Herbert Norman Schwarzkopf Jr.  (, ; August 22, 1934 – December 27, 2012) was a United States Army general. While serving as the commander of United States Central Command, he led all coalition forces in the Gulf War against Ba'athist Iraq.

Born in Trenton, New Jersey, Schwarzkopf grew up in the United States and later in Iran. He was accepted by the United States Military Academy and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the United States Army in 1956. After a number of initial training programs, Schwarzkopf interrupted a stint as an academy teacher and served in the Vietnam War, first as an adviser to the South Vietnamese Army and then as a battalion commander. Schwarzkopf was highly decorated in Vietnam and was awarded three Silver Stars, two Purple Hearts, and the Legion of Merit. Rising through the ranks after the Vietnam war, he later commanded the 24th Mechanized Infantry Division and was one of the commanders of the invasion of Grenada in 1983.

Assuming command of United States Central Command in 1988, Schwarzkopf was called on to respond to the invasion of Kuwait in 1990 by the forces of Iraq under Saddam Hussein. Initially tasked with defending Saudi Arabia from Iraqi aggression, Schwarzkopf's command eventually grew to an international force of over 750,000 troops. After diplomatic relations broke down, he planned and led Operation Desert Storm, an extended air campaign followed by a highly successful 100-hour ground offensive, which defeated the Iraqi Army and removed Iraqi troops from Kuwait in early 1991. Schwarzkopf was presented with military honors.

Schwarzkopf retired shortly after the end of the war and undertook a number of philanthropic ventures, only occasionally stepping into the political spotlight before his death from complications of pneumonia. A hard-driving military commander, easily angered, Schwarzkopf was considered an exceptional leader by many biographers and was noted for his abilities as a military diplomat and in dealing with the press.

Early life and education
Schwarzkopf was born Herbert Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. on August 22, 1934, in Trenton, New Jersey, to Herbert Norman Schwarzkopf Sr. and Ruth Alice (née Bowman). His father was a 1917 graduate of the United States Military Academy and veteran of World War I. His mother was a housewife from West Virginia who was distantly related to Thomas Jefferson. The senior Schwarzkopf later became the founding Superintendent of the New Jersey State Police, where he worked as a lead investigator on the 1932 Lindbergh baby kidnapping case. In January 1952, the younger Schwarzkopf's birth certificate was amended to make his name "H. Norman Schwarzkopf", reportedly because his father detested his first name. The younger Schwarzkopf had two elder sisters, Ruth Ann (a civil rights and antiwar activist) and Sally Joan.

Norman Schwarzkopf was described by childhood friends as active and assertive, protective of his sisters and a skilled athlete. He spent his childhood attached to his father, who subsequently became the narrator for the Gang Busters radio program. When Norman Schwarzkopf was eight years old, his father returned to the military amid World War II. His continuous absence made home life difficult, particularly for his wife. As a 10-year-old cadet at Bordentown Military Institute, near Trenton, he posed for his official photograph wearing a stern expression because, as he said afterwards, "Some day when I become a general, I want people to know that I'm serious."

In 1946, when Norman Schwarzkopf was 12, he moved with his father to Tehran, Iran. In Iran, he learned shooting, horseback riding, and hunting. Schwarzkopf developed a lifelong interest in Middle Eastern culture. The family moved to Geneva, Switzerland, in 1947, following a new military assignment for Herbert Schwarzkopf. The senior Schwarzkopf visited Italy, Heidelberg, Frankfurt, and Berlin, Germany during his military duties, and the younger Schwarzkopf accompanied him. By 1951 he had returned to Iran briefly before returning to the United States. Herbert Schwarzkopf died in 1958. From a young age, Norman wanted to be a military officer, following his father's example.

He attended the Community High School in Tehran, later the International School of Geneva, and briefly Frankfurt American High School in Frankfurt, Germany (1948–49), and Heidelberg American High School in Heidelberg, Germany (1949–50). He eventually graduated from Valley Forge Military Academy in 1952. He was also a member of Mensa. Schwarzkopf graduated valedictorian out of his class of 150, and his IQ was tested at 168. Schwarzkopf then attended the United States Military Academy where he played football, wrestled, sang and conducted the West Point Chapel choir. His large frame ( in height and  in weight) was advantageous in athletics.

In his plebe year, he was given the nickname "Schwarzie", the same as his father, and he was often pushed by older cadets to imitate his father's radio show as a traditional act of hazing. Schwarzkopf gained great respect for certain military leaders at West Point, notably Ulysses S. Grant, William Tecumseh Sherman and Creighton Abrams, believing them to be excellent commanders who nonetheless did not glorify war. He graduated 43rd of 480 in the class of 1956 with a Bachelor of Science degree. Later, Schwarzkopf earned a Masters of Engineering at the University of Southern California.

Career

Junior officer

Commissioned into the Army as an Infantry second lieutenant, Schwarzkopf reported to the United States Army Infantry School at Fort Benning, Georgia, where he attended the Infantry Officer Basic Course and earned his Parachutist Badge from October 1956 to March 1957. His first assignment was as a platoon leader and later executive officer of E Company, 2nd Airborne Battle Group, 187th Airborne Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division, at Fort Campbell, Kentucky. He later recounted that it was then that he found chronic problems in military leadership, amid what historians have called a larger doctrinal crisis. Schwarzkopf later said there were many officers and NCOs he met on that assignment who "had no sense of duty or honor, and who saw the world through an alcoholic haze."

He was promoted to first lieutenant in 1958. In July 1959, Schwarzkopf was assigned his first overseas assignment. He was a staff officer alternating with duties as a platoon leader, liaison officer, and reconnaissance platoon leader with the 6th Infantry Regiment in West Germany. In July 1960, Schwarzkopf was assigned as aide-de-camp to Brigadier General Charles Johnson who commanded the Berlin Brigade in West Berlin.

Schwarzkopf was promoted to captain in July 1961 and attended the Advanced Infantry School at Fort Benning for eight months and qualified for the Master Parachutist Badge. In June 1962, Schwarzkopf enrolled at the University of Southern California in a Master of Science in Engineering course studying missile mechanics. He graduated in June 1964 with a Master of Science in mechanical and aerospace engineering. He then returned to West Point to serve an obligatory tour as an instructor in the Department of Mechanics. He was assigned to teach at the Military Academy for three years, but after a year he volunteered for service in South Vietnam for faster career advancement with a combat tour. West Point approved his request in early 1965, stipulating that he would return and complete his remaining obligation afterwards.

Vietnam War
In the Vietnam War, Schwarzkopf served as a task force adviser to the Army of the Republic of Vietnam Airborne Division. He was promoted to major shortly after arriving in Vietnam. After an initial orientation at Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV), headquartered in Saigon, Schwarzkopf was sent north to Pleiku in the central highlands, in the II Corps Tactical Zone. He got his first combat experience on August 3, when he was the senior adviser to a force of 1,000 South Vietnamese paratroopers sent to relieve a beleaguered South Vietnamese Army force at Đức Cơ Camp. The paratroopers took heavy casualties and a second, larger force was required to relieve them. That force too came into heavy contact. Schwarzkopf and his group fought continuously for several days. At one point, he braved heavy North Vietnamese fire to recover and treat a handful of wounded South Vietnamese soldiers and escort them to safety.

By August 17, the 173rd Airborne Brigade arrived and broke the siege, ending the Battle of Đức Cơ. General William Westmoreland later arrived to review the battle and congratulate Schwarzkopf. For his leadership in the battle, Schwarzkopf was awarded the Silver Star. On February 14, 1966, Schwarzkopf led an ARVN paratrooper assault on a Viet Cong position, during which he was wounded four times by small arms fire. However, he refused medical evacuation or to relinquish command until the objective had been captured and so he was awarded a second Silver Star and a Purple Heart.

After ten months of combat duty, Schwarzkopf was pulled from the front by MACV and reassigned as senior staff adviser for civil affairs to the ARVN Airborne Division. He returned to the United States and finished his teaching assignment at West Point where he was an associate professor in the Department of Mechanics. In 1968 he attended the Army's Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, completing the course in June 1969. During this time he met Brenda Holsinger, a flight attendant for Trans World Airlines. They were introduced at a West Point football game in 1967 and married the next year. The couple would later have three children: Cynthia, born in 1970; Jessica, born in 1972; and Christian, born in 1977.

In 1969, Schwarzkopf was promoted to lieutenant colonel and ordered to a second tour in Vietnam, leaving in June. He was assigned as executive officer to the chief of staff at MACV headquarters based at Tan Son Nhut Air Base in Saigon. Schwarzkopf later recalled this second tour of duty was very different from his first. There were now 500,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam, the strategy of Vietnamization was in full effect, and recent events such as the Tet Offensive and My Lai Massacre had put U.S. combat troops under increased political scrutiny. In December 1969, he got his first field command, taking over the 1st Battalion, 6th Infantry, 198th Infantry Brigade at Chu Lai. He later said that the troops were initially demoralized and in poor condition, racked with rampant drug use and disciplinary problems as well as a lack of support from home.

Despite the brigade's otherwise-controversial performance record, Schwarzkopf was quickly regarded as one of its best combat commanders. He aggressively stepped up patrols and operations to counter Viet Cong infiltration in the battalion's sector. He developed his leadership attitudes during this command. Fellow commander Hal Moore later wrote that during his time in Vietnam, Schwarzkopf acquired his well-known short temper, and argued via radio for passing American helicopters to land and pick up his wounded men. He also showed a preference of leading from the front and prided himself on avoiding the rear areas, which he termed a "cesspool".

During this second tour, Schwarzkopf noted two incidents that haunted him. On February 17, 1970, two men in C Company, 1st Battalion, 6th Infantry were killed by friendly fire from an American artillery shell that had been called in by Schwarzkopf but had struck a tree near their position on its way to a target. The parents of one soldier blamed him for the death of their son, a claim that Schwarzkopf strongly denied and termed an accident of war. On May 28, 1970, Schwarzkopf landed his helicopter when discovering troops of B Company who had stumbled into a minefield. Two company officers had been wounded and two soldiers were trapped, fearful of setting off more mines. Although a medevac was on its way, Schwarzkopf ordered his UH-1 Huey to remove the wounded. As he attempted to help the troops back out of the field, one soldier struck a landmine, breaking a leg, and began to panic. Fearing that he would set off another landmine, Schwarzkopf pinned the soldier to the ground while another soldier put a splint on the wounded man's leg. In doing so, another mine was set off, killing three and wounding Schwarzkopf's artillery officer.

Returning to the United States in 1970, Schwarzkopf was awarded a third Silver Star and a second Purple Heart for risking his life to protect the soldiers, as well as three Bronze Star Medals and a Legion of Merit for his command performance. Still, his experiences in Vietnam embittered him to foreign policy. Upon returning to the United States, he spoke of a wariness of future conflicts to author C. D. B. Bryan in 1971. He related those experiences under his real name, which was changed to Lieutenant Colonel Byron Schindler for the made for TV movie Friendly Fire in 1979.

Rise to General

Disgruntled by the treatment of Vietnam veterans in the United States after the war, Schwarzkopf considered leaving the military but ultimately decided to stay in the hope of fixing some of the problems encountered by the military during the war. He underwent surgery at Walter Reed Army Hospital shortly after his return from Vietnam to repair longstanding back problems exacerbated by parachute jumps.

Between 1970 and 1983, Schwarzkopf took on a number of different assignments. Promoted to colonel, Schwarzkopf volunteered for an assignment in Alaska, and in late 1974 became deputy commander of the 172nd Infantry Brigade at Fort Richardson, Alaska. In 1975, Col Schwarzkopf served as Commander of Troop E, 1st Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment, at Fort Wainwright, AK.  Subsequently, in  October 1976, he moved to Fort Lewis, Washington, to command the 1st Brigade of the 9th Infantry Division, where he impressed his division commander, Major General Richard E. Cavazos. The two frequently hunted together and developed a close friendship. Having been very successful in improving the combat readiness of the 1st Brigade, he was nominated to receive his first star as a brigadier general. His promotion ceremony occurred at Fort Lewis shortly after he had relinquished command of the brigade.

In July 1978, Schwarzkopf became deputy director of plans at the U.S. Pacific Command in Hawaii. He then served a two-year stint as assistant division commander of the 8th Infantry Division (Mechanized) in Germany. He returned to Washington, DC, for an assignment as director of personnel management for the Army, subordinate to the Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel, General Maxwell R. Thurman. Schwarzkopf was promoted to major general. In June 1983, he became commanding general of the 24th Infantry Division (Mechanized) at Fort Stewart, Georgia. He immediately established an extremely rigorous training regimen and became well known among the troops of the command for his strict training and aggressive personality.

On October 25, 1983, Schwarzkopf was appointed to the command group for the Invasion of Grenada. He was the chief army adviser to the overall operation commander, Vice Admiral Joseph Metcalf III, Commander, United States Second Fleet/Commander Joint Task Force 120. The operation was plagued by logistical difficulties, exacerbated by poor communication and lack of co-operation between the branches of the United States military. Schwarzkopf was named deputy commander of the invasion at the last minute, leaving him with little say in the planning. Schwarzkopf helped lead the initial landing operations while he was aboard . He was involved in an incident where the colonel commanding the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit initially refused to fly Army troops in Marine helicopters.

He flew into St. George's on the second day of the operation. While he initially did not think the US should have been involved in the conflict, he later said he considered the mission a success because it reasserted the dominance of the US military after the Vietnam War. Following the invasion, Schwarzkopf returned to the 24th Infantry Division and completed his tour as its commander. He was then among the leaders who were criticized for the poor interservice co-operation in the operation, particularly the poor communication between forces of the different branches in combat. The operation was a learning experience for Schwarzkopf, who saw the need to develop greater co-operation between the services for future joint operations. He would later push for more policies to make joint warfare, and interservice co-operation standard practice in warfare. Specifically, the operation demonstrated a need for greater joint roles in planning, deploying troops, and communicating operations. Subsequent operations gave more authority to joint commanders in operations and doctrine and emphasized joint warfare doctrine over service-centered doctrine.

In July 1985, Schwarzkopf began an 11-month assignment as Assistant Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans at the Pentagon. On July 1, 1986, he was promoted to lieutenant general, and was reassigned to Fort Lewis as commander of I Corps. He held the post for 14 months before returning to the Pentagon as Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans in August 1987. In a second role, Schwarzkopf served as the Army's senior member on the Military Staff Committee at the United Nations Security Council, where he began to build diplomatic skills in dealings with representatives from other countries. As a part of his duties during the posting, he sat in on arms reduction talks with leaders from the Soviet Union.

CENTCOM commander

In November 1988, Schwarzkopf was named commander of United States Central Command (CENTCOM), succeeding General George B. Crist. Schwarzkopf was selected over a more popular choice, Vice Admiral Henry C. Mustin because commanders considered him an accomplished strategic thinker who had experience both in combat and with diplomacy and had great knowledge of the Middle East from his childhood experiences there. He assumed command of CENTCOM, with his headquarters at MacDill Air Force Base in Tampa, Florida, and was promoted to general. At the time of this appointment, CENTCOM had overall responsibility for U.S. military operations in 19 countries, and had 200,000 service members on call should a crisis arise. Schwarzkopf immediately took to changing the focus of the command, which had focused on the "Zagros Doctrine," a hypothetical ground invasion by the Soviet Union through the Zagros Mountains, which the US would counter in Iran. Schwarzkopf was more concerned with the effects of the Iran–Iraq War on the stability of the region than of an external threat posed by the Soviet Union.

In testimony before the Senate Armed Services Committee in March 1989, Schwarzkopf maintained that the Soviet Union was a threat to the region, but when giving an overview of the countries in the region, he noted that Iraq posed a threat to its weaker neighbors. He implored for the US to "seek to assert a moderating influence in Iraq." With regional turmoil growing, Schwarzkopf became concerned about the threat posed by Saddam Hussein, focusing the attention of his command on preparing to respond to what he thought was a "more realistic scenario." That year, his command began planning to counter an Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, seeing it as a likely conflict that would threaten the interests of the United States.

In early 1990, he testified again before the Senate Armed Services Committee in threat-assessment hearings that the Cold War was ending and that it was less likely the Soviet Union would exert military force in the region. Though he declined to identify Iraq specifically as a threat, he noted a regional conflict was the most likely event to destabilize the region and that noted Iraq's ceasefire with Iran meant it was continuing to grow and modernize its military. In early 1990, he drafted a war plan, Operations Plan , titled "Defense of the Arabian Peninsula," which envisioned an Iraqi invasion of Saudi Arabia through Kuwait.

During CENTCOM military exercises in July 1990, termed Internal Look '90, Schwarzkopf wrote a scenario that tested how the command would respond to a regional dictator invading a neighboring country and threatening oilfields there, which closely mirrored the rising tension between Iraq and Kuwait. One week after the end of the exercises, Iraq invaded Kuwait on August 2, 1990.

Gulf War

Initially believing that the Iraqi Army would advance only to the Rumailah oil field, Schwarzkopf was surprised when the Iraqis captured Kuwait City. Fearing Iraq would next invade Saudi Arabia, Schwarzkopf ordered contingency plans put in motion, with the 82nd Airborne Division, 101st Airborne Division and 24th Infantry Division put on alert. He was then called to an emergency meeting with US President George H. W. Bush, where his Internal Look '90 command post wargame was made the basis of a potential counteroffensive plan. By August 5, Bush opted for an aggressive response to the invasion. Schwarzkopf then accompanied Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney to meet with Saudi King Fahd to convince him to allow U.S. troops into Saudi Arabia to counter the Iraqi military.

With Fahd's consent, Bush ordered troops into Saudi Arabia on August 7, initially tasked to defend Saudi Arabia should Iraq attack. U.S. commanders from the beginning wanted a quick conflict characterized by decisive, overwhelming force, as opposed to the gradual escalation of U.S. involvement as had been seen in Vietnam. Schwarzkopf in particular was adamant to avoid repeating many of the policies governing military operations in Vietnam, especially the slow escalation of air power and troop forces. His plan for direct and overwhelming force was initially criticized in Washington as uncreative. By August 13, the news media began to closely cover Schwarzkopf, who had been named to lead the operation.

Operation Desert Shield
From his headquarters in Tampa, Schwarzkopf began planning the operations to defend Saudi Arabia. Lieutenant General Charles Horner, USAF, ran the headquarters in Riyadh. Schwarzkopf planned supply lines for the 50,000 troops initially sent to Saudi Arabia, tapping Major General William G. Pagonis as director of the logistical operations, with US Air Force cargo aircraft landing supplies at Dhahran and US Navy ships offloading troops and supplies at Dammam. By August 20, 20,000 U.S. troops were in Saudi Arabia, with another 80,000 preparing to deploy, and a further 40,000 reserves tapped to augment them. Schwarzkopf arrived at the CENTCOM command in Riyadh on August 25, and on August 29, he conducted his first front-line tour of the potential combat zone, accompanied by reporters.

Over the next several weeks, Schwarzkopf spoke frequently with both reporters and troops under his command, conducting many high-profile press conferences and updates to the situation in Saudi Arabia. Schwarzkopf worked to help coordinate the contributions of the different nations contributing military forces to the effort. By mid-October, Schwarzkopf indicated he was confident the forces were of a sufficient level that they could defend Saudi Arabia if it was attacked. Through October, Schwarzkopf and his command were occupied with setting up facilities and supply lines for the troops streaming into Saudi Arabia. He also worked to minimize the culture clash among foreigners in sharia-dominated Saudi Arabia such as the high visibility of women in military roles. Schwarzkopf remained at his command in Riyadh until December and made frequent frontline visits to the troops. On December 29, 1990, he received a warning order from the Pentagon to be ready to attack into Iraq and Kuwait by January 17.

Initially, Operation Desert Shield involved a sea interdiction campaign that saw international warships detaining and inspecting tankers from Iraq. As the buildup continued, Schwarzkopf was occupied with planning an offensive operation against the Iraqi units along the border, sometimes working 18-hour days in planning, closely assisted by a group of aides. He frequently met with subordinates and Saudi commanders. Schwarzkopf planned counters for Iraq's large armored forces, air forces, and elite Republican Guard forces. While planning, Schwarzkopf remained in frequent contact with Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Colin Powell (also a Vietnam veteran) concerning Schwarzkopf's plans for the offensive.

Schwarzkopf devised an operational plan, dubbed "Operation Desert Storm," to be based on overwhelming force and strong infantry attacks supported by artillery and armor. By November 8, Bush agreed to commit 400,000 US troops to Saudi Arabia at Schwarzkopf's insistence. Schwarzkopf believed that more troops would reduce the likelihood of high casualties. He planned a strategic bombing campaign to precede an offensive into Kuwait, simultaneously striking the forward Iraqi forces and their supply lines. In the meantime, diplomatic solutions began to break down, and the deadline established by the United Nations Security Council, January 15, 1991, passed without a solution.

By then, Schwarzkopf commanded an international army of 750,000, comprising 500,000 US troops and 250,000 troops from other nations, as well as thousands of main battle tanks, combat aircraft and six carrier battle groups. Most of the US and allied forces, however, were not combat veterans, and Schwarzkopf and the other allied commanders wanted to fight cautiously to minimize casualties. Schwarzkopf's experience in the Middle East allowed him to understand the factors surrounding the conflict, including the allied commanders, with greater ease. He had a good relationship with Saudi commander Khalid bin Sultan, who, in turn, helped Schwarzkopf win over the Saudi Arabian populace. In spite of the co-operation, he later said that he considered the Arab troops to be the least effective of the war.

Schwarzkopf also had an agreeable relationship with his deputy commander, Lieutenant General Calvin Waller, who handled much of the administrative burden. Peter de la Billière, commander of the British contingent, and Michel Roquejeoffre, commander of the French contingent, also co-operated well with Schwarzkopf. The good relationship between the allied commanders allowed their forces to co-operate effectively during the operation.

Operation Desert Storm

The air campaign against Iraq began on January 17, 1991, after 139 days of planning and buildup. Schwarzkopf sent a prepared statement to the troops ahead of the first airstrikes, which were timed to hit their targets at 02:40. He oversaw the strikes from his war room in Riyadh, emerged from his command center late in the day on January 18 to speak to the press, and said the air war had gone "just about exactly as we had intended it to go." He then began making frequent briefings to the media. He declined to measure the success of the campaign by counting suspected Iraqi casualties, believing that would undermine his credibility.

The air campaign proved to be a success by achieving air superiority and destroying the Iraqi military's communications network, supplies, and many tanks and armored vehicles. By January 20 he announced Iraq's nuclear test reactors had been destroyed, and by January 27 he announced that the coalition had total air superiority in Iraq. Over 38 days, the Air Force destroyed 39 percent of the T72 tanks, 32 percent of the armored personnel carriers, and 47 percent of the artillery. In the aggregate, the Air Force met the goal of 50 percent attrition of the Iraqi ground force. Bush then gave Hussein an ultimatum to withdraw from Kuwait by 12:00 on February 23 or Schwarzkopf's ground forces would attack.

Schwarzkopf began his ground campaign in earnest at 04:00 on February 24, with the Saudi-led Arab forces attacking into Kuwait City, while two US Marine Corps divisions struck at the oil fields, and the VII Corps and XVIII Airborne Corps on the left flank struck quickly to cut off the Iraqi forces from the west, which would later be known as his "Left Hook" strategy. Schwarzkopf expected the war to last several weeks and had anticipated chemical weapon attacks by the Iraqi forces, which did not occur. Resistance was lighter than Schwarzkopf expected, and Iraqi troops surrendered in large numbers.

Within 90 hours, his force had destroyed 42 of 50 Iraqi Army divisions at a cost of about 125 killed and 200 wounded among American troops, and about 482 killed, 458 wounded among all of the coalition. He ordered his forces to destroy as much Iraqi armor and equipment as possible to ensure the weakening of Iraq's offensive capability in the near term. White House chief of staff John Sununu suggested that should the cease-fire take effect at 5 a.m. on 28 February, it would be possible to name the conflict "The Hundred Hour War". Powell agreed and talked with Schwarzkopf, who pointed out that it would also make it a "Five Day War".

Schwarzkopf, who had ordered a media blackout during the ground offensive, finally appeared before journalists on February 27 to explain his strategy. On March 3, he arrived in Kuwait City to survey the aftermath of the Iraqi occupation and negotiate a ceasefire with Iraqi military leaders and to work out the return of prisoners of war on both sides. With this in place, he then began the process of overseeing U.S. troops returning from the conflict.

For his services during the war, Schwarzkopf was welcomed back to America with a large parade down Broadway in New York, along with other honors.  He became the only person to receive the Distinguished Service Medal from the Army, Navy, Air Force and Coast Guard.  Schwarzkopf led a highly publicized homecoming parade in Washington, DC, on June 8, 1991, where he was greeted by Bush amid thousands of onlookers. His accomplishments were praised very differently from commanders who returned from the Vietnam and Korean Wars. He became an instant national celebrity and the source of great curiosity by the general public. He was quick to award praise and medals to the troops, part of what he saw as restoring pride in the US armed forces after the Vietnam War.

Later life

Retirement

Schwarzkopf returned to the United States after the Gulf War as a national hero, and his ability to effectively deal with the press left him a positive image. Schwarzkopf indicated a desire to retire from the military in mid-1991. He was initially considered for promotion alternatively to General of the Army or to Army Chief of Staff, and was ultimately asked to assume the latter post, but he declined. He was later questioned about running for political office, but, considering himself an independent, expressed little interest in doing so; ultimately denying speculation of possibly seeking the Senate seat in Florida. Schwarzkopf was not vocal about his political opinions during his military career. He retired from the military in August 1991, moving to Tampa, Florida.

Following his retirement, Schwarzkopf attained a status as celebrity, and was highly praised in the news media. He was profiled by the Associated Press, the Washington Post, and Newsday, People, as well as praised in a Random House publication on the war, Triumph in the Desert. Schwarzkopf's speaking fees topped $60,000 per public appearance.

In 1992, Schwarzkopf published a memoir, It Doesn't Take a Hero, about his life; it became a bestseller. Schwarzkopf sold the rights to his memoirs to Bantam Books for $5,000,000. In 1993, Schwarzkopf was found to have prostate cancer, for which he was successfully treated. Among the many honors he received was the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2002. Queen Elizabeth II honorarily knighted Schwarzkopf and he was awarded many other military accolades from foreign countries. He led the Pegasus Parade at the Kentucky Derby and was an honorary guest at the Indianapolis 500. He supported several children's charities and national philanthropic causes, and he was a spokesperson for prostate cancer awareness, recovery of the grizzly bear from endangered species status, and served on the Nature Conservancy board of governors. Schwarzkopf otherwise sought to live out a low-profile retirement in Tampa, though he briefly served as a military commentator for NBC.

On November 7, 1994, Schwarzkopf won $14,000 for the Boggy Creek Gang on Celebrity Jeopardy!.

In 2002, he was involved with an educational video game about asthma, Quest for the Code, which he launched with Steven Spielberg through the Starbright Foundation. He also voiced a character in the game.

At first, Schwarzkopf was ambivalent during the run-up to the Iraq War in 2003. He initially endorsed an invasion after Colin Powell's presentation to the United Nations on February 6, 2003. When weapons of mass destruction were not located in the country after the invasion, he changed his stance. He was critical of the lack of a reconstruction plan after the fall of Baghdad, feeling the initial offensive operations plans did not take into account the cultural complexities of Iraq. In 2004, he was critical of Donald Rumsfeld and his handling of Operation Iraqi Freedom. He felt it was a mistake to send U.S. Army Reserve troops into the country without adequate training.

Schwarzkopf endorsed George W. Bush in the 2000 U.S. presidential election and the 2004 U.S. presidential election. He supported John McCain in the 2008 U.S. presidential election. He was on several occasions encouraged to run for United States Senate or President of the United States as a member of the Republican Party, but showed no interest.

Death

Schwarzkopf died at age 78 on December 27, 2012, of complications following a bout of pneumonia. A memorial service was conducted on February 28, 2013, at the Cadet Chapel at West Point, which was attended by Colin Powell, Schwarzkopf's family, and others. Schwarzkopf was cremated and his ashes were buried near those of his father in the West Point Cemetery in a ceremony attended by cadets, military leaders, New York and New Jersey State Police Troopers.

Among reactions to Schwarzkopf's death, George H. W. Bush said of him: "General Norm Schwarzkopf, to me, epitomized the 'duty, service, country' creed that has defended our freedom and seen this great Nation through our most trying international crises. More than that, he was a good and decent man and a dear friend." In a statement, President Barack Obama said "From his decorated service in Vietnam to the historic liberation of Kuwait and his leadership of United States Central Command, General Schwarzkopf stood tall for the country and Army he loved." In a letter, Secretary of the Army John McHugh and Army Chief of Staff General Raymond T. Odierno wrote in a joint statement, "Our nation owes a great debt of gratitude to General Schwarzkopf and our Soldiers will hold a special place in their hearts for this great leader. While much will be written in coming days of his many accomplishments, his most lasting and important legacies are the tremendous soldiers he trained and led."

Legacy

Leadership style
During his tour of duty in Vietnam, Schwarzkopf developed a reputation as a commander who preferred to lead from the front, even willing to risk his own life for his subordinates. His leadership style stressed preparedness, discipline and rigorous training, but also allowed his troops to enjoy the luxuries they had. In a valedictory address to West Point cadets he stressed the need for competence and character. His rehabilitation of the 1st Battalion, 6th Infantry stressed survival as well as offense. Like German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel and General George S. Patton, Schwarzkopf highly regarded decisiveness and valued determination among his commanders. He pushed for offensive combat over defensive operations in the Gulf War.

He was known to be extremely critical of staff officers who were unprepared, but was even more contentious with other generals who he felt were not aggressive enough. His frequent short temper with subordinates was well known in his command. His leadership style was sometimes criticized by subordinates who felt it reduced their ability to solve problems creatively. Army Chief of Staff Carl E. Vuono, a lifelong friend of Schwarzkopf, described him as "competent, compassionate, egotistical, loyal, opinionated, funny, emotional, sensitive to any slight. At times he can be an overbearing bastard, but not with me." While Colin Powell would say Schwarzkopf's strengths outweighed his weaknesses, Dick Cheney personally disliked what he considered Schwarzkopf's pretentious behavior with subordinates. Cheney doubted Schwarzkopf's ability to lead the Gulf War, and so Powell dealt with Schwarzkopf instead.

Critiques of Gulf War leadership
The quick and decisive results of the Gulf War were attributed to Schwarzkopf's leadership. President Bush declared, "Lesson number one from the Gulf War is the value of air power." Secretary of Defense Cheney said, "The air campaign was decisive."

Historian Rick Atkinson considered Schwarzkopf "the most theatrical American in uniform since Douglas MacArthur." Atkinson further contended that in his leadership during the Gulf War, Schwarzkopf conducted one of the greatest military campaigns of all time, providing the United States with its "first battlefield hero in decades." The later accomplishments of General Tommy Franks during Operation Enduring Freedom were compared favorably with those of Schwarzkopf. However, in an analysis of the effects of the Gulf War, several historians, including Spencer C. Tucker, contended that Schwarzkopf's ceasefire agreement allowed Iraq to continue to fly armed helicopters, which allowed it to later conduct operations against its Shia Arab and Kurdish populations. Schwarzkopf later wrote it would have been a mistake to continue the offensive and capture all of Iraq, noting that the U.S. would likely have had to pay the entire cost of rebuilding the country.

The Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986 seems to have been responsible for unifying the chain of command in one individual, and it worked well enough to deliver a triumphant Air Force campaign and to defeat the enemy within 100 hours of Army involvement.

Michael R. Gordon and Bernard E. Trainor wrote in their 1995 book The Generals' War: "Behind-the-scenes sniping continued, for the confrontation between the Army field commanders and the Air Force was not so much about the performance of airpower as the Army's inability to control it.. As the Air Force saw it, the Gulf War was a model for future conflicts. But neither the Army nor the Marines wanted to go to war that way again."

In a 2012 book, historian Thomas E. Ricks wrote Schwarzkopf's lack of experience with politics was disadvantageous to his conduct of the war. Ricks said that Schwarzkopf was overly cautious in the execution of his plans because of his fear of repeating mistakes in Vietnam, which meant his troops failed to destroy the Iraqi Republican Guard. Ricks further criticized Schwarzkopf for failing to relieve General Frederick M. Franks Jr. as well as other subordinates who Schwarzkopf said, in his memoirs, were ineffective. Ricks concluded that the Gulf War was a "tactical triumph but a strategic draw at best." In his memoirs, Schwarzkopf responded to these kinds of criticisms by saying his mandate had only been to liberate and safeguard Kuwait and that an invasion of Iraq would have been highly controversial, particularly among Middle Eastern military allies.

Schwarzkopf sought to change the relationship between journalists and the military, feeling that the news media's negative portrayal of the Vietnam War had degraded troops there. When he took command during the Gulf War, he sought an entirely different strategy, which was ultimately successful by favoring greater media coverage but subject to strict controls on the battlefield. Schwarzkopf favored the intense press surrounding the Gulf War conflict, feeling that blocking the news media, as had been done in Grenada, would contribute to affect public perception of the war in the United States negatively. His dealings with the press were thus frequent and very personal, and he conducted regular briefings for journalists. He would usually not attack media coverage, even if negative, unless he felt it was blatantly incorrect. He staged visible media appearances that played to patriotism.

In fact, Schwarzkopf believed extensive press coverage would help build public support for the war and raise morale. In some press conferences, he showed and explained advanced war-fighting technology that the U.S. possessed to impress the public. These also had the side effect of distracting the public from focusing on U.S. casualty counts or the destruction wrought in the war. Schwarzkopf's strategy was to control the message being sent and so he ordered media on the battlefield to be escorted at all times. However, several high-profile reports publicized the CENTCOM strategy. After the war, Schwarzkopf was very critical of military analysts who scrutinized his operation, felt that some of them were poorly informed on the factors involved in his planning, and felt that others were violating operations security by revealing too much about how he might plan the operation.

Awards and decorations
Schwarzkopf was awarded the following military decorations:

Other honors
Congressional Gold Medal, 1991.
United States Republican Senatorial Medal of Freedom
Schwarzkopf Elementary School, named after him in Lutz, Florida, 1991.
Honorary First-Class Private in the French Foreign Legion, 1991.
Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement, 1991.
Distinguished German-American of the Year, 2006.
Inducted in the New Jersey Hall of Fame, 2008.
Time cover on February 4, 1991, and April 1, 1996.
Trail at Telluride Ski Resort renamed "Stormin' Normin", 2012.
On Oct. 19, 1993, the Native American Osage tribe in Pawhuska, Oklahoma made General Schwarzkopf an honorary Osage Chief, and by his request from the Peace Clan of the Osage, a chief of peace not war. They named him Tzi-Zho Ki-He-Kah, which means "Chief of all the Eagles." the chiefs called out his name four times. Then a huge release of wild bison onto the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve occurred.

References
Footnotes

Citations

Sources

Further reading

External links

 Barbara Walters Interview with General Schwarzkopf, Coalition commander in the Persian Gulf War (Video: ABC, 1991)
 General H. Norman Schwarzkopf, USA, Biography and Interview on American Academy of Achievement

 (includes video footage and tribute)

1934 births
2012 deaths
Military personnel from Trenton, New Jersey
United States Army War College alumni
United States Military Academy alumni
USC Viterbi School of Engineering alumni
American aerospace engineers
American expatriates in Iran
United States Army personnel of the Gulf War
United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War
Army Black Knights football players
Congressional Gold Medal recipients
Florida Republicans
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
American male voice actors
New Jersey Republicans
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Silver Star
United States Army generals
20th-century American memoirists
American people of German descent
American people of British descent
Mensans
Deaths from pneumonia in Florida
Burials in New York (state)
Burials at West Point Cemetery
Engineers from New Jersey
Valley Forge Military Academy and College alumni
International School of Geneva alumni

Norman Schwarzkopf Jr.


Activator may refer to:
 Activator (genetics), a DNA-binding protein that regulates one or more genes by increasing the rate of transcription
 Activator (phosphor), a type of dopant used in phosphors and scintillators
 Enzyme activator, a type of effector that increases the rate of enzyme mediated reactions
 Sega Activator, a motion-sensing controller for the Sega Mega Drive/Genesis
 Activator technique, a method of spinal adjustment
 Activator appliance, an orthodontic functional appliance

See also
 Activate (disambiguation)
 Activation

Activator


Yalçın Özbey, (d. Malatya) Ağca'nın İpekçi olayında zanlı olarak yakalandığı sırada sorgulanırken Şener ve Çelik'in yurt dışına çıkışından sonra verdiği isim olarak kamuoyu tanıdı. Türkiye tarafından yurt dışında kırmızı bültenle aranan Özbey, İpekçi davasından 20 yıla kadar ağır hapis cezası istemiyle tutuksuz yargılanırken Almanya'da iki Millî İstihbarat Teşkilatı görevlisinin aldığı ifadesinin ses kayıtlarının imha edildiği ortaya çıktı. Özbey Türkiye'de hiç yargılanmadı.

İstanbul Arnavutköy de yaşıyor bir cafe işletiyor. Birkaç sefer iş kurmaya yeltenmiştir. Başarısız olduğu da olmuştur, başardığı da. Genellikle kumarhane, bahis bürosu tarzında işlere girer.

Türkiye tarafından aranan kaçaklar
Malatya doğumlular

Yalçın Özbey


Harry Saul Bloom (1er janvier 1913 - 28 juillet 1981) était un journaliste, romancier et activiste sud-africain.

Biographie
Solomon Harris Bloom est né dans une famille juive sud-africaine. Il a fait ses études à l'Université du Witwatersrand où il obtient un diplôme en droit en 1937. Il devient par la suite avocat à Johannesburg. En 1940 il épouse Beryl Cynthia Gordon et déménage à Londres, résidant dans Old Compton Street pendant le Blitz. Sous les pseudonymes Walter et Beryl Storm (pour contrer l'antisémitisme), ils travaillent tous deux comme correspondants de guerre pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale et couvrent les procès de Nuremberg après la guerre.

Le couple part habiter en Tchécoslovaquie et ils écrivent le livre We meet the Czechoslovaks, un récit de leurs premières années en Tchécoslovaquie, toujours sous le pseudonyme de Storm. Beryl joua plus tard un rôle actif dans l'édition, le conseil et la dactylographie des manuscrits des livres de son mari. Craignant pour leur sécurité alors que le stalinisme gagne en force en Europe de l'Est après la guerre, ils retournent en Afrique du Sud et s'installent à Bramley à Johannesburg. En 1957, quelques mois après la publication du premier roman de Bloom, Episode in the Transvaal, la famille déménage au Cap.

Le roman Episode fut publié en 1956 ; il fut plus tard renommé Transvaal Episode. Il était dédié à quatre personnes : son épouse Beryl, qui fournit l'aide éditoriale et a dactylographié le manuscrit, Bram Fischer, l'ami proche de Bloom qui a défendu Nelson Mandela lors du procès de Rivonia, l'archevêque Trevor Huddleston et Guy Routh. Bloom a travaillé avec Nelson Mandela à Johannesburg dans les années 1950. Pendant l'état d'urgence qui a suivi le massacre de Sharpeville en 1960, il a été détenu pendant 45 jours sans inculpation ni procès, d'abord à la prison de la rue Roeland, puis à celle de Worcester près du Cap. Il a travaillé sur Whittaker's Wife (1962) pendant cette période. King Kong : An African Jazz Opera (1961) est devenu une comédie musicale. Episode fut republié en 1981.

En 1963, Bloom quitte l'Afrique du Sud pour le Kenya, principalement en raison de son opposition à l'apartheid, puis déménage en Angleterre. Selon le Times il est venu en Angleterre  Sa femme et ses enfants sont restés en Afrique du Sud.

En 1967, il est nommé maître de conférences en droit à l'Université du Kent. Avec le professeur de droit Patrick Fitzgerald, il a aidé à mettre en place le premier département de droit de l'Université. Bloom a ensuite collaboré avec Igor Aleksander, aujourd'hui professeur émérite à l'Imperial College de Londres sur l'impact sociétal des réseaux informatiques et a ensuite travaillé pour une nouvelle unité de recherche juridique en informatique et en communication qui a examiné la protection juridique des logiciels informatiques et la récupération des statuts. Il s'agissait de réunions avec l'Organisation Mondiale de la Propriété Intellectuelle (OMPI), une des agences spécialisées des Nations Unies, créée en 1967  Bon nombre d'éléments de son travail, et les articles qu'il a écrits, ont eu un impact significatif dans les premiers jours de la transition du  au . Il est considéré .

Notes et références

Liens externes

Écrivain sud-africain
Écrivain journaliste
Naissance en janvier 1913
Décès en juillet 1981
Militant sud-africain
Mouvement d'opposition à l'apartheid
Décès à 68 ans

Harry Bloom


An Pelexia novofriburgensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Leslie Andrew Garay. An Pelexia novofriburgensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pelexia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Pelexia

Pelexia novofriburgensis


Onthophagus paravinctus é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Tagliaferri & Moretto em 2012.

Referências

Ligações externas

paravinctus
Coleópteros descritos em 2012

Onthophagus paravinctus


Der Gerichtsbezirk Jennersdorf war bis Ende 2017 einer von sieben Gerichtsbezirken im Burgenland und umfasste den gesamten Bezirk Jennersdorf. Der übergeordnete Gerichtshof war das Landesgericht Eisenstadt. Am 1. Jänner 2018 wurde das Bezirksgericht Jennersdorf aufgelöst und die Gemeinden dem Gerichtsbezirk Güssing zugeschlagen.

Gemeinden
Zuletzt umfasste der Gerichtsbezirk folgende zwölf Gemeinden:
 Stadt
 Jennersdorf

 Marktgemeinden
 Deutsch Kaltenbrunn
 Heiligenkreuz im Lafnitztal
 Minihof-Liebau
 Mogersdorf
 Neuhaus am Klausenbach
 Rudersdorf
 Sankt Martin an der Raab

 (Land-)Gemeinden
 Eltendorf
 Königsdorf
 Mühlgraben
 Weichselbaum

Siehe auch
 Gerichtsorganisation in Österreich
 Liste österreichischer Gerichte

Weblinks
 Gerichtsdatenbank des Bundesministeriums für Justiz

Einzelnachweise

Bezirk Jennersdorf
Jennersdorf
Jennersdorf

Gerichtsbezirk Jennersdorf


Nana Alexandria (, Nana Giorgis asuli Aleksandria) (n. 13 octombrie 1949, Poti, Republica Sovietică Socialistă Georgiană) este o jucătoare de șah de origine georgiană, cu titlul de Woman Grandmaster în 1976 și International Arbiter în 1995. A fost câștigătoarea a două meciuri în Campionatul Mondial de Șah Feminin. Este mama politicianului georgian Giga Bokeria.

Alexandria a obținut titlul de Woman International Master (WIM) în 1966 și titlul Woman Grandmaster (WGM) în 1976, a câștigat competiția Campionatului Feminin din Uniunea Republicilor Sovietice Socialiste (URSS) în 1966, 1968 (la dublu) și 1969. Alexandria a câștigat Campionatul Mondial de Șah Feminin în 1975 și 1981. În 1975 a pierdut în favoarea lui Nona Gaprindashvili (+3 =1 -8). În 1981, a câștigat alături de Maia Chiburdanidze (+4 =8 -4), alături de Chiburdanidze păstrându-și titlul de campioană. Alexandria a reprezentat Uniunea Sovietică la Olimpiadele de Șah din 1969, 1974, 1978, 1980, 1982 și 1986. A fost una dintre jucătorii cu cele mai bune rezultate a echipei care reprezenta URSS și care a dominat Olimpiadele la feminin din anii 1980.

Cel mai bun scor Elo a fost 2415 în 1988.

Alexandria este administrator la FIDE. A fost președinte al Comisiei Feminine a FIDE din 1986 până în 2001.

Note

Bibliografie

Știri ChessBase

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1949
Georgieni în viață
Nașteri pe 13 octombrie
Șahiste
Femei din secolul al XX-lea
Femei din secolul al XXI-lea

Nana Alexandria


An Pitcairnia simulans in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Hans Edmund Luther. An Pitcairnia simulans in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pitcairnia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo harani ha karat-an.

Mabibilngan ini ha Ecuador.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 P. s. ornata
 P. s. simulans

Mga kasarigan

Pitcairnia

Pitcairnia simulans


Der Cemitério dos Prazeres ist ein städtischer Friedhof in der portugiesischen Hauptstadt Lissabon. Er befindet sich in der westlichen Gemeinde ("freguesia") von Estrela. Seinem Haupteingang gegenüber liegt die Endstelle Prazeres der Linie 28 der Straßenbahn Lissabon.

Geschichte
Der Cemitério dos Prazeres wurde 1833 als öffentlicher Friedhof gebaut, infolge einer Cholera-Epidemie im Juni des Jahres. Sie forderte tausende Tote und zwang die Behörden aus medizinisch-hygienischen Gründen, bis dahin beliebte Begräbnisse neben den meist zentral gelegenen religiösen Einrichtungen nicht mehr zuzulassen. Ein entsprechendes, 1835 erlassenes Gesetz führte zur Anlage öffentlicher Friedhöfe im ganzen Land.

Der Name gibt oft Anlass zu Diskussionen: "Cemitério dos Prazeres" heißt übersetzt "Friedhof der Freuden". Der Name geht vermutlich auf ein gleichnamiges Anwesen an dieser Stelle zurück, das in den Jahrzehnten vor dem Friedhofsbau als Ausflugspark diente.

Charakteristika

Im Westen der Stadt gelegen, mit seinen eher aristokratischen und großbürgerlichen Vierteln, spiegeln die Grabmäler sowohl Geschmack als auch materielle Möglichkeiten der Bürger vor allem des 19. Jahrhunderts wider. Symbole verschiedener Glaubensrichtungen, Berufe und Abstammungen finden sich hier, auf Gräbern von Freimaurern, verdienten Staatsdienern und bekannten Kritikern, neben denen einfacher Bürger. Eine Reihe bedeutender Literaten sind hier begraben.

Die Grabmäler bzw. hauptsächlich oberirdischen Grüfte mit frei aufgestellten Särgen ("Begräbnisvillen") sind wie Häuser einer Stadt angeordnet, entsprechend durchziehen etwa 80 Straßen und Alleen schachbrettartig den Friedhof – es gibt auch Bereiche mit Erdbestattung.

Das Familiengrab des Pedro de Sousa Holstein gilt als das größte Familien-Grab Europas. Inspiriert von der Gestaltung des Tempel Salomons und der ägyptischen Pyramiden, sind dort etwa 200 Familienangehörige begraben.

Vor ihrer Überführung in das Nationalpantheon in der Igreja de Santa Engrácia hatten die Fado-Sängerin und Schauspielerin Amália Rodrigues, und der Schriftsteller Aquilino Ribeiro dort ein Grab. Auch der Schriftsteller Fernando Pessoa war hier bestattet, bis zu seiner Überführung 1985 in das Hieronymus-Kloster.

Gräber bekannter Persönlichkeiten (Auswahl)
 Carlos Paredes, Meister der Portugiesischen Gitarre
 Alfredo Marceneiro, Fado-Sänger
 Jorge de Sena, Schriftsteller
 José Cardoso Pires, Schriftsteller
 Mário Cesariny, Maler und Lyriker
 Cesário Verde, Schriftsteller
 Henrique Mitchell de Paiva Couceiro, Politiker und Soldat
 Pedro de Sousa Holstein, Politiker
 José Maria Eça de Queiroz, Schriftsteller
 Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro, Maler
 Lucília do Carmo, Fado-Sängerin
 Henrique Galvão, Militär und Autor
 Artur Semedo, Schauspieler, Produzent und Regisseur
 António Augusto Carvalho Monteiro, Unternehmer (Kaffeebaron in Brasilien) und Freimaurer.

Galerie

Weblinks

 Dem Cemitério dos Prazeres gewidmete s/w-Fotoseite (deutsch)
 Der Cemitério dos Prazeres bei der Stadtverwaltung (Câmara Municipal de Lisboa) (portugiesisch)

Einzelnachweise

Prazeres
Bauwerk in Estrela (Lissabon)
Friedhof in Europa

Cemitério dos Prazeres


Die Route nationale 657, kurz N 657 oder RN 657, war eine französische Nationalstraße, die von 1933 bis 1973 zwischen einer Kreuzung mit der Nationalstraße 653 südwestlich von Lauzerte und Moissac verlief. Ihre Länge betrug 14 Kilometer.

Weblinks
 Route nationale française 657 auf WikiSara (französisch)

657

Route nationale 657


O Estádio Rapid-Giulești (), ou ainda Superbet Arena por razões de direitos de nome, é um estádio de futebol localizado em Bucareste, capital da Romênia. Oficialmente inaugurado em , é de propriedade do Rapid Bucureşti, que manda ali seus jogos oficiais por competições nacionais e continentais. Sua capacidade máxima é de  espectadores.

Rapid
Rapid
Rapid

Estádio Rapid-Giulești


Cheng Pei-pei (nacida el 4 de diciembre de 1946) es una actriz conocida por su actuación en Come Drink with Me.

Carrera
Actuó en un número de películas a lo largo de la década de 1960.

Pei-pei en particular es relativamente bien conocida por su papel protagonista en Come Drink with Me de King Hu.

En 2000, regresó a la atención internacional con su papel como Jade Fox en Wò hǔ cáng lóng. Interpretó a Long Po en Watery Moon, Hollow Sky, que fueron mostradas en la televisión asiática-estadounidense como Paradise.

Filmografía

Series de televisión

Películas

Programa de variedades

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 IMDb

Actrices de Hong Kong
Nacidos en Shanghái

Cheng Pei-pei


إيل (أو إل، بالعبرية: אל؛ بالسريانية: ܐܝܠ؛ بالإنكليزية: 'Ēl أو 'Il) هي كلمة سامية شمالية غربية تعني «إله» أو «رب»، أو تشير (كاسم علم) إلى أحد آلهة الشرق الأدنى القديمة المتعددة. يُمثل اللفظ النادر، إيلا، اللفظ الأصلي في الأكادية القديمة والعمورية. تُشتق هذه الكلمة من ثنائي الحروف البدائي القديم '‑l الذي يعني «إله».

تشمل الآلهة المحددة المعروفة باسم إيل أو إل الإله الأعلى للديانة الكنعانية القديمة والإله الأعلى للناطقين بالسامية الشرقية في عصر فجر السلالات في بلاد ما بين النهرين.

النصوص السامية الأولية والفينيقية والآرامية والحيثية
أُطلق على الإله المصري بتاح لقب دو غيتي «رب غات» في موشور من تل لخيش ويُكتب على وجهه المقابل اسم أمنحتب الثاني (1435-1420 قبل الميلاد). يشير كروس (1973، ص 19) إلى أن بتاح دُعي غالبًا رب (صاحب) الأبدية واعتقد أنه هذا التماثل بين إيل وبتاح يمكن أن يكون قد أدى إلى إطلاق لقب «أولام الأبدي» على إيل منذ وقت مبكر جدًا وباستمرار. (ولكن، في النصوص الأوغاريتية، يبدو أن بتاح عُرف كإله الحرفيين كوثار-وا-خسيس). وهناك صلة أخرى مع الإله المندائي بتاحيل، الذي يجمع اسمه بين كلمتي بتاح وإيل.

يُشهد اسم رافائيل أو رافا-إيل، الذي يعني «الرب الشافي» في أوغاريت، في نحو عام 1350 قبل الميلاد في إحدى رسائل تل العمارنة إي إيه 333، الموجودة في تل الحسي من حاكم لاخيش إلى «العظيم».

قد تشير تميمة فينيقية منقوشة تعود للقرن السابع قبل الميلاد وجدت في أرسلان طاش إلى إيل. ترجم روزنتال (1969، ص 658) النص كالتالي:لقد أُسست رابطة أبدية لنا.

لقد أسسها أشور لنا،

وجميع الكائنات الإلهية

وأغلبية جماعة القديسين،

من خلال رابطة السماء والأرض إلى الأبد،...ولكن، ترجم كروس (1973، ص 17) النص كالتالي:أقسم الخالد (أولام) يمين عهد معنا،

أبرمت عشيره (اتفاقًا) معنا.

وجميع أبناء إيل،

والمجمع الأعلى لجميع القديسين.

بعهد السماء والأرض القديمة.يظهر اسم «إيل كوني أرش» الذي يعني «إيل خالق الأرض» في بعض النقوش، وحتى ضمن نقش متأخر في لبدة الكبرى في طرابلس (في ليبيا) يعود تاريخه إلى القرن الثاني. في النصوص الحيثية، يتحول التعبير إلى الاسم الفردي إيلكونيرسا، يظهر إيلكونيرسا كزوج عشيردو (عشيره) وأب لـ 77 أو 88 ابن.

يُدعى إيل في ترتيلة حورية له (نُشرت في أوغاريتيكا النشرة الخامسة، نص آر إس 24.278)، «إل برت» و«إل دن»، والتي اعتبرهما كروس (ص 39) يعنيان «إل صاحب العهد» و«إل القاضي» على التوالي.

أوغاريت والمشرق
كان إيل أو إل بالنسبة للكنعانيين ومنطقة المشرق القديمة ككل، الإله الأعلى، وأب البشرية وجميع المخلوقات. أنجب العديد من الآلهة، وأهمها هدد ويم وموت، وكل منهم يشترك في صفات مماثلة مع الآلهة اليونانية الرومانية: زيوس وبوسيدون وهاديس على التوالي.

يُعتبر إيل، وفقُا للألواح الطينية لأوغاريت، زوج الإلهة عشيره.

عُثر على ثلاث قوائم للآلهة في أوغاريت (رأس شمرا المعاصرة) تبدأ بالآلهة الأربعة إل-إب (وهو وفقًا لكروس؛ اسم نوع عام من الإله، ربما السلف الإلهي للشعب)، وإيل وداجنو (أي داجون)، وبعل شابان (أي الإله هدو أو هدد). رغم أن أوغاريت كان فيها معبد كبير مخصص لداجون وآخر لهدد، لم يكن هناك معبد مخصص لإل.

يُدعى إيل مرارًا وتكرارًا إيل تيرو («الثور إيل» أو «إله الثور»). وهو باتنيو بنفاتي («خالق المخلوقات»)، وأبو بني إيلي («أبو الآلهة»)، وأبو آدمي («أبو الإنسان»). وهو كاينينو أولام («الخالق الأبدي»)، يظهر لقب «أولام» بالصيغة العبرية باسم الإله العبري «إيل أولام» الرب الأبدي في سفر التكوين 21.33. وهو خاتيكوكا («أبوك»). وإيل هو العتيق ذو اللحية الرمادية، وكامل الحكمة، ومالكو («الملك»)، وأبو شاميمة («أبو السنوات»)، وإيل غيبور («إيل المحارب»). وقد أُطلق عليه أيضًا اسم لإتربن بمعنى غير معروف، والذي تُرجم بأشكال مختلفة إلى لاتبان، أو لاتيبان، أو لوتباني («وجه الكفن» وفقًا لاتفاق سترونج العبري).

عائلة إل

وجدت في مملكة إبلا السورية كلمة { إل } في أعلى قائمة الآلهة كإشارة لأقدم الآلهة أو أبي كل الآلهة في بقايا المكتبة الملكية (2300 ق.م.) لحضارة إبلا في موقع تل مرديخ في سوريا، كما أن اسم إيل ارتبط بأسماء الملوك في سوريا حيث الملك حزائيل وهو مأخوذ من اسم الإله إيل ويظن أنه كان إله الصحراء في وقت ما لأن الأساطير تذكر أن له:
 زوجتين وبنى معهما ومع أولاده الجدد حرماً في الصحراء.
وقد ولد لإيل عدة آلهة أهمها:
 حدد
 يَم (بحر)
 موت
ولهؤلاء صفات مشابهة للآلهة الإغريقية

1) زيوس 2) بوسيدون أو أوفيون 3) هادس أو ثنتوس على الترتيب. وحسب الإغريق فإن إل هو الإله كرونوس نفسه.

مراجع وهوامش

آلهة الخلق
آلهة السماء والجو
آلهة سامية غربية
آلهة في الكتاب العبري
الله
أساطير حجازية
أساطير سومرية
أساطير شامية
أساطير فينيقية
أساطير كنعانية
أسماء آلهة
أسماء الله في المسيحية
أسماء الله في اليهودية
بعل
بقر في الدين
بوسيدون
حضارة سوريا
كلمات وعبارات عبرية في الكتاب المقدس العبري

إيل (إله)


Symfoni-Antifoni eller Symfoni, Antifoni er en symfoni af Pelle Gudmundsen-Holmgreen fra 1977.

Symfonien modtog Nordisk Råds Musikpris i 1980 og er inkluderet i Kulturkanonen fra 2006 under partiturmusik.

Form
Symfoni-Antifoni er repræsentant for ny enkelhed, en musikretning, som opstod i 1960'erne i Danmark repræsenteret ved Henning Christiansen og Hans Abrahamsen ud over Gudmundsen-Holmgreen.

Symfonien indeholder to satser: "Symfoni" på 2½ minut og "Antifoni" på 24 minutter, hvor første del er harmonisk og i samklang, mens anden del er mere vildtvoksende og ender med at flyde ud i ingenting.

Referencer

Symfonier
Musik i 1978
Kulturkanonen

Symfoni-Antifoni


Faauna est un groupe de cumbia électronique argentin, composé de Cristian Del Negro (Color Kit) et Estefi Spark.

Biographie
Faauna est formé sous le nom de Fauna dans la ville de Mendoza en 2003 par Cristian Del Negro et Federico Rodriguez, tous deux amis et producteurs de musique électronique, principalement jungle et drum and bass. Sept ans plus tard, à la fin de 2010, Federico décède et est remplacé dans le duo par Arturo Gueglio (Zai). Depuis ses origines, Fauna cherche à élargir ses horizons et à repousser ses frontières musicales. Ils commencent à essayer de mélanger la musique électronique et la cumbia, un genre stigmatisé en Argentine mais incontestablement populaire. Ces expériences commencent à définir un son original que les musiciens appellent alternativement «  » ou «  ».

Finalement, ils commencent à transcender leur Mendoza natal et à interagir avec d'autres artistes sur la même longueur d'onde, comme les Frikstailers et DJ Villa Diamante. Grâce à ces rencontres et aux soirées du Zizek Urban Beat Club, Fauna a commencé à se faire un nom dans la ville de Buenos Aires. En 2008, avec ZZK Records, ils sortent leur premier album  et font une tournée dans 14 pays, jouant notamment au Coachella et au festival de Roskilde. Grâce à diverses collaborations avec d'autres artistes et producteurs, le duo a commencé à expérimenter des rythmes tels que le dancehall et le kuduro. Dans cette direction, en 2011, ils  sortent , le deuxième album du groupe. Peu avant sa sortie et alors que l'album était déjà enregistré, Federico Rodríguez est décédé. Federico était le fils de l'écrivain Mario Rodríguez, plus connu sous le nom de Silo, fondateur mythique du mouvement humaniste.

En 2015, Fauna change de nom pour devenir Faauna et signe un accord avec le label Concepto Cero pour ce qui sera leur troisième album studio , qui inclut différents collaborateurs et la production artistique d'El Chávez. Le 5 juin de la même année, ils présentent l'album à la salle N8 de Mendoza. En 2018, Estefi Spark, qui a participé en tant que danseuse aux spectacles, remplace Arturo Gueglio.

Discographie

Albums studio
 2008 :  (ZZK Records)
 2011 :  (ZZK Records)
 2015 :  (Concepto Cero)
 2020 :  (Hawaii Bonsaï)

Remixes
 2012 :  (ZZK Records)

EP
 2013 :

Singles
 2015 :  (Concepto Cero)

Notes et références

Liens externes

Groupe argentin de musique électronique
Groupe de cumbia
Groupe musical formé en 2003

Faauna


Gornjokarlovačka eparhija je eparhija Srpske pravoslavne crkve u Hrvatskoj. Sjedište eparhije je u Karlovcu. Nekadašnje sjedište eparhije bilo je Plaškom, u Lici, pa se eparhija nazivala i Plaščanskom eparhijom. Episkop eparhije je Gerasim Popović.

Povijest
Gornjokarlovačka eparhija je dobila naziv po gradu Karlovcu, koji je među Srbima nazivan i Gornjim Karlovcem radi boljeg razlikovanja od Srijemskih Karlovaca. Srbi ove prostore naseljavaju već tijekom 15. stoljeća, a naročito tijekom prvih desetljeća 16. stoljeća. Glavna mjesta naseljavanja su im bili  Bijela krajina, a potom naseljavaju prostore oko Gomirja i Gorski kotar. U vrijeme osmanske uprave srednjom Likom, na ličke i krbavske vrleti dolaze Srbi iz unutrašnjosti Bosne i Hercegovine i susjedne Dalmacije. Mnogi od njih prelaze na habzburšku teritoriju, odnosno na prostore Vojne krajine. Za vrijeme osmanske vlasti, duhovni nadzor nad Srbima na područjima Like, Krbave, Pounja i Zrinopolja vrše Dabrobosanski mitropoliti.

Takvo stanje vladalo je do kraja 17. stoljeća kada su oblasti Banovine, Like i Krbave oslobođene od osmanske vlasti. Oko 1695. godine, na ove prostore dolazi izbjegli dabrobosanski mitropolit Atanasije Ljubojević koji uspijeva da stvori novu eparhiju za područja Karlovačkog generalata, Banovine, Like i Krbave. Područje ove eparhije je u narodu postalo poznato i kao Gornja Krajina.

Nakon smrti vladike Atanasija (1712), na srpskom saboru koji je održan 1713. godine u Srijemskim Karlovcima donesena je odluka da se ova eparhija podijeli na dvije posebne eparhije: Karlovačko-gomirsku na čelu s episkopom Danilom Ljubotinom i Kostajničko-zrinopoljsku na čelu s episkopom Dionisijem Ugarkovićem. Nakon raznih promjena i nekoliko preuređenja eparhijskog područja, ove eparhije su konačno spojene 1771. godine i od tada ponovo čine jedinstvenu Gornjokarlovačku eparhiju.

U vrijeme gornjokarlovačkog episkopa Danila Jakšića počela je izgradnja crkve u Plaškom, hram je završen 23. kolovoza 1763. godine.

Gornjokarlovačka eparhija je teško stradala tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata.

Organizacija
Danas Gornjokarlovačku eparhiju sačinjavaju pet arhijerejskih namjesništava: Glinsko, Karlovačko, Kostajničko-dvorsko, Ličko i Plaščansko.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Službene stranice Gornjokarlovačke eparhije

Eparhije Srpske pravoslavne Crkve u Hrvatskoj
Eparhije Srpske pravoslavne Crkve u Sloveniji

Gornjokarlovačka eparhija


ඔරු නාල් ඔරු කනවු (දෙමළ: ஒரு நாள் ஒரு கனவு, සිංහල: එක දවසක්, එක හීනයක්) යනු ෆාසිල් විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කළ 2005 ඉන්දියානු දෙමළ ප්‍රේම වෘත්තාන්ත චිත්‍රපටයකි. මෙහි ප්‍රධාන චරිත නිරූපණය කරන්නේ ශ්‍රීකාන්ත්, සෝනියා අගර්වාල් සහ නිළල්ගල් රවී විසිනි. මෙහි සංගීත නිර්මාණය ඉලෛයරාජා විසින් ද කැමරා අධ්‍යක්ෂණය ආනන්දකුට්ටන් විසින් ද සිදුකොට ඇත. ඔහුගේ 27වන චිත්‍රපටය වන  ඔරු නාල් ඔරු කනවු 2005 අගෝස්තු 26 දින මුදාහැරිණි.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

ඔරු නාල් ඔරු කනවු


BookTube é um parte da comunidade do YouTube focada em livros. A comunidade atingiu, até o momento, centenas de milhares de espectadores em todo o mundo.

História
Embora não tenha uma origem exata, a comunidade BookTube começou por volta de 2010 e cresceu exponencialmente nos últimos anos. Christine Riccio (PolandBananasBooks) é frequentemente apontada como a pioneira do gênero e se tornou uma das primeiras booktubers a ganhar um grande número de seguidores.

Hoje, muitos canais têm milhares (e às vezes centenas de milhares) de assinantes. Os canais do BookTube existem globalmente em inglês, português do Brasil, italiano, francês e espanhol, entre outros idiomas.

Os booktubers costumam criar vídeos revisando e discutindo literatura para jovens adultos, mas outros gêneros, como clássicos, ficção científica, fantasia, ficção literária, literatura infantil, quadrinhos, romance e não ficção, também são abordados.

Principais booktubers
Entre os que mais têm inscritos incluem-se: a brasileira Bel Rodrigues (belrodrigues), a brasileira Isabella Lubrano (Ler Antes de Morrer), a brasileira Tatiana Feltrin (tatianagfeltrin), a americana Cindy Pham (withcindy), a brasileira Pam Gonçalves (PamGonçalves), Victor Almeida (GeekFreak), Daniel Dornelas (DanielDornelas),  Ariel Bissett (ArielBissett), Christine Riccio (PolandBananasBooks), Kat O'Keefe (katytastic), Clau R. (ClauReadsBooks) e Jesse George (Jesse the Reader).

Tipos de vídeos
Existem vários tipos diferentes de vídeos que o booktubers gravam. Alguns são resenhas (reviews), com ou sem spoilers, que detalham do que gostaram ou não gostaram em livros específicos. Os booktubers costumam fazer resenhas das Advanced Reader Copies (ARCs), que são fornecidas por editoras que desejam anunciar. Booktubers também fazem book hauls, em que discutem as suas compras após uma ida à livraria ou dão uma visão geral dos livros que adquiriram recentemente. Por outro lado, os unhauls são vídeos em que falam dos livros dos quais estão se desfazendo.

Outros tipos comuns de vídeos incluem:

 Tours pela prateleira, que mostram as suas estantes, geralmente descrevendo cada livro à medida que avança.
 Readalongs, em que os booktubers escolhem um livro e incentivam o público a acompanhá-lo.
 Vídeos TBR (to be read, a serem lidos). Ver seção "Vocabulário".
 Wrap-ups, que listam os livros lidos em um determinado período de tempo, normalmente uma semana, mês ou ano.
 Tags, que consistem em uma série de perguntas ou desafios em torno de um tema que o booktuber responde e, em seguida, marca outros para responder.
 Vídeos de discussão, que abordam temas de livros ou problemas que surgem na comunidade BookTube.
 Colaborações, nas quais dois ou mais booktubers se juntam em um vídeo, geralmente jogando um jogo ou fazendo uma tag.
 Entrevistas com autores.

Tradição e cultura
O BookTube, em vez de uma coleção de vídeos díspares, é frequentemente considerado uma comunidade de criadores e espectadores com sua própria cultura e com vocabulário próprio.

Vocabulário (em inglês)

 TBR: to be read – a ser lido. Esse livro pode ser: o próximo livro a ser lido, todos os livros não lidos que o booktuber possui, ou livros que o Booktuber ainda não tem, mas que deseja ler.

 DNF: did not finish – não terminei. Um livro que um booktuber decidiu não terminar de ler.

 Shelfie: uma "selfie", de uma estante ou prateleira (shelf). Normalmente, prateleiras são organizadas especificamente em torno de algum tema.
 ARC: advanced reader copy – cópia para o leitor avançado. Uma cópia de um livro ainda a ser publicado, fornecida gratuitamente pela editora para fins publicitários. O objetivo é promover um livro de boca em boca, oralmente, antes do lançamento.
 Reading Slump: queda da leitura um período de tempo devido à falta de inspiração para ler.
 Ship, ou Shipping: para apoiar ou endossar uma relação entre personagens fictícios

Tradições
 Readathon: um evento durante o qual os participantes leem juntos durante um período de tempo definido.
 Shout outs: em que se recomendam outros canais do BookTube em seus vídeos.
 NaNoWriMo: Muitos booktubers, que também são escritores ativos, tendem a participar desse desafio, durante o qual se tenta escrever um romance de 50.000 palavras no mês de novembro.
 Read-alongs: quando um booktuber vai ler um certo número de páginas por semana para que os espectadores possam acompanhar discutir.

Booktubers e escritores
Muito do BookTube e sua cultura se sobrepõem à comunidade mais ampla de escritores do YouTube. É comum que Booktubers também sejam escritores, e seus vídeos podem incluir dicas sobre como escrever ou registros do autor. Booktubers individuais tiveram um impacto na comunidade ao escrever, publicar e promover seus próprios livros em seu canal.

Fora do YouTube, os Booktubers podem ser encontrados em convenções do YouTube e de livros, como a YallFest, BookCon, e VidCon.

Nota

Ver também
 BreadTube

Crítica literária
YouTube

BookTube


Aberfeldie ist ein Stadtteil im Nordwesten der australischen Metropole Melbourne, ungefähr 9 km vom Stadtzentrum entfernt, und ist Teil des lokalen Verwaltungsgebiets Moonee Valley City. 2016 hatte der Stadtteil etwa 3.900 Einwohner. Er wird im Westen begrenzt durch die Afton Street, im Norden durch die Buckley Street, im Osten durch die Waverley Street und im Süden durch den Maribyrnong River.

Der Schotte James Robertson, dem die Gegend ursprünglich gehörte, benannte sein Grundstück nach der Stadt Aberfeldy in Schottland. Nach dem Verkauf im Jahre 1888 wurde der Name beibehalten.

Heute ist das Stadtbild geprägt durch größere Parks und Wohngebiete mit Einfamilienhäusern.

Einzelnachweise

Stadtteil von Melbourne
Moonee Valley City

Aberfeldie


Pedro Núñez fue un noble castellano, maestre de la Orden de Santa María de España y posteriormente de la Orden de Santiago desde 1280 a 1286, tras la muerte de Gonzalo Ruiz Girón, durante el reinado de Alfonso X de Castilla.

Biografía

La Orden de Santa María de España, fundada por iniciativa del rey Alfonso X de Castilla, tuvo como Maestre a Pedro Núñez, pero tras el Desastre de Moclín y la casi aniquilación de la Orden de Santiago, desapareció para poder asegurar que ésta sobreviviera. De esta forma, Alfonso X decidió que los caballeros de Santa María serían integrados en la Orden de Santiago.

Véase también
 Orden de Santa María de España
 Orden de Santiago

Referencias

Bibliografía

Maestres de la Orden de Santa María de España
Maestres de la Orden de Santiago
Militares de España del siglo XIII

Pedro Núñes


Lajos Aulich, cunoscut și ca Ludwig Aulich, () a fost un ofițer revoluționar maghiar, care a deținut funcția de ministru de război al Ungariei (14 iulie - 11 august 1849) în timpul Revoluției Maghiare de la 1848.

Biografie
Lajos Aulich s-a născut pe 25 august 1792 la Pressburg, într-o familie mixtă maghiaro-germană.

La începutul Revoluției din 1848-1849 în Imperiul Austriac, el era locotenent-colonel în Regimentul austriac de infanterie "Kaiser Alexander", cu care s-a remarcat în luptele împotriva sârbilor de la Srbobran, iar, în consecință, a fost înaintat la 2 octombrie 1848 la gradul de colonel și numit comandant al regimentului respectiv.

La sfârșitul anului 1848 Lajos Aulich a luptat pe malul stâng al Dunării împotriva trupelor conduse de Edmund zu Schwarzenberg și de Ivan Simonici.

În timpul Campaniei de Primăvară a condus o armată care a participat la mai multe bătălii. Pe 7 martie 1849, după Bătălia de la Kápolna, ministrul maghiar de război Lázár Mészáros l-a înaintat la gradul de general și i-a încredințat comanda Corpului 2 Armată. Victoriile obținute de Armata Revoluționară Maghiară împotriva oștilor lui Alfred de Windisch-Graetz în martie și aprilie 1849 au fost parțial meritul lui Aulich. A participat la 6 aprilie 1849 la marea bătălie de la Isaszeg, în care Armata Revoluționară Maghiară a obținut o victorie strategică. În timp ce Artúr Görgei a realizat eliberarea orașului Komárom, Aulich a intrat la 24 aprilie 1849 în orașul Pesta, care fusese evacuat de armata imperială austriacă, fiind aclamat și salutat de locuitori ca un erou. De la începutul lunii mai a participat la Asediul Budei, reușind să o elibereze.

Aulich era un partizan al respectării ierarhiei, de aceea a refuzat să respecte ordinul trimis de Lajos Kossuth, cerându-i să-i fie comunicat de ministrul Görgei. În iulie 1849 Аulich a fost trimis, împreună cu László Csányi și Ernő Kiss, la Komárom pentru a-l convinge pe Görgei să treacă sub ascultarea guvernului maghiar, dar această solicitare nu a avut succes. După demisia lui Görgei (7 iulie 1849), Aulich a devenit ministru de război pe 14 iulie 1849, dar a recunoscut imediat dictatura lui Görgei și s-a pronunțat în favoarea predării armelor.

Predat austriecilor de către ruși, Lajos Aulich a fost spânzurat la Arad pe 6 octombrie 1849, la ordinul comandantului militar austriac Julius von Haynau, împreună cu alți doisprezece comandanți militari maghiari.

Note

Bibliografie
 Kedves Gyula: Aulich Lajos, In: Hermann Róbert (szerkesztette): Vértanúk könyve, Budapesta, 2007, , 89–94. o.
 Csorba László: A tizenhárom aradi vértanú, Budapesta, 1989, , 154–169. o.

Nașteri în 1792
Nașteri pe 15 mai
Decese în 1849
Decese pe 6 octombrie
Revoluționari maghiari
Generali maghiari

Lajos Aulich


سيمبلين  مسرحية للمؤلف الإنجليزي وليم شكسبير. لا يعرف بالضبط متى كتبها، لكن يعتقد أن الأداء الأول لها كان في عام 1611. تصنف بالكوميديا التراجيدية لأن فيها خصائص تراجيدية وكوميدية.

مراجع

التاريخ التقليدي البريطاني
الخيال تقع أحداثها في بريطانيا الرومانية
تراجيديات شكسبير
قتل الزوجة في الخيال
كوميديات شكسبير
مسرحيات 1611
مسرحيات النهضة الإنجليزية
مسرحيات بريطانية حولت إلى أفلام
مسرحيات تراجيدية كوميدية
مسرحيات تقع أحداثها في القرن 1

سيمبلين


Ryoga Sekihara (født 20. juni 1991) er en japansk tidligere professionel fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Kataller Toyama og Kamatamare Sanuki.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Ryoga Sekihara


Billie Eilish Pirate Baird O'Connell (f. 18. desember 2001) er bandarísk söngkona og lagahöfundur. Hún hlaut fyrst eftirtekt þegar hún gaf út fyrstu smáskífuna sína "Ocean Eyes", árið 2015. Lagið var samið og framleitt af bróður hennar, Finneas O'Connell, sem hún skrifar oft lög með.

Fyrsta breiðskífa Eilish var gefin út árið 2019 og var nefnd When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? Hún náði fyrsta sæti á hljómplötulistunum Billboard 200 og UK Albums Chart, og var ein mest selda plata það ár. Á henni má finna lagið "Bad Guy" sem komst í fyrsta sæti á Billboard Hot 100 listanum. Árið eftir var Eilish einn af höfundum lagsins "No Time to Die" sem var notað í samnefndu James Bond myndinni. Lagið hlaut Óskarsverðlaun fyrir besta frumsamda lagið árið 2022. Önnur breiðskífan hennar, Happier Than Ever, var gefin út árið 2021 og náði fyrsta sæti í 25 löndum.

Útgefið efni

Breiðskífur
 When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? (2019)
 Happier Than Ever (2021)

Stuttskífur
 Don't Smile at Me (2017)
 Guitar Songs (2022)

Tónleikaplötur
 Live at Third Man Records (2019)

Tenglar

Bandarískir söngvarar

Billie Eilish


Litton Industries was a large defense contractor in the United States named after inventor Charles Litton Sr.

During the 1960s, the company began acquiring many unrelated firms and became one of the largest conglomerates in the United States. At its peak, in addition to many defense-related companies, it also owned both Royal Typewriters and Adler, Moffat major appliances, Stouffer's frozen foods, and various office equipment and furniture companies.

Like many conglomerates, the company suffered significant declines in the 1970s, selling off many of its unrelated brands and had largely returned to its defense roots by the 1980s. The company continued to shrink after the ending of the Cold War and by the late 1990s was a corporate takeover target. The company was purchased by Northrop Grumman in 2001.

History

Litton Industries was originally established as an electronics company building navigation, communications and electronic warfare equipment. They diversified and became a much bigger business, with major shipyards, and manufacturing microwave ovens.

It was founded in 1953 by American business executive Charles Bates "Tex" Thornton alongside his associates Roy Ash and Hugh Jamieson. Headquartered in Beverly Hills, California, the original name of the company was 'Electro Dynamics Corporation.' In 1954, with a loan from the Lehman Brothers, Thornton acquired the vacuum tube producer 'Litton Industries Inc' from its founder Charles Litton Sr. for $1.5 million and subsequently adopted its name.

Although Litton Industries lacked capital in the beginning, Thornton thought that the U.S. Department of Defense would need more sophisticated weapons and that the demand for another large electronics company would increase. During the years, Litton Industries acquired several other smaller companies and had merged with Monroe Calculating Machine. Monroe used Litton's technological assets and Litton required Monroe's sales and service outlets. During the late 1950s and early 1960s, 50% of Litton's business was with the U.S. Government; besides calculators, they were also producing inertial guidance systems for aircraft, potentiometers, duplexers, etc.

In 1961, Litton acquired Ingalls Shipbuilding for $8 million and subsequently ventured into the production of submarines and oil-drilling equipment. By 1963, Litton Industries reached $500 million with a revenue of $393.8 million.

In December 1964, Litton acquired Royal McBee.

In 1973, after several years of disappointing sales, Thornton replaced Ash with Fred O'Green as president of the company. With the new strategy, Litton sold some of its profit-losing subsidiaries and focused on the profitable ones. The company also succeeded to make a $1.6 billion deal with the Saudi Arabian Air Force.

The profits of the company increased from $44 million in 1979 to $78 million in 1983.

During the 1980s, Litton dropped its businesses in publishing, medical products, office furniture, and microwaves and shifted the production to sophisticated technology. As a result of that, the company bought the electronic firms Itek Corp. and Core Laboratories. In the early 1990s, Litton Industries split into separate military and commercial companies.  The US$2 billion commercial business, which included Litton's oilfield services, business, and automated assembly line operations, was named Western Atlas, Inc.

In 1998, Litton Industries bought TASC, Inc. In 2000, TASC sold three stand-alone commercial operations: Adesso Software, WSI (Weather Services International) Corporation and Emerge. The company reported sales of $5.6 billion and a net income of $218 million for the 2000 fiscal year. On December 21, 2000, in a joint statement, Litton Industries and Northrop Grumman announced that the latter will acquire Litton Industries shares in a transaction worth $5.1 billion. The transaction was completed on May 31, 2001 and Northrop Grumman officially acquired Litton Industries.

Divisions

A provisional list of Litton Industries' major divisions:

LITEF GmbH (Freiburg, Germany)
Litton Advanced Systems
Litton Aero Products
Litton Automated Marine Systems (AMS)
Sperry Marine
C.Plath
Load monitoring System for Spanish Product Carriers (IMP-16 based embedded system w/real-time monitoring and calculation of shear forces and bending moment for load officers)
Decca Radar (formerly a division of Racal)
Decca Navigator, a historical VLF navigation system
Litton Bionetics, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD
Litton Computer Services
Litton Data Systems
Litton Electron Devices → now L3 Technologies, Electron Devices: Torrance CA & Williamsport PA
Litton Electro-Optical Systems Incorporated
Litton Encoder
Litton Guidance and Control Systems
Litton Industries, Potentiometer Division, Mount Vernon, NY
Litton Integrated Systems
Litton Italia
Litton Kester
Litton Network Access Systems
Litton PRC
Litton Ship Systems
Avondale Shipyards
Ingalls Shipyards
Litton Space Systems
Litton Systems Canada
Litton Westrex
TELDIX
Western Atlas, a joint venture formed with Dresser Industries, including former Litton subsidiary Western Geophysical. Spun off in 1994.

See also
 Litton Industries bombing

References

Further reading
 Robert Sobel The Money Manias: The Eras of Great Speculation in America, 1770–1970 (1973) reprinted (2000).

External links

 Northrop Grumman website
 LITTON Industries Alumni - LITTON Industries Alumni group on LinkedIn

Aerospace companies of the United States
American companies established in 1953
Avionics companies
Companies based in Los Angeles
Former defense companies of the United States
Defunct companies based in Greater Los Angeles
Electronics companies of the United States
History of the San Fernando Valley
Manufacturing companies based in Los Angeles
Manufacturing companies based in Wisconsin
Manufacturing companies established in 1953
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 2001
Northrop Grumman
Technology companies based in Greater Los Angeles
Technology companies established in 1953
Woodland Hills, Los Angeles
Technology companies disestablished in 2001
1953 establishments in California
2001 disestablishments in California
2001 mergers and acquisitions
Conglomerate companies of the United States

Litton Industries


A Marinha dos Estados Unidos teve cinco navios chamados USS Idaho:

 : uma chalupa de guerra que serviu de 1866 a 1873.
 USS Idaho (BB-24): um couraçado pré-dreadnought da Classe Mississippi que serviu de 1908 a 1914; vendido para a Grécia e renomeado .
 : uma lancha que serviu de 1917 a 1919.
 : um couraçado da Classe New Mexico que serviu de 1919 a 1946.
 : um submarino de ataque da Classe Virginia em construção.

USS Idaho


Alba Madonna ili Bijela Gospa, ulje na drvetu kružnoga oblika (tondo) talijanskoga slikara Rafaela koje prikazuje Blaženu Djevicu Mariju, Isusa i Ivana Krstitelja u pastoralnom krajobrazu renesansne Italije. Slika je poznata po višeslojnoj simboličnosti prikazanih motiva, posebice cvijeća.

Slika je promijenila više vlasnika u Italiji, a potom i po Europi, većinom trgovaca, plemića i diplomata. God. 1836. kupuje ju ruski car Nikola I. i uvrštava u zbirku Ermitaža u Petrogradu. Gotovo stoljeće kasnije, u velikoj rasprodaji Ermitaževe zbirke 1931. sliku nabavlja američki industrijalac Andrew William Mellon, koji ju zajedno sa svojom osobnom zbirkom 1937. daruje Nacionalnoj galeriji u Washingtonu, gdje se čuva i danas.

Simbolika
Kružni oblik slike (tondo) bio je uobičajen u slikanju narudžbi prigodom proslave djetetova rođenja. Krug simbolizira vječnost, vjenčani prsten, ali i porođajni kanal, ukazujući time na Isusovo rođenje odn. utjelovljenje na Zemlji. Nestabilnost kružnoga oblika kompozicijski je učvršćena snažnom crrtom obzora u zaleđu likova te njihovim piramidnim rasporedom na širokoj bazi. Izvedba ljudskih likova i njihova mišićavost ukazuju na Rafaelovo poznavanje Michelangeloba rada na stropu Sikstinske kapele. Dijete Isus prikazano je živahno i čvrsto, pružajući ruku Ivanu Krstitelju kako bi prihvatio križ, simbol svoje muke, smrti i uskrsnuća. Također, Ivan Krstitelj je posljednji prorok prije Isusa, izravni navjestitelj Kristova dolaska te se u odnosu Ivana i Isusa očituje nastavak Božjega navještaja. I Marija i Isus i Ivan međusobno razmijenjuju žalosne poglede, svojevrsnu najavu svojih budućih muka.

Rafael likove Marije, Isusa i Ivana smješta uz biljke sa snažnom simbolikom. Ivan Krstitelj u svojemu krilu drži cvjetove anemone, koja u zapadnoj ikonografiji označava žalost. Tako je prikaz Utjelovljena ujedno i nagovještaj buduće žalosti Muke. Maslačak u kršćanskoj umjetnosti simbolizira gorčinu Kristove Pashe, s obzirom na to da se koristio kao jedna od vrsta gorkoga zelja na pashalnoj večeri. Čehulja (mirisna mirha) podsjeća na pomast za balzamiranje što su ju Isusu o Bogojavljanju darova Sveta tri kralja. Rafael time već u prikazu rođenja naslućuje Kristovu smrt. Na desnomu kraju slike prikazana je lazarkinja (jaslenjak), koji se prema tradiciji sušio i stavljao u jaslice. Lijevo od broća je ljubica, simbol poniznosti, a odnosi se na sve troje: i Ivana, navjestitelja Isusova ("Nisam dostojan odriješiti Mu remenje na obući!"), i Isusa, koji je tumačio kako je sve primio od Oca i ostao Mu poslušan ("Fiat voluntas tua" u očenašu, molitva u Getsemaniju, vjernost u kušnjama), ali i samu poniznost Utjelovljenja, kao i na Mariju ("Neka mi bude po tvojoj riječi", "Što god kaže, učinite!", Magnificat). Sam Marijin položaj, sjedenje na tlu, ikonografski je poznat kao »Djevica poniznosti« te dodatno naglašava tu vrlinu. U sredini tonda, na samom dnu, smjestio se ženski trputac, uobičajeni korov kojim su hodočasnici liječili bolna i žuljava stopala. Njegova je simbolika misijska, simbolika puta, hoda Crkve i svakoga čovjeka u nasljedovanju Krista.

Pastirski krajolik u pozadini i oko ljudskih likova svojevrsni je portret Italije Rafaelova vremena, vjerojatno sela uokolo Rima, s planinama i pašnjacima. Zemaljski i nebeski prostor, kao i u izvještaju o stvaranju u Knjizi Postanka, odjeljuje voda, simbol krštenja, kako vjernikova, tako i Isusova (Isusa je na Jordanu krstio upravo Ivan Krstitelj) tj. sakramentalne stvarnosti umiranja grijehu kako bi se zadobio novi život u punini, u svjetlu Božje milosti. Cjelokupna simbolika slike dobiva na smislu i snazi kad se uzme u obzir kako je slika trebala biti oltarna pala tj. produžetak oltara, dio crkvenoga prostora, pa i ne čudi količina teoloških i biblijskih značenja i simbola. Konačna namjena slike nije samo estetski vrijedan prikaz, nego i sudjelovanje u bogoslužju odn. pronošenje teološkoga govora.

Izvori
 Rafaelova Alba Madonna  pri Nacionalnoj galeriji umjetnosti
 Podles, Mary Elisabeth: "Raphael's Alba Madonna"  Touchstone Magazine. Prijevod: Ana Naletilić

Marija u umjetnosti
Isus
Renesansne slike
Talijanska umjetnost

Alba Madonna


عيسى المرزوقي المعروف بعيسى جرموني ولد سنة 1886 بمتوسة (خنشلة) وتوفي بعين البيضاء في 16 ديسمبر 1946 هو شاعر ومغني جزائري وأول عربي الذين غنوا على مسرح الأولمبيا وذلك خلال في عام 1936 حيث استطاع أن يؤدي جميع المقامات والأوزان والطبوع. تبعته إبنته بإعادة غناء بعض أغاني والدها سجل أكثر من 35 أغنية شعبية من التراث الشاوي. وعلى عكس ما يقال، وبدون أي دليل، لم يقدم أي عرض في أولمبيا في باريس.

حياته

إسمه الحقيقي (عيسى بن مرزوق بن رابح) ويعُرف باسم عيسى جرموني ولد سنة 1885 ببلدية متوسة ولاية خنشلة

وينسب مسقط رأسه إلى دوار امزي المسماة حاليا قرية سيدي ارغيس عين البيضاء ولاية أم البواقي أوبير إسماعيل (ويسمى أيضا البسان أو الحيمر) ببلدية متوسة ولاية خنشلة في 23 أبريل 1930 قام بتسجيل أول ألبوم له في ستوديو باردو بتونس.

أبدى حب شديد للغناء عند رعيه للغنم ويقال أنه أحسن من يعزف على القصبة ، عمل مع والده عند المستعمرين وعرف الشقاء والحرب والإضطهاد، وهذا ما يتميز به غناءه عموما.

غنى باللهجة العامية بجانب الأمازيغية وجال كل أنحاء الجزائر والمغرب وتونس بأغانيه، ولم يتوقف عن تسجيل الألبومات إلا بوفاته.

وتوفي في 16 ديسمبر 1946 في عين البيضاء ودفن بها بعمر ناهز 61 عام.

المراجع

جزائريون في القرن 20
جزائريون في القرن 19
شاوية
مغنون ومغنيات جزائريون
مواليد 1885
مواليد 1886
مواليد في أم البواقي
وفيات 1946
وفيات في عين البيضاء (ولاية أم البواقي)

عيسى جرموني


ජේසුස් වහන්සේගේ කිතු දහම පිළිබඳ වූ පොත් 4ට අනුව ජේසුස් වහන්සේ කුරුසයේ ඇණ ගසා දින 3කට පසු නැවත මලවුන්ගෙන් නැගිටින්නේය. මැතිව් විසින් කිතු දහම පිළිබඳ ලියන ලද පොතෙහි සඳහන් කරන්නේ දේව දූතයන් ජේසුස් වහන්සේගේ සොහොන අසල පෙනී සිටියේය. ඉන්පසු ඔවුන් විසින්, ජේසුස් වහන්ගේ උට්ඨානය මේරි මැග්ඩේලෙන් සහ ජේසුස් වහන්සේගේ ශරීරයේ තෙල් ගැල්විමට එකතැනට පැමිණි "තවත් මේරි" කෙනෙකුහට ජේසුස් වහන්සේගේ උට්ඨානය පිළිබඳ සැල කළේය. (මැතිව් 28:1-10). ලුක්ට අනුව එතැන සිටියේ සුර දූතියන් දෙදෙනෙකි.. (ලුක් 24:4) මාක්ට අනුව එතැන සිටියේ සුදු ඇඳගත තරු‍ණයෙකි. (මාර්ක් 16:5) "දිගු අවසානය" (Long ending) ට මාක් පවසන්නේ ඔහුගේ උට්ඨානයෙන් උදෑසන ජේසුස් වහන්සේ මේරි මේග්ඩේලෙන්ට ප්‍රථමයෙන් දර්ශනය විය. (මාක් 16:9) ජොන් පවසන්නේ මේරි සොහොන දෙසට එබී බලන විට/ අවස්ථාවේ දී දේව දූතයන් දෙදෙනෙකු ඇයගෙන් ඇඩීමට හේතු විමසා සිටි බවත් එහි දී ඇය වටපිට බලන විට ජේසුස් වහන්සේව ඇය‍ගේ නම කියා කථා කරන තෙක් හඳුනා ගැනීමට නොහැකි වූ බවත්ය. (ජෝන් 20:11-18)

ජේසුස් වහන්සේගේ ගෝලයන්ගේ ක්‍රියාවන් මඟින් ජේසුස් වහන්සේ විවිධ පුද්ගලයන්ට, විවිධ ස්ථානයන්හි දී ඊළඟ දින 40 තුළ පෙනී සිටි බවයි. ඔහුගේ උට්ඨානයෙන් පැය කිහිපයකට පසුව ඔහු එමාඋස් දක්වා යන මගෙහි සිටි සංචාරකයන් දෙදෙනෙකුට පෙනී සිට ඇත. (ලුක් 24:13-35) උට්ඨානයෙන් පසු සන්ධ්‍යා කාලයේ දී ඔහු ඔහුගේ එක්රැස් වූ ගෝලයන්හට දර්ශනය විය.ඔහුගේ දේව ගැති ධූරය යුදෙව්වන්ට පමණක් වුවත් ඔහු ඔහුගේ ගෝලයන් 12 දෙනා උතුම් වූ භක්තියකින් යුදෙව්වන් නොවන්නන් වෙතට ද යවනු ලැබීය. ඒ අතරම ඔහු ඔවුන්ගේ දර්ශනයෙන් වළාකුලකින් සැඟවෙන අතරේම දිව්‍ය ලෝකයට ගොඩ බැසීය. ක්‍රියාවන්ට අනුව, මාර්සස්හි පොල්හට ඔහුගේ ඩැමකස් හි මාර්ගයේ අත්දැකීම් කාලයේ ජේසුස් වහන්සේ පිළිබඳ දර්ශනයක් තිබුණේය. රැදී සිටින අයගේ ගැලවුම්කරු පිළිබඳ ඇති පුරෝකථනයන් සම්පූර්ණ‍කිරීමට නැවත පැමිණෙන බවට ජේසුස් වහන්සේ පොරොන්දු විය.

ජේසුස් වහන්සේගේ උත්ථානය


ගුප්තශාස්ත්‍ර (Occult Knowledge, ලතින් බසින් occultus; සැඟවුන, රහස්‍ය) යනු සාමාන්‍ය පුද්ගලයන්ගේ පංචේන්දියට ගෝචර වන සීමාවෙන් එපිට පවතින සැඟවුන යථා ස්වභාවයන් ගැන කරන හැදෑරීමයි.

මෙය හේතුවාදයට සහ භෞතික විද්‍යාවට එපිටින් යන ගැඹුරු දාර්ශනික සහ අධ්‍යාත්මික අධ්‍යනයකි.

මූලාශ්‍ර

තවද බලන්න
විකා

ගුප්තශාස්ත්‍ර


خليل عز الدين الجمل (21 يناير 1951 - 15 أبريل 1968) هو أولُ شهيدٍ لبناني في سبيل القضية الفلسطينية، وكان قد استُشهد بالأردن في 15 أبريل (نيسان) 1968 فيما عُرف باسم معركة تل الأربعين. وكان استشهاده الشرارة التي شجعت شباب عرب من غير الفلسطينيين على المشاركة في الكفاح إلى جانب الفلسطينيين.

حياته
ولد خليل الجمل في 21 يناير 1951 لأبوين لبنانيين هما عز الدين محمد الجمل والسيّدة وداد مُصطفى شهاب. تلقّى علومه الابتدائية في المدرسة العصرية ثم أكمل دراسته التكميلية في مدرسة المخلص المسائية. كان يعمل مع أخيه الأكبر نبيل في مكتبةٍ، مما جعله دائم الإطلاع والقراءة، وهذا مكّنه من تكوين ذاكرة ثقافية عن الصراع العربي الإسرائيلي.

تفاصيل المعركة
عند الساعة التاسعة من مساء يوم العاشر من نيسان 1968، تلقت مجموعة فدائية فلسطينية إشارة من إحدى وحدات المراقبة الأمامية بدخول القوات الإسرائيلية إلى منطقة تل الأربعين، إذ أقاموا جسرًا حديديًا متحركًا بالقرب من «بيارة أبو فريدس» في منطقة أغوار الأردن ودفع على هذا الجسر دبابة وعدداً من السيارات المصفّحة. كما قامت طائرة هليكوبتر بإنزال أكثر من 30 مظليًا في المنطقة. اخترقت الدبابة والسيارات الحدود وتقدمت داخل الأراضي العربية حيث كانت وحدة مراقبة تابعة لقوات العاصفة ترصد تحركاتها وما إن اقتربت من تل الأربعين حتى أبلغت وحدة المراقبة مجموعة من قوات العاصفة كانت ترابط في كمين خلفي.

كان خليل من أفراد هذه المجموعة فتوزعوا على ثلاث وحدات وبحركة التفاف حاصروا قوات العدو وفاجأوها بنيران غزيرة من رشاشاتهم والقنابل اليدوية، فارتبك رتل العدو المتقدم وكان يضم 75 جنديًا من المظليين والمشاة فتجمعوا خلف الآليات المصفحة بعد أن سقط منهم 10 جنود بين قتيل وجريح. وأمام صمود المقاومين الفلسطينين، بدأت قوات العدو بالتقهقر وهي تحمل قتلاها وجرحاها من منطقة الاشتباك. كان خليل بين عناصر المجموعة التي طاردت فلول العدو المندحرة وهي تتراجع إلى مواقعها داخل الأرض الفلسطينية المحتلة، واستمروا في مطاردة القوات المتقهقرة حتى وصلوا إلى نقطة متقدمة من خط وقف إطلاق النار حيث كثرت مراكز النجدة التابعة للعدو، فأمر قائد المجموعة رفاقه بالانسحاب إلى مواقعهم بعد أن أوقعوا في صفوف العدو 15 جندياً بين قتيل وجريح.

استمرت رماية قوات العدو من داخل الأرض المحتلة على المجموعة التي لاحقتها، وبينما كان خليل يحمي انسحاب رفاقه وتراجعهم إلى مواقعهم أصيب في كتفه فحاول عنصران من رفاقه مساعدته في التراجع ولكنه رفض الانسحاب وأصرّ على البقاء في موقعه ليحمي انسحاب بقية رفاقه وكان أن عاد بقية رفاقه إلى قواعدهم سالمين وسقط خليل بالإضافة لشهيد فلسطيني آخر هو علي عبد القادر حيان في أرض المعركة.

تشييعه

آنذاك شيّع اللبنانيون الشهيد في جنازة استغرقت 5 ساعات. واستُقبل موكبه الذي عبَر الأردن إلى سوريا ثمّ لبنان بقرع أجراس الكنائس ممزوجة بنداءات «الله أكبر» المنبعثة من المآذن. قررت القوى الوطنية اللبنانية تشييعه من الجامع العمري في بيروت، حيث خرج في تشييعه 100 ألف شخص وقد حمل نعشه على الأكف من مجدل عنجر إلى بر الياس فإلى جديتا ومكسي وصوفر وعاليه الكحالة الحازمية والضاحية والطريق الجديدة، وواكبته بعد الصلاة عليه من منزل أبيه إلى مقبرة الشهداء.

أقوال عنه
 جمال عبد الناصر: .
 غسان تويني: .

المراجع

قائمة المراجع

وصلات خارجية
 راجي النجمي يروي تجربة منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية في لبنان: الشعب اللبناني حمى مقاتلي منظمة التحرير في معاركهم الأولى
 الفلسطينيون ولبنان - جامعة ماكغيل
 خليل عزالدين الجمل.. قبسات من نور شهيد بيروت والعروبة، صحيفة المستقبل، عدد 5 أيار 2010 - العدد 3643.

أشخاص قتلهم جيش الدفاع الإسرائيلي
شهداء مسلمون
عسكريون قتلوا في عمليات قتالية
مناضلون في صفوف الثورة الفلسطينية
أشخاص حاربوا من أجل عروبة فلسطين
عسكريون لبنانيون
قوميون عرب لبنانيون
مدفونون في مقبرة الشهداء في بيروت
مواليد 1370 هـ
مواليد 1951
مواليد في بيروت
وفيات 1388 هـ
وفيات 1968
وفيات بعمر 17

خليل عز الدين الجمل


Aries Merritt (* 24. Juli 1985 in Chicago) ist ein US-amerikanischer Hürdenläufer, der sich auf die 110-Meter-Distanz spezialisiert hat. 2012 wurde er Olympiasieger und stellte mit 12,80 s einen neuen Weltrekord auf.

Leben
Bei den Juniorenweltmeisterschaften 2004 in Grosseto holte Merritt die Goldmedaille. 2006 wurde er, für die University of Tennessee startend, in 13,21 s NCAA-Meister. Bei den Weltmeisterschaften 2009 in Berlin schied er im Vorlauf aus. Zwei Jahre später kam er bei den Weltmeisterschaften 2011 in Daegu mit 13,67 s als Sechster ins Ziel und wurde nach der Disqualifikation von Dayron Robles Fünfter.

2012 nahm Merritt im Winter den Wechsel von acht auf sieben Schritte vor der ersten Hürde vor. Die neue Taktik war erfolgreich, er siegte bei den US-Hallenmeisterschaften und den Hallenweltmeisterschaften in Istanbul über 60 Meter Hürden. Bei den Olympischen Spielen 2012 in London gewann er über 110 Meter die Goldmedaille und erreichte mit 12,92 s seine persönliche Bestzeit, nur fünf Hundertstelsekunden über dem Weltrekord. Diesen brach er am 7. September beim Memorial Van Damme in Brüssel in 12,80 s und sicherte sich damit den mit 40.000 US-Dollar dotierten Gesamtsieg der Diamond-League-Wertung. Vor dem Weltrekord hatte er seit Ende Juni sechs Läufe in unter 13 Sekunden absolviert.

Während der Hallensaison 2013 wurde Merritt von Schmerzen im Oberschenkel geplagt, weshalb er Ende Januar entschied, keine weiteren Hallenwettkämpfe mehr zu bestreiten. Bei seinem ersten großen Freiluftmeeting der Saison, in Shanghai, wurde er dadurch so stark behindert, dass er den Lauf abbrach. Mit Blick auf die Weltmeisterschaften in Moskau und die damit verbundene erhoffte Qualifikation bei den US-Meisterschaften im Juni wollte er danach so früh wie möglich wieder zu trainieren anfangen, was ihm jedoch erst ab dem 14. Juni, eine Woche vor den US-Trials wieder möglich war. Dort schaffte er es, sich mit 13,23 s als Dritter für die Weltmeisterschaften zu qualifizieren. Beginnend mit Birmingham absolvierte er noch drei Wettkämpfe vor den Weltmeisterschaften, die er allesamt gewann: In Birmingham mit 13,23 s, in Paris mit 13,09 s und schließlich in London mit 13,14 s. Bei den Weltmeisterschaften kam er wie erwartet ins Finale, wo er sich der stärkeren Konkurrenz geschlagen geben musste und mit 13,31 s Sechster wurde.

Im Oktober 2013 wurde bei Merritt eine von einem seltenen Gendefekt verursachte Niereninsuffizienz festgestellt. Diese hatte sich durch einen Virusbefall kenntlich gemacht, wodurch die Leistungsfähigkeit der Niere auf 15 Prozent fiel. Bis April 2014 verbrachte Merritt im Krankenhaus. Nach sechs Wochen Vorbereitungszeit bestritt er im Mai wieder einen Wettkampf und steigerte sich im Lauf der Saison auf 13,27 s. Bei den US-Trials im Juni 2015 qualifizierte er sich als Dritter für die Weltmeisterschaften in Peking. Dort gewann er am 28. August 2015 in 13,04 s die Bronzemedaille. Wenige Tage später, am 1. September, wurde bei Merritt erfolgreich eine Nierentransplantation vorgenommen.

Persönliche Bestzeiten
 50 m Hürden (Halle): 6,54 s, 28. Januar 2012, New York City
 60 m Hürden (Halle): 7,43 s, 26. Februar 2012, Albuquerque
 110 m Hürden: 12,80 s (WR), 7. September 2012, Brüssel

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

110-Meter-Hürdenläufer (Vereinigte Staaten)
Olympiasieger (110-Meter-Hürdenlauf)
Weltmeister (60-Meter-Hürdenlauf)
Olympiateilnehmer (Vereinigte Staaten)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2012
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1985
Mann

Aries Merritt