Dalhousie ( ) may refer to:

Buildings
Dalhousie Castle, a castle near Bonnyrigg, Scotland
Dalhousie Obelisk, a monument in Empress Place, Singapore
Dalhousie Station (Montreal), a former passenger rail station in Montreal, Quebec
Dalhousie station (Calgary), a LRT station in Calgary, Alberta

Institutions
 Dalhousie Hilltop School, Dalhousie, India
Dalhousie School, a former prep school in Scotland
Dalhousie University, located in Halifax, Nova Scotia
HMIS (later INS) Dalhousie, the initial name of INS Angre, the naval base at Mumbai, India

Ships
 Dalhousie, later name of

People and clans
Clan Ramsay (Dalhousie), a branch of the main line of Scottish Ramsays
Earl of Dalhousie, a title created in the Peerage of Scotland in 1633
James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie, (1812–1860) a Governor-General of India
George Ramsay, 9th Earl of Dalhousie, a Governor of Nova Scotia and of British North America

Places

Australia
County of Dalhousie, Victoria
County of Dalhousie (South Australia)
Dalhousie Springs, South Australia, a group of natural artesian springs
Dalhousie Station (South Australia), a pastoral lease in the far north of South Australia

Canada
Dalhousie, New Brunswick, a town in Restigouche County
Dalhousie Parish, New Brunswick
Dalhousie, Calgary, a neighbourhood in the northwest area of the city
Dalhousie, Quebec, a small town in south-western Quebec
Port Dalhousie, Ontario, a community in St. Catharines
West Dalhousie, a community in Nova Scotia
Dalhousie Road, Nova Scotia, a community
Dalhousie Ward, Ottawa. Former ward in Ottawa.

India
Dalhousie, India, a town in Himachal Pradesh
Dalhousie Cantonment, a cantonment town in Himachal Pradesh
Dalhousie (Vidhan Sabha constituency), which includes the previous two towns
Dalhousie Square, former name of the B. B. D. Bagh central business district of Kolkata

Scotland
Dalhousie Mains, near Dalkeith and Bonnyrigg, former terminus of the Edinburgh and Dalkeith Railway

Sri Lanka
Dalhousie, Sri Lanka, a town in Nuwara Eliya District

See also
Dalhousie Station (disambiguation)

Dalhousie


Minorsky steht für:

 Nicolas Minorsky
 Wladimir Fjodorowitsch Minorski (1877–1966), auch Vladimir Minorsky, russischer Orientalist

Minorsky


L'Acte inconnu est une pièce de théâtre de Valère Novarina créée le 7 juillet 2007 pour l'ouverture du Festival d'Avignon. Elle est jouée dans la cour d'honneur du Palais des papes et retransmise à la télévision. Elle est ensuite reprise au théâtre national de la Colline.

Une nouvelle version est montée en 2015 avec les comédiens haïtiens de la troupe Nous théâtre de Guy Régis Junior.

Argument
La pièce fait se côtoyer des personnages aux propos difficilement compréhensibles, comme un voyage au cœur du langage.

Distribution (2007)
Michel Baudinat : le bonhomme Nihil
Manuel Le Lièvre : le coureur Hop
Olivier Martin-Salvan : le chanteur en catastrophe
Jean-Yves Michaux : l'homme nu
Christian Paccoud : l'Esprit
Dominique Parent : Jean qui corde
Richard Pierre : l'ouvrier du drame
Dominique Pinon : Raymonde de la matière
Myrto Procopiou : la dame de pique
Agnès Sourdillon : la femme spirale
Véronique Vella : le chantre 1
Léopold von Verschuer : le déséquilibriste
Valérie Vinci : le chantre 2

Accueil
La pièce est qualifiée de « belle aventure » par le journal La Terrasse.

Notes et références

Pièce de théâtre de 2007
Pièce de théâtre suisse
Théâtre de l'absurde

L'Acte inconnu


Le mot  désigne une subdivision territoriale de ville polonaise.

C'est aussi un nom de localité, en Pologne :

 Dzielnica,  localité de la gmina de Czerniewice ;
 Dzielnica, localité de la gmina de Cisek ;
 Dzielnica, localité de la gmina de Żelechlinek.

Homonymie de localités

Dzielnica


زارة قرية في ناحية مركز قرى تلكلخ التابعة لمنطقة تلكلخ في محافظة حمص في سورية.

تقع على بعد 50 كم إلى الغرب من مدينة حمص وتبعد فقط 8 كم عن قلعة الحصن الأثرية و5 كم شمال مدينة تلكلخ، في منطقة متنوعة طائفياً، وهي ذات طبيعة جبلية خلابة حيث حيث الجبال والمناطق الخضراء والطبيعة الرائعة تكثر فيها زراعة الزيتون والكرمة بالإضافة إلى زراعة الفراولة والقمح.

تاريخياً

تمتلك القرية آثاراً تعود إلى الحقبة الرومانية ولعل أشهرها هو برج الزارة المقام على أنقاض معبد روماني. وفي فترة الحروب الصليبية كانت تابعة لكونتية طرابلس الصليبية. ذكرها إدوارد روبنسون وإيلي سميث في رحلاتهما بسوريا والأراضي المقدسة سنة 1838.

برج الزارة الأثري

يقوم البرج على مساحة 121 متراً مربعاً ويعلو لـ11 متراً، وقد تعرض للضرر مع الزمن إذ لم يبقَ سوى حائطه الشمالي قائماً، وأصيب برشقات نارية إثر مجاورته للعمليات العسكرية في المنطقة، وهو مقام على أنقاض معبد روماني وأعيد بناؤه في بدايات القرن الثاني عشر كبرج دفاعي متقدم من قبل الصليبيين الذين وظفوّه مع سلسلة أبراج دفاعية معزولة في فتحة حمص، متصلة مع القلاع الكبرى القريبة: قلعة الحصن وصافيتا والمرقب وطرطوس. البرج مبني بحجر البازلت الأسود باستثناء حواف أبوابه وأقواسه، المؤلفة من حجر الكلس الأبيض التي أعيد استخدامها على الأغلب من بقايا المعبد.

السكان

يبلغ عدد السكان حوالي 7000 نسمة وهم من تركمان سوريا السنّة، حيث لا يزال معظم الأهالي يتكلمون اللغة التركمانية القديمة على الرغم من اندماجهم الكامل مع المحيط العربي الذي يعيشون فيه، ومن أشهر وأكبر العائلات آل عواد، الحسن، العوض، كنعان، حلاويك ودامرجي وحبك. وينحدر الجد الأكبر لعائلة الصوفي المنتشرة في حمص خصيصاً وسوريا عموماً، الشيخ محمد عبد الحي الصوفي إلى قرية الزارة حسب سجلات العائلة، وذلك قبل 500 عام تقريباً، ولا يزال بعض من آل الصوفي موجودون تحت كنية «حاميك» في القرية.

يعمل الأهالي في العمل الزراعي بجميع أشكاله من زراعة الخضراوات والفواكه وتربية المواشي، كذلك العمل في وظائف الدولة المختلفة من القطاعين العام والخاص، ويوجد عدد كبير من المتطوعين في الجيش والشرطة. اهتمام القرية بالتعليم زاد في السنوات الماضية، حيث يوجد عدد كبير من الأكاديميين وهناك بعض الحاصليين على شهادة الدكتوراه.

الزارة الحديثة

الزارة الحديثة بلدة تتطور وتتخدم تدريجياً، يوجد في القرية عدة مدارس للتعليم الأساسي والثانوي، وتقوم البلدية بالاهتمام بالناحية الخدمية بشكل جيد في القرية والقرى المجاورة التابعة لها، يوجد مستوصف صحي يقدم الخدمات الصحية للأهالي بالإضافة إلى وجود عدد من الأطباء باختصاصات مختلفة، وهنالك فرن آلي حديث يوفر الخبز بشكل دائم.

السياحة

تمتلك القرية مقومات سياحية متنوعة، حيث الطبيعة الخضراء الجميلة والجبال والمناخ المعتدل ووجود ينابيع وعين ماء وبرج أثري إضافة لتوفر وإمكانية الرحلات في الطبيعة الخلابة كل هذا يجعلها مقصداً سياحياً هاماً في المنطقة.

فترة الحرب الأهلية السورية

شهدت القرية احتجاجات مناهضة للحكومة في بدايات الحرب الأهلية السورية، وكانت إحدى النقاط الساخنة القليلة في منطقة ذات احتكاك طائفي عالٍ، وتمترس بها العديد من المنشقين وحملة السلاح المعارضين للنظام السوري. وفي آذار عام 2014 نجحت القوات الموالية للحكومة السورية بالسيطرة على القرية. عانت القرية إثر المعارك من تدمير للبنية التحتية.

مصادر

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في منطقة تلكلخ
تجمعات تركمانية في سوريا
زارة

زارة


Spanglish veya İspangilizce, "Spanish" ve "English" (İspanyolca ve İngilizce) kelimelerinden oluşan, özellikle ABD'de yaşamakta olan Hispanik nüfusun konuştuğu İngilizce - İspanyolca karışımı dil fenomenini tanımlamakta kullanılan bir kavramdır.

Bu lehçe, esasında hem İngilizce hem de İspanyolca konuşulan bölgelerde kullanılır. Bunlar örneğin Meksika ve ABD sınır bölgesi, Florida, New York ve Los Angeles gibi yerlerdir. İspanyolca da bu karma dile Espanglish ender olarak da Espanglis denir.

Bu şekilde Spanglish ifadelere örnekler:
 Llamar para atrás İngilizce call back (Telefonla geri dönmek), Devolver la llamada yerine kullanılır.
 Te veo İngilizce See you (soon) ((Yakında) görüşürüz), Hasta pronto ya da Hasta la vista yerine kullanılır.
 No hace sentido İngilizce It does not make sense (hiç anlamı yok), No tiene sentido yerine kullanılır.

Kaynakça

İngilizce
İspanyolca

Spanglish


José Curbelo (La Habana,18 de febrero de 1917-21 de septiembre de 2012) fue un pianista y director de orquesta cubano. Desempeñó un papel fundamental en el desarrollo del son montuno y del mambo, como figura importante dentro de la música en el ambiente de las bandas "latinas" en los Estados Unidos.

Biografía
José Curbelo nació en La Habana el 18 de febrero de 1917. Su madre y su padre eran cubanos, pero su padre se había criado en los Estados Unidos y al volver a Cuba comenzó a tocar el violín con la Filarmónica de La Habana. A la edad de 8 años, Curbelo se inició en los estudios musicales con el compositor Pedro Menéndez y más tarde asistió al «Conservatorio Molinas» en La Habana. Ya a los 16 años, había formado parte de bandas de música en su ciudad natal, llegando a formar parte de la legendaria Orquesta Riverside. En 1939 viajó a la ciudad de Nueva York.

Ya en la "gran manzana", Curbelo trabajó con varios grupos y en 1942, formó su propia banda, presentándose en el night club  "La Conga", en el "Habana-Madrid" y en el mítico "China Doll" de Nueva York, donde su banda fue escuela para artistas como Tito Puente, quien estuvo en su orquesta desde 1946 hasta 1949, y Tito Rodríguez que estuvo desde 1946 hasta 1948 hasta que crearon sus propias orquestas, respectivamente. Curbelo llegó a presentarse en el "Ciro`s" y en el "Sans Soucy de Miami, así como en el "Sahara Hotel" de Las Vegas.

En 1953 redujo la banda a un sexteto, con la participación del saxo tenor Al Cohn  y Jack Hitchcock en el trombón y vibráfono. También colaboraron en la banda como arreglistas, los cubanos René Hernández, Chico O'Farrill y el neoyorquino Tito Puente. José Curbelo, además de ser un músico respetado dentro del ambiente de la música cubana en Estados Unidos, llegó a formar parte importante de la escena del jazz afrocubano.

Entre sus temas más populares están La Ruñidera (1946), Sun sun babae (1952), La la la y La familia. Murió el 21 de septiembre de 2012.

Referencias

 Notas contenidas en el TCD 042 de "Tumbao Cuban Classics": «José Curbelo & orquesta "Rumba Gallega"», escritas por Jordi Pujol. 1994

Enlaces externos
 Músicos, Artistas y cantantes por Quique Talavera
 Fallece José Curbelo

Pianistas de Cuba
Músicos de jazz latino
Compositores de Cuba
Arreglistas de Cuba
Nacidos en La Habana
Fallecidos en Miami

José Curbelo


Prvenstvo se igralo dvokružno. Prvak područne lige se direktno kvalificirao u Slavonsku nogometnu zonu - Posavska skupina, dok je posljednjeplasirana ekipe ispala u niži rang (Grupno prvenstvo nogometnog podsaveza Vinkovci).

Tablica

Unutrašnje poveznice
 Slavonska zona - Posavska skupina 1972./73.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 Vinkovački list #1112
 Ante Knežević: Meteor sja 80 godina, monografija NK Meteor Slakovci, Slakovci 2009. godine

1972-73
1972-73
Vinkovci

Područna nogometna liga NSP Vinkovci 1972./73.


تعنّك هي قرية كنعانية تقع شمال غرب جنين على بعد 13 كم،وترتفع عن سطح البحر 140متر وتحوي آثارًا كنعانية مختلفة، وتقع على الخط الأخضر.تعتبر هذه القرية من أقدم القرى، وكانت في العهد الروماني مدينة صغيرة، وفي حروب الفرنجة كانت قلعة من قلاع البلاد.

تبلغ مساحة أراضيها 5000 دونم ويحيط بها أراضي قرى عانين ورمانة وزبوبة وسيلة الحارثية واليامون ومقيبلة والمزار وزرعين والعفولة.

سبب التسمية
سميت نسبة إلى البقعة التي كانت عليها بلدة (تعنك) الكنعانية والتي تعني أرض رملية، ونسبة لورودها في الأسفار التوراتية وبعض كتب الإنجيل، ويعني ذلك في اللغة الكنعانية الأرض الطينية الرملية الخصبة، وذلك لإشرافها على أرض سهل مرج بن عامر. واسمها منقوش على أحد أهرامات مصر حيث وقع ملكها صلحا مع فرعون مصر (تحتموس الثالث).

سكانها
قدر عدد سكانها في عام 1922 (65) شخص، وعام 1967 حوالي (294) نسمة وفي عام 1987 أصبح عدد سكانها (662) نسمة، وحسب الاحصاء الفلسطيني لعام 2017 قدر عدد سكانها ب 1500 نسمة، ويعود أصل سكانها إلى سيلة الحارثية ويعبد وبيت نتيف.

المعالم الأثرية
يوجد في القرية آثار لعدد من الحضارات المختلفة التي مرت عبر أراضيها منها:

 الآثار الكنعانية والفينيقية وتم الاستدلال عليها من الأواني الزجاجية والفخارية والبرونزية الموجودة داخل كهوف القرية .

 الحضارة الرومانية والبيزنطية وتم التعرف عليها من قبورها الموجودة في الكهوف إضافة إلى وجود الأخاديد والتوابيت التي تعود لأصحاب الثروة والجاه.
 الحضارة الفرعونية التي وصلت بقيادة تحتمس الثالث الذي وقع عهدا مع الأهالي وكتب ذلك على أحد أهرامات مصر.
 آثار ما زالت قائمة حتى اللحظة وهي: مسجد القرية، وسور التل، ومنطقة السرايا، والحمام، والكهوف التي كانت تستعمل كمساكن ومقابر واسطبلات للخيول، والآبار التي كانت تستعمل لجمع مياه الأمطار وحفظ الغلال.

وصلات خارجية
 فلسطين في الذاكرة/ تعنك

مراجع

بلديات فلسطين
قرى الضفة الغربية
قرى وبلدات محافظة جنين
محافظة جنين
مدن اللاويين
مدن كنعانية
مواقع أثرية في الضفة الغربية
بلديات دولة فلسطين

تعنك


صلاح تيزاني، ممثل كوميدي تلفزيوني لبناني، اشتهر باسم «أبوسليم» نسبة إلى شخصية بطل مسلسلاته أبو سليم الطبل الكوميدي.

نبذة
ولد صلاح الدين محمد أمين تيزاني عام 1929 في مدينة طرابلس شمالي لبنان. بدأ أعماله الفنية على مسارح طرابلس ومدارسها بأدوار كوميدية. أنتج مسلسلات كوميدية تلفزيونية مع انطلاق تلفزيون لبنان عام 1959 وبقي يقدمها مع فرقته التي عرفت بفرقة «أبو سليم» بشكل أسبوعي دائم حتى سنة 1975 وتوقف العرض لسنوات بسبب الحرب اللبنانية. وعاد إلى متابعتها في التسعينات بشكل متطور مع إضافة الغناء إلى موضوعاته. وفي عام 2000 انتج تلفزيون دبي سلسلة جديدة بنفس الشخصيات. مثَّل في مسرحيات الأخوين الرحباني مع فيروز.

أعماله

مسلسلات تلفزيونية
 سيارة الجمعية
 كل يوم حكاية
 الأبواب السبعة
 المليونير المزيف
 فندق السعادة
 أبو سليم 2000
 أبو وسام

مسرحيات
 المسافر
 نعيم وفهيم
 سفربرلك
 بنت الحارس
 فخرالدين

أفلام
 أبو سليم في المدينة للمخرج حسيب شمس
 أبوسليم في أفريقيا
 سفربرلك

وصلات خارجية

 أبو سليم الطبل راجع... على الموضة! ()

المراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من طرابلس (لبنان)
فنانون لبنانيون
كوميديون
كوميديون في القرن 20
كوميديون في القرن 21
كوميديون لبنانيون
ممثلو أفلام لبنانيون
ممثلو تلفزيون لبنانيون
ممثلو مسرح لبنانيون
ممثلون لبنانيون في القرن 20
ممثلون لبنانيون في القرن 21
مواليد 1929
مواليد في طرابلس (لبنان)

صلاح تيزاني


An Luzula longiflora in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni George Bentham. An Luzula longiflora in nahilalakip ha genus nga Luzula, ngan familia nga Juncaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Luzula

Luzula longiflora


Walkden, une localité de Salford dans le Grand Manchester.

 Alexander Walkden,  baron Walkden (1873-1951), un dirigeant syndical britannique et un homme politique travailliste ;
 Bianca Walkden (1991-), une taekwondoïste britannique ;
 Douglas Walkden-Brown, dit Doug Brown (1921-2013), un homme politique puis diplomate fidjien ;
 Pat Walkden (1946-), une joueuse de tennis rhodésienne et sud-africaine.

Walkden


Kristoffer Rygg, poznatiji kao Garm, Trickster G. Rex i God Head (Oslo, 9. rujna 1976.), norveški je heavy metal-pjevač, glazbenik i producent. Najpoznatiji je kao član sastava kao što Ulver, Arcturus i Borknagar.

Životopis
Glazbenu karijeru počeo je 1992. u sastavu Ulver. Sastav je u početku svirao black metal, ali od albuma Themes from William Blake's The Marriage of Heaven and Hell njegov stil odlikuje elektronička glazba. Garm je jedini preostali izvorni član sastava.

Godine 1995. pridružio se sastavu Borknagar, s kojim je snimio dva studijska albuma: Borknagar i The Olden Domain. Napustio ga je 1997. Od 1993. bio je pjevač Arcturusa, sastava avangardnog metala. Napustio ga je 2003. Od 2003. svira u sastavu Head Control System.

Rygg je također osnivač diskografske kuće Jester Records, koju je osnovao 1998. Radi kao producent glazbenih albuma. Kao producent je surađivao sa sastavima kao što Dødheimsgard, Emperor, Old Man's Child, Mayhem, Aura Noir i Dimmu Borgir.

Diskografija

 Arcturus

 Constellation (1994., EP)
 Aspera Hiems Symfonia (1996.)
 La Masquerade Infernale (1997.)
 The Sham Mirrors (2002.)

 Borknagar

 Borknagar (1996.)
 The Olden Domain (1997.)
 Winter Thrice (2016., kao gost)

 Ulver

 Bergtatt – Et Eeventyr i 5 Capitler (1995.)
 Kveldssanger (1996.)
 Nattens Madrigal – Aatte Hymne til Ulven i Manden (1997.)
 Themes from William Blake's The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1998.)
 Perdition City (2000.)
 Lyckantropen (2002.)
 Svidd neger (2003.)
 Blood Inside (2005.)
 Shadows of the Sun (2007.)
 Wars of the Roses (2011.)
 Childhood's End (2012.)
 Messe I.X-VI.X (2013.)
 ATGCLVLSSCAP (2016.)
 Riverhead (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) (2016.)
 The Assassination of Julius Caesar (2017.)
 Flowers of Evil (2020.)

 Kao gostujući glazbenik

 Dimmu Borgir – Abrahadabra (2010.)
 Zyklon – World ov Worms (2001.)
 Ihsahn – The Adversary (2006.)
 Ava Inferi – Blood of Bacchus (2009.)
 Fleurety – Department of Apocalyptic Affairs (2000.)
 Gehenna – Seen Through the Veils of Darkness (The Second Spell) (1995.)
 Nidingr – Wolf-Father (2010.)
 Nidingr – Greatest of Deceivers (2012.)
 Nidingr – The High Heat Licks Against Heaven (2017.)
 Obsidian Kingdom – A Year with No Summer (2016.)
 The Gathering – Souvenirs (2003.)
 Solefald – Black for Death: An Icelandic Odyssey Part II (2006.)
 Virus – Carheart (2003.)
 Virus – The Agent That Shapes the Desert (2011.)

Producirani albumi

 Arcturus – Constellation (1994.)
 Borknagar – Borknagar (1996.)
 Aura Noir – Black Thrash Attack (1996.)
 Arcturus – La Masquerade Infernale (1997.)
 Aura Noir – Deep Tracts of Hell (1998.)
 Dimmu Borgir – Devil's Path (1996.)
 Dimmu Borgir – Sons of Satan Gather for Attack (1999.)
 Dødheimsgard – Monumental Possession (1996.)
 Dødheimsgard – Satanic Art (1998.)
 Fleurety – Department of Apocalyptic Affairs (2000.)
 Emperor – Anthems to the Welkin at Dusk (1997.)
 Mayhem – Wolf's Lair Abyss (1997.)
 Old Man's Child – In the Shades of Life (1994.)
 Old Man's Child – Born of the Flickering (1996.)
 The Gathering – Souvenirs (2003.)
 Thou Shalt Suffer – Into the Woods of Belial (1997.)
 Ulver – Kveldssanger (1996.)
 Ulver – Themes from William Blake's The Marriage of Heaven and Hell
 Ulver – Perdition City (2000.)
 Ulver – Shadows of the Sun (2007.)
 Ulver – Wars of the Roses
 Ulver – Riverhead (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) (2016.)
 Limbonic Art – In Abhorrence Dementia (1997.)
 Ihsahn – The Adversary (2006.)

Izvori

Norveški pjevači heavy metala

Kristoffer Rygg


فاطمة 75 (ب: Fatma 75) شريط سينمائي تونسي من إخراج سلمى بكار عام 1975.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

انظر أيضا
  فيلم فاطمة 75 على موقع السينما.

أفلام تونسية
أفلام مصورة في تونس
أفلام وثائقية تونسية

فاطمة 75 (فيلم)


Vojković (Woykffy, Vojkffy, Woykowych), hrvatska plemićka obitelj, odvjetak plemićke obitelji Maretić. Koristili su pridjevak de Klokoch, prema posjedu koji im je 1224. godine darovao hrvatsko-ugarski kralj Bela IV. Arpadović. U 15. stoljeću spominje se Vojko Maretich de Klokoch, prema kojemu obitelj nosi patronimik Vojković. Tijekom 15. i 16. stoljeća posjedovali su Vojković-grad kod Klokoča. U 17. stoljeću preselili su se u Hrvatsko zagorje, gdje su stekli posjede Zabok, Golubovec, Oroslavje i brojne druge.

Članovi obitelji istaknuli su se u borbama protiv Osmanlija, zbog čega im je kralj Ferdinand III. potvrdio obiteljsko plemstvo i grb. Godine 1763. kraljica Marija Terezija dodijelila im je grofovski naslov zbog vojnih zasluga tijekom Sedmogodišnjeg rata (1756. – 1763.). Posljednji muški potomci obitelji, Kristofor i Hubert, iselili su se iz Hrvatske potkraj 19. stoljeća.

Vanjske poveznice

 Vojković - Hrvatska enciklopedija

Hrvatske plemićke obitelji

Vojković


උපත - 				1596 මාර්තු 31

ලා-හේයි එන් ට්‍රවරීන් , ඉන්ඩ්‍රේ - එට් - ලොයිර්, ප්‍රංශය (මෙම ප්‍රදේශය වර්තමානයේ ඩෙස්කාටෙස් ලෙස නම් කර ඇත)

මරණය -  			1650 පෙබරවාරි 11 (වයස අවුරුදු 53)

ටොක්හෝම්, ස්වීඩනය

ගුරු පෙළපත් - 			කැටිසියානු වාදය, හේතුවාදය, ප්‍රතිෂ්ඨාපනවාදය

ප්‍රධාන අධ්‍යයන ක්ෂේත්‍ර - 	අධ්‍යාත්මවිද්‍යාව, ඥාන මීමාසෝව, විද්‍යාව, ගණිතය

වැදගත් අදහස් - 	සමිත්තක ශක්තිපථ ඓක්‍යය, අනුමාන ක්‍රමය, කැටීසිය වෛතය දෙවියන්ගේ පැවැත්ම ඔප්පු කිරීම සදහා භාරථවාදී කරුණු දැක්වීම නූතන දර්ශනවාදයේ පියා ලෙස ද සැලකේ.

මතවාදයේ
බලපෑ පුද්ගලයින් - 	ප්ලෝටෝ, ඇරිස්ටෝටල්, අල්ගසේක්, ඇවරෝස්, ඇවිසෙන්නා, අල් - ගසාලි , ඇන්සෙල්ම්, ශාන්ත-ඔගස්ටීන්, ඇක්වයිනාස්, ඔක්හාම්, සෝරේස්, මර්සේන්, සෙක්ස්ටස්, එම්පිරිකස්, මයිකල් ද  මාන්ටේන් , ඩන්ස් ස්කෝටස්

මතවාදයන්ගේ
බලපෑමට ලක්වූවන් -	ස්පිනෝසා, හෝබ්ස්, ආර්නොල්ඩ් , මලේබ්රාන්ච්, පැස්කල්, ලොක්, ලිබිනිස් , මෝරේ, කාන්ට්, පැසර්ට්, බ්රන්ශ්විග්, සියෙක්, කොම්සකි, ස්ටැන්ලි

රේනේ ඩෙස්කාටේස් ප්‍රභල ප්‍රංශ ජාතික දර්ශනවාදියෙකු, ගණිතඥයෙකු, විද්‍යාඥයෙකු සහ ලේඛකයෙකු විය. ඔහුගේ නම ලතින් භාෂාවට අනුව රෙනාටස් කාටිසියස් ලෙස උච්චාරණය කරනු ලැබේ. ඔහු නූතන දර්ශනවාදයේ පියා සේ සැලකෙන අතර පසුකාලීන බටහිර දර්ශනවාදය ඔහුගේ අදහස්වලින් ප්‍රභල ලෙස පෝෂණය වී තිබේ. අද පවා ඔහුගේ ග්‍රන්ථ සුපරීක්ෂාකාරී අධ්‍යයනයන්ට භාජනය වේ. ඩෙස්කාටෙස් විද්‍යාත්මක පුනරුදය පුරෝගාමියෙකු වූ අතර ගණිතය කෙරෙහි ඔහු සිදුකල බලපෑම තල ජ්‍යාමිතියේ හා ගණිතයේදී යොදා ගන්නා කණ්ඩාංක තල ලෙස දැක්වීමෙන්ම පැහැදිලි වේ.

ඩෙස්කාටෙස් නිතරම සිය අදහස් සිය පූර්වගාමීන්ගේ අදහස්වලින් වෙන්කර දැක්වීමට උත්සාහ කළේය. 'passions of the soul' නම් හැගීම් පිලිබඳ ග්‍රන්ථ ආරම්භයේදී ඩෙස්කාටෙස්  තමාගේ ග්‍රන්ථය පෙර නොවූ විරූ ආකාරයේ එකක් වූ බැවු ලියා තිබේ. කෙසේ නමුත් ඩෙස්කාටෙස්ගේ දර්ශනයේ ඔහුලේ කාලයට පෙර පැවති ඇරිස්ටෝටලියානුවාදය වැනි දර්ශනයන් ශාන්ත ඔගස්ටීන් වැනි දාර්ශනිකයින්ගේ මත සහ 16 වැනි සියවසේ පුනරුදය ලැබූ , නිහඬව දුක්වඳීමේ දර්ශනය ආදියේ පූර්වාදර්ශ නිරීක්ෂණය කළ හැක. ඩෙස්කාටෙස් මූලික කරුණු දෙකක් පදනම් කරගෙන ස්වභාව විද්‍යාත්මකව පිළිගත් සම්ප්‍රදායන්ගෙන් බැහැරව ක්‍රියා කළේය. පළමුවැන්න ලෙස ඔහු රූපීය හා ධාතුමය ලෙස කායික ද්‍රව්‍යය විශ්ලේෂණය ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළ අතර දෙවැන්න ලෙස හෙතෙම ස්වභාවික හෝ දිව්‍යමය යන ඕනෑම ආක‍ාරයකට ස්වභාවික සංසිද්ධීන් විස්තර කිරීමේදී ආන්තිකවීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළේය.  දේව මැවුමෙහි නිදහස් පරිපූර්ණ බව ඔහුගේ ආගමික මතවාදය විය.

17 වැනි සියවසේදී මහාද්වීපික හේතුවාදයේ පතාක යෝධයෙකු සේ ඩෙස්කාටෙස් සැලකිය හැක. පසුකාලීනව ඔහුගේ මතවාද බැරක් සපිනෝසා සහ ගොට්ෆ්‍රෙඩ් ලිබිනිස් වැනි අය විසින් ද පිළිගන්නා ලදී. එහෙත් අනුභවෛකවාදී සම්ප්‍රදායට අයත් වූ හෝබ්ස්, ලෝක්, බර්ක්ලි හා හියුම් වැන්නවුන් විසින් ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කරන ලදී. සපිනෝසා, ලිබිනිස් හා ඩෙස්කාටෙස් යන තිදෙනාම ගණිතය සහ දර්ශනවාදය පිළිබඳ මත පුහුණුවක් ලද්දෝ වූහ. ලිබිමිස් හා ඩෙස්කාටෙස් විද්‍යාවේ ප්‍රගමනය කෙරෙහිද මහත් දායකත්වයක් දක්වන ලදී. කලනයේ හා විශ්ලේෂණයේ  සොයාගැනීමට පසු කාලීනව අතිශයින් වැදගත් වූ ජ්‍යාමිතීය හඳුන්වාදීම ද ඩෙස්කාටෙස් විසින් කළ කාර්ය භාර්යට අයත්ය. මනස සහ එහි ක්‍රියාකාරිත්වය පිළිබඳ ඩෙස්කාටෙස්ගේ චින්තනය ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝනික පරිගණකය , යාන්ත්‍රික බුද්ධිය පිළිබඳ චින්තන ප්‍රවාහයන්ට මූලාරම්භය සැපයීය. ඩෙස්කාටෙස්ගේ වඩාත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ කියමන සචින්තක ශක්තියේ ඓක්‍යය නම් වේ. "මම සිටින නිසා මම සිටිමි" යන්න ඔහු පල කළ අදහස වේ. ඔහුගේ මෙම අදහස 'Discourse on the Method' යන ග්‍රන්ථයේ සිව්වැනි කොටසේද සඳහන් වේ.

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes

රෙනේ ඩෙස්කාටෙස් - බටහිර දර්ශනවාදය


Alegerile locale din 2016 în România sunt alegeri care au avut loc pe 5 iunie 2016.

Modalitatea alegerii președinților de consilii județene într-un singur tur de scrutin (modalitate introdusă în 2007 de guvernul Tăriceanu), de asemenea a primarilor (modalitate adoptată pe 31 mai 2011 de guvernul Boc), a fost criticată de societatea civilă, care a arătat că ea favorizează partidele mari și împiedică înnoirea administrației locale. Președintele Klaus Iohannis s-a pronunțat și el pe 24 ianuarie 2016 în favoarea alegerii primarilor și președinților de consilii județene în două tururi de scrutin. Legea însă nu mai putea fi schimbată cu mai puțin de un an înaintea alegerilor. Ziaristul Liviu Avram a dus chestiunea alegerii primarilor într-un singur tur în fața Curții Constituționale, dar aceasta a evitat să se pronunțe pe fondul argumentelor lui Avram, menținând legea în vigoare.

Conform unei legi noi adoptate în 2015, președinții de consilii județene nu mai sunt aleși prin vot popular, ci de către membrii consililor județene, din acest motiv partidele întârzie sau refuză să nominalizeze persoana susținută pentru această funcție, de asemenea nominalizarea anumitor candidați pentru această funcție nu reprezintă o garanție că acestea vor fi susținute de partidele lor pentru accederea în această poziție, ci doar o declarație politică.

Candidații principalelor partide

București

Arad

Bacău

Brașov

Buzău

Călărași

Cluj

Constanța

Dolj

Iași

Maramureș

Prahova

Sibiu

Timiș

Rezultate
La alegerile locale din 5 iunie au participat 99 de partide politice, alianțe politice, alianțe electorale și organizații ale cetățenilor care aparțin minorităților naționale. Conform Biroului Electoral Central, la vot au fost așteptați aproximativ 18.462.456 de votanți români . Au fost votați 3.184 de primari, 1.381 membri ai consiliilor județene și 40.220 de membri ai consiliilor locale.

Președinți de consilii județene aleși pe partide

Situația pe județe și municipii

Județul Arad
Consiliul Județean Arad

Componența Consiliului Județean Arad (33 de consilieri):

Municipiul Arad
Gheorghe Falcă a câștigat mandatul de primar al municipiului Arad pentru a patra oară consecutiv.

Consiliul Local Arad

Consiliul local al municipiului Arad este compus din 23 de consilieri, împărțiți astfel:

Județul Călărași
Consiliul Județean Călărași

În urma alegerilor din 28 iunie 2015, după 12 ani ca președinte al CJ Călărași, Răducu Filipescu (PNL) decide să se retragă, astfel președinte al Consiliului Județean Călărași a fost numit Vasile Iliuță (PNL), iar vicepreședinți Marian Dinulescu (PNL) și Valentin Barbu (PNL).
Componența Consiliului Județean Călărași (31 de consilieri)

Municipiul Călărași

Daniel Ștefan Drăgulin a reușit să obțină un nou mandat de primar, fiind secundat ca viceprimari de Dragoș Coman (PNL) și Viorel Ivanciu (PNL).

Componența Consiliului Local Călărași (21 de consilieri)

Județul Cluj
Consiliul Județean Cluj

Componența Consiliului Județean Cluj (37 de consilieri)

Municipiul Cluj-Napoca
Emil Boc (PNL) câștigă detașat al patrulea mandat de primar din primul tur de scrutin.

Consiliul Local Cluj-Napoca

Componența Consiliului Local Cluj-Napoca (27 de consilieri)

Județul Constanța
Consiliul Județean Constanța

Componența Consiliului Județean Constanța (37 de consilieri):

Municipiul Constanța
Decebal Făgădău (PSD) câștigă mandatul de primar al municipiului.

Consiliul Local Constanța

Componența Consiliului Local Constanța (27 de consilieri):

Județul Dolj
Consiliul Județean Dolj

Componența Consiliului Județean Dolj (37 de consilieri)

Municipiul Craiova
Lia Vasilescu (PSD) câștigă un nou mandat de primar al municipiului.

Consiliul Local Craiova

Componența Consiliului Local Craiova (27 de consilieri)

Județul Iași
Consiliul Județean Iași

Componența Consiliului Județean Iasi (37 de consilieri):

Municipiul Iași
Mihai Chirica (PSD) a câștigat mandatul de primar al municipiului Iași.

Consiliul Local Iași
Consiliul local al municipiului Iași este compus din 27 de consilieri, împărțiți astfel:

Județul Suceava

Gheorghe Flutur (PNL) este ales președinte al CJ Suceava.

Consiliul Judetean Suceava
Componența Consiliului Județean Suceava (37 de consilieri):

Municipiul Suceava
Ion Lungu (PNL) a câștigat un nou mandat de primar al municipiului.

Consiliul Local Suceava

Componența Consiliului Local Suceava (23 de consilieri):

Județul Timiș
Consiliul Județean Timiș

Componența Consiliului Județean Timiș (37 de consilieri)

Municipiul Timișoara
Nicolae Robu (PNL) câștigă al doilea mandat de primar.

Consiliul Local Timișoara

Componența Consiliului Local Timișoara (27 de consilieri)

Municipiul București
Primarul general al Municipiul București este Gabriela Firea.

Consiliul General al Municipiului București
Componența Consiliului General al Municipiului București este de 55 de consilieri:

Note

Legături externe
 Site-ul Biroului electoral central, dedicat alegerilor locale

Vezi și
 Alegeri locale în România, 2012

2016 în România
Alegeri locale în România
Alegeri în 2016

Alegeri locale în România, 2016


Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis, også kendt som Stockholm-papyrussen, dateres til ca. 300 e.Kr. og indeholdt håndværksinstruktioner på dimotiki.  Stockholm-papyrussen indeholder 154 instruktioner i farvning af stof og ædelsten, rensning af perler og imitation af guld og sølv. Nogle af dem kan oprindeligt være fra Pseudo-Demokrit. Zosimos af Panopolis, en græsk alkemist fra ca. 100 e.Kr., angiver lignende instruktioner. Oversættelser af flere af disse instruktioner findes i middelalderlige latinske samlinger, især Mappae clavicula.

Leyden X-papyrussen henter fra de samme (eller lignende) kilder, og skrives i en lignende (muligvis den samme) hånd. Stockholm-papyrussen blev fundet sammen med Leyden X-papyrussen, og Anastasi donerede den til Sverige i 1832. Den blev første gang udgivet af Otto Lagercrantz i 1913.

Fodnoter

Kilder
 Caley, E. R. (1927) "The Stockholm Papyrus : An English Translation with brief notes"  Journal of Chemical Education  IV:8 : 979-1002.
 Lagercrantz, Otto (1913) Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis, Uppsala: Almquist and Wiksells (Edition and German Translation).

Eksterne henvisninger
 Engelske oversættelser af instruktionerne af Caley (1927)

Alkymi
Manuskripter

Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis


Henry Mancini, asıl adı Enrico Nicola Mancini. (d. 16 Nisan 1924, Cleveland, Ohio – ö. 14 Haziran 1994, Los Angeles).
Amerikalı besteci ve aranjör.

Çok sayıda televizyon ve film müziği yapan besteci, 1995 yılında aldığı Grammy ömür boyu başarı ödülü dahil pek çok ödüle sahiptir. Aralarında Peter Gunn, Midnight Cowboy (Geceyarısı Kovboyu), A Hard Day's Night, Pink Panther ( Pembe Panter ), Breakfast at Tiffany's (Tiffany'de Kahvaltı) 'nin de bulunduğu pek çok klasikleşmiş ve müzikleriyle akıllarda yer edinmiş filmin bestecisidir. 70 yaşında pankreas kanserinden ölmüştür.

Bazı şarkıları
 Peter Gunn (Sözler: Ray Evans ve Jay Livingston)
 Peter Gunn theme
 Bye Bye
 The Brothers Go to Mother's
 Dreamsville"
 Blues for Mother's
 Sorta Blue
 Slow and Easy
 The Richard Boone Show (Sözler: Al Stillman)
 How Soon
 Man's Favorite Sport (Sözler: Johnny Mercer) (1963)
 I Love You and Don't You Forget It (1963) (Sözler: Al Stillman)
 Remington Steele Theme (1963)
The Pink Panter

Müziklerini yaptığı filmler
 Breakfast at Tiffany's (Yönetmen: Blake Edwards, Oyuncular: Audrey Hepburn, George Peppard) (1961)
 Moon River (Sözler: Johnny Mercer)
 Charade (Yönetmen: Stanley Donen, Oyuncular: Cary Grant, Audrey Hepburn) (1963)
 Charade
 Soldier in the Rain (1963)
 The Pink Panther (Yönetmen: Blake Edwards, Oyuncular: David Niven, Peter Sellers) (1963)
 Theme
 It Had Better Be Tonight (Sözler: Johnny Mercer)
 Dear Heart (1964)
 Dear Heart
 A Shot in the Dark (1964) (Yönetmen: Blake Edwards, Oyuncular: Peter Sellers, Elke Sommer)
 Moment to Moment (1965)
 "Moment to Moment" (Sözler: Johnny Mercer)
 The Great Race (1966)
 Arabesque (1966)
 What Did You Do in the War, Daddy? (1966)
 In the Arms of Love (Sözler: Jay Livingston and Ray Evans)
 Two for the Road (1967)
 Two for the Road
 Wait Until Dark (1967)
 Wait Until Dark
 The Party (1968) (Yönetmen: Blake Edwards, Oyuncular:Peter Sellers)
 Nothing to Lose (sung by Claudine Longet)
 Me, Natalie
 Gaily, Gaily
 The Molly Maguires
 Sunflower (I Girasoli)(1970)
 Loss of Love (Sözler: Bob Merrill)
 Darling Lili (Sözler: Johnny Mercer)
 I'll Give You Three Guesses
 Darling Lili
 The Hawaiians
 The Night Visitor
 Hatari!
 Baby Elephant Walk
 Experiment in Terror
 Days of Wine and Roses
 Days of Wine and Roses
 High Time
 Bachelor in Paradise
 The Great Impostor
 Mr. Hobbs Takes a Vacation
 Peanuts theme - (genellikle Mancini'ye atfedilir, ama aslında Vince Guaraldi tarafından bestelenmiştir.)
Pembe Panter

1924 doğumlular
Cleveland, Ohio doğumlu müzisyenler
1994 yılında ölenler
20. yüzyıl Amerikalı bestecileri
Amerikalı film müziği bestecileri
Pankreas kanserinden ölenler
En İyi Özgün Müzik Akademi Ödülü sahipleri
Los Angeles'ta kanserden ölenler
Altın Küre Ödülü kazanan müzisyenler
En İyi Şarkı Altın Küre Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Özgün Şarkı Akademi Ödülü sahibi şarkı yazarları
En İyi Özgün Müzik Akademi Ödülü sahibi şarkı yazarları
Grammy Ödülü sahipleri
Grammy Yaşam Boyu Başarı Ödülü sahipleri
Yılın Şarkısı Grammy Ödülü sahipleri
Yılın Kaydı Grammy Ödülü sahipleri
Yılın Albümü Grammy Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Orijinal Film Müziği Grammy Ödülü sahipleri

Henry Mancini


An Aloe ifanadianae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni J.-b.Castillon. An Aloe ifanadianae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aloe, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Madagascar. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Aloe

Aloe ifanadianae


Naoko Fukuman (jap. , Fukuman Naoko; * 3. März 1992) ist eine japanische Badmintonspielerin.

Karriere
Naoko Fukuman nahm 2010 an den Olympischen Jugend-Sommerspielen teil, schied dort jedoch in der Vorrunde aus. Bei den Austrian International 2010 wurde sie bereits Zweite im Damendoppel mit Minatsu Mitani. Ein Jahr später siegte sie im Doppel mit Kurumi Yonao bei den Malaysia International. Bei der Japan Super Series 2011 schieden beide dagegen in der 1. Runde aus.

Referenzen
http://www.bwfcontent.tournamentsoftware.com/profile/default.aspx?id=54B16BF7-8549-467D-8B0D-6F13CC69EAE4

Badmintonspieler (Japan)
Geboren 1992
Frau
Japaner
Japanischer Meister (Badminton)
Teilnehmer an den Ostasienspielen (Japan)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Jugend-Sommerspiele 2010

Naoko Fukuman


Johan Alfred Bornemann (født 17. januar 1813 i København, død 4. maj 1890 sammesteds) var en dansk teolog. Han var søn af Mathias Hastrup Bornemann.

Liv og gerning
Bornemann blev student fra Metropolitanskolen i 1830, blev cand.theol. i 1836 og lic.theol. i 1840 på en afhandling om Anselm og Abailard. Han foretog derefter en offentlig understøttet udenlandsrejse og efter sin hjemkomst blev han ansat som konstitueret lektor i moral ved Sorø Akademi. Han forblev i denne stilling frem til 1849.

I 1854 efterfulgte Bornemann Martensens som teologisk professor. Han blev imidlertid mødt med forudfattet modvilje og studenterne var imod hans spekulative teologiske retning, hvilket førte til, at der udnævntes en docent, C.H. Scharling, til at dublere hans fag. Dette bevirkede, at han i 1870 nedlagde sit embede.

Noter

Litteratur

Teologer fra Danmark
Professorer fra Københavns Universitet
Danskere i 1800-tallet
Personer fra København

Johan Alfred Bornemann


Biscayne Bay () is a lagoon with characteristics of an estuary located on the Atlantic coast of South Florida. The northern end of the lagoon is surrounded by the densely developed heart of the Miami metropolitan area while the southern end is largely undeveloped with a large portion of the lagoon included in Biscayne National Park.

The part of the lagoon that is traditionally called "Biscayne Bay" is approximately  long and up to  wide, with a surface area of . Various definitions may include Dumfoundling Bay, Card Sound, and Barnes Sound in a larger "Biscayne Bay", which is  long with a surface area of about .

Etymology
Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda related in the 16th century that a sailor from the Bay of Biscay called the Viscayno or Biscayno had lived on the lower east coast of Florida for a while after being shipwrecked, and a 17th-century map shows a Cayo de Biscainhos, the probable origin of the name for Key Biscayne. The lagoon was known as "Key Biscayne Bay" in the 19th century, finally shrinking to "Biscayne Bay" late in the 19th century.

Other names
The lagoon has been known by several names. Juan Ponce de León called it Chequescha in 1513, and Pedro Menéndez de Avilés called it Tequesta in 1565. Those names are variant spellings of "Tequesta", the name of the people who lived around the lagoon at the time. The British, during their occupation of Florida (1763–1783), called the lagoon "Cape River", "Dartmouth Sound", and "Sandwich gulph".

Geography
Biscayne Bay is a semi- or subtropical lagoon extending most of the length of Miami-Dade County, from North Miami Beach to the upper Florida Keys. Biscayne Bay, in the strictest sense, extends from a point between North Miami Beach and Sunny Isles Beach south to the Arsenicker Keys and the Cutter Bank just to the east of those islands. Many discussions about the lagoon include Dumfoundling Bay, a small lagoon just north of North Miami Beach, as part of Biscayne Bay, and include Card Sound and Barnes Sound, in southern Miami-Dade County adjacent to Key Largo, as either part of a system of connected lagoons including Biscayne Bay, or as part of Biscayne Bay itself. The lagoon is bordered on its west by the mainland of Florida, and is separated from the Atlantic Ocean to the east by a string of barrier islands in the northern part of the lagoon, a large shoal in the central section, and the northernmost of the Florida Keys in the south. The lagoon is about  long from Dumfoundling Bay (25° 58′ North latitude) (north of North Miami Beach) to Card Sound, and another  to Jewfish Creek (25° 24′ North latitude), if Card Sound and Barnes Sound are included in the lagoon. The lagoon is  across at its widest point. The lagoon, from Dumfoundling Bay to the Arsenicker Keys, has a surface area of about . The larger lagoon, including Card Sound and Barnes Sound, has a surface area of about . It has an average depth of  and, except where channels have been dredged, a maximum depth of .

The eastern rim of the lagoon is based on an ancient coral reef which existed along the southeastern edge of the Florida Platform about 100,000 years ago. The ensuing Wisconsin glaciation lowered sea levels, leaving the reef above water. The dead reef became fossilized, forming the Key Largo Limestone (commonly called "coral rock"). Key Largo Limestone underlies the Eastern edge of the barrier islands and the shoals (Safety Valve) along the northern and middle part of the lagoon. It makes a brief appearance at Soldier Key, in the middle of the Safety Valve, and rises above sea level to the south to form the upper Florida Keys.

The western side of the bay has characteristics of an estuary, with 16 waterways, the largest of which is the Miami River, flowing into it. All of the waterways have saltwater intrusion control structures, which restrict the flow of saltwater inland, and regulate the flow of fresh water into the lagoon. Some fresh water enters the lagoon as groundwater flow from the Biscayne Aquifer. All of the bedrock under the lagoon west of the ancient reef, and the adjacent mainland, consists of Miami Limestone, an oolitic limestone that formed in a lagoon behind the ancient reef that became the Key Largo limestone, and is the same age as the Key Largo limestone. The limestone bottom of the lagoon is overlain by  of sand, carbonate mud, and coral rubble sediments.

For purposes of discussion and analysis, Biscayne Bay is often divided into three sections: North Bay, Central Bay, and South Bay.

North Bay

The North Bay of Biscayne Bay principally lies between Miami Beach on a barrier island and Miami on the mainland, from Dumfoundling Bay on the north to the Rickenbacker Causeway to the south. Other municipalities on the western shore of the lagoon include Aventura (on Dumfoundling Bay), North Miami Beach, North Miami, and Miami Shores. Municipalities bordering the lagoon on the barrier islands north of Miami Beach include Sunny Isles Beach, Bal Harbour, Bay Harbor Islands, Surfside, and Indian Creek Village. North Bay Village is located on two artificial islands in the middle of the lagoon. North Bay is the part of the lagoon that has been most modified by human works, including channels and other dredged areas, and spoil banks and artificial islands created with material dredged from channels. More than 40% of the area of North Bay had either been dredged or filled to form artificial islands, and more than half of the remaining lagoon bottom is barren. Coastal wetlands have been almost eliminated in North Bay. Turbidity is high in North Bay due to erosion from spoil islands and banks, and the lack of vegetation on the lagoon bottom. The spoil islands host large quantities of invasive plant species.

North Bay is separated from the Atlantic Ocean by barrier islands. Freshwater sources flowing into North Bay include Oleta River, Arch Creek, Biscayne Canal, Little River and Miami River. Tidal flow between North Bay and the ocean is through Baker's Haulover Inlet, Government Cut, and Norris Cut.

Northeast 163rd Street, or Sunny Isles Boulevard, connects North Miami Beach and Sunny Isles Beach across the section of the Intracoastal Waterway running between Dumfoundling Bay and Biscayne Bay proper. Five causeways cross North Bay between Northeast 163rd Street and the Rickenbacker Causeway, including:
 Broad Causeway, connecting North Miami and Bal Harbour via the Bay Harbor Islands,
 John F. Kennedy (79th Street) Causeway, connecting Miami and Miami Beach via North Bay Village,
 Julia Tuttle Causeway (I-195), connecting Miami and Miami Beach,
 Venetian Causeway, connecting Miami and Miami Beach via the Venetian Islands, and
 MacArthur Causeway, connecting Miami and Miami Beach via Watson Island.

More than 20 islands in North Bay north from the MacArthur Causeway have been created, in whole or in part, with material dredged from the lagoon bottom. Most of the islands, such as the Venetian Islands, are residential. Brickell Key, another residential island, is just south of the mouth of the Miami River. Dodge Island, across the main ship channel to the south of the MacArthur Causeway, was enlarged in the 1960s when the Port of Miami was moved there from the mainland north of Bayfront Park. The Miami Marine Stadium was built on the north side of the Rickenbacker Causeway extending from the east side of Virginia Key in the early 1960s. There are also many undeveloped spoil islands in North Bay, such as Sandspur Island and the Picnic Islands.

Central Bay

Central Bay is the largest part of the bay. It extends from the Rickenbacker Causeway and Virginia Key on the north to the Featherbed Bank, which runs across the bay from Black Point to Boca Chita Key. It is separated from the Atlantic Ocean by Key Biscayne, the Safety Valve, and the Ragged Keys, the northernmost of the Florida Keys. It is bordered on the western shore by the municipalities of Miami, Coral Gables, Palmetto Bay, Cutler Bay, and a portion of unincorporated Miami-Dade County. Key Biscayne occupies the middle third of the island on the eastern side of Central Bay.

Fresh water sources for Central Bay include the Coral Gables Waterway and Snapper Creek. Tidal flow between Central Bay and the ocean is through Bear Cut between Virginia Key and Key Biscayne and across the Safety Valve. The development that has so transformed North Bay has spread over much of the northern shores of Central Bay. Miami Seaquarium and the University of Miami's Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science are located on the southern end of Virginia Key, the only part of that island bordering on Central Bay. Grove Isle, near the Miami neighborhood of Coconut Grove, is an artificial island in Central Bay. The large marina at Dinner Key is also in Coconut Grove. Central Bay has been adversely affected primarily by bulkheading, urban runoff discharged by canals, and the loss of natural fresh water flow.

South Bay

South Bay is nearly as large as Central Bay, and is defined as extending from the Featherbed Bank to the Arsenicker Keys, or to Cutter Bank, which is to the east of the Arsenicker Keys. (Brown et al. define South Bay as consisting of Card Sound and Barnes Sound.) It is separated from the ocean by the northernmost of the Florida Keys, from Boca Chita Key to Old Rhodes Key. Fresh water sources for South Bay include Black Creek, Goulds Canal, North Canal, Florida City Canal, and Model Land Canal. Tidal exchange with the ocean occurs through Sands Cut, Caesar's Creek and Broad Creek. Boca Chita Key, Elliott Key, and Old Rhodes Key were all enlarged by dredging in the first half of the 20th century. Boca Chita Key was the site of some construction in the early 20th century. Mark C. Honeywell bought the key in 1937, and built a large retreat on the island, including a  tall faux lighthouse. South Bay is the least affected by human activities, although it also suffers from the loss of natural fresh water flow. The Turkey Point Nuclear Generating Station is a significant presence on the mainland shore.

Card Sound and Barnes Sound
Card Sound is an extension of Biscayne Bay to the south of South Bay. Little Card Sound is the next south, separated from Card Sound by Card Bank. The causeway of the Card Sound Bridge now separates Barnes Sound to the south of Little Card Sound. Manatee Bay is to the west of Barnes Sound. Card Sound and Barnes Sound are bounded on the east by Key Largo. South Biscayne Bay is sometimes defined as including Card Sound and Barnes Sound. Barnes Sound is connected to Florida Bay through a few small channels.

Manatee Bay is partially separated from Barnes Sound by Short Key and Main Key. In 1994, it was described as having particularly undisturbed habitat for a location in the Florida Keys. Due to its distance from the open ocean and the restrictive passages between other components of Biscayne Bay, Manatee Bay experiences low tidal exchange, while the C-197 canal allows fresh water from the C-111 canal to flow into Manatee Bay. Salinity levels in Manatee Bay range from 14 parts-per-thousand (ppt) to 45 ppt (seawater has an average salinity of 35 ppt). In July 2023, the bay was in the news when a bouy there recorded a water temperature of

Safety Valve

The Safety Valve is a series of shallow sand flats separated by tidal flow channels, stretching about  from the south end of Key Biscayne to the Ragged Keys just north of the Florida Keys. The term "safety valve" was applied to the tidal flats by Ralph Munroe, who argued against building a causeway and bridges connecting Key Biscayne to the Ragged Keys and beyond on the grounds that such construction would block the free outflow of storm surges from the bay across the flats to the ocean. It is believed that it does moderate the effects of storm surges on the bay. The transportation of sand southward along the Atlantic Coast of Florida by longshore drift ends in the area of the Safety Valve. The structure of the Safety Valve has been stable for at least the last century. (The area was called Bocas de Miguel de Mora on Spanish maps and derroteros during the era of Spanish Florida.) Stiltsville is a collection of buildings on pilings on several sand flats at the northern end of the Safety Valve.

History

What is now Biscayne Bay was a freshwater basin 4,000 years ago. As the sea level rose, ocean water entered the basin, turning it into an estuary/lagoon. Before the 20th century, a coastal ridge west of and parallel to the bay caused most of the ground water west of the ridge to flow towards the Everglades and Florida Bay, while ground water on the narrow coastal strip east of the ridge flowed into the bay. Freshwater marshes were located all along the western shore of the bay, and fresh water springs were located along the shore and on the bottom of the bay. Ralph Munroe noted in the late 19th century that potable water could be pumped from one of those bay bottom springs. Springs can still be found in the bay, but the water from them is now brackish.

People lived in the area that is now Biscayne Bay long before the bay was formed. Human bones, teeth, and artifacts that are almost 11,000 years old have been found at the Cutler Fossil Site, a sinkhole that is now a couple of kilometers from the bay. At the time of European contact, in the early 16th century, the area around the bay was occupied by the Tequesta. The Tequesta belonged to the Glades culture, which had been in place for about 2,000 years. The chief town of the Tequesta, also called Tequesta, was on the bay at the mouth of the Miami River, from about 1200. The Miami Circle, just south of the mouth of the Miami River, has been proposed to be post holes for a structure. The site was abandoned in about 1200, when the town site north of the river was occupied.

Juan Ponce de León visited Biscayne Bay in 1513, and Pedro Menéndez de Avilés did so in 1565.

Early accounts by Spanish explorers indicated the existence of one or more inlets somewhere on the long barrier spit then separating the northern end of Biscayne Bay from the ocean (one called "Boca Rattones" appears on the 1770s map by Bernard Romans), but such inlets open and close over time. At the beginning of the 19th century, there was no inlet through the barrier spit between the New River inlet in Fort Lauderdale and Bear Cut, at the south end of what is now Virginia Key. Hurricanes in 1835 and 1838 opened a new inlet, Narrows Cut (now known as Norris Cut), separating Virginia Key from what is now Fisher Island at the south end of Miami Beach.

The opening of Government Cut in 1905 separated Fisher Island from Miami Beach and slightly shortened the barrier spit. The dredging of Baker's Haulover Inlet in 1925 across the barrier spit near the north end of the bay converted that part of the barrier spit where Miami Beach was located into a barrier island. Modification of the flow of fresh water through waterways, and the opening of Government Cut and the Baker's Haulover Inlet during the 20th century increased the salinity of the lagoon. Dredging of the ship channel and turning basin for the Port of Miami and other navigation channels, including the Intracoastal Waterway, has resulted in the build up of artificial islands in the Northern Bay.  more than 40% of the area of North Bay had either been dredged or filled to form artificial islands. Seawalls line almost all of the shoreline of North Bay.

The bay has been severely affected over the last century by raw sewage releases, urban runoff, shoreline bulkheading, dredging, the creation of artificial islands and the loss of natural fresh water flow into the bay. However, water quality has steadily improved since regular monitoring began in 1979. North Bay accounts for only 10% of the water area of the bay.

Causeways

The first bridge across Biscayne Bay was the  wooden Collins Bridge built in 1912 by John S. Collins and his son-in-law Thomas Pancoast, who formed the Miami Beach Improvement Corporation; financing was provided by Carl G. Fisher and the Miami banker brothers John N. Lummus and James E. Lummus. Construction began on July 22, 1912. Although the cost of the project was initially $75,000, the construction project faced delays and cost overruns. The bridge was partially completed in 1913. The bridge was "hailed as the longest wooden vehicle bridge in the world, and opened up the area as a luxury winter resort and playground." The bridge terminated at the Dixie Highway, built by Carl G. Fisher. The bridge was a toll bridge; in 1920, the toll was reduced from 20 cents each way (for two-seat cars) to 15 cents one way (and 25 cents round-trip). The bridge was sold to the Biscayne Bay Improvement Association, which developed five artificial islands that became known as the Venetian Islands: Biscayne and San Marco in Miami, San Marino, Di Lido, and Rivo Alto in Miami Beach. The bridge was torn down in 1925 and replaced with the "more substantial" Venetian Causeway the next year.

The Lummus brothers lobbied for the county commission's support for a second causeway connecting Miami to the barrier islands of Miami Beach, and the County Causeway—later the MacArthur Causeway—opened on February 17, 1920. In 1925, Biscayne Point was created in Miami Beach's north end. In 1929, a third causeway crossed Biscayne Bay at Normandy Isle, which developer Henri Levy had created several years earlier by dredging and filling the south half of Meade Island. The Julia Tuttle Causeway was built in 1959.

Other causeways are the John F. Kennedy (79th Street) and Broad causeways (connecting the Miami mainland), and the Rickenbacker Causeway (connecting Miami to Key Biscayne). The Card Sound Bridge connects the mainland in the Homestead, Florida area to the northern part of Key Largo.

Parks and marinas

Most of Central Bay and almost all of South Bay, as well as the Safety Valve and the Florida Keys north of Key Largo, are within the boundaries of Biscayne National Park. A number of other state and local parks front on the lagoon, primarily on North Bay and the northern rim of Central Bay.

Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park is located on the southern part of Key Biscayne. Oleta River State Park is located on the south side of the Oleta River where it flows into the segment of the Intracoastal Waterway connecting Dumfoundling Bay and North Bay, fronting on North Bay as it widens to the south.

Miami-Dade County operates a number of parks with frontage on Biscayne Bay. Haulover Park is on the barrier island running north from Baker's Haulover Inlet. Crandon Park covers the northern part of Key Biscayne. The Vizcaya Museum and Gardens are located on the mainland in Miami near the northern edge of Central Bay. Matheson Hammock Park, the Charles Deering Estate, and Chapman Field Park are on the mainland along the western shore of Central Bay. Black Point Park and Marina and Homestead Bayfront Park are on the mainland on the western shore of South Bay. Black Point, Crandon, Haulover, Homestead Bayfront and Matheson Hammock parks have public marinas. The county also operates Pelican Harbor Marina, which includes a small park. It is located on the John F. Kennedy (79th Street) Causeway in North Bay.

The City of Miami has many parks fronting on the lagoon, the more important of which are Bayfront Park, Alice Wainwright Park, Margaret Pace Park, Maurice A. Ferré Park, Morningside Park, and Peacock Park. Public marinas on Biscayne Bay operated by the City of Miami include: Dinner Key Marina, Miami Marine Stadium Marina, and Miamarina at Bayside.

Protected areas
The Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserve includes most of Biscayne Bay (in the wider sense) that is not in Biscayne National Park. The preserve was created by the Florida Legislature in 1974, and then included all of Biscayne Bay from the Oleta River to the southern end of Card Sound. The preserve was split into two parts when the Biscayne National Monument became Biscayne National Park. The northern part extends from the headwaters of the Oleta River to the northern boundary of Biscayne National Park, just to the south of Key Biscayne on the east, and just to the south of Chicken Key, part of the Charles Deering Estate, on the west. The southern part of the preserve includes Card Sound. The preserve includes about  of submerged land owned by the state. The Biscayne Bay-Cape Florida to Monroe County Line Aquatic Preserve was created in 1975. That preserve ran from Cape Florida to the Miami-Dade County-Monroe County line, and from the limit of Florida territorial waters in the Atlantic to the Intracoastal Waterway in Biscayne Bay. When the Biscayne National Monument was upgraded to a National Park, all waters in the National Park were removed from the Biscayne Bay-Cape Florida to Monroe County Line Aquatic Preserve. The remainder of that preserve consists of about  of submerged lands near Key Biscayne. The two preserves are known collectively as the Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserves. Card Sound and Barnes Sound lie within the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary.

The Crocodile Lake National Wildlife Refuge on Key Largo includes  of open water in Card Sound and Barnes Sound. Lobsters are protected year-round in the Biscayne Bay-Card Sound Lobster Sanctuary. The sanctuary includes all of the lagoon from a line running from Cape Florida to Matheson Hammock County Park south to the Card Sound Bridge and causeway.

In August 2020 the depletion of dissolved oxygen in the waters of Biscayne Bay triggered a fish kill. Fish that had suffocated were floating to the surface. Authorities took the emergency measure of dispatching fireboats to aerate the water, by spraying the water high into the air with their water cannons.

Threats
The sea level at Virginia Key has been rising at an average rate of  a year from 1931 to 2020, equivalent to
 a century. The islands adjacent to the lagoon are low-lying and threatened with significant flooding in the near future. Gas and oil exploration wells have been drilled near the lagoon, although none reached exploitable deposits. Canals and quarries have disturbed the bedrock on the shores of the lagoon.

Miami-Dade County operates a  landfill at Black Point adjacent to the lagoon.

Miami-Dade County operates three wastewater treatment plants close to the lagoon. The oldest is the Central District Wastewater Treatment Plant on Virginia Key. The North District Wastewater Treatment Plant is in North Miami, and the South District Wastewater Treatment Plant is at Black Point.

References

Sources

  (automatically downloads pdf)

Further reading
Biscayne Bay : A Bibliography of the Marine Environment
Florida Department of Environmental Protection: Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserve
History and Ecology of Biscayne Bay
 Biscayne Bay Watershed - Florida DEP

Bays of Florida on the Atlantic Ocean
Biscayne National Park
Bodies of water of Miami-Dade County, Florida
Geography of Miami
Intracoastal Waterway
Lagoons of Florida

Biscayne Bay


Nyenschantz (, Nienshants; ; ) was a Swedish fortress at the confluence of the Neva River and Okhta River, the site of present-day Saint Petersburg, Russia. Nyenschantz was built in 1611 to establish Swedish rule in Ingria, which had been annexed from the Tsardom of Russia during the Time of Troubles. The town of Nyen, which formed around Nyenschantz, became a wealthy trading center and a capital of Swedish Ingria during the 17th century. In 1702, Nyenschantz and Nyen were conquered by Russia during the Great Northern War, and the new Russian capital of Saint Petersburg was established by Peter the Great in their place the following year.

History

The fortress Landskrona
During excavations in 1992–2000 the remnants of three different medieval fortresses were found at the site of the Nyenschantz fortress. The only one of them that is known historically is the Swedish fortress Landskrona, built in the year 1300 by Tyrgils Knutsson, who was the Lord High Constable of Sweden. Landskrona was a very large and unusually well fortified wooden fortress with eight towers. In the spring of 1301 the Russians amassed a large army and laid siege to the fortress. When a fire broke out inside the fortress the Swedes retreated to the basement. The last of the Swedish defenders were captured and the Russians burned down the fortress.

Background
In 1609, the Vyborg Treaty was signed by Sweden and Tsardom of Russia as a package of military agreements that were supposed to be mutually beneficial to both countries. It was signed by King Charles IX of Sweden and Vasili IV (also known as Vasily Shuisky) of Russia in the Swedish city of Vyborg, located on the Karelian Isthmus close to Russian territory. The treaty came at an unstable period in Russian history known as the Time of Troubles, where the death of Tsar Feodor I in 1598 led to decades of civil war. In 1605, following the death of de facto ruler Boris Godunov, Vasily Shuisky came to power, triggering a conflict with a pretender to the Russian throne, False Dmitry II. Additionally, Russia began fighting the Polish–Muscovite War following invasion of the country by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth the same year. Sweden themselves were fighting against the Poles in the Polish–Swedish War, and viewed their eastward expansion into Russian lands as a security threat. The terms of the Vyborg Treaty stipulated that Sweden would supply a corps of mercenaries to Shuisky to fight False Dmitry II and the Poles, in exchange for Swedish control of the nearby strategic Korela Fortress, as well as its town Kexholm and the respective county. Shuisky agreed to the terms, but was an unpopular ruler with little power. Shortly after signing the Vyborg Treaty, Russia's fortunes began to rise, and Shuisky was forced out of power in 1610. A coalition between Swedish general Jacob de la Gardie and Russian princes launched the De la Gardie Campaign, effectively defeating False Dmitry II.

Nyenskans

The Ingrian War was triggered in 1610 as the new stability of Russia led to increased resistance to Polish occupation and Swedish influence in the country. As the Poles were defeated in Moscow, Russia began to actively resist the Swedish influence as they sought to regain control over occupied territories, including the province of Ingria, which Sweden insisted on keeping based on Russia violating conditions in the Vyborg Treaty. Sweden constructed a fortress in Ingria at a strategic position at the confluence of the prominent Neva River and one of its tributaries, the Okhta River. The new fort was officially named Nyenskans, derived from the Swedish terms Nyen-, the name for the Neva, and -skans meaning "bastion", and was capable of housing 500 people. The Ingrian War ended in Swedish victory in 1617 after the signing of the Treaty of Stolbovo, resulting in Russia ceding the territories to Sweden. In 1632, the settlement of Nyen was developed across the Okhta from Nyenskans, which was granted town privileges and became the administrative centre of Swedish Ingria in 1642. By the mid-17th century, Nyen had prospered as a trading hub and had a population of around 2,000 people, making it much larger and wealthier than Swedish Ingria's new capital, Nöteborg. According to church records, the town's population was largely made up of Finns, secondarily Swedes, and some Germans. Around this time, Nyen's governor, John Geselia the Younger, banned Orthodox Christian Swedish subjects from settling in or near the town following tensions with Lutherans. The ban of Orthodox residents effectively cleansed Nyen of ethnic Russian, Izhorian, and Karelian inhabitants.

In 1656, Nyenskans was attacked by Russia during an invasion led by Pyotr Potemkin. The attack was repelled, but Nyen was badly damaged by the attack and Sweden moved the administrative centre of Swedish Ingria from Nöteborg to Narva.

In 1677, the defences of Nyenskans and Nyen were enforced by a ring of new fortifications consisting of lunettes with batteries and moats. By the end of the 17th century, Nyenskans entered its final form after it had been modernized by an extensive project led by engineer Heinrich von Soylenberg. The fort was expanded to house 600 people, converted into a star fort featuring five wooden and earthen bastions, two additional ravelins, crownworks along the bastions not pointing towards the rivers, and a smaller accompanying half-fort built on the opposite bank of the Neva. Upon the completion of the project, Nyenskans was thought by Sweden to be the most modern fortress in the world at the time. By the turn of the 18th century, numerous Swedish and Finnish suburban manors were built outside of the Nyen fortification ring. Most were along the Neva, some of which were located at a considerable distance from the city.

In 1700, danger of Russian invasion increased following the beginning of the Great Northern War, which resumed formal hostilities between Sweden and Russia. Reportedly, in October 1702, Sweden feared an imminent Russian invasion of Nyen, evacuating the city's population and burning it down to prevent the Russians from taking it.

Saint Petersburg
On May 1, 1703, Sweden lost Nyenskans to the Russians when the fortress was taken by Peter the Great during the Ingrian campaign of the Great Northern War. The site of Nyenskans and Nyen was reformed by Peter into the new city of Schlötburg, meaning  "Neck-town" in German, a reference to the long narrow section of the Neva where it was located, with "Schlöt" corresponding to "(funnel) neck, narrows, chimney". Schlötburg stood in contrast to Shlisselburg ("Key-town"), the new name for Nöteborg at the other end of the Neva River, which Peter believed was the "Key to Ingria". The last Swedish commandant of Nyenskans was Colonel Johan Apolloff, who was preceded by Colonel Alexander Pereswetoff-Morath, a descendant of Russian noblemen, boyars, who had entered Swedish service in the first decades of the 17th century. Nyenskans, under the name Schlötburg, functioned in Russian service only for some weeks before it was retired as an active military garrison.

In 1703, Peter decided to found Saint Petersburg, a brand new capital city for the Tsardom of Russia, from scratch in the Neva River delta on the land around Nyenskans. Peter had disliked Moscow, the largest city and historical capital of Russia, which he considered to be inconveniently located and too isolated from the rest of Europe. He also had an interest in seafaring and maritime affairs, believing Russia needed a new port city to replace Arkhangelsk, which he similarly considered to be inconveniently located. Technically, the land still officially belonged to Sweden and occupied during fighting in the Great Northern War, but despite this construction of the city began anyway.

The exact fate of Nyenskans is unknown, with sources ranging from it being mostly demolished as early as 1704, to it being repurposed and intact as late as the 1760s. Other documents and maps suggest Nyenskans was gradually demolished over the following decades, as Saint Petersburg expanded onto the land in the direct vicinity of the fort. By 1849, the central strengthening of Nyenskans was known to still exist, although the exact date of its demolition is also unknown.

Today, nothing above ground remains of Nyenskans, and the site in now located in Saint Petersburg's Krasnogvardeysky District. On June 15, 2000, a monument designed by V. A. Reppo was opened on the site of the fortress. In May 2003, on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of Saint Petersburg, the museum "700 years: Landskrona, the Neva Mouth, Nyenschantz" was opened at the site of the fortress. In early 2007, the remains of Nyenskans' bastions were identified during archaeological excavations, which were necessitated by the threat of irrecoverable exploitation of the entire site to development from the territory of demolished shipyard Petrozavod to the grounds for planned skyscraper headquarters of the Moscow-based national natural gas monopoly Gazprom, Okhta Center, that would dwarf the beautiful cityscape. This caused protests from the city conservation activists, but they were able to defend the location only after archeologists found remains of the star fort and preceding structures. Gazprom eventually moved the construction site to the northwest outskirt of the city Lakhta (from Finnish lahti "bay,, inlet")  and the skyscraper crosscut as a star fort is now known as Lakhta Center. It will possibly also hold public activity and leisure spaces as well as offices.

See also
Vauban
Okhta Center
Treaty of Nystad

References

External links

 Nyenschanz on the website of the St.Petersburg Diocese gazette
 Museum official page
The Nyenskans Fortress

Forts in Sweden
History of Saint Petersburg
Castles in Russia
Ingria

Nyenschantz


ماتشفانسكا ميتروفيكا (Mačvanska Mitrovica) مدينة تقع في بلدية سريمسكا ميتروفيكا التابع لمنطقة فويفودينا شمال صربيا .

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة سريم
بلدات في صربيا
ماتشفا

ماتشفانسكا ميتروفيكا


Ruma de Albuquerque (nome completo: Rui Mario Cruz de Albuquerque), Belém, 26 de janeiro de 1956, é um artista visual e arquiteto brasileiro. Suas obras retratam os componentes da identidade visual de Belém, suas cores, embarcações e arquitetura histórica.

Biografia
Formado em arquitetura pela Universidade Federal do Pará, cursou também a Escola de Artes Visuais no Parque Lage, no Rio de Janeiro. Sua trajetória artística começou a partir de 1979, tendo desde então participado de exposições coletivas e individuais, no Brasil e no exterior.

Principais exposições coletivas
 V Salão da Ferrovia (1987, Rio de Janeiro, RJ) - Prêmio de aquisição
 XII Salão Arte Pará (1993, Belém, PA) - Prêmio de aquisição
 V Salão UNAMA de Pequenos Formatos (1999, Belém, PA) - Prêmio de aquisição
 X Salão UNAMA de Pequenos Formatos (2004, Belém, PA) - Grande prêmio
 XXV Salão Arte Pará (2006, Belém, PA) - Prêmio de aquisição
 XXVII Salão Arte Pará (2008, Belém, PA)
 XXX Salão Arte Pará (2011, Belém, PA)
 "Tanto Mar" (2019, Lisboa)

Principais mostras individuais
 "Baralho a Quadro" (1992, Belo Horizonte, MG)
 "Ao Quadrado" (1998, Galeria de Arte Graça Landeira da UNAMA, Belém, PA)
 "Barulho" (2000, Galeria Municipal de Arte, Belém, PA)
 "Voluptas" (2004, Galeria Theodoro Braga, Belém, PA)
 "Recortes" (2010, Galeria Fotoativa, Belém, PA)
 "Ruma, Caminho Reverso" (2011, Museu da UFPA, Belém, PA)
 "Cenaculum" (2013, Elf Galeria, Belém, PA)
 "Boca de Cena" (2015, Elf Galeria, Belém, PA)

Ligações externas
 Na Elf: "Cenaculum" revela técnica mista de Ruma

Nascidos em 1956
Naturais de Belém (Pará)
Alunos da Universidade Federal do Pará
Artistas plásticos do Pará

Ruma de Albuquerque


Riepsdorf er en landsby og kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Lensahn under Kreis Østholsten. Kreis Østholsten ligger i den østlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Riepsdorf er beliggende mellem Bundesstraße 501 og motorvejen A1 ved Oldenburger Graben, en lavning mellem Lübeck Bugt og Hohwachter Bucht, der er præget af moser og vådområder.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Byens side   på amtets websted.
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2013 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Østholsten

Riepsdorf


La isla San Francisco es una pequeña isla de México situada en el golfo de California frente a las costas del estado de Baja California Sur, al sur de la Isla San José.

La isla está situada al sur del golfo de California y al norte de la bahía de La Paz a unos 75 kilómetros al norte de la localidad de La Paz.  Está separada de la península de Baja California por un canal de unos 10 km de ancho.  La isla tiene 2,5 km de largo y 2,5 km de ancho máximo con  3,78 km² de superficie total.

Véase también
 Geografía de México
 Geografía de América

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de localización de la Isla

Referencias

Archipiélagos e islas de Baja California Sur
Archipiélagos e islas del océano Pacífico de México
Islas y áreas protegidas del Golfo de California

Isla San Francisco (Baja California Sur)


Alfred Louis Kroeber (11 Haziran 1876; Hoboken, New Jersey - 5 Ekim 1960; Paris, Fransa), Amerikalı antropolog, Franz Boas'ın öğrencisi. Ünlü yazar Ursula Kroeber Le Guin`in babasıdır.

Kültürel antropolog olarak bilinse de, arkeoloji alanında da önemli çalışmaları bulunmaktadır.

"Oikoumene" kelimesini ilk olarak bir bölgeyi değil de bölgeler arası eklemlenmelerle gittikçe büyüyen bir bölge olarak Afro-Avrasya tarihsel tarım bütünü için kullanan kişidir. Bu yönüyle bu kelime Hristiyan teolojisinin sıkça kullandığı anlamın dışında kullanılmıştır...

1876 doğumlular
New Jersey doğumlular
1960 yılında ölenler
Amerikalı antropologlar
Amerikalı arkeologlar
Amerikalı etnologlar
Alman asıllı Amerikalılar
Columbia Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Amerikan Bilim ve Sanat Akademisi üyeleri
Kaliforniya Üniversitesi, Berkeley öğretim üyeleri
20. yüzyıl Amerikalı tarihçileri
Amerikalı halkbilimciler
Amerikalı dilbilimciler

Alfred Kroeber


La Ruta de Illinois 114, y abreviada IL 114 (en inglés: Illinois Route 114) es una carretera estatal estadounidense ubicada en el estado de Illinois. La carretera inicia en el oeste desde la  hacia el este en la  en la frontera con Indiana. La carretera tiene una longitud de 11,9 km (7.40 mi).

Mantenimiento
Al igual que las autopistas interestatales, y las rutas federales y el resto de carreteras estatales, la Ruta de Illinois 114 es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Transporte de Illinois por sus siglas en inglés IDOT.

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial  de IDOT

 Lista de Autopistas por estado
 Lista de sitios web de carreteras para cada estado

Carreteras estatales de Illinois

Ruta de Illinois 114


Three ships of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary have borne the name RFA Brambleleaf:

  was an oiler launched in 1916 under the name RFA Rumol. She was renamed Brambleleaf in 1917. She was torpedoed and beached in 1942, and was broken up in 1953.
  was a  tanker launched as the civilian London Loyalty for London & Overseas Freighters in 1953. She was bareboat chartered in 1959 and returned to her owners in 1972.
  was a Leaf-class tanker launched in 1976 as Hudson Deep. She was taken into service in 1980 and sold for scrapping in 2009.

Royal Fleet Auxiliary ship names

RFA Brambleleaf


Boztepe, Çorum ilinin Uğurludağ ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1925 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır. Daha önceleri Belkavak köyüne bağlı bir mahalle iken, 21 Kasım 1951'de köy statüsü kazandı. Daha önceleri İskilip ilçesine bağlıyken, 4 Temmuz 1987'de Uğurludağ ilçesine bağlandı.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 72 km, Uğurludağ ilçe merkezine 9 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Uğurludağ belde ve köyleri

Boztepe, Uğurludağ


Sasa (rod žabnjakovki), Pulsatilla Mill., hrvatski naziv za biljni rod u porodici Ranunculaceae
 Sasa (Poaceae)  Makino & Shibata, patuljasti bambus, biljni rod u porodici Poaceae

Sasa


مدينة الدرباسية مدينة سورية ومركز ناحية الدرباسية في منطقة رأس العين التابعة لمحافظة الحسكة. تبعد عن مدينة الحسكة ما يقارب 85 كم إلى الشمال، وغرب مدينة عامودا التاريخية وهي من المدن الحديثة وقد تم بدء البناء فيها عام 1931 م عندما تم حفر بئر وظهر الماء العذب فيه.

الدرباسية مدينة تلاصق الحدود التركية من جهة الشمال فأصبحت الشطر الثاني لتوأمها في تركيا مدينة شنيورت (درباسية قبل التتريك) هكذا تسمى حالياً وأصل اسمها أيضا الدرباسية، والدرباسية تبعد شمالا عن مركز محافظة الحسكة ما يقارب 80 كم. خططت المدينة وبنيت في عهد الاحتلال الفرنسي بشكل هندسي متقن على شكل مربعات الشطرنج بحيث يمكن للناظر أن يرى جميع الاتجاهات من أية زاوية كانت، وبعض المعالم الفرنسية موجودة فيها حتى الآن كمستودعات مكتب الحبوب الحالية التي بنيت عام 1943 م وغيرها من المعالم التي شيدت في ذلك الزمان.

كان ذلك في شهر نيسان من عام 1931 م عندما أراد الاحتلال الفرنسي نقل مركز المدينة من قرية قرماني التي تبعد عن الدرباسية شرقا 5 كم إلى مركزها الجديد. لقد قام الكابتن قاسم الضابط في الجيش الفرنسي بشراء الأرض من (كرمو نايف درباس) وهو كردي ويسكن حالياً أولاده في مدينة شنيورت وسميت بالدرباسية نسبة إلى كنية صاحب الأرض (درباس). قامت الحكومة الفرنسية ببناء ما يقارب 75 حانوتا من الطين، وبعد إتمام البناء تم الاتفاق على يوم الانتقال إلى المدينة المشيدة في الثامن عشر من تشرين الأول من نفس العام ووزعت الحوانيت على أصحابها بالقرعة، وكل حانوت بسعر إحدى عشرة ليرة ذهب ونصف. أما بيوت السكن فكانت مساحة كل بيت (400 متر مربع) وسعره بقيمة الطابع الذي يلصق على وثيقة الطابو وهي ليرة واحدة، أما من ناحية الغرب فتم تخطيط الأرض لزراعة الكرم كل هكتار على حدة وكل سعر الهكتار خمسة وعشرون ليرة قيمة الطابع الذي يلصق على الطابو الممنوح للمشتري، وبنيت الدرباسية عام 1932 م مدرسه بإدارة القس يوسف رزقو وعينت عطية جرجس قاووغ المعلمة الوحيدة والمسؤولة عن المدرسة وفي عام 1935م بنى الأب يوسف رزقو وبمساعدة بعض التجار كنيسة مار جرجس للكاثوليك وفي نفس العام شيد الجامع الكبير أيضا أما مئذنته فقد بنيت في الخمسينات من القرن الماضي وكان إمام الجامع آنذاك الشيخ عبد الجليل السعدي. عينت الحكومة الفرنسية نجيب غنيمة مديرا للناحية والسيد سليم عبد النور رئيسا للبلدية وعباس چاويش خفرا للدركية وتم تعيين اسكندر كسبو للبريد وكان أول من سكنها من المسيحيين وبعضهم كان قد هرب من بطش النظام التركي عام 1915 م على إثر مذابح الأرمن والذين جاؤوا ساكنين قرى قرماني وتليلون والقرى الأخرى.
فأراد الحكم الفرنسي أن يجمعهم وبدون أخذ رأيهم على أساس حمايتهم في البلدة الجديدة وشاطرهم الحياة المهاجرون الأكراد من منطقة أومريا التابعة لولاية ماردين ومن مناطق أخرى وكان معظم من يسكن البلدة في البداية إما للسعي من أجل لقمة العيش أو هربا من الخلافات العشائرية أو هاربين من السفر برلك. دبت الحياة في المدينة الجميلة فأصبحت مركزا للتسوق لأهالي القرى المجاورة وكان أغلبية القاطنين فيها يعملون في الزراعة وعدد أقل في التجارة والصناعة ومنهم الأيدي العاملة واتسعت دائرة الدرباسية سنة بعد أخرى. والدرباسية مدينة هائمة على بركة من المياه الجوفية فترى من حولها السنابل الذهبية تزينها من كل الجهات فتجعل الزراعة عصبها الاقتصادي الهام والرئيسي لتكون من المدن الداعمة للاقتصاد الوطني فهي أول مدينة على مستوى سوريا بالنسبة لعدد الآبار الارتوازية فيها تقدر بأكثر من 2000 بئر ارتوازي. تتبع لمدينة الدرباسية أكثر من 200 قرية تم ضم 31 قرية منها إلى ناحية أبو رأسين.

التسمية
يقال أن السبب الحقيقي لتسميتها هو البناء الجملوني الشكل لمخازن الحبوب الفرنسية البناء والذي يسمى باللغة السريانية (دربيس) والذي أقيم بجانب القشلة (المخفر الفرنسي) وهو البناء الأول الذي تم تأسيسه ولا زال قائما ومستخدما وتأسست المدينة بالقرب منه ومع العلم أن أول من سكن المنطقة هم السريان المسيحيون والمحلمية المهاجرون من المناطق التركية مثل ماردين ومديات.

تقع مقابل محطة القطار التي أقيمت في العهد العثماني حوالي عام 1908 م لقطار الشرق السريع عند قرية تركية تسمى أيضا «الدرباسية».

السكان
قديماً قسمت المنطقة إلى قسمين:
 «الحي الغربي»: ويضم المسيحيين ومعظمهم من المهاجرين من مدينة ماردين وقراها بعد الانتداب الفرنسي عام 1920 م مع الأرمن وكان المسيحيون مسيطرين على تجارة السوق ومعظم الصناعات والمهن اليدوية، من حدادة وتجارة وصباغة القش والأقمشة وصياغة الذهب والفضة. وراهنًا بقيت مجموعة من الأرمن في المنطقة وذلك بسبب هجرة معظم المسيحيين إلى المدن الأخرى كحلب والحسكة.
 «الحي الشرقي»: ويضم الأكراد والعرب الذين قدموا أيضا من منطقة ماردين ومن القرى المجاورة ويعمل معظمهم عمال بناء والرعي والقليل منهم بالتجارة.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في منطقة رأس العين
بلدات سوريا
تجمعات كردية في سوريا
قرى محافظة الحسكة
محافظة الحسكة
مدن سوريا
معابر الحدود التركية السورية

الدرباسية


Seedorf kan henvise til flere artikler:

 kommuner i Tyskland
 Seedorf, Kreis Segeberg
 Seedorf, Lauenburg
 Seedorf, Niedersachsen

 kommuner i Schweiz
 Seedorf, Kanton Bern
 Seedorf, Kanton Ur
 Seedorf, Kanton Freiburg, kommunen Noréaz

 se også
 Sneedorff
 Hans Hartvig Seedorff, dansk viseforfatter og digter

Seedorf


London Missionary Society a fost o societate misionară predominant congregaționalistă înființată în Anglia în 1795, la inițiativa pastorului congregaționalist galez Edward Williams, care lucra cu misionarii anglicanii evanghelici și cu diverși neconformiști. A avut în mare măsură o viziune calvinistă, cu misiuni congregaționaliste în Oceania, Africa și America, deși au fost implicați și misionari prezbiterieni (cunoscuți pentru activitatea desfășurată în China), metodiști, baptiști și alți protestanți. Societatea face parte acum din Council for World Mission (CWM).

Origini
În 1793 Edward Williams, care era atunci pastor la Carr's Lane, Birmingham, a trimis o scrisoare bisericilor din Midland, în care susținea necesitatea evanghelizării mondiale și a trimiterii de misionari în străinătate. Ideea sa a fost acceptată și Williams a început să joace un rol activ în planul de înființare a unei societăți misionare. A părăsit Birminghamul în 1795, devenind pastor la Masbrough, Rotherham și profesor la Academia Masbrough nou-înființată. Tot în 1793, clericul anglican John Eyre din Hackney a fondat Evangelical Magazine. El a avut sprijinul pastorului John Love și al congregaționaliștilor Edward Parsons și John Townshend (1757-1826).

Începuturi
Joseph Hardcastle de la Hatcham House, Deptford a devenit primul trezorier, iar pastorul John Eyre de la Hackney (redactor al Evangelical Magazine) a devenit primul secretar al Missionary Society - numirea acestuia oferind societății un "ziar" pentru a-și promova cauza. Comitetul de conducere al Missionary Society a început în scurt timp intervievarea potențialilor candidați. În 1800 viitorii misionari au fost trimiși să urmeze cursuri cu pastorul David Bogue de la Gosport pentru a fi pregătiți să-și desfășoarea misiunea.

Căpitanul James Wilson s-a oferit să-i transporte pe misionari la destinație, fără plată. Societatea a reușit să achiziționeze corabia Duff, de 267 de tone, care putea transporta 18 membri ai echipajului și 30 de misionari. La șapte luni după ce corabia a părăsit portul Woolwich la sfârșitul anului 1796, a ajuns în Tahiti, unde au coborât șaptesprezece misionari. Misionarii erau instruiți să devină prietenoși cu localnicii, să construiască o casă a misiunii care să fie folosită atât ca reședință, cât și ca biserică, și să învețe limba băștinașilor. Au apărut însă probleme neprevăzute. Localnicii aveau arme de foc și erau nerăbdători să pună mâna pe bunurile misionarilor. Echipajele navelor care acostaseră acolo mai demult aduseseră boli și îi molipsiseră pe tahitieni. Localnicii credeau că au fost pedepsiți de zei pentru ospitalitatea arătată de ei și i-au primit cu multă suspiciune pe misionari. Dintre cei șaptesprezece misionari care au sosit în Tahiti, opt s-au îmbarcat în curând pe prima navă britanică care a ajuns în Tahiti.

Când Duff s-a întors în Marea Britanie, ea a fost imediat trimisă înapoi la Tahiti cu încă treizeci de misionari. Această călătorie s-a dovedit a fi dezastruoasă. Un corsar francez a capturat corabia, i-a debarcat pe prizonieri la Montevideo și i-a vândut. Cheltuielile acestei călătorii s-au ridicat la zece mii de lire sterline, ceea ce au fost devastatoare pentru societate. Ea și-a revenit treptat pe plan financiar și în 1807 a reușit să înființeze o misiune la Guangzhou (Canton), China, sub conducerea lui Robert Morrison.

Un alt misionar care a lucrat în China a fost John Kenneth Mackenzie. Originar din orașul englezesc Yarmouth, el a activat la Hankow și Tianjin.

În 1817 Edward Stallybrass a fost trimis în Rusia pentru a înființa o misiune în mijlocul populației buriate din Siberia. Misiunea a obținut acordul împăratului Alexandru I al Rusiei, dar a fost desființată în 1840 de succesorul său, Nicolae I. Alături de Stallybrass au lucrat Cornelius Rahmn din Suedia, William Swan și Robert Yuille din Scoția.

Activitatea ulterioară și misionari notabili
În 1818 societatea a fost redenumită The London Missionary Society.

Societatea a trimis curând misionari din întreaga lume, în special în India, China, Australia, Madagascar și Africa. Unii dintre cei mai cunoscuți misionari ai LMS sunt următorii:

 Robert Morrison (1782-1834), care a plecat în China în 1807;
 John Smith (1790-1824) a fost un misionar LMS a cărui activitate în Indiile Occidentale, începând din anul 1817, a atras atenția militantului antisclavie William Wilberforce. Ca urmare a acțiunilor sale din cadrul rebeliunii din Demerara din 1823, a judecării sale de către curtea marțială și a morții sale ulterioare în 1824, în timpul detenției, Smith a devenit cunoscut sub numele de "martirul Demerara".
 John Abbs (1810-1888) care a plecat în India în 1837. El a trăit douăzeci și doi de ani în regatul Travancoredin sudul Indiei.
 James Legge (1815-1897), sinolog;
 David Livingstone (1813-1873), care a plecat în Africa de Sud în 1840;
 Griffith John (1831-1912), care a activat din 1855 în Hubei, Hunan, China;
 John Mackenzie (1835-1899), care a plecat în Africa de Sud în 1858, a luptat pentru drepturile africanilor și împotriva rasismului burilor și a contribuit la instituirea Protectoratului Bechuanaland (actuala Botswana);
 Ernest Cromwell Peake (1899-1922) care a adus "medicina occidentală" în Hengchow, China;
 Eric Liddell, medaliat cu aur în cursa de 400 de metri la Jocurile Olimpice din 1924, a servit ca misionar LMS în China.

Note

Bibliografie
 Ellis, William (1844), 'History of the London Missionary Society', London: John Snow Volume One
 Lovett, Richard (1899), 'History of the London Missionary Society 1795-1895', London: Henry Frowde Volume One, Volume Two
 Goodall, Norman (1954), 'History of the London Missionary Society 1895-1945', London: O.U.P.
 Hiney, Thomas (2000), 'On the Missionary Trail', New York: Atlantic Monthly Press
 Chamberlain, David (1924), 'Smith of Demerara', London: Simpkin, Marshall &co
 Northcott, Cecil (1945), 'Glorious Company; 150 Years Life and Work of the London Missionary Society 1795–1945', London:Livingstone Press
 The Evangelical Magazine and Missionary Chronicle
 Spa Fields Chapel Minutes, British History Online: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=38774

Legături externe

 The Council for World Mission (which incorporated the former LMS)
 Pilots website Youth organisation originally established to support the LMS

 Works by or about London Missionary Society at Internet Archive
 Griqua Coinage
 The papers of the London Missionary Society, and the Council for World Mission are held at SOAS Archives

Societăți misionare creștine

London Missionary Society


An Piptochaetium ruprechtianum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Étienne-Émile Desvaux. An Piptochaetium ruprechtianum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Piptochaetium, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Piptochaetium

Piptochaetium ruprechtianum


Filles du Calvaire () is a station on line 8 of the Paris Métro, named after the Boulevard des Filles du Calvaire.

The station opened on 5 May 1931 with the extension of the line from Richelieu - Drouot to Porte de Charenton. The boulevard was named after the Calvairiennes or Filles du Calvaire (Daughters of Calvary) who were an order of reformed Benedictine sisters. Antoinette d'Orléans and Père Joseph founded the order in Poitiers, in 1617. The convent was later moved to Paris and was closed in the French Revolution.

Station layout

References
Roland, Gérard (2003). Stations de métro. D'Abbesses à Wagram. Éditions Bonneton.

External links

Paris Métro stations in the 3rd arrondissement of Paris
Paris Métro stations in the 11th arrondissement of Paris
Railway stations in France opened in 1931

Filles du Calvaire station


William Few Jr. (June 8, 1748 – July 16, 1828) was an American Founding Father, lawyer, politician and jurist. He represented the U.S. state of Georgia at the Constitutional Convention and signed the U.S. Constitution. Few and James Gunn were the first U.S. Senators from Georgia.

Born into a poor yeoman farming family, Few achieved both social prominence and political power later in life. Exhibiting those characteristics of self-reliance vital for survival on the American frontier, he became an intimate of the nation's political and military elite. The idea of a rude frontiersman providing the democratic leaven within an association of the rich and powerful has always excited the American imagination, nurtured on stories of Davy Crockett. In the case of the self-educated Few, that image was largely accurate.

Few's inherent gifts for leadership and organization, as well as his sense of public service, were brought out by his experience in the American Revolutionary War. Important in any theater of military operations, leadership and organizational ability were particularly needed in the campaigns in the south where a dangerous and protracted struggle against a determined British invader intimately touched the lives of many settlers. Few's dedication to the common good and his natural military acumen quickly brought him to the attention of the leaders of the Patriot cause, who eventually invested him with important political responsibilities as well.

The war profoundly affected Few's attitude toward the political future of the new nation, transforming the rugged frontier individualist into a forceful exponent of a permanent union of the states. Men of his stripe came to realize during the years of military conflict that the rights of the individual, so jealously prized on the frontier, could be nurtured and protected only by a strong central government accountable to the people. This belief became the hallmark of his long public service.

Early history
Descendant of Quaker shoe polisher Richard Few from the county of Wiltshire, England, and his son Isaac Few, a cooper who emigrated to Pennsylvania in the 1640s, the Few family lived in northern Maryland, where they eked out a modest living raising tobacco on small holdings. When a series of droughts struck the region in the 1750s, the Fews and their neighbors—actually a sort of extended family consisting of cousins and distant relations—found themselves on the brink of ruin. The whole community decided to abandon its farms and try its luck among the more fertile lands on the southern frontier.

In time the Few family achieved a measure of prosperity, emerging as political leaders in rural Orange County. Like many other western settlers, however, the family became involved with the Regulators, a populist movement that grew up in reaction to the political and economic restrictions imposed on the frontier or back-country farmers by the merchants and planters of the tidewater area and by the local politicians and lawyers. By 1771 protest had become confrontation, and a large group of mostly unarmed westerners gathered to clash with North Carolina militia units at the Battle of Alamance. The uneven fight ended in total victory for the militia, although most of the Regulator's demands for political representation and economic relief eventually would be met by the state legislature. More immediately, Few's brother James was hanged for his part in the uprising, and the Few family farm just east of Hillsborough was ransacked by William Tryon's militia troops. This led to Few's ambivalence towards capital punishment. The rest of the family fled to Wrightsboro, Georgia, leaving Few behind to settle the family's affairs and sell their property.

These antagonisms within North Carolina began to evaporate as American opinion turned against the imperial measures instituted by Great Britain in the 1770s. Both the eastern planters and the new settlers found new taxes and restrictions on western expansion at odds with their idea of self-government, and Patriot leaders were able to unite the state against what they could portray as a threat to the liberties of all parties.

Few participated in this training as one of the first men to enlist in the volunteer militia or "minute men" company formed in Hillsborough. Typically, Few's unit received its tactical instruction from a veteran of the colonial wars, in this case a former corporal in the British Army who was hired by the company as its drill sergeant. Citing the press of family business, Few rejected the offer of a captaincy in one of the first units North Carolina raised for the Continental Army in the summer of 1775. But when he finally settled the family's accounts the next year and joined his relatives in Georgia, where he opened a law office, he quickly placed his newly acquired military knowledge at the service of the Patriot cause in his new state.

Revolutionary War
Georgia organized its citizen-soldiers on a geographical basis, forming local companies into a regiment in each county. Few joined the Richmond County Regiment, which his older brother Benjamin commanded. For the next two years, Few's military duties consisted of attending military assemblies where he instructed his friends and neighbors in the skills he had acquired in the North Carolina militia. Few was called to active duty in 1778, when Georgia faced the threat of invasion by a force of Loyalist militia and British regulars based in Florida.

The Georgians' first military campaign ended in disaster. A force of state and Continental units successfully combined to repulse an enemy raid on Sunbury near the states southeastern border, but a counterattack orchestrated by Major General Robert Howe of the Continental Army and Governor John Houstoun bogged down before the Patriots could reach St. Augustine. Few, in command of a company of Georgia Militia, watched the collapse of the campaign's logistical support and then the disintegration of the force, as senior officers bickered among themselves and as disease began to decimate the units. Only half of the American soldiers survived to return home. At the end of the year a sudden amphibious invasion by British forces resulted in the capture of Savannah, Georgia, and the destruction of the rest of the Continental units under General Howe and most of the eastern militia formations. Armed resistance to the British continued in the western part of the state, led by the Richmond County Regiment. Throughout 1779 the regiment, with Few as second in command, frequently turned out to skirmish with probing British units, eventually forcing the enemy to abandon Augusta, which the British had captured soon after the fall of Savannah.

The success of the citizen-soldiers in defending their own homes began to reverse the fortunes of war in Georgia, prompting the recently appointed Continental commander in the region, Major General Benjamin Lincoln, to take the offensive. Lincoln combined his continentals and militia units from Georgia and South Carolina with a French force newly arrived from the Caribbean to lay siege to Savannah. He immediately encountered difficulty, however, in coordinating the efforts of his diverse forces. The French, under pressure to terminate operations quickly in order to move on to other assignments, persuaded Lincoln to launch a full frontal attack. The result was a bloody defeat, but Few's militiamen participated in a successful rear-guard action that shielded the retreat of the American units. In the aftermath of the battle his regiment was posted to the frontier where the Creek Indians, interpreting the defeat before Savannah as proof of the Georgians' weakness, had taken to the field in support of British forces.

Enemy operations in Georgia in 1779 were part of a new "southern strategy" by which the British planned to use the state as a base for conquering the rebellious colonies in a sweep up from the south. Few's military service in the later years of the war proved critical both in frustrating this strategy and in enhancing his credentials as a state leader. The western forces, in which Few's regiment played a prominent role, kept the British from consolidating their position. The area never developed into a secure Loyalist base, and British troops needed for subsequent operations against the Carolinas and Virginia had to be diverted to counter the threat posed by the frontier militia units. Few emerged as a gifted administrator and logistics expert in this demanding and difficult effort to maintain a viable military force in Georgia. He also turned into a bold, innovative partisan commander. Experience and innate common sense enabled him to develop patience, preserve his forces for key attacks, and then pick his time and place to defeat small enemy parties without unduly risking the safety of his men. Most importantly, he displayed the raw physical stamina required to survive the serious hardships of guerrilla warfare.

Statesman

Military was a success that went hand in hand with political service. During the late 1770s Few won election to the House of Representatives in the Georgia General Assembly, sat on the state's Executive Council, acted as state surveyor-general, represented Georgia in negotiations with the Indians that succeeded in minimizing the danger of frontier attacks, and served as Richmond County's senior magistrate. Few's growing political prominence and undisputed talent for leadership prompted the state legislature in 1780 to appoint him to represent Georgia in the Continental Congress, which became the Congress of the Confederation after the ratification of the Articles of Confederation a year later.

Few served in Congress less than a year when, in the wake of General Nathanael Greene's successful effort to drive the British out of most of Georgia, Congress sent him home to help reassemble Georgia's scattered government. This task accomplished, Few returned to Congress in 1782, where he remained to serve throughout most of the decade. While a member of that body, Few was asked by his state to serve concurrently in the Constitutional Convention that met in Philadelphia in 1787. This dual responsibility caused him to split his time between the two bodies and therefore to miss portions of the constitutional proceedings. Nevertheless, Few firmly supported the effort to create a strong national government and worked hard to secure the Continental Congress' approval of the new instrument of government. He also participated in the Georgia convention in 1788 that ratified the document.

Georgia promptly selected Few to serve as one of its original United States senators. In the Senate, Few opposed the creation of the First Bank of the United States. Planning to retire from politics at the expiration of his term in 1793, he bowed instead to the wishes of his neighbors and served yet another term in the state legislature. In 1796, Few was appointed as a federal judge for the Georgia circuit. During this three-year appointment, he consolidated his reputation as a practical, fair jurist and became a prominent supporter of public education. He was a founding trustee of the University of Georgia (UGA) in Athens in 1785. Few's efforts to establish UGA as the first state-chartered university in the United States indicated the importance this self-educated man gave to formal instruction.

He was an outspoken opponent of the infamous Yazoo land scandal, though his political enemies tried to implicate him in this scam.

At the urging of his wife, a native New Yorker, Few left Georgia in 1799 and moved to Manhattan. There, he embarked on yet another career of public service, while supporting his family through banking and the occasional practice of law. He served as president of the City Bank of New York, the predecessor of present-day Citigroup, after Samuel Osgood died in August 1813. He stayed in this position until 1817, when Peter Stagg became president. Few's new neighbors promptly elected him to represent them in the New York State Assembly from 1802 to 1805 and later as a city alderman from 1813 to 1814. He also served as New York's inspector of prisons from 1802 to 1810 and as the United States Commissioner of Loans in 1804. Few retired in 1815 to his country home in Fishkill, New York, in Dutchess County where he died on July 16, 1828.

Death and legacy

Few died at age 80 in 1828 in Fishkill-on-Hudson (present day Beacon, New York), survived by his wife Catherine Nicholson (daughter of Commodore James Nicholson) and three daughters. He addressed his memoirs to his daughter, Frances. He was buried in the yard of the Reformed Dutch Church of Fishkill Landing. In 1973, at the request of the state of Georgia, his remains were removed and reinterred at Saint Paul's Church in Augusta, Georgia.

James Marshall said of William Few, "He was one of those men, 'few and far between,' who effect more by solid weight of character than many can by eloquent speech or restless action." Few Street in Madison, Wisconsin is named in Few's honor and the William Few Parkway was constructed near his Augusta homestead in Columbia County, Georgia.

References

 Initial article adapted from public domain U.S. military text.

External links
 The Few family farm
 Letter to Joseph Clay, Savannah, Ga. from the New York Public Library
 William Few Signer of the U.S. Constitution historical marker

1748 births
1828 deaths
People from Baltimore County, Maryland
People of colonial Maryland
People of colonial North Carolina
People of Georgia (British colony)
American people of English descent
Methodists from Maryland
Continental Congressmen from Georgia (U.S. state)
Signers of the United States Constitution
Anti-Administration Party United States senators from Georgia (U.S. state)
Members of the Georgia House of Representatives
Members of the New York State Assembly
Georgia (U.S. state) state court judges
Georgia (U.S. state) lawyers
American abolitionists
Methodist abolitionists
People from Hillsborough, North Carolina
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American businesspeople
University of Georgia
University of Georgia people
Georgia (U.S. state) militiamen in the American Revolution
Burials in New York (state)
Founding Fathers of the United States

William Few