Chuarrancho (Chuarrancho: del kakchikel significa Frente al rancho) es un municipio del departamento de Guatemala que se encuentra en la región metropolitana de la República de Guatemala.

Historia
El territorio de Chuarrancho no tiene una fecha exacta de fundación, se sabe que apareció como aldea en el censo realizado por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística en 1880, como aldea de San Pedro Sacatepéquez con 1,123 habitantes. Por una orden presidencial del General Justo Rufino Barrios el 4 de marzo de 1884, Chuarrancho asciende a la categoría de municipio, pero como no se contaba con un acuerdo gubernativo que amparara legalmente esta disposición, a la muerte del general Barrios fue erogada aquella disposición con el Acuerdo Gubernativo del 20 de marzo de 1886, anexándolo como aldea del municipio de San Pedro Sacatepéquez nuevamente.
Por acuerdo del 6 de octubre de 1899, la aldea Chuarrancho deja de ser jurisdicción de San Pedro Sacatepéquez y se anexa a San Raymundo, comienza entonces una disputa entre San Raymundo y San Pedro Sacatepéquez por la aldea Chuarrancho hasta el 30 de noviembre de 1899 fue declarado municipio oficial del departamento de Guatemala aunque todavía hay dudas si su verdadera fundación pues existe un acuerdo con fecha 9 de febrero de 1909 en que fue anexado a San Raymundo como aldea, algunos sostienen que su declaración definitiva como municipio fue el 5 de junio de 1909, pero al parecer en esos años hubo un vacío legal y realmente no se archivó algún acuerdo que ampare y respalde dicha fecha. Véase la historia del municipio de Chuarrancho y compárelo con la siguiente página web.

Ubicación
El municipio de Chuarrancho se encuentra localizado a 36 kilómetros de la ciudad capital. Al norte se localiza El Chol y Salamá municipios del departamento de Baja Verapaz, al este San Raymundo, al oeste San José del Golfo y al sur San Pedro Ayampuc y Chinautla.

Economía
Los productos de la agricultura son las bases del comercio que el municipio tiene ya que de allí es donde se obtienen las ventas y el trabajo de muchos pobladores.

Agricultura
Aunque se ha declarado que algunos terrenos del municipio no son aptos para cultivos los demás terrenos son muy bien aprovechados y los cultivos son muy abundantes para la población. Entre los cultivos más abundantes están:
 Maíz
 Frijol
 Maicillo
 Tomate
 Café
 Berro
 Güisquil

Productos
Se aprovechan las diferentes especies de árboles que existen en el municipio y también los diferentes elementos que sirven para la elaboración de prendas típicas de vestir y también productos para el mantenimiento del hogar. Entre los productos de madera se extraen:
 El carbón
 La leña
Entre los productos de barro están:
 Comales
 Alcántaras
Entre las prendas típicas que elaboran están:
 Tejidos típicos

Cacería
Existen zonas especiales para que los pobladores pueden cazar animales y también existen zonas de pesca en los ríos que rodean al municipio.

Aldeas de Chuarrancho
Actualmente el municipio de Chuarrancho tiene las siguientes aldeas:

Chiquín (cuenta con los caseríos: El Naranjito, La Tejera, La Laguna -Los Figueroa-, y Los Mangales), Santa Bárbara Lo de Lac (Cuenta con los caseríos: Las Cruces y Los Suruy), La Ceiba (cuenta con los caserios: Los Hernández, El Pescadito y El Tablón), Rincón Grande (Cuenta con los caseríos: Los Ajcuc y San Pedrito), Trapiche Grande (cuenta con los caserios: Los Mangales y El Algodón), El Castaño (cuenta con los caserios: El Amatillo y Los Xuyá), El Conacaste, San Buenaventura (Cuenta con los caseríos: San Bernardo y El Limón), Santa Catarina (cuenta con el caserío El Regadillo), El Salitre y Los Olotes.

Aldea Chiquín
Aldea cercana a la cabecera municipal de Chuarrancho, situada al noreste, a una distancia de cuatro kilómetros en camino asfaltado. Sus coordenadas son las siguientes: 1,190 , latitud 14°50´10", longitud 90°29'30".

El origen de esta aldea es desconocida, pero en la remedida de las tierras del pueblo de San Pedro Sacatepéquez realizado por los años de 1739, por el Ingeniero don Julián de Reyna, se menciona el lugar denominado La Loma de Chiquín y también de la Cuesta de Chiquín, pero no hay información que asegure que ya estaba habitado.

En el censo de 1880, no aparece ninguna información todavía sobre este lugar, pero ya en el año de 1883 se mencionaba como aldea Chiquín, jurisdicción de San Raymundo, con vecinos en su mayoría ladinos procedentes de las aldeas del Ciprés, Vuelta Grande y del Carrizal, del pueblo de San Raymundo; que habían emigrado a la finca San José Trapiche Grande en busca de trabajo, pero años más tarde con el fin de asegurar un lugar donde vivir de una forma más digna con sus familias, se establecieron en el paraje de Chiquín.

Esta aldea pasó a jurisdicción del Pueblo de Chuarrancho por el año de 1913, aunque no hay un Acuerdo Gubernativo que lo ratifique. No se sabe cuando es que se dio el proceso de la mezcla de las dos culturas que actualmente viven en esta aldea, la cultura indígena y la ladina. Según el Censo Nacional de Población de 1994, de los 842 habitantes que tenía esta aldea, 502 eran indígenas y 340 ladinos.

Situada en el terreno del pueblo de Chuarrancho, que midió el ingeniero José Montúfar en los años de 1889, actualmente los vecinos tienen sus propiedades inmuebles con certificaciones extendidas por la municipalidad local. Según el censo del año de 1973 esta aldea contaba con dos caseríos que fueron: La Tejera y Santa Bárbara Lo de Lac. Actualmente cuenta con los caseríos: El Naranjito, Pila Seca y el paraje Los Xot.

Caseríos de la aldea chiquín

Caserío La Tejera

Situada a 2 kilómetros al oeste-sureste de la aldea, actualmente en carretera asfaltada. Sus coordenadas son: 900 metros, Sobre Nivel del Mar, latitud 14°50'47", longitud 90°29'02". Según lo publicado en el censo de 1973: tenía 47 habitantes: 26 hombres, 21 mujeres; alfabetos 3, indígenas 28.

En los años sesenta y setenta en el lugar en donde se ubica el campo de fútbol de la aldea Chiquín, se extraía tierra para fabricar adobe y también tejas. En ocasiones las tejas se fabricaban en ese mismo lugar por las personas que las necesitaban; y estando secas y listas se las llevaban para techar sus casas.

Este terreno en mención es propiedad de la Autoridad Auxiliar de la Aldea Chiquín, por esta razón cualquier persona podía sacar dicho material con solo pedir el permiso respectivo.

Escuela La Tejera

Durante muchos años los niños de los sectores de La Tejera y La Laguna han realizado el esfuerzo de caminar entre uno a dos kilómetros para asistir a la escuela de Chiquín, pero nació la iniciativa de crear una Escuela Primaria en el Cantón de La Tejera. Esta escuela se encuentra en terreno donado por la Alcaldía Auxiliar de esta aldea.

Iniciaron las clases en el año 2009 en una edificación provisional y no fue hasta febrero del  2012 cuando se inauguró el edificio que ocupa actualmente. Fue autorizada por el Ministerio de Educación el 30 de enero de 2009.

Caserío Santa Bárbara Lo de Lac

Por mucho tiempo fue caserío de la aldea Chiquín y en ese tiempo los vecinos de este caserío ejercían su servicio, como miembros de las autoridades auxiliares de dicha aldea hasta que por el año de 1989, se constituyó y erigió como aldea.

Caserío El Naranjito

Localizado a unos 500 metros al Noroeste del centro de la aldea Chiquín, el terreno donde se ubica es demasiado inclinado; de muy difícil acceso y en los límites de la finca San José Trapiche Grande. Su nombre se deriva del nombre del ojo de agua de donde se abastecen los pobladores, que se encuentra al noroeste y a unos trescientos metros del poblado y se llama "El Naranjito". En la aldea Chiquín otros conocen a este caserío con el nombre de "Las Joyas".

Caserío La Pila Seca

En oficio número 71 de fecha 12 de enero de 1959 de la Dirección General de Cartografía, se le pedía un reporte a la Municipalidad de Chuarrancho sobre sus aldeas y caseríos. En el informe remitido, "La Pila Seca" oficialmente era caserío de la aldea Trapiche Grande. También se le tomaba en cuenta de la misma manera de parte del Instituto Geográfico Nacional IGN, en varios documentos oficiales. En las últimas actualizaciones que ha realizado el INE se lo ha considerado como caserío de la Aldea Chiquín.

Este caserío se encuentra a unos 5 kilómetros por vereda al oeste de la aldea Trapiche Grande y a unos 6 kilómetros por vereda al norte-noroeste de la Aldea Chiquín, ubicado dentro de la Finca San José Trapiche Grande, su población lo constituyen los colonos de dicha finca y por lo tanto no tienen terrenos propios. Sus coordenadas según el IGN son los siguientes: a unos 1,000 , latitud 14°51'00", longitud 90°29'58". Según el Censo Nacional de 1994, el INE reportó que este caserío tenía 70 habitantes: 37 hombres, 33 mujeres; de los cuales 32 eran indígenas y 38 ladinas, una persona era alfabeta.

En este caserío aún se pueden observar casitas de bajareque con techo de lámina zinc. Han hecho corrales de varas amarradas con pita o alambre de amarre, para su crianza informal de gallinas, chompipes, patos, cerdos, etc. Algunos de los habitantes de este caserío han emigrado a las cercanías de la Aldea Chiquín, sobre todo al caserío El Naranjito. Todos sus habitantes son indígenas. Algunos concuerdan que es el poblado con la gente más pobre de todo el municipio.

Escuela de Chiquín

La aldea Chiquín cuenta con una Escuela Oficial Rural Mixta para Nivel Primaria que fue fundada el 5 de febrero de 1884, mediante un Acuerdo Gubernativo cuando la aldea aún estaba en jurisdicción del Pueblo de San Raymundo. Al parecer la municipalidad de este pueblo, había construido un edificio para este fin, como lo reza el acuerdo de su creación.

La escuela no era más que la de Trapiche Grande que por razones geográficas se trasladó a Chiquín por ser más céntrico, entre Chuarrancho y la mencionada aldea. Dotada en sus inicios con la cantidad de quince pesos mensuales, no se tiene conocimiento si en esta escuela se impartió el grado denominado Castellanización.

Instituto Nacional de Educación Básica de Telesecundaria

El Instituto Nacional de Educación Básica INEB, de Telesecundaria Chiquín, surge debido a la gran necesidad de atender las necesidades educativas de la Aldea Chiquín, esta empezó a funcionar el 16 de marzo de 2009, con primero básico.

La modalidad del Instituto Nacional de Educación Básica de Telesecundaria corresponde a dos aspectos centrales: atender la demanda de educación secundaria en esta área rural y mejorar la calidad educativa a través de propuestas metodológicas innovadoras.

Servicio de Salud

El 29 de mayo de 1973 se inauguró un Puesto de Salud de parte del Ministerio de Salud Pública y Asistencia Social. Primeramente se instaló en un edificio provisional que se comenzó a construir el 23 de diciembre de 1972.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Información sobre el municipio
 Historia completa de Chuarrancho

Municipios del departamento de Guatemala

Chuarrancho


Diomede Pantaleoni (Macerata,  - Rome, ) est un médecin et un homme politique italien.

Biographie
Diplômé en médecine de l'université de Rome, il se distingue par son engagement lors de l'épidémie de choléra de 1837.

Pendant le pontificat de Pie IX (1846-1878), il fait partie des groupes politiques modérés qui soutiennent les programmes réformateurs, se dissociant de la république de 1849.

Il collabore ensuite avec Camillo Cavour dans des négociations secrètes avec Napoléon III pour résoudre la question romaine.

Élu député du Royaume d'Italie, il est expulsé de Rome ; il est nommé sénateur le 6 novembre 1873 et écrit divers ouvrages à caractère politique. En 1870, il est choisi comme commissaire des Ospedali Riuniti (hôpitaux unis) de Rome et, à ce titre, il restaure l'hôpital de San Rocco pour les parturientes et les célibataires.

Il est le père de l'économiste Maffeo Pantaleoni, ami de Vilfredo Pareto et promoteur du marginalisme en Italie.

Fonctions politiques et administratives
 Membre et questeur du Conseil des Députés (Rome) (1848)
 Conseiller municipal de Rome

Fonctions et titres
 Fondateur de la Société historique romaine (1840)
 Membre ordinaire du Conseil supérieur de la santé
 Vice-président du Conseil supérieur de la santé
 Membre de la Commission pour la conservation des monuments des beaux-arts et des antiquités de la région des Marches, section Macerata

Références

Source

Liens externes

  Pantaleóni, Diomede, sur le site Treccani.it – Encyclopédie en ligne, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana.
  Mario Menghini, PANTALEONI, Diomede, dans l'Enciclopedia Italiana, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 1935.
  Pantaleóni, Diomède, sur le site sapere.it, De Agostini.
  Pantaleoni, Diomede, dans le LUnificazione, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2011.
  Œuvres de Diomede Pantaleoni, sur le site openMLOL, Horizons Unlimited srl.
  Œuvres de Diomede Pantaleoni, sur le site Open Library, Internet Archive.
  Diomede Pantaleoni, sur le site storia.camera.it, Chambre des Députés.
  Diomede Pantaleoni, sur le site Senatori d'Italia, Sénat de la République.

Naissance en mars 1810
Décès en mai 1885
Naissance à Macerata
Décès à Rome
Décès à 75 ans
Médecin italien
Personnalité politique italienne du XIXe siècle
Sénateur de la XIe législature du royaume d'Italie
Député de la VIIIe législature du royaume d'Italie
Étudiant de l'université de Rome « La Sapienza »

Diomede Pantaleoni


දකුණු ලක බලපිටියේ මාදු ගඟ ජාත්‍යන්තර වශයෙන් පිළිගත් රැම්සා තෙත් බිමකි. ලංකාවේ රැම්සා තෙත් බිම් තුනක් දක්නට ලැබෙන අතර වඩාත්ම සෞන්දර්යාත්මක තෙත් බිම මෙයයි. මෙය අභය භූමියක් ලෙස 2006 ජුනි මස ප්‍රකාශයට පත්කොට ඇත. හෙක්ටයාර 2300 ක් පුරා මෙය විහිදි ඇති අතර දූපත් 25 කින් සමන්විත මාදු ගඟ මහ සමුදුරක් මෙනි. එය ගැඹුරු ය. සොදුරු ය. පැහැදිලි මුත් රළු ය. තවද එය ශාන්ත මෙන්ම මනරම් ද වේ.

ආවේනික සත්ත්ව සහ ශාක වර්ග මෙන්ම දුර්ලභ කඩොලාන වර්ග අතින් මාදු ගඟ පොහොනි වී ඇත. එය පරිසර ලෝලීන්ට වින්දනාත්මක ස්ථානයකි. පරිසර වේදීන්ට පර්යේෂණ භූමියකි. ඉතිහාසඥයින්ට ඓතිහාසික සාධක ඇති අත්පොතකි. අධ්‍යාපනය හදාරන්නන්ට නිදසුන් සහිත පුස්තකයකි. එවන් වූ සුවි‍ශේෂී වැදගත් කමක් ඇති මාදු ගං කොමළිය අභිෂේක ලබන්නේ එය රැම්සා තෙත් බිමක් වූ මොහොතේ ය. එහෙත් අතීතයේ සිටම ඈ නිහඬ සුන්දරත්වයකි.

ලංකාවේ තෙවන රැම්සා තෙත් බිම

එසේම මාදු ගඟ  භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම ගත්විට එම පරිසර පද්ධතිය 2001 දෙසැම්බර් 11 වන දින ලංකාවේ තෙවන රැම්සා තෙත් බිම වශයෙන් හදුන්වා දී ඇත. මෙම පරිසර පද්ධතිය බැලූ බැල්මට කලපුවක් මෙන් දිස් වුවද එහි පවතින ජෛව විවිධත්වය සහ ජෛව සංයුතිය නිසා මෙය තෙත් බිම් පරිසර පද්ධතියක් ලෙස නම් කොට ඇත. තෙත් බිමක් ලෙස හැදින්විය හැක්කේ සාර්ථක ඉහළ ජෛව විවිධත්වයකින් යුතු පරිසර පද්ධතියකි. මාදු ගඟ  තෙත් බිම් පරිසරය කලාප කිහිපයකට බෙදා දක්වා ඇත. මේවා විවිධ කාර්යයන් හා වටිනාකම් මත කලමණාකරනයට ලක්කොට ඇත.  වර්තමානයේ මාදුගඟ තෙත් බිම් පරිසරයේ වටිනාකම සහ වැදගත්කම අවබෝධ කරගත් බලධාරීන් විසින් මාදු ගඟ අවට මීටර් 500 ක ප්‍රමාණය රක්ෂිත කලාපයක් ලෙස නම් කොට ඇත.

මාදු ගඟ  ආශ්‍රිතව දක්නට ලැබෙන සුවිශේෂි භූගෝලීය පිහිටීමක් ලෙස ඒ අවට පිහිටියා වු දූපත් සමූහය පෙන්වා දිය හැක. කලකට ඉහත දී මාදු ගඟ ආශ්‍රිතව දූපත් 64 ක් පමණ පිහිටා තිබූ බව සඳහන් වන නමුත් 1997 රුහුණු විශ්ව විද්‍යාල‍යේ උද්භිද විද්‍යා අධ්‍යයන අංශය මගින් කල අධ්‍යයනයක දී සොයා ගැනුනේ දූපත් 17 ක් පමණක් ඉතිරිව ඇති බවයි. එහෙත් මාදු ගඟ ආශ්‍රිතව වෙසෙන ජනතාව ප්‍රකාශ කර තිබෙන්නේ තවමත් දූපත් 25 ක් පමණ නොනැසී පවතින බවයි. මෙහි බොහෝ දූපත් ගොඩබිම් ප්‍රදේශ වන අතර ඇතැම් දූපත් කළුගල් වලින් නිර්මාණය වී ඇත. මෙහි ඉතාම කුඩා ම දූව වන සතපහේ දූව ද කළුගල් වලින් නිර්මාණය වූවකි. මෙම දූපත් අතරින් දූපත් කිහිපයක් හැරුණ කොට ඉතිරි සියලුම දූපත් ජනාවාස වී ඇත. එයින් විශාලම දූපත වන්නේ මාදූවයි.

මාදු ගඟ ආශ්‍රිත ජෛව විවිධත්වය

මාදු ගඟ  ආශ්‍රිතව දක්නට ලැබෙන ජෛව විවිධත්වය නිසා ද මාදු ගඟ ඉතා සුවිශේෂි ගං කොමළියක් වේ. කඩොලාන ශාක පරිසරය ද ඊට අමතරව දක්නට ලැබෙන ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විවිධත්වය නිසා ද මෙය සුවිශේෂි පරිසර පද්ධතියක් ලෙස දැක්විය හැක. එසේම මාදු ගඟට ආවේනික වූ ශාක සහ සත්ත්ව විශේෂ ද මෙම ප්‍රදේශයෙන් සොයාගත හැකිය. මාදු ගඟ ආශ්‍රිත පරිසර පද්ධතිය පක්ෂීන්ගේ නිවහනක් වශයෙන් ක්‍රියා කරයි. ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දැකිය හැකි කඩොලාන ශාක විශේෂ 14 ක් ද මෙහි දැකිය හැකි අතර ඊට අමතරව මාදු ගඟට පමණක් ආවේනික වූ ශාක විශේෂයක් වන රත්මිල්ල ද මෙහි වේ. මෙම ශාක විශේෂය මාදු ගඟ ආශ්‍රිත දූපතක් වූ ඕවිලාන දූපත ආශ්‍රිතව දක්නට ලැබේ. කඩොලාන ශාක වලට අමතරව ශාක විශේෂ මෙම මාදු ගඟ ආශ්‍රිතව දැක ගත හැකිය. උණ බට, කිතුල්, මිල්ල, ඇඹරැල්ලා, ගිම් පොල්, පුවක්, කොස් ආදී ශාක එම ශාක විශේෂ අතර කිහිපයක් පමණි. ඖෂධීය ශාක ද මාදු ගඟ පරිසර පද්ධතිය ආශ්‍රිතව දක්නට ලැබේ. ඒ අතර උදුපියලිය, නිදිකුම්බා, ගොටුකොළ, ගිරාපලා ආදිය විශේෂ වේ. එසේ ම ශ්‍රී ලංකාවට ආවේනික ශාක විශේෂ වන බෝවිටියා, කුරුදු, කැකුණ ආදිය ද මෙම මාදු ගඟ ආශ්‍රිතව ව්‍යාප්ත වී ඇත. ජපන් ජබර සහ සැල්වීනියා වර්ගයේ ශාක වැනි ආක්‍රමණකාරී ශාක නිසා මාදු ගඟ පරිසර පද්ධතිය අවධානමට ලක් වී ඇත. ශාක පමණක් නොවේ විවිධාකාර වූ සත්ත්ව විශේෂ ද මාදු ග‍ගේ සුන්දරත්වය තව තවත් ඔප් නංවන්නට සමත් වී ඇත. පක්ෂීන්, මත්සයින්, උරගයින්, සර්පයින්, උභය ජීවීන් ආදීන් මේ අතර විශේෂ වේ. එසේම මාදු ගඟ ආශ්‍රිතව සමනල සහ සලඹ විශේෂ ද දක්නට ලැබේ. එසේම ශ්‍රී ලංකාවට ආවේනික සත්ත්වයන් වන උණහපුලුවා, කොළවඳුරා, දඬුලේනා ආදි සත්ත්වයන් ද මාදු ගඟ ආශ්‍රිතව දැකගත හැකිය.

මාදු ගඟ ආශ්‍රිත ජන ජීවිතය
මාදු ගඟ  පිළිබඳව අවදානය යොමු කිරී‍මේ දී මාදු ගඟ ආශ්‍රිත ජන ජීවිතය පිළිබඳවත් අවධානය යොමුකිරීම ඉතා වැදගත් වේ. මාදු ගඟ අවට ප්‍රදේශ වාසීන් සිය ජීවනෝපාය සඳහා මාදු ගඟ  අවට පරිසරය බෙහෝ විට උපයෝගී කර ගනී. ඒ අතර වැදගත් ස්ථානයක් මිරිදිය ධීවර කර්මාන්තයට හිමිවේ. මෙයට මූලිකව පදනම වී ඇත්තේ කළපුව ආශ්‍රිත මිරිදිය මත්ස්‍ය කර්මාන්තයයි. මෙම ධීවර කර්මාන්තයේ යෙදෙන පවුල් දහසක් පමණ මාදු ගඟ ආශ්‍රිතව අපට හදුනාගත හැක. ඉස්සන් ඇල්ලීම සදහා යොදාගනු ලබන රිටිපන්න ක්‍රමය ඉතාම ජනප්‍රිය ක්‍රමයක් වී ඇත. ඉස්සන් ඇල්ලීමට භාවිත කරන තවත් ක්‍රමයක් ලෙස ජාකොටු ක්‍රමය දැක්විය හැකිය. කුරුඳු වගාව මඟින් සිය ජීවනෝපාය සරිකර ගනු ලබන ජනතාව මෙම මාදු ගඟ ආශ්‍රිතව දක්නට ලැබේ. කුරුඳු වගාව මෙන්ම පොල් වගාව ද මෙම ප්‍රදේශය පුරා ජනප්‍රිය වූ තවත් ජී‍වනෝපායකි. මීට අමතරව මාදු ගඟ ආශ්‍රිතව පන් කර්මාන්තය, පොල් රා කර්මාන්තය, කොහු කර්මාන්තය, දැව සහ ලී බඩු සෑදීමේ කර්මාන්ත ද දක්නට ලැබේ. සුවිශේෂී වශයෙන් සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය මාදු ගඟ  ආශ්‍රීතව අති ජනප්‍රිය වී ඇත. දේශීය විදේශීය සංචාරකයින් මාදු ගඟ නැරඹීම සඳහා පැමිණෙන අතර ඒ සඳහා ලී ඔරු, ෆයිබර් ඔරු, අඟුල්, මෝටර් බෝට්ටු ආදිය භාවිත කරයි.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ස්වභාවික සෞන්දර්යය වඩාත් ඔප් නංවනවා සේම එම ප්‍රදේශය ආශ්‍රිත ජනතාවගේ දිවි මග සාර්ථක කර ගැනීමට ද මෙම මාදු ගං කොමළිය ඉමහත් පිටුවහලක් වී ඇතිබව අපට පෙනී යයි. එබැවින් ලෝක උරුමයක් සේම ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සුන්දරතම රැම්සා තෙත් බිම වන මාදු ගඟ පරිසර පද්ධතිය සුරක්ෂිත කොට අනාගත පරපුරට දායාද කිරීම සියලුම ශ්‍රී ලංකා වාසීන්ගේ යුතුකමක් සේ සැලකිය යුතුය.

මූලාශ්‍ර

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මාදු තෙත් බිම


The Apollo spacecraft was composed of three parts designed to accomplish the American Apollo program's goal of landing astronauts on the Moon by the end of the 1960s and returning them safely to Earth.  The expendable (single-use) spacecraft consisted of a combined command and service module (CSM) and an Apollo Lunar Module (LM). Two additional components complemented the spacecraft stack for space vehicle assembly: a spacecraft–LM adapter (SLA) designed to shield the LM from the aerodynamic stress of launch and to connect the CSM to the Saturn launch vehicle and a launch escape system (LES) to carry the crew in the command module safely away from the launch vehicle in the event of a launch emergency.

The design was based on the lunar orbit rendezvous approach: two docked spacecraft were sent to the Moon and went into lunar orbit. While the LM separated and landed, the CSM remained in orbit. After the lunar excursion, the two craft rendezvoused and docked in lunar orbit, and the CSM returned the crew to Earth. The command module was the only part of the space vehicle that returned with the crew to the Earth's surface.

The LES was jettisoned during launch upon reaching the point where it was no longer needed, and the SLA remained attached to the launch vehicle's upper stage. Two uncrewed CSMs, one uncrewed LM, and one crewed CSM were carried into space by Saturn IB launch vehicles for low Earth orbit Apollo missions. Larger Saturn Vs launched two uncrewed CSMs on high Earth orbit test flights, the CSM on one crewed lunar mission, the complete spacecraft on one crewed low Earth orbit mission, and eight crewed lunar missions. After conclusion of the Apollo program, four CSMs were launched on Saturn IBs for three Skylab Earth orbital missions and the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project.

Command and service module

The major part of the Apollo spacecraft was a three-man vehicle designed for Earth orbital, translunar, and lunar orbital flight, and return to Earth. This consisted of a command module supported by a service module, built by North American Aviation (later North American Rockwell).

Command module (CM)

The command module was the control center for the Apollo spacecraft and living quarters for the three crewmen. It contained the pressurized main crew cabin, crew couches, control and instrument panel, Primary Guidance, Navigation and Control System, communications systems, environmental control system, batteries, heat shield, reaction control system to provide attitude control, forward docking hatch, side hatch, five windows, and a parachute recovery system. It was the only part of the Apollo/Saturn space vehicle that returned to Earth intact.

Service module (SM)

The service module was unpressurized and contained a main service propulsion engine and hypergolic propellant to enter and leave lunar orbit, a reaction control system to provide attitude control and translational capability, fuel cells with hydrogen and oxygen reactants, radiators to dump waste heat into space, and a high gain antenna. The oxygen was also used for breathing, and the fuel cells produced water for drinking and environmental control. On Apollo 15, 16 and 17 it also carried a scientific instrument package, with a mapping camera and a small sub-satellite to study the Moon.

A major portion of the service module was taken up by propellant and the main rocket engine. Capable of multiple restarts, this engine placed the Apollo spacecraft into and out of lunar orbit, and was used for mid-course corrections between the Earth and the Moon.

The service module remained attached to the command module throughout the mission. It was jettisoned just prior to reentry into the Earth's atmosphere.

Lunar Module (LM)

The Apollo Lunar Module was a separate vehicle designed to land on the Moon and return to lunar orbit, and was the first true "spaceship" since it flew solely in the vacuum of space. It consisted of a descent stage and an ascent stage. It supplied life support systems for two astronauts for up to four to five days on the Apollo 15, 16 and 17 missions. The spacecraft was designed and manufactured by the Grumman Aircraft Company.

The descent stage contained the landing gear, landing radar antenna, descent propulsion system, and fuel to land on the Moon. It also had several cargo compartments used to carry, among other things: the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Packages ALSEP, the modularized equipment transporter (MET) (a hand-pulled equipment cart used on Apollo 14), the Lunar Rover (Apollo 15, 16 and 17), a surface television camera, surface tools, and lunar sample collection boxes.

The ascent stage contained the crew cabin, instrument panels, overhead hatch/docking port, forward hatch, optical and electronic guidance systems, reaction control system, radar and communications antennas, ascent rocket engine and propellant to return to lunar orbit and rendezvous with the Apollo Command and Service Modules.

Spacecraft–lunar module adapter (SLA)

The spacecraft–LM adapter (SLA), built by North American Aviation (Rockwell), was a conical aluminum structure that connected the service module to the Saturn S-IVB rocket stage. It also protected the LM, the service propulsion system engine nozzle, and the launch-vehicle-to-service-module umbilical during launch and ascent through the atmosphere.

The SLA was composed of four fixed  panels bolted to the Instrument Unit on top of the S-IVB stage, which were connected via hinges to four  panels which opened from the top similar to flower petals.

The SLA was made from  aluminum honeycomb material. The exterior of the SLA was covered by a thin () layer of cork and painted white to minimize thermal stresses during launch and ascent.

The service module was bolted to a flange at the top of the longer panels, and power to the SLA multiply-redundant pyrotechnics was provided by an umbilical. Because a failure to separate from the S-IVB stage could leave the crew stranded in orbit, the separation system used multiple signal paths, multiple detonators and multiple explosive charges where the detonation of one charge would set off another even if the detonator on that charge failed to function.

Once in space, the astronauts pressed the 'CSM/LV Sep' button on the control panel to separate the CSM from the launch vehicle. Detonating cord was ignited around the flange between the SM and SLA, and along the joints between the four SLA panels, releasing the SM and blowing apart the connections between the panels. Dual-redundant pyrotechnic thrusters at the lower end of the SLA panels then fired to rotate them around the hinges at 30–60 degrees per second.

On all flights through Apollo 7, the SLA panels remained hinged to the S-IVB and opened to a 45-degree angle, as originally designed. But as the Apollo 7 crew practiced rendezvous with the S-IVB/SLA containing a dummy docking target, one panel did not open to the full 45 degrees, raising concern about the possibility of collision between the spacecraft and the SLA panels during docking and extraction of the LM in a lunar mission. This led to a redesign using a spring-loaded hinge release system which released the panels at the 45-degree angle and pushed them away from the S-IVB at a velocity of about , putting them a safe distance away by the time the astronauts pulled the CSM away, rotated it through 180 degrees, and came back for docking.

The LM was connected to the SLA at four points around the lower panels. After the astronauts docked the CSM to the LM, they blew charges to separate those connections and a guillotine severed the LM-to-instrument-unit umbilical. After the charges fired, springs pushed the LM away from the S-IVB, and the astronauts were free to continue their trip to the Moon.

Specifications
Height:
Apex diameter:  Service module end
Base diameter:  S-IVB end
Weight:
Volume: ,  usable

Launch escape system (LES)

The Apollo launch escape system (LES) was built by the Lockheed Propulsion Company. Its purpose was to abort the mission by pulling the CM (the crew cabin) away from the launch vehicle in an emergency, such as a pad fire before launch, guidance failure, or launch vehicle failure likely to lead to an imminent explosion.

The LES included three wires that ran down the exterior of the launch vehicle. If the signals from any two of the wires were lost, the LES would activate automatically. Alternatively, the Commander could activate the system manually using one of two translation controller handles, which were switched to a special abort mode for launch. When activated, the LES would fire a solid fuel escape rocket and open a canard system to direct the CM away from, and off the path of, a launch vehicle in trouble. The LES would then jettison and the CM would land with its parachute recovery system.

If the emergency happened on the launch pad, the LES would lift the CM to a sufficient height to allow the recovery parachutes to deploy safely before coming in contact with the ground.

In the absence of an emergency, the LES was routinely jettisoned about 20 or 30 seconds after the launch vehicle's second-stage ignition, using a separate solid-fuel rocket motor manufactured by the Thiokol Chemical Company. Abort modes after this point would be accomplished without the LES. The LES was carried but never used on four uncrewed Apollo flights, and fifteen crewed Apollo, Skylab, and Apollo-Soyuz Test Project flights.

Major components

Nose cone and Q-ball The nose cone of the LES contained an array of 8 pressure-measuring pitot tubes in a structure known as the "Q-ball". These sensors were connected to the CM and Saturn launch vehicle guidance computers, allowing calculation of dynamic pressure (q) during atmospheric flight and also the angle of attack in the event of an abort.
Q-ball cover A styrofoam cover, removed a few seconds before launch, protected the pitot tubes from being clogged by debris.  The cover was split in half vertically and held together by a  rubber band. A razor blade was positioned behind the rubber band, pinched between the halves of the cover. A wire cable was connected to the top and bottom of the razor blade and to both halves of the cover. The cable was routed through a pulley on the hammerhead crane at the top of the launch umbilical tower (LUT) down to a tube on the right side of the  level of the LUT. The cable was connected to a cylindrical weight inside a tube. The weight rested on a lever controlled by a pneumatic solenoid valve. When the valve was actuated from the Launch Control Center (LCC), the pneumatic pressure of 600 PSI GN2 (nitrogen gas) rotated the lever down allowing the weight to drop down the tube. The dropping weight pulled the cable, which pulled the blade cutting the rubber band, and the cable pulled the halves of the cover away from the launch vehicle. The apparent overengineering of this safety system was due to the fact that the launch escape system, which depended on the Q-ball data, was armed 5 minutes before launch, so retraction of the Q-ball cover was a life-critical part of a possible pad abort.
Canard assembly and pitch motor These worked in combination to direct the CM off a straight path and to the side during an emergency. This would direct the CM off the flight path of an exploding launch vehicle. It would also direct the CM to land off to the side of any launch pad fire and not in the middle of it.
Launch escape motor The main solid-fuel rocket motor inside a long tube, with four exhaust nozzles mounted under a conical fairing. This would pull the CM rapidly away from a launch emergency.
Tower jettison motor A smaller solid fuel motor with two exhaust nozzles, mounted in the tube, above the escape motor. This jettisoned the entire Launch Escape System after it was no longer needed, sometime after second stage ignition.
Launch escape tower A truss framework of tubes that attached the escape motor fairing to the CM.
Boost protective cover A hollow conical fiberglass structure protecting the CM's parachute compartment and providing a smooth aerodynamic cover over the docking tunnel and probe. After erosion of the pilot's windows from the escape motor exhaust was discovered during early LES flight testing, an aft protective cover surrounding the CM's entire upper surface was added.

Specifications
Length minus : 32 ft 6 in (9.92 m)
Length with : 39 ft 5 in (12.02 m)
Diameter: 2 ft 2 in (0.66 m)
Total mass:
Thrust, 36,000 ft:
Thrust, maximum:
Burn time: 4.0 seconds

Abort tests
Pad Abort Test 1 – LES abort test from launch pad with Apollo boilerplate BP-6
Pad Abort Test 2 – LES pad abort test of near Block-I CM with Apollo boilerplate B-23A
Little Joe II – Four in-flight LES abort tests.

Current locations of spacecraft
The disposition of all command modules, and all unflown service modules is listed at Apollo command and service module#CSMs produced. (All flown service modules burned up in the Earth's atmosphere at termination of the missions.)

The disposition of all lunar modules is listed at Apollo Lunar Module#Lunar modules produced.

References

 North American Rockwell, 'Apollo Command Module News Reference', 1968.
 NASA TN D-7083: Launch Escape Propulsion Subsystem
 Apollo Operations Handbook Lunar Module Subsystems Data

External links
 NASA report JSC-03600 Apollo/Skylab ASTP and Shuttle Orbiter Major End Items, Final Report, March 1978; NASA report listing dispositions of all rockets and spacecraft used in the Apollo, Skylab, Apollo-Soyez Test Project and early shuttle missions, as of 1978.
 Apollo D-2 Proposal by General Electric, Encyclopedia Astronautica

Crewed spacecraft
Apollo spacecraft
Vehicles introduced in 1966
Spacecraft launched by Saturn rockets
Spacecraft that orbited the Moon

Apollo (spacecraft)


A Ponte de Mosteirô é uma ponte que a une as margens de Baião e Oliveira do Douro (Cinfães) sobre o rio Douro, em Portugal, a sua construção começou em 1968, e a inauguração foi em 1972, está localizada no local da antiga ponte de Mosteirô tendo sido mesmo aproveitados 2 dos 3 pilares da antiga ponte, a ponte foi projetada pelo engenheiro Edgar Cardoso.

História
A  obra  foi  construída  em  1972,  em  substituição  de  uma ponte  metálica  existente,  no  mesmo  local,  devido  à  albufeira que iria ser criada, com a construção da nova barragem do Carrapatelo. Esta foi mais uma das obras do Engenheiro Edgar Cardoso no Vale do Douro.

Características
É uma Ponte rodoviária sobre o Rio Douro, em superestrutura contínua de betão armado pré-esforçado, de rótula aberta, losangular, tendo um vão central de 110m e dois vãos laterais de 42m cada, o tabuleiro é constituído por uma viga caixão treliçada.

Ligações Externas

 https://teixeiraduarteconstrucao.com/projetos/ponte-de-mosteiro-reforco-estrutural/
 https://monumentosdesaparecidos.blogspot.com/2010/07/ponte-de-mosteiro.html?m=1
 Jornal de Notícias - Ponte de Mosteirô recuperada

Ver também

 Rio Douro
 Baião
 Cinfães

Referências

Ponte de Mosteirô
Ponte de Mosteirô
Ponte de Mosteirô
Ponte de Mosteirô

Ponte de Mosteirô


برحليون هي قرية لبنانية من قرى قضاء بشري في محافظة الشمال.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في محافظة لبنان الشمالي
قرى لبنان

برحليون


A parada de mão, chamado no inglês de handstand, também chamado de postura da árvore ou plantando bananeira, é o ato de apoiar o corpo em uma posição vertical invertida estável equilibrando-se com as mãos no chão. Na forma básica, o corpo é mantido reto com os braços e pernas totalmente estendidos, com as mãos espaçadas aproximadamente na direção dos ombros e as pernas juntas. Existem muitas variações, onde todas exigem que o artista possua equilíbrio e força na parte superior do corpo. No entanto, a prática pode ser restrita à quem tem hipertensão ou doenças cardíacas.

A parada de mão é realizada em muitas atividades atléticas, como acrodance, animação de torcida, circo, ioga, calistenia e ginástica. Algumas variações são realizadas em todos os aparelhos de ginástica, e muitas habilidades de queda passam por uma posição de parada de mão durante sua execução. Breakers (b-boy e b-girl) incorporaram a parada em congelamentos e chutes. O salto ornamental da plataforma existe a posição mergulho de parada de braço - são mergulhos que começam com uma parada de mão. Os nadadores realizam paradas subaquáticas como uma acrobacia, com o corpo invertido debaixo d'água e as pernas e pés estendidos acima da superfície, tendo competições com o vencedor sendo a pessoa que pode permanecer em uma parada subaquática por mais tempo.

Etimologia
A parada de mão é conhecidos por vários outros nomes. Na ioga moderna como exercício, é chamado de Adho Mukha Vrksasana; Na capoeira é chamado de bananeira.

Benefícios
A parada de mão traz diversos benefícios para a saúde, a saber: força da parte superior do corpo; estabilidade, amplia o equilíbrio e respiração, trazendo calma; melhora saúde dos ossos e circulação sanguínea, principalmente no cérebro; consciência corporal; condicionamento físico.

Ioga
No yoga como exercício, a parada está na categoria de poses invertidas; é conhecido como Adho Mukha Vrksasana, ou postura da árvore voltada para baixo. No Hatha Yoga tradicional (século 18), o Vyayāmadipike, que o chama de "segundo gardam", e o Śrītattvanidhi usam em uma sequência que envolve tocar o nariz no chão; onde o Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati chama isso de syenasana, significando pose de falcão.

Ginástica
Existem dois estilos básicos de parada de mão na ginástica moderna: costas retas e costas curvadas. O estilo reto é empregado quando a estética das linhas retas do corpo é desejada, por exemplo quando realizada em conjunto com um aparelho de ginástica. Em muitos casos, no entanto, o estilo de costas curvadas é o preferido, pois oferece controle superior das pernas e do tronco sobre o equilíbrio. Em todos os casos, o equilíbrio é mantido deslocando o peso do corpo para os dedos ou para o calcanhar da mão.

Todos os pinos básicos de ginástica têm estas características: Braços retos com as mãos apoiadas no chão aproximadamente na direção dos ombros. Pernas retas e unidas. Dedos pontiagudos para continuar as linhas das pernas. A variação, parada de três apoios, que consiste em uma parada de mão com o apoio da cabeça no chão, auxiliando o equilíbrio do corpo durante a realização do movimento.

Além disso, os pinos retos têm as seguintes características: Cabeça dobrada (face apontada para frente) como se estivesse em pé. Coluna reta, com os quadris empurrados para a frente. Se realizado deitado, isso faria com que a parte inferior das costas entrasse em contato com o solo.

Breakdance
Parada de mão em congelamentos/frezees são comuns no breakdance, em que os dançarinos se esforçam para assumir formas corporais visualmente interessantes e com alto grau de equilíbrio, que não estão sujeitas a regras formais.

Variações
As variações comuns da parada de mão incluem:

 Pernas retas mantidas em uma abertura lateral ou frontal (split).
 Stag split, em que as pernas são divididas na frente com os joelhos dobrados.
 Costas extremamente arqueadas, com joelhos dobrados e dedos dos pés tocando a parte de trás da cabeça.
 Hollowback dorso-oco, com hiperextensão das costas, de modo que as pernas ficam mais para trás do que a cabeça.
 Uma mão one-handed, em que apenas uma mão entra em contato com o solo.
 Pushups flexões de parada de mão, nas quais se levanta e abaixa o corpo em pé invertido nas mãos.
 Parada de mão dividida em straddle.

Ver também
 Lista de asanas

Referências

Postura humana
Movimentos da ginástica artística
Hip hop

Parada de mão


An Festuca cundinamarcae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Evgenii Borisovich Alexeev. An Festuca cundinamarcae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Festuca, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Colombia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Festuca

Festuca cundinamarcae


Međunarodni tehnološki plan za poluvodiče (ITRS) je skup dokumenata koje je izradila skupina stručnjaka poluvodičke industrije. Ti su stručnjaci predstavnici organizacija sponzora koje uključuju Udruženje industrije poluvodiča SAD-a, Europe, Japan, Južna Koreja i Tajvan.

Izrađeni dokumenti nose ovu izjavu: "ITRS je osmišljen i namijenjen samo za procjenu tehnologije i ne uzima u obzir komercijalna razmatranja koja se odnose na pojedinačne proizvode ili opremu".

Dokumenti predstavljaju najbolje mišljenje o smjerovima istraživanja i vremenskim planovima do oko 15 godina u budućnosti za sljedeća područja tehnologije:

Od 2017 ITRS se više ne ažurira. Njegov nasljednik je Međunarodni plan za uređaje i sustave.

Povijest

Izgradnja Integrirani krug ili bilo kojeg poluvodičkog uređaja zahtijeva niz operacija - fotolitografiju, jetkanje, taloženje metala i tako dalje. Kako se industrija razvijala, svaka od tih operacija obično je obavljala specijalizirana strojna oprema koju su proizvodile razne komercijalne tvrtke. Ova specijalizacija potencijalno može otežati napredak industrije, jer u mnogim slučajevima nije dobro za jednu tvrtku da uvede novi proizvod ako drugi potrebni koraci nisu dostupni otprilike u isto vrijeme. Tehnološka mapa puta može pomoći u davanju ideje kada je potrebna određena sposobnost. Tada svaki dobavljač može odrediti ovaj datum za svoj dio slagalice.
S progresivnom eksternalizacijom proizvodnih alata na dobavljače specijalizirane opreme, pojavila se potreba za jasnim planom predviđanja razvoja tržišta i planiranjem i kontroliranjem tehnoloških potreba proizvodnje IC-a. Već nekoliko godina Udruga za poluvodičku industriju (SIA) dala je tu odgovornost za koordinaciju Sjedinjenim Državama, što je dovelo do izrade plana američkog stila, Nacionalnog puta tehnologije za poluvodiče (NTRS).

1998 godine SIA je postala bliža europskim, japanskim, korejskim i tajvanskim kolegama stvaranjem prve globalne smjernice: Međunarodni tehnološki plan za poluvodiče (ITRS). Ova međunarodna skupina ima (od izdanja 2003) 936 tvrtki koje su povezane s radnim skupinama unutar ITRS-a.
Organizacija je bila podijeljena na Tehničke radne skupine (TWG) koje su s vremenom porasle na 17, a svaka se usredotočila na ključni element tehnologije i pripadajući lanac opskrbe. Tradicionalno, plan ITRS-a ažuriran je u par godina i potpuno je revidiran u neparnim godinama.

Posljednja revizija ITRS Roadmap was published in 2013. Metodologija i fizika rezultata skaliranja za tablice za 2013 opisana je u transistor roadmap projection using predictive full-band atomistic modeling koji obuhvaća MOSFET-ove s dvostrukim vratima tijekom 15 godina do 2028.

Uz općeprihvaćeno zalijevanje Mooreov zakon i, ITRS koji je 2016 izdao svoj konačni plan, pokrenuta je nova inicijativa za općenitiju cestovnu kartu putem inicijative IEEE-a  Rebooting Computing, pod nazivom Međunarodni plan za uređaje i sustave (IRDS).

ITRS 2.0 (MTPP)
U travnju 2014 ITRS je objavio da će reorganizirati plan ITRS-a kako bi bolje odgovarao potrebama industrije. Plan je bio preuzeti sve elemente uključene u 17 tehničkih radnih skupina i mapirati ih u sedam fokusnih tema:

Integracija sustava  Ovo je tema usmjerena na dizajn koja istražuje arhitekture i kako integrirati heterogene blokove.
Povezivanje vanjskog sustava Usredotočuje se na bežične tehnologije, kako oni rade i kako odabrati najbolje rješenje.
Heterogena integracija fokus će biti na integraciji zasebno proizvedenih tehnologija u novu jedinicu, tako da funkcioniraju bolje od pojedinačnih dijelova - istovremeno dopuštajući komponente kao što su kamere i mikrofoni.
Heterogene komponente Fokusira se na različite uređaje koji tvore heterogene sustave, kao što su MEMS, generiranje energije i osjetilni uređaji.
Beyond CMOS Fokus je na uređajima koji pružaju elektroniku, ali nisu CMOS, kao što su spintronics, memristors i drugi.
More Moore Budući da još treba obaviti posao, ova grupa će nastaviti sa smanjivanjem CMOS-a.
Tvornička integracija Fokus će biti na novim alatima i procesima koji će proizvesti heterogenu integraciju svih tih stvari.

Poglavlja o svakoj temi objavljena su u 2015 godini.

Izvori

Daljnje čitanje

Vanjske poveznice
Official itrs2 website
Mirror of the original website at Archive.org
Yearly ITRS reports


Marie Teresa Ríos ( - ), connue sous le nom de Tere Ríos, est une écrivaine américaine et l'auteur du livre de 1965 The Fifteenth Pelican qui a servi de base à la sitcom télévisée Screen Gems des années 1960, The Flying Nun. Ríos était la mère de Humbert Roque Versace, le premier prisonnier de guerre de l'armée américaine en Asie du Sud-Est à recevoir la Medal of Honor.

Notes et références

Femmes pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Personnalité inhumée au cimetière national d'Arlington
Naissance en novembre 1917
Naissance à Brooklyn
Décès en octobre 1999
Décès à 81 ans
Décès à Sarasota

Tere Ríos


Operacija Oluja-333 ili "Juriš na Tadžibegovu palaču" (rus: Штурм дворца Амина, Операция Шторм-333, Šturm dvorca Amina, Operacija Šturm-333), bila je operacija sovjetskih snaga za specijalne namjene iz prosinca 1979. godine kojom je uklonjen Hafizulah Amin s mjesta predsjednika Afganistana.

Kontekst
Nakon što je afganistanska komunistička partija NDPA učvrstila svoj položaj u Afganistanu, započela je sa serijom radikalnih socijalističkih reformi koje su izazivale revolt kod konzervativnog islamskog stanovništva Afganistana. Unatoč uputama sovjetskog Politbiroa da ne forsiraju reforme, uzimajući u obzir afganistanske tradicije, afganistanska vlada pod tvrdolinijaškim premijerom Hafizulahom Aminom (kojem je uzor bio Staljin), na revolt je odgovorila represijom; kako protiv pobunjenika, tako i protiv suparničke frakcije u NDPA – Parčam, rušivši tako jedinstvo socijalističkih snaga u državi.  Sovjeti su s afganistanskim predsjednikom Tarakijem dogovorili uklanjanje Amina s pozicije moći, no Amin je Tarakija uskoro dao uhititi i smaknuti, što je kod sovjetskog Politbiroa upalilo crveni alarm. Nakon što je KGB-ov pokušaj trovanja Amina propao, KGB se odlučio za vojni udar.

Operacija

Sovjetski specijalci koji su sudjelovali u akciji, nosili su odore Afganistanske armije. Tadžibegova palača bila je smještena na brdu prema čijem je vrhu u krug vodila cesta, te oko kojeg se prostirao široki otvoreni prostor zbog čega je bio vrlo pogodan za obranu. Prilaze palači s uzvisina su pokrivali bunkeri opremljeni teškim strojnicama DŠK.

Plan
Prema planu dogovorenom između dvaju zapovjednika grupa, grupa Grom trebala je prići dvorcu po krivudavoj cesti u svojim oklopnim transporterima BTR-60, dok je grupa Zenit trebala prići dvorcu odostraga. Muslimanska bojna, pod čijim je zapovjedništvom bio i vod padobranaca posebno istreniranih za protuoklopnu borbu, imala je zadatak pomoći dvjema grupama KGB-ovaca da se probiju do palače, te zatim utvrditi perimetar radi mogućeg dolaska afganistanskih tenkova, dok KGB-ovci ne očiste rezidenciju.

Tijek operacije
Učesnik akcije Jakov Semjonov iz SG Zenit, tvrdi da čim su se sovjetski transporteri približili palači, na njih je otvorena vatra iz teških strojnica, zbog čega se njegov transporter nekako uspio približiti podnožju brda na kojem se nalazila rezidencija. Drugi transporter iz grupe, bio je pogođen protuoklopnim sredstvom i uništen, dok je u trećem nekoliko KGB-ovih časnika također bilo ozlijeđeno od eksplozija. Nakon što je nekako stigla do podnožja brda, Semjonova grupa se iskrcala, ali je ponovno bila prikovana vatrom iz teških strojnica koje su branile palaču i granatama koje su Afganistanci bacali odozgo. Tada su po zidovima palače počeli djelovati sovjetski samohodni protuzrakoplovni topovi ZSU-23-4 Šilka, koji su bili raspoređeni okolo, kako bi pritisnuli branitelje. Palači se zatim pod teškom vatrom približila i oslabljena kolona BMP-ova i drugih transportera iz SG Grom, napredujući postepeno se po serpentini, do mjesta iskrcavanja. Nakon iskrcavanja, preživjeli KGB-ovci iz jedne i druge grupe kroz prozore su upali u palaču, gdje su granatama i vatrom iz automatskog oružja čistili prostoriju po prostoriju. Nakon što su se probili na prvi kat, Semjonov tvrdi da je zbog eksplozija i pucnjave začuo ženski krik: "Amin, Amin!", a kad je njegova grupa ušla u prostoriju iz koje je krik dolazio, ondje je ugledao mrtvog Amina te pokraj njega njegovu ženu i djecu. KGB-ovci su zatim dobili naređenje da se povuku.

Epilog
Nakon uklanjanja Amina s pozicije predsjednika Afganistana, na njegovo mjesto Sovjeti su postavili Babraka Karmala, dok su se oni sami uvukli u afganistanski građanski rat između marksista i islamista iz kojeg će se u potpunosti izvući tek deset godina kasnije.

Izvori

Hladni rat
Sovjetsko-afganistanski rat
Vojna povijest
Pučevi

Operacija Oluja-333


Ruben Edaurdo Acosta er en argentinsk professionel bokser, der kæmper i supermellemvægt. Han er den nuværende sydamerikanske supermellemvægtsmester.

Stieglitz VS Acosta
Den 9. januar 2010 blev Acosta besejret af WBOs supermellemvægtsmester Robert Stieglitz via teknisk knockout i 5. omgang.

Smith VS Acosta
Den 26. oktober 2013 kæmpede Acosta mod Callum Smith om den ledige WBC International supermellemvægts-titel, hvor han tabte ved KO i 6 omgang.

Udover dette har han tabt til Anthony Mundine, Karoly Balzsay, Andrea Di Luisa, Tyron Zeuge og danskerne Patrick Nielsen og Lolenga Mock.

Regionale titler
 WBO Latino supermellemvægtsmester

 WBA Fedelatin mellemvægtsmester
 WBC Mundo Hispano mellemvægtsmester
 South American supermellemvægtsmester

Referencer

Boksere fra Argentina

Ruben Eduardo Acosta


An Phacelurus speciosus in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Charles Edward Hubbard. An Phacelurus speciosus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Phacelurus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Phacelurus

Phacelurus speciosus


La Coupe des Pays-Bas de football 1915-1916, nommée la KNVB Beker, est la  de la Coupe des Pays-Bas.

Déroulement de la compétition
Tous les tours se jouent en élimination directe. À chaque tour, un tirage au sort est effectué pour déterminer les adversaires.

Finale
La finale se joue le  à La Haye, le Quick La Haye bat le HBS La Haye  2 à 1 après prolongation et remporte son quatrième titre.

Notes et références
KNVB Beker 1915-1916 sur voetbalarchieven.nl

1915-1916
1915 aux Pays-Bas
1916 aux Pays-Bas
Pays-Bas


İbn Bacce (Arapça: ابن باجة) tam adı Ebû Bekr Muhammed bin Yahya bin es-Saig (أبو بكر محمد بن يحيى بن الصايغ) olan Endülüs'lü, Arap filozof ve bilim insanı. Batıda Avempace olarak da anılır.

Hayatı
Doğum tarihi tam olarak bilinmeyen İbn Bacce'nin Endülüs'teki Zaragoza (Saragosta) kentinde doğduğu bilinmektedir. Asıl adı Ebû Bekr Muhammed bin es-Saig'dir. 1138 yılında Fas'ta ölmüştür. Hayatının ilk dönemlerine dair pek bir bilgi yoktur fakat sonraki dönemlerde yazdığı eserler sayesinde düşüncesi ve bilimsel araştırmaları bilinmektedir.

Akılcı (rasyonalist) bir filozof olan İbn Bacce, Meşşailik takımının önemli ismi Farâbî'den fazlasıyla etkilenmiştir. Felsefe dışında astronomi, matematik ve musikî ile ilgilenmiştir. Bunların dışında tıp'ta döneminin uzmanlarından olmuştur. Metafizik ve felsefedeki çeşitli düşünceleri nedeniyle bazı gelenekçi dini otoriteler tarafından dinsizlikle suçlanmıştır.

Düşüncesi
Gazzali ve Eş'ariliğin düşüncelerini benimsememeyişinden Batı'ya göç eden İslam felsefesi Meşaiyye Endülüs Arapları arasında özellikle İbni Bacce taraflarından sürdürülmüştür. Diğer filozoflarla karşılaştırıldığında kendi düşüncesini anlatan pek az eser kaleme almıştır. Kaleme aldığı eserlerin çoğunluğu kendinden önceki Batılı ve Doğulu filozofların sistemlerine şerhdir. Özellikle Aristo'nun felsefi sistemine dair şerh niteliğinde birçok eseri vardır.

İbn Bacce düşüncesinde varlıkları sayılar olarak nitelemiştir. Sayılar da ikiye ayrılır: buut (boyut) sahibi olanlar ve buut sahibi olmayanlar. İbn Bacce düşüncesinde hareketler de ikiye ayrılır: canlıların belirli olaylarla alakalı belirli hareketleri (insanın yürümesi gibi) ve mutlak hareketler (yıldızların dönüşü gibi). İbn Bacce'ye göre mutlak hareketler ezelidir ve ikiye ayrılırlar; dairevi olanlar ve düz olanlar.

İbn Bacce'nin Tanrı düşüncesi tasavvufi bir görüştür. Ayrıca ilahi bilgiye akıl ile ulaşabileceğini savunarak Gazzali düşüncesine karşı çıkmıştır. İbn Bacce'ye göre ilim elde etmenin tek aracı akıldır. Deney ile elde edilen bilginin, ilmin bir değeri yoktur. Bunlardan da anlaşılabileceği gibi filozof akla büyük önem verir ve felsefesi fazlasıyla akılcı bir karaktere sahiptir.

İbn Bacce'nin akılcı düşüncesi kendisinden sonra gelen iki büyük Endülüs'lü filozofu, İbn Tufeyl ve İbn Rüşd'ü, büyük oranda etkilemiştir.

Siyasi felsefesi
İbn Bacce siyasi felsefe ile de ilgilenmiş, siyasi felsefeye sisteminde yer vermiştir. Siyasi düşüncesindeki ütopya bir seçkinler topluluğudur. Ütopik toplumunda her fert sağlıklı bir yaşam sürmekte etrafındakilere güçlü sevgi bağlarıyla bağlanmıştır. Bu noktadan yola çıkarak İbn Bacce düşündüğü bu toplumda hekimlere ve hakimlere ihtiyaç olmayacağını belirtmiştir.

Başlıca eserleri
 Risâlet'ül-Veda
 Kitab İttisal'el-Akl bi'l-İnsan
 Kitab'un-Nefs
 Kitab Tedbir'ül-Mütevahhid
 Kelâm fi'l-Gayet'el-İnsaniyye
 Kelâm fi'l-Burhan
 Kelâm fi'l-ism ve'l-Müsemma

Dış bağlantılar
 Muslim Philosophy on Ibn Bajjah

Doğum tarihi bilinmeyenler
Aragon doğumlular
1138 yılında ölenler
Arap hekimler
Arap filozoflar
İslam filozofları
Orta Çağ Müslüman astronomları
Orta Çağ Müslüman matematikçileri
Orta Çağ Müslüman hekimleri
1095 doğumlular

İbn Bacce


James E. "Jim" Kreuser (born May 20, 1961) is an American politician and former County Executive for Kenosha County, Wisconsin, serving from 2008 to 2022. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously represented Kenosha in the Wisconsin State Assembly for 15 years (1993–2008) and was the Assembly Minority Leader from 2003 through 2008.

Early life

James Kreuser was born and raised in Kenosha, Wisconsin.  He graduated from George Nelson Tremper High School in 1979 and earned his bachelor's degree in political science from Kenosha's University of Wisconsin–Parkside in 1983.  He continued his education at Parkside and received his Master's in Public Administration in 1986.

State Assembly

During his time at Parkside, Kreuser interned with Kenosha County Executive, John Collins, and, after completing his M.P.A., was hired as a full-time administrative assistant in the county executive's office.  Kreuser later credited the experience he received working in the county executive's office, getting to know the county and state government, with enabling his success as a legislator.

He was still working for the county executive when, in 1993, a chain of events—starting with the appointment of local-area congressman Les Aspin to join the cabinet of newly inaugurated President Bill Clinton—resulted in a vacancy in the Wisconsin State Assembly district in which Kreuser resided.  A special election was called for August 1993, and Kreuser was elected.  He topped his two Democratic opponents in the primary, carrying just over 50% of the vote, then defeated his Republican general election opponent, William F. Cantwell, by a wide margin.

Kreuser went on to win re-election seven times, receiving attention and praise from his colleagues as an up-and-coming leader in the party.  Senate Majority Leader Charles Chvala was quoted as saying Kreuser was, "destined to be a leader." He made his first bid for leadership in the Assembly Democratic caucus in the summer of 1998, when long-time Democratic leader Walter Kunicki stepped down from the role.  Despite strong support from a geographically diverse coalition of the assembly, Kreuser fell one or two votes short of Milwaukee representative Shirley Krug, who became the first female caucus leader in state history.

In 2001, amid discontent within the caucus over the results of the 2000 election, Kreuser made a successful bid with Assistant Minority Leader Spencer Black of Madison, to challenge Krug as floor leader.  Black was elevated to Minority Leader and Kreuser was elected as Assistant Minority Leader, in what was seen as a repudiation of the Democratic Leadership Council in Wisconsin.

Black stood down as leader at the end of the 2001-2002 term, and Kreuser was elected just after the 2002 election as the next Minority Leader.  Over his three terms as minority leader, Democrats increased from 41 seats in the Assembly to 47.

County Executive

In March 2008 another opportunity presented itself to Kreuser when Kenosha County Executive Allan Kehl announced his intention to resign his seat after being indicted for accepting illegal payments.  Kreuser quickly jumped into the race, announcing his candidacy on March 25, 2008, and won the special election without opposition in June.  At the time he announced his candidacy, he pledged not to run for re-election to the Assembly if he was chosen as County Executive.

Kreuser's move to vacate his Assembly leadership role was seen as a blow to Kenosha's influence in the state as Democrats were widely expected to win a majority in the upcoming 2008 election, where Kreuser would likely then become a candidate for Speaker or Majority Leader.  Kreuser's successor as chairman of the Wisconsin Assembly Democratic Campaign Committee, Mark Pocan, went on to an influential career in the Assembly and has been a member of Congress since 2013.

Personal life and family
Kreuser has been a member of the Danish Brotherhood in America, the Polish Legion of American Veterans, the American Association of University Women, Ducks Unlimited, and the United Food and Commercial Workers Local 1444.  He has been involved with Kenosha organizations such as the Kenosha Sport Fishing and Conservation Association, the Urban League of Racine and Kenosha, the Kenosha Area Chamber of Commerce, the Boys and Girls Club of Kenosha, and the Friends of the Kenosha Public Museum.

He and his wife Jane have two adult sons.

Electoral history

Wisconsin Assembly (1993, 1994, 1996)

| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| Special Democratic Primary, August 3, 1993

| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| Special Election, August 31, 1993

References

External links

Kenosha County Website-County Executive
 Follow the Money - James E Kreuser
2006 2004 2002 2000 1998 campaign contributions

Members of the Wisconsin State Assembly
County executives in Wisconsin
1961 births
Living people
Politicians from Kenosha, Wisconsin
University of Wisconsin–Parkside alumni
21st-century American politicians

James Kreuser


EHF Champions League 2007–08 for mænd er den 17. EHF Champions League-turnering for mænd. Turneringen blev arrangeret af European Handball Federation og havde deltagelse af 40 hold. Det var 49. gang, at turneringen blev afholdt. Første kamp blev spillet 29. august 2007, og anden og sidste finalekamp fandt sted 11. maj 2008. Tyske THW Kiel var forsvarende mester fra året forinden, og holdet nåede igen dette år finalen, hvor det dog blev et nederlag til spanske BM Ciudad Real.

I turneringen deltog de danske mestre fra GOG Svendborg TGI samt sølvvinderne Viborg HK. Viborg måtte gennem en kvalifikationsrunde, hvorfra holdet gik i første gruppespil, hvor det blev til en sidsteplads. GOG deltog direkte i første gruppespil, hvorfra holdet med en andenplads kvalificerede sig til andet gruppespil. Her sluttede holdet igen på andenpladsen, men det var kun vinderne, FC Barcelona, der gik videre.

Flere danske spillere satte præg på turneringen. Torsten Laen var fast mand hos vinderne fra Ciudad Real, mens Hans Lindberg tilsvarende var markant hos semifinalisterne fra HSV Hamburg ligesom Kasper Hvidt og Jesper Nøddesbo hos FC Barcelona, der ligeledes nåede semifinalen. Lasse Svan Hansen scorede 73 og Mikkel Hansen 49 mål for GOG.

Resultater

Turneringen havde deltagelse af 40 hold. 16 af holdene spillede først en kvalifikationsrunde, hvorfra otte hold kvalificerede sig til første gruppespil sammen med 24 direkte kvalificerede hold. Første gruppespil bestod af otte grupper med fire hold. De to bedste hold i hver gruppe gik videre til andet gruppespil, hvor der var fire grupper à fire hold. Det bedste hold fra hver af disse puljer gik videre til semifinalen, hvor der blev spillet to kampe (ude og hjemme), og vinderne gik i finalen, der igen blev spillet som to kampe, ude og hjemme.

Første kvalifikationsrunde

De 16 deltagende hold parvis mod hinanden, hjemme og ude, og vinderne af hver af kamp gik videre til gruppespillet.

|}

Første gruppespil

Gruppe A

Gruppe B

Gruppe C

Gruppe D

Gruppe E

Gruppe F

Gruppe G

Gruppe H

Andet gruppespil

Gruppe 1

Gruppe 2

Gruppe 3

Gruppe 4

Semifinaler

Finale

Statistik

Topscorerliste

Topscorerlisten omfatter de ti mest scorende spillere i Champions League 2007-08.

Kilder / eksterne henvisninger
 European Handball Federation – 2009/10 Men's Champions League

Noter

Håndbold i 2007
Håndbold i 2008
Sæsoner i EHF Champions League

EHF Champions League 2007-08 (mænd)


Elisabeth Heinemann (* 31. Dezember 1958 in Zittau) ist eine deutsche Fotografin mit Wohnsitz in Magdeburg. Ihre Aufnahmen von Künstlern und Literaten wie Joan Baez, Günter Grass, Hanna Schygulla, Alfred Hrdlicka oder Bobby McFerrin aus dem Porträt-Projekt "außer gewöhnlich" sind unter anderem in Zeitschriften und Anthologien veröffentlicht worden.

Leben
Elisabeth Heinemann, Tochter des Grafikers Willy Jähnig und der Konzertpianistin Pia-Monika Nittke, wurde 1958 in Zittau geboren. Zunächst lebte die Familie in Meißen. Dort arbeitete ihr Vater – ein Meisterschüler von Prof. Emil Paul Börner – als Entwerfer und Zeichenlehrer an der Porzellanmanufaktur, später im DEFA-Studio für Trickfilme in Dresden. Ihre Mutter wurde 1963 als Pianistin und Solorepetitorin an das Magdeburger Theater berufen. Es folgte der Umzug in die heutige Landeshauptstadt von Sachsen-Anhalt. Hier verbrachte Elisabeth Heinemann ihre Schulzeit und legte das Abitur ab. Anschließend studierte sie Pädagogik (Kunst und Russisch) in Erfurt.

Seit 1993 beschäftigt sich Elisabeth Heinemann intensiv mit Fotografie. Sie ist mit dem Diplom-Ingenieur Wolfgang Heinemann verheiratet (Baugrundsachverständiger und Lehrbeauftragter an der Hochschule Magdeburg-Stendal). Das Paar hat zwei Söhne. Von Magdeburg aus arbeitet Elisabeth Heinemann seit 1996 als freischaffende Fotografin.

Fotografie
Wesensbilder in Schwarz-Weiß – Elisabeth Heinemann porträtiert: Menschen, Städte, Landschaften. Ihre Aufnahmen sind elementare Ausschnitte und Ransprünge. Sie fokussieren Charakter-Details, die viel über das dahinter stehende Ganze und dessen Persönlichkeit erzählen. Dennoch bleiben diese Porträt-Bilder von einer optischen und akustischen Behutsamkeit geprägt. Stille und Konzentration entstehen nicht zuletzt durch die Schwarz-Weiß-Technik, mit der Elisabeth Heinemann fast ausschließlich arbeitet. "Ich bin der Meinung, dass Farbe ablenkt. Darum entscheide ich mich überwiegend für Schwarz-Weiß. Ich denke, dass man mit Schwarz-Weiß versuchen kann, das Wesentliche besser zu erfassen." Meist fotografiert Elisabeth Heinemann parallel mit zwei analogen Kameras, in die verschieden-lichtempfindliche Filme eingelegt sind. Zu ihren Vorbildern zählen zwei der großen französischen Fotografen: Jeanloup Sieff und Henri Cartier-Bresson.

Projekt: "außer gewöhnlich – Künstlerporträts"

"außer gewöhnlich – Künstlerporträts" nennt Elisabeth Heinemann ihr zentrales Wesensbilder-Projekt. Seit 2005 hat sie mehr als 90 Prominente aus Musik, Malerei, Literatur und Politik fotografiert. Darunter Zeruya Shalev, Christoph Hein, Reiner Kunze, Klaus Doldinger, Markus Lüpertz, Klaus Staeck, Reinhold Messner und Egon Bahr. Für die Aufnahmen wählt sie einen reduzierten Hintergrund oder einen Ort, der typisch für das Schaffen der Porträtierten ist. Dazu stellt Elisabeth Heinemann drei Fragen: Was ist für Sie Glück? Was erwarten Sie vom Leben? Wovon träumen Sie? Während die Befragten nachsinnen und -denken, entstehen die Porträts. Tatsächlich "außer gewöhnlich", weil sie "zum Hinsehen zwingen" und begegnen lassen. Elisabeth Heinemann "schafft in ihren Fotos die Distanz ab, die die Berühmtheit mit sich bringen könnte, und zeigt die Porträtierten von einer ganz persönlichen Seite", schreibt der Journalist Martin Ganzkow (vgl. Literatur). Hellmuth Karasek, den Elisabeth Heinemann ebenfalls porträtiert hat, sagt anlässlich der Ausstellungseröffnung zu den Thüringer Kulturtagen Provinzschrei: "Wenn Sie sich die Bilder hier anschauen, erkennen Sie darin einen derartigen Ernst und auch eine sehr große Intimität zwischen der Künstlerin und ihrem Objekt. Ich fühle mich wohl in Ihren Bildern."

Ausstellungen
 seit 1994 Landschafts-, Porträt- und Aktausstellungen in Stadtbibliotheken, Galerien und Kirchen (beispielsweise in Magdeburg, Rostock, Schwerin, Halberstadt, Köln, Braunschweig, Strasbourg)
 2002 Gesehen, nicht gehört – Porträts aus dem Musikleben – Kloster Unser Lieben Frauen Magdeburg (10/2002 – 2/2003)
 2008 außer gewöhnlich – Künstlerporträts von Elisabeth Heinemann – Doppelausstellung im Forum Gestaltung und Landesfunkhaus des MDR in Magdeburg (3/2008 – 5/2008)
 2009 außer gewöhnlich – Künstlerporträts von Elisabeth Heinemann – Galerie am Domplatz Halle (2/2009 – 3/2009)
 2009–2012 Kunst trotz(t) Demenz – Beteiligung an der Wanderausstellung der Diakonie in Hessen und Nassau (seit 9/2009)
 2009 außer gewöhnlich – Künstlerporträts von Elisabeth Heinemann – Thüringer Kulturtage Provinzschrei – Suhl (9/2009 – 10/2009)
 2010 Der Dinge Stand – Beteiligung an der Ausstellung des BBK Sachsen-Anhalt – Magdeburg (5/2010 – 6/2010)
 2010 außer gewöhnlich – Künstlerporträts von Elisabeth Heinemann – Glashaus Derneburg (10/2010)
 2010 Die Feinheit des Sehens – Meisterzeichnungen von Willy Jähnig und Künstlerporträts von Elisabeth Heinemann – Haus Schulenburg Gera (12/2010 – 3/2011)
 2011 Ich war, was du bist – Porträts alter Menschen – RuhrCongress Bochum (3/2011)
 2012 Analoge Fotografie – Galerie Lichtbild Wiesbaden (5/2012 – 6/2012)

Veröffentlichungen
 Titelbilder für die Literaturzeitschrift Ort der Augen (1999–2006)
 1998 Die Gärten Sachsen-Anhalts – mit Harald Kreibich
 1999 fotografische Gestaltung des Gedichtbandes Poetic Allegories, Pennsylvania, USA – mit Prof. Claude R. Foster, Lyrik, und Pia-Monika Nittke, Nachdichtung und Vertonung
 2002 Kalender Von Frauen und Katzen mit Gedichten von Torsten Olle
 2003 Lyrik-Foto-Band schon morgen ist alles anders – mit Dorothea Iser
 2003 Fotografien für den Gedichtband Trügerische Ruhe von Pia-Monika Nittke
 2004 Fotografien für die Anthologie Herz über Kopf
 2005 Alte Liebe – mit Dorothea Iser und Marcus Waselewski
 2005 Lebenswege Magdeburger Frauen in Porträts und Texten
 2006 Fotografien für den Gedichtband Zwölf Monde von Pia-Monika Nittke
 2009 Fotografien für den Gedichtband Zwischentöne von Pia-Monika Nittke
 2010 Fotografien für das Buchprojekt Die Facetten des Alter(n)s von Prof. Gerd K. Schneider
 2013 gemeinsam mit Pia-Monika Nittke Herausgabe des Buches Willy Jähnig – Meißner Ansichten – Meisterzeichnungen aus den 1950er Jahren mit einem Nachwort von Günter Kunert

Presse/Literatur
 Norbert Pohlmann: außer gewöhnlich. Elisabeth Heinemanns Künstlerporträts – Ort der Augen 3/2008
 Heike Bade: Elisabeth Heinemann am 12. März 2008 in Sachsen-Anhalt heute, dem Abend-Magazin im Fernsehen des MDR
 Liane Bornholdt: Lebensmomente in Schwarz-Weiß. Elisabeth Heinemann zeigt Künstlerporträts – Volksstimme vom 14. März 2008
 Martin Ganzkow: Festgehaltene Augenblicke – Hildesheimer Allgemeine Zeitung vom 16. Oktober 2010
 Die Feinheit des Sehens. Haus Schulenburg in Gera eröffnet neue Schau mit Fotografien und Zeichnungen – Ostthüringer Zeitung vom 17. Dezember 2010
 Jörg-Heiko Bruns: Ziel ist die Seele der Porträtierten – Volksstimme vom 21. Mai 2011

Weblinks

 Elisabeth Heinemanns Webpräsenz

Einzelnachweise

Fotograf (20. Jahrhundert)
Fotograf (21. Jahrhundert)
Fotograf (DDR)
Fotograf (Thüringen)
Fotograf (Magdeburg)
Deutscher
DDR-Bürger
Geboren 1958
Frau

Elisabeth Heinemann


Bezljuskaši (lat. Anostraca), red rakova iz razreda škrgonosaca.

Većina vrsta su malenih dimenzija, ispod jednog centimetra, ali nekoliko vrsta su predatori drugih bezljuskaša koji narastu preko 15 cm. Prilagodili su se životu na povremenim vodenim staništima kao što su lokve, jezerca i drugo, gdje njihova jaja mogu preživjeti presušivanje koje može trajati i nekoliko godina i zatim se izleći nakon što lokva bude 30 sati ispunjena kišnicom. Neka jaja ovih vrsta bit će vijabilna tek ako prođu nekoliko vlažnih i sušnih razdoblja, što im daje sigurnost da će lokva trajati dovoljno dugo za ciklus razmnožavanja.

Tijelo im se sastoji od jasno odvojenih glave, prsa (11 članaka; rijetko 17 - 19) i zadka. Glava se satoji od dva dijela, prvi s antenamama (ticalima) i očima, i drugi dio od gornje i donje čeljusti. Karapaksa nemaju, a nožice koriste i za hranjenje i za plivanje.

Bezljuskašima odgovara i slatka i bočata voda, dok ih u morima nema.

Porodica
 Artemiidae
 Branchinectidae
 Branchipodidae
 Chirocephalidae
 Parartemiidae
 Streptocephalidae
 Tanymastigiidae
 Thamnocephalidae

Izvori

Rakovi

Bezljuskaši


Coats Group plc is a British multi-national company. It is the world's largest thread and structural components manufacturer for apparel, footwear, and performance materials. Founded over 250 years ago, the UK-based company has operations across 50 countries with a workforce of over 17,000 employees.

The company provides products, including apparel, accessory and footwear threads, structural components for footwear and accessories, fabrics, yarns, and software applications.

Coats is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index and FTSE4Good Index. Revenues in 2022 were $1.6bn.

History

In 1755 James and Patrick Clark began a loom equipment and silk thread business in Paisley, Scotland. In 1806 Patrick Clark invented a way of twisting cotton together to substitute for silk that was unavailable due to the French blockade of Great Britain. He opened the first plant for manufacturing the cotton thread in 1812. In 1864 the Clark family began manufacturing in Newark, New Jersey, U.S., as the Clark Thread Co.

In 1802 James Coats set up a weaving business, also in Paisley. In 1826 he opened a cotton mill at Ferguslie to produce his own thread and, when he retired in 1830, his sons, James & Peter, took up the business under the name of J. & P. Coats. The firm expanded internationally, particularly to the United States. In 1890 Coats listed on the London Stock Exchange, with capital of £5.7 million. In 1896 J. and P. Coats acquired controlling interests in the firms of  Clark and Co, Jonas Brook and Brothers and James Chadwick and Brother.

In 1952 J. & P. Coats and the Clark Thread Co. merged to become Coats & Clark's. In 1961 a merger with Patons and Baldwins created Coats Patons. In 1986 a merger with Vantona Viyella created Coats Viyella. In 2003 Guinness Peat took Coats private and in 2015 the business returned to the market as "Coats Group".

The company acquired the footwear components business, Texon, in July 2022, and the footwear reinforcement components business, Rhenoflex, in August 2022.

Controversy

In 2007 Coats was fined €110 million by the European Commission for participation in cartels with Prym, YKK and other companies to fix and manipulate the prices of zips and other fasteners, and of the machinery to make them.  One of the cartels ran for twenty-one years. An appeal in 2012 to the General Court of the European Union was dismissed, and the fine upheld.

References

Further reading

External links

1755 establishments in England
1755 establishments in Scotland
British companies established in 1755
Companies based in the London Borough of Hillingdon
Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange
Manufacturing companies established in 1755
Manufacturing companies of Scotland
Privately held companies of the United Kingdom
Scottish brands
Textile manufacturers of Scotland

Coats Group


الآح أو آح البيضة أو بياض البيض أو الزلال، أما صفار البيض فيسمى المح. وقد أثبتت عدة دراسات أن بياض البيض يحوي كمية كبيرة جداً من البروتين بيد أن المح الذي هو نواة هذه الخلية الكبيرة إنما هو ألياف دهنية تفيد في تركيب حاثة التوستسترون الذكرية.

المعلومات الغذائية
يحتوي بياض كل بيضة (33جرام)، بحسب وزارة الزراعة الأميركية على المعلومات الغذائية التالية :
 السعرات الحرارية: 22
 ماء: 29 جرام.
 الدهون: 0.07 جرام.
 الكاربوهيدرات: 0.24 جرام.
 الألياف: 0 جرام.
 البروتينات: 3.6 جرام.
 الكولسترول: 0.01 جرام.
 صوديوم: 55 مليجرام.
معلومات غذائية عن بياض البيض

مراجع

بيض
بيض (طعام)
مادة بيولوجية

بياض البيض


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Gustav Engelkes (Pseudonym: Ulrich Schipper, * 30. August 1905 als Gustav Wilhelm Gerhard Engelkes in Westgaste, Ostfriesland; † 13. April 1973 in Norden (Ostfriesland)) war ein deutscher Journalist und Schriftsteller.

Leben

Gustav Engelkes war das achte und jüngste Kind eines Lehrers. Ab 1916 besuchte er das Ulrichsgymnasium in Norden, von dem er 1921 relegiert wurde. Anschließend begann er eine kaufmännische Lehre, die er jedoch 1925 abbrach. Das darauf folgende Wanderleben, das ihn u. a. in die Schweiz und nach Österreich führte, wurde durch eine schwere Erkrankung Engelkes während eines Italienaufenthalts beendet, so dass er gezwungen war, ins  elterliche Haus zurückzukehren. Eine weitere Reise führte ihn 1928  nach Belgien. Später betrieb er zeitweise gemeinsam mit einem Bruder eine Margarinevertretung und eine Presseagentur. Seit 1931 war er freier Schriftsteller; aus der im gleichen Jahr geschlossenen Ehe gingen sechs Kinder hervor.

Gustav Engelkes nahm als Sanitäter am Zweiten Weltkrieg teil. Nach 1945 war er zeitweise Mitarbeiter der Norder Lokalredaktion der Ostfriesen-Zeitung. Um seine Familie ernähren zu können, schrieb er bis zu seinem Tode zahlreiche Beiträge für die Regionalpresse und Heimatkalender.

Gustav Engelkes war Verfasser von Romanen, Erzählungen, Jugendbüchern, Gedichten und Theaterstücken. Seine während des Dritten Reiches erschienenen Werke sind geprägt von einer völkischen Ideologie; zehn dieser Werke standen nach 1945 in der Sowjetzone bzw. der frühen DDR auf der "Liste der auszusondernden Literatur".

Werke

 Die Fahrt nach dem Seeräuberturm, Wuppertal-Barmen 1931
 Volk im Kampf, Langensalza [u. a.] 1933
 Weltkrieg brennt in Jungenherzen!, Langensalza [u. a.] 1933
 Im Feuerkreis, Mühlhausen 1934
 Hinnerk, der Fahrensmann, Langensalza [u. a.] 1934
 Dürers deutsche Not, Magdeburg 1935
 Der Heidenreiter, Landsberg (Warthe) 1935
 Hidde tom Brook, Langensalza [u. a.] 1935
 Rimt und Rulf, Leipzig 1935
 Runenfibel, Langensalza [u. a.] 1935
 Thorstens Todesfahrt, Breslau 1935
 Der Adlerflug, München 1936
 Das Niedersachsen-Jul und andere völkische Erzählungen, Landsberg 1936
 Christas Rache, München 1937
 Maike, München 1937
 Völkische Balladen, Darmstadt 1937
 Das Zaubersegel, Landsberg (Warthe) 1937
 Andreas Hofers Freiheitskampf, Norden 1938
 Herz vor Anker, Werdau 1938
 Der schwarze Rolf, Lengerich 1938
 Sturmflut, München 1938
 Ute - Störtebeckers erste Liebe, Lengerich 1938
 Der Graf von Norden, Wels 1939
 Der Kornett des Königs, Berlin 1939
 Rom auf der Sünderbank, Wels 1939
 Wenn es Frühling wird, Lengerich 1939
 Zwischenspiel Batavia, Leipzig 1941
 Tidebuch, Reinbek bei Hamburg
 1. Die Märchen von Ebbe und Flut, 1947
 2. Die Märchen am Meer, 1948
 3. Die Märchen von einst und jetzt, 1948
 Himmel und Erde, Kaiserslautern 1948
 Berühmte Ostfriesen, Verden/Aller 1950
 Ein Feuer im Winter, Rosenheim 1950
 Die bunte Laterne und andere Märchen, Hannover 1970
 In kalten und heißen Zonen, Wuppertal 1973
 Sagen und Erzählungen aus dem Harlingerland, Jever 1973
 Das Schiff in der Flasche, Leer 1994

Herausgeberschaft

 Georg Forkenbeck: Seemansgarn, Lengerich 1938
 Georg Forkenbeck: Deutschland muß Kolonien haben!, Wels 1939

Weblinks

 Eintrag zu Gustav Engelkes im Biographischen Lexikon der "Ostfriesischen Landschaft"

Autor
Ostfriese
Heimatliteratur
Jugendliteratur
Mitglied der Reichsschrifttumskammer
Literatur (Deutsch)
Deutscher
Geboren 1905
Gestorben 1973
Mann

Gustav Engelkes


بلدية فالويركانيس , هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة برغش, التي تقع في منطقة قشتالة وليون, والتي تقع في شمال غرب إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 108 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2002).

انظر أيضاً
 قائمة مدن إسبانيا

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة برغش
بلديات برغش

فالويركانيس


Vanport, sometimes referred to as Vanport City or Kaiserville, was a city of wartime public housing in Multnomah County, Oregon, United States, between the contemporary Portland city boundary and the Columbia River. It was destroyed in the 1948 Columbia River flood and not rebuilt. It sat on what is currently the site of Delta Park and the Portland International Raceway.

History
Vanport construction began in August 1942 to house the workers at the wartime Kaiser Shipyards in Portland and Vancouver, Washington. Vanport—a portmanteau of "Vancouver" and "Portland"—was home to 40,000 people, about 40 percent of them African-American, making it Oregon's second-largest city at the time, and the largest public housing project in the nation. After the war, Vanport lost more than half of its population, dropping to 18,500, as many wartime workers left the area. However, there was also an influx of returning World War II veterans. In order to attract veterans and their families, the Housing Authority of Portland opened a college named the Vanport Extension Center; the school would eventually be renamed Portland State University.

Vanport was dramatically destroyed at 4:05 p.m. on May 30, 1948, when a  section of a railroad berm holding back the Columbia River collapsed during a flood, killing 15 people. The city was underwater by nightfall, leaving 17,500 of its inhabitants homeless.

Inhabitants
The city was a hub of transient laborers from all corners of the country; few residents had any long-term connections with each other and little opportunity or interest to build them.  The temporary nature of the new city contributed to an overall sense of insecurity and anxiety among residents. The lack of businesses and recreation opportunities contributed to a sense of distrust, and the relative isolation of the largely male workforce meant there was little demand for community institutions such as a newspaper or high school.

By 1943–44, families living in Vanport were moving out at the rate of 100 a day. A questionnaire mailed to 1,000 former Vanport families, selected randomly from the approximately 3,000 families who had left by then, asked, among other things, why they had moved to Vanport in the first place. About 230 people answered this question. The top reason given for choosing the Portland–Vancouver shipyards was that "they thought it their duty to go into defense work". The second-ranked reason was a desire for a better job, and the third, higher wages. However, the situation changed when the war ended in 1945. The Housing Authority of Portland (HAP) then sought to attract World War II veterans who needed housing, a community to raise their families, and higher education through the Servicemen's Readjustment Act (G.I. Bill).  The establishment of a college at Vanport in 1946 was a key part of the strategy to keep Vanport a thriving Oregon community.

Race relations
The establishment of Vanport coincided with an unprecedented influx of African-Americans into Oregon, attracted to work in newly federally-desegregated wartime defence industries. Due to exclusionary racial laws, the state had a population of fewer than 1,800 Black people in 1940; by 1946 more than 15,000 lived in the Portland area, mostly in Vanport and other segregated housing districts. One prewar observer, Portland Urban League secretary Edwin C. Berry, described Portland as a " 'northern' city with a 'southern' exposure", arguing that the city shared with southern cities "traditions, attitudes, and things interracial in character." Berry argued that prior to the war the city exhibited remarkably unprogressive racial attitudes.

The hastily constructed wartime development's social and cultural mores had little in common with Portland as a whole.  Vanport's immigrants imported their particular brands of racism from throughout the country.  White migrants from the South were the most vocal in opposing the degree of integration that HAP dictated for schools, buses and work sites. The Authority was largely unsympathetic to these complaints and at no time was de jure segregation imposed on any of Vanport's facilities. When police were called because Black men were dancing with white women at a local event, only the white women were detained and warned that their conduct might lead to a race riot.

HAP never had any explicit policy advocating segregation; nonetheless, for various reasons de facto segregation was the norm.  Whites complained when placed near "Black" areas, and segregation of Vanport by neighborhood might as well have been enforced legally. Only in 1944 were complaints raised about the segregation situation in the city.  Reacting to the criticism—and pressure from Eleanor Roosevelt—by April 1944, HAP began placing incoming Blacks into the "white" areas of the settlement.  However, word quickly spread and 63 white residents quickly signed a petition demanding a reversal of the policy.  Entire buildings were free in the "Black" areas of town, they argued, and after opponents of the integration  plan appeared at a HAP meeting the authority decided to resume its previous policies.

The unprecedented level of integration and lack of any major racial incidents or severe tensions did not mean there were no problems.  Black/white tensions were still a part of Vanport life as well as a problem in relating to Portland.  A 1943–44 study published in the American Sociological Review indicates that the top five complaints from Vanport residents included "negroes and whites in same neighborhood", "negroes and whites in same school", and "discrimination against Vanport people by Portlanders".

Although some of Portland's Black people lived in 53 of the city's 60 census tracts before the war, about half were concentrated in two tracts east of the Willamette River and north of the east–west centerline of the city. After the war, much of Portland's Black community remained centered in northeastern parts of the city.

The 1948 Vanport Flood parallels the more recent Hurricane Katrina disaster in New Orleans. In both cases, public officials led the population to believe that the damage would be slight, and in both cases the government response to the disaster was harshly criticized. Critics attributed the poor response, in both cases, to racist attitudes on the part of officials, who pointedly neglected to respond appropriately to the destruction of a community that had a relatively large number of black residents. However, many dispute the role of racism, pointing to the transformation of Vanport by the influx of World War II veterans and their families and official commitment to the area shown by the establishment at Vanport of the only state college in the greater Portland metropolitan area. At the time of the flood, one-third of Vanport residents were black.

Flood

Vanport was especially vulnerable to flooding, since it was built on reclaimed lowlands along the Columbia River. The Columbia Basin is a massive area encompassing seven U.S. states and British Columbia, Canada. The previous winter snowpack was 75 to 135% of normal. Above normal temperatures accompanied two major rainstorms May 19 to 23, 1948, and again May 26 to 29. Rainfall combined with melt water swelled the many tributaries feeding the Columbia in the days prior to the flood, creating high water levels not seen since the record flood of 1894.  The lowest point in Vanport was about  below the water level in the river.

A radio alert was issued the night before the flood, and some residents moved their belongings into attics and upper floors. Few imagined the possible extent to which the water levels would rise.  Another contributing factor to the lack of voluntary evacuation was the fact that many residents relied solely on public transportation.

On the morning of Memorial Day, May 30, 1948, the Housing Authority of Portland issued the following statement: "Remember: Dikes are safe at present. You will be warned if necessary. You will have time to leave. Don't get excited."

At about 4:17 p.m. the Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway berm burst, sending a  wall of water into the area of Vanport College. According to a historical marker, the break happened at an old railroad cut that had been filled in.  Because of the numerous sloughs and backwaters in the area, the progress of the flood was delayed about 30 minutes, giving residents more time to escape.

An emergency siren began to sound shortly after the initial breach, and residents began to head up North Denver Avenue to higher ground.

At the time of the flood, the population of Vanport was down to about 18,500 people. Because of the holiday, many residents were away from their homes for the day. These factors contributed to the low loss of life: officially, there were only 15 deaths. Nonetheless, the city was a complete loss.

On June 11, 1948, President Harry S. Truman flew to Portland to examine the damage. The recovery effort was assisted by Vanport College and the Red Cross.

Legacy

Vanport led Portland and Oregon in integrating Black people. "The first black teachers and policemen in the state were hired in Vanport during the war years". One of those Black teachers,  Martha Jordan, later became the first Black teacher hired by Portland Public Schools.

Vanport's destruction eased the integration of a large African-American population into North and Northeast Portland.  Indeed, some Black leaders argued that the flood was ultimately beneficial for the city's Black community.  Vanport, argued National Urban League director Lester Granger, was a "nasty, segregated ghetto" where "negroes lived in the same patterns as they did in the South."  The flood that wiped out the district, he continued, was a benefit in that it allowed Black people to further integrate into Portland's society.

To prevent future incidents, Congress enacted the Flood Control Act of 1950 which spawned projects such as the Priest Rapids Dam. The flood also resulted in the 1961 Columbia River Treaty and later the construction of Libby Dam in Montana.

The loss of Vanport is considered a factor in the eventual closing of the Jantzen Beach Amusement Park on Hayden Island in 1970.  Several acres of the former city became "West Delta Park" which is now the Portland International Raceway.  The Vanport Extension Center refused to close after the flood disaster and quickly reopened in downtown Portland. Dubbed by a national magazine "The College that Wouldn't Die," it became present-day Portland State University.

Beginning in 2016, the Vanport Mosaic Festival has been held annually to commemorate the city and its history.

References

Works cited

External links

 Van Port Mosaic http://www.vanportmosaic.org/#a-forgotten-city
 Aerial view of 1948 flood
 Vanport City, the 1948 Vanport Flood, and the Vanport Wetlands with photos of gauge comparing 1894, 1948, and 1996 floods
 War Production page at Oregon Historical Society

Columbia Villa, a housing development for defense workers built in North Portland in the early 1940s
Memories of the 1948 Vanport Flood Personal recollections of life in Vanport, living through the flood, and its aftermath, from Oregon Historical Quarterly

Think Out Loud: Vanport Oregon Public Broadcasting
 The Story of Vanport Documentary produced by Oregon Public Broadcasting
The Voices of Vanport: Radio and the Flood of '48 Dan Howard (2020)

1943 establishments in Oregon
1948 disestablishments in Oregon
African-American history in Portland, Oregon
Company towns in Oregon
East Columbia, Portland, Oregon
Former populated places in Oregon
History of Portland, Oregon
Kenton, Portland, Oregon
Multnomah County, Oregon
Natural disasters in Oregon
North Portland, Oregon
Populated places established in 1943
Populated places disestablished in 1948
History of racism in Oregon
Henry J. Kaiser
African-American history of Oregon
Populated places established by African Americans

Vanport, Oregon


Campanula cana er tegund af klukkuætt (Campanulaceae), ættuð frá norður Indlandi til suðvestur Kína.

Tilvísanir

Bláklukkur

Campanula cana


Der hinduistische Kailasa-Tempel (auch Kailash- oder Kailasanatha-Tempel) von Ellora im Bundesstaat Maharashtra ist der größte vollständig aus einem natürlichen Felsvorsprung herausgehauene Felsentempel Indiens.

Lage

Der Kailasa-Tempel liegt im Zentrum des insgesamt 34 Bauten (darunter auch unvollendete) umfassenden Tempel- und Wohnhöhlenkomplexes von Ellora. Da alle Bauten Elloras von Südost nach Nordwest durchnummeriert sind, trägt er die Nummer 16.

Geschichte
Eine Bauinschrift nennt den Namen des Rashtrakuta-Königs Krishna I. und die Jahreszahl 765; bei einer angenommenen Bauzeit von etwa 20 bis 30 Jahren (einige Forscher halten sogar 100 Jahre für wahrscheinlich) kann diese als Anhaltspunkt für eine Datierung des gesamten Baus in die 2. Hälfte des 8. Jahrhunderts gelten. Die Rashtrakutas waren aus dem Süden Indiens stammende Fremdherrscher und hatten das Gebiet um Ellora erst kurz zuvor erobert. Als demonstratives Zeichen seiner Machtpräsenz ließ Krishna I. den in seiner Art unübertroffenen Kailasa-Tempel aus dem Fels heraushauen. Im 13. Jahrhundert wurden einige Figurenreliefs von vordringenden muslimischen Truppen zerstört, doch insgesamt sind große Teile des Bauschmucks erhalten geblieben.

Weihe
Der Kailasa-Tempel ist dem Hindu-Gott Shiva geweiht, dessen Wohnsitz – den Vorstellungen vieler Hindus zufolge – der gleichnamige Berg Kailash im Himalaya ist, der in indischen Religionsvorstellungen häufig auch mit der Weltachse (axis mundi) und dem Zentrum des Universums gleichgesetzt wird. Ein Beiname Shivas ist "Herr des Kailash" (kailasanatha).

Architektur

Ausrichtung
Der Tempeleingang ist exakt nach Westen, d. h. in Richtung der untergehenden Sonne hin orientiert: Eine solche Orientierung ist in der indischen Tempelarchitektur durchaus üblich, wenngleich Ausrichtungen nach Osten überwiegen.

Bautechnik
Der gesamte – etwa 90 m lange und mit Umgangsbereich ca. 60 m breite – Tempelbau wurde aus dem natürlichen Felsgestein bei schrägem Vortrieb und von oben nach unten herausgehauen; man schätzt, dass ca. 150.000 bis 200.000 Tonnen (nach anderen Angaben sogar 400.000 Tonnen) Steinmaterial entfernt werden mussten. Es ist dieselbe Technik, wie sie auch bei den früheren buddhistischen und hinduistischen Höhlen angewandt wurde; von den meisten anderen Tempeln in Ellora (Ausnahmen: Teile des Hindu-Tempels Nr. 15 und der Jaina-Höhle Nr. 32) unterscheidet sich der Kailasa-Tempel jedoch dadurch, dass der fertige Bau insgesamt freiplastisch dasteht.

Einflüsse
Die flache Decke der breit gelagerten Vorhalle (mandapa) des Tempels mit einem großen, dreifach gestuften zentralen Lotusornament mit vier – in alle Himmelsrichtungen weisenden – Löwen, kleinen breitgelagerten Schreinen an den Längsseiten sowie der kuppelartige Abschluss des etwa 30 m hohen Turmaufbaus lassen südindische Einflüsse deutlich erkennen (z. B. Mamallapuram, Aihole, Badami u. a.). Auch die den Tempel hermetisch umschließende Hofeinfassung mitsamt der Portalfassade deutet auf südindische Einflüsse hin (z. B. Kanchipuram).

Eingangshalle
Dem eigentlichen Tempel vorgelagert ist eine – nach außen wie eine Fassade wirkende – Eingangshalle mit den Darstellungen der Göttinnen Ganga und Yamuna, die hier – wie an vielen (auch buddhistischen und jainistischen) Tempeln Indiens – gleichermaßen als Wächterfiguren anzusehen sind wie auch reinigende Kräfte haben. Weitere Gottheiten (Kubera, Ganesha, Durga als Töterin des Büffeldämons und Lakshmi) und Weise (Vyasa und Valmiki) schmücken den Zugangsbereich. Die Figuren begleiten den Eintretenden und gewähren ihm Schutz; gleichzeitig wird die Heiligkeit des dahinterliegenden eigentlichen Tempelbaus besonders hervorgehoben. Im Innern des Eingangsvorbaus sind zwei – von paarweise angeordneten Säulen geteilte – Nischen erkennbar.

Vorhallen
Über Treppenstufen erreicht man eine weitere Vorhalle, die – wie bei vielen Shiva-Heiligtümern in ganz Indien üblich – einen Nandi-Bullen beherbergt, das Reittier (vahana) Shivas. Über eine freitragende – und natürlich ebenfalls aus dem Felsgestein herausgearbeitete – Brücke gelangt man in den oberen Bereich des eigentlichen Tempels. Oberhalb des Eingangs zur quadratischen, von 16 enggestellten und in Vierergruppen angeordneten Pfeilern getragenen und beinahe stockdunklen Vorhalle (mandapa) finden sich noch einige Stuck- und Malereireste, die darauf schließen lassen, dass die Decke – und möglicherweise auch Teile der Wände – einstmals ebenfalls in gleicher Weise dekoriert waren.

Sanktum

Im von mächtigen "Mauern" umgebenen, von zwei großen Wächterfiguren (dvarapalas) bewachten und nur von den Brahmanen betretbaren Sanktum (garbhagriha) selbst steht ein Shiva-Lingam im Zentrum einer – gegenüber dem Bodenniveau leicht erhöhten – Yoni, die neben ihren symbolischen auch ganz praktische Funktionen hat: über sie wurden große Teile der Opfergaben der Pilger (Wasser, Kokos-Milch, Ghee, Sandelholzpaste etc.), mit denen zuvor der Lingam übergossen bzw. eingerieben wurde, nach außen abgeleitet. Aus anderen Teilen der Opfergaben wird von den Brahmanen eine Paste zubereitet, die den Gläubigen als Punkt auf die Stirn aufgetragen wird; aus wieder anderen Teilen (Kokosmark, Zucker) wird eine süßlich schmeckende Speise (prasad) zubereitet und an die Pilger verteilt. Die heutigen Opfergaben bestehen dagegen nur noch selten aus Naturalien, sondern vor allem aus Geld, Räucherstäbchen und Blumen.

Der Sanktumsbereich ist von fünf weiteren Schreinen (pancharatha) umgeben, die in Miniaturform den Tempelbau nachbilden und dadurch in gewisser Weise seine geistig-religiöse Bedeutung hervorheben, vielleicht sogar in alle Himmelsrichtungen universalisieren.

Hof

Der vordere Teil des Innenhofes wird dominiert von zwei Elefanten, die als Symbole von Stärke, Macht und Würde zu deuten sind, und zwei etwa 16 m hohen monolithischen Pfeilern (stambhas) mit ähnlicher Bedeutung – beides Überreste des ehemaligen Felsgesteins. In der linken vorderen Hofecke finden sich drei Reliefs der Flussgöttinnen Ganga, Yamuna und Sarasvati, die auf ihren Reittieren (vahanas) stehen und Tugenden wie Reinheit, Demut und Weisheit verkörpern; Ganga – als wichtigste der drei – steht in der Mitte. Beim Umschreiten des Tempels erkennt man viele Details: Beispielsweise ruht der gesamte Bau scheinbar auf dem Rücken von hunderten kleiner Elefanten, die den hoheitlichen Aspekt des Bauwerks deutlich werden lassen. Zudem finden sich Reliefs, auf denen noch Reste von Stuck und Bemalung erkennbar sind, so dass man davon ausgehen kann, dass auch die Außenseite des Tempels ehemals farbig bemalt war. Zwei äußerst kleinteilige Reliefs mit erzählerischen Szenen aus dem Mahabharata (Südwestecke) und dem Ramayana (Südostecke) sind ganz besonders hervorzuheben.

Figurenreliefs
Auch wenn festgestellt werden muss, dass der figürliche Schmuck des Kailasa-Tempels nicht von herausragender künstlerischer Qualität ist, da die Steine ja verputzt und bemalt werden sollten, so sind die dargestellten Themen dennoch von großer Vielfalt: So finden sich in den Wandnischen an der Nordseite des Umgangs Darstellungen von Shiva als Vina-Spieler, als Nataraja und – zusammen mit Parvati – beim Würfelspiel. Die Figurenreliefs in der Südseite des Umgangs sind vornehmlich dem Hindu-Gott Vishnu und seinen Inkarnationen (Krishna, Narasimha u. a.) gewidmet.

Literatur
 K. V. Soundara Rajan: Cave Temples of the Deccan. Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, 1981
 Alistair Shearer: The Traveller's Key to Northern India. A Guide to the Sacred Places of Northern India. Harrap Columbus, London 1987 S. 92 ff ISBN 0-7471-0010-1
 Henri Stierlin: Hinduistisches Indien. Tempel und Heiligtümer von Khajuraho bis Madurai. Taschen-Verlag, Köln 1998 S. 50 ff ISBN 3-8228-7298-9

Weblinks

 Ellora Cave Temples – Pläne + Fotos (engl.)
 Ellora, Kailasa-Tempel – Fotos
 Ellora, Kailasa-Tempel – Kurzvideo
 Ellora, Kailasa-Tempel – Kurzvideo
 Ellora, Kailasa-Tempel – Fotos + Text (engl.)

Hinduistischer Tempel in Indien
Bildende Kunst (Hinduismus)
Felsentempel
Tempel in Maharashtra
Erbaut im 8. Jahrhundert
Hinduistischer Tempel in Asien
Distrikt Aurangabad (Maharashtra)

Kailasa-Tempel


Ante Vukas (14. prosinca 1990.), hrvatski reprezentativni rukometaš.

Igrač RK Split i TUSEM Essena.

S mladom reprezentacijom 2009. osvojio je zlato na svjetskom prvenstvu.  Hrvatska mlada reprezentacija za taj uspjeh dobila je Nagradu Dražen Petrović.

Igrač šireg popisa hrvatske reprezentacije. Godine 2013. morao je ranije završiti sezonu, zbog teške ozljede koljena.

Izvori

Hrvatski rukometni vratari
Rukometaši RK Splita

Ante Vukas


Damernes roning i toer uden styrmand under Sommer-OL 2016 fandt sted den 7. august - 12. august 2016 på Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas ved Copacabana.

Format
Der var i alt kvalificeret 15 mandskaber til konkurrencen, der blev indledt med tre indledende heats med fem mandskaber i hvert heat. De tre bedste mandskaber fra hvert heat gik til semifinalerne mens de resterende gik til ét opsamlingsheat. I opsamlingsheatet gik de tre bedste mandskaber videre til semifinalerne. I de to semifinaler gik de tre bedste mandskaber til finalen mens de resterende seks mandskaber gik til B finalen.

Tidsplan
Nedenstående tabel viser tidsplanen for afvikling af konkurrencen:

Resultater

Heat 1

Heat 2

Heat 3

Opsamling heat

Semifinale 1

Semifinale 2

Finale

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
http://doc.rero.ch/record/256687
http://www.worldrowing.com/mm//Document/General/General/11/91/40/2016-03-Rio2016-QualificationSystem-FINAL-Rowing-EN_Neutral.pdf

Toer uden styrmand (damer)

Roning under sommer-OL 2016 – Toer uden styrmand (damer)