Chinatown is a neighborhood on the South Side of Chicago, along S. Wentworth Avenue between Cermak Road and W. 26th St. Over a third of Chicago's Chinese population resides in this ethnic enclave, making it one of the largest concentrations of Chinese-Americans in the United States. It formed around 1912, after settlers moved south from near the Loop, where the first enclaves were established in the 19th century.

Chinatown is sometimes confused with an area on the city's North Side, "New Chinatown", which is largely populated by people of Southeast Asian heritage.

History

Initial migration and "old" Chinatown
Looking to escape the anti-Chinese violence that had broken out on the west coast, the first Chinese people arrived in Chicago after 1869 when the First transcontinental railroad was completed. Aside from ethnic violence, governments on the west coast had begun to systematically target Chinese people, such as a 1870 San Francisco ordinance that taxed laundrymen who used horseless wagons for their deliveries. This discrimination on the west coast, in tandem with poor economic conditions at the time, led to intense Chinese migration to other areas of the United States. Further aiding this rapid migration was the fact that many Chinese people lost their jobs after the completion of the transcontinental railroad, as they had made up 90% of the workforce for the Central Pacific Railroad.

At first, Chinese people in Chicago were largely welcomed by their fellow Chicagoans of all races. As early immigrant Moy Dong Chow would later state, "the Chicagoans found us a peculiar people to be sure, but they liked to mix with us." The willingness of Chinese Chicagoans to accept Christian missions in Chinatown also helped to ease tensions between the two groups. By 1909, there were two Christian missions in old Chinatown, and eight other missions dedicated to serving ethnic Chinese by 1909.

This acceptance led to a prospering early Chinese community in Chicago. By the late 1800s, 25% of Chicago's approximately 600 Chinese residents settled along Clark Street between Van Buren and Harrison Streets in Chicago's Loop. In the mid-1870s, the Kim Kee Company opened a store selling imported Chinese goods and ingredients, and in the basement of the same building stood a Chinese-owned restaurant. In 1889, 16 Chinese-owned businesses were located along the two-block stretch, including eight grocery stores, two butcher shops and a restaurant. Other businesses operated in the early Chinatown included gambling houses, headquarters of family associations, and Christian mission houses. Further, grocery stores in Chinatown could double as a cultural center, where people would gamble, consume rice wine, and smoke cigars. Laundry services were also quite important to the average working Chinese man in the original Chinatown, with 198 Chinese laundries by 1883. However, by 1897, white Chicagoans had begun to open laundry businesses as well. Many white laundrymen offered their services cheaper than the Chinese laundrymen, causing the leaders of Chinatown to declare "war" on the "cheap foreign labor" that was hurting Chinese laundry businesses in the area. By 1903, white Chicagoans also became highly interested in the increasingly popular "fad" of chop suey restaurants in Chinatown, with the cuisine developing a "mysterious" aura among whites. This helped lead to the opening of more restaurants on Clark Street.

By the turn of the century, numerous powerful clans and family associations rose up among the Chinese population in Chicago. The first and most powerful was the Moy clan, who were the de facto leaders of the Chinese people in Chicago, and, even from this earlier period of migration, the Moy Family Association came to be the largest association in the city. From 1898 to 1940, there were over six thousand immigrant files in Chicago, and over one thousand of these files contained the name "Moy". Sam Moy was the first "mayor" of Chinatown, and he acted as an interpreter and interacted with city officials on behalf of the area. Besides the Moy clan, other major clans in early Chinatown were the Wong and Chin clans. The prevalence of just a few surnames reflects the phenomenon of chain migration and the continuing propensity of transnational ties that existed early on within Chinatown.

Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, Chinese Americans arrived in Chicago in droves and were vehemently supported by the city's Chinese residents, largely due to the preexisting clan associations who sought to take care of their kinsmen. The importance of clan ties for finding success in Chinatown continued for decades, with many clans financing businesses through fellow members of their family association or strictly hiring kinsmen to work in their businesses. The Chinese population more than doubled from 1890 to 1900, with many of these new migrants residing in the original Chinatown. In terms of ties to mainland China, the large majority of the early Chinese people in Chicago were from Taishan, such as influential merchants Chin Foin and Moy Dong Chow.

Old Chinatown, like other highly-populated Chinatowns in cities across the country, was a major site of the Tong Wars, and there were several high profile incidents related to these wars throughout early Chinatown's history. In 1909, a large shootout broke out between different Tongs, leading to mass arrests. Later, in 1911 Lee Yip Wing and Moy Dong Tong were shot for failing to comply with demands by the Hip Sing Tong. The Tong Wars would continue for the next several decades, with Chicago and Chinatown constantly preparing for another outbreak of violence. For example, in 1930 extra police details were sent to Chinatown after a truce was called off between the warring parties.

Relocation South

While Chinese people in Chicago had been relatively welcomed by the locals in the past, the renewal of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1892, in tandem with the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893, brought a significant amount of discrimination to the Chinese population. Because of this, in 1912, Chinese people living in this area began moving south to Armour Square, with about half of all Chinese people moving out of Clark Street into the South Side by this time. Some historians say this was due to increasing rent prices, as rents were significantly higher for Chinese businesses than similar white businesses. Others see more complex causes: discrimination, overcrowding, a high non-Chinese crime rate, and disagreements between the two associations ("tongs") within the community, the Hip Sing Tong and the On Leong Tong. Largely, however, the move was a result of multiple factors including racial prejudice, cultural bias, and economic competition. One such example of racial prejudice was incited by the murder of Elsie Sigel in New York City by a supposedly Chinese man, which made white residents in Chicago suspicious of the close relationship between white women and Chinese men in their own city. Yet another factor that precipitated the move further south was the impending construction of a federal building in the heart of the old Chinatown in 1911, which would require many Chinese-owned buildings to be demolished. By 1911, prominent Chinese men in Chicago were already negotiating with property holders about moving two miles south.

In response to this, the move to the new South Side Chinatown was led by the On Leong Merchants Association who, in 1912, had a building constructed along Cermak Road (then 22nd Street) that could house 15 stores, 30 apartments and the Association's headquarters. While the building's design was typical of the period, it also featured Chinese accents such as tile trim adorned with dragons. The total cost of the building was $200,000. In addition, the On Leong Merchants Association purchased a series of ten year leases to develop the surrounding area. Thus, starting in 1912, the area near Wentworth Avenue and Cermak Road was officially proclaimed the "New Chinatown". Even in the first year of this move south, Chinese people in the new Chinatown faced significant discrimination from the established Italian community in Armor Square, causing them to restrict the new Chinatown to just one square block at 22nd Street and Princeton Avenue. This discrimination was a continuation of tensions that were present before the move south, when non-Chinese residents fearing a "yellow invasion" sought to block Chinese people buying property in Armour Square.

The new Chinatown would come to hold over one-third of Chicago's two thousand strong Chinese population soon after its founding. Politically, many in new Chinatown were united in their strong support of the Republic of China. In 1919, a visit to Chinatown by Wang Chen Wei, the right hand man of the Republic's first president Sun Yat-sen, produced a large parade with many Republican banners flying. As new Chinatown grew significantly, the old Chinatown was left largely empty of ethnic Chinese inhabitants. According to one contemporary journalist, by 1927 there were a hundred "for rent" signs on the windows of the old Chinatown, with only two Chinese businesses remaining.

In the 1920s, Chinese community leaders secured approximately 50 ten-year leases on properties in the newly developing Chinatown. Because of severe racial discrimination, these leases needed to be secured via an intermediary, H. O. Stone Company. Jim Moy, then-director of the On Leong Merchants Association, then decided that a Chinese-style building should be constructed as a strong visual announcement of the Chinese community's new presence in the area. With no Chinese-born architects in Chicago at the time, Chicago-born Norse architects Christian S. Michaelsen and Sigurd A. Rognstad were asked to design the new On Leong Merchants Association Building in spring 1926. Michaelsen and Rognstad drew their final design after studying texts on Chinese architecture. When the building opened in 1928 at a cost of a million dollars, it was the finest large Chinese-style structure in any North American Chinatown. While the overall structure of the building was fairly commonplace for the time, it was marked with two massive pagoda towers to frame it. The On Leong Association allowed the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association to put its headquarters in the new building and also used it as an immigrant assistance center, a school, a shrine, a meeting hall, and office space for the Association itself. It was often informally referred to as Chinatown's "city hall".

Economically, by the 1930s, a large portion of Chinese businesses in the new Chinatown were large grocery stores stocking imported goods. Through transnational associations, these initial Chinese-owned stores substantiated a strong link between Chicago's Chinatown, other Chinatowns in the United States, and even East Asia itself. For example, the Moy-owned Hip Lung Yee Kee company on Wentworth Avenue facilitated communication between associations in San Francisco, Chicago, and Hong Kong. The grocery stores in Chinatown at this time also had a very important role locally. They employed over six hundred Chinese locals, and they functioned as hotels and banks as well. Otherwise, Chinese restaurants were supremely important to the economy of Chinatown in this period. By 1930, there were at least eleven restaurants located in the new Chinatown. Often, these restaurants were places of fine dining, and, because of this, they also acted as gathering places to connect Chinatown's elites with the elites of Chicago in general. For example, Mong Long Fo's restaurant was the site of a publicized meeting between two members of the Moy clan and three of Chicago's white elite. Overall, however, the economic situation for many Chinese people in the new Chinatown remained the same as in the old Chinatown. The majority of Chinatown's residents were poorly-educated immigrants who made their livings through low-skill, manual labor or through restaurant-related work. In turn, the wealthy merchant families still wielded immense power in the area, with the Moys wielding the most.

Numerous important buildings and structures in Chinatown arose in the area during this early period. The Canal Street railroad bridge, built in 1914, remains a tall vertical structure in the backdrop of Chinatown. The Hung Mun building in Chicago was and is still inhabited by the Chicago branch of the Hung Mun Association. While it only occupied the building starting in the 1920s, the local branch of the association played an active role in the 1911 revolution that founded the Chinese Republic. The Won Kow Building was built from 1926-1927 by the same architects that designed the On Leong Merchant Association Building. As can be expected, it shares many of the same design characteristics as the former building, and it has since housed a restaurant in the building that is the oldest restaurant in Chinatown. Finally, reflecting the prominence of the Moy clan once again, the Moy Association Building still stands as one of the more impressive and beautiful buildings in Chinatown. It was originally built in 1928 and added onto in 1932. Like the On Leong Merchant Association Building and the Won Kow Building, the Moy Association building was designed by Michaelsen and Rognstad.

Post-World War II Chinatown

Before World War II, Chicago's Chinatown remained a largely insulated enclave, with little of the racial mixing seen in cities such as New York City. The residents only grew closer together from the war as they collectively united against fascism. However, this unity increasingly became frayed in the years that followed. The influx of refugees and educated Chinese people into Chicago dramatically changed the importance of Chinatown to Chicago's Chinese residents. Instead of living and working in Chinatown, many newcomers decided to move to the suburbs. Further, as Chinese immigration came to be more accepted following the passing of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, young, educated Chinese Americans began to take a greater role in Chinatown, clashing with the old family associations.

In an effort to improve connectivity between Chinese residents throughout the city, construction began on the Chinatown Gateway in 1975, meant to act as a symbol of unity and encourage greater cultural exchange between Chinese communities. During the late 1980s, a group of Chinatown business leaders bought  of property north of Archer Avenue from the Santa Fe Railway and built Chinatown Square, a two-level mall consisting of restaurants, beauty salons and law offices, flanked by 21 new townhouses. Additional residential construction, such as the Santa Fe Gardens, a 600-unit village of townhouses, condominiums and single-family homes was developed on formerly industrial land to the north. Perhaps the most outstanding feature of the new addition was the creation of Ping Tom Memorial Park in 1999; located on the bank of the Chicago River, the park features a Chinese-style pavilion that many consider to be the most beautiful in the Midwest.

Commerce

Chicago's Chinatown is home to a number of banks, Chinese restaurants, gift shops, grocery stores, Chinese medicine stores, as well as a number of services that cater to people interested in Chinese culture, including those speaking varieties of Chinese, especially Cantonese. It is a community hub for Chinese people in the Chicago metropolitan area, a business center for Chinese people in the Midwest, as well as a popular destination for tourists and locals alike.

Demographics
In 1990, about 10,000 Chinese people lived in Chinatown's business district and the area south of 26th Street; several Italian Americans still remained in the neighborhood.

, about 8,000 people lived within Chinatown itself, and 90% were ethnic Chinese. As of that year, many of the residents were elderly.

In 2010, about 16,325 people lived within Chinatown.

Landmarks and attractions

 Chinatown Mural, a mural showing the history of Chinese immigrants in United States
 Chinatown Square, Shopping area opened in 1993. Decorated with sculptures of animals in the Chinese zodiac
 Wentworth Avenue, with shopping, restaurants, and landmarks, including the Chinatown Gate
 Pui Tak Center was designated a Chicago Landmark on December 1, 1993.  It was the On Leong Merchants Association Building.
 Chinese American Museum of Chicago, conducts research and exhibits objects and pictures relating to the history of Chinese people in the American Midwest. The museum experienced a fire on September 19, 2008, and was temporarily closed. Thanks to strong community support, it reopened in the fall of 2010 with improved facilities.
 Ping Tom Memorial Park, Opened in 1999 with Chinese gardens on the northern edge of Chinatown along the Chicago River
 Chicago Fire Department Engine 8 Company firehouse, firehouse used in the 1991 Ron Howard film Backdraft
 Chinatown Gate, which spans Wentworth Avenue at the intersection of Cermak Road, designed by Peter Fung
Moy Association Building, built in 1928 and added onto in 1932.

Government and infrastructure
The United States Postal Service operates the Chinatown Post Office at 2345 South Wentworth Avenue.

Education

Primary and secondary schools

Residents are zoned to schools in the Chicago Public Schools including John C. Haines School () and Phillips Academy High School.

Haines, which had its current facility built in 1994, serves students from Chinatown and formerly from the Harold L. Ickes Homes; students from the latter used a tunnel to get to school.  70% of the students were Asian while 28% were black; most residents of Ickes were black. Connie Laureman of the Chicago Tribune stated that Haines, in 1990, was "crowded and dilapidated". Until Gandy Easton became principal in 1990, the school had de facto racial segregation as ethnic Chinese students stayed in a bilingual program while black students took regular classes. Easton combined the two levels together, despite protests from ethnic Chinese parents. By 2001 school authorities instituted programs to combat racism and ensure Chinese and black students socialized with one another.

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago supports the St. Therese Chinese Catholic School (), a K-8 private Catholic school, which has one of its two campuses in Chinatown. It was established in 1941. In 1990, almost all of the students were ethnic Chinese.

The Pui Tak Christian School () is a private pre-kindergarten to 8th grade school.

Public libraries

The Chicago Public Library operates the Chinatown Library at 2100 South Wentworth Avenue.

Culture

A 1942 article from the Chicago Tribune stated that the strong family ties among the residents of Chinatown meant that there was little juvenile delinquency present in the community.

Chicago Chinatown celebrates the founding of  the Republic of China with the Double Ten Parade, which includes lion dances and much display of the flag of Taiwan.

Chicago Chinatown also celebrates the National Day of the People's Republic of China  with members of the PRC consulate.

Transportation
The Dan Ryan Expressway and the Stevenson Expressway intersect over the southside of Chinatown. The Stevenson's exit 293A (northbound exit and southbound entrances) gives Chinatown commuters immediate access to the expressways via Cermak Road, only one block east of Wentworth Avenue. There is metered street parking throughout the area, as well as two pay parking lots located on Wentworth Avenue.

Several forms of public transportation are also available in Chinatown. The Chicago Transit Authority operates both an elevated train and four bus routes that service the area. The Red Line, the CTA's busiest transit route, stops 24/7 at the Cermak–Chinatown station located in the heart of Chinatown near the corner of Cermak Road and Wentworth Avenue. Running north–south, the #24 bus route runs on Wentworth Avenue on the eastside of Chinatown, while the #44 route runs on Canal Street on the westside. The #21 runs east–west on Cermak Road, and the #62 runs southwest–northeast on Archer Avenue. There is a taxicab stand on Wentworth Avenue, and a water taxi service also runs along the Chicago River from Michigan Avenue to Ping Tom Memorial Park in Chinatown during the summer months.

Annual events
 Chinatown 5K
 Chinese New Year Festival
 Dragon Boat Races

See also
 Chinese People in Chicago

References

Further reading

External links

Chicago Chinese American Historical Society
Chinese–American Museum of Chicago
Chicago Chinatown Chamber of Commerce
John C. Haines Elementary School - K-8 school of Chicago's Chinatown
Explore Chicago Collections

Neighborhoods in Chicago
South Side, Chicago
Asian-American culture in Chicago
Chinese-American culture in Illinois
Chicago
Populated places established in 1912
1912 establishments in Illinois
Tourist attractions in Chicago
Armour Square, Chicago

Chinatown, Chicago


Astraphobia, also known as astrapophobia, brontophobia, keraunophobia, or tonitrophobia, is an abnormal fear of thunder and lightning or an unwarranted fear of scattered and/or isolated thunderstorms, a type of specific phobia. It is a treatable phobia that both humans and animals can develop. The term astraphobia is composed of the Greek words ἀστραπή (astrape; lightning) and φόβος (phobos; fear).

Signs and symptoms
A person with astraphobia will often feel anxious during a thunderstorm even when they understand that the threat to them is minimal. Some symptoms are those accompanied with many phobias, such as trembling, crying, sweating, panicked reactions,  sudden feeling of using the bathroom, nausea, feeling of dread, insertion of the fingers in the ears, and rapid heartbeat. However, there are some reactions that are unique to astraphobia. For instance, reassurance from other people is usually sought, and symptoms worsen when alone. Many people who have astraphobia will look for extra shelter from the storm. They might hide underneath a bed, under the covers, in a closet, in a basement, or any other space where they feel safer. Efforts are usually made to smother the sound of the thunder; the person may cover their ears or curtain the windows.

A typical sign that someone has astraphobia is a very heightened interest in weather forecasts. A person with astraphobia may be alert for news of incoming storms. They may watch the weather on television constantly during rainy bouts and may even track thunderstorms online. This can become severe enough that the person may not go outside without checking the weather first. This can lead to anxiety and in very extreme cases, agoraphobia, the fear of leaving the home.

Children

In 2007, scientists found astraphobia is the third most prevalent phobia in the US. It can occur in people of any age. It occurs in many children, and should not be immediately identified as a phobia because children naturally go through many fears as they mature. Their fear of thunder and lightning cannot be considered a fully developed phobia unless it persists for more than six months. In this case, the child's phobia should be addressed, as it may become a serious problem in adulthood.

To lessen a child's fear during thunderstorms, the child can be distracted by games and activities. A bolder approach is to treat the storm as an entertainment.

Diagnosis

Treatment
The most widely used and possibly the most effective treatment for astraphobia is exposure to thunderstorms and eventually building an immunity. Some other treatment methods include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT). The patient will in many cases be instructed to repeat phrases to themselves in order to become calm during a storm. Heavy breathing exercises can reinforce this effort.

Dogs and cats
Dogs may exhibit severe anxiety during thunderstorms; between 15 and 30 percent may be affected. Research confirms high levels of cortisol – a hormone associated with stress – affects dogs during and after thunderstorms. Remedies include behavioral therapies such as counter conditioning and desensitization, anti-anxiety medications, and dog appeasing pheromone, a synthetic analogue of a hormone secreted by nursing canine mothers.

Studies have also shown that cats can be afraid of thunderstorms. Whilst it is less common, cats have been known to hide under a table or behind a couch during a thunderstorm.

Generally if any animal is anxious during a thunderstorm or any similar, practically harmless event (e.g. fireworks display), it is advised to simply continue behaving normally, instead of attempting to comfort animals.

See also
 Lilapsophobia
 List of phobias

References

Lightning
Environmental phobias

Astraphobia


මේජර් ජෙනරල් අජිත් වික්‍රමසිංහ (ඉංග්‍රීසි: Ajith Wickramasinghe) RSP, USP, psc යනු  ශ්‍රී ලංකා යුද්ධ හමුදා නිලධාරියෙක් වන අතර ඔහු අධ්‍යක්ෂඅධ්‍යක්ෂ සැපයුම් සහ ප්‍රවාහන තනතුර හොබවයි.

මේජර් ජෙනරල් අජිත් වික්‍රමසිංහ  කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසුවෙකි. මේජර් ජෙනරාල්වරුන් වන උභය මඩවල,  මිලින්ද පීරිස්, ජානක වල්ගම, ස්නායු වෛද්‍ය විශේෂඥ උදය රණවක, එයාර් චීෆ් මාර්ෂල් ගගන් බුලත්සිංහල යන මිතුරන්  නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ඔහුගේ සමකාලීනයෝ.

මේජර් ජෙනරල් අජිත් වික්‍රමසිංහ1979 කොලඹ නාලන්ද  විද්‍යාලයේ  ජේෂ්ට ක්‍රිකට් පිලේ ක්‍රීඞා  කල අතර ආනන්ද - නාලන්ද මහා ක්‍රිකට් තරගයට නාලන්දාව වෙනුවෙන් ක්‍රීඞා කලහ. රොෂාන් ගුනරත්න, කීර්ති රණසිංහ, ෂම්මි සිල්වා, සනත් කලුපෙරුම මොහුගේ නාලන්දා ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායමේ සමකාලීනයන් වූහ.

ආශ්‍රිත

 කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසු හමුදා නිලධරයන්

 රාජපක්ෂ හස්තයෙන් යුද හමුදාව මඳක් මුදාගනී: ප්‍රධාන තලයේ හමුදා තනතුරු වෙනස්කම් රැසක්

චරිත කතා
ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලංකා යුද්ධ හමුදා නිලධාරීන්
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික බෞද්ධයෝ
ලාංකික සිංහලයෝ
ආදි නාලන්දියයෝ

අජිත් වික්‍රමසිංහ


An Eulophia reticulata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Henry Nicholas Ridley. An Eulophia reticulata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eulophia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Madagascar. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eulophia

Eulophia reticulata


Paqarina é um termo que os antigos andinos usavam para descrever o local de origem e destino final de seus ancestrais. Para os incas, os homens (runas) vêm do subsolo, do barro, de uma caverna ou manancial; esse lugar é chamado paqarina.

As paqarinas - representações do útero materno e da vagina, de onde brota a vida - foram associadas a esses marcos físicos.

Na mitologia inca, a palavra também descreve um tipo de "portal" através do qual fluem as forças da vida e da morte.

Referências

Mitologia inca
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Povos originários)

Paqarina


A xanthoma (pl. xanthomas or xanthomata) (condition: xanthomatosis) is a deposition of yellowish cholesterol-rich material that can appear anywhere in the body in various disease states. They are cutaneous manifestations of lipidosis in which lipids accumulate in large foam cells within the skin. They are associated with hyperlipidemias, both primary and secondary types.

Tendon xanthomas are associated with type II hyperlipidemia, chronic biliary tract obstruction, primary biliary cirrhosis, sitosterolemia and the rare metabolic disease cerebrotendineous xanthomatosis. Palmar xanthomata and tuberoeruptive xanthomata (over knees and elbows) occur in type III hyperlipidemia.

Etymology
The term xanthoma stems from Greek ξανθός (xanthós) 'yellow', and -ωμα -oma, a suffix forming nouns indicating a mass or tumor.

Types

Xanthelasma

A xanthelasma is a sharply demarcated yellowish collection of cholesterol underneath the skin, usually on or around the eyelids. Strictly, a xanthelasma is a distinct condition, being called a xanthoma only when becoming larger and nodular, assuming tumorous proportions. Still, it is often classified simply as a subtype of xanthoma.

Xanthoma tuberosum
Xanthoma tuberosum (also known as tuberous xanthoma) is characterized by xanthomas located over  tuberosity of the joints.

Xanthoma tendinosum
Xanthoma tendinosum (also tendon xanthoma or tendinous xanthoma) is clinically characterized by papules and nodules found in the tendons of the hands, feet, and heel. Also associated with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH).

Eruptive xanthoma
Eruptive xanthoma (ILDS E78.220) is clinically characterized by small, yellowish-orange to reddish-brown papules surrounded by an erythematous halo that appear suddenly all over the body, especially the hands, buttocks, and the extensor surfaces of the extremities. It tends to be associated with elevated triglycerides.

Xanthoma planum
Xanthoma planum (ILDS D76.370), also known as plane xanthoma, is clinically characterized by bands or rectangular plates (macules) and plaques in the dermis spread diffusely over large areas of the body.

Palmar xanthoma
Palmar xanthoma is clinically characterized by yellowish plaques that involve the palms and flexural surfaces of the fingers. Plane xanthomas are characterised by yellowish to orange, flat macules or slightly elevated plaques, often with a central white area which may be localised or generalised. They often arise in the skin folds, especially the palmar creases. They occur in hyperlipoproteinaemia type III and type IIA, and in association with biliary cirrhosis. The presence of palmar xanthomata, like the presence of tendinous xanthomata, is indicative of hypercholesterolaemia.

Tuberoeruptive xanthoma
Tuberoeruptive xanthoma (ILDS E78.210) is clinically characterized by red papules and nodules that appear inflamed and tend to coalesce. Tuberous xanthomata are considered similar, and within the same disease spectrum as eruptive xanthomata.

Other types
Other types of xanthoma identified in the Medical Dictionary include:
 Xanthoma diabeticorum: a type of eruptive xanthoma, often with severe diabetes.
 Xanthoma disseminatum: a rare xanthoma consisting of non-X histiocytes on flexural (folded) surfaces, associated with diabetes insipidus.
 Verrucous xanthoma, or histiocytosis Y: a papilloma of the oral mucosa and skin whereby the connective tissue under the epithelium contains histiocytes.

See also
 Xanthelasma
 List of xanthoma variants associated with hyperlipoproteinemia subtypes

References

External links

Medical signs
Hepatology
Skin conditions resulting from errors in metabolism

Xanthoma


A matchlock or firelock is a historical type of firearm wherein the gunpowder is ignited by a burning piece of flammable cord or twine that is touched to the gunpowder by a mechanism that the musketeer activates by pulling a lever or trigger with his finger. This firing mechanism was an improvement over the hand cannon, which lacked a trigger and required the musketeer or an assistant to apply a match directly to the gunpowder by hand. The matchlock mechanism allowed the musketeer to apply the match himself without losing his concentration.

Description

The classic matchlock gun held a burning slow match in a clamp at the end of a small curved lever known as the serpentine. Upon the pull of a lever (or in later models a trigger) protruding from the bottom of the gun and connected to the serpentine, the clamp dropped down, lowering the smoldering match into the flash pan and igniting the priming powder. The flash from the primer traveled through the touch hole, igniting the main charge of propellant in the gun barrel. On the release of the lever or trigger, the spring-loaded serpentine would move in reverse to clear the pan. For obvious safety reasons, the match would be removed before reloading of the gun. Both ends of the match were usually kept alight in case one end should be accidentally extinguished.

Earlier types had only an "S"-shaped serpentine pinned to the stock either behind or in front of the flash pan (the so-called "serpentine lock"), one end of which was manipulated to bring the match into the pan.

A later addition to the gun was the rifled barrel. This made the gun much more accurate at longer distances but did have drawbacks, the main one being that it took much longer to reload because the bullet had to be pounded down into the barrel.

A type of matchlock was developed called the snap matchlock, in which the serpentine was brought to firing position by a weak spring, and activated by pressing a button, pulling a trigger, or even pulling a short string passing into the mechanism. As the match was often extinguished after its collision with the flash pan, this type was not used by soldiers but was often used in fine target weapons where the precision of the shot was more important than the repetition.

An inherent weakness of the matchlock was the necessity of keeping the match constantly lit. This was chiefly a problem in wet weather, when damp match cord was difficult to light and to keep burning. Another drawback was the burning match itself. At night, the match would glow in the darkness, possibly revealing the carrier's position. The distinctive smell of burning match-cord was also a giveaway of a musketeer's position. It was also quite dangerous when soldiers were carelessly handling large quantities of gunpowder (for example, while refilling their powder horns) with lit matches present. This was one reason why soldiers in charge of transporting and guarding ammunition were amongst the first to be issued self-igniting guns like the wheellock and snaphance.

The matchlock was also uneconomical to keep ready for long periods of time. To maintain a single sentry on night guard duty with a matchlock, keeping both ends of his match lit, required a mile of match per year.

History

The earliest form of matchlock in Europe appeared by 1411 and in the Ottoman Empire by 1425. This early arquebus was a hand cannon with a serpentine lever to hold matches. However this early arquebus did not have the matchlock mechanism traditionally associated with the weapon. The exact dating of the matchlock addition is disputed. The first references to the use of what may have been matchlock arquebuses (tüfek) by the Janissary corps of the Ottoman Army date them from 1394 to 1465.  However it is unclear whether these were arquebuses or small cannons as late as 1444, but according to Gábor Ágoston the fact that they were listed separately from cannons in mid-15th century inventories suggest they were handheld firearms, though he admits this is disputable. Godfrey Goodwin dates the first use of the matchlock arquebus by the Janissaries to no earlier than 1465. The idea of a serpentine later appeared in an Austrian manuscript dated to the mid-15th century. The first dated illustration of a matchlock mechanism dates to 1475, and by the 16th century they were universally used. During this time the latest tactic in using the matchlock was to line up and send off a volley of musket balls at the enemy. This volley would be much more effective than single soldiers trying to hit individual targets.

Robert Elgood theorizes the armies of the Italian states used the arquebus in the 15th century, but this may be a type of hand cannon, not matchlocks with trigger mechanism. He agreed that the matchlock first appeared in Western Europe during the 1470s in Germany. Improved versions of the Ottoman arquebus were transported to India by Babur in 1526.

The matchlock was claimed to have been introduced to China by the Portuguese. The Chinese obtained the matchlock arquebus technology from the Portuguese in the 16th century and matchlock firearms were used by the Chinese into the 19th century. The Chinese used the term "bird-gun" to refer to muskets and Turkish muskets may have reached China before Portuguese ones.

In Japan, the first documented introduction of the matchlock, which became known as the tanegashima, was through the Portuguese in 1543. The tanegashima seems to have been based on snap matchlocks that were produced in the armory of Goa in Portuguese India, which was captured by the Portuguese in 1510. While the Japanese were technically able to produce tempered steel (e.g. sword blades), they preferred to use work-hardened brass springs in their matchlocks. The name tanegashima came from the island where a Chinese junk (a type of ship) with Portuguese adventurers on board was driven to anchor by a storm. The lord of the Japanese island Tanegashima Tokitaka (1528–1579) purchased two matchlock rifles from the Portuguese and put a swordsmith to work copying the matchlock barrel and firing mechanism. Within a few years, the use of the tanegashima in battle forever changed the way war was fought in Japan.

Despite the appearance of more advanced ignition systems, such as that of the wheellock and the snaphance, the low cost of production, simplicity, and high availability of the matchlock kept it in use in European armies until about 1720. It was eventually completely replaced by the flintlock as the foot soldier's main armament.

In Japan, matchlocks continued to see military use up to the mid-19th century. In China, matchlock guns were still being used by imperial army soldiers in the middle decades of the 19th century.

There is evidence that matchlock rifles may have been in use among some peoples in Christian Abyssinia in the late Middle Ages. Although modern rifles were imported into Ethiopia during the 19th century, contemporary British historians noted that, along with slingshots, matchlock rifle weapons were used by the elderly for self-defense and by the militaries of the Ras.

Under Qing rule, the Hakka on Taiwan owned matchlock muskets. Han people traded and sold matchlock muskets to the Taiwanese aborigines. During the Sino-French War, the Hakka and Aboriginals used their matchlock muskets against the French in the Keelung Campaign and Battle of Tamsui. The Hakka used their matchlock muskets to resist the Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895) and Han Taiwanese and Aboriginals conducted an insurgency against Japanese rule.

20th century use

Tibetans have used matchlocks from as early as the sixteenth century until very recently. The early 20th century explorer Sven Hedin also encountered Tibetan tribesmen on horseback armed with matchlock rifles along the Tibetan border with Xinjiang. Tibetan nomad fighters used arquebuses for warfare during the Chinese invasion of Tibet as late as the second half of the 20th century—and Tibetan nomads reportedly still use matchlock rifles to hunt wolves and other predatory animals. These matchlock arquebuses typically feature a long, sharpened retractable forked stand.

Literary references
A Spanish matchlock, purchased in Holland, plays an important role in Walter D. Edmonds' Newbery Award-winning children's novel The Matchlock Gun.

See also
 Arquebus

References

External links

Early firearms
Firearm actions
Muskets

Matchlock


Die Herrschaft und spätere Grafschaft Nesle mit dem Hauptort Nesle (Département Somme) ist seit dem 11. Jahrhundert bezeugt. Sie befand sich bis ins zweite Drittel des 13. Jahrhunderts hinein in der Hand der nach ihr benannten Familie. In der Folgezeit wechselte der Besitz der Herrschaft alle zwei bis drei Generationen zwischen den Adelsfamilien, Ausnahme ist lediglich das Haus Saint-Maure, das etwa eineinhalb Jahrhundert im Besitz von Nesle war.

Im Januar 1466 wurde Nesle für Charles de Sainte-Maure zur Grafschaft erhoben, im Januar 1545 für Louis de Sainte-Maure zum Marquisat, wobei die Grafschaft um die Baronien Beaulieu, Arthies und Capi erweitert wurde. Im Dezember 1701 gestand der König dem Marquis Louis Charles de Mailly zu, dass der Titel innerhalb der Familie Mailly vererbt werden konnte, auch wenn der Erbe kein Nachkomme der früheren Marquis de Nesle ist. Die Bestimmung kam bereits wenige Jahre später zur Anwendung, als Louis III. Alexandre de Mailly, der Ehemann von Louis' Urenkelin Louise de Mailly, das Marquisat an seinen Bruder Louis de Mailly weiterreichte.

Im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert gab es ein zweites Marquisat de Nesle, das sich diesmal aber auf Nesles-la-Vallée bei L'Isle-Adam bezog. Der zugehörige Titel wurde von der Familie Coeuret getragen, die die Herrschaft Nesles im 16. Jahrhundert von der Familie Cossart geerbt hatte.

Herren von Nesle

Haus Nesle
 Ives I. de Nesle ⚭ NN de Soissons, Tochter von Guillaume Busac, Graf von Soissons
 Radulf, Seigneur de Nesle 1103/1125, dessen Sohn
 Ives II., 1115 bezeugt, † 1178, Seigneur de Nesle, 1141 Graf von Soissons;
 Radulf (Raoul), 1115 bezeugt, † 1153/60, 1134 Burggraf von Brügge, dessen Bruder
 Jean I., † 1197/1200, 1180 Burggraf von Brügge, Seigneur de Nesle, dessen Sohn
 Jean II., 1196/1239 bezeugt; † 1239, 1200 Burggraf von Brügge, Seigneur de Nesle, dessen Sohn
 Gertrud, † nach 1239, dessen Schwester ⚭ Raoul I. de Clermont, Seigneur d'Ailly 1187, † 1225/26

Haus Clermont
 Simon II. de Clermont, † 1286, deren Sohn, 1236 Seigneur d'Ailly, 1241 Seigneur de Nesle, 1270/71 Regent von Frankreich
 Raoul II. de Clermont, X 1302, dessen Sohn, Seigneur de Nesle, Vizegraf von Châteaudun, Chambellan de France, 1268 Connétable von Frankreich
 Alix de Clermont, † 1330, dessen Tochter, Vicomtesse de Châteaudun, Dame de Mondoubleau ⚭ Wilhelm IV ohne Land von Flandern, Herr von Dendermonde und Crèvecœur

Haus Dampierre
 Wilhelm IV. von Flandern, † 1320, deren Sohn, Seigneur de Nesle et de Dendermonde, Vizegraf von Châteaudun
 Jean, Seigneur  von Crèvecoeur et d'Alleux, X 1325, dessen Bruder
 Marie, † 1347/57, dessen Tochter, Erbin von Nesle, ⚭ Ingelger I., Sire d'Amboise, † vor 1373

Haus Amboise
 Jeanne d'Amboise, † vor 1403, deren Tochter, Dame de Nesle et de Mondoubleau, Vicomtesse de Châteaudun. ⚭ Charles de Trie, Graf von Dammartin, † nach 1368 (Haus Trie)
 Marguerite d'Amboise, deren Schwester. ⚭ Pierre II. de Sainte-Maure, genannt Drumas Seigneur de Montgauger

Haus Trie
 Blanche de Trie, Tochter Jeannes, Gräfin von Dammartin, Dame de Nesle, de Mondoubleau etc. um 1400 ⚭ Charles Bureau, Seigneur de la Rivière, † 1429 (Bureau (Familie))

Haus Sainte-Maure
 Jean I. de Sainte-Maure, Sohn Marguerites, Comte de Benon, Seigneur de Montgauger et de Nesle
 Jean II. de Sainte-Maure, dessen Sohn, Comte de Benon, Seigneur de Nesle et de Montgauger
 Charles de Sainte-Maure, dessen Sohn, Seigneur und Januar 1466 Comte de Nesle, Seigneur de Montgauger
 Adrien de Sainte-Maure, † 1504, dessen Sohn, Comte de Nesle, Seigneur de Montgauger
 Jean III. de Sainte-Maure, dessen Sohn, Comte de Nesle et de Joigny
 Charles de Sainte-Maure, dessen Sohn, Comte de Nesle et de Joigny
 Louis de Sainte-Maure, † 1572, dessen Bruder, Comte und Januar 1545 Marquis de Nesle, Comte de Joigny
 Charles de Sainte-Maure, * 1570, † 1576, dessen Sohn, Marquis de Nesle, Comte de Joigny
 Louise de Sainte-Maure, †nach 1548, dessen Tante ⚭ Gilles II. de Laval-Montmorency, † 1559, Seigneur de Loué, de Benais, de Maillé, de la Haye-en-Touraine, de Rochecorbon, de la Mothe-Saint-Héray, Vicomte de Brosse.

Haus Montmorency
 Jean, * 1542, † 1578, deren Sohn, 17. Juni 1578 erhoben zum Comte de Maillé, Marquis de Nesle, Comte de Joigny, Vicomte de Brosse
 Gui, * 1565, † 1590, dessen Sohn, Marquis de Nesle, Comte de Joigny et de Maillé, Vicomte de Brosse
 Gabrielle de Laval, * 1540, † nach 1593, dessen Tante ⚭ François Aux Épaules, Seigneur de Pizy, † vor 1593

Haus Aux Épaules
 René Aux Épaules, genannt de Laval, * 1575, † 1650, deren Sohn, Marquis de Nesle ⚭ Catherine de Montluc, Tochter von Jean de Monluc de Balagny
 Madeleine Aux Épaules, genannt de Laval, Marquise de Montcavrel et de Nesle ⚭ I Bertrand André, Seigneur de Rubempré, dann Marquis de Montcavrel. ⚭ II 1654 René III. de Mailly, † 1695, Baron, später Marquis de Mailly, Witwer von Marguerite, Tochter von Jean IV., Seigneur de Montcavrel

Haus Monchy
 Jean-Baptiste de Monchy, * 1629, deren Sohn aus erster Ehe, Marquis de Montcavrel et de Nesle, verkauft beides am 30. März 1666 seiner Schwester und deren Ehemann ⚭ Claude de Mailly, Tochter von René III. de Mailly.
 Anne de Monchy, dessen Schwester, ⚭ Louis I. Charles de Mailly, * 1618, † 1708, kaufen 1666 Nesle

Haus Mailly
 Louis I. Charles de Mailly, * 1618, † 1708, Marquis de Nesle, ⚭ Anne de Monchy
 Louis II. de Mailly, † 1688, dessen Sohn, Marquis de Mailly et de Nesle ⚭ 1687 Marie de Coligny, Tochter von Jean de Coligny, Comte de La Mothe-Saint-Jean.
 Louis III. de Mailly, * 1689, † 1748, deren Sohn, Marquis de Nesle et de Mailly ⚭ 1709 Armande, † 1729, Tochter von Paul, Duc de Rethelois-Mazarini (Haus La Porte) – Louis III. und Armande hatten fünf Töchter, von denen vier (Louise Julie (1710–1751), Pauline Félicité (1712–1741),  Diane-Adélaïde (1713–1760) und Marie-Anne (1717–1744)) Mätressen des Königs Ludwig XV. waren.
 Louise Julie de Mailly, * 1710, † 1751, dessen Tochter, ⚭ 1726 Louis III. Alexandre, Comte de Mailly
 Louis de Mailly, * 1696, † 1767, Bruder des Comte de Mailly, Comte de Rubempré, Marquis de Nesle, Comte de Mailly-Montcavrel ⚭ 1731 Françoise Arbaleste, Vicomtesse de Melun, † 1775
 Louis Joseph Augustin de Mailly, * 1744, † 1810, deren Sohn, Comte de Rubempré, Marquis de Nesle, Comte de Mailly-Montcavrel, ⚭ 1765 Adélaïde, † 1783, Tochter von Emmanuel Marquis de Hautefort
 Anne-Adélaïde, * 1766, † 1789, deren Tochter. ⚭ 1788 Louis, Prince d'Arenberg, † 1795 (Haus Ligne)
 Amalie, * 1789, † 1823, deren Tochter, ⚭ 1807 Pius, Herzog in Bayern, † 1837, die Großeltern u. a. der Kaiserin Elisabeth von Österreich

Die Marquis von Nesle im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert
 Jean Cossart, Seigneur de Vaumartin, de Galie, de Saint-Germain, de Nesle-en-partie ⚭ Antoinette Le Forestier
 Marie Cossart d'Espiais, dessen Tochter ⚭ Mathieu de Coeuret, † 1550. ⚭ Mathieu Coeuret, Seigneur de Rais
 Jacques Coeuret, † 1581, Seigneur de Nesle, de Vaumartin etc. ⚭ I Louise Le Pelletier de Martainville, ⚭ II Madeleine de Dampont
 Geoffroy Coeuret, dessen Sohn aus erster Ehe, Seigneur de Nesle, de Framecourt, de Verville etc.. ⚭ I 1584 Madeleine de Vaudetar, ⚭ II Jacqueline de la Salle
 Sébastien de Coeuret, * 1601, † 1693, dessen Sohn aus zweiter Ehe, Seigneur de Nesle, de Verville etc.  ⚭ 1638 Anne de Postel de Combron
 Louis de Coeuret, getauft 1647, † 1701, deren Sohn, genannt Le Marquis de Nesle, Seigneur de Nesle et de Verville. ⚭ 1684 Henriette Jeanne Rosalie de Bruc de Montplaisir, Dame d'Angivillers, * um 1668, † 1746
 Louis François de Coeuret de Nesle, * 1700, † ledig, dessen Sohn
 Philippe de Coeuret de Nesle, 1666/78 bezeugt, † 1710, Sohn von Sébastien de Coeuret. ⚭ I Judith Hurcel, ⚭ II NN de Chassaigne
 Pierre-Philippe de Coeuret de Nesle, dessen Sohn aus erster Ehe, * 1698, † 1760, Seigneur de Nesle ⚭ 1726 Marie Jacqueline Mahuet
 Pierre Nicolas de Coeuret, * 1727, deren Sohn, Marquis de Nesle ⚭ 1772 Armande Robillard de Villandon
 Jean Antoine de Coeuret, *1730, dessen Bruder, Marquis de Nesle ⚭ Geneviève Marguerite de Lamarre
 Jean Nicolas Coeuret, * 1780, † 1866, deren Sohn, Marquis de Nesle ⚭ Armande-Julie-Émilie Coeuret de Nesle.
 Louis-Armand-Alexandre Coeuret, * 1803, † 1879, deren Sohn, Marquis de Nesle, Abgeordneter ⚭ 1837 Suzanne-Clara de Grandmaison.

Literatur
 Detlev Schwennicke: Europäische Stammtafeln Band VII (1979) Tafel 16 (Haus Nesle), Band III.4 (1989) Tafel 653ff (Clermont), II (1984) Tafel 8 (Dampierre), XIII (1990), Tafel 2 (Amboise), Band III.4 (1989) Tafel 646 (Trie), Band XIV (1991) Tafel 140 (Montmorency)
 Ludovic de Magny, Le Nobiliaire universel ou recueil général des généalogies historiques, Band 5, S. 69ff (zur Familie Coeuret de Nesle)

Anmerkungen

Nesle

Grafschaft Nesle


أوبرا الإسكندرية Alexandria Opera أو مسرح سيد درويش هو مسرح الاحتفالات الرئيسي حاليا في محافظة الإسكندرية المصرية على ساحل البحر المتوسط، عام 1918 وافتتح العام 1921. في محافظة الإسكندرية في مصر، وكان يطلق عليها (تياترو محمد علي)، وما زال الاسم القديم مدونا على الواجهة الرئيسية، وتسمى دار أوبرا الإسكندرية حاليا باسم فنان الشعب ابن الإسكندرية «سيد درويش» وذلك اعتبارا من عام 1962. تقديرا له علي تحديثه في مجال الموسيقي في مصر. وتعتبر أوبرا الإسكندرية هي دار الأوبرا الثانية في مصر (من حيث تاريخ الإنشاء) بعد دار الأوبرا الخديوية القديمة (احترقت في حريق كبير العام 1971. بعد أن ظلت منارة ثقافية لمدة 102 عاما وأعيد بناؤها وافتتاحها عام 1988. في مكان أخر. وتم تسجيل المبني في عداد الآثار بالمدينة في العام 1999. استغرق إعادة تطوير وصيانة الدار وفقا لأسلوب بنائه المتميز نحو عام ونصف العام بقرار من وزير الثقافة المصري فاروق حسني وأعيد افتتاحها بحضور الرئيس مبارك في 27 يناير العام 2004 م.

وصف للمسرح
صمم المبني على الطراز المعماري الأيوني، المهندس الفرنسي الشهير «جورج بارك» لآل قرداحي في المدينة الذي استوحى تصميمه المعماري من تصميم دار أوبرا فيينا بالنمسا ومسرح أوديون في باريس، كما قام بتزيينه بزخارف أوروبية كلاسيكية الطابع كما كان سائدا في مصر بداية القرن العشرين. وقدمت عليه عروض مسرحية وموسيقية عديدة مصرية وأوروبية، وقد كان أول عرض مسرحي قدم عليه هو عرض شهرزاد في 30 من يونيو 1921 م.يسع مسرحه الكبير 1000 مقعد، وتبلغ مساحته الكلية 4200 متر مربع، ويقع المسرح في طريق الحرية (شارع فؤاد) بمنطقة محطة الرمل.

و تعرض في اوبرا الإسكندرية عدة فرق مصرية وعالمية كأوركسترا القاهرة السيمفوني وأوركسترا الحجرة لأوبرا الإسكندرية، وفرقة أوبرا الإسكندرية للموسيقي والغناء العربي والفرقة القومية العربية للموسيقي. أيضا تعرض فرق عبد الحليم نويرة، والإنشاد الديني، والباليه، والأوركسترا، والرقص المسرحي الحديث وفرق فولكلورية بالإضافة إلى كبار نجوم مصر والعالم العربي

والدخول الي الأوبرا كما في كل دور الأوبرا العالمية يكون بالملابس الرسمية.

انظر أيضا
 مركز الحرية للإبداع
 دار أوبرا دمنهور

مراجع

كتاب (الخطط السكندرية) تأليف د. خالد محمود هيبة -أستاذ الهندسة المعمارية

ثقافة الإسكندرية
دور أوبرا في مصر
صالات موسيقى اكتملت في 1918
مبان ومنشآت في الإسكندرية
مسارح اكتملت في 1918
عمارة القرن 20 في مصر

دار أوبرا الإسكندرية


Anke Lindner, est une physicienne et directrice de recherche allemande spécialiste des fluides complexes. Elle travaille au laboratoire de physique et mécanique des milieux hétérogènes à Paris. En 2021, elle reçoit la médaille d'argent du CNRS.

Biographie
Anke Lindner fait des études scientifiques à l'Université de Bayreuth. Elle entre à l'Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie grâce au programme Erasmus et y découvre un intérêt pour les fluides complexes. En 2000, elle soutient sa thèse de doctorat sur les instabilités interfaciales dans les fluides complexes à l'École normale supérieure. Elle travaille pendant un an, comme consultante en stratégie à Zurich en Suisse. La recherche fondamentale lui manque et elle effectue des recherches postdoctorales à l'École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris sur la matière molle.

Elle obtient un poste de maitre de conférences à l'Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie et elle commence à effectuer ses recherches au laboratoire de physique et mécanique des milieux hétérogènes. En 2013, elle devient professeure à l'Université Paris-Diderot et continue à faire ses recherches dans le même laboratoire.

Ses recherches portent sur la mécanique des fluides et notamment sur fluides non newtonien. Leurs résultats visent la prévention de contamination bactérienne, le développement de nouveaux procédés de filtration pour la dépollution de l'eau ou la création d'un fluide de remplacement sanguin.

Distinctions et récompenses
 2015 : Bourse Consolidator Grant de près de 2 millions d'euros du Conseil européen de la recherche pour le projet Particle dynamics in the flow of complex suspensions
 2019 :
 membre de la Société américaine de physique
 Prix Maurice Couette, Groupe français de Rhéologie
 2021 : Médaille d'argent du CNRS

Notes et références

Liens externes

Lauréat de la médaille d'argent du CNRS
Physicienne allemande
Physicien allemand du XXIe siècle
Enseignant à l'université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie
Professeur à l'université Paris-VII (Diderot)
Élève de l'École normale supérieure
Naissance en 1971

Anke Lindner


Charitas is one of the 48 neighborhoods in which the city of Niterói, in Brazil is divided.

The area was part of the Jesuitic Sesmaria, where the Jesuits built a cemetery and a church consecrated to Saint Francis Xavier.  The name of the neighborhood derives from the Latin word caritas, meaning charity, which is inscribed on the church's door.

In the 18th century, a landowner donated to the Saint Joseph Seminar, in Rio de Janeiro, the piece of land that came to be the Jurujuba Farm and upon which a mansion, known as Casarão (big house) was built.

In 1853, the Saint Isabel Naval Hospital was opened and originally run by the sanitarist Francisco de Paula Cândido, in whose honor the neighborhood was first named "Paula Cândido".  The hospital's function was to isolate the sick people that came with the ships that docked in Rio de Janeiro's harbor.  Later, the hospital was turned into a safe house to receive children that had been infected with tuberculosis known as Preventório, after which the local beach came to be known.

In the 1940s, an aeroclub was built in the area.  It still exists and can handle small, private planes and helicopter landings and take-offs.

The neighborhood's limits are: the waters of the Guanabara Bay, the neighborhood of Piratininga (at the Viração Hill) and the neighborhoods of Jurujuba and São Francisco (contiguous boundary).  Its territory is located in the São Francisco Ensenada, which is the land comprised between the Viração Hill and the shore.

The local population of approximately 3,854 (in 1991) represents 0.88% of Niterói's total population.  A small chanty town exists on the Preventório Hill.

Neighbourhoods of Niterói

Charitas


Cobardes est un film espagnol réalisé par José Corbacho et Juan Cruz, sorti en 2008.

Synopsis
Le film est centré sur deux lycéens : Guille, un athlète qui se rend compte qu'il gagne le respect de ses camarades en maltraitant Gabriel, le rouquin de la classe.

Fiche technique
 Titre : Cobardes
 Réalisation : José Corbacho et Juan Cruz
 Scénario : José Corbacho et Juan Cruz
 Musique : Pablo Sala
 Photographie : David Omedes
 Montage : David Gallart
 Production : Tadeo Villalba hijo
 Société de production : El Terrat, Ensueño Films et Filmax
 Pays :
 Genre : Drame
 Durée : 89 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 :

Distribution
 Eduardo Garé : Gabriel
 Eduardo Espinilla : Guille
 Elvira Mínguez : Merche
 Antonio de la Torre : Joaquín
 Lluís Homar : Guillermo
 Paz Padilla : Magdalena
 Frank Crudele : Silvano
 Blanca Apilánez : Tutora
 Ariadna Gaya : Carla
 Javier Bódalo : Chape
 Gorka Zubeldia : Leo
 Albert Baulies : Jan
 Carla Tous : Ruth
 Francisco Vidal : Bedel
 Jordi Boixaderas : Javier

Distinctions
Le film a été nommé au prix Goya de la meilleure actrice dans un second rôle pour Elvira Mínguez.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film espagnol sorti en 2008
Film dramatique espagnol

Cobardes


في الهندسة المتقطعة ونظرية المجموعات، المجموعة المكملة  لمجموعة A في المجموعة الكلية U هي المجموعة التي تحوي جميع العناصر التي لا تحويها المجموعة A.

تعريف
.

أمثلة
إذا كانت المجموعة U هي مجموعة الأعداد الصحيحة الطبيعية، فإن مكملة مجموعة الأعداد الفردية هي جميع الأعداد غير الفردية، أي الأعداد الزوجية.

انظر أيضا
 نظرية المجموعات المبسطة,

مراجع

عمليات ثنائية
مفاهيم أساسية في نظرية المجموعات

مجموعة مكملة (نظرية المجموعات)


Oltin Hurezeanu () este un actor de film și televiziune din România.

Hurezeanu a debutat în actorie în anul 2006, în telenovela românească Iubire ca în filme. De atunci, acesta s-a făcut remarcat în câteva producții autohtone foarte populare: "Restul e tăcere" (în regia lui Nae Caranfil), "Supraviețuitorul" (Sergiu Nicolaescu), "Poveste de dragoste" alături de Dragoș Bucur și "Palatul copiilor", ultima producție a lui Bobby Păunescu.

În anul 2016, pelicula românească regizată de Florin Anghel din care au făcut parte Hurezeanu, Lia Sinchevici, Vlad Radescu și Flaviu Crisan a câștigat trofeul "Festival Do Minuto" în Brazilia, cel mai longeviv și prestigios festival pentru filme de 1 minut din lume.

Filmografie
 Restul e tăcere (2008) - candidat conservator
 Supraviețuitorul (2008) - tânăr

(2018) Royal Hearts / Regatul inimii mele
(2016) Hotel of the Damned - Prietenul lui Bogdan
(2015) Box - Eduard
(2015) Palatul pionierilor - Doctor
(2015) Poveste de dragoste  - Actor
(2015) Tamara, Echelon / Tamara Echelon  - Costică
(2014) Dispăruții - Oltin
(2013) Walking with the Enemy
(2010) Liceenii, în 53 de ore și ceva  - Ramirez

Roluri în televiziune
(2009) Hellhounds - Hades
(2009) State de România - Student la Sorbona  - Valet/French Policeman
(2006) Iubire ca în filme - Alin

Vrei să fii miliardar?
În anul 2002, Hurezeanu a câștigat premiul de 1 000 000 000 de lei vechi la concursul televizat de cultură generală, Vrei să fii miliardar?, fiind al doilea câștigător al emisiunii.

Referințe

Legături externe

 Oltin Hurezeanu pe Cinemagia

Nașteri în 1975
Nașteri pe 31 ianuarie
Bucureșteni
Actori români în viață
Actori de film români
Actori de televiziune români

Oltin Hurezeanu


was a town located in Yamato District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 24,221 and a density of 641.96 persons per km². The total area was 37.73 km².

On January 29, 2007, Setaka, along with the town of Yamakawa (also from the Yamato District), and the town of Takata (from the Miike District), were merged to create the city of Miyama.

In 2006, the Setaka Town Assembly proposed inviting universities to consider establishing a campus in the town and asked for comments from the town's residents.  One group of residents submitted a deposition asking that only universities that did not allow foreign student enrollment be allowed to open a campus in Setaka.  The deposition was accepted by the town assembly without debate.

Notable Person from Setaka
 Jun'ichi Yoda - poet
 Makoto Koga - politician

Notes

External links
Miyama official website  (some English content)

Dissolved municipalities of Fukuoka Prefecture
Populated places disestablished in 2007

Setaka, Fukuoka


Los Anales de Tigernach son una crónica escrita por el irlandés Tigernach, también llamado O'Braein O'Braein Tigheamach (†1108), que escribió la historia de Irlanda desde tiempos mitológicos hasta su tiempo, mezclando latín, irlandés antiguo e irlandés medio.

Referencias

Literatura en irlandés
Crónicas medievales en latín
Manuscritos del siglo XII
Crónicas medievales de Irlanda
Historia medieval de Escocia
Libros de historia del siglo XII
Literatura de Irlanda del siglo XII

Anales de Tigernach


Munis Tekinalp (doğum Moiz Kohen, 1883 – 1961), gönüllüce Türkleşmiş Osmanlı Yahudisi yazar, filozof ve gazeteci. Farklı zaman aralıklarında farklı hareketlerin ideologlarından biri oldu: Osmanlıcılık, Türkçülük ve Kemalizm.

İlk yılları ve kariyeri
Tekinalp, 1883'te Serez, Selanik Vilayetinde, Yahudi bir ailenin oğlu olarak Moiz Kohen ismiyle dünyaya geldi. İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti'ne üye oldu. Selanik'te çıkan Asır adlı bir Osmanlıca gazetede yazılar yazdı. Selanik Hukuk Mektebi'nde başladığı hukuk eğitimini, Balkan Savaşı'ndan sonra İstanbul'a gelerek, İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi'nde tamamladı. Aynı fakültede hukuk ve iktisat dersleri verdi. İsmini Munis Tekinalp olarak değiştirdi. Türkiye'deki Yahudileri Türkleşmeye ikna etme amaçlı yazılar yazdı.

Başlangıçta, kökenlerine bakılmaksızın tüm Osmanlı vatandaşları için ortak ve kapsayıcı bir kimlik yaratan Osmanlıcılık akımını savundu. Türk olmamasına rağmen özellikle Birinci Dünya Savaşı öncesi ve sırasında Türk vatanseverliğini coşkuyla kucakladı ve Türkçülük akımının bir savunucusu oldu. Türkiye'de cumhuriyetin ilanından sonra Kemalizm akımını savundu. Azınlıkların zorla Türkleştirilmesini destekledi ve 1928'de bu konuda Türkleştirme başlıklı bir risale yayımladı. 1961 yılında tedavi amacıyla gittiği Fransa'nın Nice şehrinde öldü.

2004 yılında Liz Behmoaras tarafından kaleme alınan Bir Kimlik Arayışının Hikâyesi adlı kitap Munis Tekinalp'in yaşam öyküsünü konu almıştır. Tekinalp hakkındaki en önemli kitap Jacob M. Landau tarafından kaleme alınan Tekinalp: Bir Türk Yurtseveri (1996) başlıklı kitaptır. Kitapta Tekinalp'in II. Meşrutiyet'ten Cumhuriyet'e uzanan düşünsel serüveni, hem kendi yazılarından örneklerle hem de Landau'nun değerlendirmeleriyle izlenebilir.

Kaynakça

1883 doğumlular
Serez doğumlular
1961 yılında ölenler
Nice'te ölenler
20. yüzyıl Türk gazetecileri
20. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
Osmanlı Yahudileri
Yahudi asıllı Türk yazarlar
İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi öğretim üyeleri
Osmanlıcılar
Türkçüler
Atatürkçüler

Munis Tekinalp


Matanovo je hrid kod otoka Krka. Nalazi se nasuprot ornitološkog područja na Krku.

Visine je oko 3 metra. U blizini je manja hrid Matanovo.

U Državnom programu zaštite i korištenja malih, povremeno nastanjenih i nenastanjenih otoka i okolnog mora Ministarstva regionalnoga razvoja i fondova Europske unije, ne spominje se.

Izvori

 Kvarnerski otoci

Matanovo mali


Le temple protestant de Dieppe, situé 69 rue de la Barre à Dieppe (Seine-Maritime) est l'ancien couvent des carmélites de Dieppe, utilisé par les protestants depuis 1835. La paroisse est membre de l'Église protestante unie de France.

Historique

Communauté protestante de Dieppe
À la Renaissance, Dieppe est une cité portuaire commerçante ouverte aux idées humanistes. Elle est rapidement touchée par la Réforme protestante. En 1557, elle a une église dressée. L'église Saint-Jacques de Dieppe est transformé en lieu de culte protestant du 16 mai 1562 au 5 août 1563. Un temple est élevé à proximité de l'actuelle chemin du prêche - il est en service jusqu'au 28 juin 1685, lors de sa fermeture à la révocation de l'Édit de Nantes.

La famille Duquesne de Dieppe, dont Abraham Duquesne, explorateur du Canada et Jean Ribaut, explorateur de la Floride, marquent l'histoire de la ville. Pendant les Guerres de Religion, la ville est prise par les Anglais, puis devient une place forte de négociants huguenots.

Le culte reprend lors de la Révolution française, dès 1792. Il est organisé en 1803 avec les articles organiques, dans le cadre du régime concordataire français mis en place par Napoléon. Au XIXe siècle, le pasteur Jean Réville (1826-1860) contribue au développement de la communauté protestante. De 1964 à 1967, le pasteur est Gilles Castelnau.

Histoire du bâtiment
Le couvent de l'Ordre des Carmes déchaux date de 1615. Il est démoli lors du bombardement de 1694, et est reconstruite entre 1735 et 1745. Elle est fermé et désacralisée lors de la Révolution française. En 1834, l'ancienne chapelle est confiée à la communauté protestante. Partagé avec les anglicans jusqu'en 1873, ce temple est ensuite utilisé exclusivement pour le culte réformé (calviniste).

L'édifice est inscrit au titre des monuments historiques le , la façade principale de l'ancienne chapelle est classée pour sa part le .

Description
La chapelle est composée de pierre, grès et silex.

Notes et références

 Le patrimoine des communes de Seine-Maritime

Annexes

Articles connexes
Liste des monuments historiques de Dieppe
 Temple protestant Saint-Éloi de Rouen

Bibliographie
 .

Liens externes

Dieppe
Dieppe
Monument historique à Dieppe
Monument historique inscrit en 1990
Monument historique classé en 1995

Temple protestant de Dieppe


جاي فرهوفشتات ولد في 11 أبريل 1953 في دندرمونده في بلجيكا ،سياسي بلجيكي شغل منصب رئيس وزرء بلجيكا من 12 يوليو 1999 إلى 20 مارس 2008 ،وأحد المعارضين لمعاهدة لشبونة للاتحاد الأوروبي.

جاي موريس ماري لويس فرهوفشتات (11 أبريل عام 1953)، سياسي بلجيكي تولى زعامة تحالف الليبراليين والديمقراطيين من أجل أوروبا خلال الفترة من عام 2009 حتى عام 2019، وكان عضوًا في البرلمان الأوروبي عن بلجيكا منذ عام 2009. كذلك شغل كلًا من منصب رئيس وزراء بلجيكا خلال الفترة من عام 1999 حتى عام 2008، ومنصب نائب رئيس الوزراء ووزير الموازنة خلال الفترة من عام 1985 حتى عام 1992. كان عضوًا في مجلس النواب من عام 1985 حتى عام 2009.

كان عضوًا في البرلمان الأوروبي منذ عام 2009، وقاد مجموعة تحالف الليبراليين والديمقراطيين من أجل أوروبا خلال الفترة من عام 2009 حتى عام 2019، ويعود إليه الفضل في تأسيس مجموعة سبينلي الفيدرالية البرلمانية المشتركة. كان مرشح تحالف الليبراليين والديمقراطيين من أجل أوروبا لرئاسة المفوضية الأوروبية في الانتخابات الأوروبية البرلمانية في عام 2014. شغل منصب منسق البرلمان الأوروبي المعني بملف خروج بريطانيا من الاتحاد الأوروبي ورئيس مجموعة توجيه خروج بريطانيا من الاتحاد الأوروبي خلال الفترة من عام 2016 حتى عام 2020. يعد من المدافعين عن فدرلة الاتحاد الأوروبي.

بدايات مسيرته المهنية
ولد فرهوفشتات في داندرموند عام 1953، وأصبح رئيسًا لرابطة الطلاب الليبرالية الفلمنكية خلال الفترة من عام 1972 حتى عام 1974 أثناء دراسته القانون في جامعة خنت. سرعان ما أصبح بعدها سكرتيرًا لويلي دي كليرك الذي كان حينها رئيسًا للحزب الليبرالي الفلمنكي (بّي في في). أصبح رئيسًا للحزب حين كان عمره 29 عامًا في عام 1982. انتُخب عضوًا في مجلس النواب في عام 1985، وتولى منصب نائب رئيس الوزراء ووزير الموازنة خلال عهد رئيس الوزراء ويلفريد مارتنز. لُقب بـ«ثاتشر الطفل» نظرًا لآرائه الاقتصادية وصغر سنه.

أضحى زعيمًا للمعارضة بعد عزله من الحكومة. غير فرهوفشتات اسم البّي في في ليصبح اسمه حزب الليبراليين والديمقراطيين الفلمنكيين (في إل دي)، وذلك في أعقاب محاولةٍ فاشلة لتشكيل حكومة في نوفمبر عام 1991. اجتذب الحزب الجديد العديد من السياسيين من الأحزاب الأخرى ممن التحقوا في صفوفه ومن أبرزهم حزب الاتحاد الشعبي (في يو) وحزب الشعب المسيحي (سي في بّي).

بيد أن الحزب لم يتمكن من تخطي السي في بّي رغم سقف التوقعات العالية الموضوعة له. قدم فرهوفشتات استقالته وتوارى عن المشهد السياسي ليعود رئيسًا للحزب ومروجًا لصورة أقل راديكالية عن آرائه في عام 1997. ابتعد فرهوفشتات تدريجيًا عن النيوليبرالية (أسهم شقيقه ديرك الذي كان فيلسوفًا سياسيًا ليبراليًا اجتماعيًا في ترك أثرٍ عليه)، وغدا شخصيةً مالت أكثر نحو الوسطية، وهو تغيير تجلى على وجه الخصوص خلال فترة ولايته الأولى كرئيس للوزراء.

المواقف السياسية

حرب العراق
عارض فرهوفشتات الغزو الأمريكي للعراق. صرح فرهوفشتات خلال اجتماعه مع رئيس الولايات المتحدة جورج دبليو. بوش في عام 2005 بقوله: «حان الوقت لوضع خط في ظل توترات الماضي القريب. ليس من المعقول مواصلة الجدال حيال من كان على صواب ومن كان خاطئًا».

الانتفاضة البحرينية
أدان فرهوفشتات قتل المحتجين خلال الانتفاضة المؤيدة للديمقراطية في البحرين عام 2011 بقوله: «تعرض المحتجون للقتل والتعذيب والسجن. ينبغي التحقيق في هذه الحوادث بصورة مناسبة وتقديمها إلى العدالة وليس التستر عليها. أوافق تمامًا بأن سباق الجائزة الكبرى للفورمولا 1 لا يجب أن يعود للبحرين حتى تحقيق هذا الأمر.»

الاستقلال الكتالوني
عارض فرهوفشتات استفتاء الاستقلال الكتالوني عام 2017، ولكنه أدان استخدام إسبانيا للعنف. وقال فرهوفشتات حيال الأمر: «افتقد الاستفتاء للشرعية الديمقراطية الأساسية». ووفقًا لفرهوفشتات فإن الرئيس الكتالوني السابق كارلس بوتشدمون «ترك كتالونيا في حالة من الفوضى والدمار».

روسيا
انتقد فرهوفشتات رئيس الوزراء اليوناني أليكسيس تسيبراس في شهر أبريل من عام 2015 بعد اجتماع الأخير مع الرئيس الروسي فلاديمر بوتين في أعقاب الحرب الأوكرانية الروسية والمفاوضات الصعبة ما بين الاتحاد الأوروبي والبنك المركزي الأوروبي وصندوق النقد الدولي من جهة وحكومة تسيبراس المنتخبة حديثًا تحت قيادة حزب سيريزا من جهة أخرى. كتب فرهوفشتات على تويتر وفقًا لنيويورك تايمز بأن على تسيبراس «التوقف عن محاولة إثارة النزاع بين بوتين والاتحاد الأوروبي» وأن عليه «اللعب تبعًا للقواعد المشتركة وإجراء إصلاحات جادة».

ذكرت وسائل إعلام تقارير عن وضع اسم فرهوفشتات على لائحة سوداء روسية لشخصيات بارزة من الاتحاد الأوروبي ممنوعة من دخول البلاد في شهر مايو عام 2015.

تحدث فرهوفشتات في شهر يونيو من عام 2018 عن وجود «دائرة من الشر تحيط بقارتنا» ألا وهي روسيا تحت حكم بوتين وتركيا تحت حكم أردوغان والولايات المتحدة في ظل إدارة ترامب. وأضاف قائلًا: «بيد أن مشكلتنا أعمق من ذلك، وهي أعمق من سياستنا الخارجية أو أمننا الخارجي. لدى أوروبا طابور خامس في صفوفها... أدعوهم بمهللي بوتين: لوبان وفيلدرز وفاراج... ويضاف عليهم قادة حكوميين من أمثال أوربان وكاتشينسكي وسالفيني. هؤلاء الناس لديهم هدف واحد وهو تدمير أوروبا والإجهاز على ديمقراطيتنا الليبرالية».

ميانمار
وصف فرهوفشتات زعيمة ميانمار أون سان سو تشي بـ«مصدر العار» في 8 سبتمبر عام 2017، وذلك عقب تصريحاتها الجدلية حول الإبادة الجماعية للروهينغا في ميانمار.

تركيا
قال فرهوفشتات في شهر نوفمبر من عام 2016: «هنالك أغلبية واسعة للغاية من الداخل قالوا بأنه يتعين عليك تجميد محادثات الانضمام في الوقت الحالي، ووضع عدد من الشروط المنوطة بالاستئناف بمجرد امتثال تركيا بها».

اتهم فرهوفشتات الرئيس التركي رجب طيب أردوغان بالاستخفاف في شهر مايو عام 2017، وذلك بسبب تأييد الأخير لحرية التعبير في حين يقبع صحفيون في السجون التركية.

الهجرة
دعا فرهوفشتات إلى إصلاح نظام اللجوء والهجرة الخاص بالاتحاد الأوروبي في شهر أغسطس من عام 2015، وجاء ذلك تجاوبًا مع أزمة اللاجئين الأوروبية. كذلك انتقد كلًا من رئيس الوزراء البريطاني ديفيد كاميرون والرئيس الفرنسي فرانسوا أولاند بسبب معارضتهما لمقترح قدمته المفوضية الأوروبية من أجل توزيع طلبات لجوء المهاجرين على جميع الدول الأعضاء في الاتحاد الأوروبي. كذلك دعا حكومات فرنسا والمملكة المتحدة والمجر إلى التوقف عن بناء جدران واتخاذ إجراءات لتأمين حدودهم وتركيز جهودهم على تقديم المساعدة الإنسانية. تضمنت هذه المساعدة الإنسانية مطالبة البلدان التي تعاني خللًا وتشكل مصدرًا للمهاجرين العمل على معالجة هذا الخلل.

الفيدرالية الأوروبية
طرح فرهوفشتات كتابًا حمل عنوان «الولايات المتحدة الأوروبية» في أعقاب صدور نتائج الاستفتاء على دستور أوروبي في فرنسا وهولندا عام 2005. يدّعي الكتاب المكتوب باللغة الهولندية بأن المواطن الأوروبي العادي يريد «المزيد من أوروبا»، وجاء هذا الإدعاء استنادًا على نتائج أحد استطلاعات الرأي التي أجرتها يوروباروميتر.

ألقى فرهوفشتات خطابًا في مؤتمر لحزب الديمقراطيين الليبراليين البريطاني بمدينة بورنموث في شهر سبتمبر من عام 2019، وقال بأن «عالم الغد ليس نظامًا عالميًا قائمًا على دول أو بلدان قومية. إنما هو نظام عالمي قائم على إمبراطوريات. الصين ليست أمة بل إنها حضارة. الهند ليست أمة. كذلك الولايات المتحدة هي إمبراطورية أكثر من كونها أمة. وفي الأخير لدينا الاتحاد الروسي. عالم الغد هو عالم إمبراطوريات والذي لن نستطيع فيه نحن كأوروبيين وأنتم أيها البريطانيون الدفاع عن مصالحكم ونمط حياتكم إلا من خلال تكاتفنا معًا في إطار عمل أوروبي وضمن الاتحاد الأوروبي».

خروج بريطانيا من الاتحاد الأوروبي
قال فرهوفشتات في يناير عام 2013 أي قبل ثلاثة أعوام من إجراء استفتاء بقاء المملكة المتحدة ضمن الاتحاد الأوروبي في عام 2016: «إن خروج بريطانيا من الاتحاد الأوروبي هو محض غباء بالنسبة لبلد تذهب 53 بالمئة من صادراته إلى القارة وإلى باقي أنحاء أوروبا. والأمر في منتهى الغباء لدرجة أن الولايات المتحدة وهي أفضل صديق لبريطانيا لم تستطع فهم الأمر بتاتًا».

قال فرهوفشتات في الفترة التي سبقت إجراء الاستفتاء على عضوية المملكة المتحدة ضمن الاتحاد الأوروبي في شهر فبراير من عام 2016: «الفائزون الوحيدون من خروج بريطانيا من الاتحاد الأوروبي هم نايجل فاراج وفلاديمر بوتين اللذين سيستمتعون برؤية أوروبا مقسمة.»

روابط خارجية

المصادر

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
اتحادية أوروبية
انسحاب المملكة المتحدة من الاتحاد الأوروبي
حائزون على وسام نجمة رومانيا
حاصلون على وسام الاستحقاق الملكي النرويجي (الصليب الأكبر)
خريجو جامعة خنت
رؤساء وزراء بلجيكا
سياسة أوروبا
فرسان الصليب الأكبر لوسام استحقاق الجمهورية الإيطالية
مواليد 1953
وسام الاستحقاق الملكي النرويجي
وسام الصلبان العظمى للتاج (بلجيكا)

جاي فرهوفشتات


هنري لوس (Henry Luce) أو هنري روبنسون لوس وهو اسمه الكامل (3 أبريل 1898 - 28 فبراير 1967) كان محرر وناشر أمريكي، أسس مجلة تايم عام 1923 ومجلة لايف عام 1936.

حياته

ولد هنري في الصين، درس في مدارس داخلية في كل من الصين وإنجلترا، ذهب لأول مرة إلى الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عندما كان عمره خمسة عشر سنة، أسس لوس وصديقه بريتون هادن مجلة تايم عام 1923. وعام 1930 بدأ في تأسيس مجلة فورشن وهي دورية خاصة برجال الأعمال. بدأ برنامجه الإذاعي خطو الزمن عام 1931، ثم حلقات مسلسلة تحمل الاسم نفسه عام 1935. توقف عن العمل في البرنامجين عام 1953. اشترى لوس مجلة المنتدى المعماري عام 1932، وبدأ في نشر المجلة الأسبوعية الحياة عام 1936. ومع حلول عام 1952 بدأ إصدار دورية جديدة هي هوم وهاوس. عاد وتنازل عن ملكية مجلة المنتدى المعماري، وباع حقوق نشر مجلة هوم وهاوس. كذلك توقفت مجلة لايف عن الصدور عام 1972 لكنها عاودت إصدارها من جديد كدورية شهرية عام 1978. كان أول إصدار لمجلته الرياضية شرح الألعاب الرياضية عام 1954.

انظر أيضا
 فورتشين 500
 فورتشن 1000

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أطفال مبشرون أمريكيون في الصين
أعضاء الحزب الجمهوري في كونيتيكت
أمريكيون معادون للشيوعية
أمريكيون مناهضون للشيوعية
خريجو جامعة أوكسفورد
خريجو جامعة ييل
خريجو مدرسة هوتشكس
شخصيات أعمال من يانتاى
صحفيو تايم
مؤسسو مجلات أمريكيون
مالكو وسائل إعلام أمريكيون
مشيخيون أمريكيون
مواليد 1898
ناشرو مجلات أمريكيون
ناشرون
وفيات 1967
وفيات في فينيكس (أريزونا)

هنري لوس


Marie Görlich, também Görlichová (Brno, 1851 - Ibid, 18 de fevereiro de 1896), foi uma pintora e ilustradora da Morávia.

vida
A carreira artística de Marie Görlich está intimamente relacionada com a de sua irmã mais nova, Sophie Görlich (também Žofie Görlichová; * 1855 Brno; † 20. abril de 1893 ibid.) vinculado.  Eles vieram de uma família de classe média próxima às artes e ciências. Seu pai era Ignaz Görlich († 1890), dono de uma casa em Brno.

Inicialmente ensinadas em casa, as irmãs frequentaram a escola de pintura e desenho de Josef Zeleny (1824–1886) por três anos a partir de 1870. As consequências do acidente do fundador em 1873 e a morte de uma irmã inicialmente atrasaram seus estudos. Com a ajuda de subsídios do Parlamento da Morávia em 1876/1877, no entanto, eles puderam expandir seus conhecimentos e habilidades em pintura com Theodor Pixis em Munique. Outra bolsa do parlamento estadual em 1878 financiou uma estada em Viena, onde estudaram com Friedrich von Amerling e depois na Academia de Belas Artes com os professores August Eisenmenger e Carl Rudolf Huber.

Depois de concluir seus estudos, Marie e Sophie Görlich voltaram para sua cidade natal, Brno. Lá eles trabalharam como pintores e participaram das exposições da Austrian Art Association em Viena. Por sua pintura Homenagem à Áustria através dos Quatro Elementos, eles foram premiados com a Grande Medalha de Ouro para Arte e Ciência pelo Imperador.

Marie Görlich morreu em Brno em 1896 com a idade de 44 ou 45 anos, quase três anos depois de sua irmã Sophie.

plantar

Marie e Sophie Görlich criaram muitas de suas obras juntas. Eles pintaram pinturas históricas, retratos, pinturas de gênero e peças de animais, entre outras coisas.

Suas realizações como pintores às vezes são julgadas criticamente. Thieme-Becker observa que seus estudos em Munique e Viena trouxeram "poucos benefícios" para as irmãs, e Manfred Knedlik julga no Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon que Marie Görlich pinta quadros religiosos "muitas vezes de maneira desajeitada".  O crítico de arte contemporânea Alfred von Wurzbach criticou a representação irrealista dos cavalos em sua pintura a óleo Entry of a Hero into the Valhalla (1885) no Wiener Allgemeine Zeitung e pensou que os artistas talvez fossem mais propensos a trabalhar com formatos menores ou tamanhos maiores . Ilustrações menos evidentes de tais imprecisões, que podem satisfazer as demandas dos críticos.

Marie e Sophie Görlich também trabalharam como ilustradoras de livros infantis e juvenis e contribuíram com algumas visualizações para a enciclopédia regional Die Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in Words and Images (volume 1 em diante). Eles também criaram a primeira série de fotos sazonais para os murais para aulas visuais e de linguagem publicados pelo vienense Lehrmittel-Verlag Hölzel em 1885. Os murais coloridos usados nas escolas primárias eram mais populares do que produtos similares e logo alcançaram a maior participação de mercado em séries de imagens didáticas. Um crítico contemporâneo fez uma avaliação positiva do fato de Marie e Sophie Görlich colocarem os grupos de crianças retratados no primeiro plano da imagem, o que permitiu que os alunos se identificassem melhor com eles.

 pinturas (seleção)

 Nossa Senhora com Criança para Thomas Church em Brno, 1875
 Foxhunting na Idade Média, exposição de 1881 no Brno Redoutensaal
 Santa Filomena para a Igreja de Zlín, exposição de 1881 no Brno Redoutensaal
 Herrmannschlacht na Floresta de Teutoburg, exposição de 1883 da Associação de Arte Austríaca
 Caça ao auroque germânico e caça ao avestruz nos Pampas (América), exposição de caça de 1884 da Associação de Arte Austríaca
 Entrada de um herói no Walhalla (cena da ópera de Wagner), pintura a óleo, exposição de 1885 da Associação de Arte Austríaca
 Fata Morgana, a beleza do deserto, exposição de 1885 da Associação de Arte Austríaca
 Nero Entrando no Templo de Vesta, pintura a óleo, exposição de 1885 da Associação de Arte Austríaca
 Homenagem à Áustria pelos quatro elementos, entrou para a coleção do Imperador, Grande Medalha de Ouro para Artes e Ciências
 Bunny, uma pintura a óleo, entrou para a coleção da Moravian Gallery em Brno
 Lion Hunt, entrou na coleção do Comitê Provincial da Morávia
 Ganimedes vê o Olimpo, Bachus, Diana, a procissão de casamento de Friggas, a morte de Balder, o juramento de vingança do Príncipe Eugene

 Ilustrações (seleção)

 Otto Julius Bierbaum : Flores e flores para a juventude. Petters, Heidelberg 1888.
 Heinrich Kirchmayr: A antiga tribo alemã dos Quaden. Editora da associação "Deutsches Haus in Brünn", Brno 1888.

literatura

 Manfred Knedlik: Görlich (Görlichová), Marie. In: Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon. Die Bildenden Künstler aller Zeiten und Völker (AKL). Band 62, Saur, München u. a. 2009, ISBN 978-3-598-23029-5, S. 31.
 Görlich, Marie. In: Friedrich C. Heller: Handbuch zum künstlerisch illustrierten Kinderbuch in Wien 1890–1938. Brandstätter, Wien 2008, ISBN 3-85033-092-3, S. 2016.
 D.: Görlich, Marie und Sophie. In: Ulrich Thieme, Fred. C. Willis (Hrsg.): Allgemeines Lexikon der Bildenden Künstler von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart. Begründet von Ulrich Thieme und Felix Becker. Band 14: Giddens–Gress. E. A. Seemann, Leipzig 1921, S. 310 (Textarchiv – Internet Archive).

links da web

discriminações

Mulheres
Mortos em 1896
Nascidos em 1851
Pessoas do Império Austríaco
Pintores da Áustria

Marie Görlich


Dünya Düzdür: Yirmi Birinci Yüzyılın Kısa Tarihi Thomas L. Friedman'ın 21. yüzyıl'ın başlarını vurgulayarak küreselleşmedeki değişimi inceleyen kitabıdır. İlk baskısı 2005 yılında yapılmıştır. 2006 yılında güncellenmiş ve genişletilmiş yani bir baskısı daha yapılmıştır.

Yazar kitabında, 2000 yılında internetin dünyaya hızla yayılmaya başlaması ile küreselleşmenin oyun alanını nasıl yeniden düzenlediğini, bu yeni çağda nasıl dünyanın çok küçük bir yer haline gelip oyun sahasının düzleştiğini, tüm dünya nüfusunun tek bir şirket haline gelerek küresel düzeyde işbirliklerine gittiğini ve rekabet etmek için yepyeni bir güce sahip oldukları savını öne sürüyor. Friedman, bu değişime karşı koymaya çalışan toplumları eleştirerek, tüm toplumların kaçınılmaz bir şekilde güçlerini bu değişime uydurmak zorunda olduklarını aksi takdirde geri kalacaklarını iddia ediyor. Kitabın 11. bölümü özellikle teknolojik ve sosyoekonomik değişikliklerden daha az etkilenen bunun sonucu olarak da fakirleşen, 3.5 milyar düz olmayan dünya insanından bahsediyor ve onlara, hükümetlerine ve iş camialarına, düz dünyaya katılmak için ihtiyaç duydukları şeyleri adresliyor. Friedman, dünyayı düzleştiren güçleri açıklarken 21. yüzyılın ekonomik tarihine de ışık tutuyor.

Krıtikler
 Meğer Dünya Düzmüş (Türkçe). Krıtik eden: R. Deniz Öner. Mayıs 8, 2009.
 Büyük değişim (İngilizce). Krıtik eden: Warren Bass, The Washington Post. Nisan 3, 2005.
 Düzkafa: Thomas L. Friedman'ın zekası (İngilizce). Krıtik eden: Matt Taibbi, New York Press. Nisan 27, 2005.
 Şimdi daha fazla ulusun zenginliği (İngilizce). Krıtik eden: Fareed Zakaria, The New York Times. Mayıs 1, 2005.
 Yeni süpergüçler arasında (İngilizce). Krıtik eden: John Kampfner, Guardian Unlimited. Mayıs 15, 2005.
 Düz düşme (İngilizce). Krıtik eden: Roberto J. Gonzalez, San Francisco Chronicle. Mayıs 15, 2005.
 Columbus'u şaşırtan (İngilizce). Krıtik eden: The Economist. Mayıs 31, 2005.
 Fakat dünya hala yuvarlak (İngilizce). Krıtik eden: Siddharth Varadarajan, The Hindu. Ağustos 2, 2005.

İş kitapları
2005 kitapları
Amerikan kitapları
İngilizce kitaplar
Küreselleşme hakkında kitaplar


Turnbull Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

* Turnbull Township (North Carolina)
 Turnbull Township (Oklahoma)

Turnbull Township


يشير مصطلح لا إقحامات غربية إلى كلمات وعبارات توجد في أنواع نصوص العهد الجديد غير الغربية. حيث يتصف النص الإسكندراني بحرفيته، بينما الغربي موسع ومعاد الصياغة في أماكن، والنص البيزنطي فيه مزايا من النصين السابقين. وبالرغم من هذا فالنص الغربي في أماكن محددة أقصر من النص الإسنكندراني، وقد سمى فنتن هورت كل هذه القراءات لا إقحامات غربية (أي أنها إضافات إلى النصوص غير الغربية). ومنذ القرن الثامن عشر فضل العلماء النص القصير، وكان هذا النص النص الموثوق لبروك وستكوت وفنتون هورت عندما طبعا كتاب العهد الجديد في اليونانية الأصلية سنة 1882، ففي كل الحالات تقريبا اتبع الكتاب النص الإسكندراني مع استثناء اللاإقحامات الغربية.

مراجع

 بارت إيرمان, The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture. The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament, Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. 223–227.
 بروس متزجر, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament: A Companion Volume to the United Bible Societies' Greek New Testament, 1994, United Bible Societies, London & New York, pp. 164–166.

مواقع خارجية
 The Western Non-Interpolations at the Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism

أنواع نصوص العهد اليوناني
نسخ وترجمات الكتاب المقدس
نقد نصي

لا إقحامات غربية


Theodor Valdemar Cornelius-Knudsen (født 13. september 1844 i København, død 16. maj 1920 samme sted) var en dansk instrumentmager.

Han studerede på Den Polytekniske Læreanstalt indtil 1865, og overtog sin fars instrumentmagerforretning der var grundlagt i 1838 på Ulfeldts Plads, og senere flyttet til Købmagergade i København. Hans virksomhed Cornelius Knudsen Kjøbenhavn og instrumenter blev verdenskendt, særligt indenfor søfart og navigation.

Referencer

Håndværkere fra Danmark
Personer fra København

Theodor Valdemar Cornelius-Knudsen


An Platanthera japonica in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl Peter Thunberg, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni John Lindley. An Platanthera japonica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Platanthera, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Platanthera

Platanthera japonica


Diamantbollen, svensk for Diamantbolden, er en årlig pris, der uddeles til Sveriges bedste kvindelige fodboldspiller. Prisen uddeles af Sveriges fodboldforbund og avisen Sydsvenskan. Prisen uddeles samtidig med den mandlige udgave, som kaldes Guldbollen.

Diamantbollen blev etableret i 1990 og var et samarbejde mellem SvFF og morgenavisen Arbetet indtil 2000. Siden 2001 er prisen blevet uddelt af Sveriges forboldforbund og Sydsvenskan. Før denne pris fandtes der en lignende pris med navnet "Årets fotbollstjej" ("Årets fodboldpige"), som blev uddelt af Sveriges fodboldforbund og Dagens Nyheter fra 1980 til 1989.

Vindere

Årets fotbollstjej
1980 - Anna Svenjeby, Kronängs IF
1981 - Pia Sundhage, Jitex BK
1982 - Anette Börjesson, Jitex BK
1983 - Elisabeth Leidinge, Jitex BK
1984 - Lena Videkull, Trollhättans IF
1985 - Eva Andersson, GIF Sundsvall
1986 - Gunilla Axén, Gideonsbergs IF
1987 - Eleonor Hultin, GAIS
1988 - Lena Videkull, Öxabäcks IF
1989 - Eleonor Hultin, Jitex BK

Diamantbollen
1990 - Eva Zeikfalvy, Malmö FF
1991 - Elisabeth Leidinge, Jitex BK
1992 - Anneli Andelén, Öxabäck/Mark IF
1993 - Lena Videkull, Malmö FF
1994 - Kristin Bengtsson, Hammarby IF
1995 - Malin Andersson, Älvsjö AIK
1996 - Malin Swedberg, Älvsjö AIK
1997 - Ulrika Karlsson, Bälinge IF
1998 - Victoria Svensson, Älvsjö AIK
1999 - Cecilia Sandell, Älvsjö AIK
2000 - Tina Nordlund, Umeå IK
2001 - Malin Moström, Umeå IK
2002 - Hanna Ljungberg, Umeå IK
2003 - Victoria Svensson, Djurgården/Älvsjö
2004 - Kristin Bengtsson, Djurgården/Älvsjö
2005 - Hanna Marklund, Sunnanå SK
2006 - Lotta Schelin, Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC
2007 - Therese Sjögran, LdB FC Malmö
2008 - Frida Östberg, Umeå IK
2009 - Caroline Seger, Linköping FC
2010 - Therese Sjögran, LdB FC Malmö
2011 - Lotta Schelin, Olympique Lyonnais
2012 - Lotta Schelin, Olympique Lyonnais
2013 - Lotta Schelin, Olympique Lyonnais
2014 - Lotta Schelin, Olympique Lyonnais
2015 - Hedvig Lindahl, Chelsea L.F.C.
2016 - Hedvig Lindahl, Chelsea L.F.C.
2017 - Kosovare Asllani, Manchester City WFC/Linköpings FC
2018 - Nilla Fischer, VfL Wolfsburg
2019 - Caroline Seger, FC Rosengård
2020 - Magdalena Eriksson, Chelsea Ladies FC
2021 - Fridolina Rolfö, FC Barcelona
2022 - Fridolina Rolfö, FC Barcelona

Kilde:

Referencer

Kvindefodbold
Fodbold i Sverige
Fodboldpriser
Etableret i 1990

Diamantbollen


El Tour del Mar de la China Meridional (oficialmente: Tour of South China Sea) fue una carrera ciclista profesional china que se disputaba alrededor del mar de la China Meridional (Hong-Kong), en el mes de diciembre.

Se creó en 1999 dentro de la categoría 2.5 (última categoría del profesionalismo). Desde la creación de los Circuitos Continentales UCI en 2005 formó parte del UCI Asia Tour, dentro de la categoría 2.2 (igualmente última categoría del profesionalismo) y posteriormente en 2010 dentro de la categoría 1.2 en su última edición al disputarse en una sola etapa. La edición del 2009 no se disputó.

Siempre tuvo entre 6 y 8 etapas a excepción de la mencionada última edición que se disputó en una sola etapa.

Estuvo organizada por la Hong Kong Cycling Association.

Palmarés

Palmarés por países

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Tour del Mar de la China Meridiоnal (sitiodeciclismo.com)
 Tour del Mar de la China Meridiоnal (cqranking.com)
 Tour del Mar de la China Meridiоnal (cyclebase.nl)

Mar de la China Meridiоnal
Mar de la China Meridiоnal
Mar de la China Meridiоnal
Mar de China Meridional

Tour del Mar de la China Meridional


L'église Saint-Barthélemy de Genas est une église située dans la commune de Genas dans le département français du Rhône en région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Elle est affectée au culte catholique et appartient à la paroisse de l'Alliance, dans le diocèse de Lyon.

Localisation
L'église Saint-Barthélemy se situe place de l'église, sur la rue de la République à Genas dans le Rhône en Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Cette commune, située dans la couronne péri-urbaine de Lyon est proche de l'aéroport de Saint-Exupéry.

Histoire
L'édifice actuel a été construit en 1878 sur le site de l'ancienne église romane. L'église est particulièrement reconnaissable par son alternance de pierre dorée et de brique rouge. Les vitraux ont été réalisée à la même période.

Le 24 août 1944, lors de la seconde guerre mondiale, au jour de la fête de Saint Barthélemy, les allemands bombardent le fort de Genas. (à 2km à l'Est de l'église). Le fort, plein de munitions, explose. Un éclat d'obus a atteint l'église et a atterri sous la statue de Saint-Barthélemy. Le morceau d'obus a été fixé à cette même place, en mémorial, et pour manifester la reconnaissance de la paroisse d'avoir été épargné d'une explosion plus destructrice.

en 2017 et 2018, de gros travaux de rénovations ont été faits afin qu'elle puisse être conservée dans le patrimoine culturel et architectural de la ville. Des éléments ont été réutilisés et mis en avant tels que des personnages ou encore des chapiteaux du XIIIème siècle. Actuellement, 3 objets sont inscrits au titre des monuments historiques : le reliquaire de Saint-Barthélemy, et deux bustes en bois peints du XVII siècle.

L'église est affectée au culte catholique, la messe est célébrée chaque dimanche et en semaine.

Origines
Son nom est tiré d'un personnage religieux tiré de la Bible : Saint Barthélemy. Il est l'un des douze apôtres de Jésus. Il aurait durant sa vie évangélisé l'Arabie Saoudite, la Mésopotamie, et serait apparemment allé jusqu'aux Indes.

Architecture

Accès
L'Église peut être accessible par le bus TCL numéro 28 en direction de Lyon ou de l'aéroport Saint-Exupéry, par la rocade E, par l'autoroute A43 Saint-Priest, ainsi que par la gare de Saint-Priest.

Notes et références

Église dans le Rhône

Église Saint-Barthélemy de Genas


The AFI Life Achievement Award was established by the board of directors of the American Film Institute on February 26, 1973, to honor a single individual for his or her lifetime contribution to enriching American culture through motion pictures and television. The recipient is selected and honored at an annual ceremony, with the award presented by a master of ceremonies and, recently, the prior year's recipient.

The trustees initially specified that the recipient must be one who fundamentally advanced the art of film and whose achievements had been acknowledged by the general public as well as by film scholars, critics and the individual's peers. The trustees also specified that the work of the recipient must have withstood the test of time.

History of the award
Director John Ford was the unanimous choice of the board of trustees for the first award as he "clearly stands preeminent in the history of motion pictures."

President Richard Nixon attended the gala dinner at which Ford was presented the award on March 31, 1973.

The board of trustees later amended the "test of time" requirement to enable the AFI Life Achievement Award to be presented to individuals with active careers, such as Steven Spielberg.

Trivia
Lillian Gish was awarded the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1984, aged 90, becoming the oldest recipient of the prize; Mel Brooks was the oldest male recipient, awarded at age 86 in 2013. Tom Hanks was awarded the AFI Life Achievement Award in 2002, becoming the youngest recipient of the prize at age 46 and Meryl Streep was the youngest female, awarded at age 54 in 2004.

Of the 48 honorees eleven have been women: Bette Davis (the first female recipient), Lillian Gish, Barbara Stanwyck, Elizabeth Taylor, Barbra Streisand, Meryl Streep, Shirley MacLaine, Jane Fonda, Diane Keaton, Julie Andrews, and Nicole Kidman.

Composer John Williams was the first recipient of the award to not be an actor or director.

Three sets of family members have received the award: father and son Kirk and Michael Douglas, father and daughter Henry and Jane Fonda, and siblings Warren Beatty and Shirley MacLaine.

Julie Andrews' award event was originally scheduled for April 25, 2020, with a broadcast on May 7 on TNT, but the event was postponed to 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This marks the first time an AFI Life Achievement Award event was delayed. The event was rescheduled for November 11th, 2021, before it was postponed a second time on October 4, 2021.

Televised broadcast
All Life Achievement Award ceremonies have been televised on major TV networks and cable channels: CBS, NBC, ABC, Fox, USA, TV Land, TNT and TBS. Agreeing to appear at the televised ceremony apparently is part of the AFI's criteria for selecting the award. The televised ceremony generates income for the AFI, which is no longer funded by the US government.

Recipients
The American Film Institute has awarded the AFI Life Achievement Award to one person each year since 1973. The 49th Award will be presented to Nicole Kidman in Los Angeles. The award ceremony was scheduled for June 9th, 2023, but was postponed due to the Writers Guild of America strike.

See also
 Cecil B. DeMille Award

Notes

External links

Life Achievement Award
Lifetime achievement awards

AFI Life Achievement Award