxing world's welterweight championship at the Olympic Stadium.

The Drum Corps International World Championship finals were held at this arena in 1981 and 1982.

On September 11, 1984, Pope John Paul II participated in a youth rally with about 55,000 people in attendance.

On October 30, 2010, a special mass, to commemorate the ascension to sainthood of Brother André, was held at the stadium. Over 30,000 people attended.

In 2017, the venue was the site of the 2017 Artistic Gymnastics World Championships.

In 2021, the Olympic Stadium was named a mass vaccination site by the Quebec government during the COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec, making it one of the largest mass vaccination sites in the province as a result. Quebec premier François Legault received both of his required vaccine doses as well as his booster dose at the stadium.

1992 concert riot

On August 8, 1992, Metallica and Guns N' Roses co-headlined a North American Stadium tour Guns N' Roses/Metallica Stadium Tour with an included stop at Olympic Stadium. Several songs into Metallica's set, during the song Fade to Black, frontman and rhythm guitarist James Hetfield was accidentally burned by improper pyrotechnics forcing the band to cut their set short as Hetfield was rushed to the hospital. Lead guitarist Kirk Hammett, bassist Jason Newsted and drummer Lars Ulrich promised a makeup concert to quell the sold-out crowd of 54,666. The band would later perform two half-priced shows at the Montreal Forum in February 1993. After a two-hour and fifteen-minute delay, Guns N' Roses performed a shortened set. Singer Axl Rose later blamed the issues on bad audio and vocal problems. Following the set, an estimated crowd of 2,000 people began rioting within the stadium and surrounding areas. The fans overturned police cars and set multiple bonfires within the stadium, causing an estimated $600,000 in damage to the stadium and surrounding areas. The Expos' schedule was unaffected by the repairs made to the stadium, as they had been on a seven-game away stretch. The Régie banned Guns N' Roses for life from the venue.

Metallica returned to the Olympic Stadium on August 11 and 13, 2023, performing for the first time since the events as part of their M72 world tour.

Attendance record

Pink Floyd attracted the largest paid crowd to the Olympic Stadium: 78,322 people on July 6, 1977. The second-largest crowd was 73,898 for Emerson, Lake & Palmer on August 26, 1977. The largest crowds for an opera performance were on June 16 and 18, 1988, with 63,000 to watch a production of Aida.

Elevators
In 1976, installation the funicular (Ascenseurs Abec inc.)

In 1987, installation the platform elevator (Ascenseurs Labadie inc.)

Transit

The stadium is directly connected to the Pie-IX metro station on the Green Line of the Montreal Metro. Viau metro station on the Green Line is also nearby.

Facts and figures
 At , the Olympic Stadium is the world's tallest inclined structure.
 Well over its original budget, the stadium ended up costing $770 million to construct. By 2006, the final cost had risen to $1.47 billion when calculating in repairs, modifications and interest paid out. It took 30 years to finally pay off the cost, leading to its nickname of "The Big Owe" (a play on "The Big O").
 The roof is only  above the field of play. As a result, a number of pop-ups and long home runs hit the roof over the years, necessitating the painting of orange lines on the roof to separate foul balls from fair balls.
 During their years playing in Olympic Stadium the Expos were one of only two teams not to employ the traditional yellow-painted foul poles with the New York Mets being the other; Olympic's poles were painted red while the Mets' home, Shea Stadium (and later Citi Field), used orange poles.
 The Olympic Stadium holds the record for a soccer game attendance in Canada. At the 1976 Summer Olympics soccer final, 71,617 people witnessed East Germany's 3–1 win over Poland.
 A yellow seat on the 300 level commemorated a  home run by Willie Stargell of the Pittsburgh Pirates. It has since been moved to the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame.
 The Montreal games of the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup were held at Olympic Stadium on a removable Team Pro EF RD surface that was purchased specifically for the tournament.
 For the first time since the Olympic Games in 1976, a natural grass field was installed in the stadium for the Montreal Impact match versus A.C. Milan on June 2, 2010.
 The stadium features a 101,600-watt public address system.
 The main room of the stadium is the largest in Quebec, at
 Tony Gwynn of the San Diego Padres got his 3,000th hit at Olympic Stadium on August 6, 1999, with a single in the first inning off Montreal Expos pitcher Dan Smith. He had four hits in the game.

Commemorations

As part of the commemorative stamps created for the 1976 Olympics, Canada Post issued a stamp depicting the Olympic Stadium and Velodrome.

See also

 List of Canadian Football League stadiums
 List of Canadian Premier League stadiums
 List of soccer stadiums in Canada
 List of Major League Soccer stadiums
 List of Major League Baseball stadiums (Former stadiums / ballparks)
 Olympic Stadium
 List of tallest buildings and structures in the world

References

Sources

 Rémillard, François. Montreal architecture: A Guide to Styles and Buildings. Montreal: Meridian Press, 1990.

External links

  – Parc Olympique Quebec
 Official Website – Montreal Tower
 Ballparks.com: Olympic Stadium
 Football Ballparks.com
 Baseball-Reference – annual Expos attendance and park factors
 history and notable events Baseball Library
 Olympic Stadium disaster timeline

Multimedia

 CBC Archives – Clip from 1975 – Stadium architect talks about his design
 CBC Archives – A look back on the history of the stadium (1999)
 CBC Archives – Discussion of building a tower for Montreal

1976 establishments in Quebec
American Bowl venues
American football venues in Canada
Athletics (track and field) venues in Quebec
Baseball in Montreal
Baseball venues in Quebec
Boxing venues in Quebec
Canadian Football League venues
Covered stadiums
Defunct Major League Baseball venues
Equestrian venues in Quebec
Funicular railways in Canada
Inclined towers
Mercier–Hochelaga-Maisonneuve
Montreal Alouettes
Montreal Expos stadiums
Multi-purpose stadiums in Quebec
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) stadiums
Observation towers in Canada
Olympic athletics venues
Olympic equestrian venues
Olympic football venues
Montreal
Soccer venues in Montreal
Sports venues completed in 1976
Sports venues in Montreal
Towers completed in 1976
Tourist attractions in Montreal
Venues of the 1976 Summer Olympics
Canadian football venues in Quebec
2015 FIFA Women's World Cup stadiums

Olympic Stadium (Montreal)


الأسطول أو الأسطول البحري عبارة عن مجموعة من السفن التي تكون في تشكيل واحد للقيام بغرض حربي أو مدني.  كما يعد الأسطول أكبر تشكيل من تشكيلات البحرية.وعادة يكون محمل بالغواصات والطائرات والسفن.

عادة ما يتم تسمية الأسطول باسم البحر أو المحيط الذي يعمل به، إلا أن البحرية الأمريكية تعتمد الأرقام في تسمية أساطيلها، مثل الأسطول السادس الذي يخدم في البحر الأبيض المتوسط.

يطلق على قائد الأسطول أمير البحر ويكون عادة برتبة أميرالاى (أدميرال) أو مساعد أميرالاى، قيل إن كلمة أسطول مُعرّبة من اليونانية "Stolos".

أنواع الأساطيل
 أسطول حربي
 أسطول تجاري
 أسطول صيد
 أسطول نقل
 أسطول بحري

انظر أيضا
 التاريخ البحري

المصادر

أساطيل
صفحات توضيح أسماء أماكن

أسطول


Mary Elizabeth Fama (née Duncan; Windsor,  – ) foi uma matemática aplicada neozelandesa que se tornou "uma figura de liderança internacional" na análise de tensões e deformações de rochas e na aplicação dessa análise à mineração. Um método que ela desenvolveu para resolver analiticamente a curva de convergência-confinamento de um túnel de mineração circular tem sido chamado de curva de convergência de Duncan-Fama, método analítico de Duncan-Fama ou solução de Duncan-Fama.

Formação e carreira
Após a educação precoce em um internato na Escócia, Fama tornou-se aluna do Erskine College, Wellington, onde se destacou em matemática, mas foi destituída de suas honras acadêmicas depois de ser pega se rebelando contra as regras da escola. Obteve um diploma de bacharel na Universidade de Canterbury e um segundo grau de bacharel na Universidade de Oxford.

Retornando à Nova Zelândia, tornou-se pesquisadora do Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) em 1962. Em 1964 recebeu uma bolsa Fulbright para a Universidade Harvard, onde completou um PhD em 1967. Em 1968 casou e se mudou com o marido para North Shore (Sydney), e tornou-se professora júnior na Universidade de Sydney. Em 1970 eles voltaram para a Nova Zelândia, e Fama retornou ao seu cargo no DSIR. Ela foi nomeada para a Universidade de Waikato como professora sênior temporária em 1980.

Em 1983 eles voltaram para a Austrália novamente, e Fama tornou-se cientista sênior da Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) em Brisbane, tornando-se a segunda mulher cientista no centro de Brisbane. Aposentou-se em 2010 e voltou com seu marido para Havelock North, na Nova Zelândia.

Vida privada
Fama nasceu em 23 de outubro de 1938 em Windsor, Inglaterra, em uma família católica de cinco filhos; seu pai era neozelandês, oficial do exército e oficial do governo. Eles voltaram para a Nova Zelândia quando Fama tinha dez anos, morando na região de Wellington.

Em 1968 conheceu e se casou com o psiquiatra australiano Peter Fama, então trabalhando em Auckland, mas programado para retornar à Austrália. Seu primeiro filho morreu logo após o parto, mas eles tiveram mais três no início da década de 1970, todos os três sofrendo de ataxia de Friedreich, um distúrbio degenerativo genético, e morreram em seus 20 e 30 anos de idade.

Fama sofreu por muitos anos de tuberculose pulmonar, provavelmente contraída na adolescência, mas não diagnosticada até muito mais tarde. Na década de 1980 foi diagnosticada com bronquiectasia. Como complicação de sua tuberculose, ficou cega de um olho em 2013.

Morreu em Hastings (Nova Zelândia) em 6 de julho de 2021.

Referências

Professores da Universidade de Sydney
Matemáticas
Matemáticos da Nova Zelândia
Matemáticas da Nova Zelândia
Alunos da Universidade de Canterbury
Alunos da Universidade de Oxford
Alunos da Universidade Harvard

Mary Fama


Şu anda geçerli olan Bulgaristan Arması, 1997'de kabul edilmiştir. Farklı siyasi partilerin farklı istekleri yüzünden, 1990'ların başında çöken komünist düzenden sonra kabul edilen ilk resmî Bulgaristan armasıdır.

Amblemde, iki arslan, üzerinde bir arslan olan bir kalkanı taşıyorlar. Üstlerinde de Bulgar çarının tacı var. Amblemin en altında da Bulgarca olarak, ülkenin millî sloganı olan: "Birlikten Kuvvet Doğar." yazıyor.

Tarihteki armalar

Ayrıca bakınız
 Bulgaristan Bayrağı

Dış bağlantılar
 Bulgaristan Arması ile ilgili yasa
 Bulgaristan Armasının geçmişi (Bulgarca ve İngilizce)

Arması
Ulusal armalar

Bulgaristan arması


5761 Andreivanov este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
5761 Andreivanov este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Siding Spring de Schelte J. Bus. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,74 ua, o excentricitate de 0,35 și o înclinație de 9,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 5001-6000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1981
Centura de asteroizi

5761 Andreivanov


Placea, rod jednosupnica iz porodice zvanikovki. Pripadaju mu šest južnoameričkih vrsta lukovičastih geofita, sve su endemi iz Čilea

O plemenskom položaju roda Placea među hipeastroidnim rodovima još se raspravlja. Među vrstama ovoga roda niasu opažene značajne kariotipske razlike, a vrste se mogu razlikovati po veličini kromosoma.

Vrste
 Placea amoena Phil.
 Placea arzae Phil.
 Placea davidii Ravenna
 Placea germainii Phil.
 Placea lutea Phil.
 Placea ornata Miers

Izvori

Amaryllidoideae

Placea


An Eria lohitensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni A.N.Rao, Harid. ngan S.N.Hedge. An Eria lohitensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Arunachal Pradesh. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eria

Eria lohitensis


Jacques Fitamant désigne :

 Jacques Fitamant (1905-1980), résistant français, Compagnon de la Libération ;
 Jacques Fitamant, éditeur de presse français.

Jacques Fitamant


Den 32. uddeling af Amandaprisen fandt sted den 26. august 2016 i Scandic Maritim Hall i Haugesund. Under prisuddelingen blev Amandaprisen i 20 forskellige kategorier delt ud. Prisuddelingen blev udsendt på TV2 og var produceret af Rubicon TV. Jakob Oftebro var programleder for første gang.

Prisuddelingen markerede afslutningen på den norske filmfestival.

Bølgen vandt prisen for bedste film mens Louder than Bombs vandt flest priser (fire). Liv Bernhoft Osa vandt bedste kvindelige skuespiller for hendes rolle i Pyromanen mens Anders Baasmo Christiansen vandt bedst mandlige skuespiller for hans rolle i Welcome to Norway. Amandakomiteens Ærespris gik til Anne Marit Jacobsen.

Prisuddelingen blev set af 322.000 personer i Norge.

Vindere og nominerede
De nominerede til den 32. prisuddeling blev annonceret den 15. juni 2016 på Filmens Hus i Oslo af juryleder Ellen Horn. Louder Than Bombs fik otte nomineringer, mens Bølgen fik seks.

Vindere
Vinderen er markeret med fed skrift.

Flest nomineringer

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger
 Amanda på filmfestivalen.no

Amandaprisen
Kultur i 2016

Amandaprisen 2016


සංඝ ශාසනයේ ආරම්භය

නිර්වාණාවබෝධය ලැබීමෙන් පසු බුදුන් වහන්සේට හමුවූ තපස්සු, භල්ලූක නම් දෙදෙනා  පළවන ගිහි අනුගාමිකයින් බවට පත්වූහ. බුදුන්වහන්සේගේ කේෂධාතු ස්වල්පයක් ඔවුන්ට ලබාදුන් අතර එම කේෂධාතු වර්තමානයේ බුරුමයේ රැන්ගුන්හි ස්වේදගොන් විහාරයේ තැන්පත්කොට ඇතැයි විශ්වාස කෙරේ. බුදුන් වහන්සේ තමන් වහන්සේගේ අතීත ගුරුවරුන් වූ අසිත, ආලාර කාලාම සහ උද්දකරාමපුත්ත තවුසන් වෙත වෙත ගොස් තමන් අවබෝධ කරගත් ධර්මය ඔවුන්ට දේශනා කිරීමට අරමුණු කොටගත්තද ඒ වන විට ඔවුහු මියගොස් සිටියහ.

බුදුන් වහන්සේ බරණැස මිගදාය වෙත ගමන්කළ අතර උන්වහන්සේ එහිදී තමන්වහන්සේ හා එක්ව සත්‍යාවබෝධය සඳහා වෙහෙසුනු පස්වග තවුසන් වෙත සිය ප්න‍රථම ධර්ම දේශනය පැවැත්වූහ. ඔවුන් සහ බුදුන්වහන්සේ එක්ව ප්න‍රථම සංඝ ශාසනය නිර්මාණය කරනු ලැබූ අතර ඒ අනුව බුද්ධ, ධම්ම, සංඝ යන ති්්‍රවිධ රත්නය පහල විය. කොන්ඩඥ්ඥ තවුසා ප්ව‍රථම රහත් භාවයට පැමිණි තැනැත්තා බවට පත්විය. පසුව පස්දෙනාම රහත්භාවයට පත්වූ අතර යස සහ ඔහුගේ මිතුරන් 54 දෙනා සංඝ ශාසනයට ඇතුලත්වීමත් සමඟ පළවන මාස දෙක ඇතුලත සංඝයා වහන්සේගේ සංඛ්‍යාව 60 ක් විය. කාශ්‍යප සහෝදරයින් තිදෙනා සහ පිලිවෙලින් ඔවුන්ගේ අනුගාමිකයින් වූ 200, 300 හා 500 දෙනා පැවිදි වීමත් සමඟ සඝයා වහන්සේ සංඛ්‍යාවෙන් 1000 ක් වූ අතර උන්වහස්සේලා ධර්ම ප්ව‍රචාරය පිණිස විවිධ ප්ල‍රදේශයන් කරා පිටත් කර හරිනු ලැබුණි.

සංඝ ශාසනයේ ආරම්භය


ශ්‍රි ලාංකීය වෘත්තීය අධ්‍යාපන ක්ෂේත්‍රය මුහුනපාන ගැටඵ

පාසල් අධ්‍යාපනයේ උපරිම ඵල නෙලාගැනීමට අපොහොසත් වූ හෙවත්, පාසල් අධ්‍යාපනයෙන් ඉහලට ගමන් කිරීමට ඉඩ ප්‍රස්ථාව අහිමි වන තරුණ තරුණියන්ට රැකියා අවස්ථා පිළියෙල කරගැනීමට අවශ්‍ය නිපුනතා ලබා දෙමින් රටේ ශ්‍රම වෙළඳපල ඉල්ලූමට අවශ්‍ය  සැපයුම නිර්මාණය කිරීම උදෙසා ආරම්භවූ ශ්‍රි ලාංකිය වෘත්තීය අධ්‍යාපනය වර්ථමානය වන විට ප්‍රධාන ගැටඵ රාශියක් මැද ඉදිරියට ගමන් කරමින් පවති.

මෙහිදී අපට ප්‍රථමයෙන්ම වෘත්තීය අධ්‍යාපනයට පිවිසීමට තිඛෙන්නා වූ ගැටඵ ගැන අවධානය යොමුකල හැකිය.
මෙහිදී,

(1)	වෘත්තීය අධ්‍යාපනය සඳහා සමාජයේ තිඛෙන පිළිගැනීම.

(2)	වෘත්තීය අධ්‍යෘපනය සම්බන්ධව විදිමත් තොරතුරු ලබා ගැනීමට ඇති අපහසුව.

වෘත්තීය අධ්‍යාපනයට පිවිසීමට පවත්නා ප්‍රධාන තම ගැටඵ දෙකක් වශයෙන් පෙන්වා දිීමට හැකිය.

කළා අංශය තුල සමහර සිසුන් තුල මෙයට පහැදිමක් තිබුනද  වෘත්තීය අධ්‍යපනය ගැන ඔවුන්ගෙ මිතුරන් හා වටාපිටවෙන් ඔවුන්ට ලබෙන පිලිගැනිම  අඩුය
වෘත්තීය අධ්‍යාපනය උදෙසා වූ සමාජ පිළිගැනීම අධ්‍යයනය කළහොත් පෙනී යන්නේ එය ඍණාත්මක පිළිගැනීමක් බවය.  ඒ සඳමා ප්‍රධාන සාදක කීපයක බලපෑම දැකිය හැකිය.

වෘත්තීය අධ්‍යාපන ආයතනයන්ට සමාජයේ පවතින පිළිගැනීම ගතහොත් මෙසේය.  අධ්‍යාපන පොදු සහතික පත්‍ර සාමාන්‍ය පෙළ, උසස්පෙළ යන විභාග කඩයිම් තුළ අසමත්වූ, සමාජය තුළ අතරමන්ව කුමක් කරම්දැයි සිතාගැනීමට නොහැකි පිරිස් හට යම් 'රැකියාවක් පුර්ැදු පුහුණු කරන්නා වූ ස්ථානයක් ලෙෂ වෘත්තීය පුහුණු ආයතන හැඳින්වේ.  මෙසෙල හංවඩු ගැසුන වෘත්තීය පුහුණු ආයතනයන්ට සමාජයේ පවතින අඩු පිළිගැනීම නිසාම එම ආයතනයන්හි පුහුණුව හැදෑරීමට අදහස් කරන තරුණ තරුණියන් මන්දොස්සාහි වන්නේ තමාගේ සාමාජ තත්වයට අදාල ආයතන නොගැලපෙන බව සිතමිනි.  මේ නිසා බොහෝ තරුණ තරුණියන් රජයේ වෑත්තීය පුහුණු ආයතන කරා නොගොස් විශාල මුදලක් වැය කරමින් සමාජය තුල ප්‍රචාරයක් ලබැ දෙමින් ඉහළයයි සම්මත පිළිගත් ආයතන කරා ඇදීයාමට උත්සාහ කරනු ලබයි.

(අ).  තවද බොහෝ තරුණ තරුණියන් රැකියාවක් කියු පමණින් බලාපොරොත්තු වනුයේ වායුසමීකරණය කරන ලද කාමරයක විශාල පුටුවක් මත ඉද කය නොවෙහෙසවා කරණු ලබන්නාවූ කි්‍රයාවකි.  ඔවුන් හට වෘත්තීයක් කී පමණින් සිහියට නැගෙනුයේ  වඩුමඩුවක, ගරාජයක, නිවසක් ඉදිකරන ස්ථානයක දහඩිය වගුරවමින් හෝ මජන් ගෑවුන අත්පා ඇතිව එදා වේල සොයා ගැනීම අරමුණු කරගත් උත්සාහය පෙරටු කොටගෙන කරනු ලබන රැකියාවකි.  මෙම තත්වය හා එම රැකියාවන් තුළින් විශාල මුදලක් ඉපයිය නොහැකි බවට පවතින පිළිගැනීම හා සමාජය තුළ ලැඛෙන්නාවූ අඩු ගරුත්වය මත වෘත්තීය පුහුණුවක් කරා යොමුවීමට ඇති උනන්දුව හීන කරයි.
(මෙහිදී අඩු ගරුත්වයක් යන්න මෙලෙස විස්තර කල හැකිය  ර්‍ණරැකියාවක් යනු පුද්ගල අනන්‍යතාවය නිර්වචනය කිරීමකි."

උදා:-  ඔබ ලී භාණ්ඩ සාදනවා නම් ඔබ වඩුබාස් යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වේ )
ඉහත බාධක හමුවේ නොසැලි වෘත්තීය අධ්‍යාපනය හැදෑරීමට ප්‍රවිශ්ඨ වීමට අදහස් කරණු ලබන ශිෂ්‍යයා ඊළගට මුහුණ දෙන්නා වූ ප්‍රධානම ගැටලූව වනුයේ තමන් පුහුණුවක් ලබා ගන්නාවූ පාඨමාලාව කුමක්ද යන්නයි.  මෙහිදී ඔහු තවත් හැදෑරීමට අවශ්‍යයයි තෝරාගනු ලබන පාඨමාලාව සොයාගනුයේ තම හැකියාව හා දක්ෂතාවය යන කාරණා මත නොව සමාජයේ වැඩි දෙනෙකු හදාරනු ලබන්නේ කුමන පාඨමාලාවද යන්න මතය.  එපමණක් නොව තවත් බොහෝ ශිෂ්‍යයන් නව පාඨමාලාව තෝරාගනු ලබන්නේ ප්‍රවෘත්ති පත්‍රයක තිඛෙන පාඨමාලා රාශියක් අධ්‍යනය කිරීමෙන් පමණක්ය.  මෙහිදී අදාල පාඨමාලාව තෝරා ගැනීමට හේතු වූ සාධකය වනුයේ බැලූ බැල්මට එම පාඨමාලාව තුළ වරදක් නොපෙනීම හා නවීන වචන පෙලක් ඔස්සේ ගොඩ නගන ලද්දාවූ නාමයක් එම පාඨමාලාව ෂතුවීම නිසාය.

මෙලෙස වෘත්තීය අධ්‍යාපනයට පිවිසීයා වූවද එම වෘත්තිය අධ්‍යාපනය හැදීරීමේ දී ද ගැටඵ රාශියකට අදාළ ශිෂ්‍යාට මුහුණ දීමට සිදුවේ.  එම ගැටඵ අතරින් ප්‍රධාන ස්ථානයක් අදාළ පාඨමාලාවේ ගුණාත්මක භාවය හා පිළිගැනීම මත බැදී පවතී.  මෙහිදී පිළිගැනීම යන්න තීරණය වීමේදී අදාළ වෘත්තිය පුහුණු ආයතනය තුළ පවතින ගණාත්මක භාවය ඉතාමත් වැදගත් වේ.  සමාජය තුළ අදාල විෂය පතය කෙරෙහි දක්ෂයයි පිළිගත් ප්‍රවීන ආචාර්ය මඩුල්ලක් හා, නවීන උපකරණ භාවිතයෙන් නිසි ප්‍රමිතියකින් යුතුව නිරන්තරයෙන් නවීන ලෝකය හා යාවත් කාලින වෙමින් අදාළ පාඨමාලා සැකසිය යුතු අතර කර්මාන්තයේ අවශ්‍යතාවයට ගැපෙන අයුරින් පාඨමාලා සැකසීම මෙහිදී වැදගත්වේ.

එපමණක් නොව ඛෙහෝ දෙනා වෘත්තීය අධ්‍යාපනය හැදෑරීමේදි කර්මාන්තයේ අවශ්‍යතාවයන්ට ප්‍රමුඛත්වය නොදෙන තත්වයක් වර්තමානය තුළ දැකගත හැකිය.  මෝටර් කාර්මික, ජලනල කාර්මික, පෙදරේරු ශිල්පී වැනි සමාජය තුළ කර්මාන්ත සඳහා ඉල්ලූම පවතින කේෂත්‍රයන් තිබියදී බොහෝ දෙනා වැඩි වශයෙන් පරිඝනක ආශි්‍රත වෘත්තීය පුහුණුව සඳහා යොමුව තිබේ.

වෘත්තීය පුහුණුව ආශ්‍රිතව පවතින ගැටලූ ගැන කතා කිරීමේදී ඊළඟට වෘත්තිය පුහුණුව පැදැරීමෙන් පසු තත්වය ගැන අවධානය යොමු කිරීමේදී ද ගැටලූ රාශියක් හඳුනාගත හැකිය.

වෘත්තීය අධ්‍යාපන නිමාකර පුහුණු කාලසීමාවෙන් පසු සමාජයට ප්‍රවිෂ්ඨ වන පුහුණු ශ්‍රමිකයාට ප්‍රථමයෙන්ම රගපෑමට තහිමිවන භූමිකාව වනුයේ සමාජයේ අනාථයෙකුගේ භූමිකාවයි.  එම කි්‍රයාව තෙරක් නොපෙනෙන මහසයුරක් මැද ගොඩබිමක් සොයා යාත්‍රා කරන නැවියෙකුගේ කි්‍රයාව හා සම වන්නකි.

වෘත්තීය පුහුණු ආයතන මඟින් පුහුණුව ලබන බොහෝ දෙනෙකු හට මුහුණදීමට සිදුවන්නේ මෙම ගැටලූවටයි.  මෙම තත්වය තුළ පුහුණු ශ්‍රමිකයා ස්වඋත්සාහයෙන්ම තම රැකියා අවස්ථාවට අවකාශ ඇති ස්ථානයක් සොයාගෙත යුතුය.  නැතිනම් නිර්මානය කරගත යුතුය.  වෘත්තීය පුහුණු ආයතන තුළ පුහුණුව නිම කළ පසු එම ආයතන මඟින් රැකියා අවස්ථා සපයනුයේ ඉතාම සීමිත පිරිසකට පමනි.  එලෙෂ සපයනු ලැබූ බොහෝ රැකියා අවස්ථා තාවකාලික ස්වරූපයක් උසුලයි.

එපමණක් නොව තමා ලද වෘත්තිය පුහුණුව තුළ උදාවන රැකියා එක් කාලවකවානුවකට පමණක් සීමා වන අයුරු දැකිය හැකිය.  උදාහරණයක් ලෙෂ ගෘහවිදුලි ශිල්පය හැදෑරූ අයෙක් ගතහොත් නිවසකට අලූතෙන් විදුලිය ගැනීමේදී පමණක් ඔහුට එදාවේල සොයාගැනීමට සුඵ ආදායමක් ඉපයීම පමණක් සිදු කරයි.  පෙදරේරු කර්මාන්තය ආශි්‍රතව ද මෙම තත්වයම දැකිය හැකිය.

එපමණක් නොව වෘත්තීය පුහුණුව  ලැබුවෙකු තම ස්ව උත්සාහයෙන් කර්මාන්තයක් ආරම්භ කිරීමට කටයුතු කිරීමේදී ඒ සඳහා අවශ්‍ය වන්නාවූ මූලික ප්‍රාග්ධනය සොයා ගැනීමේ අර්මුදයකට ඔහු මුහුණපානු ලබයි.  මෙයට ප්‍රධානතම හේතුව වනනේ එම පුහුණු වෘතතිකයා තුළ ඇති දක්ෂතාවය ගැන අගය දෙන ආයතන කෙරෙහි ඇති අඩු තක්සේරුවයි.  මෙම තත්වයට විසදුම් වශයෙන් වෘත්තීය පුහුණු අධිකාරිය වැනි ආයතන මැදිහත්වි රාජ්‍ය බැංකු මඟින් රුපියල් ලක්ෂ දෙකක පමණ ණය මුදලක් ලබාදීමට කටයුතු කලද එය ප්‍රමාණවත් නොවන අවස්ථා බොහෝ විට දැකගත හැකිය.  මෙම තත්වය මත වාත්තීය පුහුණුව ලැබූ බොහෝ දෙනෙකුට සිදුව ඇත්තේ වෙනයම් විකල්ප මාර්ගයකට පිවිසීමටයි.  මේ අනුව එම වෘත්තීය පුහුණුව ලත් තැනැත්තා ප්‍රාග්ධනය සොයා ගන්නා තුරු වෙනයම් පුද්ගලයෙකු යටකේ රැකියාවක් සොයා යයි.

අදාළ වෘත්තීය පුහුණුව ලත් තැනැත්තා එම උත්සාහයෙන් කර්මාන්තයක් ආරම්භ කලද ඔහු ඊළඟ මුහුණපානු ලබන ගැටලූව වනුයේ වෙළඳපොලක් නොමැතිකමයි.  වෙළඳපොලක් සකසා ගැනීමට නොහැකි තත්වය හමුවේ බොහෝ කර්මාන්ත ළදරු අවධියේදීම විනාශවී යයි.

මෙම තත්වය යටතේ ශී්‍ර ලාංකිය වෘත්තීය අධ්‍යපනය සඳහා නව මුහුණුවරක් ආදේශ කළයුතු කාලය එළඹී ඇති බව පෙනී යයි.  ඒ සඳහා අප ආරම්භක වශයෙන් ශී්‍ර ලංකීය සමාජය තුළ ඒ ඒ වෘත්තීන් උදෙසා මැවෙන ප්‍රතිරූපය වෙනස් කළ යුතුය.  උදාහරණ ලෙෂ පෙදරේරුවා ගතහොත් අපට මැවෙන සාම්වප්‍රදායික චරිතය වන පාපැදියක් පිටුපස මේසෙන් හැන්ද, මට්ටම්පොලූ වැනි බඩුබාහිරාදිය බැදගෙන එනුලබන බුලත්විට සපන චරිතය වෙනස්කර ඔහුට නව පෙනුමක් ආරෝපනය කලයුතුය.  එම පෙනුම දකින අයගේ සිත් ගන්නා සුඵ ආකාරයෙන් සැකසිය යුතුය.

එපමණක් නොව සමාජය තුළරැකියාව ඛෙදිතිඛෙන උස් පහත් භාවය ඉවත් කොට සෑම රැකියාවක උදෙසාම ගෞරවයක් ලබාදීමේ වැඩපිළිවෙලක් ආරම්භ කලයුතුය.  ඒ සඳහා ජනමාධ්‍ය භාවිතා කලයුතුය.

තවද වෘත්තීය අධ්‍යාපන ආයතන පිළිබඳව තිඛෙන සමාජ මතයද වෙනස් කල යුතුය.  එනම් වෘත්තීය අධ්‍යාපන ආයතන යනු හුදු පාසල් අධ්‍යාපනය හමාර කල පිරිස් හට රැකියා අවස්ථා සඳහා පුහුණුවක් පමණක් ලබාදෙන ආයතනයක් බවට තිඛෙන මතය වෙනස්කර මූලික ආරම්භක හැකියාවන් ඇති ශිල්පීන්ගේ සිට සුපරීක්ෂකවරුන් (ඩිප්ලෝවා) කළමනාකරුවන් (උසස් ඩිප්ලෝමා) තාක්ෂණ (උපාධි) දක්වා අධ්‍යපනය හැදෑරීමට හැකියාව ඇති අයතන බවට පත්කල යුතුය.

එපමණක් නොව සමාජ තුළ ඒ ඒ වෘතියට අදාළ රැකියාව කිරීම සඳහා නියමිත පුහුණුවක් ලබාගැනීම අනිවාර්ය කල යුතු අතර අදාළ පුහුණු කාලය නිමකල පසු ඒ සඳහා සහතිකයක් නිකුත්කල යුතුවය.  එවිට අදාල වෘත්තියට පිළිගැනීමක් හා වටිනාකමක් හිමිවෙනවා මෙන්ම පාරිභෝගියාට උසස් හා ගුනාත්මක සේවාවක් ද ලබාගැනීමට හැකියාව ලැඛෙනු ඇත.

තවද වෘත්තීය පුහුණු ආයතන සමාජය තුළ පුහුණු වෘත්තිකයන් සපයන ආයතනයක් ලෙස කි්‍රයා කලයුතුය.  ඒ අනුව වෘත්තීය පුහුණු ආයතන සමාජය තුළ රැකියා බැංකුවක මුහුණුවර තමන්වෙත ලබාගත යුතුය.

ඒ උදෙසා ආර්ථීකය තුළ කි්‍රයාත්මකවන ව්‍යාපාරික ආයතන හා තම බැදීම්කරගත යුතුය.  ඒ හරහා ඒ ඒ පුරප්පාඩුවට අවශ්‍ය වන්නා වු ශ්‍රමිකයන් ඒ ඒ ආයතන වලට සපයනු ලබන්නා වූ වගකීමාත්මක බැදීමක් අදාල ආයතන හා වෘත්තිය පුහුණු ආයතන අතර ඇතිකරගත යුතුය.  එපමණක් නොව ඒ ඒ ආයතනයන්හි සේවය කරන ශ්‍රමිකයන් උදෙසා විදිමත් පුහුණු වැඩසටහන් සැලසුම් කිරීම හා ආයතන පිළිබඳ ප්‍රමාණයක් ලබාදීම වැනි ප්‍රතිලාබ මෙහිදී අදාල ආයතනයන්ට හිමිකර දිය යුතුය.

එපමණක් නොව වෘත්තිය පුහුණු ආයතන මුල්වී නොයෙක් කේෂත්‍රයන්හි කර්මාන්ත ආරම්භ කල හැකිය.  එවිට අදාල කර්මාන්ත උදෙසා තම ආයතන තුළ පුහුණුවූ ශ්‍රමිකයන් යොදාගත හැකිය.  මෙය මෝටර් කාර්මික කේෂත්‍රව තුළ ඉතාමත් ප්‍රායෝගිකව යොදාගත හැකිය.

එපමණක් නොව වෘත්තීය අධ්‍යපනයේ ප්‍රධාන ඉලක්ක කණ්ඩායම වනුයේ පාසල් හැරගිය රැකියා නොමැති පිරිස් වුවද මෙම පිරිස පමණක් කේන්ද්‍ර නොකර දෙමාපියන්, ගුරුවරුන්, පාසල් සිසුන් වෘත්තීය අධ්‍යාපනය පිළිබඳ දැනුවත් කළ යුතුය.

	එපණක් නොව   වෘත්තීය අධ්‍යපනයේ යෙදෙන සිසුන් ගේ මානසික මට්ටම ගැන රජය හා ඔවුන් ගේ පවුල්වල සාමාජිකයන්ද දැනුවත් වී ඔවුන්ට ආදාල ඉගනීම

	ඉඩකඩ ලබාදීම පවුල් වල සාමාජිකයන් ගේ වගකීමකී.

	පාසලෙන් පසු සමාජයෙන් ඔවොන්ව කොන්  නොකල ඔවුන් දිරි ගැන්වීම සමාජයේ වගකීමකී .ශ්‍රි ලංකාව වැනි නොදියුනු හෝ දියුනු වෙම්නි පවතනින රටක සිටින මිනිසුන්ගේ සාම්ප්‍රරදායක් සිතුම් පැතුම් ද වෙනස් කල් යුතුය .

	තවද දැනට  වෘත්තීය අධ්‍යපනයේ යෙදෙන දරුවන් හට වීශේෂ වූ සහා ඔවොන්ටම ගැලපෙන සාමාජීය කාන්ඩායම් දියුණූ වෙමින් පවතීන අතර  සාමජයට ඔවොනට බරක් නොවී සිය ජීවන් රටාව ගෙන යයි.

	වෘත්තීය අධ්‍යපනයේ වාසි ශගත දේවල්

	උසස් පෙල ආලා වැනි විශයන් වල යෙදෙන සිසුන් ට වඩා නම් ඔවුන්ට නම්බුකර ලෙස සමාජයේ ජීවත් විය හැක .

	උදා (හෝටල් සහ බේකරි පතාමාලා හාදාරන සිසුන් ට ශ්‍රි ලනංකාවේ ප්‍රරසිද්ද හොටල් වල රැකියා ) ඇත .

	සරසවි යක් යන්නා මෙන් අනිවාර්‍ය හ්රෝ ට්යාත්ක්මන්ගේම රැකියාවක් ඔවොන්ට ලැබේ.

	තවද දිනෙන් දින උද්දමන වැනි හෙතුන් නිසා රුපියල සාපේක්ශව ඩොලර් ඉපයීමට ද හැක .එමගින් රට්ට විශාල සේවයක් ඔවොන් ඉටුකරයි.

	විශාල මුදල් වියදම් කර විදෙස් ගතව්න්නා තරුණයන තරුණීයන්ට NVQ සහතිකයක් ලබා ගත හැක .

මෙම යෝජනා තුළ ජීවිතයට හැකියාවක් - හැකියාවට රැකියාවක් - රැකියාවට පිළිගැනීමක් ලබා සාර්ථක ව්‍යාපාරිකයෙකු බිහිකර රටේ ආර්ථීක සංවර්ධනය නගා සිටවිය හැකිය.

ආශ්‍රිත මූලාශ්‍ර

 නිපුනතා පියස ප්‍රකාශන
වෘර්තීය හා නිපුනතා සං.අමාත්‍යාංශය

වෘත්තීය අධ්‍යාපනය


Hemibidessus es un género de coleópteros adéfagos  perteneciente a la familia Dytiscidae.

Especies
Hemibidessus conicus	Zimm.
Hemibidessus plaumanni	Gschwendtner 1935
Hemibidessus spangleri	Miller 2001
Hemibidessus spiroductus	Miller 2001

Referencias

  2001: Revision of the Neotropical genus Hemibidessus Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Hydroporinae: Bidessini). Aquatic insects, 23(4): 253-275.  PDF
  1921: Arch. Naturgesch., 87, A3: 196.

Enlaces externos

 Nomenclator Zoologicus

Bidessini

Hemibidessus