This is a list of islands of Scotland, the mainland of which is part of the island of Great Britain. Also included are various other related tables and lists. The definition of an offshore island used in this list is "land that is surrounded by seawater on a daily basis, but not necessarily at all stages of the tide, excluding human devices such as bridges and causeways".

Scotland has around 900 offshore islands, most of which are to be found in four main groups: Shetland, Orkney, and the Hebrides, sub-divided into the Inner Hebrides and Outer Hebrides. There are also clusters of islands in the Firth of Clyde, Firth of Forth, and Solway Firth, and numerous small islands within the many bodies of fresh water in Scotland including Loch Lomond and Loch Maree. The largest island is Lewis and Harris which extends to 2,179 square kilometres, and there are a further 200 islands which are greater than 40 hectares in area. Of the remainder, several such as Staffa and the Flannan Isles are well known despite their small size. Some 94 Scottish islands are permanently inhabited, of which 89 are offshore islands. Between 2001 and 2011 Scottish island populations as a whole grew by 4% to 103,702.

The geology and geomorphology of the islands is varied. Some, such as Skye and Mull, are mountainous, while others like Tiree and Sanday are relatively low lying. Many have bedrock made from ancient Archaean Lewisian Gneiss which was formed 3 billion years ago; Shapinsay and other Orkney islands are formed from Old Red Sandstone, which is 400 million years old; and others such as Rùm from more recent Tertiary volcanoes. Many of the islands are swept by strong tides, and the Corryvreckan tide race between Scarba and Jura is one of the largest whirlpools in the world. Other strong tides are to be found in the Pentland Firth between mainland Scotland and Orkney, and another example is the "Grey Dog" between Scarba and Lunga.

The culture of the islands has been affected by the successive influences of Celtic, Norse and English speaking peoples and this is reflected in names given to the islands. Many of the Hebrides have names with Scots Gaelic derivations, whilst those of the Northern Isles tend to be derived from the Viking names. A few have Brythonic, Scots and even perhaps pre-Celtic roots.
A feature of modern island life is the low crime rate and they are considered to be amongst the safest places to live in Britain. Orkney was rated as the best place to live in Scotland in both 2013 and 2014 according to the Halifax Quality of Life survey.

Rockall is a small rocky islet in the North Atlantic which was declared part of Scotland by the Island of Rockall Act 1972. However, despite no possession by any other state and other precedents, the legality of the claim is disputed by the Republic of Ireland, Denmark and Iceland and some say, it may be unenforceable in international law.

Demographics

The 2011 census records 94 Scottish islands as having a usually resident population of which 89 are offshore islands. There are however various complications with both the definitions of an "island" and occasional habitation and the National Records of Scotland also list a further 17 islands that were inhabited in 2001 but not 2011, or are "included in the NRS statistical geography for inhabited islands but had no usual residents at the time of either the 2001 or 2011 censuses". There are a small number of other islands that are evidently inhabited but which are not recorded in this list.

The local government council areas with the most inhabited islands are Argyll and Bute with 23, Orkney with 20, Shetland with 16 and Highland and Comhairle nan Eilean Siar with 14 each. There are also three in North Ayrshire and one each in Fife, Perth and Kinross, Stirling and West Dunbartonshire. The last three named plus two islands in Argyll and Bute are freshwater rather than offshore.

In the past many smaller islands that are uninhabited today had permanent populations. Losses were severe in many areas during the 19th century when islands such as Pabbay and Fuaigh Mòr were subject to forcible evictions during the Highland Clearances. Mass emigration from the Hebridean islands was at its height in the mid-19th century but it commenced as early as the 1770s in some areas. The crofting counties held 20% of Scotland's population in 1755 but by 1961 this figure had declined to 5%. Other examples include Mingulay, Noss and the St Kilda archipelago, which were abandoned during the course of the 20th century. Declines have been particularly significant in the more remote outlying islands, some of which remain vulnerable to ongoing losses.

The following table shows population trends for the ten most populous islands as of the last census. The overall trends are typically growth in populations in the early part of the modern period, followed by declines from the mid 19th century onwards. In every case except Orkney the highest population was recorded prior to 1932 and the lowest post-industrial revolution figure after 1960. Subsequently, there has been modest growth overall, although some islands are continuing to show a decline. Between 1991 and 2001, the population of the islands as a whole fell by 3% to 99,739, although there were 35 islands whose population increased. By contrast, between 2001 and 2011 Scottish island populations as a whole grew by 4% to 103,702. The Scottish Community Alliance noted that "the largest rate of increase has been in the Western Isles (6%) where local people now own approximately 60% of the landmass. Where populations have fallen (Bute, Arran and Islay) community ownership is virtually non-existent."

Largest Scottish islands by population

The following table compares the populations of the main Scottish archipelagos with that of the Faroe Islands for a similar time frame to the above.

Legislation
In July 2013, the Scottish Government made the Lerwick Declaration, indicating an intention to decentralise power to the three island council areas of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles and later that year made a commitment to do so. In 2017 an Islands bill was introduced to make "island proofing" (including for uninhabited islands) a statutory requirement for public bodies. The Bill completed Stage 1 on 8 February 2018.

Larger islands
This is a list of Scottish islands that either have an area greater than 40 hectares (approximately 100 acres) and/or are inhabited. The main groups, from Haswell-Smith (2004), in many cases provide a more useful guide to location than local authority areas. These groups are: Firth of Clyde, Islay, Firth of Lorn, Mull, Small Isles, Skye, Lewis and Harris, Uists and Barra, St Kilda, Orkney, Shetland and Firth of Forth. In a few cases where the island is part of either a recognisable smaller group or an archipelago, or is located away from the main groups, an archipelago, local authority or other descriptive name is used instead. "F" designates a freshwater island.

Scotland's islands include thirteen Munros (mountains with a height over 3,000 feet or 914.4 metres), twelve of them found on Skye, and a total of 227 Marilyns (hills with a relative height of at least 150 metres, regardless of absolute height).

Four islands were recorded as inhabited in 2011 that were not mentioned in the 2001 census: , , Holm of Grimbister and Inner Holm.

These following are listed by the National Records of Scotland as "included in the NRS statistical geography for inhabited islands but had no usual residents at the time of either the 2001 or 2011 censuses." None except Lamb Holm are greater than 40 ha in area.

Freshwater islands

There are numerous other freshwater islands, of which the more notable include Lochindorb Castle Island, Loch Leven Castle Island, St Serf's Inch, and Inchmahome, each of which have played an important part in Scottish history.

Inchmurrin is the largest freshwater island in the British Isles. It is in Loch Lomond, which contains over sixty other islands. Loch Maree also contains several islands, the largest of which are Eilean Sùbhainn, Garbh Eilean and Eilean Ruairidh Mòr but aren't as big as others.

Smaller offshore islands

This is a continuing list of uninhabited Scottish islands smaller than 40 hectares in size.

Small archipelagos

There are various small archipelagos which may be better known than the larger islands they contain. These include:

Former islands

The following is a list of places which were formerly islands, but which are no longer so due to silting up, harbour building etc.

Ardeer Peninsula, North Ayrshire
Bodinbo Island near to Erskine on the River Clyde is now partly joined to the river bank.
Broch of Clickimin is a former island in Loch of Clickimin, Lerwick, in Shetland. Originally an offshore island, the loch became cut off from the sea around 200 BC and the island is now connected to dry land by a permanent causeway.
 Bunglan was once a separate island, but is now connected to Samphrey by two tombolos.
 Eilean-a-beithich was once one of the Slate Islands and located in Easdale Sound. However, it was quarried to a depth of  below sea level leaving only the outer rim of the island. This was eventually breached by the sea and little visible sign of the island now remains.
 Eilean Chaluim Chille is a former island near Kilmuir on Skye in a now drained loch that was associated with the 13th century Hebridean lord Páll, son of Bálki.
 Inchbroach, also known as Rossie Island, is now part of Montrose harbour.
 Inch of Culter is a former island in the River Dee near Maryculter.
 Innis Bheag or Paterson Island near Portmahomack in Easter Ross is now permanently attached to the Morrich More due to shifting sands.
 Keith Inch (not to be confused with Inchkeith), is now part of Peterhead Harbour, and is the easternmost point of mainland Scotland.
 King's Inch on which stood Inch Castle.
 Milton Island or Green Inch was an island in the Clyde's estuarine waters close to the old ford across the river at Dumbuck near Dumbarton.
 Newshot Island or Newshot Isle was an island of circa 50 acres or 20 hectares lying in the River Clyde close to Park Quay, Renfrewshire, Scotland. It is now partly joined to the river bank.
 North Inch, one of the "Inches" in Perth, formerly an island in the River Tay.
 Preston Island, an artificial construction south of Low Valleyfield, has now been fully reclaimed, using ash slurry from Longannet power station.
 Rosyth Castle also stands on what was once a tidal island in the Firth of Forth, now surrounded by reclaimed land.
 Sand Inch was a small island in the River Clyde next to King's Inch
 Scalp na Caoraich, Cridhe An Uisge, Rònach and Scalp Phàdraig Mhòir - four small islands at the delta of the River Ness in Inverness which were removed in the 19th century.
 Scottle Holm was an islet north of Lerwick, Shetland. It has since become part of an industrial estate.
 White Inch, now an area of Glasgow.

Bridged islands

Many of Scotland's islands are connected to the mainland and/or other islands by bridge or causeway. Although some people consider them no longer to be islands, they are generally treated as such.

Outer Hebrides

Many of the islands of the southern Outer Hebrides have been joined to other islands by causeways and bridges. These include:
 Baleshare
 Benbecula
 Berneray
 Eriskay
 Grimsay
 North Uist
 South Uist
 Vatersay, which is connected to Barra (but not to the above islands), by the Vatersay Causeway.

To the north, Scalpay and Great Bernera are connected to Lewis and Harris.

Inner Hebrides
 Skye is connected to the mainland by the Skye Bridge which now incorporates Eilean Bàn.
 Eilean Donan by causeway to the mainland
 Eriska by causeway to the mainland
 Seil (to mainland) via John Stevenson's 1792 "Bridge over The Atlantic".
 Danna by causeway to the mainland

Orkney Islands

Similarly, four Orkney islands are joined to the Orkney Mainland by a series of causeways known as the Churchill Barriers. They are:
 South Ronaldsay
 Burray
 Lamb Holm
 Glimps Holm

Hunda is in turn connected to Burray via a causeway.

South Walls and Hoy are connected by a causeway called the Ayre. The islands are treated as one entity (Hoy) by the UK census.

An undersea tunnel between the archipelago and Caithness, at a length of about  and a tunnel connecting Orkney Mainland to Shapinsay have been discussed, although little has come of it.

Shetland Islands

Several Shetland islands are joined to the Shetland Mainland:
 West Burra and East Burra (via Trondra)
 Muckle Roe
 Trondra
 Broch of Clickimin is a freshwater islet joined to the mainland by a stone causeway.
 Holm of Mel was a tidal island linked to the west coast of Bressay at low tide but it is now linked permanently to its larger neighbour by a 75m stone causeway.

There is also a bridge from Housay to Bruray.

Others

Various other islands are also connected by bridges or causeways, to the mainland or other islands, including:
 Inchgarvie (part of Forth Bridge), thus joined to both Fife and Lothian on the Mainland.
 Garbh Eilean at the entrance to Loch Glencoul is now joined to the mainland by both the Kylesku Bridge to the south and its associated roadworks to the north.
 Innis Chonan, an inhabited island in Loch Awe is connected to the mainland by a small road bridge.
 Moncreiffe Island connected to the mainland by the Tay Viaduct

Tidal islands and tombolos

There are a large number of small tidal islands in Scotland. The more notable ones include:
 Baleshare
 Bernera
 Calve Island
 Castle Island
 Corn Holm
 Cramond Island
 Island Davaar
 Dunnicaer
 Eilean Mhic Chrion
 Eilean Shona
 Eriska
 Erraid
 Helliar Holm
 Kili Holm
 Isle Ristol
 Sanday
 Torsa

Oronsay means "ebb island" and there are several tidal islands of this name.

The three main islands of the Monach Islands (Heisgeir), Ceann Iar, Ceann Ear and Shivinish are connected at low tides. It is said that at one time it was also possible to walk all the way to Baleshare, and on to North Uist,  away at low tide. In the 16th century, a large tidal wave was said to have washed the route away.

St Ninian's Isle is connected to Mainland Shetland by a tombolo. Although greater than 40 hectares in size it fails to meet the definition of an island used in this list as it is only surrounded by water during occasional spring tides and storms.

Dùn in St Kilda is separated from Hirta by a shallow strait about  wide. This is normally impassable but is reputed to dry out on rare occasions.

Complex islands

There are a number of offshore islands that defy easy classification.
 Ceallasaigh Mòr and Ceallasaigh Beag are islands in Loch Maddy, North Uist which are both c.  in extent at high tide. At low tide they are connected to one another and several other small tidal islets in the shallow lagoon that surrounds them.
 Eileanan Iasgaich in Loch Boisdale, South Uist comprises five small islands and several other islets at high tide but forms a single large one of  at low tide.
 Eileanan Chearabhaigh. At low tide these islands form a peninsula with a total area of , which is connected to Benbecula by drying sands. At high tide the connection to Benbecula is lost and a number of small islets stretching for over  from east to west appear, the largest of which is about  in extent.
 The Crowlin Islands, located in the Inner Sound off Raasay are three separate islands at high tide and a single one of  at low tide.
 Similarly, Lunga in the Firth of Lorn is six or more separate islets at high tide but a single one of  at low tide.

Castle islands

There are several small Scottish islands that are dominated by a castle or other fortification. The castle is often better known than the island, and the islands are often tidal or bridged. Due to their picturesque nature some of them are well known from postcards and films. Examples are:

 Bass Rock
 Broch of West Burrafirth
 Castle Island
 Calvay
 Castle Stalker
 Castle Tioram
 Eilean Aigas (F)
 Eilean Dearg, Loch Riddon
 Eilean Donan
 Inchtalla (F)
 Inveruglas Isle (F)
 Kilchurn Castle (F)
 Kisimul Castle
 Lochindorb Castle (F)
 Loch Leven Castle (F)
 Mousa
 Threave Castle (F)
 Wyre

Many of the Islands of the Forth and southern Orkney Islands have fortifications from the two world wars. Rosyth Castle stands on a former island.

Holy islands

A large number of the islands of Scotland have some kind of culdee/church connection, and/or are dominated by a church. The more notable include:

 Island Davaar
 Egilsay
 Eynhallow
 Holy Island
 Inchcolm
 Inch Kenneth
 Inchmahome (F)
 Iona
 Isle Maree
 North Rona
 Oronsay
 Papa Stronsay (current Transalpine Redemptorist monastery. Islands called "Papa" or "Pabbay" tend to be former saints' islands)
 St Ninian's Isle
 St Serf's Inch (F)
 Tiree ("land of Iona")

Brother Isle's name is not ecclesiastical in origin as is sometimes stated.

Islands named after people
This is a list of islands, which are known to be named after someone. In some cases such as North Ronaldsay this status may not be obvious (it isn't named after a "Ronald", unlike South Ronaldsay). This list omits names such as Hildasay, where the person in question is mythological, or Ailsa Craig, where the individual in question is not known, and also Colonsay & Egilsay where the derivation is disputed.

 Eilean Chaluim Chille - Saint Columba
 Island Davaar - Saint Barr
 Eilean Donan - Saint Donan
 Flannan Isles - Saint Flannan
 Frank Lockwood's Island (south of Lochbuie, Mull)
 Inchcolm - Saint Columba
 Inch Kenneth - Saint Kenneth
 Inchmarnock - Saint Mearnag
 Inchmahome (F) - Saint Colmag
 Inchmurrin (F) - Saint Meadhran/Mirin
 Innis Chonan (F) - Saint Conan
 Isle Maree (F) - Maelrubha
 Isle Martin - Saint Martin
 North Rona - Saint Ronan
 St Serf's Inch (F) - Saint Serf
 Sweyn Holm – Sweyn Asleifsson
 Taransay - Saint Taran

Iqbal Singh, the owner of Vacsay, has also expressed wishes to rename it after Robert Burns.

Places called "island" etc. that are not islands

Some places in Scotland with names including "isle" or "island" are not islands. They include:

Lewis and Harris are separated by a range of hills but form one island, and are sometimes referred to as "Lewis and Harris". Isle of Whithorn and the Black Isle are peninsulas, and Isleornsay is a village which looks out onto the island of Ornsay. There is no commonly accepted derivation for "Burntisland" which had numerous other forms in the past, such as "Brintilun" and "Ye Brint Eland".

Gluss Isle at the western entrance to Sullom Voe is one of the many promontories in Orkney and Shetland connected to a larger body of land by an ayre.

Other elements

The name "Inch" (Innis) can mean island (e.g. Inchkenneth, Inchcolm), but is also used for terra firma surrounded by marsh e.g. Markinch, Insch.

Eilean is Gaelic for "island". However, Inistrynich, Eilean na Maodail, Eilean Dubh and Liever Island are all promontories on Loch Awe as opposed to islands, despite their names. Likewise Eilean Aoidhe on Loch Fyne. The Black Isle is also An t-Eilean Dubh in Gaelic, while Eilean Glas is part of Scalpay.

"-holm" is also common as a suffix in various landlocked placenames, especially in the far south of mainland Scotland e.g. Langholm, Kirk Yetholm, Holmhead (by Cumnock), Holmhill (next to Thornhill, Nithsdale). Some of these were river islands in their time, or dry land surrounded by marsh. "Holm" can be found in an element in Holmsgarth, now a suburb of Lerwick and the Parish of Holm on Mainland Shetland and Mainland Orkney respectively. Neither of these is an island in its own right.

Islands named after mainland areas
Likewise, occasionally an island may be named after a location on the nearby mainland, or a major neighbouring island - or vice versa. Examples of this include: Vementry, which was originally the name of an island, but whose name has been transferred to a nearby farm on Mainland Shetland; Oldany Island, whose name has been transferred to Oldany; Cramond Island which is named after neighbouring Cramond (a district of Edinburgh); and Eilean Mhealasta in the Outer Hebrides, which is named after Mealista on Lewis.

The name Easdale appears to be the combination of eas, which is Gaelic for "waterfall" and dal, the Norse for "valley". However, it is not clear why either description should apply to this tiny island which is low lying and has no waterfalls and the name may have come from the nearby village of the same name on Seil.

Crannogs
Crannogs are prehistoric artificial islands created in lochs. There are several hundred sites in Scotland. Today, crannogs typically appear as small, circular islands, between 10 and 30 metres (30–100 feet) in diameter. Scottish crannogs include:
 Breachacha on Coll
 Cherry Island in Loch Ness
 Dùn Anlaimh on Coll
 Eilean Dòmhnuill on North Uist
 Keppinch (or The Kitchen) in Loch Lomond

See also

 British Isles
 Geography of Scotland
 List of the British Isles by area
 List of lochs on Scottish islands
 List of Marilyns on Scottish islands
 List of Munros on Skye and Mull
 List of Orkney islands
 List of Outer Hebrides
 List of Shetland islands
 Scottish island names

References and footnotes
Notes

Specific references

General references

 Murray, W.H. (1973) The Islands of Western Scotland: the Inner and Outer Hebrides. London. Eyre Methuen.

 Nicolson, James R. (1972) Shetland. Newton Abbot. David & Charles.
 Omand, Donald (ed.) (2003) The Orkney Book. Edinburgh. Birlinn.
Symonds, James  (June 1999) "Toiling in the Vale of Tears: Everyday Life and Resistance in South Uist, Outer Hebrides, 1760—1860". International Journal of Historical Archaeology/JSTOR. 3 No. 2, Archaeologies of Resistance in Britain and Ireland, Part II, pp. 101–122. Retrieved 8 September 2013.

External links

Scottish Island Network - Population Statistics
Scottish Islands Access Rights

Scotland, List of islands of

Scotland

List of islands of Scotland


was a town located in Nishikamo District, north-central Aichi Prefecture, Japan.

As of December 1, 2004, the town had an estimated population of 19,239 and a population density of 293.4 persons per km². Its total area was 65.58 km².

During the early Meiji period cadastral reforms, the villages of Tomioka and Fujikawa were established on October 1, 1889. The two villages merged to form the village of Fujioka on April 1, 1906. The village was raised to town status on April 1, 1978.

On April 1, 2005, Fujioka, along with the village of Obara (also from Nishikamo District), the towns of Asuke, Asahi and Inabu, and the village of Shimoyama (all from Higashikamo District), was merged into the expanded city of Toyota, and has ceased to exist as an independent municipality.

Dissolved municipalities of Aichi Prefecture
Toyota, Aichi

Fujioka, Aichi


La Medalla y el Premio Faraday es un premio otorgado anualmente por el Instituto de Física, del Reino Unido. El premio es otorgado por sus notables contribuciones a la física experimental, a un físico de renombre internacional en cualquier sector.

De 1914 a 1966 tomó la forma de mención Guthrie, en honor a Frederick Guthrie, fundador de la Sociedad de Física de Londres (que se fusionó con el Institute of Physics en 1960), después, fue sustituido por la medalla y premio de Guthrie. En 2008 el premio pasó a llamarse la medalla y premio de Faraday. La medalla es de plata dorada y acompañada por un premio de 1000 libras y un certificado.

Galardonados

Medalla Faraday
 2019: Roy Taylor
 2018:  Jennifer Thomas
 2017:  Jeremy Baumberg
 2016:  Jenny Nelson
 2015: Henning Sirringhaus
 2014: Alexander Giles Davies y Edmund Linfield
 2013:  Edward Hinds
 2012: J. R. Sambles
 2011: Alan Andrew Watson
 2010: Dame Athene Donald
 2009: Donal Bradley
 2008: Roger Cowley

Medalla Guthrie

Mención Guthrie

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Página oficial Institute of Physics

Premios de física
Premios de ciencia y tecnología del Reino Unido establecidos en el siglo XX
Ciencia de 1914
Reino Unido en 1914

Medalla y Premio Faraday


Oxyceros es un género con 12 especies de plantas  perteneciente a la familia Rubiaceae.

Taxonomía
El género fue descrito por João de Loureiro y publicado en Flora Cochinchinensis 150. 1790. La especie tipo es: Oxyceros horridus Lour.

Especies aceptadas
A continuación se brinda un listado de las especies del género Oxyceros aceptadas hasta mayo de 2015, ordenadas alfabéticamente. Para cada una se indica el nombre binomial seguido del autor, abreviado según las convenciones y usos.
 Oxyceros bispinosus (Griff.) Tirveng.
 Oxyceros drupaceus (C.F.Gaertn.) Ridsdale
 Oxyceros horridus Lour.
 Oxyceros jasminiflorus (S.Moore) Ridsdale
 Oxyceros kesslerianus Ridsdale
 Oxyceros kunstleri (King & Gamble) Tirveng.
 Oxyceros longiflorus (Lam.) T.Yamaz.
 Oxyceros patulus (Horsf. ex Schult.) Ridsdale
 Oxyceros penangianus (King & Gamble) Tirveng.
 Oxyceros pubicalyx K.M.Wong
 Oxyceros rugulosus (Thwaites) Tirveng.
 Oxyceros vidalii Tirveng.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Gardenieae

Oxyceros


Hiromasa Tokioka (født 24. juni 1974) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Consadole Sapporo.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Hiromasa Tokioka


An antifungal medication, also known as an antimycotic medication, is a pharmaceutical fungicide or fungistatic used to treat and prevent mycosis such as athlete's foot, ringworm, candidiasis (thrush), serious systemic infections such as cryptococcal meningitis, and others. Such drugs are usually obtained by a doctor's prescription, but a few are available over the counter (OTC). The evolution of antifungal resistance is a growing threat to health globally.

Routes of administration

Ocular
Indicated when the fungal infection is located in the eye. There is currently only one ocular antifungal available. This is Natamycin. However, various other antifungal agents could be compounded in this formulation.

Intrathecal
Used occasionally when there's an infection of the central nervous system and other systemic options cannot reach the concentration required in that region for therapeutic benefit. Example(s): amphotericin B.

Vaginal
This may be used to treat some fungal infections of the vaginal region. An example of a condition they are sometimes used for is candida vulvovaginitis which is treated with intravaginal Clotrimazole

Topical
This is sometimes indicated when there's a fungal infection on the skin. An example is tinea pedis; this is sometimes treated with topical terbinafine.

Oral
if the antifungal has good bioavailability, this is a common route to handle a fungal infection. An example is the use of ketoconazole to treat coccidioidomycosis.

Intravenous
Like the oral route, this will reach the bloodstream and distribute throughout the body. However, it is faster and a good option if the drug has poor bioavailability. An example of this is IV amphotericin B for the treatment of coccidioidomycosis.

Classes
The available classes of antifungal drugs are still limited but as of 2021 novel classes of antifungals are being developed and are undergoing various stages of clinical trials to assess performance.

Polyenes

A polyene is a molecule with multiple conjugated double bonds. A polyene antifungal is a macrocyclic polyene with a heavily hydroxylated region on the ring opposite the conjugated system. This makes polyene antifungals amphiphilic. The polyene antimycotics bind with sterols in the fungal cell membrane, principally ergosterol. This changes the transition temperature (Tg) of the cell membrane, thereby placing the membrane in a less fluid, more crystalline state. (In ordinary circumstances membrane sterols increase the packing of the phospholipid bilayer making the plasma membrane more dense.) As a result, the cell's contents including monovalent ions (K+, Na+, H+, and Cl−) and small organic molecules leak, which is regarded as one of the primary ways a cell dies. Animal cells contain cholesterol instead of ergosterol and so they are much less susceptible. However, at therapeutic doses, some amphotericin B may bind to animal membrane cholesterol, increasing the risk of human toxicity. Amphotericin B is nephrotoxic when given intravenously. As a polyene's hydrophobic chain is shortened, its sterol binding activity is increased. Therefore, further reduction of the hydrophobic chain may result in it binding to cholesterol, making it toxic to animals.
 Amphotericin B
 Candicidin
 Filipin – 35 carbons, binds to cholesterol (toxic)
 Hamycin
 Natamycin – 33 carbons, binds well to ergosterol
 Nystatin
 Rimocidin

Azoles
Azole antifungals inhibit conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol by inhibition of lanosterol 14α-demethylase. These compounds have a five-membered ring containing two or three nitrogen atoms. The imidazole antifungals contain a 1,3-diazole (imidazole) ring (two nitrogen atoms), whereas the triazole antifungals have a ring with three nitrogen atoms.

Imidazoles
 Bifonazole
 Butoconazole
 Clotrimazole
 Econazole
 Fenticonazole
 Isoconazole
 Ketoconazole
 Luliconazole
 Miconazole
 Omoconazole
 Oxiconazole
 Sertaconazole
 Sulconazole
 Tioconazole

Triazoles
 Albaconazole
 Efinaconazole
 Epoxiconazole
 Fluconazole
 Isavuconazole
 Itraconazole
 Posaconazole
 Propiconazole
 Ravuconazole
 Terconazole
 Voriconazole

Thiazoles
 Abafungin

Allylamines
Allylamines inhibit squalene epoxidase, another enzyme required for ergosterol synthesis. Examples include butenafine, naftifine, and terbinafine.

Echinocandins
Echinocandins inhibit the creation of glucan in the fungal cell wall by inhibiting 1,3-Beta-glucan synthase:
 Anidulafungin
 Caspofungin
 Micafungin

Echinocandins are administered intravenously, particularly for the treatment of resistant Candida species.

Triterpenoids
 Ibrexafungerp

Others
 Acrisorcin
 Amorolfine – a morpholine derivative used topically in dermatophytosis
 Aurones – possess antifungal properties
 Benzoic acid – has antifungal properties, such as in Whitfield's ointment, Friar's Balsam, and Balsam of Peru
 Carbol fuchsin (Castellani's paint)
 Ciclopirox (ciclopirox olamine) – a hydroxypyridone antifungal that interferes with active membrane transport, cell membrane integrity, and fungal respiratory processes. It is most useful against tinea versicolour.
 Clioquinol
 Coal tar
 Copper(II) sulfate
 Crystal violet – a triarylmethane dye. It has antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties and was formerly important as a topical antiseptic.
 Chlorophetanol
 Diiodohydroxyquinoline (Iodoquinol)
 Flucytosine (5-fluorocytosine) – an antimetabolite pyrimidine analog
 Fumagillin
 Griseofulvin – binds to microtubules and inhibits mitosis
 Haloprogin – discontinued due to the emergence of antifungals with fewer side effects
 Miltefosine works by damaging fungal cell membranes
 Nikkomycin – blocks formation of chitin present in the cell wall of fungus.
 Orotomide (F901318) – pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor
 Piroctone olamine
 Pentanenitrile
 Potassium iodide – preferred treatment for lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis and subcutaneous zygomycosis (basidiobolomycosis). The mode of action is obscure.
 Potassium permanganate - for use only on thicker, more insensitive skin such as the soles of the feet.
 Selenium disulfide
 Sodium thiosulfate
 Sulfur
 Tolnaftate – a thiocarbamate antifungal, which inhibits fungal squalene epoxidase (similar mechanism to allylamines like terbinafine)
 Triacetin – hydrolysed to acetic acid by fungal esterases
 Undecylenic acid – an unsaturated fatty acid derived from natural castor oil; fungistatic, antibacterial, antiviral, and inhibits Candida morphogenesis
 Zinc pyrithione

Side effects
Incidents of liver injury or failure among modern antifungal medicines are very low to non-existent. However, some can cause allergic reactions in people.

There are also many drug interactions. Patients must read in detail the enclosed data sheet(s) of any medicine. For example, the azole antifungals such as ketoconazole or itraconazole can be both substrates and inhibitors of the P-glycoprotein, which (among other functions) excretes toxins and drugs into the intestines. Azole antifungals also are both substrates and inhibitors of the cytochrome P450 family CYP3A4, causing increased concentration when administering, for example, calcium channel blockers, immunosuppressants, chemotherapeutic drugs, benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants, macrolides and SSRIs.

Before oral antifungal therapies are used to treat nail disease, a confirmation of the fungal infection should be made. Approximately half of suspected cases of fungal infection in nails have a non-fungal cause. The side effects of oral treatment are significant and people without an infection should not take these drugs.

Azoles are the group of antifungals which act on the cell membrane of fungi. They inhibit the enzyme 14-alpha-sterol demethylase, a microsomal CYP, which is required for biosynthesis of ergosterol for the cytoplasmic membrane. This leads to the accumulation of 14-alpha-methylsterols resulting in impairment of function of certain membrane-bound enzymes and disruption of close packing of acyl chains of phospholipids, thus inhibiting growth of the fungi. Some azoles directly increase permeability of the fungal cell membrane.

Resistance
Antifungal resistance is a subset of antimicrobial resistance, that specifically applies to fungi that have become resistant to antifungals. Resistance to antifungals can arise naturally, for example by genetic mutation or through aneuploidy. Extended use of antifungals leads to development of antifungal resistance through various mechanisms.

Some fungi (e.g. Candida krusei and fluconazole) exhibit intrinsic resistance to certain antifungal drugs or classes, whereas some species develop antifungal resistance to external pressures. Antifungal resistance is a One Health concern, driven by multiple extrinsic factors, including extensive fungicidal use, overuse of clinical antifungals, environmental change and host factors.

Unlike resistance to antibacterials, antifungal resistance can be driven by antifungal use in agriculture. Currently there is no regulation on the use of similar antifungal classes in agriculture and the clinic.

The emergence of Candida auris as a potential human pathogen that sometimes exhibits multi-class antifungal drug resistance is concerning and has been associated with several outbreaks globally. The WHO has released a priority fungal pathogen list, including pathogens with antifungal resistance.

References

External links
 Antifungal Drugs – Detailed information on antifungals from the Fungal Guide written by R. Thomas and K. Barber

Anti-infective agents
.

Antifungal


Infraspinøs fascie er en fibrøs membran, der dækker infraspinatus og er fikseret til omkredsen på den infraspinatøse fossa.

Referencer

Muskelsystemet

Infraspinøs fascie


La brigada de la gabardina (The trenchcoat brigade) es un cómic editado por DC Comics en 1999, dentro de su sello Vertigo Comics, creado por John Ney Rieber (guion), John Ridgway (dibujo), Alex Sinclair (color), Glen Fabry (portadas) y Stuart Moore (editor). En cuatro número narra el reencuentro de la denominada Brigada de la Gabardina, aparecida por primera vez en Los libros de la magia (1990), compuesta por cuatro personajes de la editorial vinculados al mundo de lo esotérico y caracterizados por vestirse habitualmente con gabardina: John Constantine, Mister E, Phantom Stranger y Doctor Occult.

Sinopsis

La historia se estructura en cuatro capítulos:

Libro I: Miseria. Asesino por piedad
Libro II: Miseria. La amabilidad del lobo
Libro III: Miseria. Los ojos del ciego
Libro IV: Miseria. Una muerte lenta

En ellos se narra como John Constantine decide convocar a los miembros de la no oficial Brigada de la Gabardina (reunida en Los libros de la magia para guiar al joven Timothy Hunter en su formación como mago) cuando descubre que Mister E anda buscando a un «ruso de ojos verdes» para clavarle una estaca en el corazón. Éste les informa de que ha visto un futuro en el que la humanidad ha sido destruida, y el causante es un hombre al que llama Miseria: el ruso al que anda buscando para impedir el Apocalipsis.

La Brigada viaje entonces a ese futuro devastado para intentar descubrir la identidad de Miseria y la causa del fin del mundo. Allí Constantine identifica a su adversario: en realidad es uno de sus singulares antepasados, un ruso llamado Ptyor Konstantin. Con él retroceden a la Rusia medieval donde, a causa de un sortilegio lanzado por Ptyor, los brigadistas deben enfrentarse a sus demonios internos: el pasado traumático que atormenta a cada uno de los cuatro hechiceros con gabardina. Ptyor intenta entonces, por su cuenta, evitar su destino: busca a su yo juvenil para impedir que cometa su gran pecado. No lo consigue. El joven Konstantin mata al rey de los Leshy, destruye a todo su pueblo y roba El Ojo del Mundo (una joya mística). La hija del rey, Elliana, enamorada de Ptyor, logra sobrevivir, jurando vengarse utilizando El Libro del Fin.

Elliana, sin embargo, es utilizada por el libro como puerta de acceso para M'Nagalah, un dios-cáncer que desencadenará el fin del mundo. La Brigada y Konstantin deberán unir sus fuerzas para evitarlo.

Denominación

El nombre de "Brigada" fue una ocurrencia de Constantine tras su primer encuentro en Los libros de la magia, derivada de uno de sus habituales comentarios irónicos: «Justo lo que el mundo necesitaba, la carga de la brigada de la gabardina». Se trata de una referencia a la famosa escaramuza militar ocurrida durante la Guerra de Crimea (recogida en el famoso poema La carga de la brigada ligera escrito por Alfred Tennyson): una acción cargada de sinrazón y muerte que en cierto modo simboliza el carácter desesperado y suicida de las misiones de La Brigada de la Gabardina.

Personajes

Los miembros de la Brigada, además de por la magia y la gabardina, se hayan relacionados por derivar todos de un mismo prototipo de personaje gestado en los comienzos del comic-book: el investigador de lo paranormal. Los años 30 fueron el momento de pujanza para la novela negra y para la literatura popular, al tiempo que triunfaban los "hombres misteriosos" que luchaban por la justicia; la fusión de estas tendencias dio a luz a un nuevo personaje: el investigador de sucesos extraños, paranormales, dotado asimismo de cierto hálito sobrenatural.

Doctor Occult: creado por John Siegel y Joe Shuster (los creadores de Superman) en 1935, es un detective privado especializado en temas extraños. Él y su compañera Rose Psych estuviero a punto de ser sacrificados, de niños, en una ceremonia satánica, siendo salvado por el cónclave mágico de los Siete, quienes les instruyeron en el esoterismo (prohibiéndoles además mantener una relación sentimental). En Los libros de la magia se descubrió que sus almas compartían un mismo cuerpo, lo cual fue explicado en The Justice Society returns: Occult sacrificó su alma en una batalla y Rose se ofreció para aguardarla, y así mantenerlo con vida.

Phantom Stranger: creado por John Broome y Carmine Infantino en 1952 (con gabardina, no con la capa con la que habitualmente se representa) como un misterioso personaje desenmascarador de supuestos fenómenos sobrenaturales, se consolidó como consejero mágico por excelencia de la Liga de la Justicia. Su origen nunca ha sido revelado, aunque predomina la versión planteada por Alan Moore y Joe Orlando según la cual sería en realidad un ángel que no logró decidir entre Dios y el Diablo, vagando eternamente entre ambos mundos (personalidad aparentemente escogida en La brigada de la gabardina).

Mister E: creación de Bob Rozaquis y Dan Spiegle (1980), fue redefinido por Neil Gaiman en Los libros de la magia (inspirándose en el Mister A de Steve Ditko) como un hombre torturado, víctima de abusos infantiles a manos de su padre, con una personalidad enferma y fuerte dogmatismo moral; alguien que se niega a sí mismo la posibilidad de cualquier atisbo de felicidad. Fue el gran descubrimiento para el público del cómic de Gaiman.

John Constantine: sin duda el más famoso de los brigadistas desde su creación en 1985 por Alan Moore y Stephen Bissette en las páginas de La Cosa del Pantano. De hecho, tanto Los libros de la magia como La Brigada del Sombrero derivan de la serie que protagoniza desde los años 80: Hellblazer. Entre los muchos pecados con los que carga, el más relevante seguramente sea el exorcismo fallido de Newcastle que provocó la condena al infierno del alma de una niña llamada Astra.

Bibliografía

John Ney Rieber, John Ridgway, Alex Sinclair, Glen Fabry y Stuart Moore: Hellblazer especial: La brigada de la gabardina, Barcelona, Planeta deAgostini SA, 2008 (ed. original: The trenchcoat brigade, DC Comics, 1999)

Enlaces externos

Artículo sobre La brigada de la gabardina en Llámame Plissken

Artículo sobre La brigada de la gabardina en Egurenzone

Series de DC Comics
Vertigo Comics

La brigada de la gabardina


John Gurney ( - ) est un banquier anglais et membre de la famille Gurney de Norwich. Outre son rôle d'associé dans la banque de Gurney, il est connu comme le père des réformateurs sociaux Elizabeth Fry et Joseph John Gurney, de l'écrivain Louisa Gurney Hoare et du banquier Samuel Gurney.

Biographie
John Gurney est né en 1749 dans une famille Quaker influente qui a créé la banque Gurney en 1770. Au tournant du , l'entreprise familiale est dirigée par Bartlett Gurney (1756-1802). Lorsqu'il meurt sans enfant en 1802, des membres d'une autre branche de la famille lui succèdent et John et son frère Richard (1742–1811) deviennent associés de la banque en 1803 .

John Gurney vit à Earlham Hall près de Norwich . Le 26 mai 1775 à Tottenham, Londres, il épouse Catherine Bell (1755–1794), fille de Daniel Bell et de Catherine Barclay, membre de la famille Barclay, qui sont parmi les fondateurs de la Barclays Bank. La sœur de Catherine est Priscilla Wakefield, écrivain sur l'économie féministe et la littérature pour enfants. John Gurney et sa femme ont 13 enfants, dont les banquiers Samuel Gurney et Daniel Gurney, les réformateurs sociaux Elizabeth Fry et Joseph John Gurney, tandis qu'Hannah épouse Thomas Fowell Buxton. Une autre fille Louisa Hoare, est écrivain sur l'éducation. Lorsque la femme de John Gurney meurt en 1794, Elizabeth devient en partie responsable des soins et de la formation de ses jeunes frères et sœurs.

Au , la famille Gurney est connue pour sa richesse : dans l'opéra comique de 1875 de Gilbert et Sullivan « Trial by Jury », un personnage décrit son accumulation de richesse jusqu'à ce que je devienne aussi riche que les Gurney  .

À la mort de John Gurney en 1809, son fils Samuel Gurney prend le contrôle de la Gurney's Bank à Norwich. À peu près au même moment, il prend également le contrôle de l'entreprise londonienne de courtage de billets de Richardson, Overend & Company, dont le nom est ensuite changé en Overend, Gurney and Company. Elle devient la plus grande maison de discount au monde.

Descendance
John Gurney et sa femme Catherine Bell ont 13 enfants, dont plusieurs sont morts jeunes. Les enfants survivants sont :

 Elizabeth Gurney (1780–1845) ∞ 1800 Joseph Fry (1777–1861)
 Hannah Gurney (1783–1872) ∞ Sir Thomas Buxton,  baronnet (1786–1845)
 Louisa Gurney (1784–1836) ∞ 1806 Samuel Hoare (1783–1847)
 Samuel Gurney (1786–1856) ∞ 1808 Elizabeth Shepphard († 1855)
 Joseph John Gurney (1788–1847) ∞ (I) 1817 Jane Birkbeck (1789–1822) et ∞ (II) 1827 Mary Fowler (1802–1835) et ∞ (III) 1841 Eliza Paul Kirkbride (1801–1881)
 Daniel Gurney (1791–1880) ∞ 1822 Lady Harriet Jemima Hay (1803–1837), fille de William Hay (17e comte d'Erroll).

Références

Banquier britannique
Décès en octobre 1809
Naissance en novembre 1749
Décès à 59 ans

John Gurney (1749-1809)


Cross Lake 19 est une réserve indienne de la Première Nation de Cross Lake située au Manitoba au Canada.

Géographie
Cross Lake 19 est située à environ  au nord du lac Winnipeg au Manitoba. La réserve couvre une superficie de .

Notes et références

Annexe

Articles connexes
 Première Nation de Cross Lake
 Réserve indienne

Réserve indienne au Manitoba

Cross Lake 19


Olaylar
Yakup Kadir Han, Kaşgar'ı aldı.
Yaz - Selanik Muharebesi: İmparator II. Basileios, Bulgaristan'a karşı bir sefer başlattı. Batı Trakya'dan Serez üzerinden Struma Nehri vadisine, Selanik (modern Yunanistan) yakınlarında  ulaşır; Yerel Bizans valisi Theofilaktos Botaneiatis Bulgarları yener.
29 Temmuz - Belasitsa Muharebesi: II. Basileios, Kleidon kasabası yakınlarındaki Belasitsa ve Ograzhden dağları arasında Bulgar kuvvetlerini mağlup etti. Basileios'un emriyle yaklaşık 15.000 mahkum kör edildi; Çar Samuil savaştan sağ kurtulur ama şoktan ölür. Basileios, "Bulgar-Kıran" lakabını kazanır.

Doğumlar
 El-Bekrî, Endülüs-Arap coğrafyacı ve tarihçi (ö. 1094)

Ölümler
 3 Şubat - Sweyn, Danimarka Kralı, İngiltere Kralı ve Norveç Kralı (d. y. 960)
 7 Mayıs - III. Bagrat, Bagrationi hanedanınından Gürcü kral
 3 Ağustos - Hâkim en-Nişaburî, Fars hadis ve tefsir bilgini (d. 933)
 6 Ekim - Samuil, Birinci Bulgar Devleti çarı

1014


The Verlaines sind eine neuseeländische Indie-Rock-Band.

Geschichte
The Verlaines wurden Ende 1980 in Dunedin (Neuseeland) gegründet. Gründungsmitglieder waren Graeme Downes (Gitarre, Gesang), Craig Easton (Gitarre, Gesang), Greg Kerr (Schlagzeug), Phillip Higham (Bass) und Anita Pillai (Keyboard). In den folgenden Jahren wechselten ständig die Line-ups der Band. Spätere Mitglieder waren die Bassisten Jane Dodd, Mike Stoodley und Russell Fleming; die Schlagzeuger Alain Haig, Caroline Easther, Robbie Yeats, Gregg Cairns und Darren Stedman sowie der Gitarrist Paul Winders. Einziges konstantes Bandmitglied bis heute ist Graeme Downes.

Die Musik der Verlaines wurde in den 1980er Jahren vom neuseeländischen Label Flying Nun Records verlegt. Die Band war in dieser Zeit ein typischer Vertreter des Dunedin Sound. Ihre erste Veröffentlichung waren drei Songs auf der legendären 1981er Dunedin Double EP.

Die Verlaines spielten von 1985 bis heute neun Studioalben ein. Dabei gab es zwischen dem sechsten Over the Moon (1997) und dem siebten Album Pot Boiler (2007) eine zehnjährige Pause, in der Graeme Downes sein Soloalbum Hammers and Anvils veröffentlichte und sich seiner akademischen Laufbahn widmete. Platzierungen in den Charts gelangen den Verlaines in ihrer bisherigen Bandgeschichte nicht.

Diskografie

Alben
 1985 – Hallelujah All the Way Home
 1987 – Bird Dog
 1990 – Some Disenchanted Evening
 1991 – Ready to Fly
 1993 – Way Out Where
 1997 – Over the Moon
 2007 – Pot Boiler
 2009 – Corporate Moronic
 2012 – Untimely Meditations

Kompilationen
 1987 – Juvenilia
 2003 – You're Just Too Obscure for Me

EPs
 1981 – Dunedin Double (Compilation mit vier Bands aus Dunedin: The Chills, Sneaky Feelings, The Stones, The Verlaines)
 1984 – 10 O'Clock in the Afternoon

Singles
 1983 – Death and the Maiden
 1986 – Doomsday
 1990 – The Funniest Thing

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website

 Video: "Death and the Maiden"
 Video: "Doomsday"
 Video: "Baud to Tears" (Live)

Rockband
Indie-Band
Neuseeländische Band

The Verlaines


Motor, bir enerji formunu (elektrik, kimyasal enerji, benzin, tiner, LPG vb.) mekanik enerjiye çeviren makinedir.  Motorlar kuvvet makineleridir.

Kuvvet makineleri yakacak maddelerinin (kömür, benzin, motorin, LPG) enerjisini veya doğal enerji kaynaklarındaki (akarsular, rüzgâr) enerjiyi mekanik enerjiye dönüştüren makinelerdir. Taşıtlarda, jeneratörlerde kullanılan kuvvet makineleri ise ısı makineleridir.

Isı motorları

Mekanik enerjinin oluşması için gerekli olan ısı enerjisi çeşitli yakıtlardan ve motor silindirlerinin içinde veya dışında üretilebilir. Buna göre motor tipleri şunlardır:

 İçten yanmalı motorlar
 Dıştan yanmalı motorlar

Araba motoru 4 aşamada çalışır. Bunlar; benzinin havayla karışacak şekilde kenardaki girişten içeri boşalması, bu benzinin piston tarafından sıkıştırılması , sıkışan benzin-hava karışımının buji vasıtasıyla kıvılcım çıkarılarak ateşlenmesi ve son aşama da oluşan basınçtan ötürü pistonun ileri doğru itilmesidir.

Elektrik motorları

Elektrik enerjisini mekanik enerjiye dönüştüren makinelerdir.
 DC motor doğru akımla çalışan elektrik motorlarıdır.
 AC motor alternatif akımla çalışan elektrik motorlarıdır.

Diğer motor türleri
Doğrusal pistonlu
 Sıralı tip motor
 V tipi motor
 Boksör tipi motor
 Rotatif motor
 Yıldız tipi motor
 W tipi motor
 VR tipi motor
 H tipi motor
 Zıt pistonlu motorlar

Döner pistonlu
 Wankel motoru
 Quasiturbine motor

Ateşlemesi
 Buji ile ateşlemeli motorlar
 Sıkıştırma ile ateşlemeli motorlar

Yakıtı
 Benzinli motor
 Dizel motor
 LPG'li motor
 Doğalgazlı motor
 Turbo motor

Zamanlaması
 İki zamanlı motor
 Dört zamanlı motor
 Beş zamanlı motor
 Altı zamanlı motor
 İki ve dört zamanlı motorlar

Çevrimleri
 Sabit hacim çevrimli motor
Sabit basınç çevrimli motor
 Karma çevrimli motor

Silindir Sayısı
 Tek silindirli motor
 Çok silindirli motorlar

Soğutma tipi motorlar
 Hava soğutmalı motor
Su soğutmalı motor

Gaz türbinli motorlar
 Jet motoru
 Pulse jet motoru
 Roket motoru
 Gemi makineleri
 Açık rotorlu motor
 Jet motoru
 Turbofan
 Turbojet
 Turboprop
 Turboşaft
 Ramjet

Dıştan yanmalı motor
 Stirling motoru
 Buhar makinesi
 Newcomen buhar makinesi

Diğer
 Newcomen buhar makinesi
 Eksenel motor
 Işın motoru
 Korniş motoru
 Döner ışın motoru
 Bourke motoru
 Kamera motoru
 Kamsız pistonlu motor
 Bileşik buhar motoru
 Tek ve çift etkili silindirler
 Düz kafalı motor
 Serbest pistonlu motor
 Stelzer motoru
 Yarım küre yanma odası
 Heron silindir kapağı
 IOE motoru
 Salınımlı silindirli buhar motoru
 Zıt pistonlu motorlar
 Üstten egzantrikli motor
 Üstten subaplı motor
 Pent-çatı yanma odası
 Rotatif motor
 Tek etkili silindir
 Bölünmüş çevrim motoru
 Sallanan pistonlu motor
 tek tip akış buhar motoru
 Watt buhar motoru
 Chrysler B motoru

 Sıralı tip motor
 Sıralı iki silindir motor
 Sıralı üç silindir motor
 Sıralı dört silindir motor
 Sıralı beş silindir motor
 Sıralı altı silindir motor
 Sıralı yedi silindir motor
 Sıralı sekiz silindir motor
 Sıralı dokuz silindir motor
 Sıralı on iki silindir motor
 Sıralı on dört silindir motor

 Boksör tipi motor
 yatık çift motor
 F4 motor
 F6 motor
 F8 motor
 F10 motor
 F12 motor
 F16 motor

V tipi motor
 V-ikiz motor
 V3 motoru
 V4 motor
 V5 motor
 VR5 motoru
 V6 motor
 VR tipi motor
 V8 motor
 V10 motor
 V12 motor
 V14
 V16 motor
 V18 motor
 V20 motor
 V24 motor

W tipi motor
 W3 motoru
 W6 motoru
 W8 motoru
 W12 motoru
 W16 motoru
 W18 motoru
 W24 motoru
 W30 motoru

Diğer
 Napier Deltic
 H tipi motor
 Yıldız tipi motor
 Tek silindirli motor
 Bölünmüş tek motor
 U motoru
 X motoru

Motor teknolojisi

Motor


L'Anderson Barn est une grange de Johnstown, dans le comté de Weld, dans le Colorado, aux États-Unis. Construite en 1913, elle est inscrite au Registre national des lieux historiques depuis le .

Liens externes

Grange inscrite au Registre national des lieux historiques au Colorado
Registre national des lieux historiques en 2004
Comté de Weld

Anderson Barn


Epping é uma estação do Metropolitano de Londres na cidade do mercado de Epping em Essex, Inglaterra. A estação serve como terminal nordeste da Central line. Localizada na Zona 6 do Travelcard, é uma das oito estações do Metrô de Londres no Distrito de Epping Forest. A estação antes de Epping é Theydon Bois, que fica a cerca de três minutos de viagem.

História
Em 1856, a Eastern Counties Railway abriu uma ferrovia de via dupla entre Stratford e Loughton. Em 1865, sua sucessora, a Great Eastern Railway, adicionou uma extensão de via única de Loughton a Ongar. A popularidade da linha levou à duplicação da pista entre Loughton e Epping em 1892. A linha era bem servida, com 50 trens operando entre Liverpool Street e Loughton todos os dias, outros 22 continuando para Epping e mais 14 para Ongar.

O trecho de Loughton para Epping tornou-se parte da Central line do Metrô de Londres em 25 de setembro de 1949, deixando a linha única de Epping a Ongar como a última seção a vapor. A British Railways continuou a operar os serviços Ongar até 1957, quando a linha foi eletrificada e se tornou parte da linha Central. No entanto, os serviços não passaram pelo resto da linha Central, exceto para trabalhos ocasionais no depósito, então os passageiros de/para as estações além de Epping normalmente tinham que mudar de plataforma para a linha de via única para as estações de Ongar, North Weald ou Blake Hall. Em 2 de novembro de 1981, Blake Hall fechou e os trens passavam pela estação. Em 30 de setembro de 1994, o Metrô de Londres retirou o serviço entre Epping e Ongar e posteriormente vendeu esse trecho da linha Central.

Em 11 de maio de 2008, uma petição eletrônica pedindo a reabertura das estações de North Weald e Ongar foi criada no site de Downing Street. Fechou em 11 de dezembro de 2008 com 1.012 assinaturas. Parte da linha Epping-Ongar é agora uma ferrovia histórica, a Epping Ongar Railway. Sujeito a financiamento e planejamento, a ferrovia histórica propõe a construção de uma nova estação perto da estação de metrô chamada Epping Forest, já que a linha histórica não pode chegar à estação original.

A Estação Epping seria o terminal da proposta linha Chelsea-Hackney (Crossrail 2) do Metrô de Londres. No entanto, desde 2013, as opções de rota para esta linha proposta foram alteradas para terminar em New Southgate e não incluir mais o ramal de Epping.

Curiosidades
 A viagem mais longa possível no Metrô de Londres sem mudar de trem é a rota da linha Central entre West Ruislip e Epping (34,1 milhas / 54,9 km).
 Em 2021, a estação Epping teve um uso anual de 1,89 milhão e foi a 167ª estação mais movimentada do Metrô de Londres.
 Epping tem o maior estacionamento público das estações do Metrô de Londres, com 519 vagas.
 É a única estação do Metrô de Londres localizada fora da rodovia M25 que não é servida pela linha metropolitana.

Bibliografia

Ligações externas
 London's Abandoned Tube Stations – Epping to Ongar branch
 Epping station in 1952
 Epping station in 1953

Estações do Metro de Londres

Epping (Metropolitano de Londres)


Petr Jašek (Kladno, 1963.) češki je humanitarni djelatnik, liječnik, filmski redatelj i član dobrotvorne organizacije Glas mučenika. Poznat je po volonterskom liječničkom radu u Nigeriji i Sudanu, gdje se istaknuo u spašavanju žrtava napada islamističkih terorističkih skupina poput Boko Harama.

Sudanska vlast ga je početkom prosinca 2015. godine tajno zatočila u glavnom gradu Khartoumu. Nakon nekoliko dana, kada je češka javnost i diplomacija upoznata za slučajem, započeli su diplomatski pokušaji njegova spašavanja preko veleposlanstva u Kairu i posredovanja UN-a, ali bez uspjeha. Suprotno međunarodnim sporazumima o pravima političkih zatvorenika, sudanski režim je tek osam mjeseci nakon zatočenja objavio razloge i optužbe za provedbu te radnje. Prema službenim izvješćima optužen je za špijunažu i proglašen državnim neprijateljem, jer je "dokumentiranjem progona sudanskih kršćana i brigom za izbjeglice naštetio međunarodnom ugledu Sudana." Službeni sudski spor sudanske države protiv Jašeka pokrenut je u jesen 2016. godine.

Brojne međunarodne udruge i institucije za zaštitu ljudskih prava (Human Rights Watch) te građanske inicijative (CitizenGO) od samoga počeka suđenja isticali su kako se radi o "namještenom sudskom procesu kojeg Sudan provodi kako bi spasio svoj ugled nakon razotkrivanja genocida nad kršćanima u tom zemlji." Osim špijunaže, sudanska vlast tužila ga je i za neovlašteni prelazak državne granice i govor mržnje te protuzakonito miješanje u unutarnje poslove Sudana. Budući da se sudski proces odvijao prema islamskom zakoniku, Jašek je trebao dobiti smrtnu kaznu, ali ona je izbjegnuta naporima češke diplomacije i međunarodnih insitucija. 28. studenog 2016. predstavnica incijative CitizenGo Miriam Kuzárová i Petrova djeca Vanda i Petar predali su više od 400 000 potpisa Gianniu Magazzeniu, ravnatelju podružnice za Južnu i Sjevernu Ameriku, Europu te središnju Aziju pri uredu UN-ova visokog povjerenika za ljudska prava, koji je obećao kako će upotrijebiti sve zakonske alate kako bi osigurao pošteno suđenje i siguran povratak Petra Jašeka u Češku.

29. siječnja 2017. na namještenom sudskom procesu osuđen je na 20 godina zatvora zbog špijunaže, ometanja državne granice i unutarnjih poslova te širenje govora mržnje i nesnošljivosti. Također, radi neovlaštenog humanitarnog djelovanja morao je platiti jamčevinu od 100.000 sudanskih funta. Prvi koji je reagirao na službenu presudu bio je češki zastupnik u Europskom parlamentu Tomáš Zdechovský, koji je proces nazvao "namještenim", a optužbe "nekonstruktivnima".

Nakon što je Jašekov pravni tim podnio žalbu na prvostupanjsku presudu, sudanski sud ga je 26. veljače 2017. oslobodio optužbi za špijunažu i potkopavanje sudanskog režima. Prije oslobađajuće presude u zatvoru je proveo više od godinu dana. Sud je u svom izvješću priznao da je pod pritiskom sudanskih vlasti montirao proces kako bi zastrašio kritičare sudanskog režima i sve jaču kršćanofobiju u toj zemlji. Jašek je bio prvi Europljanin koji se u Sudanu suočio s takvom kaznom.

Povezani članci
 Politički zatvorenik
 Državni neprijatelj
 Šerijatsko pravo
 Kršćanofobija
 Progoni kršćana
 Čovjekoljublje

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Prisoner Alert - Petr Jašek

Životopisi, Češka
Borci za ljudska prava
Liječnici
Filmski redatelji
Politika Češke

Petr Jašek


The national flag of Vietnam, formally the National Flag of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (), locally recognized as  () and also  (), was designed in 1940 and used during an uprising against the French in southern Vietnam that year. The red background symbolizes revolution and bloodshed. The golden star represents the five main classes in Vietnamese society—intellectuals, farmers, workers, entrepreneurs, and soldiers.

The flag was used by the Viet Minh, a communist-led organization created in 1941 to oppose Japanese occupation. At the end of World War II, Viet Minh leader Ho Chi Minh proclaimed Vietnam independent and signed a decree on 5 September 1945 adopting the Viet Minh flag as the flag of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The DRV became the government of North Vietnam in 1954 following the Geneva Accords. The flag was modified on 30 November 1955 to make the rays of the star pointier.  Until the end of the Vietnam War in 1975, South Vietnam used a yellow flag with three red stripes. The red flag of North Vietnam was later adopted as the flag of the unified Vietnam in 1976. The flag of Vietnam is the only flag amongst ASEAN that does not contain the colour white, with red and yellow/gold being its historical national colours.

Design and history
Vietnamese flag colours have often been various designs of red and bright yellow. According to Article 141 of the 1992 constitution: "The National Flag of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is rectangular in shape, its width is equal to two thirds of its length, in the middle of fresh red background is a bright five-pointed golden star". The flag is blazoned: Gules, a mullet of five points or.

The flag first appeared in the Southern uprising (Nam Kỳ Khởi nghĩa) of 23 November 1940, against French rule in southern Vietnam. A series of articles by Sơn Tùng on the origin of the flag were published in the state media in 1981. Sơn Tùng stated that the flag was designed by Nguyễn Hữu Tiến, a leader of the uprising who was arrested by the French in advance of the failed uprising and executed 28 August 1941. Tiến, who was born in the northern village of Lũng Xuyên, was unknown to the Vietnamese public before Tùng's research was published. According to a poem Tiến wrote, the red background came to represent the blood of the people, whilst  the yellow foreground came to represent "the colour of our people's skin" which was written during times of oppression from Japanese rule. The five points of the star represents intellectuals, peasants, workers, traders and soldiers.

Yellow and red has long been common amongst Vietnamese flags. Yellow/Gold was a traditional color of Vietnam for more than 2,000 years. In April 2001, Vietnam's Ministry of Culture reported that there was no documentation to support the claim that Tiến designed the flag. In 2005, Lê Minh Đức, an official of Tiền Giang province, suggested that the flag was designed by another cadre, Lê Quang Sô, a native of Mỹ Tho Province in the Mekong delta. Đức's theory is based on statements by Sô's son as well as Sô's 1968 memoir. According to Đức, yellow was chosen to represent Vietnam while the red background was inspired by the flag of the Communist Party and represents revolution. Sô experimented with stars in various positions and sizes before choosing a large star in the center for aesthetic reasons. In April 1940, the flag was approved by Phan Văn Khỏe, the Communist party chief of Mỹ Tho. It was subsequently approved by the national party in July. As of 2006, the state media has not commented on Đức's version of events.

The flag was displayed at a conference on 19 May 1941, at which the Viet Minh was founded. The Viet Minh proclaimed it a "national flag" on 17 August 1945, at a meeting held in the village of Tân Trào in the North. When the Japanese surrendered at the end of World War II, the Viet Minh entered Hanoi and proclaimed the "Democratic Republic of Vietnam" on 2 September. On 5 September, DRV President Ho Chi Minh signed a decree adopting the Vietminh flag. French troops returned in October and restored colonial rule in the South. The National Assembly voted unanimously to adopt the flag on 2 March 1946. Following the Geneva Accord between Viet Minh and France in 1954, the DRV became the government of North Vietnam.

On 30 November 1955, the flag's design was modified slightly to make the star smaller and its rays straighter. This followed a similar modification of the flag of the Soviet Union. The flag was adopted in the South after the end of the Vietnam war, and North and South were unified as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on 2 July 1976. The flag of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (the Viet Minh-controlled areas in Northern and Southern Vietnam and later just North Vietnam) from 1945 to 1955 was similar to the current flag of Vietnam but with the points of the star set at a more obtuse angle.

Despite its historical connotations, nowadays, the red background (or red field) on the Vietnamese flag is commonly a symbol of bloodshed, struggle, and the success of revolution, inspired by communist symbolism. The yellow star centred on the red field symbolizes one of five classes of society—entrepreneurs, farmers, workers, intellectuals and soldiers representing each point of the star. The flag may also be flown with the flag of the Communist Party of Vietnam.

Colour scheme and design
This is a color approximation of the Vietnamese flag. The Vietnamese lawmakers never nominate the standardized color schemes, and flags with different color shades are physically and digitally displayed by both civilians and state media as long as they obey the "red background with a centered yellow star" symbolism.

Historical flags

Traditional images show the Trung sisters wearing yellow turbans during their revolt against North (China) in AD 40. These were unwrapped and waved to signal the beginning of a fight. A yellow banner with a red circle in the center was adopted as a standard by Emperor Gia Long (r. 1802–1820). The French, who gradually gained control of Vietnam in the late 19th century, flew the national flag of France. The colony of Cochinchina (1862–1945) was under exclusive French authority. In contrast, Annam and Tonkin were protectorates with parallel systems of Vietnamese and French administration. Several flags were flown in these regions: the French flag, the protectorate flag, and .

Japan occupied Vietnam in 1941–1945. In March 1945, the Japanese deposed the French colonial authorities and proclaimed an Empire of Vietnam with Bảo Đại as emperor. The , a red quẻ Ly (one of eight trigrams used in the I Ching) on a yellow background, was adopted in June. Among other things, quẻ Ly ☲ symbolizes the direction south. Bảo Đại abdicated in August when Japan surrendered. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam, proclaimed on 2 September 1945, adopted the red flag with a golden star. The French returned in 23rd of the same month, but were challenged by the Vietminh, especially in the North. The French proclaimed Cochinchina an autonomous republic in June 1946. This puppet state adopted a flag with three blue stripes on a yellow background.

In 1947, the name of the Cochinchina government was changed to "Provisional Government of Southern Vietnam" in preparation for a merger with the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam outlined in the Hạ Long Bay agreements between France and Bảo Đại. The flag of the State of Vietnam was adopted by Emperor Bảo Đại in 1948. The three stripes represented the Quẻ Càn, or Qian trigram. Quẻ Càn is the divination sign for heaven. On 2 June 1948, Prime Minister of the Provisional Central Government Nguyễn Văn Xuân, signed an ordinance to adopt this flag: "The national emblem is a flag of yellow background, the height of which is equal to two-thirds of its width. In the middle of the flag and along its entire width, there are three horizontal red bands. Each band has a height equal to one-fifteenth of the width. These three red bands are separated from one another by a space of the band's height." The flag of the State of Vietnam was later also used by its successor the Republic of Vietnam, commonly known as South Vietnam.

On 8 June 1969, the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (Viet Cong) adopted a tricolor flag modelled from that of North Vietnam, which is the red half at the top, the blue half at the bottom, and a yellow star in the center. This replaced the yellow flag after the fall of Saigon, and was used until the reunification with North Vietnam on 2 July 1976.

On the other hand, in January 2017, San Jose, which has the largest population of Vietnamese emigrants from what was formerly South Vietnam in the United States, banned the Vietnamese flag from being displayed on city flagpoles. This was motivated by a 2016 policy adopted by Westminster, California, forbidding the display of the flag on city property. Nearby Milpitas also banned the flag from municipal display on 5 September 2017.

Historical & foreign-involved flags

Gallery

Notes

See also

 List of flags of Vietnam
 Flag of South Vietnam
 List of flags of the Republic of Vietnam Military Forces

References

External links

National symbols of Vietnam

Vietnam
Vietnam
Vietnam
Flag controversies
Activism flags

Flag of Vietnam


مورغان غولد ، من مواليد 23 مارس 1983، لاعب كرة قدم جنوب أفريقي.

يلعب مع نادي سوبرسبورت يونايتد.

بدأ باللعب مع منتخب جنوب أفريقيا لكرة القدم في عام 2008.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية جنوب إفريقيون
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون من سويتو
لاعبو دوري جنوب إفريقيا الممتاز لكرة القدم
لاعبو سوبر سبورت يونايتد
لاعبو كأس القارات 2009
لاعبو كايزر تشيفز
لاعبو كرة قدم جنوب إفريقيون
لاعبو منتخب جنوب إفريقيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي جومو كوزموز
مواليد 1983
مواليد في جوهانسبرغ
لاعبو كرة قدم من سويتو

مورغان غولد


Listen er en kortfilm fra 2014 instrueret af Hamy Ramezan, Rungano Nyoni efter manuskript af Hamy Ramezan, Rungano Nyoni.

Handling
En politistation i København. En kvinde iklædt burka, er sammen med sin 10-årige søn kommet for at anmelde sin mand for vold. Men den kvindelige tolk oversætter kun modvilligt hvad kvinden siger, og situationen bliver efterhånden mere og mere intens.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Film fra Danmark (administrationskategori)
Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2014

Listen (film fra 2014)


WTT Contender Zagreb je međunarodni stolnoteniski turnir iz World Table Tennis (WTT) serije koji se održava u Zagrebu. Prvi WTT turnir odigran je u studenom 2020. Prva sezona WTT serije bila je 2021.

Izdanja

Naziv turnira
2022.–... WTT Contender Zagreb

Rang
2022.–... Contender (4. od 5 rangova turnira WTT serije)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
WTT

Stolni tenis u Hrvatskoj
Športska natjecanja u Zagrebu
Međunarodna športska natjecanja u Hrvatskoj
Međunarodna natjecanja u stolnom tenisu

WTT Contender Zagreb


Kerfilsfluga (fræðiheiti: Thricops longipes) er norður-evrasísk flugutegund sem er algeng um allt Ísland. Hún er svo lík hvannaflugu (Thricops cunctans) að þær verða ekki greindar að nema með smásjárskoðun.

Tilvísanir

Skordýr

Tvívængjur

Skordýr á Íslandi

Kerfilsfluga


بيلا بارتوك  (25 مارس 1881 - 26 سبتمبر 1945 في نيويورك) كان مؤلفاً وموسيقياً مجرياً.

حياته
 ولد بيلا في ناغي سانت ميكلوس Nagy Szent Miklos في رومانيا اليوم في 25 مارس 1881.تلقى دروسه الأولى في العزف على البيانو من والدته التي كانت معلمة لهذه الآلة، وقدم أول حفل موسيقي أمام الجمهور وهو في العاشرة من عمره، إذ كان قد بدأ محاولاته الأولى في التأليف. ثم تابع دراسة البيانو مع لازلو إركل Laszlo Erkel وانتسب إلى أكاديمية الموسيقى الملكية الهنغارية في بودابست كما درس التأليف مع كوسلر Koessler. وقام مع صديقه ومواطنه المؤلف الموسيقي سلطان كوداي Zoltàn Kodòly بجمع الموسيقى الفولكلورية الهنغارية الأصيلة ودراستها، وهي تختلف عن موسيقى الغجر، وكذلك قام بجمع الموسيقى الفولكلورية في سائر أوربة الشرقية ودراستها، كما زار بعضاً من البلاد العربية ومنها الجزائر، بحيث زار واحة بسكرة سنة 1913 لتدوين الموسيقى الشعبية الجزائرية الصحراوية، وخرج من هذا اللقاء بوصف هذه الموسيقى بأنها «تستمد تشويقها من التأثير المحموم الناتج عن تكرار نماذج لحنية قصيرة، ومن إيقاعاتها المركبة والمزدوجة», وقد أثارت هذه الموسيقى الجزائرية خياله الفني فاستخدمها في بعض مؤلفاته. وقد استطاعت عبقرية بارتوك أن تصهر عناصر الموسيقى الشعبية مع العناصر الفنية للموسيقى الأوروبية، فأضاف بذلك إلى لغة الموسيقى المعاصرة إضافات تاريخية وقيمة./

إن أعمال بارتوك نتاج فكر خاص ومتفرد جداً، تتسم بالوضوح والموضوعية، وهي حديثة لا تندمج ضمن أي تصنيف موسيقي معروف. لم يؤسس بارتوك مدرسة في التأليف الموسيقي كما فعل شونبرغ أرنولد شوينبيرج النمساوي مثلاً، ولكن أعماله تشهد على تمتعه بقوة إبداعية وملكة موسيقية وخيال خصب إضافة، إلى امتلاكه تقنية موسيقية متطورة مكنته من تحويل أفكاره إلى واقع موسيقي متميز جعله من أهم وجوه التأليف الموسيقي في القرن العشرين.
 ارتحل بارتوك عام 1940م إلى الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، ودرّس هناك في جامعتي كولومبية وهارفرد وتوفي في نيويورك، وهو في حالة فقر مدقع إثر إصابته بمرض ابيضاض الدم.
وتعود أهم أعمال بارتوك إلى المرحلة المتوسطة من حياته مثل حوارية (كونشرتو)كونشرتو البيانو الأولى والثانية، وموسيقى للوتريات وآلات الإيقاع والسيليستا سيليستا، وحوارية الكمان الثانية، وقد نما أسلوبه فيها بعذوبة وجمال.
ويلاحظ الوجه النقي الواضح والمعبر عن موسيقاه في رباعياته الوترية الست التي تحتل مكانة مهمة في موسيقى القرن العشرين تعادل مكانة رباعيات بتهوفن في موسيقى القرن التاسع عشر وهايدن في القرن الثامن عشر ; وهي تعكس أهم أفكاره الموسيقية التجريبية والتجريدية وتوفي في 26سبتمبر 1945في نيويورك.

عماله ومراحل إبداعه
يمكن تقسيم حياته الإبداعية إلى ثلاث مراحل يوجد بينها عنصر جوهري هو قوميته التي تطورت ظواهرها في كل مرحلة.
المرحلة الأولى: من 1903 إلى 1926, وبرز في هذه الفترة اتجاه تعميق صلته بالفلكلور وتطويره له، كما كتب أيضا الرباعيات الوترية التي اعتبرت امتدادا عصريا لرباعيات بتهوفن. ومن أبرز مؤلفاته في هذه الفترة الأعمال المسرحية الثلاثة: «الدوك ذي اللحية الزرقاء»، «الأمير الخشبي» و«الحكيم الصيني العجيب» وهي موسيقى مكتوبة بأسلوب درامي شديد التماسك.
المرحلة الثانية: من 1926 إلى 1937, أنتج في هذه الفترة أعمالا خصبة جدا تعد مرجعا لأهم التجديدات المقامية والإيقاعية والهارمونية، كما أنجز فيها أكبر وأهم الأعمال مثل «موسيقى للوتريات وآلات الإيقاع والسلستا».
المرحلة الثالثة: من 1937 إلى 1945، وفي هذه الفترة تجلت سيطرته المطلقة على لغته الموسيقية فأنتج «الديفرتمنتو»(الترفيه) لأوركسترا وتري ورباعيته الوترية السادسة.
ويعتبر بارتوك من العبقريات الكبيرة في موسيقى القرن العشرين، فهو صاحب لغة موسيقية خاصة صهرتها معرفته للعناصر الموسيقية المحلية لبلده ومعرفته العميقة للموسيقى المتطورة الأوروبية في الماضي والحاضر. ويكمن ثراء أسلوبه وتميزه لارتباطه بالموسيقى الشعبية باحثا ومؤلفا.

انظر أيضا
 باول أبراهام
 زولتان كودالي
 فرانتس ليهار
 فرانز ليست
 ليوبولد أوير

روابط خارجية

مراجع

بيلا بارتوك
أشخاص جامعة كولومبيا
أشخاص من سارانك ليك
أعضاء الأكاديمية الهنغارية للعلوم
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة كولومبيا
معلمو موسيقى مجريون
خربشات جوجل
خريجو أكاديمية الموسيقى (فرانس- ليزتست)
رومان كاثوليك مجريون
عازفو بيانو
عازفو بيانو كلاسيكيون ذكور
عازفو بيانو كلاسيكيون مجريون
علم موسيقى الشعوب
علماء حشرات مجريون
علماء موسيقى في القرن 20
كاثوليك سابقون
مجريون من أصل ألماني
مجريون من أصل كرواتي
مربون هنغاريون
ملحدون مجريون
ملحنو بيانو
ملحنو رباعية وترية
ملحنون كلاسيكيون ذكور مجريون
ملحنون كلاسيكيون مجريون
مهاجرون مجريون إلى الولايات المتحدة
مواليد 1881
موسيقيون ذكور في القرن 20
موسيقيون ذكور مجريون في القرن 20
موسيقيون مجريون في القرن 20
مؤلفو أوبرات
مؤلفو أوبرا مجريون
مؤلفو موسيقى الباليه
مؤلفون موسيقيون في القرن ال20
وفيات 1945
وفيات السرطان في نيويورك
وفيات بسبب سرطان الدم
وفيات في نيويورك

بيلا بارتوك


أبوالعباس أحمد بن جعفر الخزرجي السبتي (ولد بمدينة سبتة 524 هـ/1129م. - توفي بمراكش 1204) أكبر أولياء مدينة مراكش لا يخلو من ذكره كتاب عن التصوّف في بلاد المغرب، وهو أشهر رجالات مراكش السبعة على الإطلاق. خصه أبو الحسن البوجمعوي الدمناتي بتأليف في مناقبه، وضمن ابن الزيات التادلي آخر كتابه «التشوف» أخبارا وافية عنه سماها «أخبار أبي العباس السبتي»، وترجم له بعض المشارقة كالإمام النبهاني في كتابه «جامع كرامات الأولياء»

حياته

يعود نسب الإمام السبتي إلى قبيلة الخزرج الأنصار  ، كان من أسرة فقيرة، إذ بوفاة والده اضطرت أمه إلى دفعه لحائك لتعلم الحرفة مقابل أجر، إلا أنه كان يفضل التردد على الشيخ أبي عبد الله محمد الفخار (دفين تطوان) لأخذ العلم.

خلوته

في السنة التي تأكد فيها انتصار الموحدين على المرابطين، خصوصا بعد مقتل يوسف بن تاشفين الثاني عام 539 هـ/1144م، أبدى أبو العباس رغبته في السفر طلبا للعلم ولقاء المشايخ، وعمره ست عشرة عاما، ووقع اختياره على مراكش. لأنها عاصمة الدولة الجديدة.

وجد أبو العباس مدينة مراكش في حالة حصار (استمر من محرم إلى شوال عام 541 هـ/1146م). فصعد إلى جبل جيليز مع وصيفه، وفي تعطير الأنفاس وبقى في خلوته هناك مع وصيفه مسعود الحاج أربعين سنة.

دخل أبو العباس إلى مراكش، وقطع خلوته الطويلة في عهد المنصور، وصول أخبار كرامات أبي العباس بعد نزوله على جبل جيليز، جعل المنصور واعيان المدينة يطلعون إليه للتبرك، ودعاه الخليفة إلى الإقامة بالمدينة وحبس عليه مدرسة للعلم والتدريس ودارا للسكنى.

وهذه المرحلة من أخصب مراحل حياة أبي العباس، ففيها تم نشر مذهبه على نطاق واسع إذ كان يطوف بنفسه في الاسواق ويحث الناس على الصدقة وعلى المتاجرة مع الله. توفي بمراكش في اليوم الثالث من جمادى الأخيرة عام 601هـ/1204م.

كان مشاركاً كبيرا في علوم الإسلام، فقيها على مذهب مالك، وكان حائزاً لرئاسة الفقه في وقته، بصيراً بدقائق المذهب، ضابطاً لقواعده، عارفاً بصناعة الأحكام.. وكان بالعلم والعمل والزهد والورع والتصدق نموذجا يحتذى، وتمم كل هذا بحسن الأقوال وجمال الأفعال، حتى وصفه ابن المؤقت المراكشي في كتابه «السعادة الأبدية في التعريف برجال الحضرة المراكشية»، «بحجة المغاربة على أهل الأقاليم».

مراجع

أشخاص مغاربة في القرن 12
أشخاص من سبتة
أشخاص من مراكش
علماء دين سنة
فلاسفة مغاربة
كتاب صوفيون مغاربة
كتاب مغاربة في القرن 12
مغاربة في القرن 13
مواليد 1129
مواليد في سبتة
وفيات 1204
وفيات في مراكش

أبو العباس السبتي


Greenhalgh Castle war eine Festung in der Nähe von Garstang in Lancashire, England.

Thomas Stanley, der die Burg baute, unterstützte Heinrich VII. zuerst am 22. August 1485 in der Schlacht von Bosworth. Der Streit um den englischen Thron war mit dieser Schlacht aber noch nicht entschieden. 1487 gab es einen Versuch Heinrich VII. abzusetzen. Die Aufständischen versammelten sich in Irland und setzten von dort nach Lancashire in England über. Sie fanden Unterstützung durch Sir Thomas Broughton, Sir Thomas Pilkington, Robert Hilton und James Harrington, die Landbesitz in Lancashire hatten und nahmen so auch den Ort Garstang für sich ein. In der Schlacht von Stoke schlugen Truppen unter der Führung des Königs und Truppen unter der Führung von Thomas Stanley die Aufständischen am 16. Juni 1487. Einige der Aufrührer wurden danach in Garstang hingerichtet. Heinrich VII beschlagnahmte aber auch große Ländereien der Aufständischen in Lancashire, die er Thomas Stanley als Dank für dessen Unterstützung übertrug. Um diesen neuen Besitz verteidigen und überwachen zu können, gewährte der König am 2. August 1490 Stanley das Privileg die Festung Greenhalgh bei Garstang anzulegen.

Auch der 7. Earl of Derby Earl James war ein Unterstützer des Königs im Englischen Bürgerkrieg. Ende 1644 hatten die Truppen der Republikaner Lancashire mit der Ausnahme von Lathom House und Greenhalgh Castle, die beide dem Earl of Derby gehörten, unter ihrer Kontrolle. Die Belagerung Greenhalgh Castles endete nach zwei Jahren im Mai 1645 als den Belagerten zugesichert wurde, dass sie unversehrt in ihre Heimatorte zurückkehren dürften. Die Republikaner schleiften darauf hin die Festung, damit sich ein derartiger Vorgang nicht noch einmal wiederholen konnte.

Die Ruinen der Festung, die nur noch aus den Resten eines der ursprünglich vier Türme besteht, sind heute noch bei Garstang sichtbar.

Weblinks

 The History of Greenhalgh Castle (englisch)
 Samuel Lewis (Hrsg.), A Topographical Dictionary of England, 7. Auflage 1848, S. 279–282 Eintrag Garstang (St.Helen) hier: online (englisch)

Ehemalige Burganlage im Vereinigten Königreich
Bauwerk in Lancashire
Scheduled Monument in Lancashire
Borough of Wyre
Stanley (Adelsgeschlecht)

Greenhalgh Castle


Vukovina je umjetno jezero u Zagrebačkoj županiji. Nalazi se u blizini naselja Vukovina, po kojem je dobilo ime. Ima površinu 138.127 m², prosječna dubina je 10 m, najveća dubina je 24 m. Jezero je poznato za ribolov, živi u njemu šarani i amuri. U okolici jezera živi i veliki broj ptica, kao krdže, gluhare, seoske laste, konopljarke i liske.

Izvori

Umjetna jezera u Hrvatskoj

Vukovina (jezero)


Cumaná, Venezuela'nın kuzeydoğusunda bir şehir. Nüfusu 257.821 kişidir (1 Ocak 2005).

Venezuela eyaleti Sucre'nin başkenti olan Cumaná, Karayip Denizi'nin sahilinde, Manzanares Nehri kıyısında bir limandır.

Şehir, 1520 yılında İspanyol kaşifler tarafından kurulmuştur ve Avrupalıların Güney Amerika'daki ilk daimi yerleşim yeridir. Depremler şehri çok kez, özellikle 1766, 1797 ve 1929'da yıkmıştır.

Cumaná, modern donanımıyla yükleme ve boşaltma işini yerine getiren doğal bir limana sahiptir. Temel ihraç ürünleri, kahve, tütün, şeker kamışıdır. Şehirde, mobilya ve tekstil fabrikaları ile çok sayıda sigara imalathanesi konuşlanmıştır. Cumaná ayrıca, 1958 yılında kurulan Universidad de Oriente adlı bir üniversiteye sahiptir.

Şehrin yetiştirdiği önemli şahsiyetlerden biri, özgürlük savaşçısı Antonio José de Sucre olup, Simón Bolívar'ın yakın bir silah arkadaşıdır.

Venezuela'daki şehirler
Venezuela'daki liman kentleri
Sucre Eyaleti
1500'lerde kurulan yerleşim birimleri

Cumaná


J. Lamar Worzel (February 21, 1919 – December 26, 2008) was an American geophysicist known for his important contributions to underwater acoustics, underwater photography, and gravity measurements at sea.

Life
Worzel was born on February 21, 1919, in Staten Island, New York. His father was a real-estate lawyer.

Worzel, was a graduate of Lehigh University. There he met Dr. Maurice Ewing with whom he had a forty-year working relationship. He had a long and notable career as a research scientist and professor of oceanography at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution before following Ewing to the new Lamont Geological Observatory at Columbia University. He conducted annual research on many ships, including the Vema, which set the stage for the rapid advances in marine geology and geophysics in the late 1940s and 1950s.  Along with Ewing and Alan Vine, he built the first camera designed to go to a depth of 3000 fathoms (5.5 km), in 1939.

Together with Ewing, he discovered "shadow zones" in the oceans that were not accessible to sonar detection as well as "deep sound channels" that transmit low frequency sounds for long distances. Such discoveries were of military significance and the basis for the development of the Sofar channel program of the US Navy. Other achievements included the precise measurement of the earth's gravity field from surface ships, previously hampered by the inherent instability of ship platforms.

In 1963 he led a team conducting an acoustic investigation which later found the remains of the nuclear powered submarine USS Thresher (SSN 593), lost after deep diving trials.

He was a Gravity Specialist and Co-Chief Scientist and eventually Associate Director at Lamont Geological Observatory (now known as Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory), director of the Marine Science Institute Geophysical Laboratory at Galveston, Texas, from 1975–79, vice-president of Society of Exploration Geophysicists (1978–79), and principal investigator of the drilling program on the Blake plateau region off Jacksonville, Florida, in 1965. Worzel is a cofounder of the Palisades Geophysical Institute and served as its president from 1974 until 2002 when he disbanded it as he felt the research was too focused on weaponry. Worzel was a fellow of the American Geophysical Union.

His work had both military and peaceful implications. With Ewing he established that the sea floor is not a former sunken continent but an original ocean basin. Today, the J. Lamar Worzel Assistant Scientist Fund is a US$1 million fund that supports young scientists pursuing careers in geophysical oceanography at Woods Hole.  Additionally, the Maurice Ewing and J. Lamar Worzel Professorship of Geophysics at Columbia University in New York is named in his honor.

He was married to the former Dorothy Crary.

Publications
Propagation of Sound in the Ocean. [Three papers.] with Maurice Ewing & Chaim L. Pekeris
Gravity and Geodesy: 1. Gravity Investigations of the Subduction Zone
Pendulum Gravity Measurements at Sea
Tertiary Tectonics of Central Hispaniola and the Adjacent Caribbean Sea with John W. Ladd
New Concepts of Sea Floor Evolution Part 1 and 2 with  Edward Bullard

References

External links
Maurice Ewing and J. Lamar Worzel Graduate Student Fellowship Program
Ocean Bottom Seismograph
photo of Worzel and Ewing
Photo: Scientific staff of Leg 1, Deep Sea Drilling Project, at Challenger Knoll
Photo: Worzel and Ewing, Deep Sea Drilling Project, at Challenger Knoll

1919 births
2008 deaths
People from Staten Island
American geophysicists
Underwater photographers
Lehigh University alumni
Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory people
Columbia University faculty
Fellows of the American Geophysical Union
Scientists from New York (state)
Marine geophysicists

J. Lamar Worzel


Den nye sommerfugl er en dansk animeret børnefilm fra 2008, der er instrueret af Maris Brinkmanis og Evalds Lacis efter manuskript af sidstnævnte.

Handling
En sommerfuglefamilie tager på picnic i skoven, men bliver forstyrret midt i frokosten af en ældre sommerfuglefanger på jagt efter nyt bytte. Han fanger sommerfugleforældrene og tager dem med hjem til sin samling. Nu er det op til børnene at bruge al deres fantasi og mod, for hvordan kan de få sluppet forældrene fri?

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Børnefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2008
Animationsfilm fra Danmark

Den nye sommerfugl


Danute Monika "Bunki" Bankaitis-Davis (* 2. Januar 1958; † 29. Januar 2021) war eine US-amerikanische Radrennfahrerin und Weltmeisterin.

Danute Bankaite-Davis, "Bunki" genannt, war eines von zehn Kindern; sie hatte vier Schwestern und fünf Brüder. Ihre litauischstämmigen Eltern, die sehr traditionell waren, versuchten, sie vom Sport abzuhalten, ihre Brüder unterstützten ihren sportlichen Ehrgeiz jedoch. Zunächst spielte sie Volleyball in der Schule. Erst relativ spät begann sie auf Anregung ihres späteren Ehemannes mit dem Leistungsradsport, auch weil sie an Fußproblemen litt.

1988, im Alter von 30 Jahren, errang Bankaitis-Davis ihren ersten großen Sieg, als sie die Norwegen-Rundfahrt gewann. Im selben Jahr startete sie bei den Olympischen Spielen in Seoul im Straßenrennen und belegte den 14. Platz. 1990 gewann sie die Tour de Toona und belegte in der Gesamtwertung der Norwegen-Rundfahrt Platz zwei. 1992 wurde sie Weltmeisterin im Mannschaftszeitfahren, gemeinsam mit Janice Bolland, Jeanne Golay und Eve Stephenson. Anschließend trat sie zurück.

Schon vor ihrer Radsport-Laufbahn hatte Danute Bankaitis-Davis ein Studium der Chemie beendet. Nach ihrem Rücktritt vom aktiven Sport arbeitete sie in der Forschung und war Vizepräsidentin einer Firma für Molekular-Medizin.

Weblinks

 Former Olympian Shifts Gears to Science Career auf online.wsj.com

Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1988
Radsportler (Vereinigte Staaten)
Olympiateilnehmer (Vereinigte Staaten)
Weltmeister (Radsport)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1958
Gestorben 2021
Frau

Danute Bankaitis-Davis


The Mesobatrachia (Ancient Greek μέσος (mésos, "middle") + batrachia ("frogs")) is a paraphyletic group of relatively primitive frogs. At the end of 2016, it contained 3 superfamilies (Pelobatoidea, Pelodytoidea and Pipoidea), 6 families, 16 genera, and 244 species. Recognized as a group in 1993, the name is contrasted with the primitive Archaeobatrachia and the more diverse and advanced Neobatrachia.

The Mesobatrachia comprise five fossorial families, including the spadefoot toads of Europe, North America, and East Asia, the parsley frogs, and the Mexican burrowing toad, as well as one obligatorily aquatic family, the Pipidae of Africa and South America. Later studies recognised that the group was paraphyletic with respect to Neobatrachia.

The families currently accepted in the Mesobatrachia suborder are:

 Megophryidae
 Pelobatidae
 Pelodytidae
 Pipidae
 Rhinophrynidae
 Scaphiopodidae

References

.
Amphibian suborders

Mesobatrachia


Drungar (fræðiheiti: Dicruridae), einnig kallaðir drongóar, eru ætt spörfugla.

Heimildaskrá

Spörfuglar

Drungar


Tomaschoff ist der Nachname von
 Gideon Tomaschoff (* 1956), israelisch-kanadischer Maler
 Jan Tomaschoff (* 1951), Arzt, Karikaturist und Buchautor

Tomaschoff


Nat-skinnende hvid (Kinesisk: 唐 韓幹 照夜白圖 卷; Engelsk: Night-Shining White) er en manuskriptrulle af den kinesiske kunstner Han Gan, skabt i midten af det 8. århundrede (ca. 750). Det er et af de største hesteportrætter i kinesisk maleri. I øjeblikket befinder værket sig i Metropolitan Museum of Arts samling, hvortil tegningen blev givet i 1977.

Værket er et portræt af den hest "Nat-skinnende hvid", som kejser Xuanzong (regeringstid 712-56) af Tang-dynastiet brugte i krig. Han Gan blev i sin tid betragtet som en af de førende kunstnere i Kina. Han var berømt for i sine værker ikke kun at kunne vise udseendet af en hest, men også dens natur og karakter, og han havde også et dybt kendskab til hestes adfærd. De brændende øjne med store pupiller, blafrende næsebor og dansende hove på billedet var karakteristiske for billedet af en mytologisk fyrig hest. Han Gan hævdede i samtale med kejseren, at hestene i stalden var hans malerlærere. Efter ordre fra Xuanzong skabte Han Gan en serie "portrætter" af berømte heste.

Europæiske kunsthistorikere noterer sig ofte konventionaliteten af tegningerne af Han Gan og andre repræsentanter for kinesisk maleri og ser dette som en væsentlig forskel i kinesisk dyrebilleder fra værker, der viser dyr skabt af europæiske kunstnere. Dyrene afbildet i traditionel kinesisk maleri er normalt ikke så anatomisk præcise som dem, der findes i vestlige malerier. Trods maleriets enkelhed og konventionalitet mangler "Nat-skinnende hvid" ikke udtryk eller spiritualitet. I modsætning til naturalistiske billeder af heste fra den centralasiatiske race har hesten på "Nat-skinnende hvid" mindre realistiske proportioner: i figuren har hesten korte og meget tynde ben og en meget rund krop. Han Gan gav hesten menneskelige træk, dens pinefulde øjne vendes mod beskueren og synes at appellere om medfølelse og hjælp. Bindingen til stolpen og hestens følelsesmæssige udseende repræsenterer et andet aspekt, den triste side af livet ved kejserens hof.

Mange af kunstnerens originale værker er ikke bevaret, men er ofte kopieret af malere i efterfølgende århundreder. Mange segl og underskrifter fra tidligere samlere bekræfter ophavet til værket til Han Gan. I dette tilfælde er der ingen signaturer eller segl af kunstneren selv. De mange segl og påskrifter, der er tilføjet selve maleriet og dets kant af senere ejere og eksperter, er et kendetegn hos kinesiske kunstsamlinger og kendere.

Galleri

Eksterne henvisninger

Noter

Kunst fra Kina

Nat-skinnende hvid


Razdolni  es un posiólok del raión de Briujovétskaya del krai de Krasnodar en el sur de Rusia. Está situado en el limán Lebiazhi del río Beisug, 14 km al noroeste de Briujovétskaya y 96 km al norte de Krasnodar, la capital del krai. Tenía 458 habitantes en 2010.

Pertenece al municipio rural Chepiginskoye.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
 Este artículo es una traducción parcial de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Раздольный (Брюховецкий район).
 Mapa en maps.vlasenko.net .
 El municipio en el sitio web del raión

Localidades del raión de Briujovétskaya del krai de Krasnodar

Razdolni (Briujovétskaya, Krasnodar)


Tim Weiner (* 20. Juni 1956) ist ein US-amerikanischer Journalist. Er schreibt für die New York Times.

Kurzvita
Er gilt als einer der profundesten Kenner der amerikanischen Geheimdienstsysteme. Für seine Reportagen und seine Berichterstattung über das geheime "National Security Program", das die Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) gemeinsam mit dem Pentagon heimlich ins Leben gerufen hatte, erhielt er zwei Pulitzer-Preise. So deckte er 1988 als Reporter des "Philadelphia Inquirer" eine durch  Reptilienfonds finanzierte, der parlamentarischen Kontrolle entzogene Rüstungsforschung und Waffenausgaben der US-amerikanischen Regierung auf.

Er berichtete als Korrespondent aus Afghanistan, Pakistan, dem Sudan und weiteren fünfzehn Staaten, in denen er auch CIA-Operationen recherchierte.

Für sein Buch CIA: Die ganze Geschichte wurde er 2007 mit dem National Book Award für Sachbücher und dem Los Angeles Times Book Prize für Geschichte ausgezeichnet. Sein Buch One Man Against the World – The Tragedy of Richard Nixon sei "weitgehend polemisch, flach und kurzatmig", urteilte Alfred Defago.

Werkverzeichnis
 The Folly and the Glory. America, Russia, and Political Warfare 1945–2020. Henry Holt and Company, New York 2020, ISBN 978-1-62779-085-7.
 deutsch: Macht und Wahn. Der politische Krieg zwischen den USA und Russland seit 1945. Übersetzt von Christa Prummer-Lehmair und Rita Seuß, S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2021, ISBN 978-3-10-091072-1.
 One Man Against the World - The Tragedy of Richard Nixon. 2016, ISBN 978-1-62779-083-3.
 deutsch: Ein Mann gegen die Welt. Aufstieg und Fall des Richard Nixon. Übersetzt von Christa Prummer-Lehmair und Rita Seuß, S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2016, ISBN 978-3-10-002462-6.
 Enemies: A History of the FBI, February 2012, = FBI, Die wahre Geschichte einer legendären Organisation, S. Fischer, Frankfurt a. Main 2012, ISBN 978-3-10-091071-4
 Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA, New York 2007
 deutsch: CIA: Die ganze Geschichte. Übersetzt von Elke Enderwitz, Ulrich Enderwitz, Monika Noll, Rolf Schubert, S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2008, ISBN 978-3-10-091070-7
 Betrayal: The Story of Aldrich Ames, an American Spy, 1995
 Blank Check: The Pentagon's Black Budget, 1991

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Journalist (Vereinigte Staaten)
Sachbuchautor
Pulitzer-Preisträger
Träger des National Book Award
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1956
Mann

Tim Weiner


Die Hong Kong Open 1986 im Badminton fanden vom 22. bis zum 25. Mai 1986 in Hongkong statt. Mit einem Preisgeld von 25.000 US-Dollar wurde das Turnier in Kategorie 1 der Grand-Prix-Wertung eingestuft.

Finalresultate

Referenzen
 Programmheft German Open 1987 S. 41

World Badminton Grand Prix 1986
1986

Hong Kong Open 1986


C.C. Lemon ist ein Limonadegetränk der japanischen Firma Suntory, welches 1994 auf dem Markt erschien. Als Werbemaskottchen gilt die populäre Fernsehserie Die Simpsons. C.C. Lemon befindet sich in der Rangliste der beliebtesten Getränke in Japan hinter Pepsi- und Coca-Cola auf Platz 3.

Werbefigur
Werbeträger sind Die Simpsons, die unter anderem in fünf Werbespots verwendet wurden. Ebenso gibt es Flaschenkühler, Füller, Magnete, Anhänger, Untersetzer, Strandbänke und Essensboxen von C.C. Lemon mit den Simpsons-Figuren Homer, Bart, Lisa, Maggie und Marge Simpson als Motiv.

Angebotene Flaschengrößen

Einzelnachweise

Markenname (Erfrischungsgetränk)
Essen und Trinken (Japan)

C. C. Lemon