Veherbronn ist eine totale Ortswüstung bei Reichertshausen, einem Ortsteil der Stadt Neudenau im Landkreis Heilbronn im nördlichen Baden-Württemberg. Der Ort ging bereits im 14. oder frühen 15. Jahrhundert ein.

Lage
Veherbronn lag etwa einen Kilometer westlich von Reichertshausen in den Ochsenwiesen.

Geschichte
Veherbronn wurde urkundlich erstmals 1328 erwähnt, als Albrecht von Hohenlohe bezeugte, die drei Weiler Richertshußen (Reichertshausen), Verherbrunnen (Veherbronn) und Luhtenwyler (Leichtenweiler) von seiner verstorbenen ersten Frau erhalten zu haben. 1337 übereignete Albrecht die drei Weiler mit allen Einwohnern, Gütern und Rechten dem Hochstift Würzburg, dem sein Sohn als Kanoniker beigetreten war. Diese beiden Urkunden sind die einzigen sicheren Nachrichten über die Existenz der Orte Leichtenweiler und Veherbronn, während Reichertshausen bis heute besteht. Die nächste urkundliche Erwähnung 1473 besagt bereits, dass die Äcker der beiden Orte seit mindestens einer Generation von Reichertshausen aus bewirtschaftet wurden. Man nimmt an, dass Leichtenweiler vor Veherbronn aufgegeben wurde, da die Leichtenweiler Flur zunächst zwischen Reichertshausen und Veherbronn aufgeteilt wurde, bevor auch Veherbronn wüst fiel und die gesamte Flur zu Reichertshausen kam. Im Laufe der Zeit fielen nicht nur die Orte, sondern auch die Fluren wüst. Während es 1473 noch 130 Morgen Acker gab, die zu Veherbronn zählten, wurden 1542 nur noch vier Morgen bewirtschaftet. Erst nach dem Dreißigjährigen Krieg wurden die Ackerflächen wieder teilweise gerodet.

Die Gründe für die Aufgabe von Veherbronn liegen sowohl in der im 14. Jahrhundert mehrfach auftretenden Pest als auch in der Siedlungskonzentration zugunsten des befestigten Ortes Siglingen.

Die Lage des Ortes kann über einen alten Brunnen lokalisiert werden, der bereits 1499 erwähnt wurde und von dem es in einer Urkunde von 1777 heißt, er sei Vorhero zu Veherbronnen, an jetzo aber in den Ochsenwiesen gelegen, so dass der Ort wohl in der heutigen Gemarkung Ochsenwiesen lag.

Literatur
Hartmut Gräf: Siglingen, Reichertshausen, Kreßbach – Ein Heimatbuch, Neudenau-Siglingen 1978, S. 158–166.

Geographie (Neudenau)
Wüstung im Landkreis Heilbronn
Wüstwerdung im 14. Jahrhundert
Wüstwerdung im 15. Jahrhundert

Veherbronn


Terrassa, Katalonya İspanya'da bulunan bir şehirdir. 2006 itibarı ile şehir merkezinde nüfus yaklaşık 201.000, tüm ilde ise 250.000'dir.

Demografi

Terrassa belediye sınırları içinde nüfusu (1.1.2010 tahmini itibarıyla) 212.724 kişidir.

Terrassa belediye sınırları içinde nüfusun gelişmesi şu gösterimde izlenebilir:

1.000 Kişi

Kaynak: INE - Instituto Nacional de Estadística, İspanya
 Kaynak:Hollandaca Wikipedia "Terrassa" maddesi

Terrassa nüfusunun  1543 ile 2006 arasındaki demografik gelişmesi şu listeden gorulebilir:

Kardeş şehirler

Terrassa'nin şu kardeş şehirleri bulunmaktadır:

Resimler

Terrassa

Ayrıca bakınız

 Barcelona ili
 Vallès Occidental
 Katalonya
 Terrassa anıtsal kilise kompleksi

Dış bağlantılar

 Terrassa Belediyesi resmi websitesi

İspanya'daki şehirler

Terrassa


Le Longwy Boys Futsal est un club de futsal français basé à Longwy, fondé en 2008 et disparu en 2015.

Histoire

Débuts et montées rapides
Le Longwy Boys Futsal est déclaré en préfecture le .

Le club a la particularité d'évoluer parallèlement en D3 belge, sous le nom Cocoloco Arlon, et participe à la finale de la  coupe de Belgique ABFS, perdue (5-14) face à Rolini Koerse.

En tant que meilleur club de la Ligue lorraine pour la saison 2010-2011, les Boys font partie des huit clubs montant en Championnat de France 2011-2012.

Club de niveau national
Placé dans le groupe A du Championnat de France 2011-2012, les Longwy Boys termine à la sixième place avec pourtant la deuxième plus mauvaise attaque et troisièmes pire défense sur les douze équipes.

En 2012-2013, la moitié des clubs de l'élite sont relégués en fin de saison pour former la nouvelle Division 2. Longwy termine en dixième position de la poule A avec la plus mauvaise attaque et est donc relégué.

Au sein de la poule Nord de la D2 2013-2014, les Boys finissent septièmes et premiers non-relégables.

En Division 2 2014-2015, le LBF réalise sa meilleure saison au niveau national. Le joueur lorrain Pepe termine largement meilleur buteur de la poule A (44 buts) et permet à son club de disposer de la meilleure attaque de la division avec 134 buts. Lors de la dernière journée face à Nantes Bela, les deux clubs prétendent encore à la montée et s'affrontent à Longwy. La défaite (1-3) des Boys offre la montée aux Nantais.

Fin du club
Dans le procès-verbal de sa réunion du 16 juillet 2015, la Commission fédérale des compétitions nationales futsal de la Fédération française de football annonce . La commission dit remettre le club de Longwy Boys Futsal à disposition de sa Ligue régionale.

Faute de moyens, le club ne prend pas part à la Division 2 2015-2016. Le président Issam Demay déclare . Consigne est alors donnée aux joueurs de trouver un autre club sur le marché des transferts.

Palmarès

Titres et trophées

Au moment d'intégrer Championnat de France 2011-2012, le club a remporté trois coupes régionales de la Ligue lorraine.

Bilan par saison

Structures du club

Statut du club et des joueurs
Le club est fondé en 2008 en tant que club sportif, régi par la loi sur les associations établie en 1901. Il est affilié à la Fédération française de football et ses antennes locales, la Ligue lorraine de football et au district de Meurthe-et-Moselle.

Les joueurs ont soit un statut bénévole ou amateur.

Salle
Les Boys évoluent au sein de la salle Léon-Bassompierre de Longwy.

Personnalités

Dirigeants et entraîneurs
Said Benredouane fonde le club fin octobre 2008. Il est toujours en poste lors du Championnat de France 2012-2013. Après le désengagement de Division 2 2015-2016 pour raison financière, le président Issam Demay décide de renoncer à ses fonctions.

En 2013-2014, le capitaine Mohamed Kehal combine la double fonction de entraîneur-joueur du Cocoloco Arlon, promu dans l'élite belge pour la saison 2013-2014, et du noyau qui disputero le championnat français. À l'été 2014, l'espagnol et ancien du FC Barcelone, Luis Bernat Molinari, devient entraîneur du club.

Joueurs
Au moment d'intégrer Championnat de France 2011-2012, Ahmed Rani et Mohamed Kehal, les deux meilleurs buteurs de l'équipe, sont présélectionnés en équipe de France en mai 2011. Avant eux, Aziz Benredouane connaît trois présélections. En 2013-2014, le capitaine Kehal combine la double fonction de entraîneur-joueur.

À l'été 2014, les Boys enregistrent les renforts de joueurs en provenance d'Espagne et du Portugal afin de se donner les moyens de leurs ambitions : la montée en première division. Arrivé en début de saison 2014-2015, Pépé termine largement meilleur buteur de la poule A (44 buts).

Notes et références

Liens externes

Club sportif fondé en 2001
Club sportif disparu en 2015
Club de futsal dans le Grand Est
Sport à Longwy

Longwy Boys Futsal


An Agrostis schleicheri in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Claude Thomas Alexis Jordan ngan Jean Baptiste Verlot. An Agrostis schleicheri in nahilalakip ha genus nga Agrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Agrostis

Agrostis schleicheri


Wilhelm von Bonin ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Wilhelm von Bonin (Verwaltungsbeamter) (1786–1852), preußischer Verwaltungsbeamter
 Wilhelm von Bonin (Offizier) (1824–1885), preußischer Offizier

Wilhelm von Bonin


ᵓ, appelée o ouvert en exposant, o ouvert supérieur ou lettre modificative o ouvert, est un graphème utilisé dans l'écriture du teso. Il est formé de la lettre ɔ mise en exposant.

Utilisation

En teso, ou ateso, le o ouvert en exposant  est utilisé dans l'orthographe de l'Atɛsɔ Local Language Board de 2014 pour représenter une voyelle mi-ouverte postérieure arrondie  murmurée.

Représentations informatiques
La lettre lettre modificative o ouvert peut être représenté avec les caractères Unicode suivants (Extensions phonétiques) :

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Voir aussi
 Écriture latine
 Ɔ

Ɔ
Lettre latine additionnelle
Lettre modificative

ᵓ


Duane Gene "Digger" Carey (born April 30, 1957) is a retired lieutenant colonel in the United States Air Force and a former NASA astronaut. He piloted the space shuttle Columbia on March 1, 2002, during a Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission.

Education
Carey graduated from Highland Park High School in Saint Paul, Minnesota, in 1975. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics, and a Master of Science degree in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Minnesota in 1981 and 1982, respectively.

Flying career
Carey received his commission from the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps in 1981 and graduated from Undergraduate Pilot Training in 1983. He flew the A-10A Thunderbolt II during tours at England Air Force Base, Louisiana, and Suwon Air Base, Republic of Korea. He completed F-16 Fighting Falcon training in 1988 and was assigned to Torrejon Air Base, Spain.

In 1991, he was selected to attend the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, California. After graduation in 1992, he worked as an F-16 experimental test pilot and System Safety Officer at Edwards. He has logged over 4,300 hours in more than 35 types of aircraft.

NASA career
Carey was selected as an astronaut candidate by NASA in April 1996. He reported to the NASA Johnson Space Center in August 1996. After the completion of two years of training and evaluation, he was qualified for flight assignment as a pilot. Initially, he was assigned technical duties in the Astronaut Office Spacecraft Systems/Operations Branch.

In 2002, he served as the pilot of Columbia on STS-109, logging over 10 days in space. STS-109  (March 1–12, 2002). STS-109 was the fourth Hubble Space Telescope (HST) servicing mission. The crew of STS-109 successfully upgraded the Hubble Space Telescope, leaving it with a new power unit, a new camera and new solar arrays. HST servicing and upgrade was accomplished by four crew members during five EVAs on five consecutive days. Carey also helped document the EVA activities with video and still images. STS-109 orbited the Earth 165 times, and covered 3.9 million miles in over 262 hours.

Carey retired from NASA in October 2004.

Personal life
He is married to Cheryl Ann Tobritzhofer, also of Saint Paul, Minnesota. They have two children.

He is a member of the National Space Society and American Motorcyclist Association, and the Air Force Association.

Honors
Carey has been awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross with Valor Device and three Air Medals, as well as the American Motorcyclist Association Hazel Kolb Brighter Image Award.

References

External links

  Duane Carey personal website

Spacefacts biography of Duane G. Carey

1957 births
Living people
American test pilots
Aviators from Minnesota
People from Saint Paul, Minnesota
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Air Medal
United States Air Force astronauts
United States Air Force officers
University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering alumni
U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School alumni
Space Shuttle program astronauts
Military personnel from Minnesota

Duane G. Carey


The FIFA Confederations Cup was an international association football tournament for men's national teams, held every four years by FIFA. It was contested by the holders of each of the six continental championships (AFC, CAF, CONCACAF, CONMEBOL, OFC, and UEFA), along with the current FIFA World Cup holder and the host nation, to bring the number of teams up to eight.

Between 2001 and 2017 (with an exception in 2003), the tournament was held in the country that would host the World Cup the following year, acting as a test event for the larger tournament.

The last champions were Germany, who won the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup by defeating Chile 1–0 in the final to win their first title.

In March 2019, FIFA confirmed that the tournament would no longer be staged, with its slot replaced by an expansion of the FIFA Club World Cup, as well as the 2021 FIFA Arab Cup, as a prelude to the 2022 FIFA World Cup.

History

King Fahd Cup
The tournament was originally organized by and held in Saudi Arabia, contested in 1992 and 1995 by the Saudi national side and some continental champions. Disputed as the King Fahd Cup (Confederations Winners Cup or Intercontinental Championship), in honor of the then Saudi ruler who organized the tournament with his country's federation.

Confederations Cup era
In 1997, FIFA took over the organization of the tournament, named it the FIFA Confederations Cup and staged the competition every two years and recognized the first two editions in 1997.

After 2005, it was held every four years, in the year prior to each World Cup in the host country of the forthcoming World Cup (the 2001 edition was hosted in South Korea and Japan, before the quadrennial pattern was established). Considered a dress rehearsal for the World Cup it precedes, it used around half of the stadiums intended for use at the following year's competition and gave the host nation, which qualified for that tournament automatically, experience at a high level of competition during the two years. At the same time, participation was made optional for the South American and European champions.

Generally, the host nation, the World Cup holders, and the six continental champions qualified for the competition. In those cases where a team meets more than one of the qualification criteria (such as the 2001 tournament where France qualified as the World Cup champions and European champions), another team was invited to participate, often the runner-up in a competition that the extra-qualified team won.

On four occasions teams have chosen not to participate in the tournament. Germany did so twice, in 1997 (replaced by Euro 1996 runners-up Czech Republic) and in 2003 when Germany were awarded a place as the 2002 World Cup runners-up, replaced by the third-placed team Turkey. World champions France declined a place in the 1999 Confederations Cup, replaced by Brazil, the 1998 World Cup runners-up. Italy, UEFA Euro 2000 runners up, declined their place in the 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup.

An earlier tournament that invited former World Cup winners, the 1980 Mundialito, celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of the first World Cup. The Artemio Franchi Trophy, contested in 1985 and 1993 between the winners of the Copa América and UEFA European Championship, was another example of an earlier contest between football confederations. Both of these are considered by some to be a form of unofficial precursor to the Confederations Cup, although FIFA recognised only the 1992 tournaments onwards to be Confederations Cup winners.

2021 tournament and abolition
The 2021 tournament was originally to be held in Qatar, the host country of the 2022 FIFA World Cup, as announced on 2 December 2010 after the country was awarded the hosting rights of the 2022 FIFA World Cup. However, concerns arose surrounding Qatar's high temperatures during the summer period (which also led to calls for the World Cup to be moved from its traditional June–July scheduling to November–December).

On 25 February 2015, this resulted in FIFA officially announcing that it would move the 2021 Confederations Cup to another country of the Asian Football Confederation, so it could still be held during the traditional window of June/July 2021, without interrupting domestic leagues. As compensation, another FIFA tournament, potentially the 2021 FIFA Club World Cup, could be held in Qatar in November–December 2021, as the test event for the 2022 World Cup.

In October 2017, FIFA divulged plans to abolish the Confederations Cup by 2021 and replace it with a quadrennial, 24-team FIFA Club World Cup and move the latter tournament from December to June. On 15 March 2019, FIFA announced that the Confederations Cup would be abolished, with an expanded FIFA Club World Cup taking place instead.

Future
In July 2021, UEFA president Aleksander Čeferin and CONMEBOL president Alejandro Domínguez began efforts to launch a competition competed by the winners of the Copa America and the European Championship. The idea is to have the European Championship and Copa America to both be played two years ahead of World Cups, with the new tournament to then be played a year before a World Cup in the nation that will host the World Cup. An edition of the tournament was being considered for 2022 and on 1 June 2022, Argentina beat Italy in the 2022 Finalissima, a relaunch of the CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions.

Format
The eight qualified teams were drawn into two round-robin groups: two teams from the same confederation could not be drawn in a group, except if there were three teams from the same confederation (something that only happened in the 2017 edition when hosts Russia were joined by World Cup champions Germany and European champions Portugal). Every team played all other teams in their group once, for three matches.

The top two teams of each group advanced to the semi-finals, with the winners of each group playing the runners-up of the other group. The rankings of teams in each group were determined as follows (regulations Article 19.6):

If two or more teams were equal on the basis of the above three criteria, their rankings were determined as follows:

The winners of the semi-finals advanced to the final, while the losers played in the third-place game. For the knockout stage, if the score was drawn at the end of regular time, extra time was played (two periods of 15 minutes each) and followed, if necessary, by a penalty shoot-out to determine the winner.

Results

FIFA Confederations Cup
The first two editions were in fact the defunct King Fahd Cup. FIFA later recognized them retroactively as Confederations Cup editions.

Teams reaching the top four

 * hosts

Records and statistics

Individual records

Manager

Top goalscorer in single tournament
7 goals, Romário of  in 1997

Overall top goalscorers

Awards

References

External links

Recurring sporting events established in 1992
Recurring sporting events disestablished in 2019
Defunct international association football competitions
Confederations Cup

FIFA Confederations Cup


is the most common name given to the region comprising the metropolitan areas of the cities of Fukuoka and Kitakyushu in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan and in between.  Alternate names are many, including Kitakyushu-Fukuoka Greater Metropolitan Region (北九州・福岡大都市圏), Northern Part of Kyushu Greater Metropolitan Region (北部九州大都市圏)

One reason for complications in naming is because the whole region itself was once referred to as "Kitakyushu", which had become ambiguous after the city merger in 1963 which created the city by the same name.

These cities may be referred to separately, but often are lumped together since they are close and lie in the same prefecture.  Furthermore, their economic spheres, infrastructure, and transport links overlap.  Note that the metro areas include the tip of Honshu island (Shimonoseki on Honshu is a significant suburb of Kitakyushu), as well as the northern part of Kyushu.  The definition of Northern Kyushu is not a superset of Fukuoka–Kitakyushu; among the ways it differs: it generally does not include any cities on Honshu island.

Definition
The region consists of the following areas:

 The Ube region may or may not be considered part of this region, depending on definition
 Note:  The cities of Ōita, Sasebo, Kumamoto are never included as being part of Fukuoka–Kitakyushu, despite their relative proximity to Fukuoka and Kitakyushu, rather, they are part of Northern Kyūshū.

Trends

There is a trend for concentration near Fukuoka, with the other areas declining in importance.

Transport

References

Metropolitan areas of Japan
Kyushu region

Fukuoka–Kitakyushu


A mousetrap is a specialized type of animal trap designed primarily to catch and, usually, kill mice. Mousetraps are usually set in an indoor location where there is a suspected infestation of rodents. Larger traps are designed to catch other species of animals, such as rats, squirrels, other small rodents, or other animals.

Types

Jaw mousetrap

The trap that is credited as the first patented lethal mousetrap was a set of spring-loaded, cast-iron jaws dubbed "Royal No. 1". It was patented on 4 November 1879 by James M. Keep of New York, US patent 221,320. From the patent description, it is clear that this is not the first mousetrap of this type, but the patent is for this simplified, easy-to-manufacture design.  It is the industrial-age development of the deadfall trap, but relying on the force of a wound spring rather than gravity.

The jaws are operated by a coiled spring, and the triggering mechanism is between the jaws, where the bait is held. The trip snaps the jaws shut, killing the rodent.

Lightweight traps of this style are now constructed from plastic. These traps do not have a powerful snap like other types. They are safer for the fingers of the person setting them than other lethal traps, and can be set with the press on a tab by a single finger or even by foot.

Spring-loaded bar mousetrap

The spring-loaded mousetrap was first patented by William C. Hooker of Abingdon, Illinois, who received US patent 528671 for his design in 1894. A British inventor, James Henry Atkinson, patented a similar trap called the "Little Nipper" in 1898, including variations that had a weight-activated treadle as the trip.
 In 1899, Atkinson patented a modification of his earlier design that transformed it from a trap that goes off by a step on the treadle into one that goes off by a pull on the bait. The similarity of the latter design with Hooker's of 1894 may have contributed to a common mistake of giving priority to Atkinson.
It is a simple device with a heavily spring-loaded bar and a trip to release it. Cheese may be placed on the trip as bait, but other food such as oats, chocolate, bread, meat, butter and peanut butter are also used. The spring-loaded bar swings down rapidly and with great force when anything, usually a mouse, touches the trip. The design is such that the mouse's neck or spinal cord will be broken, or its ribs or skull crushed, by the force of the bar. The trap can be held over a bin and the dead mouse released into it by pulling the bar. In the case of rats, which are much larger than mice, a much larger version of the same type of trap is used to kill them. Some spring mousetraps have a plastic extended trip. The larger trip has two notable differences over the smaller traditional type: increased leverage, which requires less force from the rodent to trip it; and the larger surface area of the trip increases the probability that the rodent will set off the trap. The exact latching mechanism holding the trip varies, and some need to be set right at the edge in order to be sensitive enough to catch the mouse.

In 1899, John Mast of Lititz, Pennsylvania, filed a U.S. patent for a modification of Hooker's design that can be "readily set or adjusted with absolute safety to the person attending thereto, avoiding the liability of having his fingers caught or injured by the striker when it is prematurely or accidentally freed or released." He obtained the patent on 17 November 1903. After William Hooker had sold his interest in the Animal Trap Company of Abingdon, Illinois, and founded the new Abingdon Trap Company in 1899, the Animal Trap Company moved to Lititz, Pennsylvania, and fused with the J.M. Mast Manufacturing Company in 1905. The new and bigger company in Lititz retained the name Animal Trap Company. Compounding these different but related patents and companies may have contributed to the widespread mis-attribution of priority to Mast rather than Hooker.

Electric mousetrap
An electric mousetrap delivers a lethal dose of electricity when the rodent completes the circuit by contacting two electrodes located either at the entrance or between the entrance and the bait. The electrodes are housed in an insulated or plastic box to prevent accidental injury to humans and pets. They can be designed for single-catch domestic use or large multiple-catch commercial use. See  and .

Live-capture mousetrap

An early patented mousetrap is a live capture device patented in 1870 by W K Bachman of South Carolina. These traps have the advantage of allowing the mouse to be released into the wild, or the disadvantage of having to personally kill the captured animal if release is not desired.  To ensure a live capture, these traps need to be regularly checked as captured mice can die from stress or starvation. Captured mice need to be released some distance away, as mice have a strong homing instinct. House mice tend to not survive long away from human settlements due to higher levels of predation.

There are many methods to live trap mice. One of the simplest designs consists of a drinking glass placed upside down above a piece of bait, its rim elevated by a coin stood on edge. If the mouse attempts to take the bait, the coin is displaced and the glass traps the mouse. Another method of live trapping is to make a half-oval shaped tunnel with a toilet paper roll, put bait on one end of the roll, place the roll on a counter or table with the baited end sticking out over the edge, and put a deep bin under the edge. When the mouse enters the toilet paper roll to take the bait, the roll (and the mouse) will tip over the edge and fall into the bin below; the bin needs to be deep enough to ensure that the mouse cannot jump out. See also bucket trap.

A style of trap that has been used extensively by researchers in the biological sciences for capturing animals such as mice is the Sherman trap.  The Sherman trap folds flat for storage and distribution and when deployed in the field captures the animal, without injury, for examination.

Glue mousetraps

Glue traps are made using natural or synthetic adhesive applied to cardboard, plastic trays or similar material. Bait can be placed in the center or a scent may be added to the adhesive by the manufacturer. Glue traps are used primarily for rodent control indoors. Glue traps are not effective outdoors due to environmental conditions (e.g., moisture, dust), which quickly render the adhesive ineffective. Glue strip or glue tray devices trap the mouse in the sticky glue.

Glue traps often do not kill the animal so some people opt to kill the animal before disposing of the trap.
Manufacturers of glue traps usually state that trapped animals should be thrown away with the trap.

Because glue traps do not always kill the animal and often cause them to suffer a slow death, this method of trapping is denounced by animal rights groups and banned in several jurisdictions. Glue traps can be advantageous if the local population of animals have rat mites since the mite will remain on the animal's body while it is still alive and the glue would also trap mites leaving the animal after the animal's death.

Animals that come into contact with the trap can be released from the glue by applying vegetable oil and gently working the animal free. Glue traps are effective and non-toxic to humans.

Controversy
Death is much slower than with the traditional type trap, which has prompted animal activists and welfare organisations such as PETA and the RSPCA to oppose the use of glue traps. Trapped mice eventually die from exposure, dehydration, starvation, suffocation, or predation, or are killed by people when the trap is checked. In some jurisdictions the use of glue traps is regulated. Victoria, Australia restricts the use of glue traps to commercial pest control operators, and the traps must be used in accordance with conditions set by the Minister for Agriculture. Some jurisdictions have banned their use entirely; in Ireland it is illegal to import, possess, sell or offer for sale unauthorized traps, including glue traps. This law, the Wildlife (Amendment) Act, was passed in 2000. The use of glue traps to catch rodents without Ministerial approval has been prohibited in New Zealand since 2015. Uncle Bob's Self Storage, the fifth-largest self storage company in the United States, has ended the use of these devices at all its facilities; other companies that have taken similar measures are ING Barings and Charles Schwab Corporation.

Bucket mousetraps
Bucket traps may be lethal or non-lethal. Both types have a ramp which leads to the rim of a deep-walled container, such as a bucket. The variations are many with some being single-catch and some multi-catch.

The bucket may contain a liquid to drown the trapped mouse. The mouse is baited to the top of the container where it falls into the bucket and drowns. Sometimes soap or caustic or poison chemicals are used in the bucket as killing agents.

In non-lethal versions, the bucket is usually empty, allowing the mouse to live but keeping it trapped until the owner of the trap can release them.

Another design features a bowl (or similar container) containing a  deep layer of vegetable oil, with a ramp leading up to the edge of the bowl. Mice, attracted by the oil's scent, climb in and become covered in the slippery oil, making it impossible for them to crawl or jump out.

In both cases, the unharmed mouse can be released outdoors. However, if several mice are caught simultaneously, and especially if the trap is subsequently left unchecked for several days before release, the mice may kill and eat each other to avoid starvation. To avoid this outcome, non-lethal multi-catch traps should be checked and emptied regularly.

Disposable mousetraps
There are several types of one-time use, disposable mousetraps, generally made of inexpensive materials which are designed to be disposed of after catching a mouse. These mousetraps have similar trapping mechanisms as other traps, however, they generally conceal the dead mouse so it can be disposed of without being sighted. Glue traps are usually considered disposable – the trap is discarded with the mouse adhered to the trap.

Similar devices

Similar ranges of traps are sized for to trap other animal species; for example, rat traps are larger than mousetraps, and squirrel traps are larger still. A squirrel trap is a metal box-shaped device that is designed to catch squirrels and other similarly sized animals. The device works by drawing the animals in with bait that is placed inside. Upon touch, it forces both sides closed, thereby trapping, but not killing, the animal, which can then be released or killed at the trapper's discretion.

History
A historical reference is found in Alciatis Emblemata
from 1534. The conventional mousetrap with a spring-loaded snap mechanism resting on a block of wood first appeared in 1884, and to this day is still considered to be one of the most inexpensive and effective mousetraps.

In general culture
Reference to a mousetrap is made as early as 1602 in Shakespeare's Hamlet (Hamlet; act 3 sc.2), where it is the name given to the 'play-within-a-play' by Hamlet himself: "'tis a knavish piece of work", he calls it. There is a reference in the 1800s by Alexandre Dumas, père in his novel The Three Musketeers. Chapter ten is titled "A Mousetrap of the Seventeenth Century". In this case, rather than referring to a literal mouse trap, the author describes a police or guard tactic that involves lying in wait in the residence of someone whom they have arrested without public knowledge and then grabbing, interviewing, and probably arresting anyone who comes to the residence. In the voice of a narrator, the author confesses to having no idea how the term became attached to this tactic.

There is an earlier reference to a mousetrap, found in Ancient Greek The Battle of Frogs and Mice: "... by unheard-of arts they had contrived a wooden snare, a destroyer of Mice, which they call a trap.".

A mousetrap (Spanish: ratonera) figures prominently in the second chapter of the 1554 Spanish novel Lazarillo de Tormes, in which the hero Lazarillo steals cheese from a mousetrap to alleviate his hunger.

Ralph Waldo Emerson is credited (apparently incorrectly) with the oft-quoted phrase advocating innovation: "Build a better mousetrap, and the world will beat a path to your door."

The Mousetrap is a popular play by Agatha Christie.

Mousetraps are a staple of slapstick comedy and animated cartoons. Episodes of the cartoon Tom and Jerry usually have plots based on Tom attempting to trap Jerry with different (and sometimes ridiculous) methods of trapping the mouse with a device realized as Rube Goldberg machine, often being outsmarted by the latter and injuring himself in the process with the traps.

Mouse Trap (originally titled Mouse Trap Game) is a board game first published by Ideal in 1963 for two to four players. The game was one of the first mass-produced, three-dimensional board games. Over the course of the game, players at first cooperate to build a working Rube Goldberg-like mouse trap. Once the mouse trap has been built, players turn against each other, attempting to trap opponents' mouse-shaped game pieces.

Mousetraps loaded with table tennis balls or corks have been used to demonstrate the principle of a chain reaction.

Mousetraps had become a subject of "challenges" on YouTube where people attempted to trigger them
quickly with their hands, fingers or even tongue without getting trapped, as well as setting up multiple mousetraps as a prank. YouTubers Gavin Free and Daniel Gruchy had created an experiment using a trampoline lined up with hundreds of mousetraps, triggered all at once by jumping into the trampoline and recorded it in slow-motion.

See also
 Animal trapping
 Gun powered mousetrap
 Mousetrap car
 Pest control
 Rat trap
 Rodenticide

References

External links

Mammal pest control
Home appliances
Mice
Pest trapping
1894 introductions
Articles containing video clips
19th-century inventions

Mousetrap


L'Italie participe aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022 à Pékin en Chine du 4 au . Il s'agit de sa vingt-quatrième participation aux Jeux d'hiver.

Participation
Aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022, les athlètes de l'équipe d'Italie participent aux épreuves suivantes :

Médaillés

Résultats

Biathlon

Bobsleigh

Combiné nordique

Curling

Luge

Patinage artistique

Patinage de vitesse

Patinage de vitesse sur piste courte (short-track)

Saut à ski

Skeleton

Ski acrobatique

Ski alpin

Ski de fond

Snowboard

Notes et références

Italie
2022
Sport en Italie en 2022

Italie aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022


En anorak er oprindeligt inuitternes vindtætte overtøj, der kan trækkes over hovedet og har fastsyet hætte og oprindelig blev den lavet af pelsværk. Fra midten af 1800-tallet blev bomuldsstof kendt i Grønland, hvorefter man ofte brugte det til anorakker de kulørte til hverdag mens sorte og senere hvide om søndagen og ved højtider.

Anorakken kom til det øvrige Europa og USA ca. 1955.

Overtøj

Anorak


Sjeverozapadno dorsko narječje (također i sjeverozapadno grčko) jest grupa dijalekata bliska dorskom, a ponekad među njima uopće nema razlike. Neki ga smatraju dijelom južnog dorskog, a neki južni dorski drže dijelom sjeverozapadnoga dorskog, dok drugi oba smatraju podgrupama zapadnog grčkog. Zapadni solunski i boetski bili su pod jakim utjecajem ovoga narječja.

Iako se na njega gleda kao na skup dijalekata, postoje drukčija mišljenja onih koji smatraju da nije riječ o pravome skupu, nego o različitim dijalektima koji su utjecali jedni na druge. Razlike su ipak bile dovoljno male za razumijevanje iako je ponekad bila potrebna manja prilagodba.

Najraniji epigrafski tekstovi na ovome narječju potječu iz vremena od šestog do petog stoljeća prije Krista. Oni pokazuju fonološka i morfonološka obilježja narječja, ali većina ovih osobina nije specifična za ovo narječje, nego postoji i u drugim. Od glavne dorske grupe razlikuje se po:

 dativu množine treće deklinacije koji glasi -οις (-ois) umjesto -σι(ν) (-si(n)), primjerice μειόνοις meíonois — μείοσι meíosi
 dativu jednine o-deklinacije koji ima nastavak -οι (-oi) umjesto -ῳ (-ōi): Ἀσκλαπιοῖ Asklapioî — Ἀσκλαπιῷ Asklapiōî
 Upotrebi prijedloga ἐν (en) i akuzativa umjesto εἰς (eis) i akuzativa: ἐν οἶκον en oîkon — εἰς οἶκον eis oîkon
 skupu -στ (-st) umjesto -σθ (-sth), primjerice γενέσται genestai — γενέσθαι genesthai
 skupu -αρ- umjesto -ερ-: ἁμάρᾱ hamára umjesto ἁμέρᾱ haméra (dorski) i ἡμέρα hēméra (atički)
 mediopasivnom participu na -eimenos umjesto na -oumenos.

Razlikuje se od četiri do pet dijalekata: fokidski, lokrijski (ozolski i opuntski), elejski, epirski i makedonski.

Izvori

Grčki jezik
en:Doric Greek#Northwest Doric

Sjeverozapadno dorsko narječje


La Calzada de Tlalpan es una avenida de la Ciudad de México, que conecta el centro Histórico de esta ciudad con la zona sur, hasta alcanzar la Carretera Federal 95D con rumbo a Cuernavaca. Fue trazada y construida por los mexicas, siendo una de las tres calzadas que unían el islote de México-Tenochtitlan con la ribera del lago y que separaba también las aguas dulces de las saladas.

Trayecto
La circulación que actualmente observa la calzada es de ambos sentidos, norte a sur y viceversa, y se origina desde el entronque con el Viaducto Río de la Piedad, en donde la calzada se denomina calzada San Antonio Abad. Continuando hacia el sur, concluye en la intersección con la Avenida de los Insurgentes, en las inmediaciones del Monumento al Caminero, donde ambas calzadas se convierten en la Autopista México-Cuernavaca.

Historia

Edificación
La edificación de la calzada data del  (1432). Para comunicar el islote donde se asentaba la capital mexica de Tenochtitlán con las riberas del lago de Texcoco, por medio de arcilla, piedra y pilotes de madera se construyeron varias calzadas artificiales; hacia el sur se edificó la llamada calzada de Ixtapalapan, la cual partía del Templo Mayor y se adentraba en la zona lacustre, bifurcándose algunos kilómetros más adelante hacia las comunidades de San Marcos Mexicaltzingo e Ixtapalapan, al oriente (por lo que actualmente es la Calzada Ermita-Iztapalapa), a Huitzilopochco (hoy Churubusco) y Coyoacán, hacia el poniente (por lo que ahora es avenida Miguel Ángel de Quevedo), continuando hacia el sur hasta el poblado de Tlalpan. A diferencia de las calzadas que daban al poniente del valle, esta tenía pocos o ningún paso para canoas, y estaba hecha de piedra y arcilla terminada en talud, debido a que, en el momento de su construcción, tanto esta como la Calzada de Tepeyacac, al norte, y el dique de Ahuizotl formaban parte de un sistema de diques para evitar la mezcla de las aguas saladas del Lago de Texcoco. La calzada mexica contaba con un ancho de 20 m, y contenía en el centro un acueducto al aire libre que traía agua potable desde los manantiales de Huitzilopochco y Coyoacán.

Conquista de México-Tenochtitlan

Fue durante los eventos que culminaron en la conquista de México-Tenochtitlán cuando los conquistadores españoles entraron por vez primera a la ciudad, presentándose en el principio de esta calzada el encuentro entre Hernán Cortés y Moctezuma Xocoyotzin, el 8 de noviembre de 1519, en lo que hoy corresponde a la esquina de las calles José María Pino Suárez y República de El Salvador, en el Centro Histórico de la Ciudad de México. Si bien una vez terminada la conquista fueron destruidas muchas obras de ingeniería levantadas por la mano indígena, y que comunicaban a la ciudad mexica con tierra firme, esta vía al igual que las demás siguió aún vigente dada su importancia a lo largo del periodo colonial y por la importancia que se le dio al pueblo de Coyoacán tras la conquista como primera sede del gobierno virreinal.

Siglos XIX
Para 1883, existía en el trayecto de esta calzada una primera ruta de tranvías tirados por mulas que realizaban una ruta desde el Zócalo de la ciudad hasta las inmediaciones del pueblo de Tlalpan, usando el derecho de vía de la avenida, que en esa época aún atravesaba campos de cultivo y rancherías. Posteriormente, a inicios del , los tranvías de mulas se transformaron en tranvías eléctricos, y la primera ruta fue la que pasaba por la Calzada de Tlalpan con destino hacia Xochimilco; para ese entonces, sus vías se encontraban del lado oriente de la calzada, y posteriormente pasaría a ocupar el centro de la calzada, y los accesos de las estaciones serían por medio de pasos a desnivel, que actualmente aún existen.

En 1957, se inaugura la Unidad Habitacional Tlalpan, obra de los arquitectos Jorge Cuevas y Fernando Hernández (misma que se vería dañado y con un edificio C1 derrumbado, en el terremoto del 19 de septiembre de 2017).

En 1986, se inaugura el tramo del Tren Ligero, Taxqueña-Estadio Azteca el proyecto rehabilitó dos rutas del antiguo sistema de tranvías: Tasqueña-Xochimilco y Huipulco-Tlalpan, y denominó al nuevo proyecto Tren ligero de la Ciudad de México, aunque la segunda ruta no logró prosperar, y se cerró en 1990.

El Metro

El tramo Zócalo-Tasqueña del Metro de la Ciudad de México fue construida en el derecho de vía del antiguo tranvía, que corría del Zócalo de la Ciudad de México hacia el Centro Histórico de Tlalpan e inaugurado el 1 de agosto de 1970, mientras que el Servicio de Transportes Eléctricos aprovechó el derecho de vía restante para lograr en 1986 reanudar el servicio de tranvías en la zona sur de la Ciudad de México.

Accidente en el Metro: 1975
El 20 de octubre de 1975 la calzada fue escenario del percance más grave que se ha registrado en toda la historia del Sistema de Transporte Colectivo-Metro, cuando el alcance de dos trenes en la estación Viaducto dejó un saldo de 31 muertos. Según la investigación oficial, el accidente se debió a un error cometido por el conductor del tren número 10, quien reinició la marcha sin advertir que el tren 08 aún estaba en la siguiente estación. Debido a este incidente, en todos los convoyes del sistema se instaló un sistema de pilotaje automático.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Calles de Ciudad de México

Calzada de Tlalpan


Ingólfr Arnarson, in some sources named Bjǫrnólfsson, ( – )
is commonly recognized as the first permanent Norse settler of Iceland, together with his wife  and foster brother Hjörleifr Hróðmarsson. According to tradition, they settled in Reykjavík in 874.

Biography
Ingólfur Arnarson was from the valley of Rivedal in Sunnfjord in western Norway. According to the Icelandic Book of Settlements, he built his homestead in and gave name to Reykjavík in 874.  However, archaeological finds in Iceland suggest settlement may have started somewhat earlier.  The medieval chronicler Ari Þorgilsson said Ingólfur was the first Nordic settler in Iceland, but mentioned that Irish monks had been in the country before the Norsemen. He wrote that they left because they did not want to live among  the newly arrived Norse pagans.

The Book of Settlements (written two to three centuries after the settlement) contains a story about Ingólf's arrival. The book claims he left Norway after becoming involved in a blood feud. He had heard about a new island which Garðar Svavarsson, Hrafna-Flóki and others had found in the Atlantic Ocean. With his blood brother Hjörleifr Hróðmarsson, he sailed for Iceland. When land was in sight, he threw his high seat pillars overboard and promised to settle where the gods decided to bring them ashore. Two of his slaves then searched the coasts for three years before finding the pillars in the small bay which eventually became the site of  Reykjavík.

In the meantime, Hjörleifr had been murdered by his Irish slaves. Ingólfur hunted them down and killed them in the Westman Islands. The islands got their name from that event, with westmen (Old Norse: vestmenn) being a name that the Norsemen used for the Irish. Ingólfur was said to have settled a large part of southwestern Iceland, although after his settlement nothing more was known of him. His son, Þorsteinn Ingólfsson, was a major chieftain and was said to have founded the , the first thing, or parliament, in Iceland. It was a forerunner of the Althingi.

Legacy

In 1924, a statue of Ingólfur Arnarson, designed by Icelandic sculptor Einar Jónsson (1874–1954), was erected in Reykjavík. A copy of the statue was erected at Rivedal in 1961.

See also
 Settlement of Iceland
 Viking expansion

Notes

References

External links
Statue of Ingolfur Arnarson

Viking explorers
9th-century Norwegian people
9th-century Icelandic people
9th-century explorers
910 deaths
9th-century Vikings

Ingólfr Arnarson


Francisco Antonio Samuel Mercedes (nacido el 20 de diciembre de 1986 en San Pedro de Macorís) es un lanzador dominicano de ligas menores que se encuentra en la organización de los Cardenales de San Luis.

Firmó como un agente libre no drafteado por los Cardenales en el 2006, y fue introducido en el roster de 40 hombres del equipo antes de la temporada 2010. Actualmente juega en Clase AA para Springfield Cardinals.

Highlights
2008 - Seleccionado para el Juego de Estrellas de postemporada de la Florida State League.
2009 - Seleccionado para el Juego de Estrellas de postemporada de la Texas League.
2009 - Seleccionado para el Juego de las Futuras Estrellas.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
MLB
Baseball-Reference
The Baseball Cube
Scout.com

Beisbolistas de República Dominicana
Lanzadores de República Dominicana
Beisbolistas de las Estrellas Orientales
Nacidos en la provincia San Pedro de Macorís

Francisco Samuel


Lauhata ist ein osttimoresischer Suco im Verwaltungsamt Bazartete (Gemeinde Liquiçá).

Geographie

Lauhata liegt im Nordwesten des Verwaltungsamts. Westlich liegt der Suco Maumeta, südwestlich der Suco Metagou, südlich der Suco Fatumasi und östlich der Suco Motaulun. Im Norden liegt die Straße von Ombai. Aus Maumeta kommend treffen die Flüsse Hatunapa und Nunupupolo an der Grenze zu Maumeta aufeinander und bilden den Carbutaeloa, der schließlich weiter nördlich in die Straße von Ombai mündet. Einem Teil der Grenze zu Motaulun bildet der Failebo, der ebenfalls in der Straße von Ombai endet. Lauhata hat eine Fläche von 16,92 km² und teilt sich in die fünf Aldeias Caimegulo (Caimegi Ulu, Kamalehou), Camalehou (Kamalehou), Pissu Craic (Pisukaraik, Pissucaraik, Pissukaraik, Pisu Karaik), Pissu Leten (Pissuleten) und Raucassa (Raukasa, Raucasa, Rauhassa). Markant ist die Landspitze von Inur Pilila.

Östlich des Hatunapa liegt im Südwesten das Dorf Camalehou. Östlich der Mündung des Carbutaeloas liegt der Ort Pissu Craic, während westlich davon Ausläufer der Vila de Liquiçá liegen. Pissu Leten, Caimegi und Kumahu befinden sich im Süden. Westlich der Mündung des Failebo liegt die Ortschaft Raucassa und im Osten Caimegulo. Der Sitz des Sucos befindet sich im Westen von Raucassa. Grundschulen gibt es in Raucassa und Pissu Craic.

29 km westlich von Dili liegen an der Küste im Ort Raucassa die Ruinen von Ai Pelo, eines portugiesischen Gefängnisses aus dem 19. Jahrhundert. Die auffälligen Ruinen sind heute eine Sehenswürdigkeit für Touristen. Der Bubble Beach, an der Küste von Raucassa, ist ein beliebtes Tauchgebiet. Seinen Namen hat er von vulkanischen Gasen, die unter Wasser hervortreten.

Einwohner
Im Suco leben 4.587 Einwohner (2022), davon sind 2.283 Männer und 2.304 Frauen. Im Suco gibt es 749 Haushalte. Fast 77 % der Einwohner geben Tokodede als ihre Muttersprache an. 17 % sprechen Tetum Prasa, knapp 4 % Mambai und Minderheiten Kemak oder Baikeno.

Geschichte

1889 wurden in Ai Pelo eine Zollstation und das Gefängnis errichtet.

Ende 1979 befand sich in Raucassa ein indonesisches Transit Camp für Osttimoresen, die zur besseren Kontrolle von den Besatzern umgesiedelt werden sollten.

Politik

Bei den Wahlen von 2004/2005 wurde José dos Santos Barreto zum Chefe de Suco gewählt. Bei den Wahlen 2009 gewann Emilio Barreto und 2016 Daniel dos Santos.

Persönlichkeiten
 Felixberto (Felisberto) Maria dos Santos Sole Solep (* 1950), osttimoresischer Freiheitskämpfer

Weblinks

 Ergebnisse des Zensus 2010 für den Suco Lauhata (tetum; PDF; 8,2 MB)
 Ergebnisse des Zensus 2015 für den Suco Lauhata (tetum; PDF)
 Seeds of Life: Suco information sheets Bazartete (tetum)

Einzelnachweise

Suco in Liquiçá (Gemeinde)
Bazartete (Verwaltungsamt)

Lauhata


تاكانوري هوشينو (星野貴紀 هوشينو تاكانوري) هو مؤدي أصوات ياباني ولد في 8 مايو 1980 في محافظة توتشيغي.

أدواره في الأنمي

مسلسلات أنمي تلفزيونية
 جان x سورد - فان
 جت باكرز - شيدو فويوكي
 آيشيلد 21 - كازوكي جومونجي
 يوغي يو فايف ديز - جاك أطلس
 يوغي يو ارك فايف - جاك أطلس
 حجرة أبحاث RD - إيشيو
 زومبي-لون - ساواتاري أوتسو
 نايت رايد 1931 - ناتسومي كاغيا
 حفيد نوراريهيون - شويه
 حفيد نوراريهيون: عاصمة العفاريت - شويه
 وولفرين - فاداكا
 C - كاواشيما
 أن-غو - كيغيهيكو ساسا
 ماغي: The Labyrinth of Magic - زرمد
 كرة سلة كوروكو - كاتسونوري هاراساوا
 هجوم العمالقة - ميتابي يارناخ
 هجوم العمالقة: الثانوية - ميتابي يارناخ
 بينغ بونغ - أوتا
 سيراف النهاية: معركة ناغويا - تارو كاغياما
 نوراغامي ARAGOTO - كوغاها
 مدينة مدارس القتال أستريسك - ليستر ماكفيل
 هايكيو!! - نوبويوكي كاي
 هايكيو!! الموسم الثاني - نوبويوكي كاي
 كابانيري الحصن الحديدي - ساهاري
 أنا ساكاموتو - كوهيه
 غارو: القمر القرمزي - فوجيوارا نو ياسوماسا

أفلام أنمي
 يوغي: روابط تتخطى الزمن - جاك أطلس
 حديقة الكلمات - أستاذ إيتو

أدوارها في ألعاب الفيديو
 هايكيو!! رابط! طلة القمة!! - نوبويوكي كاي

أدواره في الدبلجة اليابانية
 السرعة والغضب: قيادة طوكيو - موريموتو
 رجل من حديد - كلارك كينت/سوبرمان

وصلات خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
ممثلو أداء صوتي ذكور من محافظة توتشيغي
ممثلو أداء صوتي يابانيون
ممثلو ألعاب فيديو يابانيون
ممثلون من محافظة توتشيغي
ممثلون يابانيون في القرن 21
مواليد 1980
مواليد في موكا (توتشيغي)

تاكانوري هوشينو


Łeba (pronounced: , ; ) is a seaside town in the Pomeranian Voivodeship of northern Poland. It is located in the region of Gdańsk Pomerania (Pomerelia), near Łebsko Lake and the mouth of the river Łeba on the Slovincian Coast of the Baltic Sea.

History

The Pomerelian settlement of Łeba was first mentioned in a 1282 document of Mestwin II, Duke of Pomerania. At that time the village was located about two kilometers () west from the present mouth of the Łeba River. The church of St. Nicholas was mentioned in 1296. Łeba was part of fragmented Poland until 1309, when it was annexed by the Teutonic Order after their takeover of Gdańsk. Łeba received municipal rights by the State of the Teutonic Order in 1357. Located at the Łebsko Lake at the Baltic Sea, it developed to a fishing port and a wood marketplace.

In 1440, the town joined the Prussian Confederation, which opposed Teutonic rule, and upon the request of which King Casimir IV Jagiellon reincorporated the territory to the Kingdom of Poland in 1454. With Lauenburg (Lębork) Land it became a Polish fief during the Thirteen Years' War in 1455, held by the Dukes of Pomerania.

Old Łeba was threatened for many centuries by floods and expanding sand dunes and therefore was rebuilt in a safer location after 1558. The town was reintegrated with the Polish Crown after the death of the last Pomeranian duke Bogislaw XIV as part of the Pomeranian Voivodeship, until King John II Casimir Vasa enfeoffed Elector Frederick William I of Brandenburg-Prussia with Lauenburg Land by the 1657 Treaty of Bydgoszcz.

With the First Partition of Poland in 1772, Łeba was incorporated into Prussia. Soon after a large port was built on instruction of the Prussian king, whereby a  broad channel between the Leba lake and the Baltic Sea was dug, which however did not weather the storms on the coast. Due to its picturesque setting, the Leba seaside after World War I became a popular resort for German bohémiens. The painter Max Pechstein and other expressionists frequented the place.

In the proximity of Leba there is a large former testing area for long-range rocket weapons operated by the Rheinmetall company. On the Leba spit the German long-range rocket Rheinbote was tested between 1941 and 1945. Also the V-1 flying bomb was tested here from 1943 to 1945. Between 1963 and 1973 33 Meteor sounding rockets were launched from Łeba.

In March 1945, shortly before the end of World War II, the region was occupied by the Red Army. Following the Potsdam Conference, after the end of the war the town became again part of Poland.

Sights

There is an abundance of architectural and natural attractions near Łeba, above all the Słowiński National Park with its moving sand dunes, about  west of the city. Further objects of interest include:
ruins of the St. Nicholas church west of the city on the way to the beach
fishermen's church of 1683 with a painting by Max Pechstein
fishermen's dwellings from the 19th century in Kościuszki street
the 19th century casino on Nadmorska street, today the Hotel Neptun
former rocket test site near Pletka
the dinosaur park south of the city

Climate
Łeba has an oceanic climate  (Köppen climate classification: Cfb).

Demographics
Since the medieval Christianization of the region, the local population was Catholic. After the Reformation, the inhabitants of the town were predominantly Protestants and the area was subjected to Germanisation. Since the end of World War II the population is predominantly composed of Polish Roman Catholics.

See also
Łeba (PKP station)
Slovincians

Famous people
 Klaus Weiher, a noble of the Weyher family
 Martin Weiher (1512–1556) (de) Lutheran bishop of Cammin

International relations

Łeba is twinned with:

References

External links

Main website
Łeba accommodation
Photogallery

Cities and towns in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Coastal cities and towns in Poland
Lębork County
Seaside resorts in Poland

Łeba


Richard S. Wallace is an American author of AIML and Botmaster of A.L.I.C.E. (Artificial Linguistic Internet Computer Entity).  He is also the founder of the A.L.I.C.E Artificial Intelligence Foundation. Dr. Wallace's work has appeared in the New York Times, WIRED, CNN, ZDTV and in numerous foreign language publications across Asia, Latin America and Europe.

Wallace began work on A.L.I.C.E. in 1995, and the project has gained contributions from over 500 developers from around the world. A.L.I.C.E. won the Loebner Prize in 2000, 2001, and 2004. In 2002, Wallace began a collaboration with Franz, Inc. which resulted in Pandorabots, an AIML server and interpreter implemented in Common Lisp. Wallace then became the Chief Science Officer of Pandorabots, Inc.

Richard Wallace was born in Portland, Maine in 1960.  He earned his Ph.D. in computer science from Carnegie Mellon University in 1989.

References

External links

1960 births
Living people
Artificial intelligence researchers
American computer programmers
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
American computer scientists

Richard Wallace (scientist)


Heinrich Auer (* 28. November 1825 in Köln; † 31. Mai 1892 ebenda) war ein deutscher Industrieller und Kölner Unternehmer, der Mehlmühlen betrieb.

Leben
Heinrich Auer wuchs mit sechs Geschwistern auf. Im Jahre 1850 war er in Köln-Nippes durch die Errichtung einer Getreidemühle beteiligt an der Industrialisierung dieses Stadtteils. Auer war einer der ersten Müller, die dabei Dampfkraft einsetzten. Eine weitere Mühle entstand 1866 an der Kölner Landsbergstraße. Diese ersten Mühlen, die der Versorgung des preußischen Militärs dienten, waren der Beginn des drei Generationen umfassenden Mühlenunternehmens  – später kamen Mühlen in Neuss und Siegburg hinzu.

Heinrich Auer war zwischen 1856 und 1868 und 1871 bis 1876 Mitglied des Kölner Stadtrates und im 1881 bis 1886 im Gemeinderat Longerich, sowie 1886 bis 1888 im Gemeinderat Nippes.

Als Heinrich Auer im Mai 1892 im Alter von 67 Jahren starb, übernahmen seine Söhne Jakob (* 17. Juni 1854 Köln, † 11. Juni 1919 in Bad Oeynhausen) und Carl Auer die Leitung der mittlerweile vier Mühlen. Seine Grabstätte befindet sich auf dem Kölner Friedhof Melaten.

Die Auerstraße Köln-Nippes wurde 1910 nach Heinrich Auer benannt.

Einzelnachweise

Industrieller (Köln)
Unternehmer (Lebensmittelwirtschaft)
Deutscher
Geboren 1825
Gestorben 1892
Mann

Heinrich Auer (Industrieller)


مقدر مسافات ليزري هو جهاز يستخدم أشعة الليزر لتقدير المسافة لهدف ما، ووتقوم فكرة جهاز تقدير المسافة بالليزر على إطلاق نبضة ليزر لكي تصل إلى هدف ما فتنعكس منه هذه النبضة إلى جهاز الاستقبال، وتقوم دوائر خاصة بحساب الزمن من لحظة الإطلاق حتى عودة النبضة، ويستفاد من الجهاز في تطبيقات عسكرية ومدنية لقياس المسافات. وكذلك يستفاد منه في معرفة سرعة الأجسام بالأستفادة من تأثير دوبلر.

حساب المسافة
يتم حساب المسافة بين النقطة A والنقطة B اعتماداً على المعادلة التالية:

حيث أن c هي سرعة الضوء وt هو الزمن الذي استغرقه الضوء للانتقال بين النقطة A والنقطة B ذهابا وإيابا (من A إلى B ثم من B إلى A).

حيث φ هو التأخير في طور الإشارة الناجم عن انتقال الضوء وω هو التردد الزاوي للموجة الضوئية.

باستبدال هذه القيم في المعادلة السابقة، سنحصل على الشكل التالي:

في هذه المعادلة:
λ هو طول الموجة, c/f ; Δφ هو جزء من التأخير الحاصل في طور الموجة والذي لا يلغي قيمة π (أي،φ mod π)؛ N هو عدد صحيح لأنصاف دور موجة الضوء ذهابا وإيابا , ΔN هو الجزء الكسري المتبقي.

مراجع

أدوات علم التحريج

تطبيقات الليزر

مقدر مسافات ليزري


(15395) Rükl, denumire internațională (15395) Rukl, este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
15395 Rükl este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul din Ondřejov de Petr Pravec. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,14 ua, o excentricitate de 0,13 și o înclinație de 0,9° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 15001-16000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Asteroizi cu nume de oameni
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1997
Centura de asteroizi

15395 Rükl


Eugenio Castellotti (Lodi, Italija, 10. listopada 1930. – Modena, Italija, 14. ožujka 1957.) je bivši talijanski vozač automobilističkih utrka.

Rezultati u Formuli 1

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Eugenio Castellotti Racing Reference
Eugenio Castellotti Racing Sports Cars

Talijanski vozači Formule 1

Eugenio Castellotti


أمريتا سينغ  (9 فبراير 1958 -)، ممثلة هندية.

طفولتها

تنتسب أمريتا من جهة الأب إلى جدها السيد/ سوبها سينغ والذي عرف كمقاول مدني كون ثروة معتبرة من عمله خلال بناء مدينة نيودلهي في مطلع القرن العشرين، بالإضافة إلى حصوله على لقب الفروسية تقديرا لجهوده. ابنه الأصغر - عم أمريتا - هو الأديب الشهير خوشوانت سينغ. أما والدتها فهي «روكسانا سلطانة» والتي اكتسبت شهرتها من كونها صديقة سونجاي غاندي وشخصية ذات نفوذ خلال فترة الطوارئ في حقبة السبعينات. وقد طلق والديها بينما كانت لا تزال صغيرة السن. وتعلمت في المدرسة الحديثة بالهند.

حياتها المهنية

كانت أمريتا في البداية راقصة ثم تحولت إلى السينما.

وكان لوالدة أمريتا دور بارز في انطلاق مهنة ابنتها في السينما الهندية، فقد ضغطت على (B.R. Chopra) والذي كان يبحث عن وجه جديد لفيلمه (Nikah)، وقد سبق أن رفض (Zeenat Aman) التي لعبت دور البطولة في الفيلم ذائع الصيت (Insaf ka Tarazu) فقد بحث في شتى أنحاء العالم ثم استقر رأيه أخيرا على (Rajiv Singh). (Rukshana Sultan) كانت منزعجة وكتبت رسائل تهديد إلى (Salma Agha) وأملت من ذلك أن تخيف تلك الفتاة البريطانية الشهيرة وأن تعود أدراجها إلى لندن. وقد ثار الجدل حول خطابات مجهولة، وبتعقب أثر الخطابات وجد أخيرا أنها تعود إلى أمريتا سينج، ومع ذلك وبعد ذلك بكثير عرض فيلم (Betaab) على الجمهور. (Salma Agha) قامت بتمثيل فيلم (Nikah)، و(Zeenat Aman) قامت بعمل آخر ذائع الصيت، و (Qurbani) و (Amrita) حظيا بنجاحهما في فيلم (Betaab)، ولكن مع هذا النجاح فقد فقدت الكثير من بريقها.

وظهرت أمريتا لأول مرة في بولييود (Bollywood) عام 1983 في فيلم (Betaab) - والذي حقق نجاحا كبيرا - مع أول ظهور للوجه الجديد (Sunny Deol)، وسرعان ما تلى هذا النجاح سلسلة متوالية من النجاحات، مثل (Sunny) في عام 1984، و (Mard) وكان الأكثر نجاحا في هذا العام، و (Saaheb) في عام 1985، و (Chameli Ki Shaadi) و (Naam) في عام 1986، و (Khudgarz) في العام 1987، ...إلخ. قامت أمريتا بأدوار ثنائية ناجحة في العديد من الأفلام ليس فقط مع (Sunny Deol) أو (Sanjay)، ولكن مع بطلي التمثيل في عقد الثمانينات، وهما: (Anil Kapoor) و (Amitabh Bachchan). وكما قامت بأدوار البطولة فقد قامت بأدوار شر كمساعدة في أفلام مثل: (Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman) عام 1992، و (Aaina) عام 1993. كما أنها فازت بجائزة أحسن ممثلة مساعدة، لدورها في هذا الفيلم الأخير من مجلة (filmfare). ولكن هذه النجاحات لم تثن عزمها عن الاعتزال والتفرغ لحياتها الأسرية، فاعتزلت بعد عام 1993. ثم زاولت التمثيل مرة أخرى عام 2002 من خلال فيلم (23rd March 1931: Shaheed)، حيث لعبت فيه دور أم (Bhagat Singh)، وقام بهذا الدور (Bobby Deol). ثم ظهرت على شبكة (STAR Plus) عام 2005، في المسلسل التليفزيوني (Kavyanjali). وفي وقت لاحق من هذا العام أشيد بها لأدائها دورا شريرا آخر في فيلم (Kalyug).

لعبت أمريتا في عام 2007 دور أم قاطعي الطريق (Maya Dolas) و (Ratnaprabha Dolas) في فيلم (Shootout at Lokhandwala) للمنتج (Sanjay Gupta) من إخراج (Apoorva Lakhia). وقد لعب (Vivek Oberoi) دور (Maya). وكان آخر أعمالها التي تنشر هو فيلم مختارات أدبية (Dus Kahaniyaan) حيث ظهرت في القصة القصيرة (Poornmasi).

حياتها الشخصية

في عام 1991 اعتزلت التمثيل للتفرغ للحياة الأسرية مع الممثل سيف علي خان والذي يصغرها بحوالي 12 إلى 13 سنة حيثُ كان عمره عندما 21 سنة فقط بينما كان عمرها 33 سنة، وقد رزقا طفلين؛ ابنة هي سارة عام 1993 ، وابناً هو إبراهيم عام 2001.

وقد انفصلا في سنة 2004، وتعيش أمريتا الآن مع طفليها الصغيرين. وقد اعترف سيف علي خان بأنه افتقدها من غير ريب؛ فقد كانت زوجة وفية له طيلة 13 عاما.

وقد أشيع أنها على علاقة غرامية مع الممثل (Sunny Deol). أيضا، فقد كانت ابنة العم الأولى للممثل (Ayub Khan)، بما أنها هي وأمهاته أخوات.

قائمة أفلامها

 (2States) عام 2014.
 (Dus Kahaniyaan) عام 2007.
 (Shootout at Lokhandwala) عام 2007.
 (Kalyug) عام 2005.
 (23rd March 1931: Shaheed) عام 2002.
 (Rang) عام 1993.
 (Aaina) عام 1993.
 (Dil Aashna Hai) عام 1992.
 (Kal Ki Awaz) عام 1992.
 (Suryavanshi) عام 1992.
 (Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman) عام 1992.
 (Pyaar Ka Saaya) عام1991.
 (Rupaye Dus Karod) عام 1991.
 (Akayla) عام 1991.
 (Dharam Sankat) عام 1991.
 (Paap Ki Aandhi) عام 1991.
 (Sadhu Sant) عام1991.
 (C.I.D.) عام 1990.
 (Krodh) عام 1990.
 (Aag Ka Dariya) عم 1990.
 (Maut Ke Farishtey) عام 1990.
 (Veeru Dada) عام 1990.
 (Jaadugar) عام 1989.
 (Toofan) عام 1989.
 (Batwara) عام 1989.
 (Ilaaka) عام1989.
 (Galiyon Ka Badshah) عام 1989.
 (Hathyar) عام 1989.
 (Sachai Ki Taqat) عام 1989.
 (Agnee) عام 1988.
 (Waris) عام 1988.
 (Shukriyaa) عام 1988.
 (Tamacha) عام 1988.
 (Kabzaa) عام 1988.
 (Thikana) عام 1987.
 (Khudgarz) عام 1987.
 (Naam O Nishan) عام 1987.
 (Naam) عام 1986.
 (Karamdaata) عام 1986.
 (Kala Dhanda Goray Log) عام 1986.
 (Chameli Ki Shaadi) عام 1986.
 (Mera Dharam) عام 1986.
 (Mard) عام 1985.
 (Saaheb) عام 1985.
 (Duniya) عام 1984.
 (Sunny) عام 1984.
 (Betaab) عام 1983.

التلفزيون

 مسلسل (Kavyanjali) وقامت فيه بدور (Nitya Nanda).

جوائزها و ترشيحاتها

أفضل ممثلة مساعدة جوائز فلم فير 1994
رشحت أفضل وغد 2007
أفضل ممثلة مساعدة من جوائز اختصار الهندية 2005
تلقب ملكة جمال بوليود

انجازات افلامها

طالما كانت افلام امريتا سينغ من الانجح في العام
حيث كان أول فلم لها حصل على اعلى ايرادات في الهند لتلك السنة و حقق الفلم العديد من الجوائز و الترشيحات و الانجازات المتميزية
كما حقق فلم مار نجار كبير جدا حتى ان صداه وصل إلى الشرق الأوسط بقوة

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
بنجابيون
حائزون على جوائز فيلم فير
سيخيون دخلوا في الإسلام
سيخيون هنود
مسلمون هنود
ممثلات أفلام هنديات
ممثلات أفلام هندية
ممثلات تلفزيون هنديات
ممثلات هنديات في القرن 20
ممثلات هنديات في القرن 21
ممثلون وممثلات من مومباي
مواليد 1377 هـ
مواليد 1958

أمريتا سينغ


Velden ist ein Gemeindeteil der Stadt Herrieden im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Geografie
Das Dorf liegt am Schreinermühlbach, einem linken Zufluss der Altmühl. Im Norden mündet der Rösgraben als rechter und im Süden der Ölgraben als linker Zufluss in den Schreinermühlbach. Im Nordosten liegt das Flurgebiet Am Judenweg, dahinter liegt der Kappelbuck im Steinbachforst. Im Südwesten liegt das Flurgebiet Dörrlein, 1 km nordwestlich liegt der Schulberg (). Die Kreisstraße AN 55 führt nach Thann (1,3 km südlich) bzw. nach Rauenzell zur Staatsstraße 2249 (1,1 km nördlich). Eine Gemeindeverbindungsstraße führt nach Leutenbuch (1,4 km westlich).

Geschichte
Der Ort lag im Fraischbezirk des Oberamtes Ansbach. Die Dorf- und Gemeindeherrschaft hatte das eichstättische Stadtvogteiamt Herrieden. Gegen Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts gab es zehn Untertansfamilien, von denen vier das Kastenamt Herrieden als Grundherrn hatten und vier das Rittergut Sommersdorf der Herren von Crailsheim. Von 1797 bis 1808 unterstand der Ort dem Justiz- und Kammeramt Ansbach.

Im Rahmen des Gemeindeedikts wurde Velden dem 1808 gebildeten Steuerdistrikt Rauenzell zugeordnet. Es gehörte auch der wenig später gegründeten Ruralgemeinde Rauenzell an. Am 1. Juli 1971 wurde Velden im Zuge der Gebietsreform nach Herrieden eingemeindet.

Baudenkmäler
 Katholische Ortskapelle, kleiner massiver Satteldachbau, mit Eisenkreuz, Fassade Natursteinquader, bezeichnet 1949
 Hirtenwasen: Wegkreuz, Gusseisenkreuz auf Sandsteinsockel, spätes 19. Jahrhundert; ca. 300 Meter westlich von Velden, an der Straße nach Herrieden

Einwohnerentwicklung

Religion
Der Ort ist römisch-katholisch geprägt und nach Mariä Heimsuchung (Rauenzell) gepfarrt. Die Einwohner evangelisch-lutherischer Konfession waren ursprünglich nach Sommersdorf gepfarrt, heute ist die Pfarrei Christuskirche (Herrieden) zuständig.

Literatur

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Ortsteil von Herrieden
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Dorf

Velden (Herrieden)


Streptophyta, infracarstvo u podcarstvu zelenih biljaka (Viridaeplantae) koje čine kopnene biljke Embryophyta s vaskularnim i nevaskularnim vrstama, mahovnjačama (Bryophyta) i alge kopnenih voda, parožine (Charophyta).

Jeffrey, 1967
 Charophyta, parožine
 Embryophyta kopnene biljke
 Anthocerotophyta
 Bryophyta
 Marchantiophyta
 Tracheophyta, vaskularne biljke

NCBI
Streptophyta
Chlorokybophyceae
Chlorokybales
Chlorokybaceae
Klebsormidiophyceae
Klebsormidiales
Elakatotrichaceae
Klebsormidiaceae
Klebsormidiales incertae sedis
Mesostigmatophyceae
Mesostigmatales
Mesostigmataceae
Spirotaenia
Spirotaenia condensata
Spirotaenia minuta
Streptophytina
Charophyceae
Charales
Coleochaetophyceae
Coleochaetales
Embryophyta
Anthocerotophyta (Antocerote)
Bryophyta (mahovnjače)
Marchantiophyta (jetrenjarke)
Tracheophyta (vaskularne biljke)
Zygnemophyceae
Spirogloeophycidae
Zygnematophycidae

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Zelene biljke

Streptophyta


Kirpik aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir:

Kirpik, gözkapağındaki kıllar.
 Kirpik, hücre organeli.
Kirpik kanatlılar, bir böcek takımı

Kirpik (anlam ayrımı)


Frégate de Défense et d'Intervention (Fregata za obranu i intervencije) ili FDI, također poznat kao Fregate de Taille Intermédiaire (Fregata srednje veličine) ili FTI, planirana je klasa francuskih fregata. Od veljače 2022. pet brodova naručeno je za Francusku mornaricu, s vodećim brodom nazvanim Amiral Ronarc'h, i dodatna tri jače naoružana plovila za Grčku ratnu mornaricu, s vodećim brodom nazvanim Kimon.

Prvi čelik izrezan je u listopadu 2019., čime je započela izgradnja glavne jedinice. Glavni brod položen je 17. prosinca 2021. Puštanje u pogon planirano je od 2024. godine.

Povijest
Program FTI odgovara na potrebu za flotom od petnaest prvoklasnih fregata i omogućuje francuskoj mornarici da djeluje u kriznoj zoni, kao što je preporučeno u Bijeloj knjizi o obrani i nacionalnoj sigurnosti iz 2013. godine. Ove fregate pridružuju se deset jedinica višenamjenske fregate FREMM (klasa Aquitaine) i klase Horizont.

Brodovi će postupno zamijeniti fregate La Fayette, u ulozi fregata prvog ranga. U međuvremenu se provodi modernizacija tri broda u klasi La Fayette kako bi se produžio njihov vijek trajanja do ranih 2030-ih. U studenom 2022. objavljeno je da će prve dvije FDI fregate (Amiral Ronarc'h i Amiral Louzeau) biti korištene za jačanje francuske mornarice u Atlantiku i da će se bazirati u Brestu.

Prema admiralu Bernardu Rogelu i Direction générale de l'Armement, FDI su opremljeni značajnim protuzrakoplovnim sposobnostima s aktivnim antenskim radarom i fiksnim zrakoplovima, protupodmorničkim sredstvima (helikopter i tegljeni sonar), te bi imali istisninu od 4000 do 4500 tona.

Francusko ministarstvo obrane objavilo je dodjelu ugovora DCNS-u za razvoj i izgradnju pet fregata srednje veličine (FTI) namijenjenih francuskoj mornarici 21. travnja 2017. Nova fregata, koja će se zvati Amiral Ronarc'h, bit će opremljena elektroničkim sustavima i senzorima koje je razvio Thales i bit će opremljena projektilima Aster 30 iz MBDA Aster 15/30.

U rujnu 2021. Grčka je potpisala ugovor s francuskom Naval Group o kupnji triju FDI fregata s opcijom za još jednu za grčku mornaricu u sklopu obrambenog paketa od 5 milijardi dolara.

Objavljeno je da će brodovi grčke mornarice na kraju nositi opsežnije naoružanje opremljeno lansirnim cijevima koje će moći nositi do 32 projektila protuzračne obrane Aster 30. To će omogućiti grčkoj mornarici da na kraju upravlja s tri broda s 32 projektila za zračnu obranu plus 21 obrambenim projektilom, 8 Block 3 Exocet protubrodskim projektilima, s 2 dvostruka lansera torpeda i CANTO torpednim protumjerama. Dva broda, namijenjena francuskoj mornarici 2025., sada će biti isporučena grčkoj mornarici. Predviđeno je da datum ugovora o izgradnji bude krajem 2021. ili početkom 2022. U prosincu 2021. objavljeno je da su Francuska i Grčka potpisale ugovor o izgradnji, a stvarni ugovor za izgradnju brodova potpisan je 24. ožujka 2022. U veljači 2022., dokumenti koje je objavio grčki parlament naznačili su da će u početku prve dvije fregate za grčku mornaricu biti opremljene slično svojim francuskim kolegama u konfiguraciji "Standard-1" (sa 16 ćelija Sylver A50). Do 2027. dva će broda biti nadograđena na "Standard-2" konfiguraciju s 32 A-50 ćelije kao i s RAM Block 2B. Treća fregata grčke mornarice bila bi izgrađena od samog početka u konfiguraciji "Standard-2".

U tom kontekstu potpisani su ugovori između Naval Groupa i grčkih tvrtki koje sudjeluju u izgradnji fregata.

Galerija

Izvori

Francuska vojna oprema

Frégate de défense et d'intervention


I, slovo
 I (glagoljsko slovo), glagoljičko slovo i
 I (registracijska oznaka), registracijska oznaka Italije

I (razdvojba)


An Rhynchospora solitaria in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Roland McMillan Harper. An Rhynchospora solitaria in nahilalakip ha genus nga Rhynchospora, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Rhynchospora

Rhynchospora solitaria


Les Missions de vérification des Nations unies en Angola (en  ou UNAVEM) sont des missions de maintien de la paix des Nations unies successives en Angola, sur les quatre missions déployées au total pendant la guerre civile angolaise.
 Mission de vérification des Nations unies en Angola I (1988-1991)
 Mission de vérification des Nations unies en Angola II (1991-1995)
 Mission de vérification des Nations unies en Angola III (1995-1997)


İndiyum, "zayıf metal" sınıfında sembolü "In" olan, 49 protonlu kimyasal elementtir. 1863 yılında Alman kimyacılar Theodor Richter ve Ferdinand Reich tarafından bulundu.

Çok yumuşaktır bu yüzden kolayca dövülebilir. Hiçbir organizmada metabolik rolü yoktur. Kimyasal olarak galyum ve talyuma benzer. Yatak alaşımlarında, diş alaşımlarında, yarı iletken araştırmalarda, çekirdek reaktörlerinde, gümüş ve kadminyumlu oluşturduğu üçlü alaşımlar biçiminde kontrol çubuklarının yapımında, başka metallerden yapılmış hareket eden yüzeylerin üzerinin ince bir film biçiminde kaplanmasında kullanılır.

Elde edilme yöntemleri
Havada oldukça kararlıdır, ısıtıldığında oksitlenir. Sudan etkilenmez, asitlerde çözünür ve alkalilere karşı çok dayanıklıdır. Yerkabuğunda bulunma oranı %1.105'dir. Bazı çinko blend filizlerinde çinkoyla birlikte bulunur ve çinko elde edilmesinde bir yan ürün olarak ele geçer. Genellikle çözeltiden elektrolitik olarak ya da metalik çink yardımıyla çöktürülür. İndiyum ve tuzların ağızdan alındığında çok zehirli olmamakla birlikte doğrudan kana karışması çok zehirlidir.

Sembolü: In

Numarası: 49

Ağırlığı: 114,82

Elemet serisi: Zayıf Metal

Maddenin hâli: Katı
Renk: Gri

Elementler
Zayıf metaller

İndiyum


'"Liga Nogometnog saveza općine Županja", također i kao "Liga NSO Županja", "Općinska nogometna liga Županja" za sezonu 1985./86. je bila liga šestog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije.
Sudjelovalo je 11 klubova, a prvak je bio klub ''"Borac" iz Drenovaca.

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Povezani članci
 Međuopćinska liga Istok 1985./86.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 Željko Batarilo: Ne daj prodora - Crtice za monografiju nogometnog kluba Slavonac Gradište , Beč, 2007., str. 99-100
 Mato Dominković: Samo jako, samo sloga : monografija nogometnog kluba "Sloga" Štitar, Štitar, 2015., , str. 76-77
 Vinko Marić: Monografija nogometnog kluba "Pionir Županja" : [40 godina sporta u naselju Šlajs - Grad Županja], Cerna, 2018.,  str. 81

1985-86
Županja
1985-86 Županja

Liga NSO Županja 1985./86.


Vorágine puede referirse a:

Vorágine (álbum), álbum de estudio de Airbag de 2011.
La vorágine, novela de José Eustasio Rivera.

Vorágine (desambiguación)


is a village located in Maniwa District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan. , the village had an estimated population of 847 in 378 households and a population density of 13 persons per km2. The total area of the village is . It is a member of The Most Beautiful Villages in Japan Association.

Geography
Shinjō is located in the north central part of Okayama Prefecture, separated from Tottori Prefecture to the north by the Chugoku Mountains. Mountains and forests occupy most of the village area].

Neighboring  municipalities
Okayama Prefecture
Niimi
Maniwa
Tottori Prefecture
Hino
Kōfu

Climate
Shinjō has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall.  The average annual temperature in Shinjō is 11.4 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1883 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in January, at around 23.3 °C, and lowest in January, at around -0.5 °C.

Demography
Per Japanese census data, the population of Shinjō has been as follows. The population has been steadily declining since the 1950s

History
Shinjō is part of ancient Mimasaka Province. After the Meiji restoration, the area was organized  into Shinjō village with the creation of the modern municipalities system on June 1,1889.

Government
Shinjō has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral village council eight members. Shinjō, collectively with the city of Maniwa, contributes one member to the Okayama Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the village is part of the Okayama 3rd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The main economic activity in the area is forestry and agriculture. Shinjō grows a variety of rice called hime no mochi. This rice is used to make the mochi rice cakes for which this town is also known.  The hime no mochi factory is a major employer in Shinjō.

Education
Shinjō has one public elementary school and one public junior high school operated by the village government. The village does not have a high school.

Transportation

Railway
The village does not have any passenger railway service. The nearest train station is Neu Station on then JR West Hakubi Line in Hino, Tottori or Chūgoku-Katsuyama Station on the Kishin Line in Maniwa, Okayama.

Highways

Local attractions
This village is known for the cherry trees along its main street, which is called . These trees were planted to celebrate the Japanese victory over Russia in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905. There are many old buildings along Victory Cherry Blossom Street. Many of these buildings used to be in that were built to accommodate the sankin kōtai mandatory processions of daimyō from their domains to the capital and back.

References

External links

Shinjō official website

Villages in Okayama Prefecture

Shinjō, Okayama


Georg von Meyendorff, vollständig Baron Georg Wolter Konrad von Meyendorff, , Jegor Kasimirowitsch Meiendorf  (*  auf Klein-Roop, Livland; heute Gemeinde Straupe, Lettland; † 12. Oktober 1863 in Würzburg) war ein deutsch-baltischer, russischer Offizier und Forschungsreisender.

Leben und Wirken
Meyendorff stammte aus dem livländischen Zweig des deutsch-baltischen Adelsgeschlechts von Meyendorff und war der Sohn von Baron Kasimir von Meyendorff und seiner Frau Anna Katharina, geb. von Vegesack.  Gemeinsam mit seinen Brüdern Kasimir (1794–1854) und Peter besuchte er zunächst das von Napoleon Bonaparte gegründete Lycee Impériale in Metz. Er trat in russische Militärdienste und nahm als Unterleutnant an den Kämpfen gegen Napoleon teil. Am 6. September 1813 wurde er mit dem Orden Pour le Mérite ausgezeichnet.

1819 immatrikuliert er sich an der Universität Göttingen, ging jedoch schon im folgenden Jahr zurück nach Russland, um an der vom Zaren ausgesandten Expedition von Orenburg nach Buchara teilzunehmen. Die Expedition nahm ihren Weg durch die zuvor nur selten von einem Europäer betretene Steppe, die sich westwärts vom Aralsee bis zu den Ufern des Kaspischen Meeres ausbreitet. Ein wichtiges Ergebnis der Expedition war, wie Alexander von Humboldt später hervorhob, eine korrigierte Kartographie des Ostufers des Aralsees. Von Kungrad bis Khiwa folgten sie dem Lauf des Amudarja. Seine Begleiter auf dieser Reise waren die Naturforscher Eduard Friedrich Eversmann und Christian Heinrich Pander; alle drei publizierten später ihre wissenschaftlichen Forschungen und Entdeckungen. Meyendorffs eigene Schilderung erschien 1826 zunächst französisch in Paris, herausgegeben von Pierre Amédée Jaubert, eine deutsch Ausgabe erschien noch im selben Jahr in Jena.

1824 wurde er auf eine Expedition nach Kjachta geschickt, um Handelsverbindungen nach China zu erkunden, und bereiste auf dem Rückweg Astrachan und den Kaukasus.

Von 1828 bis 1835 Dirigent der kaiserlichen Schuldentilgungskommission. 1837 bis 1842 war er Livländischer Landrat. Ab 1854 war er Mitglied des Vorstands der Kaiserlichen Geographischen Gesellschaft.

Werke
 Voyage d'Orenbourg à Boukhara fait en 1820. Paris: Dondey-Dupré 1826 Digitalisat
 deutsch: Reise von Orenburg nach Buchara im Jahre 1820. Jena: Bran 1826

Literatur
  (Erwähnung im Artikel zu seinem Bruder)

Weblinks
 Erik-Amburger-Datenbank beim Institut für Ost- und Südosteuropaforschung
 Wikisource Russische Gesandtschaftsreise nach Bochara, aus dem Journal "Das Ausland" 1828.

Einzelnachweise

Person in den Koalitionskriegen (Russisches Kaiserreich)
Asienforscher
Entdecker (19. Jahrhundert)
Träger des Pour le Mérite (Militärorden)
Georg
Adliger
Deutsch-Balte
Geboren 1795
Gestorben 1863
Mann

Georg von Meyendorff (Forschungsreisender)


Nickelodeon ("Nick" යන අන්වර්ථ නාමය) යනු ඇමරිකානු වැටුප් රූපවාහිනී නාලිකාවක් වන අතර එය ප්‍රථම වරට 1977 දෙසැම්බර් 1 වන දින අත්හදා බලන ලදී, අප්රේල් 1 දියත් කරන තුරු
ළමුන් සඳහා පළමු කේබල් නාලිකාව ලෙස 1979, එහි ගෘහ ජාල අංශය හරහා එය ViacomCBS සතුය එහි මූලස්ථානය නිව්යෝර්ක් නගරයේ ය. ජාලයේ වැඩසටහන්කරණය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ඉලක්ක කර ඇත්තේ වයස අවුරුදු 2 සිට 17 දක්වා ළමුන් සඳහා ය, එහි සමහර වැඩසටහන් වාරණ පුළුල් පවුල් ප්‍රේක්ෂකයින් ඉලක්ක කරයි.

QUBE හි කොටසක් ලෙස නාලිකාව ප්‍රථම වරට 1977 දී අත්හදා බලන ලදී. ඔහියෝ හි කොලොම්බස් හි කේබල් රූපවාහිනී පද්ධතියක් දේශීයව විකාශය විය, QUBE Channel C-3 විසින් Pinwheel වැඩසටහන විකාශය කරන ලදී, විවියන් හෝර්නර් විසින් සංවර්ධනය කරන ලද අධ්‍යාපන වැඩසටහනකි. Pinwheel QUBE ග්‍රාහකයින් සමඟ හොඳින් ක්‍රියා කළේය, හෝර්නර් සිය වැඩසටහන ජාතික රූපවාහිනියේ පූර්ණ නාලිකාවක් දක්වා ව්‍යාප්ත කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළේය. වර්තමානයේ නිකලෙඩියන් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන මෙම නාලිකාව නව ජාතික ප්‍රේක්ෂක පිරිසකට 1979 අප්‍රියෙල් 1 වන දින දියත් කරන ලද අතර එහි ආරම්භක වැඩසටහන ලෙස පින්වෙල් කටයුතු කළේය. ජාලය මුලින් වෙළඳ දැන්වීම් වලින් තොර විය 1984 වන තෙක් එය නොදැනුවත්ව පැවතුනි. QUBE හි හිමිකරු, වෝනර්-ඇමෙක්ස් සැටලයිට් එන්ටර්ටේන්මන්ට්, අවසානයේදී නිකෙලෝඩියන්, ජුන්ටෝ 1986 දී වියාකොම් සඳහා සහෝදර ජාල MTV සහ VH1 මිලදී ගනී.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සමහර චිත්‍ර සටහන් විකාශය වූයේ විවිධ නාලිකා වල පමණි.

කාටූන්
සිගිති (ඉංග්රීසි: Dora the Explorer)
නෙප්චූන් රජුගෙ තට්ටය (ඉංග්රීසි: Spongebob Squarepants)
කෑකෝ ගෙදර (ඉංග්රීසි: The Loud House)
Avatar: The Legend of Korra
Monsters vs Aliens
Ninja Turtles

Nickelodeon


أدالبرت فون هانشتاين

لودفيج أدالبرت فون هانشتاين Ludwig Adalbert von Hanstein (ولد في 29 نوفمبر 1861 في برلين – ومات في 11 أكتوبر 1904 في هانوفر) شاعر وكاتب ألماني ومدرس مساعد خاصا في الكلية التقنية في هانوفر. ويعد من المنتمين إلى دائرة شعراء فريدريشسهاجن.

أبوه هو يوهانس فون هانشتاين مستشار حكومي سري في المملكة البروسية وأستاذ لعلم النبات في جامعة بون, وأمه هيلينه إيرنبرج. تزوج في 23 مارس 1893 في بريلن فاندا هاجن. أخوه أوتفريد فون هانشتاين وابنه فولفرام فون هانشتاين كانوا كتابا.

من أعماله
 كيف نشأت قصة شيلر مبصر الأرواح 1903
 إبسن مثاليا (مقالات حول مسرحيات هنريك إبسن 1897)
 أغاني البشر (قصائد 1904)
 جرهارت هاوبتمان 1898

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

شعراء وشاعرات ألمان
مواليد 1861
مواليد في برلين
وفيات 1904
وفيات في هانوفر

أدالبرت فون هانشتاين


In the mathematical field of differential topology, the Hopf fibration (also known as the Hopf bundle or Hopf map) describes a 3-sphere (a hypersphere in four-dimensional space) in terms of circles and an ordinary sphere. Discovered by Heinz Hopf in 1931, it is an influential early example of a fiber bundle. Technically, Hopf found a many-to-one continuous function (or "map") from the -sphere onto the -sphere such that each distinct point of the -sphere is mapped from a distinct great circle of the -sphere . Thus the -sphere is composed of fibers, where each fiber is a circle — one for each point of the -sphere.

This fiber bundle structure is denoted

meaning that the fiber space  (a circle) is embedded in the total space  (the -sphere), and  (Hopf's map) projects  onto the base space  (the ordinary -sphere). The Hopf fibration, like any fiber bundle, has the important property that it is locally a product space. However it is not a trivial fiber bundle, i.e.,  is not globally a product of  and  although locally it is indistinguishable from it.

This has many implications: for example the existence of this bundle shows that the higher homotopy groups of spheres are not trivial in general. It also provides a basic example of a principal bundle, by identifying the fiber with the circle group.

Stereographic projection of the Hopf fibration induces a remarkable structure on , in which all of 3-dimensional space, except for the z-axis, is filled with nested tori made of linking Villarceau circles. Here each fiber projects to a circle in space (one of which is a line, thought of as a "circle through infinity"). Each torus is the stereographic projection of the inverse image of a circle of latitude of the -sphere. (Topologically, a torus is the product of two circles.)  These tori are illustrated in the images at right.  When  is compressed to the boundary of a ball, some geometric structure is lost although the topological structure is retained (see Topology and geometry).  The loops are homeomorphic to circles, although they are not geometric circles.

There are numerous generalizations of the Hopf fibration. The unit sphere in complex coordinate space  fibers naturally over the complex projective space  with circles as fibers, and there are also real, quaternionic, and octonionic versions of these fibrations. In particular, the Hopf fibration belongs to a family of four fiber bundles in which the total space, base space, and fiber space are all spheres:

By  Adams's theorem such fibrations can occur only in these dimensions.

The Hopf fibration is important in twistor theory.

Definition and construction

For any natural number n, an n-dimensional sphere, or n-sphere, can be defined as the set of points in an -dimensional space which are a fixed distance from a central point. For concreteness, the central point can be taken to be the origin, and the distance of the points on the sphere from this origin can be assumed to be a unit length. With this convention, the n-sphere, , consists of the points  in  with x12 + x22 + ⋯+ xn + 12 = 1. For example, the -sphere consists of the points (x1, x2, x3, x4) in R4 with x12 + x22 + x32 + x42 = 1.

The Hopf fibration  of the -sphere over the -sphere can be defined in several ways.

Direct construction

Identify  with  and  with  (where  denotes the complex numbers) by writing:

and

.

Thus  is identified with the subset of all  in  such that , and  is identified with the subset of all  in  such that . (Here, for a complex number , where the star denotes the complex conjugate.) Then the Hopf fibration  is defined by

The first component is a complex number, whereas the second component is real.  Any point on the -sphere must have  the property that . If that is so, then  lies on the unit -sphere in , as may be shown by adding the squares of the absolute values of the complex and real components of

Furthermore, if two points on the 3-sphere map to the same point on the 2-sphere, i.e., if , then  must equal  for some complex number  with .  The converse is also true; any two points on the -sphere that differ by a common complex factor  map to the same point on the -sphere.  These conclusions follow, because the complex factor  cancels with its complex conjugate  in both parts of : in the complex  component and in the real component .

Since the set of complex numbers  with  form the unit circle in the complex plane, it follows that for each point  in , the inverse image  is a circle, i.e., . Thus the -sphere is realized as a disjoint union of these circular fibers.

A direct parametrization of the -sphere employing the Hopf map is as follows.

or in Euclidean

Where  runs over the range from  to ,  runs over the range from  to , and  can take any value from  to .  Every value of , except  and  which specify circles, specifies a separate flat torus in the -sphere, and one round trip ( to ) of either  or  causes you to make one full circle of both limbs of the torus.

A mapping of the above parametrization to the -sphere is as follows, with points on the circles parametrized by .

Geometric interpretation using the complex projective line

A geometric interpretation of the fibration may be obtained using the complex projective line, , which is defined to be the set of all complex one-dimensional subspaces of . Equivalently,  is the quotient of  by the equivalence relation which identifies  with  for any nonzero complex number λ. On any complex line in C2 there is a circle of unit norm, and so the restriction of the quotient map to the points of unit norm is a fibration of  over .

 is diffeomorphic to a -sphere: indeed it can be identified with the Riemann sphere , which is the one point compactification of  (obtained by adding a point at infinity). The formula given for  above defines an explicit diffeomorphism between the complex projective line and the ordinary -sphere in -dimensional space. Alternatively, the point  can be mapped to the ratio  in the Riemann sphere .

Fiber bundle structure

The Hopf fibration defines a fiber bundle, with bundle projection . This means that it has a  "local product structure", in the sense that every point of the -sphere has some neighborhood  whose inverse image in the -sphere can be identified with the product of  and a circle: . Such a fibration is said to be locally trivial.

For the Hopf fibration, it is enough to remove a single point  from  and the corresponding circle  from ; thus one can take , and any point in  has a neighborhood of this form.

Geometric interpretation using rotations

Another geometric interpretation of the Hopf fibration can be obtained by considering rotations of the -sphere in ordinary -dimensional space. The rotation group SO(3) has a double cover, the spin group , diffeomorphic to the -sphere. The spin group acts transitively on  by rotations. The stabilizer of a point is isomorphic to the circle group; its elements are angles of rotation leaving the given point unmoved, all sharing the axis connecting that point to the sphere's center. It follows easily that the -sphere is a principal circle bundle over the -sphere, and this is the Hopf fibration.

To make this more explicit, there are two approaches: the group  can either be identified with the group Sp(1) of unit quaternions, or with the special unitary group SU(2).

In the first approach, a vector  in  is interpreted as a quaternion  by writing

The -sphere is then identified with the versors, the quaternions of unit norm, those  for which , where , which is equal to  for  as above.

On the other hand, a vector  in  can be interpreted as a pure quaternion

Then, as is well-known since , the mapping

is a rotation in : indeed it is clearly an isometry, since , and it is not hard to check that it preserves orientation.

In fact, this identifies the group of versors with the group of rotations of , modulo the fact that the versors  and  determine the same rotation. As noted above, the rotations act transitively on , and the set of versors  which fix a given right versor  have the form , where  and  are real numbers with . This is a circle subgroup. For concreteness, one can take , and then the Hopf fibration can be defined as the map sending a versor . All the quaternions , where  is one of the circle of versors that fix , get mapped to the same thing (which happens to be one of the two  rotations rotating  to the same place as  does).

Another way to look at this fibration is that every versor ω moves the plane spanned by  to a new plane spanned by . Any quaternion , where  is one of the circle of versors that fix , will have the same effect. We put all these into one fibre, and the fibres can be mapped one-to-one to the -sphere of  rotations which is the range of .

This approach is related to the direct construction by identifying a quaternion  with the  matrix:

This identifies the group of versors with , and the imaginary quaternions with the skew-hermitian  matrices (isomorphic to ).

Explicit formulae

The rotation induced by a unit quaternion  is given explicitly by the orthogonal matrix

Here we find an explicit real formula for the bundle projection by noting that the fixed unit vector along the  axis, , rotates to another unit vector,

which is a continuous function of . That is, the image of  is the point on the -sphere where it sends the unit vector along the  axis. The fiber for a given point on  consists of all those unit quaternions that send the unit vector there.

We can also write an explicit formula for the fiber over a point  in . Multiplication of unit quaternions produces composition of rotations, and

is a rotation by  around the  axis. As  varies, this sweeps out a great circle of , our prototypical fiber. So long as the base point, , is not the antipode, , the quaternion

will send  to . Thus the fiber of  is given by quaternions of the form , which are the  points

Since multiplication by  acts as a rotation of quaternion space, the fiber is not merely a topological circle, it is a geometric circle.

The final fiber, for , can be given by defining  to equal , producing

which completes the bundle. But note that this one-to-one mapping between  and  is not continuous on this circle, reflecting the fact that  is not topologically equivalent to .

Thus, a simple way of visualizing the Hopf fibration is as follows.  Any point on the -sphere is equivalent to a quaternion, which in turn is equivalent to a particular rotation of a Cartesian coordinate frame in three dimensions.  The set of all possible quaternions produces the set of all possible rotations, which moves the tip of one unit vector of such a coordinate frame (say, the  vector) to all possible points on a unit -sphere.  However, fixing the tip of the  vector does not specify the rotation fully; a further rotation is possible about the axis.  Thus, the -sphere is mapped onto the -sphere, plus a single rotation.

The rotation can be represented using the Euler angles θ, φ, and ψ. The Hopf mapping maps the rotation to the point on the 2-sphere given by θ and φ, and the associated circle is parametrized by ψ. Note that when θ = π the Euler angles φ and ψ are not well defined individually, so we do not have a one-to-one mapping (or a one-to-two mapping) between the 3-torus of (θ, φ, ψ) and S3.

Fluid mechanics

If the Hopf fibration is treated as a vector field in 3 dimensional space then there is a solution to the (compressible, non-viscous) Navier–Stokes equations of fluid dynamics in which the fluid flows along the circles of the projection of the Hopf fibration in 3 dimensional space. The size of the velocities, the density and the pressure can be chosen at each point to satisfy the equations. All these quantities fall to zero going away from the centre. If a is the distance to the inner ring, the velocities, pressure and density fields are given by:

for arbitrary constants  and . Similar patterns of fields are found as soliton solutions of magnetohydrodynamics:

Generalizations

The Hopf construction, viewed as a fiber bundle p: S3 → CP1, admits several generalizations, which are also often known as Hopf fibrations. First, one can replace the projective line by an n-dimensional projective space. Second, one can replace the complex numbers by any (real) division algebra, including (for n = 1) the octonions.

Real Hopf fibrations

A real version of the Hopf fibration is obtained by regarding the circle S1 as a subset of R2 in the usual way and by
identifying antipodal points. This gives a fiber bundle S1 → RP1  over the real projective line with fiber S0 = {1, −1}. Just as CP1 is diffeomorphic to a sphere, RP1 is diffeomorphic to a circle.

More generally, the n-sphere Sn fibers over real projective space RPn with fiber S0.

Complex Hopf fibrations

The Hopf construction gives circle bundles p : S2n+1 → CPn over complex projective space. This is actually the restriction of the tautological line bundle over CPn to the unit sphere in Cn+1.

Quaternionic Hopf fibrations

Similarly, one can regard S4n+3 as lying in Hn+1 (quaternionic n-space) and factor out by unit quaternion (= S3) multiplication to get the quaternionic projective space HPn.  In particular, since S4 = HP1, there is a bundle S7 → S4 with fiber S3.

Octonionic Hopf fibrations

A similar construction with the octonions yields a bundle S15 → S8 with fiber S7. But the sphere S31 does not fiber over S16 with fiber S15. One can regard S8 as the octonionic projective line OP1. Although one can also define an octonionic projective plane OP2, the sphere S23 does not fiber over OP2
with fiber S7.

Fibrations between spheres

Sometimes the term "Hopf fibration" is restricted to the fibrations between spheres obtained above, which are
 S1 → S1 with fiber S0
 S3 → S2 with fiber S1
 S7 → S4 with fiber S3
 S15 → S8 with fiber S7
As a consequence of  Adams's theorem, fiber bundles with spheres as total space, base space, and fiber can occur only in these dimensions.
Fiber bundles with similar properties, but different from the Hopf fibrations, were used by John Milnor to construct exotic spheres.

Geometry and applications

The Hopf fibration has many implications, some purely attractive, others deeper. For example, stereographic projection S3 → R3 induces a remarkable structure in R3, which in turn illuminates the topology of the bundle . Stereographic projection preserves circles and maps the Hopf fibers to geometrically perfect circles in R3 which fill space. Here there is one exception: the Hopf circle containing the projection point maps to a straight line in R3 — a "circle through infinity".

The fibers over a circle of latitude on S2 form a torus in S3 (topologically, a torus is the product of two circles) and these project to nested toruses in R3 which also fill space. The individual fibers map to linking Villarceau circles on these tori, with the exception of the circle through the projection point and the one through its opposite point: the former maps to a straight line, the latter to a unit circle perpendicular to, and centered on, this line, which may be viewed as a degenerate torus whose minor radius has shrunken to zero. Every other fiber image encircles the line as well, and so, by symmetry, each circle is linked through every circle, both in R3 and in S3. Two such linking circles form a Hopf link in R3

Hopf proved that the Hopf map has Hopf invariant 1, and therefore is not null-homotopic. In fact it generates the homotopy group π3(S2) and has infinite order.

In quantum mechanics, the Riemann sphere is known as the Bloch sphere, and the Hopf fibration describes the topological structure of a quantum mechanical two-level system or qubit. Similarly, the topology of a pair of entangled two-level systems is given by the Hopf fibration

. Moreover, the Hopf fibration is equivalent to the fiber bundle structure of the Dirac monopole.

Hopf fibration also found applications in robotics, where it was used to generate uniform samples on SO(3) for the probabilistic roadmap algorithm in motion planning. It also found application in the automatic control of quadrotors.

Notes

References
 ; reprinted as article 20 in

.

External links

 Dimensions Math Chapters 7  and 8 illustrate the Hopf fibration with animated computer graphics.
 An Elementary Introduction to the Hopf Fibration by David W. Lyons (PDF)
 YouTube animation showing dynamic mapping of points on the 2-sphere to circles in the 3-sphere, by Professor Niles Johnson.
 YouTube animation of the construction of the 120-cell  By Gian Marco Todesco shows the Hopf fibration of the 120-cell.
 Video of one 30-cell ring of the 600-cell from http://page.math.tu-berlin.de/~gunn/.
 Interactive visualization of the mapping of points on the 2-sphere to circles in the 3-sphere

Algebraic topology
Geometric topology
Differential geometry
Fiber bundles
Homotopy theory

Hopf fibration