Thompson Twins were a British pop band formed in 1977 in Sheffield. Initially a new wave group, they switched to a more mainstream pop sound and achieved considerable popularity during the early and mid-1980s, scoring a string of hits in the United Kingdom, the United States, and around the world. In 1993, they changed their name to Babble, to reflect their change in music from pop to dub-influenced chill-out. They continued as Babble until 1996, at which point the group permanently broke up.

The band's name was based on the two bumbling detectives Thomson and Thompson (who are close doubles not twins) in the English-language version of Hergé's comic strip The Adventures of Tintin. At various stages they had up to seven members, but their best known line-up was as a trio from 1982 to 1986. The band became a prominent act in the US during the Second British Invasion, and in 1985 performed at Live Aid in Philadelphia, where they were joined on stage by Madonna.

Career

Early days
In 1977, the original Thompson Twins line-up consisted of Tom Bailey (born 18 January 1954, Halifax, West Yorkshire) on bass guitar and vocals, Pete Dodd on guitar and vocals, John Roog on guitar, and Jon Podgorski (known as "Pod") on drums.

Arriving in London with very little money, they lived as squatters in Lillieshall Road, Clapham. Future Thompson Twins member Alannah Currie (born 20 September 1957, Auckland, New Zealand) lived in another squat in the same street, which is how she met Bailey. Their roadie at that time was John Hade, who lived in the same house, and who later became their manager.

As Podgorski had decided to stay in the north, the group auditioned for drummers at the Point Studio in Victoria, London. Andrew Edge joined them on drums for 18 months, and went on to join Savage Progress, who later toured with the Thompson Twins as the support act on the band's 1984 UK tour.

In 1980, the band (now consisting of Bailey, Dodd, Roog and drummer Chris Bell, who had replaced Edge the previous year) released their first single, "Squares and Triangles", on their own Dirty Discs label. A follow-up single, "She's in Love with Mystery", was issued later that year.

Line-up changes

In 1981, the line-up became Bailey, Dodd, Roog, Bell and two new members: former band roadie Joe Leeway on congas and percussion, and Jane Shorter on saxophone. This line-up recorded the debut Thompson Twins studio album A Product Of... (Participation), documented in the film Listen to London (1981). Currie, who had been associated with the band for a few years, played and sang on their debut studio album, but was not yet a full member.

After their debut studio album, the band's line-up shifted yet again. Saxophonist Jane Shorter left and was replaced by Currie (who also played percussion), and bassist Matthew Seligman, a former member of the Soft Boys and the Fallout Club, joined; leaving Bailey to switch to keyboards, with Leeway starting to handle lead vocals on some tracks.

The band signed a recording contract with Arista Records and released their second studio album Set. Thomas Dolby played some keyboards on Set and some live gigs, for Bailey at that time had little experience with synthesizers. Set contained the single "In the Name of Love", sung and largely written by Bailey. It became a No. 1 dance club hit in the US, and an album titled In the Name of Love (consisting mainly of tracks from Set, with two others from A Product Of... (Participation)) was released in the US to capitalize on the song's popularity. It entered the US Billboard 200.

Trio

After the success of "In the Name of Love", Bailey, Currie and Leeway, wanting to pursue the single's different sound, toyed with the idea of starting a new band on the side, which they planned to call 'The Bermuda Triangle'. When "In the Name of Love" (and its parent studio album Set) failed to make a substantial impact in the UK record charts, this plan was abandoned. However, at the same time, manager Hade convinced Bailey, Leeway and Currie to downsize the Thompson Twins to a core of the three in April 1982. Accordingly, the other four members of the band were notified that the band was breaking up; they were each paid £500 and were allowed to keep their instruments and equipment in exchange for an understanding not to perform together under the name "Thompson Twins".

The remaining Thompson Twins, who had not in fact broken up, decided to go abroad to free themselves of any UK influence, as well as to combine the songwriting for their first studio album as a trio with a long holiday. They first went to Egypt and then to the Bahamas, where they recorded at Compass Point Studios in Nassau with record producer Alex Sadkin.

Bailey commented on the band's reduction to a trio in a 1983 interview: "When we reformed the band, we were making a statement. We weren't going to be a rock 'n' roll band, we weren't going to have a guitar. We were going to move on. You know, Lou Reed said whenever he played live he ended up going back to heroin music. There are old associations, associations we don't want because they don't reflect the way we feel today. ... Right now, technology is what's important, and that's what our music tries to reflect."

International success
The band broke into the UK Singles Chart and the US Billboard Hot 100 chart at the beginning of 1983 with "Lies" and "Love On Your Side", which became the band's first UK Top 10 single. They then released their third studio album, Quick Step & Side Kick (called simply Side Kicks in the US), which peaked at number 2 in the UK and was later certified platinum. Further singles followed with "We Are Detective" (another Top 10 UK hit)  and "Watching" (UK No. 33). All three band members worked collectively on songwriting with Currie providing lyrics and Bailey melodies. In addition Leeway was responsible for stagecraft, Currie for music videos and imagery and Bailey for musicianship and production. During 1983, the band had the opening spot on the Police's concert tour in the US.

Reduced to a trio, a logo representing each member was created by designer Andy Airfix and was voted the 4th best logo out of 13 by Classic Pop Magazine.

"Hold Me Now" was released in late 1983. The song was an international chart success, peaking at No. 4 in their native UK where it became the band's biggest seller earning a gold disc, and reached No. 3 in the US in the spring of 1984 becoming their biggest American hit.

The band's fourth studio album, Into the Gap, was released in February 1984 and became one of the year's biggest sellers, selling five million copies worldwide. It topped the UK Albums Chart and was later certified double platinum there. Further hit singles from the album followed with "Doctor! Doctor!" (UK No. 3) and "You Take Me Up" (UK No. 2, their highest UK singles chart placing and which earned a silver disc). Other singles included a new version of the album track "Sister of Mercy" (UK No. 11), and "The Gap" (though this was not released in the UK). The band embarked on a world tour in support of the album, which had also made the US top ten.

A brand new single, "Lay Your Hands on Me", was released in the UK in late 1984 and reached No. 13 on the UK Singles Chart. Following this, the band parted company with their producer Alex Sadkin and opted to produce their fifth studio album, Here's to Future Days, by themselves in Paris. However, in March 1985, while promoting their new single "Roll Over" and the forthcoming studio album, Bailey collapsed in his London hotel room from nervous exhaustion. The "Roll Over" single was then cancelled at the last minute and the new album postponed. Though the band had chosen to produce themselves, the postponement caused them to rethink the project and producer Nile Rodgers was subsequently called in to rework the album with them. The album was eventually released in September 1985, reaching the UK Top 5 and US Top 20, though failed to come close to the success of Into the Gap. It was preceded by the single "Don't Mess with Doctor Dream" (UK No. 15) and followed by the single "King for a Day", which peaked at No. 22 in the UK, but reached No. 8 on the US chart. Other singles included a new US version of "Lay Your Hands on Me" (US No. 6), and a cover of the Beatles' 1968 hit "Revolution", which failed to make the UK Top 40.

Prior to the album's release, the Thompson Twins performed on the American leg of Live Aid in July 1985 and were joined onstage by Madonna. The planned summer 1985 tour of the UK (and a headlining appearance at the Glastonbury Festival) had to be cancelled due to Bailey's health problems (fans with tickets received a free live album as compensation), though international dates were rescheduled and the latter half of 1985 saw sell out tours for the band in the US and Japan. A second planned tour of the UK in 1985 was also scrapped due to the promoter declaring bankruptcy.

Duo
Leeway left the band in 1986, and the remaining duo of Bailey and Currie carried on making music for another seven years. The act's first release as a duo was the North America-only single "Nothing in Common", released in July 1986. It peaked at No. 54 in the US, and No. 68 in Canada.

1987 saw the release of their sixth studio album Close to the Bone and the single "Get That Love", which climbed to No. 31 in the US but only reached No. 66 in the UK. The album was a commercial flop. It spent only one week on the UK Albums Chart at No. 90 and yielded no further chart singles.

"In the Name of Love" was given a new lease on life in 1988, after a remix by Shep Pettibone made the Top 50 in the UK. 1989 saw the release of another studio album, Big Trash, and a new recording contract with Warner Bros. Records. The single "Sugar Daddy" peaked at No. 28 in the US and would be their last brush with mainstream chart success. 1991's Queer would be the band's swansong, and was supported by various techno-inspired singles under the moniker of Feedback Max (in the UK) to disguise the identity of the band to club DJs. The single "Come Inside" reached No. 7 in the US Dance Chart and No. 1 in the UK Dance Chart.

Prior to this, Bailey and Currie (who were now a couple) had their first child together in 1988, and in the following years they spent a lot of time writing material for other artists including the hit single "I Want That Man" for Deborah Harry of Blondie in 1989. In 1990, Bailey and Currie contributed the song "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?" to the Cole Porter tribute album Red Hot + Blue produced by the Red Hot Organization. In 1991, Bailey and Currie were married in Las Vegas, US and the following year moved to New Zealand. In 1992, the Thompson Twins contributed the song "Play with Me" to the soundtrack of the Ralph Bakshi film Cool World; Bailey alone contributed a second track, "Industry and Seduction". The following year, the duo teamed up with engineer Keith Fernley and changed their band name to Babble. They released two studio albums: The Stone (1993) and Ether (1996).

Thompson Twins declined to follow the example of many of their contemporaries and reform in order to tie in with a trend of nostalgia for the 1980s, although Bailey, Currie and Leeway appeared together on the UK Channel 4 show Top Ten Electro Bands in 2001. Thompson Twins were placed ninth.

After the Twins
Babble released two studio albums, The Stone (1993) and Ether (1996), with songs featured in the films Coneheads (1993) and With Honors (1994).

In the mid-1990s, Currie gave up the music business to set up her own glass-casting studio in Auckland and concentrated on raising her two children. In 2001, she founded and ran the anti-genetic engineering group called MAdGE (Mothers Against Genetic Engineering in food and the environment), and networked thousands of women across New Zealand in a resistance movement, aimed at keeping the biotech industry from using New Zealand as an experimental playground. Currie described this group as a "rapidly growing network of politically non-aligned women who are actively resisting the use of genetically-engineered material in our food and on our land". During that time she designed a billboard to spark a debate on the ethics of genetically modifying cows with human genes to produce a new milk. The billboard, featuring a young woman with four breasts hooked up to a milking machine, caused huge controversy but won several international art awards. Bailey and Currie divorced in 2003, and both left New Zealand to live separately in the UK. Currie later married Jimmy Cauty (formerly of the KLF) and now lives and works in London. She is a visual artist who works under the pseudonym "Miss Pokeno", as well as the Armchair Destructivists and The Sisters of Perpetual Resistance. As well as several solo shows in London her work has also been exhibited at both the Guildhall Art Gallery and the Geffrye Museum.

In 1999, Bailey produced and played keyboards on the studio album Mix by the New Zealand band Stellar, and won the Producer of the Year Award at the 2000 New Zealand Music Awards. He has also arranged soundtracks and has provided instrumental music for several films. He continues to make music under the moniker International Observer and has released the studio albums Seen (2001), All Played Out (2005), and Felt (2009). He also performs with the Holiwater group from India. He began performing live again as Thompson Twins' Tom Bailey in 2014 and has since toured the UK, North America and Japan. In 2016 he released his debut solo single, "Come So Far". In 2018 Bailey released his debut solo studio album titled Science Fiction.

After leaving the Thompson Twins in 1986, Leeway briefly dabbled in acting and attempted a solo music career, though neither were successful. , he resides in Los Angeles, and works in the field of hypnotherapy. He is on the staff at the Hypnosis Motivation Institute (HMI) in the Los Angeles district of Tarzana, and is also a certified trainer in neuro-linguistic programming.

The earlier members went on to do other things:
Dodd and Roog formed a band called Big View (with Edge on drums) and recorded a single called, "August Grass", which was released on Point Records (owned by Merton, the Thompson Twins publisher) in 1982. Dodd is now living back in Chesterfield working as a freelance journalist – and has released his own History of Rock album billed as Peter & the Wolves. Dodd still sees Podgorski on a regular basis. Dodd and John Roog play in a band called "The Flow"
Roog lives in Chesterfield, and was previously in a senior position in Tower Hamlets Adult Services, and the London Borough of Lambeth, until his retirement in 2011. He now plays in a band with Pete Dodd called the Flow.
Seligman worked for a law firm in London and has played in the Soft Boys reunions as well as releasing his own studio albums. He had moved to Sendai, Japan with his Japanese wife and their daughter and, in 2009, contributed to the Thomas Dolby studio album A Map of the Floating City. In 2012, he collaborated with Jan Linton on the CD Sendai, a fundraiser for reconstruction after the 11 March Tōhoku earthquake. Seligman died in 2020 of complications from COVID-19.
Bell moved from London to Bath, and played in or for Spear of Destiny, Gene Loves Jezebel and Hugh Cornwell of the Stranglers.
Booth helped Chinese music artists in production and development. She is now a consultant and executive producer at RIBA since 9 February 2022.

Tom Bailey solo shows

Bailey performed Thompson Twins songs live for the first time in 27 years on 17 August 2014 at Temple Island Meadows, Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, for the Rewind South Festival.

In 2014, Bailey also took part in the Retro Futura Tour in the US, along with Howard Jones, Midge Ure, China Crisis and Katrina Leskanich formerly of Katrina and the Waves.

He continues to tour internationally, under the moniker "Thompson Twins' Tom Bailey," performing in the UK and also in North America in 2016.

In 2016, Bailey received the Classic Pop magazine's 'Best Live Show' award.

In 2018, Bailey toured the US with the B-52's and Culture Club, dubbed The Life Tour.

On 3 September 2022, Bailey performed the entire 'Into the Gap' studio album for the first time ever along with his band consisting of Alice Offley (bass guitar and backing vocals), Charlotte Raven (keyboards and cello) and Paulina Szczepaniak (drums and percussion) collectively known as 'The Sisters of Mercy' in Aylesbury, UK (at the Aylesbury Waterside Theatre) to a sold out audience.

This performance also featured a surprise full live performance of Thompson Twins hit "We Are Detective". Bailey had produced a reimagined purely instrumental version of the song that had served as the band's walk-on music for live performances since 2014, but this was the first time the full song appeared as part of the actual set since Bailey's return to performing Thompson Twins material. Alice Offley performed Alannah Currie's vocal parts, in addition to playing bass.

Awards and nominations
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Nominee(s)
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=3|Pollstar Concert Industry Awards
| 1985
| rowspan=3|Thompson Twins
| Favorite New Headliner of the Year
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|1986
| Most Creative Tour Package
|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| Most Creative Stage Set
|

Personnel

Members

Classic line-up
 Tom Bailey – bass, guitar, keyboards, vocals  (1977–1993)
 Joe Leeway – congas, percussion, keyboards, vocals (1981–1986)
 Alannah Currie – drums, percussion, vocals (1981–1993)

Other members
 Pete Dodd – guitar, vocals (1977–1982)
 John Roog – guitar (1977–1982)
 Jon Podgorski – drums (1977–1978)
 Andrew Edge – drums (1978–1979)
 Chris Bell – drums (1979–1982)
 Jane Shorter – saxophone (1981)
 Matthew Seligman – bass (1981–1982) (died 2020)

Discography

Studio albums
 A Product Of... (Participation) (1981)
 Set (1982)
 Quick Step & Side Kick (1983)
 Into the Gap (1984)
 Here's to Future Days (1985)
 Close to the Bone (1987)
 Big Trash (1989)
 Queer (1991)

Bibliography
 The Thompson Twins – An Odd Couple (The Official Biography) by Rose Rouse. Virgin Books, 1985.
 Thompson Twin – An '80's Memoir by Michael White. Publisher: Little, Brown (4 May 2000).

See also
 List of Billboard number-one dance club songs
 List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Dance Club Songs chart
 List of Second British Invasion artists

References

External links

Arista Records artists
English new wave musical groups
English synth-pop groups
Musical groups from Sheffield
Musical groups disestablished in 1993
Musical groups established in 1977
20th-century squatters
British synth-pop new wave groups
Warner Records artists
Second British Invasion artists
1977 establishments in England
1993 disestablishments in England

Thompson Twins


Arafat şu anlamlara gelebilir:

 Yaser Arafat
 Arafat Dağı
 Arafat, Moritanya

Arafat


سُوق الجُمُعَة قرية تقع في معتمدية الكريب بولاية سليانة بالشمال الغربي التونسي. ترقيمها البريدي هو 6132.

انظر أيضا

مواضيع ذات علاقة
 معتمدية الكريب.
 ولاية سليانة.

قرى ولاية سليانة

سوق الجمعة (الكريب)


Dich hab' ich geliebt (Verweistitel: Nur Dich hab' ich geliebt…) ist ein früher deutscher Tonfilm aus dem Jahre 1929. Unter der Regie von Rudolf Walther-Fein übernahmen  Mady Christians, Walter Jankuhn und Hans Stüwe die Hauptrollen.

Handlung
Die Sängerin Inge Lund feiert bei einer Galapremiere einer neuen Operette einen großen Triumph. Überwältigt von diesem Erfolg, drängt sich Inges Bühnenpartner Otto Radney auf und wird nach einigen Gläschen Alkohol ihr neuer Geliebter. Doch als sie wenig später den Arzt Dr. Hubert Baumgart kennenlernt, verliebt sie sich Hals über Kopf in ihn. Beide heiraten, und die Sängerin gibt ihm zuliebe ihre Bühnenkarriere auf. Doch ihr frisch angetrauter Gatte hat bald nur noch wenig Zeit für sie, und so widmet sich Inge bald mit Hingebung ihrer kleinen Tochter Marie, genannt Mariechen.

Inge vermisst ihr altes Leben sehr, die Bühne, den Applaus und das Rampenlicht. Und so kommt eins zum anderen, als eines Tages Otto Radney in ihrer Stadt gastiert. Durch eine Indiskretion einer eifersüchtigen Kollegin entsteht das Gerücht, dass Inge die erloschene Beziehung zu ihrem ehemaligen Liebhaber wieder aufgefrischt habe. Als ihr Ehemann davon erfährt, verlangt er die Scheidung. Mariechen wird der vermeintlich ehebrecherischen Mutter entzogen und dem Vater zugesprochen.

Um für ihren Lebensunterhalt zu sorgen, muss Inge wieder arbeiten und versucht, in ihrem alten Beruf erneut Fuß zu fassen. Doch ein neues Engagement zu finden, erweist sich als überaus schwierig. Und sie kann auch nicht mehr an die alten Erfolge von einst anknüpfen. Inges Rollen werden immer kleiner, und bald verschwindet sie als Ensemblemitglied im Chor. Als sie in der Stadt ihres Ex-Mannes gastiert, besucht Inge heimlich das ihr entzogene Kind Mariechen. Als Baumgart eine ergreifende Szene zwischen Mutter und Kind miterlebt, erweicht das sein Herz, und er sucht die Versöhnung mit seiner Ex-Frau.

Produktion
Der Film ist einzig aus einem Grund von filmhistorischer Bedeutung: Er gilt als der erste einhundertprozentige in Deutschland gedrehte, abendfüllende Tonspielfilm. Er ist somit, anders als alle zuvor in Deutschland gedrehten und aufgeführten abendfüllenden deutschen Tonspielfilme, der erste Film, in dem sämtliche Dialoge zu hören sind.

Dich hab' ich geliebt wurde am 22. November 1929 in zwei Berliner Kinos uraufgeführt

Die Überwachung des Tri-Ergon-Tonverfahrens der Tobis übernahm der Tonspezialist Dr. Guido Bagier. Karl Brodmerkel und Adolf Jansen machten die Tonaufnahmen.

Den Titelschlager, den langsamen Walzer Dich hab ich geliebt, komponierte Eduard May, den Text dazu verfasste Bruno Balz. Walter Jankuhn, Schauspieler und Tenor, machte davon eine Aufnahme bei Odeon. Die Illustrationsmusik schrieb und dirigierte Werner Schmidt-Boelcke.

Tondokumente:
 Dich hab ich geliebt. Lied und English Waltz (Ed. May – B. Balz) a.d.gleichn. Tonfilm.
 Harry Jacksons Tanz-Orchester, Refraingesang Kurt Mühlhardt. Tri-Ergon T.E.5781 (Matr. 03210)
 Dich hab ich geliebt. Lied und English Waltz (Musik: Ed. May, Text: B. Balz) a.d.gleichn. Tonfilm.
 Walter Jankuhn, Tenor mit Orchesterbegleitung. Odeon O-11 165 a (Matr. Be 8441), aufgen. 27. August 1929

Die Filmbauten schufen Botho Höfer, Hans Minzloff und Erich Czerwonski.

Von dem Film wurde parallel auch eine französische Fassung unter dem Titel Mon amour hergestellt.

Dich hab' ich geliebt war ein beachtlicher Kassenerfolg und wurde daher auch für den US-amerikanischen Markt interessant. Dort, in New York, lief er am 24. Januar 1930 unter dem Titel Because I Loved You an. Weitere Aufführungen gab es noch im selben Jahr in den Niederlanden, in Bulgarien und in Finnland.

Kritik
Die zeitgenössische Kritik ging mit dem Film nicht eben gnädig um ("…wenn auch die Tagespresse mit ihrem Lob mehr als zurückhaltend ist, weil sie auch hier immer noch die Eigengesetzlichkeit des Tonfilms und eine gute Klangtechnik vermißt"), wie Oskar Kalbus in Vom Werden deutscher Filmkunst zu berichten wusste.

Ähnlich empfand das auch Karlheinz Wendtland, der schrieb: "Das ist der erste in einem deutschen Atelier aufgenommene hundertprozentige Tonfilm. Der Drehbuchautor Walter Reisch, der uns später einige erstklassige Tonfilme bescheren sollte, hatte noch nicht sein Vollformat erreicht. Neben der fehlenden Eigengesetzlichkeit des Tonfilms läßt auch die tontechnische Wiedergabe zu wünschen übrig." Des Weiteren führte Wendtland aus, dem Film sei "ein guter Erfolg beim Publikum beschieden" gewesen, und dies, "obwohl Musik-Einlagen und auch Humor dem Filmgeschehen nicht integriert erscheinen". Vielmehr mache die Handlung deutlich, "daß eben die Mentalität seinerzeit eine andere [gewesen sei] als heute, das [sei] entscheidend". Dafür politische Gründe vorzuschieben, sei "abwegig". Auch könne man der Handlung keine "vornazistischen Tendenzen" unterstellen, denn der Autor sei Jude gewesen.

So urteilte beispielsweise der Berliner Börsen-Courier: "Erster Eindruck der Tonreproduktion: einfach scheußlich, aber dann allmählich gewöhnt man sich daran und zum Schluß hat einen die Handlung so in den Bann gezogen, dass man das Ganze sogar ganz nett findet. Störend ist es freilich, dass die Tonregie auf eine diskrete Musikuntermalung der Dialogszenen nicht glaubte verzichten zu dürfen. Des Weiteren fällt einem unangenehm auf, dass eine Reihe von Gesangseinlagen allzu deutlich ad hoc eingefügt sind, eben weil der Film jetzt auch singen kann. Man merkt die Absicht und man wird verstimmt... ."

Weblinks

 Dich hab' ich geliebt Titelblatt Illustrierter Film-Kurier Nr. 1286 (Titelbild: Mady Christians)

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1929
Deutscher Film
Schwarzweißfilm
Musikfilm
Filmdrama

Dich hab’ ich geliebt


Le beffroi de Besse (ou Beffroy) est une structure défensive médiévale, situé à Besse-et-Saint-Anastaise (Puy-de-Dôme), en France.

Généralités
Le monument est situé sur le territoire de la commune de Besse-et-Saint-Anastaise, dans le département du Puy-de-Dôme, en région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, en France. il est situé sur l'ancien tracé des remparts de la vieille ville, au sud de la bourgade.

Historique
Le beffroi et la porte datent vraisemblablement du  et ont été remaniés au . Alors en ruine, il est reconstruit au début du .

Le beffroi est classé au titre des monuments historiques par arrêté du 15 février 1905.

Description
Le monument se compose d'une porte de ville, ainsi que d'un beffroi accolé. La porte, dernière des trois portes de ville existante, donnait accès à la ville via une route à la pente accentuée et précédait une barbacane. Bâtie en plan carré, la porte à arcades accueillait autrefois une herse. À l'origine, cette porte était accompagnée de deux autres portes en bois permettant de renforcer la défense à cet endroit. La porte dispose également des corbeaux, mâchicoulis et ancien chemin de ronde. La base de la tour ainsi que la porte étaient percées de meurtrières. Un écusson simple orne la façade.

Le beffroi attenant à la porte se compose d'une tour carrée massive sur laquelle une tour octogonale est construite et terminé par un campanile. Ce campanile, surmonté d'une girouette à tête de loup, permettait au guetteur de sonner l'alerte en cas d'attaque. A l'intérieur, un escalier en colimaçon desserts plusieurs salles dont les anciens logis et salles des gardes. Une horloge est présente sur la tour et visait à opposer « sa mesure laïque du temps à celle de l'église et son clocher ».

Galerie

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des monuments historiques du Puy-de-Dôme

Liens externes

Monument historique dans le Puy-de-Dôme
Monument historique classé en 1905
Besse

Beffroi de Besse


Le musée de l'Homme et de la Nature (Museum Mensch und Natur, en allemand) est un musée d'Histoire naturelle situé à Munich, en Allemagne.

Le musée est situé dans l'aile nord du château de Nymphenburg. Il a été inauguré en 1990, et l'État libre de Bavière a décidé de l'agrandir avec un nouveau bâtiment controversé en 2014.

Voir aussi
 Liste de musées en Allemagne

Références

Liens externes

Musée d'histoire naturelle en Allemagne
Musée à Munich

Musée de l'Homme et de la Nature de Munich


Olaylar
 1 Şubat - Paris Antlaşması ile Kırım Savaşı sona erdi
 18 Şubat - Islahat Fermanı
 ABD'de James Buchanan 15. başkan oldu
 7 Haziran - Dolmabahçe Sarayı kullanıma açıldı.
 Gözleve Muharebesi'nın bitişi
 TCDD kuruldu.
 Gregor Mendel genetik üzerine yaptığı araştırmalara başladı.
 12 Ekim - Girit'te 7,7 Mw  ile 8,3 Mw arasında bir deprem meydana geldi.

Süregelen olaylar
 İngiltere-İran Savaşı
 Kırım Savaşı
 II. Afyon Savaşı
 Taiping Ayaklanması

Doğumlar
 6 Mayıs - Sigmund Freud, Avusturyalı nörolog (ö. 1939)
 10 Temmuz - Nicola Tesla, Sırp asıllı fizikçi, mucit, makine mühendisi ve elektrik mühendisi (ö. 1943).
 29 Kasım - Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg, Alman şansölyesi (ö. 1921)
 28 Aralık - Woodrow Wilson, ABD'nin 28. başkanı

Ölümler
 31 Ocak - Khedrup Gyatso, 11. Dalay Lama (d. 1838)
 12 Şubat - Giuseppe Donizetti (Donizetti Paşa), İtalyan müzisyen (d. 1788).
 24 Şubat - Nikolay İvanoviç Lobaçevski, Rus matematikçi (d. 1792).
 3 Mayıs - Adolphe Adam, Fransız besteci (d. 1803)
 21 Temmuz - Emil Aarestrup, Danimarkalı erotik şair (d. 1800)
 29 Temmuz - Robert Schumann, Alman besteci (d. 1810)
 ? - Abdullah Paşa, Osmanlı Devleti valisi (d. 1795)

1856


The Jewish Quarterly Review este o revistă academică trimestrială peer-review în domeniul studiilor iudaice. Ea este publicată de University of Pennsylvania Press în numele Centrului Herbert D. Katz pentru Studii Iudaice Avansate (al University of Pennsylvania). Redactorii șefi sunt Elliott Horowitz, David N. Myers de la UCLA și Natalie Dohrmann. Publicația este disponibilă on-line prin intermediul bazelor de date Project MUSE și JSTOR și extrasă și indexată în baza de date Scopus.

Revista a fost înființată la Londra în 1889 de către Israel Abrahams și Claude G. Montefiore ca o publicație concurentă în limba engleză a revistei franceze Revue des études juives. Este cea mai veche revistă academică în limba engleză axată pe domeniul studiilor iudaice.

Note

Legături externe

 Herbert D. Katz Center for Advanced Judaic Studies
 The Jewish Quarterly Review at JSTOR

Reviste din Statele Unite ale Americii
Fondări în 1888

The Jewish Quarterly Review


The 1998 Australian federal election was held to determine the members of the 39th Parliament of Australia. It was held on 3 October 1998. All 148 seats of the House of Representatives and 40 seats of the 76-seat Senate were up for election. The incumbent centre-right Liberal/National Coalition government led by Prime Minister John Howard of the Liberal Party and coalition partner Tim Fischer of the National Party defeated the centre-left Australian Labor Party opposition led by Opposition Leader Kim Beazley, despite losing the nationwide popular and two-party preferred vote. However, the Australian Labor Party gained seats from the previous election.

Entering parliament at this election were future Prime Ministers Kevin Rudd and Julia Gillard, future Liberal deputy leader and future Minister of Foreign Affairs Julie Bishop, future Deputy Prime Minister Wayne Swan and future Speaker Anna Burke.

Background
The election returned the Member of the House of Representatives for its 1998–2001 term and half of Australia's senators, who then served in the 1999–2002 Senate.

Despite winning almost 51 percent of the two-party-preferred vote and regaining much of what it had lost in its severe defeat of two years earlier, Labor fell short of forming government. The government was re-elected with 49.02% of the two-party-preferred vote, compared to 50.98% for the Australian Labor Party, the largest difference of six election results where the winner did not gain a two-party preferred majority, since 2PP results first estimated from 1937.

The election on 3 October 1998 was held six months earlier than required by the Constitution. Prime Minister John Howard made the announcement following the launch of the coalition's Goods and Services Tax (GST) policy launch and a five-week advertising campaign. The ensuing election was almost entirely dominated by the proposed 10% GST and proposed income tax cuts.

In reaction to One Nation's policies, the other significant parties all agreed to preference against One Nation. One Nation lost its lone house seat when founder and leader Pauline Hanson lost on preferences to Liberal candidate Cameron Thompson in the Queensland electorate of Blair. In Queensland, One Nation polled 14.83% of the Senate vote, sufficient to elect one senator without the need for preferences.
The seat initially went to Heather Hill, but she was subsequently disqualified under Section 44 of the Constitution, and replaced by Len Harris.

The election-eve Newspoll reported Labor on a 53 percent two-party-preferred vote.

On election night of 3 October, the exit poll showed Labor on a 53 percent two-party-preferred vote. Labor made the single biggest gain by an Opposition party following an election defeat; the Coalition's majority was cut from 40 to 12. It was only when the first returns trickled in from Western Australia that the Coalition was assured of another term.  The swing across all states would have normally been sufficient for a change of government, but the uneven nature of the swing left Kim Beazley eight seats short of becoming Prime Minister.
The uneven nature of the swing saw Labor getting huge swings in seats that they held prior to the election but not enough in seats needed to gain government.

The election for the division of Newcastle was deferred as the  candidate died on 1 October, two days before the federal election. A supplementary election was held on 21 November, with Labor winning and holding the seat.

Results

House of Representatives results

Senate results

House of Representatives preference flows
 The Nationals had candidates in 13 seats where three-cornered-contests existed, with 88.89% of preferences favouring the Liberal Party.
 One Nation contested 135 electorates with preferences slightly favouring the Liberal/National Coalition (53.66%)
 The Democrats contested 144 electorates with preferences slightly favouring Labor (56.72%)
 The Greens contested 120 electorates with preferences strongly favouring Labor (73.28%)

Seats changing hands

See also
 Candidates of the 1998 Australian federal election
 Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 1998–2001
 Members of the Australian Senate, 1999–2002

Notes

References

Election 98, campaign and results coverage by the ABC
Australian Electoral Commission Results
University of WA  election results in Australia since 1890
AEC 2PP vote
AustralianPolitics.com election details
Preference flows – ABC

Federal elections in Australia
1998 elections in Australia
October 1998 events in Australia

1998 Australian federal election


Merlucciidae, porodica riba iz reda bakalarki. Sastoji se od pet roodova s ukupno 24 vrste

U Jadranu je jedini predstavnik Merluccius merluccius.

Vrste
 Lyconodes argenteus Gilchrist, 1922
 Lyconus brachycolus Holt & Byrne, 1906
 Lyconus pinnatus Günther, 1887
 Macruronus capensis Davies, 1950
 Macruronus maderensis Maul, 1951
 Macruronus magellanicus Lönnberg, 1907
 Macruronus novaezelandiae (Hector, 1871)
 Merluccius albidus (Mitchill, 1818)
 Merluccius angustimanus Garman, 1899
 Merluccius australis (Hutton, 1872)
 Merluccius bilinearis (Mitchill, 1814)
 Merluccius capensis Castelnau, 1861
 Merluccius gayi gayi (Guichenot, 1848)
 Merluccius gayi peruanus Ginsburg, 1954
 Merluccius hernandezi Mathews, 1985
 Merluccius hubbsi Marini, 1933
 Merluccius merluccius (Linnaeus, 1758)
 Merluccius paradoxus Franca, 1960
 Merluccius patagonicus Lloris & Matallanas, 2003
 Merluccius polli Cadenat, 1950
 Merluccius productus (Ayres, 1855)
 Merluccius senegalensis Cadenat, 1950
 Merluccius tasmanicus Matallanas & Lloris, 2006
 Steindachneria argentea Goode & Bean, 1896

Izvori

Bakalarke

Merlucciidae


La Selección femenina de fútbol de Guatemala es el equipo representativo del país en las competiciones oficiales de fútbol femenino. Su organización está a cargo de la Federación Nacional de Fútbol de Guatemala, la cual es miembro de la Concacaf.

El fútbol en Guatemala nunca ha sido el mejor, pero podemos ver en la clasificación de la FIFA que poco a poco va mejorando. La selección femenina siempre ha tenido excelentes jugadoras que se caracterizan por ser apasionadas en el deporte.

Estadísticas

Copa Mundial Femenina de Fútbol

Fútbol en los Juegos Olímpicos

Fútbol en los Juegos Centroamericanos y del Caribe

Últimos y próximos encuentros

Evolución del uniforme

Jugadoras

Plantilla Actual
Actualizado a abril de 2022, nómina para la clasificatoria al Campeonato Femenino de la Concacaf de 2022.

Entrenadores

Véase también
 Selección masculina de fútbol de Guatemala
 Federación Nacional de Fútbol de Guatemala

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página oficial por la FIFA
 Federación Nacional de Fútbol de Guatemala
 Ficha en SoccerWay

Guatemala
Selección de fútbol de Guatemala


Petchersk ou Pechersk (en ) est un quartier historique du centre de Kiev, la capitale de l'Ukraine.

Il correspond à peu de chose près au centre historique de la ville. Ses rues principales sont la rue Ivan Mazepa, la rue Dmytro Godzenko et le boulevard Lesya Ukrainka.

C'est une partie du raïon de Petchersk.

Son nom est issu du nom d'origine de la laure des Grottes de Kiev.

Le quartier est jumelé avec la ville de Senlis, en France.

Raïon de Petchersk
Quartier de Kiev

Petchersk (Kiev)


An Carex suberecta in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Stephen Thayer Olney, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Nathaniel Lord Britton. An Carex suberecta in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex suberecta


Sofia af Danmark (død 1247) var en dansk prinsesse, datter af kong Valdemar Sejr af Danmark og hans dronning Berengaria.

Sofia blev i 1230 gift med markgreve Johan 1. af Brandenburg, der sammen med sin bror Otto den Fromme grundlagde Berlin,  som første gang omtales i 1244.

Sofia måtte opleve, at hendes brødre, Erik Plovpenning og Abel af Danmark, kom i krig indbyrdes. Hun påtog sig opgaven at mægle mellem dem og rejste derfor i vinteren 1247 fra Brandenburg til Danmark til trods for, at hun på det tidspunkt var gravid. Rejsen fremkaldte en tidlig forløsning, som forårsagede hendes død. Ligesom sin mor døde hun i barselseng. Hun og den nyfødte blev gravlagt i Flensborg.

Børn
Sofias børn med Johan 1. af Brandenburg:
 Johan 2. af Brandenburg (omkring 1237 – 1281), medregerende markgreve af Brandenburg.
 Otto 4. "med pilen" af Brandenburg (omkring 1238–1308), markgreve af Brandenburg.
 Erik af Brandenburg (omkring 1242–1295), ærkebiskop af Magdeburg 1283–1295.
 Konrad 1. af Brandenburg (ca. 1240–1304), medregent som markgreve af Brandenburg, fader til Valdemar af Brandenburg.
 Helene (1241/42 –1304), gift 1258 med markgreven Dietrich af Landsberg, (1242–1285), der skænkede Leipzig vigtige privilegier.

Noter

Prinsesser fra Danmark

Sofia af Danmark (død 1247)


Up in It es el segundo álbum de estudio de la banda estadounidense de rock alternativo The Afghan Whigs, lanzado en 1990.

Listado de canciones

Créditos
 John Curley —	Bajo
 Greg Dulli — Voz, guitarra
 Steve Earle —	Batería
 Rick McCollum	— Guitarra
 Arthur S. Aubry — Fotografía
 Greg Dulli — Compositor

Véase también
 The Afghan Whigs

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Biografía en Allmusic

Álbumes de 1990
Álbumes en inglés

Up in It


Bernat Jaume, né le  à Igualada, est un joueur professionnel de squash représentant l'Espagne. Il atteint en février 2022 la  place mondiale sur le circuit international, son meilleur classement.

Biographie

Palmarès

Titres

Finales
 Championnats d'Europe par équipes : 2019

Notes et références

Liens externes

Joueur espagnol de squash
Naissance en novembre 1995
Naissance à Igualada

Bernat Jaume


Laura Antonelli, pseudonimul lui Laura Antonaz () a fost o actriță italiană. Ajunge la apogeul succesului în anii 1970 și 1980, jucând în diverse genuri de filme, de la comedii ușoare până la genul dramatic. Obține un succes de notorietate publică, ca protagonistă senzuală în filmul cult Malizia de Salvatore Samperi.

Filmografie

Cinema

 1964 Il magnifico cornuto, regia Antonio Pietrangeli
 1965 Le sedicenni, regia Luigi Petrini
 1966 Le spie vengono dal semifreddo, regia Mario Bava
 1966 Scusi, lei è favorevole o contrario?, regia Alberto Sordi
 1968 La rivoluzione sessuale, regia Riccardo Ghione
 1969 L'arcangelo, regia Giorgio Capitani
 1969 Un detective, non accreditata, regia Romolo Guerrieri
 1969-1975 Venere in pelliccia (alias Le malizie di Venere), regia Massimo Dallamano
 1970 Sledge (A Man Called Sledge), regia Vic Morrow
 1970 Gradiva, regia Giorgio Albertazzi
 1970 Incontro d'amore, regia Paolo Heusch și Ugo Liberatore
 1971 Mirii anului II (Les mariés de l'an II), regia Jean-Paul Rappeneau
 1971 Senza movente (Sans mobile apparent), regia di Philippe Labro
 1971 Il merlo maschio, regia Pasquale Festa Campanile
 1972 Nonostante le apparenze... e purché la nazione non lo sappia... All'onorevole piacciono le donne, regia Lucio Fulci
 1972 Trappola per un lupo (Docteur Popaul), regia Claude Chabrol
 1973 Malizia, regia Salvatore Samperi
 1973 Sessomatto, regia Dino Risi
 1974 Simona, regia Patrick Longchamps
 1974 Peccato veniale, regia Salvatore Samperi
 1974 Doamne, oare cum am putut să decad atât de mult? (Mio Dio, come sono caduta in basso!), regia Luigi Comencini
 1975 Divina creatura, regia Giuseppe Patroni Griffi
 1976 Inocentul (L'innocente), regia Luchino Visconti
 1977 Gran bollito, regia Mauro Bolognini
 1977 Mogliamante, regia Marco Vicario
 1979 Letti selvaggi, regia Luigi Zampa
 1979 Il malato immaginario, regia Tonino Cervi
 1980 Mi faccio la barca, regia Sergio Corbucci
 1981 Passione d'amore, regia Ettore Scola
 1981 Il turno, regia Tonino Cervi
 1981 Casta e pura, regia Salvatore Samperi
 1982 Viuuulentemente mia, regia Carlo Vanzina
 1982 Sesso e volentieri, regia Dino Risi
 1982 Porca vacca, regia de Pasquale Festa Campanile
 1985 Tranches de vie, regia François Leterrier
 1985 La gabbia, regia Giuseppe Patroni Griffi
 1986 La venexiana, regia Mauro Bolognini
 1986 Grandi magazzini, regia Castellano e Pipolo
 1987 Rimini Rimini, regia Sergio Corbucci
 1987 Roba da ricchi, regia Sergio Corbucci
 1990 Avarul (L'avaro), regia Tonino Cervi
 1991 Malizia 2mila, regia de Salvatore Samperi

Televiziune
 1988 Gli indifferenti (miniserie TV), regia Mauro Bolognini
 1989 Disperatamente Giulia (miniserie TV), regia Enrico Maria Salerno

Premii și nominalizări
 1974 Nastri d'argento - Cea mai bună actriță protagonistă pentru filmul Malizia
 1974 Grolla d'oro - Cea mai bună actriță pentru filmul Malizia
 1974 Globo d'oro - Migliore attrice rivelazione per Malizia
 1975 Globo d'oro - Cea mai bună actriță pentru filmul Doamne, oare cum am putut să decad atât de mult?
 1981 David di Donatello - Candidată pentru Cea mai bună actriță într-un rol secundar pentru filmul Passione d'amore

Referințe

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1941
Decese în 2015
Actrițe italiene
Actrițe italiene din secolul al XX-lea

Laura Antonelli


Tuğra, (, Tuğra) padişahın ismi ve lakabı bulunan alâmet, imza. Tuğra, hat sanatının bir kolu halinde yüzyıllar boyunca usta hattatlar eliyle yazılmıştır.

Türkçe'de kelime olarak padişahın ismini ihtiva eden özel bir işaret, padişahın imzası gibi anlamlar ifade eder. Aslı Oğuzlehçesinde tuğrağ olup, hükümdarın basılmış imzası demektir.

Orhan Gazi tarafından kullanılan ilk tuğra Orhan bin Osman ifâdesinden ibâret olup, tuğralardan ilki 1324 diğeri 1348 tarihlidir.

Birinci Sultan Osman Gazi'ye ait bir tuğraya günümüze dek hiçbir yerde rastlanmamıştır. Bu nedenle 36 Osmanlı padişahı; ama 35 Osmanlı padişah tuğrası vardır.

Yapısı

[[Dosya:Tughra muelkname Mehmed IV.jpg|küçükresim|upright=0.68|Sultan IV. Mehmed'in mülknamesinde kullandığı tuğra (1662)]]

Padişahın kendisi ve babasının isminin yazıldığı kısma, taht, kürsü veya sere adı verilir. Buradan sola doğru uzanarak aşağıdan yukarıya doğru uzayan ve iç içe iki kavisten meydana gelen kısma ise, beyze veya sancak adı verilir.

[[Dosya:Berat Bayezid II.jpg|küçükresim|sol|upright=0.68|II. Bayezid'ın ''Beratında kullanılan tuğrası (1486)]]
Kanuni Sultan Süleyman'ın Tuğrası:

 Halk arasında sele de denilen, sözlük anlamı Açık duran başparmağın ucundan işâret parmağının ucuna kadar olan uzaklık demek olan sere veya kürsü; tuğranın metin kısmıdır. Bunda pâdişâhın ve babasının adları ile Şah, Han, el-Muzaffer kelimeleri yazılıdır.
 Beyze: Bin ile Han kelimelerinin 'n' harflerinin kıvrılmasıyla meydana gelen ve iç içe yazılan iki kavise denir. İç beyze ve dış beyze adı verilen bu iki kavis tuğranın sol tarafındadır. Dâimâ kelimesi bunun ortasındadır.
 Tuğ veya elif: Tuğranın yukarıya uzanmış olan mızrak şeklindeki ||| çekmeye (üç elife) verilen addır. Bunların üzerine flama gibi çekilen kıvrıklara zülüf veya zülfe denmektedir.
 Tuğranın Kolları (Hançere veya kol): Beyzelerin devamı olan ve el-Muzaffer'' kelimesinin üzerinden geçerek tuğranın sağına doğru paralel iki çizgi halinde uzanan kısma denir.

Kullanımı

Önceleri; ahidname, menşur, name-i hümâyun, mülknâme, ferman, vakfiye, berat vb. üzerine ve ortaya yazılan tuğra, sonraları; para, defter ve kâğıtların başına bir hanedan arması halinde bayraklarda, pullarda ve resmi yapılarda da kullanıldı.

Tuğra, vesikalarda; tevki-i hümayun, nişan-ı hümâyun, nişan-ı şerif-i âlişan, misal-i meymun, alamet-i şerife, tuğra-i garra diye de isimlendirilmiştir.

Tuğra çekene; tuğrai, tevkii, nişancı, tuğrakeş ve tuğranüvis de denilirdi.

Şehzade tuğraları

Şehzadeler, isimleri ile tuğra çektirirler, emirler yazdırırlar ve bu suretle kendi idareleri altındaki bölgelerde bir padişah gibi hüküm sürerlerdi. Yalnız kendi adlarına para bastıramaz ve namlarına hutbe okutamazlardı. Bu iki imtiyaz yalnız padişahlara aittir.

Tuğraların kaldırılması hakkındaki kanun
15 Haziran 1927 tarihinde tuğraların kaldırılması ile ilgili bir kanun hazırlanmıştır.

Kaynakça
 İsmet Keten, "Tuğra Hat Sanatı"
 Ahmet Efe, "Osmanlı Padişahları" (1996), Konya
 Kaymaz Rıfkı, Osmanlı Padişahlarının Tuğraları, Ankara 1999.

Semboller
Osmanlı devlet teşkilatı
Hüsn-i hat
Osmanlı kültürü
Türk icatları

Tuğra


Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (15 Ocak 1809, Besançon - 19 Ocak 1865, Passy), Fransız ekonomist ve düşünür. Kendini "anarşist" olarak adlandıran ilk kişidir ve ilk anarşist düşünür olarak nitelenir.

Yaşamı
Fransa'nın bir köyünde doğan ve çocukluğu çobanlıkla geçen Proudhon, daha sonra kendini öğrenime adamıştır. 1840'ta yayınlanan ve ilk büyük işi olarak kabul edilen çalışması Mülkiyet Nedir? 'dir. 1846 yılında yayımlanan Sefaletin Felsefesi adlı eseri, öncesinde bu denli bir Tanrı eleştirisi beklenmemesi nedeniyle kamuoyunda büyük yankı uyandırmıştır. Proudhon'un ekonomik düşüncelerini daha sonra Karl Marx sert bir şekilde eleştirmiş ve bu tartışma ve eleştiriler Marx'ın ekonomik sisteminin temellerini oluşturmuştur. 1848 Devrimleri'nden sonra kendini Federalist olarak tanımlamıştır. En çok tanınan sözü "Mülkiyet Hırsızlıktır"'''dır. Anarşizmin en etkili yazarı olarak kabul edilir.Proudhon, Başkan Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte'a hakaret ettiği için tutuklandı ve 1849'dan 1852'ye kadar hapsedildi. Serbest bırakıldıktan sonra, başyapıtı Justice in the Revolution and the Church (1858) dahil olmak üzere birçok eser yazdı. Justice'in yayınlanmasının ardından, Proudhon'un Katolik Kilisesiini eleştirdiği için Fransız yetkililer tarafından tutuklanması emredildi. Belçika'ya kaçtı ve 1858'den 1862'ye kadar sürgünde kaldı. Belçika'da, Lev Tolstoy'un daha sonra Proudhon'a saygıyla aynı adlı ünlü eserini adlandırdığı Savaş ve Barış (1861) dahil olmak üzere birçok eser yazdı.1863'te imparatorluğun liberalleşmesi üzerine Fransa'ya döndü.

 Eserleri
 Qu'est ce que la propriété? (Mülkiyet Nedir?, 1840)
 Warning to Proprietors (Mülk Sahiplerine Uyarı, 1842)
 Système des contradictions économiques ou Philosophie de la misère (Ekonomik Çelişkiler Sistemi ya da Sefaletin Felsefesi, 1846)
 Solution of the Social Problem, (Toplumsal Sorunun Çözümü, 1849) Idée générale de la révolution au XIXe siècle (On Dokuzuncu Yüzyılda Genel Devrim Fikri, 1851)
 Le manuel du spéculateur à la bourse (Bir Borsa Spekülatörünün El Kitabı, 1853)
 De la justice dans la révolution et dans l'Eglise (Devrimdeki Adalet ve Kilise, 1858)
 La Guerre et la Paix (Savaş ve Barış, 1861)
 Du principe Fédératif (Toplumsal İttifakın İlkesi, 1863)
 De la capacité politique des classes ouvrières (İşçi Sınıfının Siyasi Kapasitesi, 1865)
 Théorie de la propriété (Mülkiyet Teorisi, 1866)
 Théorie du mouvement constitutionnel (Meşrutiyetçi Hareketin Teorisi, 1870)
 Du principe de l'art (Sanatın İlkesi, 1875)
 Correspondence (Yazışma, 1875)

 Kaynakça

 Hakkında Yazılan Kitaplar
 Justice, Order and Anarchy: The International Political Theory of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon,'' (Adalet, Düzen ve Anarşi: Pierre-Joseph Proudhon'un Uluslararası Siyaset Teorisi), Alex Prichard, Routledge. 2013

1809 doğumlular
1865 yılında ölenler
Paris'te ölenler
Anarşist teorisyenler
Besançonliler
Fransız filozoflar
Fransız anarşistler
Fransız ateistler
Fransız sosyalistler
Özgürlükçü sosyalistler
Montparnasse Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
Ateist filozoflar

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon


1. ŽNL Zadarska u sezoni 2020./21. predstavlja prvi stupanj županijske lige u Zadarskoj županiji, te ligu četvrtog stupnja hrvatskog nogometnog prvenstva. U natjecanju sudjeluje četrnaest klubova koji igraju dvokružnu ligu (26 kola).
Prvak je postao HNK "Zadar" u svojoj prvoj natjecateljskoj sezoni.

Sustav natjecanja
Četrnaest klubova igra dvokružnu ligu (26 kola).

Sudionici
 Arbanasi, Zadar
 Bibinje, Bibinje
 Dalmatinac, Crno, Zadar
 Dragovoljac, Poličnik
 Hajduk, Pridraga, Novigrad
 Nova Zora, Sveti Filip i Jakov
 Pakoštane, Pakoštane
 Polača, Polača
 Sabunjar, Privlaka
 Škabrnja '91, Škabrnja
 Velebit, Benkovac
 Zadar, Zadar
 Zemunik, Zemunik Donji
 Zlatna luka, Sukošan

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka
'' Ažurirano: 18. srpnja 2021.

 Izvori:

Najbolji strijelci
Izvori:

Strijelci 10 i više pogodaka:

 ''Ažurirano: 18. srpnja 2021.

Povezani članci
 1. ŽNL Zadarska
 2. ŽNL Zadarska 2020./21.
 3. HNL – Jug 2020./21.
 1. ŽNL Dubrovačko-neretvanska 2020./21.
 1. ŽNL Splitsko-dalmatinska 2020./21.
 ŽNL Šibensko-kninska 2020./21.

Vanjske poveznice
 nszz-zadar.hr, Nogometni savez Zadarske županije

Izvori
 nszz-zadar.hr, 1. ŽNL 20/21, konačna ljestvica i popis strijelaca), pristupljeno 18. srpnja 2021.
 nszz-zadar.hr, 1. ŽNL 20/21, konačna ljestvica i popis strijelaca), wayback arhiva
 nszz-zadar.hr, Glasnici - 2020, prostupljeno 18. srpnja 2021.
 nszz-zadar.hr, Glasnici - 2021, prostupljeno 18. srpnja 2021.
 nszz-zadar.hr, SLUŽBENO GLASILO: NSZŽ, br. 20, god. XVI, objavljeno 19. lipnja 2021., (1. ŽNL - konačna ljestvica i popis strijelaca), preuzeto 18. srpnja 2021.
 dalmatinskinogomet.hr, Zadarska ŽNL
  rsssf.com, Hrvatska 2020./21., 5. stupanj (1. ŽNL)
  sofascore.com, 1. ŽNL Zadarska

2020-21
Zadarska-1

1. ŽNL Zadarska 2020./21.


Silius (sardisk: Silìus) er en by og en kommune (comune) i provinsen Sud Sardegna i regionen Sardinien i Italien. Byen ligger i 585 meters højde og har 1.192 indbyggere (2016). Kommunen har et areal på 38,36 km² og grænser til kommunerne Ballao, Goni, San Basilio, San Nicolò Gerrei og Siurgus Donigala.

Referencer

Henvisninger

Kommuner i provinsen Sud Sardegna

Silius


Demokratska partija socijalista Crne Gore (crnogorska ćirilica: Демократска партија социјалиста Црне Горе, DPS) je najveća oporbena politička stranka u Crnoj Gori. Nastala je sredinom 1991. godine, transformacijom bivšeg Saveza komunista Crne Gore. Kroz svoju povijest prošao je kroz nekoliko razvojnih faza. Prvi predsjednik DPS-a bio je Momir Bulatović, a trenutni predsjednik stranke je Danijel Živković, koji ovu funkciju obavlja od 2023. godine.

Partija je bila na vlasti od 1991. do 2020. godine.

Izvori

Crnogorske političke stranke


The Four Horsemen, Metallica'nın ilk albümü "Kill 'Em All" da 2. sırada yer alan şarkıdır.Şarkı Mustaine'in "The Mechanix"inin üzerinde birkaç değişiklik yapılmış halidir.Hetfield albüme koymadan önce şarkının sözlerini değiştirmiş ve parçanın orta bölümüne gitar solosu eklemiştir. Bu solo Metallica şarkılarındaki ilk Kirk Hammett solosudur. Albümün diğer tüm soloları Dave Mustaine'nin orijinal sololarının üstünde çalışılmış halleridir, 4 ölçü temele alınarak Hammett tarafından kaydedilmiştir ve riffleri Dave Mustaine tarafından yazılmıştır fakat daha sonra Dave'in gruptan atılması sonucunda kayıtlarda Kirk Hammett gitarda yer almıştır. Az önce de değindiğimiz gibi Kirk'ün Kill 'em All'a kayıt dışında yaptığı tek katkı, The Four Horsemen'ın orta solosudur. Şarkının melodik ara faslı (Baterist Lars Ulrich'in verdiği bir röportaja göre) Dave Mustaine'nin Lynyrd Skynyrd grubunun Sweet Home Alabama şarkısının girişini çalarken Lars Ulrich'in beğenmesi sonucunda yazılmıştır. Şarkının sözleri değişmeden önceki konusu bir benzinlikteki cinsel karşılaşma hakkındayken Hetfield'ın sözleri ''saçma'' bulması sonucu yenilerini yazmıştır.

"The Four Horsemen" ayrıca Metallica için kullanılan takma adlardan bir tanesidir.

Sözler ,şarkının adından da anlaşılabileceği gibi,dünyanın sonu ve kıyamet hakkındadır. İncilin  "Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse"  bölümüne gönderme yapıldığı söylenilse de birçokları şarkının dört atlı yani Metallica hakkında olduğuna inanmaktadır.Şarkıda bahsi geçen dört atlı zaman(time),kıtlık(famine),salgın(pestilence) ve ölüm(death)dür.
Şarkının geçiş(bridge) bölümünde Cliff Burton'ın sesi arka vokalde duyulabilir

Metallica şarkıları
1983 şarkıları
1980'lerde İngilizce şarkılar

The Four Horsemen (şarkı)


Se conoce como espacio muerto anatómico a las vías de conducción en las que permanece el volumen inhalado de aire sin llegar a los alvéolos. El volumen aproximado de este espacio es de 150 ml y matemáticamente es igual a la diferencia entre volumen corriente y ventilación alveolar. Este espacio incluye las siguientes estructuras:
Nariz
Boca
Faringe
Laringe
Tráquea
Bronquios
Bronquiolos

Véase también

Espacio muerto fisiológico
Volúmenes pulmonares
Fisiología respiratoria

Referencias

Aparato respiratorio

Espacio muerto anatómico


Bethel (Delaware)  naselje
 Bethel Island (Kalifornija), otok
 Bethel (Angvila), naselje

Bethel


Ieronim Dănilă (n. 22 decembrie 1866, Săbadu de Câmpie, jud. Mureș – d. 21 iunie 1926) a fost un delegat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918 .

Biografie
Ieronim Dănila s-a născut la 22 martie 1866 în comuna Săbadu de Câmpie. Și-a început studiile la colegiul german din Bistrița, iar mai apoi a continuat liceul și teologia la Blaj, unde l-a avut profesor pe Ion Micu Moldovan. Cariera de preot și-a început-o în comuna Budești, jud. Cluj, azi rămasă în teritoriul cedat.

Activitatea politică
A participat la Marea Adunare de la Alba-Iulia de la 1 decembrie 1918 ca delegat oficial al protopopiatului greco-catolic Cătina. În 1919-1920 a fost ales senator al Câmpiei sub guvernul prezidat de Al. Vaida Voivod.

Recunoașteri
În anul 1925, Ieronim Dănilă a fost distins cu premiul Răsplata muncii pentru biserică, clasa I.

Note

Bibliografie

 Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților, vol. I-II, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005, ISBN 973-27-1258-9 (vol. I); ISBN 973-27-1264-3 (vol. II)

Lectură suplimetară

 Ioan I. Șerban, Nicolae Josan (coord.), Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Alba Iulia, Editura Altip, 2003.
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Legături externe

  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918
  1 decembrie 1918, Marea Unire de la Alba Iulia. Mărturii, documente și semnificații

Vezi și

 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1866
Decese în 1926
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Protopopi români

Ieronim Dănilă


La  de défense territoriale () est la brigade de l'oblast d'Odessa de la Force de défense territoriale de l'Armée ukrainienne.

Historique
L'unité est engagée lors de l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie en 2022.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Corps des volontaires ukrainiens
Unité militaire ukrainienne
Unité ou formation militaire créée en 2014

122e brigade de défense territoriale


Majavatn Station (Majavatn stasjon) er en jernbanestation på Nordlandsbanen, der ligger ved bygden Majavatn i Grane kommune i Norge. Stationen består af krydsningsspor med en øperron, et sidespor og en stationsbygning i gulmalet træ med ventesal og toilet. I den nordlige ende af stationen er der en ensporet remise med tilhørende drejeskive. Fra selve stationen er der udsigt til søen Majavatnet.

Stationen åbnede 5. juli 1940, da banen blev forlænget fra Grong til Mosjøen. Den blev gjort fjernstyret og ubemandet 9. juni 2011.

Stationsbygningen blev opført i 1939 efter tegninger af Bjarne Friis Baastad. Den toetages bygning er opført i træ i laftekonstruktion og rummede oprindeligt ventesal, restaurant, ekspedition og telegraf i stueetagen samt en tjenestebolig på første sal. Desuden er der en tilbygning i bindingsværk, der fungerede som pakhus. Baastad stod desuden for remisen, der blev opført samme år. I 1951 opførtes en toetages overnatningsbygning i træ i laftekonstruktion, der også blev tegnet af Baastad.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Nordlandsbanen
Jernbanestationer i Nordland
Etableret i 1940

Majavatn Station


265490 Szabados este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
265490 Szabados este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Piszkesteto de Krisztián Sárneczky. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,30 ua, o excentricitate de 0,15 și o înclinație de 6,4° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 265001-266000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2005
Centura de asteroizi

265490 Szabados


Mulheres na tipografia são mulheres que trabalham com desenvolvimento e impressão de tipos e materiais gráficos, como livros, cartazes e revistas. Elas ocupam cargos nesse mercado desde antes da criação da prensa de tipos móveis por Johannes Gutenberg, no século XV. No entanto, houve um apagamento sobre a participação delas na história da impressão de tipos e livros e não há, até o final do século XIX, menções sobre mulheres no campo da tipografia e impressão.

Embora presente em jornais e gráficas, a figura da mulher na indústria tipográfica não era bem vista, principalmente a partir de 1853, quando começaram a ser contratadas para furar greves de homens tipógrafos. Com o passar dos anos, a evolução da tecnologia e o aumento de mulheres no mercado de trabalho, o papel da mulher na tipografia continuou ignorado. Elas eram contratas por empresas e corporações tipográficas, como a Monotype Corporation, para adequar tipografias criadas por designers (homens) às regras de impressão nos escritórios de desenho de tipo, no entanto não havia investimento em treinamentos de mulheres e estas não eram estimuladas a manter seus empregos, pois logo se casariam e iriam embora. Todavia o trabalho dessas mulheres colaborou na formação de diversas tipografias.

Essa invisibilidade, que percorreu o século XX, se desdobrou na falta de representatividade para mulheres nessa área, e mesmo com o avanço da tecnologia, o trabalho tipográfico, que antes era considerado árduo e no século XXI assume parâmetros do meio digital, continuou atrelado aos homens, apenas mudando seu adjetivo de pesado para tecnológico. Nos últimos anos diversas designers têm perguntado onde estavam/estão as mulheres no design de tipografia e uma onda de estudos, publicações acadêmicas e sites estão sendo realizados para elucidar tal questionamento.

Contexto Histórico
A prensa de tipos móveis, aperfeiçoada e popularizada por Johannes Gutenberg no século XV, deu início à Revolução da Imprensa possibilitando a confecção de livros e cartazes por um processo mais rápido do que os antes utilizados, como manuscritos, xilogravura e litografia. Essa inovação de Gutenberg permitia que o tipo móvel (bloco de chumbo fundido com a forma das letras) fosse ajustado, e assim as tipografias criadas nesses blocos poderiam ser impressas em milhares de cópias. Com essas evoluções vieram novos postos de trabalho e a criação de profissões como o tipógrafo e o impressor.

No entanto, ao percorrer a história da tipografia e impressão, nota-se que as mulheres que trabalhavam nessa área raramente eram citadas, a começar pelas freiras do convento San Jacopo di Ripoli. O primeiro documento que comprova a contratação de mulheres no campo da impressão vem de um manuscrito encontrado neste convento e publicado somente em 1999.

Nesse contexto, as habilidades de impressão eram adquiridas por meio do trabalho pesado e estágio de aprendizagem. Porém, a construção patriarcal do papel da mulher, pautada em uma construção social machista, não permitia que as mulheres adotassem tais atividades e realizassem as práticas desta profissão. E mesmo depois que as mulheres tiveram acesso à educação técnica formal, a sua entrada não foi facilitada no setor de tipografia e impressão porque este era considerado um meio "mecânico, sujo, fisicamente extenuante e, portanto, 'não adequado'" para uma mulher.

Temas relacionados às discussões sobre machismo e patriarcado são necessários para uma análise feminista do papel das mulheres no design. Há diferenças nos papéis que supostamente são desempenhados por homens e mulheres em um contexto capitalista e patriarcal. Enquanto os homens devem realizar funções "masculinas" e ligadas ao industrial, mulheres são vistas como delicadas e femininas, relacionadas à natureza e atividades menos pesadas. Em uma análise sobre o campo de design, historiadores da área perpetuaram essas suposições sobre gêneros e habilidades específicas e falharam ao não apontar o patriarcado como parte dessa equação. Com isso, a participação de mulheres no design, especificamente em atividades como impressão de tipos, não é representada o suficiente em livros de história do design.

Marcos históricos

Sindicatos
Em 1899, o Sindicato das Mulheres Tipógrafas é inaugurado na França. Uma das lideranças era a jornalista e sufragista francesa Marguerite Durand (1864-1936), fundadora do jornal feminista La Fronde (1897). Apesar dos esforços das mulheres para reconhecimento da classe, o sindicato foi reconhecido somente em 1910.

Nos Estados Unidos, Augusta Lewis (1848-1920), jornalista e formatadora de tipos, fundou o Sindicato de Mulheres Tipógrafas Nº.1 (Women's Typographic Union Nº.1), em outubro de 1868. No ano seguinte, a associação O Sindicato União Tipográfica (The United Typographical Union), passou a aceitar mulheres como membros.

Durante o século XX, muitas empresas fabricantes de tipos empregavam mulheres nos Estados Unidos e na Europa. Essas funcionárias contribuíam com o design, desenvolvimento e produção de tipos. Ainda que haja uma invisibilidade de mulheres na história do design, muitas delas também começaram a se reunir em grupos para publicar seus próprios materiais.

A produção de livros pelo lado não masculino

A produção de livros pelo lado não masculino (originalmente: Bookmaking on the Distaff Side) foi uma publicação de 1937, feita por um grupo de mulheres em São Francisco, nos Estados Unidos. O livro conta com mais de vinte contribuições de profissionais que trabalhavam com publicações, tipografia e produção gráfica. De acordo com a introdução assinada pelo grupo, era o primeiro livro produzido por e para mulheres envolvidas com impressão, tipografia e design:Desde os tempos do Sr. Gutenberg, as mulheres estão envolvidas com a arte da impressão; agora, mais do que nunca, elas podem ser encontradas em editoras e gráficas atuando na fabricação de livros. Entretanto, nunca antes, ao menos não chegou ao nosso conhecimento, elas tinham se organizado em um grupo com o propósito de produzir um livro por, para e sobre elas. Bookmaking on the Distaff Side é o resultado da escrita, do design, da tipografia e da impressão de mulheres; e embora em alguns momentos tenha sido necessário chamar homens para algumas tarefas braçais na gráfica, ele permanece essencialmente um livro de mulheres.O livro foi feito de maneira incomum, não havia um sumário, por exemplo. Cada uma das participantes contribuiu com textos, imagens e experimentos artísticos relacionados aos processos de impressão de livros e tipografia. Entre elas, estavam Edna Beilenson, co-proprietária da Peter Pauper Press, e Jane Bissell Grabhorn (1911-1973), que trabalhava com o marido e o cunhado na Grabhorn Press.

Beatrice Warde e o manifesto Este é um Escritório de Impressão

Beatrice Warde, conhecida como "a primeira dama da tipografia", nasceu nos Estados Unidos, mas passou boa parte da vida na Inglaterra. Ela influenciou o design e a tipografia no século XX.

Por ser uma mulher em um mundo majoritariamente masculino e conservador, ela adotou o pseudônimo Paul Beaujon para facilitar a publicação de seus escritos. Também trabalhou como editora e diretora de marketing no Monotype Recorder. Ao longo de sua trajetória, publicou diversos ensaios sobre tipografia e deu palestras sobre o tema até mesmo depois de sua aposentadoria.

Ela manteve uma amizade com Eric Gill e ajudou a promover a Gill Sans. Beatrice Ward cunhou o manifesto Este é um Escritório de Impressão, que demonstrava o uso da fonte Perpetua, criada por Gill. O manifesto, em placas de bronze, ainda é usado em departamentos de impressão, inclusive na entrada do Departamento de Impressão dos Estados Unidos.

Tradução do manifesto
Este é um escritório de impressão

Encruzilhadas da civilização

Refúgio de todas as artes contra os estragos do tempo

Arsenal da verdade destemida contra rumores sussurrantes

Trombeta incessante do comércio

Deste lugar, as palavras podem voar para fora

Para não perecer em ondas de som

Não variar com a mão do escritor

Mas fixado no tempo

Tendo sido verificado em prova

Amigo, você está no solo sagrado:

Este é um escritório de impressão.

Ver também
 Susan B. Anthony
 The Revolution
 Sufrágio feminino
 Arts & Crafts

Ligações externas

 Poetry of invisible typography
 Women's typographical union No1
 TypeQuality
 Blog Women in Type
 Women in type bibliography
Design
História do design
Feminismo
Mulheres
Tipografia
Design de livros

Mulheres na tipografia


Mike Gallagher (* 1960 als Michael Smelstor) ist ein US-amerikanischer Radiomoderator. Er sieht sich selbst als konservativ und vertritt gelegentlich rechtspopulistische Meinungen.

Er ist Moderator der nach ihm benannten Mike Gallagher Show, die über das Salem Radio Network landesweit ausgestrahlt wird. Er tritt gelegentlich beim rechten Sender Fox News Channel als Gast auf. Laut dem Talkers Magazine ist Gallagher der am sechsthäufigsten gehörte Moderator in den USA.

Karriere

Radio
Er begann bereits als Siebzehnjähriger in Dayton, Ohio, Radio zu machen. Er begann bei WAVI-AM und wechselte später zu WFBC-AM in Greenville, South Carolina (heute WORD-AM), wo seine Karriere an Fahrt aufnahm. Er wurde "Station Manager", also Leiter der Abteilung. Er ging dann nach Albany, New York zu WGY-AM, wo er seine Karriere fortsetzte. 1998 wurde die The Mike Gallagher Show ins Leben gerufen.

Bücher
Im Sommer 2006, veröffentlichte er das Buch Surrounded by Idiots: Fighting Liberal Lunacy in America (2005, William Morrow; ISBN 0-06-073798-0), (Umgeben von Idioten: Der Kampf gegen die liberale Idiotie in Amerika), welches ein Bestseller wurde.

Ansichten
Mike Gallagher vertritt in seinen Sendungen, konservative bis zu reaktionäre Standpunkte. Er ist Anhänger der Abtreibungsgegner, vertritt eine Art Manchesterkapitalismus und ist in der Politik im Nahen Osten auf der Seite Israels. Den Irakkrieg befürwortete er. Er vertrat die Auffassung, Muslime sollten in den USA nicht mehr die gleichen Rechte wie der Rest der Bürger haben. Insbesondere sollten sie an Flughäfen ausgegrenzt werden. Er forderte in diesem Zusammenhang "Muslims Only"-Fluglinien. Außerdem sollten diese gründlicher als andere Passagiere untersucht werden und an eignen Schlangen stehen müssen."

Im Oktober 2006 gab er der umstrittenen extremistischen Westboro Baptist Church ein Forum. Im Gegenzug nahmen diese Abstand von einer geplanten Störung einer Beerdigung von Amischen, die bei einem Massaker ermordet worden waren.

Gallagher forderte im Dezember 2006, dass Kritiker George Bushs verhaftet werden sollten. Er sagte dazu Folgendes:

Die genannte Joy Behar betreibt wie Gallagher eine politische Radiosendung, vertritt jedoch eine andere politische Gesinnung.

Privatleben
Gallagher stammt aus Dayton, Ohio als Sohn von Leon und Marge Gallagher. Sein Vater betrieb eine Pizzeria mit Bringdienst. Gallaghers Vater starb, als er 11 war an Leukämie. Seine Mutter starb 10 Jahre später an Blasenkrebs. Während seiner Schulzeit spielte er im Schultheater.

2008 starb seine Frau Denise an Krebs.

Weblinks
 Gallagher's official website
 Gallagher 2002 CNN interview transcript

Einzelnachweise

Hörfunkmoderator
Salem Media
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1960
Mann

Mike Gallagher (Radiomoderator)


Karl Sigmund (né le  à Gars am Kamp) est un mathématicien autrichien travaillant en théorie évolutive des jeux. Il est professeur de mathématiques à l'Université de Vienne.

Carrière
Karl Sigmund est élève au Lycée français de Vienne. De 1963 à 1968, il étudie à l'Institut de mathématiques de l'université de Vienne et obtient son doctorat sous la direction de Leopold Schmetterer en 1968 avec une thèse intitulée . Il passe des années postdoctorales (de 1968 à 1973) à l'Université de Manchester (1968-1969), à l'Institut des hautes études scientifiques de Bures-sur-Yvette (1969-1970), à l'Université hébraïque de Jérusalem de Jérusalem (1970-1971), l'Université de Vienne (1971-1972) et à l'Académie autrichienne des sciences (1972-1973). En 1972, il soutient son habilitation universitaire. En 1973, Sigmund est nommé professeur de classe C3 à l'Université de Göttingen et, de 1974 à 2013, il est professeur titulaire à l'Institut de mathématiques de l'université de Vienne. Depuis 1984, Sigmund travaille également comme scientifique à temps partiel à l'Institut international d'analyse des systèmes appliqués (IIASA) à Laxenburg, en Basse-Autriche.

Activités
Karl Sigmund travaille d'abord en théorie ergodique et les systèmes dynamiques. À partir de 1977, Sigmund s'intéresse à la biomathématique et collabore avec Peter Schuster et Josef Hofbauer sur l'écologie mathématique, la cinétique chimique et la génétique des populations et  à la dynamique des jeux évolutifs et des équations réplicatrices. En collaboration avec Martin Nowak, Christoph Hauert et Hannelore Brandt, il travaille sur des approches, par jeux dynamiques, de questions liées à l'évolution de la coopération dans les populations biologiques et humaines.

Sigmund s'intéresse à l'histoire des mathématiques et en particulier au Cercle de Vienne. Il coédite les ouvrages mathématiques de Hans Hahn et Karl Menger ; il organise en 2001 une exposition sur l'exode des mathématiciens autrichiens fuyant le Nazisme, et en 2006 une exposition sur Kurt Gödel.

Sigmund donne une conférence lors du Inaugural Remembering Menger event en 2007 à l'Institut de technologie de l'Illinois.

Honneurs et reconnaissance
Sigmund est rédacteur en chef des Monatshefte für Mathematik de 1991 à 2001, vice-président (1995-1997) et président (1997-2001) de la Société mathématique autrichienne. Il est membre correspondant (en 1996) et membre ordinaire (depuis 1999) de l'Académie autrichienne des sciences, et membre de la Leopoldina (depuis 2003). Il donne une conférence plénière au congrès international des mathématiciens de Berlin en 1998. Il est lauréat de la conférence Gauss en 2003.

En 2010, il est fait docteur honoris causa de l'Université d'Helsinki. En 2012, il reçoit le prix Isaacs de la Société internationale de jeux dynamiques.

Il est lauréat de la  médaille Blaise Pascal de l'Académie européenne des sciences en 2011.

Livres

[1976]
[1993] . — Dover Publications, 2012, mis à jour en 2017.
[1998]
[2006]  .
[2010]  . — Réimpression en 2017 dans les « Princeton Series in Theoretical and Computational Biology ». Princeton University Press
[2017]
[2018]

Références

Liens externes
 « Karl Sigmund » sur zbMATH
 Site personnel de Karl Sigmund

Professeur à l'université de Vienne
Mathématicien autrichien du XXe siècle
Naissance en juillet 1945
Conférencier Gauss

Karl Sigmund


Equestrianism (ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් equester, equestr-, equus, අසරුවා, අශ්වයා) (අශ්වාරෝහක),horseback riding (American English) හෝ horse riding (British English) යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ අසුන් පැදවීමේ, මෙහෙයවීමේ, බාධක මතින් හැසිරවීමේ හෝ බාධක මතින් පැන්නවිමට ඇති හැකියාවයි. කාර්යයන් ඉටු කරවා ගැනීමට අසුන් යොදා ගැනීම, ප්‍රවාහනය, විනෝදාත්මක ක්‍රියාකාරකම්, කලාත්මක හෝ සංස්කෘතික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සහ අශ්ව රේස් යනාදියෙහි ලා අසුන් යොදා ගැනීම ද මෙයට අයත් වේ.

මෙය ඔලිම්පික් ක්‍රීඩාවක් ද වෙයි. 1900 ගිම්හාන ඔලිම්පික් උළෙලේ දී මෙය ප්‍රථම වරට ඔලිම්පික් තරඟාවලියට එක් විය. නමුත් 1904 සහ 1908 ඔලිම්පික් උළෙල වලට මෙය එක් නොවිය. 1912 සිට පැවති සෑම ඔලිම්පික් තරඟාවලියකටම අසුන් හැසිරවීමේ ක්‍රීඩාව එක් විය. වර්තමානයේ දී මෙම ක්‍රීඩාවට අදාළව ඔලිම්පික් උළෙලේ දී පැවැත්වෙන ඉසව් වන්නේ Dressage(අසුන් හැසිරවීම), Eventing (ඉවෙන්ටින්ග්) සහ Jumping වෙයි. එම සෑම ඉසව්වකදී ම තනි සහ කණ්ඩායම් පදක්කම් පිරිනැමෙන අතර පිරිමි සහ කාන්තාවෝ එකට තරඟ වදිති.

නවීන පංච ප්‍රයාමයෙහි එක් ඉසව්වක් ලෙස ද මෙම ක්‍රීඩාව අයත් වෙයි. මේ අනුව ඔලිම්පික් තරඟාවලියේ සතුන් සහභාගී කරගන්නා ක්‍රීඩා වන්නේ Equestrian සහ නවීන පංච ප්‍රයාමය පමණක් වෙයි. මෙම තරඟ වලදී අසරුවා මෙන්ම අශ්වයා ද තරඟකරුවෙකු ලෙස සළකනු ලබයි.

අසුන් හැසිරවීමේ ක්‍රීඩාව අන්තර්ජාතිකව පරිපාලනය කරනු ලබන්නේ Fédération Équestre Internationale (FEI) මගිනි.

ක්‍රීඩා

Equestrianism


Fahri Tatan (d. 30 Mayıs 1983, Rize), Türk eski millî futbolcudur.

Kariyeri

Kulüp Takımları Kariyeri
1999-2000 sezonunda o dönem 3. Lig'de mücadele eden Rize temsilcisi Pazarspor'dan Fenerbahçe PAF takımına transfer edildi. Orta saha mevkiinde görev yapan Fahri, 20 Temmuz 1999'da profesyonelliğe geçti. 2002-03 sezonu sonunda Çaykur Rizespor'a transfer oldu.

Bu takımda dört sezon görev aldıktan sonra Beşiktaş'a transfer oldu. Beşiktaş'ta istediği şansı bulamadı ve 2007-08 sezonunun başında Çaykur Rizespor'a kiralandı.

Beşiktaş, 16 Temmuz 2008'de oyuncunun transferi için Konyaspor'la anlaştı. Fahri, Konyaspor ile iki yıllık sözleşme imzalamıştır. Konyaspor'da kadro dışı bırakıldığı için mutlu olmayan oyuncu Konyaspor'un küme düşmesinin ardından serbest kaldı. 2009-10 sezonu Denizlispor ile üç yıllık sözleşme imzaladı. Sezonun ilk yarısı sonunda Denizlispor'la yollarını ayırdı. Tatan 2009-10 sezonun ikinci yarısında Eskişehirsporla bir buçuk yıllığına anlaştı.

2010-11 sezonunda, iki yıllık sözleşme imzaladığı Adanaspor'a transfer oldu. 2011-12 sezonunun devre arasında teknik direktör Levent Eriş'in verdiği rapor doğrultusunda gidecek futbolcular listesine kondu ve bunun üzerine Adanaspor yönetimiyle sözleşmesini karşılıklı fesh ederek takımdan ayrıldı.

Bunun üzerine sezonun ikinci devresi için daha önce de formasını giydiği Çaykur Rizespor'la anlaştı.

Millî takım kariyeri
Türkiye millî futbol takımında 8 özel maçta forma şansı bulmuştur. Bunların ilki 12 Nisan 2006'da 1-1 biten Azerbaycan maçıdır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 fahritatan53.com - Fahri Tatan resmî internet sitesi

Yaşayan insanlar
1983 doğumlular
Rize doğumlu futbolcular
Türk erkek futbolcular
Türkiye 20 yaş altı millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Türkiye 19 yaş altı millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Türkiye 18 yaş altı millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Türkiye 17 yaş altı millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Türkiye 16 yaş altı millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Türkiye 15 yaş altı millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Türkiye 21 yaş altı millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Türkiye A2 millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Türkiye millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Orta saha futbolcuları
Kartalspor futbolcuları
Yeni Malatyaspor futbolcuları
Denizlispor futbolcuları
Eskişehirspor futbolcuları
Adanaspor futbolcuları
Çaykur Rizespor futbolcuları
Beşiktaş JK futbolcuları
Konyaspor futbolcuları
Fenerbahçe SK futbolcuları
Şanlıurfaspor futbolcuları
Pazarspor futbolcuları
Süper Lig futbolcuları
1. Lig futbolcuları

Fahri Tatan


Condensine sind Proteinkomplexe, die für die Chromosomenkondensation der Mitose erforderlich sind.

Eigenschaften
Strukturell sind Condensine den Cohesinen sehr ähnlich, unterscheiden sich aber in der Funktion.
Sie bestehen aus fünf Untereinheiten: zwei SMC-Proteinen (SMC2 und SMC4), einem Kleisin (Brn1 / CAP-H oder CAP-H2) und zwei HEAT-repeat-Proteinen (CAP-D2/D3 und CAP-G/G2). Beide SMC-Untereinheiten bilden mit der Kleisin-Untereinheit einen Ring. Es ist vorgeschlagen worden, dass dieser Ring ähnlich Cohesin Chromatin topologisch umschließen kann. Die beiden HEAT-repat-Untereinheiten assoziieren mit der Kleisin-Untereinheit.

Fast alle Organismen haben Condensin oder Condensin-ähnliche Proteinkomplexe. Während Prokaryoten und niedere Eukaryoten nur eine Isoform besitzen, kommen in mehrzelligen Lebewesen oft zwei Condensin-Isoformen vor – Condensin I und Condensin II. Condensin-II-Komplexe befinden sich während des ganzen Zellzyklus im Zellkern. Condensin-I-Komplexe sind in der Interphase im Zytoplasma und gelangen nur nach Auflösen der Kernhülle in der Mitose in Kontakt mit Chromatin.

Die SMC-Untereinheiten können als Dimer ATP binden. In vitro konnte gezeigt werden, dass Condensine die Energie aus der ATP-Hydrolyse nutzen können, um DNA zu binden und diese zu verwinden. Vermutlich funktioniert die Kondensation der DNA gleich. Dabei werden einige Untereinheiten des Condesins von dem während der M-Phase aktiven M-cdk phosphoryliert und bilden DNA-Schleifen durch intramolekulare Quervernetzungen.

Weblinks
 Takuya Sakamoto, Yuki Sakamoto, Stefan Grob, Daniel Slane, Tomoe Yamashita, Nanami Ito, Yuka Oko, Tomoya Sugiyama, Takumi Higaki, Seiichiro Hasezawa, Maho Tanaka, Akihiro Matsui, Motoaki Seki, Takamasa Suzuki, Ueli Grossniklaus, Sachihiro Matsunaga: Two-step regulation of centromere distribution by condensin II and the nuclear envelope proteins. In: Nature Plants, 1. August 2022; doi:10.1038/s41477-022-01200-3. Dazu:
 Scientists Solve "A Mystery Across the Centuries". Auf: SciTechDaily vom 1. August 2022. Quelle: University of Tokyo
 Maximilian W. G. Schneider, Bryan A. Gibson, Shotaro Otsuka, Maximilian F. D. Spicer, Mina Petrovic, Claudia Blaukopf, Christoph C. H. Langer, Paul Batty, Thejaswi Nagaraju, Lynda K. Doolittle, Michael K. Rosen, Daniel W. Gerlich: A mitotic chromatin phase transition prevents perforation by microtubules. In: Nature, 3. August 2022; doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05027-y. Dazu:
 Molecular Mechanism Discovered That Confers Special Physical Properties to Chromosomes in Dividing Human Cells. Auf: SciTechDaily vom 3. August 2022. Quelle: Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA)

Einzelnachweise

 Condesin
Proteingruppe

Condensine


المِصْعَد هو وسيلة نقل تنقل الناس والبضائع عمودياً من الأسفل نحو الأعلى وبالعكس، ويوضع المصعد عادة في المباني كثيرة الطوابق، وذلك بغرض تسهيل الصعود إلى الطوابق العليا بدون مشقة. بسبب القوانين في بعض البلدان، فإن المصاعد قد تكون من المطالب القانونية في بعض المباني الكبيرة، خاصةً إن كانت الوسائل الأخرى غير عملية.

اختلفت آلية تحريك المصعد عبر التاريخ، فمن الجهد البدني إلى المحركات البخارية فالمحركات الكهربائية الشائعة حاليا. لكن مبدأ العمل ظل واحدا، قمرة أو حجرة مشدودة بحبل يرفعها أو ينزلها مع وجود حالات خاصة لمصاعد كالتي تزود فيها القمرة بمحرك. توفر المصاعد الحالية خاصة الكهربائية منها لوحة أزرار تسمح للراكب باختيار المستوى أو الطابق الذي يرغب في الوصول إليه.

غالبا ما نجد المصاعد مثبتة داخل عواميد مفرغة تسمح لقمرة المصعد بالتحرك عموديا (صعودا ونزولا). وإذا كانت قمرة المصعد حجرة مغلقة بباب، فهي في بعض الأحيان بجوانب زجاجية تسمح للمتنقلين بمتابعة الأجواء الخارجية سواء أكانت ردهة المبنى كما هو الحال في بعض الفنادق أو الأسواق أو بإطلال على خارج المبنى خاصة في عمارات ذات الواجهة الزجاجية.

أصبحت المصاعد ضرورة لا مفر منها خاصة في المباني الشاهقة. وظهر نوع خاص هو مصاعد ذوي الحاجيات الخاصة ومستعملي الكراسي المتحركة، فهي جهاز حركة عمودية ولكن بدون قفص أو قمرة وإنما فقط بحامل مناسب يسمح بتجاوز السلالم مايسمى أيضا بمتسلقة السلالم.

مصعد الشحن هو جهاز صمم أساسا لنقل الأحمال الثقيلة والناس في الأماكن العامة كالأسواق والمراكز الثقافية أو المصانع وغيرها. يتم تصنيعها لتتناسب مع الاستعمال والمستعملين.

على سبيل المثال، يوجد في فرنسا، وفقا لاتحاد الخبراء المستقلين ومكاتب مراقبة المصاعد (Fédération des indépendants experts et bureaux de contrôle ascenseurs : Fiebca)، حوالي 450000 مصعد في عام 2010، نصف هذا العدد عمرها أكثر من 25 عاما وربعها تجاوز الـ 40 سنة.

التاريخ

لعدة قرون، ظلت الأبنية المرتفعة (مثل الأديرة اليونانية) أمكنة شبه معزولة لصعوبة الوصول إليها إلا من خلال مصاعد بدائية «من دون محرك». وكان الظهور الأول لألات المصاعد في المناجم بشكل عام. ظهر في المناجم تصور تزويد المصاعد بمحرك بخاري وكان ذلك في أوائل القرن التاسع عشر.

أولى المصاعد التي زودت بها ناطحات السحاب والمخصصة للعامة في مطلع القرن التاسع عشر إلى القرن العشرين، سمحت بالصعود فقط على للطوابق العليا، في حين بقي النزول مقتصرا على السلالم فقط. غالباما يخصص المهندسون المعماريون مكانا للمصاعد بالقرب من السلالم. وفي كثير من الأحيان، كانت السلالم تلتف حول عمود مخصص للمصاعد بشكل الحلزوني مع فاصل معدني للحماية.

وفي الثلث الأول من القرن العشرين، زينت مصاعد الفنادق الفخمة والكبيرة مثلها مثل القطارات الفاخرة في عصرها، فحملت النوافذ وأبواب القمرة والقفص نقوشا شبكية مذهبة بالذهب الخالص. من منتصف القرن العشرين، وضعت قيود صارمة على نحو متزايد في قانون العمران بتزويد البنايات بمصاعد، فشاع استعمال المصاعد الآلية.

بعض التواريخ الهامة
 في القرن الثالث قبل الميلاد، اخترع Ctesibius رافعة أحمال تعمل باستخدام ضغط المياه.
 في 236 قبل الميلاد. وصف فيتروفيوس المهندس المعماري الروماني ألة رافعة تديرها ذراع من اختراع أرخميدس.
 في 1743 تخيل جان جاك رنوارد دي فيلاير (Jean-Jacques Renouard de Villayer) في قلعة فرساي وقصر مازارين «كراسي طائرة» بناء على طلب منها دوقة شاتورو التي لها شقق في طابق علوي. أنجز أول عامل ماكنات للملك هنري بليز آرنول كرسيا متزنا بثقل، ويمكن للراكب أن يرتفع أو ينخفض باستخدام قواه في سحب حبل. في نفس الحقبة تم تثبيت في جبل سان ميشال حامل غذاء مدفوعا بعجلة خشبية كبيرة (مثل قفص السنجاب) يدفعها مساجين حبسوا داخلها.
 في عام 1854، زود إليشا أوتيس المصعد بنظام تحديد السرعة يفعل نظام سمي فرامل المضلة، يقوم بتوقيف القمرة وضمان سلامة الأشخاص في حال انقطاع الكابل. وأنجز أول عرض للجمهور في نيويورك. وفي عام 1857، جهز آلة بإمكانها حمل 450 كجم (من 5 إلى 6 أشخاص) بسرعة بطيئة جدا من 0.20 متر في الثانية الواحدة في متجر في نيويورك (الآن يمكن للمرء أن يتجاوز 10 مترا في الثانية الواحدة). وكان أول مبنى سكني يتم تجهيزه هو مبنى Haughwout Building في نيويورك في عام 1859.
 في عام 1864، أعلن المهندس الفرنسي ليون إيدوكس (Léon Edoux) اختراع مصعد أسماه ascenseur يعمل باستخدام طاقة ضغط المياه مدينة (مكبس عمودي وقمرة متوازنة). وجهز سوقا للماشية في لافيليت في عام 1867.
 في عام 1880، تم في ألمانيا التفكير في مصاعد كهربائية، واستخدمت محركات الكهربائية ومحولات مطورة للصناعة والسكك الحديدية لجر قطار بكابل عند المنحدرات الشديدة.
 في عام 1889، تم افتتاح برج إيفل مع مصعد عظيم (ارتفاعه 160,40 متر وسرعته 0.80 متر / ثانية) بجهود المشتركة ليون وEdoux الاخوة أوتيس الذين خلفوا أباهم.
 في عام 1924، ظهر مصعد بدون رافعة، وتطلب تطوير أجهزة التشغيل الآلي والسلامة. أوامر تصبح عندئذ الكهربائية والإلكترونية تجهيز الذاكرة. الشبكات الثابتة أو الأبواب يتوقف بعيدا، وقفل الأبواب المعدنية الكاملة تلقائيا، الخ.

التقنية

هندسة وأبعاد وبناء المصاعد توفر نقلا آمنا للأشخاص، فيوميا تقدر عدد التنقلات حسب الأفراد بمليار تنقل، مليونا جهاز مراقبة مركبة للإنذار عن أي خلل. غالبا ما تكون المصاعد على اتصال بمركز تحكم عن بعد. ويمكن للمستعملين استخدام الهاتف الموجود في القمرة. لمركز التحكم شبكة حواسيب تخزن بعض المعلومات التي تتلقاها من أجهزة الاستشعار لنظام المصعد، ويتم تخزين الباقي محليا في جهاز التحكم الإلكتروني.

مركز التحكم المحلي للمصاعد في ناطحات السحاب مجهز لتسجيل كل التنقلات اليومية. من أجل توفير مصعد لكل من يطلب وتجنيب التأخرات التي يشعر بها المستخدمون، ويسمح نظام المحمول بتدفق جيد لحركة العربات. تمكن دراسة التسجيلات لحركة الأيام السابقة النظام من توقع الحركة حاليا ومستقبلا ومن ثمة التحكم في المسارات لتنظيم الحركة.

المصاعد التقليدية الحالية متكونة من محرك كهربائي مع الكابل وثقل موازنة لقمرة. الصيانة العادية للمصعد تتمثل في إعادة توتير الكابلات والتحقق من سلامة نظم الحماية وأجهزة الاستشعار الخاصة بها.

المصاعد الهيدروليكية هو نظام مزود بمكبس. يمكن للمكبس نقل المقصورة التي تتحرك سوى بضعة طوابق، أو تحريك نظام بكرات يمر عبره كابل يحمل المقصورة.

كانت المصاعد الهيدروليكية الأولى بطيئة جدا، وكان على مستوى كل طابق زر «العودة» (لأنه كل طلب من اثنين تقريبا يرد الطابق الأرضي) وذلك لخفض مدة انتظار المستخدم المقبل.
كما كانت تستوجب عمود بعمق يساوي الارتفاع الأقصى. أنظمة العمود المزدوج سمحت بتخفيض عمق العمود إلى النصف، ولكن بطء النظام الهيدروليكي وتكلفة الحفر الباهضة كانت السبب في ترك استخدام هذا النظام وخاصة بانتشار المحركات الكهربائية.

يتم التحكم في محرك المصاعد الحديثة مغير اهتزازات، والذي يتحكم بتوتر التغذية الكهربائية بما يناسب عزم الدوران المطلوبة للتحرك بالتسارع أو التباطؤ ليقى الأمر غير محسوس للشاغل المقصورة (فتسريع سرعة المصاعد يزيد من شعور الشخص بالوزن: زيادة الوزن أو تخفيضه بنسبة 10 ٪ تقريبا).

العناصر الرئيسية
يتكون المصعد من مقصورة أو قفص عمودي عموما. وتدعم المقصورة ببنية متوازية الأضلاع تسمح بتوجيه ودعم المقصورة. يتم التوجيه عبر عناصر مختلفة:

 جزء ثابت: موجهان على طول مسار المقصورة وأخران على جانبي المقصورة. هذه الموجهات وعادة ما يكون بشكل الحرف T، كما استخدمت سابقا موجهات بشكل أنابيب دائرية، عادة بقطر 48 أو 50 مم. بعض القوانين كقوانين التخطيط الحضري والإسكان تطلب استبدالها بسبب حالات الصدأ داخل الأنابيب عثر عليها. كما تطلب استبدال المجهات الخشبية القديمة جدا (مع بعض الاستثناءات لبعض المصاعد التاريخية). المصعد الكلاسيكي بكابل ومحرك يتنقل على طول الموجهات بميلان عن الشاقول هو أقل من 15 درجة. فرامل المظلة هو نظام السلامة يقوم فيه فكان مركبان على المقصورة بتثبت في الموجهات لوقف الحركة.
 جزء متحرك: المتزحلقات تعتمد على الموجهات أثناء حركة المقصورة. ويتم تشحيمها بانتظام لتقليل الاحتكاك والضوضاء. يمكن في بعض الحالات، استبدالها بعجلات صغيرة (قطرها من 80 ملم إلى 200 ملم) مثلما هو الحال في المقصورات ذات السرعات العالية أو الأحمال الثقيلة.

السرعة
للمصاعد في المباني السكنية الكلاسيكية، ومخازن ومواقف السيارات سرعات نموذجية من 0.6 متر / ثانية إلى 2.5 م/ ثا أي قرابة 2 إلى 9 كم / ساعة.

بالإضافة إلى ذلك، للمصاعد سرعات متناسبة مع ارتفاع الأبراج أو ناطحات السحاب:
 3 م/ثا، أي طابق كل ثانية (11 كم / ساعة) ما بين 15 و 30 طابقا
 4.5 م/ثا أي 1.5 طابق في الثانية (16 كم / ساعة) ما بين 20 و 40 طابقا
 6 أو 7 م/ ثا أي طابقين في الثانية (22 كم / ساعة) بين 35 و 100 طوابق (56 طوابق برج مونبارناس، لادوفانس)
 9 م/ثا أي 3 طوابق/ثانية (33 كم / ساعة) ما بين 50 و 110 طابق (شيكاغو وتورنتو وبرج Q1، ملبورن)

أقصى سرعة تصل إلى 17 أو 18 مترا في الثانية أي 60 كم / ساعة، لمصاعد أطول الأبراج مثل تايبيه 101 في تايبيه أو برج خليفة في دبي. ولكن يجب في هذه الحالات أن توفر المقصورة ضغط مناسبا، لأن ما بعد 11 م/ثا هناك مخاطر الصحية.

التسارع اللازم للوصول إلى سرعة المصاعد الحديثة، غالبا ما تكون ثابتة ومدروسة نحو +/- 1 متر في الثانية مربع (1 م / ثا²)، أو +/- 0.1 G (جاذبية). لكن في العديد من المصاعد القديمة، فهو غير منظم وفي كثير من الأحيان وكبير.

الصحة

تضرر الأذن
يمكن للسرعات الكبيرة المكتسبة مشتركة مع الفارق الكبير في ارتفاع ناطحات السحاب في احداث ضرر في أذن قليلة المقاومة لانخفاض الضغط الجوي الخارجي.

تسارع المصاعد، الممتد بالنسبة للسريعة منها، يعطي تحت أقدام إحساس غير عادي بثقل أكبر عند التنقل للأعلى، وعند بدء الانطلاق نحو الأعلى وعند الفرملة أثناء النزول، مع الشعور بالسقوط للأسفل. ويزداد وزن الأشخاص مقارنة بفوق الأرض بانخفاض أو ارتفاع بنسبة حوالي 10 ٪ وأكثر بالنسبة للمصاعد القديمة.

يجتمع هذا تأثير على الأذن الداخلية التي تحقق التوازن للجسم، بإعطاء الإحساس بالغثيان أو الخوف المتصل بتأثير المفاجأة غير المتوقعة، لأن النظام المرجعي بالنسبة للجسم لا يتحرك من حيث الإدراك البصري في المقصورة المغلقة، وبتأثير مضاعف بفعل السكون دون الإشارة السمعية للحركة وإضافة للوقوف منتصبا وغالبا بدون.

مصدر لمشاكل القلب والأوعية الدموية والسمنة
أدى انتشار المصاعد إلى النقص النسبي في استعمال السلالم، ما يعتبر سببا من الأسباب العديدة للبدانة. وفي مقال في Nutrinews كتب في عام 2003 على أساس مقابلة مع البروفيسور الفرنسي ارنو بادوفون (مسؤول قسم التغذية في الفندق ديو، باريس)، يقول «تغيير أنماط الحياة ساهمت بلا شك في تشجيع البدانة. الخمول البدني والسيارات والمصاعد والسلالم المتحركة والعمل في بيئات دافئة ومتابعة التلفزيون وحتى الأكل في كل وقت...».

وكجزء من التوصيات الصحية لعامة الناس، فمن المستحسن للمواطنين استعمال السلالم بدلا عن المصاعد (وهو موضوع إحدى الحملات التوعوية الفرنسية وبرنامج «سلالم إلى الصحة» في كندا).

انتقال فيروس
اعتبرت المصاعد، في مجال مكافحة تفشي عدوى إنفلونزا الخنازير (H1N1) في عام 2009، كعامل لخطر انتشار هذا الوباء:
 انتقال الفيروس في الهواء: المسافة الموصى بها هي 2 متر بين الناس وهي لا تحترم دائما في المصاعد.
 انتقال الفيروس عبر اللمس: تعتبر أزرار المصعد التي يلمس العشرات كل ساعة أو يوم مصدر إصابة لعشرات أو مئات من الناس. كما أن فيروس الإنفلونزا يمكنه البقاء حيا لـ 8-48 ساعة على الأشياء. تشير الدراسات إلى أن الفيروس يظل حيا لمدة أطول على الأسطح الملساء الصلبة (البلاستيك، والمعادن، والذي هو حال أزرار المصعد) على الأسطح المسامية (النسيج).

أنظمة مشتقة

مصعد للملاحة النهرية
الرافعات التي تنقل البواخر من مستوى لآخر هي مصاعد أيضا. أنجز أول مصعد بواخر في أندرتون (Anderton) بالمملكة المتحدة سنة 1872.

مصاعد الإثارة للتسلية

التسارعات العمودية هي أحد مصدر الإثارة والتسلية.

المصعد المائل
المصعد المائل هو وسيلة نقل إرشادي يستعمل مقصورة واحدة تتحرك على سكة في منحدر. تجر المقصورة إلى محطة طرفية في الأعلى بواسطة كوابل.

طالع أيضا

مقالات ذات صلة
 مصعد مائل

هوامش ومراجع

أجهزة النقل العمودي
عناصر معمارية
فورتنايت
مصاعد
اختراعات القرن 19

مصعد


Herring Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Herring Township (Arkansas)
 Herring Township (North Carolina)

Herring Township


Wassili Michailowitsch Bywschew (; * 18. Februar 1922 in Starowo, heute Oblast Twer; † 5. April 1998 in Sankt Petersburg) war ein sowjetischer Schachspieler und -trainer.

Leben
Bywschew war seit seiner Jugend eng mit dem Leningrader Pionierpalast verbunden. Mit fünfzehn Jahren kam er in die Schachsektion und erreichte nach einem Jahr Training die erste Kategorie. Ab 1940 leistete er Militärdienst ab. Im Krieg wurde er bei der Verteidigung von Moskau verwundet und fortan nach einer Erholungspause in der Flugabwehr eingesetzt, zuletzt als Zugführer. Nach seiner Entlassung spielte er wieder aktiv Schach. In einem Halbfinale der sowjetischen Meisterschaft in Vilnius 1949 teilte er mit Georgi Bastrikow den 5.–6. Platz und erfüllte damit seine Meisternorm.

In den 1950er Jahren stand Bywschew dreimal im Finale. Die Meisterschaft der UdSSR 1952 in Moskau verlief für ihn turbulent. Mit einem halben Punkt in den ersten fünf Runden war ein gutes Turnierergebnis kaum zu erwarten, doch er gewann sieben aus den nächsten acht Partien und teilte am Ende einen ordentlichen 12.–13. Platz. Unter seinen Opfern war mit Wassili Smyslow, Paul Keres und Isaak Boleslawski die Crème de la Crème der Schachwelt. Nicht einfach war es für ihn nach zwei Jahren in Kiew und 1956 in Leningrad. Nach zwölf beziehungsweise elf Runden ganz unten in der Tabelle, konnte er nur durch einen starken Endspurt ins Mittelfeld aufrücken. Alexander Konstantinopolski bezeichnete ihn als einen Angriffsspieler, der äußerst erfinderisch gewesen sei, wenn er seine Fantasie und Fähigkeit zur Berechnung der komplizierten Varianten zum Vorschein brachte.

Als wertvoller Mannschaftsspieler konnte er vor allem auf nationaler Ebene beachtliche Resultate  aufweisen. Mit der Leningrader Auswahl siegte er bei der sowjetischen Mannschaftsmeisterschaft 1953 und erreichte 1955 den zweiten Platz. 1961 gewann er mit Burewestnik den Mannschaftspokal der Sportvereinigungen der UdSSR, bei dem er zuvor zweimal mit Nauka den zweiten Platz belegte. Bei den Freundschaftsspielen des Leningrader Teams versus Ungarn 1957 und Budapest 1959 remisierte er zwei Partien gegen Győző Forintos und holte ein 2:2 gegen Károly Honfi.

Bywschew, ein ausgebildeter Jurist, arbeitete von 1953 bis in die letzten Tage seines Lebens als Jugendtrainer im Pionierpalast. Zu seinen bekanntesten Schülern zählen Alexander Chalifman und Irina Levitina, außerdem betreute er Jewgeni Soloschenkin, Wladislaw Worotnikow und Sergei Klimow. Im Jahre 1972 wurde er mit dem Ehrentitel Verdienter Trainer der RSFSR ausgezeichnet.

Literatur
 L. Abramow, A. Konstantinopolski u. a.: Schachmatnyj Slowar, Moskau 1964, S. 212 (russisch)
 XXI perwenstwo SSSR po schachmatam. Fiskultura i sport, Moskau 1955, S. 19 (russisch)

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Schachspieler (Sowjetunion)
Schachspieler
Sowjetbürger
Russe
Geboren 1922
Gestorben 1998
Mann

Wassili Michailowitsch Bywschew


Hugo de Newcastle (fallecido en 1322, enterrado en París) fue un teólogo franciscano y filósofo escolástico, discípulo de Duns Scoto. Tradicionalmente se ha supuesto su origen en Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Inglaterra, pero esta teoría ha sido cuestionada a favor de Neufchâtel, en Francia.

Hugo escribió un comentario sobre las Sentencias de Pedro Lombardo. También fue autor de una obra profética De Victoria Christi contra Antichristum, fechada en 1319 y heredera de los postulados de Joaquín de Fiore, en la que el autor recoge de manera enciclopédica los conocimientos de la época sobre el Apocalipsis y sus signos. La obra fue impresa en 1471.

Hugo aparece comon personaje en El nombre de la rosa de Umberto Eco, como uno de los teólogos franciscanos que acompañan a Miguel de Cesena, Ministro General de los Hermanos Menores, en su debate sobre la pobreza de Cristo. En la película basada en el libro, su personaje fue interpretado por Vernon Dobtcheff.

Referencias
 Charles Victor Langlois (1925) Hugo de Novocastro o de Castronovo, Frater menores; también impresa en pp. 269–276, Andrew g. Little, Frederick M. Powicke (editores), ensayos de Historia Medieval presentó a Thomas Frederick Tout (1977)

Notas

Enlaces externos
 Página de Franaut
 Michael Tilly (1990). Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm. ed (en alemán). Hugo de Novocastro. Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). 2. Hamm. col. 1144. ISBN 3-88309-032-8.

Franciscanos de Inglaterra
Religiosos de Inglaterra del siglo XIV
Monjes cristianos del siglo XIV
Teólogos de Inglaterra del siglo XIV

Hugo de Newcastle


Mirlo acuático gorgirrufo (Cinclus schulzii) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Cinclidae propia de las montañas de Bolivia y Argentina.

Distribución y hábitat
Vive a lo largo de los torrentes y arroyos rápidos y rocosos en los Andes del sur de Bolivia y el noroeste de Argentina, entre los 800 y 2500 metros de altitud. Se reproduce en zona de alisos en altitudes desde 1500 a 2500 metros.

La BirdLife International ha clasificado esta especie como "vulnerable". Las amenazas incluyen la construcción de embalses, presas hidroeléctricas y sistemas de riego. La población actual se estima en 3.000 a 4.000.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 BirdLife Species Factsheet
 World Bird Data Project

Enlaces externos
 ARKive - images and movies of the rufous-throated dipper (Cinclus schulzii)
 Avibase - (Cinclus schulzii)
 IUCNredlist - (en) (Cinclus schulzii)
 HBW - https://www.hbw.com/species/rufous-throated-dipper-cinclus-schulzii (en)  (Cinclus schulzii)]

Cinclidae
Taxones descritos por Jean Cabanis
Animales descritos en 1882
Aves de América del Sur
Aves de los Andes

Cinclus schulzii


Niagara Falls je grad u Kanadi u pokrajini Ontario. Nalazi se na lijevoj obali rijeke Niagare. Prema popisu iz 2016. grad je imao 88.071 stanovnika. Nasuprot ovog grada, preko rijeke Niagare nalazi se istoimeni grad u američkoj saveznoj državi New York. Prema popisu stanovništva iz 2016. godine grad je imao 88.071 stanovnika.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Službena web-stranica Niagara Fallsa

Gradovi u Ontariu

Niagara Falls (Ontario)


Ordre de tuer () est un poliziottesco hispano-italien réalisé par  et sorti en 1975.

Synopsis
Clyde Heart est un tueur professionnel qui a des problèmes d'argent. Il aimerait bien se construire une nouvelle existence avec sa petite amie. Mais pour cela, il a besoin d'argent et accepte un contrat du chef de la mafia McLean. Clyde doit assassiner un politicien connu. Clyde comprend tardivement que la victime est un vieil ami et qu'un autre tueur l'a descendue avant qu'il n'y parvienne. Le chef de la mafia McLean est furieux de l'échec de Clyde et engage une troupe d'assassins pour tuer Clyde. Dans sa détresse, Clyde s'allie avec l'inspecteur Heart. Ensemble, il veut en finir avec McLean avec une troupe de policiers d'élite surentraînés.

Fiche technique
 Titre français : Ordre de tuer
 Titre original espagnol :
 Titre italien :
 Réalisateur :
 Scénario : , Massimo De Rita, , Santiago Moncada, Eugenio Martín
 Photographie :
 Montage : Ángel Serrano
 Musique : Adolfo Waitzman
 Décors : Raphael Ferri
 Costumes : Lucia Diolosa
 Maquillage : Fabrizio Sforza, Maria Elena Garcia
 Production : , Manolo Bolognini, Luciano Appignani, Eduardo Palmer
 Société de production : Tecisa Film, BRC Produzione, Fral Cinematografica, Productora Filmica Dominicana (PFD), Panamericana de Producciones, Santo Domingo Film Commission
 Pays de production :  -  -
 Langue de tournage : Italien
 Format : Couleur par Eastmancolor - 2,35:1 - Son mono - 35 mm
 Durée : 89 minutes ()
 Genre : Poliziottesco et film de gangsters
 Dates de sortie :
 Italie :  (Milan)
 Espagne :  (Barcelone) ;  (Madrid)
 France :

Distribution
 Helmut Berger : Clyde Hart
 Sydne Rome : Anne Holden
 Kevin McCarthy : Edward McLean
 José Ferrer : Inspecteur Reed
 Juan Luis Galiardo : Richard
 Jose Maria Caffarel : Commissaire Clément
 Renato Rossini (sous le nom de « Howard Ross ») : Juan
 Manuel Zarzo : Hugo
 Alvaro De Luna : Daniel
 Romano Puppo : Albert
 Frank Braña : Peter Gastel
 Elena Berrito : Rosa
 Claudio Chea : Tom Sayon
 Lorenzo Piani

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film italien sorti en 1975
Film espagnol sorti en 1975
Film dominicain sorti en 1975
Film de gangsters italien
Film de gangsters espagnol
Film de gangsters dominicain
Poliziottesco
Film scénarisé par Massimo De Rita
Film en espagnol
Film italien tourné en espagnol
Film tourné à Madrid
Film tourné en République dominicaine
Film mettant en scène un tueur à gages

Ordre de tuer


Pajtov Han je naseljeno mjesto u općini Vareš, Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine, BiH.

Stanovništvo

1991.

Nacionalni sastav stanovništva 1991. godine, bio je sljedeći:

ukupno: 170

 Srbi - 116
 Muslimani - 27
 Hrvati - 10
 Jugoslaveni - 15
 oostali, neopredijeljeni i nepoznato - 2

2013.

Nacionalni sastav stanovništva 2013. godine, bio je sljedeći:

ukupno: 15

 Srbi - 7
 Bošnjaci - 7
 Hrvati - 1

Izvori

Naselja u Zeničko-dobojskoj županiji
Vareš

Pajtov Han