Matthew Francis Parris (born 7 August 1949) is a British political writer and broadcaster, formerly a Conservative Member of Parliament. He was born in South Africa to British parents.

Early life and family
Parris is the eldest of six children (three brothers and two sisters) and grew up in several British territories and former territories: South Africa, Cyprus, Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), Swaziland (now Eswatini) and Jamaica, where his father was working as an electrical engineer. His parents ended up working and living in Catalonia, Spain, where Parris later bought a house.

Education
Parris was educated at Waterford Kamhlaba United World College of Southern Africa, an independent school just outside Mbabane in Swaziland, Sessions School on the island of Cyprus, and Clare College, Cambridge, where he gained a first class degree in law and was a member of the Liberal Club. He won a Paul Mellon scholarship and studied international relations at Yale University.

He has said that an early reading of Animal Farm made him a Conservative, as "An admiration for [the pigs'] intelligence and sense of order dawned in me."

Early career
At the age of 19, Parris drove across Africa to Europe in a Morris Oxford; the trip was traumatically punctuated when he and his female companion were attacked, and he was forced to witness her rape.

Parris was offered a job as an MI6 officer, but instead worked for the Foreign and Commonwealth Office for two years. In 1976 he left this career because he did not like its formality, and because he wanted to become a Member of Parliament. He eventually joined the Conservative Research Department and moved on to become correspondence secretary to Margaret Thatcher. He was awarded an RSPCA medal (presented by Thatcher, then Leader of the Opposition), for jumping into the River Thames and rescuing a dog.

Parliamentary career
Parris was the Conservative MP for the parliamentary constituency of West Derbyshire from 1979 to 1986. Competing prospective candidates for the seat included Peter Lilley and Michael Howard. He voiced support for gay rights. Parris left politics to pursue a career in journalism.

Radio and television
Parris is now a radio and television presenter, The Times columnist, and pundit. As an MP he took part in a World in Action documentary during 1984 requiring him to live in Newcastle for a week on £26.80, the then state social security payment set for a single adult by the government he supported as a Conservative. The experiment came to an embarrassing end when he ran out of money for the electricity meter. Twenty years later, in 2004, he attempted the experiment again for the documentary For the Benefit of Mr Parris, Revisited.

Parris resigned as an MP by applying for the Crown position of Steward of the Manor of Northstead and left Parliament specifically to take over from Brian Walden as host of ITV's influential Sunday lunchtime current-affairs series Weekend World in 1986. The series, broadcast since 1977 with Walden at its helm, ran for two more years under Parris before being cancelled in 1988.

He presents BBC Radio 4's Great Lives biography series, and has appeared on the satirical news programme Have I Got News for You and presented After Dark. In 2007, Parris presented two light-hearted but caustic documentaries for Radio 4 on politicians' use of cliché and jargon, entitled Not My Words, Mr Speaker.

On 8 July 2011, on Radio 4's Any Questions?, at the height of the furore surrounding the alleged illegal and corrupt activities of News of the World journalists, Parris eulogised the newspaper and gave an enthusiastic appreciation of what he considered the virtues and positive achievements of Rupert Murdoch.

In December 2017 Parris appeared, in a cameo role, in the Anniversary edition of BBC's The League of Gentlemen.

Writing and journalism

Parris is a prolific writer and has written many books on politics and travel. In 1991, a compilation of his pieces in The Times appeared, entitled So Far, So Good. Since then there have been further compilations. Scorn, a book he has edited of quotations about curses, jibes and general invective, was published in October 1994. He has achieved continuing success as a parliamentary reporter and columnist through his knowledge and understanding of politicians and ability to write well about them. He worked as parliamentary sketch writer for The Times newspaper from 1988 to 2001 and has had weekly columns in The Times and The Spectator magazine. In 2004, Parris became Writer of the Year in Granada Television's What the Papers Say Awards. In part, this was for reporting on elections in Iraq and Afghanistan. His previous accolades include Columnist of the Year in the 1991 and 1993 British Press Awards, and in the What the Papers Say Awards 1992. In 1990 he received the London Press Club's Edgar Wallace Outstanding Reporter of the Year Award.

In 2002, his autobiography, Chance Witness: An Outsider's Life in Politics, was published by Viking. In 2005, he published A Castle in Spain about his family's project to refurbish a derelict sixteenth-century mansion, L'Avenc, in Catalonia, close to the foothills of the Pyrenees, and make his home there.

In 2011, Total Politics said that Parris's column "is considered essential reading by many in Westminster. He has a penchant for holding opinions that go against the grain. Parris has written scathingly about the localism agenda, and was a long-time defender of PMQs, although he recently changed his mind."

Parris's writing has often attracted wider comment. For example, in a 2007 article in The Times he wrote a satirical article which stated, "A festive custom we could do worse than foster would be stringing piano wire across country lanes to decapitate cyclists", which attracted two hundred letters to the Press Complaints Commission Parris issued an apology: "I offended many with my Christmas attack on cyclists. It was meant humorously but so many cyclists have taken it seriously that I plainly misjudged. I am sorry." In the same year Alastair Campbell called Parris "a little shit" in his diaries, to which Parris responded "I'd rather be a little shit than a big cunt".

Parris criticised the initial 2015 leadership election for the Labour Party, referring to recent rule changes that allowed any individual who donated £3 to the Labour Party to vote in the leadership elections. Following a second leadership election, which incumbent leader Jeremy Corbyn won with an increased majority, Channel 4 presenter Krishnan Guru-Murthy said that Parris and Michael Dobbs commented that Corbyn's reelection "will break the Labour Party".

In October 2017, the commentator Iain Dale placed Parris at Number 84 in his list of 'The Top 100 Most Influential People on the Right', describing him as "the pre-eminent columnist of his generation".

In June 2020 Parris wrote an excoriating article on Boris Johnson saying, "He never had any judgment or strategic vision. Mr Johnson was only ever a shallow opportunist with a minor talent to amuse".

A co-founder of the gay rights charity Stonewall, Parris has criticised the organisation for latterly adopting trans rights as part of its agenda, writing that trans issues are unrelated to gay rights and should be for a separate organisation.

In May 2021, Parris called for the removal of ethnic minority status from Gypsy, Roma and Travellers, describing them "not a race, but a doomed mindset" and called for "a gradual but relentless squeeze on anyone who tries without permission to park their home on public property or the property of others". The anti-racism group Hope not Hate responded to Parris saying "The Times have published an article advocating for eradicating the way of life of an entire ethnic minority. Absolutely shameful. Solidarity with Gypsy, Roma and Traveller people who have to endure this racism, and this mindset."

In June 2021, Parris argued there was "an absolute problem with human rights" and wrote a column whose "aim is to question the whole concept of fundamental human rights. It is so deeply flawed as to be fatal to all reasoning built upon it."

Travel writing
Parris has made several expeditions abroad. They include Mount Kilimanjaro in 1967 and in 1989; Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) in 1973; the Sahara in 1978; Peru; Bolivia. In 1990 he published Inca-Kola about his travels in Peru.

He spent the Antarctic winter of 2000 on the French possession of Grande Terre, part of the Kerguelen Archipelago in the Indian Ocean, with a few dozen over-winterers, mostly researchers. One of them was fatally shot in an accident during his stay, about which he wrote for The Times.

Personal life
Parris claims he attempted to out himself in a late-night debate in the House of Commons in 1984, but nobody noticed. He announced that he was gay in one of his weekly newspaper columns and admitted that he cruised Clapham Common for sex.
In an interview on Newsnight, during the Ron Davies scandal of 1998, he told Jeremy Paxman that there were two gay members of the then Labour Cabinet, one being Peter Mandelson.  He has stated that there are between 30 and 60 unannounced gay members of the British Parliament.

In August 2010, in a list compiled by the Independent on Sunday, Parris was voted the 49th most influential LGBT person in Britain. In August 2006 Parris entered into a civil partnership with his long-term partner, Julian Glover, a speechwriter for David Cameron and a former political journalist at The Guardian. At the time of their partnership, they had been together for 11 years.

Parris owns homes in Spain, Derbyshire (where he keeps pet alpacas) and the Docklands in East London. He is the honorary patron of Clare Politics, a student-run politics society at Clare College, Cambridge. He was a keen marathon runner, taking part in the London Marathon several times. His personal best was 2:32:57, achieved in 1985 at the age of 35, a record which Total Politics in 2018 said "looks unlikely to be smashed any time soon"; John Lamont, the fastest of 15 MPs in the marathon that year, finished at 3:38:03. Parris decided that he wanted to go out on top, and arguing that serious running is not good for one's health, he stopped running marathons after that. No British MP, sitting or retired, has bettered Parris' marathon-running time.

Bibliography

Scorn: The Wittiest and Wickedest Insults in Human History Matthew Parris (Profile Books Ltd, 2016)
Parting Shots:  Undiplomatic Diplomats – the ambassadors' letters you were never meant to see Matthew Parris, Andrew Bryson (Penguin Books Ltd, 2010)
Mission Accomplished!:  A Treasury of the Things Politicians Wish They Hadn't Said Matthew Parris, Phil Mason (JR Books Ltd, 2007)
A Castle in Spain (Viking, 2005)
Chance Witness: An Outsider's Life in Politics (Viking, 2002)
  The King's English (Oxford Language Classics Series) Henry Fowler, Frank Fowler, Matthew Parris (introduction) (Oxford University Press, 2002)
Off Message: New Labour, New Sketches (Robson Books, 2001)
I Wish I Hadn't Said That: The Experts Speak – and Get It Wrong! Matthew Parris (foreword), Christopher Cerf, Victor Navasky (HarperCollins, 2000)
Against the Law: The Classic Account of a Homosexual in 1950s Britain Peter Wildeblood, Matthew Parris (introduction) (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1999)
The Great Unfrocked: Two Thousand Years of Church Scandal (Robson, 1998)
Scorn with Extra Bile Matthew Parris (editor) (Penguin Books, 1998)
I Couldn't Possibly Comment: More Sketches from the Commons (Robson Books, 1997)
Read My Lips: A Treasury of Things Politicians Wish They Hadn't Said (Parkwest Publications, 1997)
Great Parliamentary Scandals: Four Centuries of Calumny, Smear and Innuendo (Robson Books, 1995)
Scorn with Added Vitriol (Hamish Hamilton, 1995)
Scorn: A Bucketful of Discourtesy, Disparagement, Invective, Ridicule, Impudence, Contumely, Derision, Hate, Affront, Disdain, Bile, Taunts, Curses and Jibes (Hamish Hamilton, 1994)
Look Behind You!: Sketches and Follies from the Commons (Robson, 1993)
So Far So Good...: Selected Pieces (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1991)
Inca Kola: A Traveller's Tale of Peru (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1990)
Coping with the Soviet Union Peter Blaker, Julian Critchley, Matthew Parris (Conservative Political Centre Bookshop, 1977)

References

External links

The Times Online – Matthew Parris's column archives
The Times Online – The Matthew Parris Pol-Cast Podcast series commenting on the 2006 Party conference season
The Times Online – Matthew Parris: the Kerguelen columns articles from his trip to the Kerguelen Islands

C-SPAN Q&A interview with Parris, December 12, 2010
Audio interview

 Ethos Journal Matthew Parris features as Policy-Maker for a Page

1949 births
Living people
Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge
South African atheists
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
South African journalists
Gay politicians
British broadcaster-politicians
British gay writers
LGBT members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
English LGBT politicians
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for constituencies in Derbyshire
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
British LGBT journalists
Waterford Kamhlaba alumni
People educated at a United World College
People from Johannesburg
South African people of British descent
South African emigrants to the United Kingdom
20th-century South African male writers
The Spectator people
BBC newsreaders and journalists

Matthew Parris


Don't Hug Me I'm Scared (stilizat ca Don't Hug Me .I'm Scared și adesea prescurtat în DHMIS, în traducere Nu Mă Îmbrățișa Sunt Speriat) este un serial online muzical de comedie suprarealistă horror creat de regizorii britanici Becky Sloan și Joseph Pelling. Serialul e compus din șase episoade, lansate în perioada 29 iulie 2011 - 19 iunie 2016 prin intermediul site-ului artiștilor, YouTube, și Vimeo. Serialul combină segmente în live action, teatru de marionete, animație tradițională și animație 3D (cunoscută și ca animație CGI).

Fiecare episod începe ca un serial tipic pentru copii, format din marionete antropomorfe asemănătoare cu cele prezentate în Sesame Street și alte programe populare de televiziune pentru copii. Serialul parodiază aceste programe prin contrastarea acestui mediu copilăros, colorat cu locuitorilor săi, prin teme tulburătoare; fiecare episod prezintă o întorsătură (un plot twist) suprarealistă în climax, incluzând conținut psihedelic și imagini care implică violență grafică și groază psihologică. Cele șase episoade explorează și discută subiectele creativității, timpului, iubirii, tehnologiei, dietei și viselor.

La 7 iulie 2020, creatorul Becky Sloan a anunțat că DHMIS să fie difuzat pe Channel 4 ca un serial TV în viitor.

Poveste
Fiecare episod e axat pe trei personaje: un umanoid galben copilăros, cu păr albastru și salopetă, o rață verde antropomorfă, cu o haină în carouri și un umanoid roșu, cu un cap asemănător cu un mop. Nu au denumiri explicite în cadrul serialului, dar sunt denumiți adesea Yellow Guy (Tipul Galben), Duck (Rățoiul), și Red Guy (Tipul Roșu). Tatăl lui Yellow Guy, Roy, apare și el ocazional. De obicei, într-un episod, cele trei personaje principale întâlnesc unul sau mai multe personaje antropomorfe, asemănătoare cu niște învățători, care încep un număr muzical legat de un concept de bază al vieții de zi cu zi cu o melodie optimistă asemănătoare cu cântecele de copii. Pe măsură ce fiecare cântec progresează, devine evident că moralul sau mesajul este absurd sau se contrazice și că personajul "învățător" are motive ascunse sau sinistre. Punctul culminant al fiecărui episod implică de obicei un element de șoc, fiind folosită violență grafică sau a alte teme tulburătoare. Mai târziu în serial, personajele încep să pună la îndoială natura realității lor și mesajele bizare ale personajelor învățători.

Producție
Sloan și Pelling s-au întâlnit în timp ce studiau arte plastice și respectiv animație la Universitatea Kingston, unde au început colectivul THIS IS IT împreună cu câțiva prieteni. Au produs primul episod din Don't Hug Me I'm Scared în timpul lor liber, fără buget. Când au început proiectul și-au imaginat transformarea într-un serial, dar inițial au renunțat la idee după terminarea primului episod.  După ce scurtmetrajul a câștigat popularitate, au decis să regândească la această idee. Random Acts de la Channel 4 a comandat al doilea episod. Serialul a atras curând comanditari mainstream; cu toate astea, Sloan și Pelling au refuzat aceste oferte pentru că "au vrut să îl păstreze destul de ciudat", declarând și că "avem libertatea de a face exact ceea ce ne-am dorit".

În mai 2013, Sloan și Pelling au anunțat că vor începe o campanie de strângere de fonduri Kickstarter ca să mai realizeze patru sau mai multe episoade suplimentare, unul la fiecare trei luni, începând din septembrie 2014. Au încărcat imagini de calitate scăzută ale camerelor cu personajele luate ostatice și ținute pentru răscumpărare. Un băiat american de 12 ani a încercat să folosească informațiile unor carduri de credit hackuite ca să doneze 35.000 de lire sterline campaniei, dar a fost prins și aceste fonduri au fost aruncate. Obiectivul lor Kick-Starter, de 96.000 de lire, a fost atins pe 19 iunie 2014 și, în total, s-au strâns 104.935 de lire. YouTuber-ul TomSka a devenit producător executiv al serialului după ce a donat 5.000 de lire sterline Kick-starter-ului.

În ianuarie 2016, Sloan și Pelling au colaborat cu Lazy Oaf pentru a lansa o linie de îmbrăcăminte bazată pe personajele și temele serialului.

Primire
Scurtmetrajul original a devenit un hit viral, iar serialul a devenit o capodoperă a horrorului psihologic. Cele șase episoade au adunat 206.999.166 de vizionări pe YouTube în iulie 2021. Scott Beggs a enumerat scurtmetrajul original ca numărul 8 pe lista sa cu cele mai bune 11 scurtmetraje din 2011. Carolina Mardones a enumerat primul episod ca numărul 7 în primele zece scurtmetraje din 2011. A fost, de asemenea, inclus în cadrul unui eveniment cinematografic din Dismaland-ul lui Banksy. În aprilie 2016, personajele principale ale serialului au fost prezentate pe coperta revistei Printed Pages, împreună cu un "interviu" cu cele trei personaje principale scris de editorul revistei. Toate cele șase episoade ale DHMIS au fost incluse în festivalul XOXO din septembrie 2016.

Drew Grant de la Observer a scris că episoadele serialului sunt "coșmaruri îngrozitoare absolut frumoase" și "topitoare de minți". Scriitorul independent Benjamin Hiorns a observat că "nu subiectul face ca aceste filme să fie atât de ciudat de atrăgătoare, ci designul personajelor și scenariile uimitor de imaginative și caracterul britanic care stau la baza tuturor lucrurilor". Joe Blevins de la The A.V. Club a lăudat "raportul sens-spre-nonsens" al serialului și valorile de producție. Samantha Joy de la TenEighty a lăudat al șaselea episod, scriind că "creează un sfârșit provocator al unei narațiuni destul de întunecate despre crearea de conținut".

Teme
Într-un interviu fals, Becky și Joe au descris în glumă povestea ca "trei cei mai buni prieteni care pleacă într-o călătorie pentru a găsi o navă magică de pirați și ca să salveze ziua".

Un scriitor student de la Nouse a comparat atracția primului episod cu temele din literatura gotică, susținând că ambele "se ating de aceeași frică culturală a unui subconștient violent care se ascunde sub fațada normalității". În The Wesleyan Argus, un alt scriitor student a descris serialul ca "un exemplu excelent al erei ezoterismului" și a menționat că "Există un meta-comentariu de construcție cu privire la relațiile dintre privitor, percepție, creator, participant și artă (și poate moarte) care a început cu primul episod, dar ceea ce încearcă să spună acel comentariu nu este încă complet clar. Cu toate acestea, există un sentiment cert că serialul se construiește către un punct culminant."

Creatori
Becky Sloan și Joseph Pelling sunt graficieni, artiști și animatori britanici. Publicitatea lor se desfășoară prin producții comerciale. Duo-ul a lucrat ca parte a colectivului THIS IS IT.

Conținutul lor constă în videoclipuri, design grafic, animație și muzică. Au câștigat mai multe premii, inclusiv premiul SXSW Midnight Shorts din 2012, și premiul ADC Young Guns din 2016.

De asemenea, au co-scris și au făcut teatru de marionete pentru episodul "Păpușile" (engleză The Puppets) al Uimitoarei Lumi a lui Gumball de pe Cartoon Network (sezonul 5, episodul 40). Sloan și Baker Terry au intrepretat vocile lui Grady, Frank și Howdy (cele trei marionete prezentate în episod, care prind personajele principale Gumball și Darwin în lumea lor). Acest episod prezintă un cântec în care marionetele îi cântă lui Darwin despre distracția nesfârșită, cu un conținut deranjant, asemănător cu serialul Don't Hug Me I'm Scared. A urmat o serie de scurtmetraje bazate pe episod, intitulat Waiting For Gumball, realizate de aceeași echipă ca episodul TV original.

Viitorul
Pe 19 iunie 2017, la un an după lansarea episodului 6, Sloan a sugerat că o să mai lucrează la serialul Don't Hug Me I'm Scared. Pe 13 septembrie 2018, un teaser intitulat "Wakey Wakey ..." a fost lansat pe canal, prezentând secvențe vagi dintr-un nou serial TV realizat într-o colaborare între Blink Industries, Conaco, și Super Deluxe. Videoclipul de 30 de secunde a câștigat peste două milioane de vizionări în decurs de 24 de ore de la publicare și a ajuns pe locul 1 pe lista de tendințe a YouTube-ului. Pe 3 decembrie 2018, s-a anunțat că episodul pilot al serialului o să fie prezentat la Festivalul de film Sundance din 2019, iar detaliile poveștii au fost, de asemenea, lansate. Episodul pilot a rulat la 23 de minute și a apărut în "Programul Episodic Indie 1" alături de alte scurtmetraje.

La 20 decembrie 2019, regizorul serialului Joseph Pelling a confirmat pe Twitter-ul său că încă se lucrează, iar alt co-creator, Becky Sloan, anunță același lucru pe 24 decembrie 2019, alături de un teaser foto cu Rățoiul citind un ziar.

Pe 7 iulie 2020, a fost anunțat oficial că serialul a fost preluat de Channel 4.

Vezi și
Wonder Showzen

Referințe

Legături externe
 Canalul de YouTube oficial
 Site-ul lui Becky și Joe

Seriale de pe YouTube din anii 2010
Debuturi de seriale web în 2011
Sfârșituri de seriale web în 2016
Comedie neagră
Scurtmetraje britanice animate
Filme britanice
Seriale web britanice de comedie
Filme de scurt metraj britanice
Seriale web finanțate pe Kickstarter
Parodii Muppet
Opere autoreflexive
Comedii suprarealiste
Videouri virale
Seriale web cu marionete
Opere cu live action și animație
Canale de YouTube lansate în 2010
Seriale web horror
Opere despre canibalism
Opere despre timp
Meme-uri de internet introduse în 2011

Don't Hug Me I'm Scared


خلف حمود الخطيمي الخالدي  مواليد 13 مايو 1970. شاعر كويتي يكتب الشعر الفصيح والشعر الشعبي، عضو رابطة الأدباء الكويتيين وعضو ديوانية شعراء النبط رقيب نصوص في المجلس الوطني للثقافة والفنون والآداب، تدرَس له قصيدة (الفخر أنت بلادي) في منهج وزارة التربية الكويتية، كتب ملحمة (صدى كاظمة) بأسلوب الشعر المسرحي والتي يتحدث بها عن تاريخ كاظمة "دولة الكويت حاليا" كعمق للتاريخ الإسلامي متمثلا في معركة ذات السلاسل بين المسلمين والفرس عام 12 هجري بقيادة سيف الله المسلول الصحابي الجليل خالد بن الوليد وتأكيدا للشواهد الأدبية لهذه المنطقة (كاظمة).

ذكر أهم الشعراء المسلمين العرب الذين تغنوا بها (الفرزدق، جرير، البعيث، البصيري)، وكذلك علاقتها بالحضارات العربية وقد قدمت الباحثة المصرية الأستاذة/إيمان نجم الدين أطروحة الماجستير في هذا العمل، كذلك كتب الأوبريت العالمي (الأرض ام البشر) الذي يتحدث عن ظلم الإنسان للإنسان وتجاهل الإنسان معاناة أخيه الإنسان وقد طرح بأسلوب شعري القضية وعلاجها وكان العمل المذكور قدم بمناسبة يوم الغذاء العالمي وقد قام بألحان الأوبريت عميد المعهد العالي للفنون الموسيقية د/بندر عبيد وقام بأدائه كبار الفنانين الكويتيين منهم عبد الله الرويشد ونبيل شعيل ومحمد البلوشي وكان ذلك الأوبريت نموذجا رائعا للتفاعل العربي من خلال الادب والفن مع قضايا الإنسان المعاصرة،

وقد قدم (أبريت ليل العيون) يطرح فضية الكفيف واصراره وتحديه للإعاقة البصرية مساهمة منه لجمعية المكفوفين الكويتية باحتفالها لمرور 25 عاما على انشائها وقد قام بغناء ذلك العمل نوال الكويتية، وخالد بن سلطان من مملكة البحرين ونخبه من الفنانين، حصل على المركز الأول في مسابقه الشعر التي أشرفت عليها جريدة الانباء الكويتية، شارك في مهرجانات أدبية وشعرية داخل دولة الكويت وخارجها، داخليا كمهرجان (ابن لعبون) الذي أقيم برعاية وتنظيم من مؤسسة عبد العزيز سعود البابطين للإبداع الشعري، ومهرجان الجهراء الثقافي في دورتين متتاليتين تحت اشراف وتنظيم المجلس الوطني للثقافة والفنون والآداب، وخارجيا مهرجان الخالدية في المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية في دورتين الدورة السابعة للمهرجان والعاشرة، ويعتبر من الشعراء الشباب المجددين في الشعر الشعبي المعاصر ويحسب أنه استخدم الإسقاط التاريخي في الشعر الشعبي بتفرد كمثال قصائد (نفرتيتى، سمير أميس، سينمار)، له مؤلف ادبي في النقد المسرحي بعنوان (ومضات نقدية في الصحافة الكويتية) حاصل على شهادة البكالوريوس في (النقد والأدب المسرحي) كما أنه حاصل على شهادة الماجستير في (الموهبة والابداع) باحث دكتوراه في فلسفة الادب الشعبي، له العديد من المشاركات في القنوات الإعلامية المقروءة منها والمرئية والمسموعة...

الدارسة

 دكتوراه في فلسفة الفنون الشعبية (الأدب الشعبي).
 حاصل على درجه الماجستير في الموهبة والإبداع.
 حاصل على شهاده البكالوريوس تخصص نقد وأدب مسرحي.

العضويات
 عضو مجلس إدارة رابطة الأدباء الكويتيين، أمين الصندوق (2015 - 2017)

 عضو جمعية حقوق الإنسان الكويتية

 عضو جمعية الصحفيين الكويتية
 عضو جمعيه الخريجين الكويتية
 عضو ديوانية شعراء النبط الكويتيين

 عضو مؤسس للجمعية المصرية العربية للدراسات الشعبية

 عضو نادي السينما الكويتي

 عضو جمعية الهلال الأحمر الكويتي

 عضو لجنة تحكيم المسابقة العاشرة للشعر الفصيح والشعبي التي تقيمها الهيئة العامة للشباب والرياضة عام 2010

 عضو اللجنة التحضيرية لمهرجان الكويت المسرحي الثاني عشر والثالث عشر

 عضو وفد جمعية الهلال الأحمر الكويتي المتجه إلى غزة 2014

 عضو لجنة رقابة العروض المسرحية لعام 2010 - 2011 - 2012 - 2013 - 2014

 عضو الوفد الثقافي الكويتي المتجه لطهران وشيراز 2013
 عضو وفد رابطة الأدباء الكويتية المشارك في احتفالية اليوبيل الفضي لمؤسسة البابطين للأبداع الشعري مراكش 2014

 عضو لجنة التحضير للاحتفال بالعيد الوطني الأربعين بمحافظة الجهراء 2001

 عضو وفد جمعية الهلال الأحمر الكويتي المتجه إلى كردستان العراق مايو 2016

 عضو وفد رابطة الادباء الكويتيين المشارك في اجتماعات الاتحاد العام للأدباء والكتاب العرب دبي سبتمبر 2016

 عضو وفد رابطة الادباء المشارك في اجتماع اتحاد الادباء والكتاب العرب في دبي 2016

 عضو وفد رابطة الادباء المشارك في اجتماع اتحاد الادباء والكتاب العرب في الجزائر 2017

 عضو لجنة التحضير لاحتفالية مجلة البيان في يوبيلها الذهبي 2016

النشاط الثقافي

 ترأس الوفد الكويتي في "المنتدى العربي الأول للنهوض في اللغة العربية" بالقاهرة وقدم ورقة عمل بعنوان "لمحات في أثر اللغة العربية على اللغات العالمية" جامعة الدول العربية (2015)م.
 شارك في آماسي خليجية مع نخبة من شعراء الخليجيين ضمن أنشطة قسنطينة عاصمة الثقافة العربية في الجمهورية الجزائرية يناير (2016)م.
 رئيس لجنة التحكيم للمسابقة الثالثة عشر للشعر الفصيح والشعبي التي تقيمها الهيئة العامة للشباب والرياضة (2014)م.
 رئيس لجنة العلاقات العامة لاحتفالية رابطة الأدباء في يوبيلها الفضي مايو (2014)م.
 ترأس اللجنة الثقافية لرابطة طلبة المعهد العالي للفنون المسرحية (2004 2005)م.
 رئيس وفد رابطة الأدباء الكويتيين المشارك في مهرجان دارين الرابع نادي الشرقية الادبي المملكة العربية السعودية (2022)م.
 ترأس تحرير "مجلة عكوس الطلابية" الصادرة عن المعهد العالي للفنون المسرحية (2001 2002)م.
 مسجل في دليل الأدباء بدول مجلس التعاون لدول الخليج العربي الطبعة الثالث (2013)م.
 مسجل في معجم الشعراء العرب المعاصرين الطبعة الثامنة (2014)م.
 مسجل في دليل الأدباء المعاصرين في الكويت (الشعر والسرد) المجلس الوطني للثقافة والفنون والآداب (2012).م
 حاصل على المركز الأول لمسابقة الشعر الشعبي في جريدة الأنباء عام (2000)م.
 حاضر حول " الإبداع والانتشار "المجلس الوطني للثقافة والفنون والآداب ضمن فعاليات صيفي ثقافي 5 في رابطة الأدباء الكويتيين( 2010)م
 حاضر حول "الانشغال السياسي عن الثقافة الكويتية" ضمن أنشطة الموسم الثقافي لرابطة الأدباء الكويتيين عام ( 2012 )م
 مثل الكويت عربياً في "مهرجان الخالدية للشعر العربي" في المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية في دورتيه السادسة (2001)م والعاشرة عام (2005)م.
 شارك المفوضية السامية للأمم المتحدة لشئون اللاجئين في '' ورشة عمل حول دور الإعلام في الاستجابة الإنسانية للأزمات ''– الكويت (2014)م.
 شارك في ندوة ثقافية وأصبوحة شعرية في جامعة الزهراء – طهران – (2013)م.
 شارك في أمسية "فرحة خليجية" بدعوة من اتحاد الطلبة السعوديين في القاهرة (2009)م.
 شارك في " مهرجان ابن لعبون" في عام (1997 )م الذي أقامته مؤسسة عبد العزيز سعود البابطين للإبداع الشعري.
 شارك في أمسية شعرية بدعوة من الملحقية الثقافية السعودية في المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية (2006)م.
 شارك في الأمسية الشعرية الكبرى لأعلام الشعر الكويتي في اختتام احتفالية رابطة الأدباء بمناسبة مرور خمسين عام على تأسيسها (2014)م.
 شارك في أمسيات "مهرجان الجهراء الثقافي" في موسم (1997 )م وموسم (2001)م.
 شارك في ''مهرجان الربيع العربي '' الموسم الثامن في الأمسية الشعرية الأولى بمشاركة نخبة من الشعراء العرب منهم فاروق شوشة وعبد العزيز البابطين (2015)م.
 محاضر في احتفالية رابطة الادباء الكويتيين في يوم اللغة العربية ( 2016 )م.
 رقيب أول نصوص المجلس الوطني للثقافة والفنون والآداب قطاع الثقافة.

 تدرس إحدى قصائده الفصحى في منهج وزارة التربية للصف الرابع الابتدائي مادة التربية الوطنية (2006 2005).

 رئيس نادي ثقافة الطفل اختصاصي رقابة نصوص – المجلس الوطني للثقافة والفنون والأدب– قطاع الثقافة.

 حاصل على كتاب شكر من أمير دولة الكويت السادس عشر حضرة صاحب السمو الشيخ / نواف الأحمد الجابر الصباح، تقديراً لما قدم من أعمال وطنية وفنية (2021) م.

الإنتاج الأدبي والفني

 معدا ومقدما لبرنامج ''صدى الشعراء' 'في إذاعة دولة الكويت البرنامج العام  لدورتين متتاليتين (2021)م.
 أصدر كتاب بعنوان "نقد مسرحي" ومضات نقدية في الصحافة الكويتية (2011)م.
 كتب لجمعية المكفوفين الكويتية أوبريت "ليل العيون" في الاحتفال المقام بمناسبة انعقاد المؤتمر الآسيوى للمكفوفين في دولة الكويت (2000)م.
 كتب الأوبريت الإنساني " الأرض أم البشر" وبث عبر الأثير من الإذاعة الإيطالية بمناسبة يوم الجوع العالمي (1997)م.
 كتب أوبريت "شكرا جزيلا " لحفل ختام المهرجان الأكاديمي  الرابع للمعهد العالىب للفنون المسرحية – وزارة التعليم العالي( 2014)م.
 كتب أوبريت "صدى كاظمة" الذي أقامته الهيئة العامة للشباب والرياضة (2005)م.
 كتب أوبريت " مراسي هواك" الذي أقامته جامعة الكويت – اتحاد الطلبة عام (2012)م.
 كتب أوبريت "فضاءات مسرحية" لمهرجان الكويت المسرحي الرابع عشر (2013.)م.
 كتب أوبريت '' راية النجاح'' لحفل ختام أنشطة مدارس ذوي الاحتياجات الخاصة ( 2017 )م.
 كتب الاغنية الوطنية ''كفو ''غناء محمد عبده ألحان عبد الرب ادريس (2020 )م انتاج وزارة الإعلام
 كتب الاغنية الوطنية الخليجية ''يالخليجي''  غناء عبد الله الرويشد نبيل شعيل ألحان حمد الخضر ( 2021 )م انتاج وزارة الإعلام
 كتب اغنية ''النجاح' 'ألحان د بندر عببد.
 غناء محمد البلوشي (2022)م إنتاج وزارة الإعلام
 كتب أغنية ''المرايا'' ألحان وغناء  د.عبد الرب ادريس (2022)م.

بالإضافة الى كثير من المشاركات الإعلامية المرئية والمسموعة والمقروءة في الكثير من المؤسسات الإعلامية العربية والخليجية والكويتية.

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
شعراء كويتيون في القرن 20
شعراء كويتيون في القرن 21
صحفيون كويتيون
مواليد 1390 هـ
مواليد 1971
شعراء بالعربية في القرن 20
شعراء بالعربية في القرن 21

خلف حمود الخطيمي


Morombe ist eine Stadt im Nordwesten der Region Atsimo-Andrefana in Madagaskar. Sie liegt an der Küste des Kanals von Mosambik und verfügt über einen Flugplatz östlich der Ortschaft.

Wirtschaft
Die Gegend von Morombe ist bekannt für den Anbau von Kichererbsen.

Natur
Der Nationalpark Kirindy-Mitea liegt nördlich von Morombe.
Ca. 80 km von Morombe entfernt befindet sich auch der Wald von Ampanonga mit mehreren hundert Baobabs.
Von den größten Exemplaren (Adansonia grandidieri) können einige eine Höhe von bis zu 40 Metern erreichen.

Religion
Die Stadt ist Sitz des Bistums Morombe.

Weblinks
 Madagascar-photo.com - Fotos aus Morombe

Ort in Atsimo-Andrefana
Ort in Afrika

Morombe


Niculai Grămadă,  (n. 1 martie 1892, Zaharești, Bucovina, Austro-Ungaria, astăzi în județul Suceava, România – d. 19 februarie 1961, Iași), a fost un istoric român, profesor la Universitatea din Iași și director al Muzeului Bucovinei din Cernăuți.

Biografie
S-a născut într-o familie de țărani înstăriți, părinții Ilie a lui Vasile Grămadă și Maria având încă patru copii: Gheorghe (emigrat de tânăr în America), Petru, Vasile și Profira. Fratele Vasile a fost tatăl lui Ilie Grămadă, profesor de istorie la Universitatea din Iași. O altă rudă (văr) a fost Ion Grămadă ("Eroul de la Cireșoaia"). Nicolai Grămadă urmează Școala poporală în Zaharești între anii 1902-1904, continuându-și studiile la Liceul "Ștefan cel Mare" din Suceava între anii 1904-1912. În acea perioadă, la acest liceu (cu predare în limba română din anul 1881) au predat profesori ca: Ștefan Repta, Vasile Bumbac, Simion Florea Marian, Liviu Marian, Arhip Roșca, Constantin Procopovici, Ion Nistor, Victor Morariu ș.a. foarte activi în susținerea cauzei românești în Bucovina, prin "Societatea Pentru Cultură și Literatură Română din Bucovina" și "Școala Română". A absolvit studiile superioare la Viena și a fost membru al Școlii române din Roma. În 1922 a devenit doctor în istorie. Între cele două războaie mondiale a frecventat stagii de specializare științifică la Viena, Leipzig, Paris și Roma. Între 1924 și 1930 a activat ca profesor secundar, iar în 1928 a fost numit și conferențiar la Facultatea de istorie a Universității din Iași. Din 1941 și până în 1944 a ocupat poziția de director al Muzeului Bucovinei din Cernăuți. A decedat în anul 1961, la Iași.

A fost preocupat de științele auxiliare ale istoriei, fiind un specialist al paleografiei chirilice, diplomaticii, sigilografiei și heraldicii.

Lucrări publicate

 Studii paleografice, Cernăuți, 1925, 49 p.
 Studii mărunte din domeniul științelor auxiliare ale istoriei, Cernăuți, 1934, 28 p.
Sătenii și stăpânii în Bucovina, între 1775 și 1848, Cernăuți, 1934.
 Cancelaria domnească în Moldova până la domnia lui Constantin Mavrocordat, Cernăuți, 1935, 231 p.
 Vechile peceți bisericești bucovinene, Cernăuți, 1939, 89 p.
 Vechile peceți sătești bucovinene (1783-1900), Cernăuți, 1939, 48 p.
Toponimia Minoră a Bucovinei, Vol. I și II, București, 1996.

Note

Bibliografie

Nașteri în 1892
Nașteri pe 1 martie
Decese în 1961
[[Categorie:Decese în martie]]
Români bucovineni
Istorici români

Niculai Grămadă


Olaylar
 İsa, Romalılar tarafından çarmıha gerildi.

Doğumlar
 25 Nisan - Otho, Roma İmparatoru (ö. 69)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Ban Chao, Antik Çin generali, araştırmacı ve diplomatı (ö. 102)
 Ban Gu, Antik Çin tarihçisi ve şairi (ö. 92)

Ölümler

als:30er#32

32


James Emory Garrison (March 3, 1934 – April 7, 1976) was an American jazz double bassist. He is best remembered for his association with John Coltrane from 1961 to 1967.

Career
Garrison was born in Miami, Florida and moved to Philadelphia when he was 10, where he learned to play bass during his senior year of high school. Garrison came of age in the 1950s Philadelphia jazz scene, which included fellow bassists Reggie Workman and Henry Grimes, pianist McCoy Tyner and trumpeter Lee Morgan. Between 1957 and 1962, Garrison played and recorded with trumpeter Kenny Dorham; clarinetist Tony Scott; drummer Philly Joe Jones; and saxophonists Bill Barron, Lee Konitz, and Jackie McLean, as well as Curtis Fuller, Benny Golson, Lennie Tristano, and Pharoah Sanders, among others.  In 1961, he recorded with Ornette Coleman, appearing on Coleman's albums Ornette on Tenor and The Art of the Improvisers.  He also worked with Walter Bishop, Jr. and Cal Massey during the early years of his career.

He formally joined Coltrane's quartet in 1962, replacing Workman. The long trio blues "Chasin' the Trane" is one of his first recorded performances with Coltrane and Elvin Jones. Garrison performed on many Coltrane recordings, including A Love Supreme. After John Coltrane's death, Garrison worked and recorded with Alice Coltrane, Hampton Hawes, Archie Shepp, Clifford Thornton and groups led by Elvin Jones.

Garrison also worked with Ornette Coleman during the 1960s, first recording with him in 1961 on Ornette on Tenor.  He and Elvin Jones recorded with Coleman in 1968, and have been credited with eliciting more forceful playing than usual from Coleman on the albums New York Is Now! and Love Call.

In 1971 and 1972, Garrison taught as a Visiting Artist at Wesleyan University and Bennington College.

Personal life
Garrison had four daughters and a son. With his first wife Robbie he had three daughters, Robin, Lori and Italy based jazz vocalist Joy Garrison. With his second wife, dancer and choreographer Roberta Escamilla Garrison, he had Maia Claire, and jazz bassist Matt Garrison.

Jimmy Garrison died of lung cancer on April 7, 1976.

Music and playing style

Garrison was known for his inventive and melodic basslines, often using broken time and avoiding straight quarter notes as in a traditional walking bassline, to suggest the time and pulse rather than to outright play it. He was also known for his frequent use of double stops, and for strumming the strings of the bass with his thumb. Garrison would often play unaccompanied improvised solos, sometimes as song introductions prior to the other musicians joining in, and occasionally used a bow. Garrison had a uniquely heavy and powerful gut string tone.

Discography

As leader
1963: Illumination! with Elvin Jones (Impulse!)

As sideman
With Lorez Alexandria
 For Swingers Only (Argo, 1963)
With Bill Barron
 The Tenor Stylings of Bill Barron (Savoy, 1961)
With Walter Bishop Jr.
 Speak Low (Jazztime, 1961)
With Benny Carter
 Further Definitions (Impulse!, 1961)
With Ornette Coleman
 Ornette on Tenor (Atlantic, 1961)
 New York Is Now! (Blue Note, 1968)
 Love Call (Blue Note, 1968)
 The Art of the Improvisers (Atlantic, 1970)
With Alice Coltrane
 A Monastic Trio (Impulse!, 1968)
 Cosmic Music (Impulse!, 1968)
 Universal Consciousness (Impulse!, 1971)
 Carnegie Hall '71 (Hi Hat, 2018)
With John Coltrane
 Live at the Village Vanguard (1961)
 Ballads (1962)
 Coltrane (1962)
 Duke Ellington & John Coltrane (1962)
 John Coltrane and Johnny Hartman (1963)
 Impressions (1963)
 Live at Birdland (1963)
 Crescent (1964)
 A Love Supreme (1964)
 Ascension (1965)
 First Meditations (1965)
 The John Coltrane Quartet Plays (1965)
 Kulu Sé Mama (1965)
 The New Wave in Jazz (Impulse!, 1965)
 Live at the Half Note: One Down, One Up (1965 [2005])
 Live in Seattle (1965)
 The Major Works of John Coltrane (1965)
 Meditations (1965)
 Transition (1965)
 Sun Ship  (1965)
 Live in Antibes (1965)
 Live in Japan (1966)
 Live at the Village Vanguard Again! (1966)
 Expression (1967)
 The Olatunji Concert: The Last Live Recording (1967)
 Stellar Regions (1967)
 Both Directions at Once: The Lost Album (2018)
 Blue World (album) (2019)
With Ted Curson
 Plenty of Horn (Old Town, 1961)
With Nathan Davis
 Rules of Freedom (Polydor, 1969)
With Bill Dixon
 Intents and Purposes (RCA Victor, 1967)
With Kenny Dorham
 Jazz Contemporary (Time, 1960)
 Show Boat (Time, 1960)
With Curtis Fuller
 Blues-ette (Savoy, 1959)
 Imagination (Savoy, 1959)
 Images of Curtis Fuller (Savoy, 1960)
 The Magnificent Trombone of Curtis Fuller (Epic, 1961)
With Beaver Harris
 From Ragtime to No Time (360 Records, 1975)
With Elvin Jones
 Puttin' It Together (Blue Note, 1968)
 The Ultimate (Blue Note, 1968)
With Philly Joe Jones
 Blues for Dracula (Riverside, 1958)
 Drums Around the World (Riverside, 1959)
 Showcase (Riverside, 1959)
With Lee Konitz
 Live at the Half Note (Verve, 1959 [1994])
With Rolf Kühn and Joachim Kühn
 Impressions of New York (Impulse!, 1967)
With Cal Massey
 Blues to Coltrane (Candid, 1961 [1987])
With Jackie McLean
 Swing, Swang, Swingin' (Blue Note, 1959)
With J. R. Monterose
 Straight Ahead (Jaro, 1959, also issued as The Message)
With Robert Pozar
 Good Golly Miss Nancy (Savoy, 1967)
With Sonny Rollins
 East Broadway Run Down (Impulse!, 1966)
With Tony Scott
 Golden Moments (Muse, 1959 [1982])
 I'll Remember (Muse, 1959 [1984])
With Archie Shepp
 Life at the Donaueschingen Music Festival (SABA, 1967)
 Attica Blues (Impulse!, 1972)
 The Cry of My People (Impulse!, 1972)
 There's a Trumpet in My Soul (Freedom, 1975)
With Clifford Thornton
 Freedom & Unity (New World Records, 1967)
With McCoy Tyner
 Today and Tomorrow (Impulse!, 1963)
 McCoy Tyner Plays Ellington (Impulse!, 1964)

References

1933 births
1976 deaths
Musicians from Miami
Post-bop jazz musicians
American jazz double-bassists
Male double-bassists
Jazz musicians from Pennsylvania
Wesleyan University faculty
20th-century American musicians
Deaths from lung cancer in New York (state)
20th-century double-bassists
American male jazz musicians
The 360 Degree Music Experience members
20th-century American male musicians

Jimmy Garrison


بلال عبد الدايم لاعب كرة قدم سوري من مواليد حمص، يلعب مع صور .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سوريون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سوريون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في الأردن
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في البحرين
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في سلطنة عمان
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من حمص
رياضيون سوريون مغتربون في الأردن
رياضيون سوريون مغتربون في البحرين
رياضيون سوريون مغتربون في سلطنة عمان
رياضيون من حمص
لاعبو الدوري البحريني الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري السوري
لاعبو دوري المحترفين العماني
لاعبو كأس آسيا 2011
لاعبو كرة قدم سوريون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون سوريون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في الأردن
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في البحرين
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في عمان
لاعبو كرة قدم من حمص
لاعبو منتخب سوريا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي السويق
لاعبو نادي الكرامة
لاعبو نادي المحرق
لاعبو نادي الوحدات
لاعبو نادي صور
مواليد 1403 هـ
مواليد 1406 هـ
مواليد 1983
مواليد 1986
مواليد في حمص

بلال عبد الدايم


Weber, manyetik akı birimi
 Wilhelm Eduard Weber, Alman fizikçi
 Max Weber, Alman ekonomist ve sosyolog
 Carl Maria von Weber, Alman besteci
 Weber County

Almanca soyadları
Mesleki soyadlar

Weber


Cura aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir:

 Cura, Bir Türk halk çalgısı
 Cura (hayvan), Dugesiidae familyasına bağlı bir hayvan cinsi
 Cura (mitoloji), Roma mitolojisinde bir tanrıça

Cura (anlam ayrımı)


Allinge Tekniske Skole var en teknisk skole beliggende i Allinge på Bornholm. Bygningen var fra 1970'erne til 1. december 2017 benyttet til folkebibliotek under navnet Allinge Bibliotek.

Historie
I 1893 blev Allinge-Sandvig Haandværker- og Industriforening stiftet. Den besluttede at opføre en teknisk skole i byen, og valgte den bornholmske arkitekt Mathias Bidstrup til at tegne bygningen, med August Kofoed som bygmester. Skolen blev indviet den 28. december 1895.

Bibliotek
I begyndelse af 1970'erne blev bygningen overtaget af Allinge-Gudhjem Kommune, der indrettede folkebibliotek på stedet. Indtil 1. december 2017 drev Bornholms Regionskommune Allinge-filialet af Bornholms Folkebiblioteker i bygningen. I 2016 havde kommunen den 3. tirsdag i hver måned borgerservice åben i tre timer på biblioteket. Efter at bibliotekets 15.000 bøger i december 2017 var blevet flyttet til det nye kombinerede folke- og skolebibliotek på Kongeskærskolen, var det planen at kommunen vil sælge bygningen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Allinge Tekniske Skole på kulturarvbornholm.dk

Tekniske Skole
Etableret i 1895
Tekniske skoler i Danmark
Folkebiblioteker i Danmark
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Bornholms Regionskommune
Uddannelse på Bornholm

Allinge Tekniske Skole


Patronyme

 Olivier Kamitatu (1964-), un homme politique de la République démocratique du Congo ;
 Cléophas Kamitatu (1931-2008), un homme politique de la République démocratique du Congo, père de Olivier Kamitatu ;
 Marie-Josée Kamitatu, une femme politique de la République démocratique du Congo, fille aînée de Olivier Kamitatu.
Homonymie de patronyme

Kamitatu


Localización de la costa Siple

La costa Siple (en inglés, Siple Coast) es un sector poco definido de la costa del mar de Ross sobre la barrera de hielo Ross en la Antártida Occidental. Se extiende desde la desembocadura de la corriente de hielo Whillans (o B) en la barrera de hielo Ross, extremo norte de la costa Gould, a los  según Estados Unidos, o a los 154° O según Nueva Zelanda, hasta el extremo norte de la desembocadura de la corriente de hielo MacAyeal (o E), extremo sur de la costa Shirase ().

El sector de la costa Siple al oeste de los 150° Oeste es reclamado por Nueva Zelanda como parte de la Dependencia Ross, mientras que al este de ese meridiano se extiende la terra nullius antártica no reclamada por ningún país. La reclamación neocelandeza es reconocida por unos pocos países y desde la firma del Tratado Antártico en 1959, lo mismo que otras reclamaciones antárticas, ha quedado sujeta a sus disposiciones, por lo que Nueva Zelanda ejerce actos de administración y soberanía sobre el territorio sin interferir en las actividades que realizan otros estados en él.

A la costa Siple fluyen las corrientes de hielo Kamb (o C) y Bindschadler (o D), ubicada esta última al norte del domo Siple.

Originalmente esta costa fue conocida como costa Kirton, pero en 1961 el New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee la renombró en honor al científico y explorador estadounidense Paul A. Siple, quien acompañó al almirante Richard Evelyn Byrd en todas sus expediciones antárticas. Siple estuvo a cargo de la Base Occidental de los Estados Unidos entre 1939 y 1941, establecida en la bahía de las Ballenas y fue el primer líder científico en la Base Amundsen-Scott en el polo sur.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de la Dependencia Ross

Siple, Costa
Dependencia Ross

Costa Siple


Orioli ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Antonio Francesco Orioli O.F.M.Conv. (1778–1852), Kardinal
 Edi Orioli (* 1962), italienischer Motorradrennfahrer
 Francesco Orioli (1783–1856), italienischer Physiker, Archäologe, Politiker
 Pietro di Francesco Orioli (1458–1496), italienischer Maler

Orioli


Perfect Lives (título original en inglés; en español, Vidas perfectas) es una ópera para la televisión con música y libreto de Robert Ashley. Fue un encargo de The Kitchen de Nueva York, con la coproducción del canal inglés Channel Four Television, que la estrenó en antena en el Reino Unido en abril de 1984. El vídeo se realizó por John Sanborn.

Perfect Lives narra una complicada historia ambientada en el Medio Oeste americano, hecha de estancias de moteles, pianobares, un misterioso robo filosófico en una banca, etc. la definición de John Cage es ejemplar:

En las estadísticas de Operabase aparece con sólo una representación en el período 2005-2010, siendo junto a Celestial Excursions, las únicas óperas de Ashley puestas en escena.

Referencias
Notas

Fuentes
 Robert Ashley - Perfect Lives - Burning Books (1991)
Licencia

Enlaces externos

 Sitio de Lovely Music
 Fragmento de la partitura de "Perfect Lives"
 Sinopsis en italiano de "Perfect Lives"

Óperas de Robert Ashley
Óperas en inglés
Óperas de 1984
Óperas estrenadas en el Reino Unido

Perfect Lives


Chekhov () is a town and the administrative center of Chekhovsky District in Moscow Oblast, Russia. Population:    56,000 (1985).

It was previously known as Lopasnya (until 1954).

History
Originally named Lopasnya (), after the Lopasnya River, it was granted town status and given its present name in 1954 in honor of writer Anton Chekhov.
Germany took Lopasnya from 23 11 to 17 12 1941.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Chekhov serves as the administrative center of Chekhovsky District. As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Chekhovsky District as the Town of Chekhov. As a municipal division, the Town of Chekhov is incorporated within Chekhovsky Municipal District as Chekhov Urban Settlement.

Military
Near Chekhov is the Russian General Staff wartime command post, buried deep underground.

Religion
On the outskirts of Chekhov lies the Davidov Hermitage, reputedly the richest monastery in Russia. It contains many churches from the 17th and 18th centuries.

Twin towns and sister cities

Chekhov is twinned with:
 Fastiv (Ukraine) (before the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine)
 Kapyl (Belarus)
 Krasnohvardiiske Raion (Ukraine) (before the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine)
 Ochamchira District (Abkhazia/Georgia)
 Pazardzhik (Bulgaria)
 Saratoga Springs (United States)

References

Notes

Sources

External links
Official website of Chekhov
Chekhov Business Directory

Cities and towns in Moscow Oblast
Chekhovsky District

Chekhov, Moscow Oblast


DSD may refer to:

Science and research
 Detrusor sphincter dyssynergia, disorder of urination
 Disorders of sex development, differences of sex differentiation
 Definitive Screening Design, an experimental design for multiple variables

Technology
 Data structure diagram of a data model
 Direct Stream Digital, Sony and Philips digital recording trademark
 Document Structure Description, a schema language for describing valid XML

Organizations
 Defence Signals Directorate, an Australian intelligence agency
 Department for Social Development
 Drainage Services Department, Hong Kong
 Davis School District, Utah
 Delaware School for the Deaf

Government
 United States District Court for the District of South Dakota, abbreviation in case decisions
 Downing Street Declaration, by UK PM and Irish Taoiseach
 New Zealand Distinguished Service Decoration, a medal awarded by the New Zealand Defence Force

Media
 Do Something Different, a British CBBC television show
 DSD, a group on the album Thug Misses

Other uses
 Defence Studies Department (King's College, London)
 Deutsches Sprachdiplom (German Language Diploma), of the German Academic Exchange Service
 Direct store delivery, without 3rd party distributor
 Discover Scuba Diving program
 Driver's Safety Device, or dead man's switch
 Raindrop size distribution in rain, snow, etc...
 Dsd, the Köppen climate classification for a subarctic climate variant with dry summers and extreme winters

DSD


Büyük Kaçış (özgün ad: Prison Break), ABD yapımı bir aksiyon dizisi. Hikâyesi Paul Scheuring tarafından ortaya atılmış ve FOX şirketi tarafından 2005 yılında dizi olarak hayatına adım atmıştır. Dizi genel olarak işlemediği bir suçtan dolayı idam cezası almış Lincoln Burrows (Dominic Purcell)'u ve Lincoln'ün kardeşi Michael Scofield (Wentworth Miller)'ın kardeşini kurtarmak için tüm yasal yolların tükendiğini fark edip onu hapishaneden çıkarmak için bir kaçış planı yapması ve sonrasında gelişen olayları konu alır. Dizinin yapımcılığını Adelstein-Parouse Productions, Original Television ve 20th Century Fox Television iş birliğiyle üstlenmiştir.

Dizinin başrollerinde Wentworth Miller, Dominic Purcell, Sarah Wayne Callies, Amaury Nolasco yer alır. Yaklaşık 42 ülkede yayımlanmış olan 22 bölümlük ilk sezon, ABD'de 29 Ağustos 2005 tarihinde FOX kanalında gösterilmeye başlanmıştır, Türkiye'de CNBC-e kanalı tarafından yayımlanmıştır. Sezon finali Türkiye'de 15 Mayıs 2006 tarihinde yayımlanan dizinin ikinci sezonu, 1 Mart 2007 tarihinde CNBC-e ekranlarına geri dönmüştür. Aynı sezon, 26 Temmuz 2007 tarihinde Sona bölümü ile sona ermiştir. 3. sezon 17 Eylül 2007'de başlamış ve 22 bölüm çekileceği planlanmasına rağmen Amerikan Senaryo Yazarları Birliği'nin grevinden dolayı sadece 13 bölüm çekilebilmiştir. Bugüne kadar 3 sezon boyunca toplam 57 bölüm yayımlanmıştır. 4. sezon ise Amerika'da 1 Eylül 2008'de başlamış ve 1 Aralık itibarıyla 12. bölümü yayımlanmıştır. 4. sezonun finali aynı zamanda dizinin finali olacağı açıklanmıştır. 15 Mayıs 2009 itibarıyla dizi final bölümü ile ekranlara veda etmiştir. 4. sezonun final bölümündeki şaşırtıcı sonu açıklamak için yapımcılar tarafından 2 özel bölümlük DVD çıkarılmış, Büyük Kaçış: Son Kaçış ismiyle satışa sunulmuştur.

Dizi, 9 Haziran 2009 tarihinde ilk bölümünden itibaren Star TV kanalında Büyük Kaçış adıyla Türkçe dublaj ile gösterime girmiştir. Michael Scofield'ı Murat Şen, Lincoln Burrows'u Erol Eren seslendirmiştir. Türkiye'de büyük bir ilgi görmüştür.

6 Ağustos 2015 tarihinde yapımcı kuruluş tarafından 5. sezonun çıkacağı onaylanmıştır. Yeni sezonun 10 bölüm olacağı açıklanmıştır.

Sezonlar

1. sezon

İlk sezon, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Başkan Yardımcısı Caroline Reynolds'ın kardeşi Terrence Steadman'ı öldürmekle suçlanan Lincoln Burrows'un kurtarılmasını konu alıyor. Lincoln ölüm cezasına çarptırılır ve infazını beklediği Fox River Eyalet Hapishanesi'ne hapsedilir. Lincoln'ün kardeşi, inşaat mühendisi Michael Scofield, Lincoln'ün masum olduğuna ikna olur ve ayrıntılı bir kaçış planı hazırlar. Michael, Fox River'a girebilmek için silahlı bir soygun gerçekleştirir ve bunun sonucunda Fox River'a mahkûm edilir. Michael hapishanede, günlük insülin iğnelerini vurulduğu revire her gün girebilmek için tip 1 diyabet hastasıymış gibi davranarak hapishane doktoru Sara Tancredi ile arkadaş olur. Kardeşlerin idamı engellemek için verdikleri mücadeleye, Lincoln'ü hapse atan komployu araştırmaya başlayan arkadaşları Veronica Donovan da yardım eder. Ancak, "Şirket (The Company)" adlı bir örgütün üyeleri olan gizli ajanlar tarafından engellenirler. Lincoln'ün suçlanmasından Şirket sorumludur ve bunu Lincoln'ün babası Aldo Burrows ve onun Şirket'le olan eski bağlantıları nedeniyle yapmışlardır. Kardeşler, Fox River Sekizlisi olarak bilinen Fernando Sucre, Theodore "T-Bag" Bagwell, Benjamin Miles "C-Note" Franklin, David "Tweener" Apolskis, John Abruzzi ve Charles "Haywire" Patoshik adlı altı mahkûmla birlikte, sezonun sondan bir önceki bölümünde hapishanenin ayrıcalıklarını kullanarak kazmış oldukları çukurdan kaçarlar.

2. sezon

Bu sezon kaçıştan 8 saat sonrasıyla başlar. Brad Bellick isimli gardiyan onları yakalamak ve ödülü almak için mahkûmların peşine düşer.Federal Ajan Alex Mahone da kaçakların peşindedir; ancak The Company(Şirket) için çalışmakta olup kaçakları öldürmek istemektedir.Kaçaklar hapishanede D. B Cooper tarafından yerini öğrendikleri 5 milyon doları bulmak için adeta yarışırlar.Para bulunur ve T-Bag tarafından kaçırılır.Ancak T-Bag parayı fazla koruyamaz ve yine kaptırır ve koşuşturmaca bu şekilde devam eder.Mahkûmlarımız aynı zamanda kaçmakla da uğraştıklarından Panama ya kaçarlar ve orada yakalanıp Sona Hapishanesine tıkılırlar.

3. sezon

Bu bölüm Michael ve T-Bag, kaçtıkları Panama'da Sona Hapishanesi'nde başlar. Bu hapishanede kurallar çok farklıdır. Bu hapishanede gardiyan bulunmaz; askerler çevrededir.Mahkûmlar gardiyanları rehine olarak aldıkları için askerler hapishanenin çevresinde tel örgüler çekip etrafını çevirmişlerdir. Sona tam anlamıyla cehennemdir; Lechero'nun adalet sistemi geçerlidir. Aralarında anlaşmazlığı olan varsa düelloya çıkıp biri ölene kadar dövüşür. Michael Scofield kaçma planları yaparken askerlerin eski bir hapishane olan Sona'dan dışarı çıkmaya değil tellerin içindeki bir fareyi bile anında fark edip vurduğunu görür. Scofield'ın bir görevi vardır, ağabeyinin oğlu Şirket'in elindedir ve ondan Sona'dan birini kaçırmasını isterler. Sona'dan kaçarlar ve sonrasında 4. sezon başlar.

4. sezon
Michael'ın, Sara'nın ölmediğini öğrenmesiyle başlar ve 22 bölüm sürer. Bu sezonda Ajan Don Self'in oluşturduğu ekip örgüt'ün kara kitabı olarak bilinen Scylla adlı diski ele geçirmeye çalışacaklardır. Bu diskte çok özel bilgiler bulunmaktadır. Eğer mahkûmlar bu görevi kabul etmezlerse Fox River'a geri döneceklerdir. O yüzden görevi kabul edip Michael'ın önderliği altında Scylla'yı ele geçirmeye çalışmaya başlarlar. Tabi Şirket ise bu diski koruyamamaya başlayacaktır. Özellikle bu işe James Whistler'ı öldürmekle başlarlar. Bu yüzden pek çok kişi ölecektir özellikle de mahkûmların tanıdıkları. Bu uğurda birçok kişinin yolu kesişecektir. Scofield'ın annesi aslında ölmemiştir ve 4. sezonda rol alır. Büyük Kaçış: Son Kaçış filmiyle biter.

5. sezon
T-Bag, Michael'ın Yemen'de bir hapishanede olduğunu öğrenir ve eline bir fotoğraf alarak Lincoln'e gösterir. Lincoln durumu Sara ile görüşüp yola çıkar ancak yalnız değildir. Yemen'de eski gruptan C-Note vardır. Yemen'deki bu hapishaneden kaçış için plan yapmaya başlarlar. Yemen' in, DEAŞ tarafından ele geçirilmesinin ardından hapishaneden çıkış yapan Michael, Lincoln ve arkadaşlarının DEAŞ ile başları derde girer.

Bölümler

Uluslararası yayın bilgileri

Oyuncular ve karakterler

Ödüller

Kazandıkları ödüller
 2007 Australian Film Institute
 En İyi Aktör - Dominic Purcell
 2006 People's Choice Award
 Favorite New TV Drama
 2006 American Latino Media Arts Awards
 Televizyon Komedi ve Drama Dalında En İyi Çıkış Yapan Yönetmen  - Jesús Salvador Treviño

Adaylıkları
 2008 American Latino Media Arts Awards
 Televizyon Drama Dalında En iyi Çıkış Yapan Aktor- Amaury Nolasco
 2007 Motion Picture Sound Editors, USA
 Televizyon Dizilerinde En İyi Ses Düzenlemesi - Ramin Djawadi
 2006 Altın Küre Ödülleri
 Drama Dalında En İyi TV Dizisi
 Drama TV Dizisi En İyi Performans Gösteren Oyuncu - Wentworth Miller
 2006 Eddie Award
 Best Edited One-Hour Series for Commercial Television - Mark Helfrich (Pilot bölümü)
 2006 Saturn Ödülleri
 En İyi Tv Oyuncusu - Wentworth Miller
 Best Network Television Series
 2006 Television Critics Association Award
 En İyi Yeni TV Dizisi
 2006 Emmy Ödülleri
 Outstanding Main Title Theme Music - Ramin Djawadi

DVD

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

2005'te başlayan Amerika Birleşik Devletleri televizyon dizileri
2009'da sona eren Amerika Birleşik Devletleri televizyon dizileri
2017'de başlayan Amerika Birleşik Devletleri televizyon dizileri
2017'de sona eren Amerika Birleşik Devletleri televizyon dizileri
2000'lerde Amerika Birleşik Devletleri televizyon dizileri
2010'larda Amerika Birleşik Devletleri televizyon dizileri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri aksiyon televizyon dizileri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri polisiye televizyon dizileri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri dramatik televizyon dizileri
Fox ağı programları
Konusu cezaevinde geçen televizyon dizileri
Suç televizyon dizileri
Gerilim
2010'larda İngilizce televizyon dizileri

Büyük Kaçış


İkili Güvende iki kişi yan yana oynanan, eşlik ezgisi karcığar makamında olan, Balıkesir'e ait zeybek türünde halk oyunudur.

Balıkesir ilinde kültür
Zeybekler

İkili güvende


Extended Unix Code (EUC) is a multibyte character encoding system used primarily for Japanese, Korean, and simplified Chinese.

The most commonly used EUC codes are variable-length encodings with a character belonging to an  compliant coded character set (such as ASCII) taking one byte, and a character belonging to a 94x94 coded character set (such as ) represented in two bytes. The EUC-CN form of  and EUC-KR are examples of such two-byte EUC codes. EUC-JP includes characters represented by up to three bytes, including an initial , whereas a single character in EUC-TW can take up to four bytes.

Modern applications are more likely to use UTF-8, which supports all of the glyphs of the EUC codes, and more, and is generally more portable with fewer vendor deviations and errors. EUC is however still very popular, especially EUC-KR for South Korea.

Encoding structure

The structure of EUC is based on the  standard, which specifies a system of graphical character sets that can be represented with a sequence of the 94 7-bit bytes 0x21–7E, or alternatively 0xA1–FE if an eighth bit is available. This allows for sets of 94 graphical characters, or 8836 (942) characters, or 830584 (943) characters. Although initially 0x20 and 0x7F were always the space and  and 0xA0 and 0xFF were unused, later editions of  allowed the use of the bytes 0xA0 and 0xFF (or 0x20 and 0x7F) within sets under certain circumstances, allowing the inclusion of 96-character sets. The ranges 0x00–1F and 0x80–9F are used for C0 and C1 control codes.

EUC is a family of 8-bit profiles of , as opposed to 7-bit profiles such as ISO-2022-JP. As such, only  compliant character sets can have EUC forms. Up to four coded character sets (referred to as G0, G1, G2, and G3 or as code sets 0, 1, 2, and 3) can be represented with the EUC scheme. The G0 set is set to an  compliant coded character set such as US-ASCII,  () or  (the lower half of ) and invoked over GL (i.e. 0x21–0x7E, with the most significant bit cleared). If US-ASCII is used, this makes the code an extended ASCII encoding; the most common deviation from US-ASCII is that 0x5C (backslash in US-ASCII) is often used to represent a Yen sign in EUC-JP (see below) and a won sign in EUC-KR.

The other code sets are invoked over GR (i.e. with the most significant bit set). Hence, to get the EUC form of a character, the most significant bit of each coding byte is set (equivalent to adding 128 to each 7-bit coding byte, or adding 160 to each number in the kuten code); this allows the software to easily distinguish whether a particular byte in a character string belongs to the  code or the extended code. Characters in code sets 2 and 3 are prefixed with the control codes  (0x8E) and  (0x8F) respectively, and invoked over GR. Besides the initial shift code, any byte outside of the range 0xA0–0xFF appearing in a character from code sets 1 through 3 is not a valid EUC code.

The EUC code itself does not make use of the announcement and designation sequences from . However, the code specification is equivalent to the following sequence of four  announcement sequences, with meanings breaking down as follows.

Fixed-length format

The ISO-2022-based variable-length encoding described above is sometimes referred to as the EUC packed format, which is the encoding format usually labeled as EUC. However, internal processing of EUC data may make use of a fixed-length transformation format called the EUC complete two-byte format. This represents:

 Code set 0 as two bytes in the range 0x21–0x7E (except that the first may be 0x00).
 Code set 1 as two bytes in the range 0xA0–0xFF (except that the first may be 0x80).
 Code set 2 as a byte in the range 0x21–0x7E (or 0x00) followed by a byte in the range 0xA0–0xFF.
 Code set 3 as a byte in the range 0xA0–0xFF (or 0x80) followed by a byte in the range 0x21–0x7E.

Initial bytes of 0x00 and 0x80 are used in cases where the code set uses only one byte. There is also a four-byte fixed-length format. These fixed-length encoding formats are suited to internal processing and are not usually encountered in interchange.

EUC-JP is registered with the IANA in both formats, the packed format as "EUC-JP" or "csEUCPkdFmtJapanese" and the fixed width format as "csEUCFixWidJapanese". Only the packed format is included in the WHATWG Encoding Standard used by HTML5.

EUC-CN

EUC-CN is the usual encoded form of the  standard for simplified Chinese characters. Unlike the case of Japanese JIS X 0208 and ISO-2022-JP,  is not normally used in a 7-bit  code version, although a variant form called HZ (which delimits  text with ASCII sequences) was sometimes used on USENET.

An ASCII character is represented in its usual encoding. A character from  is represented by two bytes, both from the range 0xA1–0xFE.

748 code
An encoding related to EUC-CN is the "748" code used in the WITS typesetting system developed by Beijing's Founder Technology (now obsoleted by its newer FITS typesetting system). The 748 code contains all of , but is not –compliant and therefore not a true EUC code. (It uses an 8-bit lead byte but distinguishes between a second byte with its most significant bit set and one with its most significant bit cleared, and is, therefore, more similar in structure to Big5 and other non–ISO 2022–compliant DBCS encoding systems.) The non-GB2312 portion of the 748 code contains traditional and Hong Kong characters and other glyphs used in newspaper typesetting.

IBM code pages 1380, 1381, 1382 and 1383
IBM code page 1381 (CCSID 1381) comprises the single-byte code page 1115 (CPGID 1115 as CCSID 1115) and the double-byte code page 1380 (CPGID 1380 as CCSID 1380), which encodes GB 2312 the same way as EUC-CN, but deviates from the EUC structure by extending the lead byte range back to 0x8C, adding 31 IBM-selected characters in 0x8CE0 through 0x8CFE and adding 1880 user-defined characters with lead bytes 0x8D through 0xA0.

IBM code page 1383 (CCSID 1383) comprises the single-byte code page 367 and the double-byte code page 1382 (CPGID 1382 as CCSID 1382), which differs by conforming to the EUC structure, adding the 31 IBM-selected characters in 0xFEE0 through 0xFEFE instead, and including only 1360 user-defined characters, interspersed in the positions not used by GB 2312. The alternative CCSID 5479 is used for the pure EUC-CN code page: it uses CCSID 9574 as its double-byte set, which uses CPGID 1382 but excludes the IBM-selected and user-defined characters.

GBK and GB 18030

GBK is an extension to . It defines an extended form of the EUC-CN encoding capable of representing a larger array of CJK characters sourced largely from , including traditional Chinese characters and characters used only in Japanese. It is not, however, a true EUC code, because ASCII bytes may appear as trail bytes (and C1 bytes, not limited to the single shifts, may appear as lead or trail bytes), due to a larger encoding space being required.

Variants of GBK are implemented by Windows code page 936 (the Microsoft Windows code page for simplified Chinese), and by IBM's code page 1386.

The Unicode-based  character encoding defines an extension of GBK capable of encoding the entirety of Unicode. However, Unicode encoded as  is a variable-length encoding which may use up to four bytes per character, due to an even larger encoding space being required. Being an extension of GBK, it is a superset of EUC-CN but is not itself a true EUC code. Being a Unicode encoding, its repertoire is identical to that of other Unicode transformation formats such as UTF-8.

Mac OS Chinese Simplified
Other EUC-CN variants deviating from the EUC mechanism include the Mac OS Chinese Simplified script (known as Code page 10008 or x-mac-chinesesimp). It uses the bytes 0x80, 0x81, 0x82, 0xA0, 0xFD, 0xFE, and 0xFF for the U with umlaut (ü), two special font metric characters, the non-breaking space, the copyright sign (©), the trademark sign (™) and the ellipsis (…) respectively. This differs in what is regarded as a single-byte character versus the first byte of a two-byte character from both EUC (where, of those, 0xFD and 0xFE are defined as lead bytes) and GBK (where, of those, 0x81, 0x82, 0xFD and 0xFE are defined as lead bytes).

This use of 0xA0, 0xFD, 0xFE and 0xFF matches Apple's Shift_JIS variant.

Besides these changes to the lead byte range, the other distinctive feature of the double-byte portion of Mac OS Chinese Simplified is the inclusion of two extensions to the basic GB 2312-80 set in rows 6 and 8. These are considered "standard extensions to GB 2312", neither of which is proprietary to Apple: the row 8 extension was taken from GB 6345.1, both extensions are included by GB/T 12345 (the Traditional Chinese variant of GB 2312), and both extensions are included by GB 18030 (the successor to GB 2312).

EUC-JP

EUC-JP is a variable-length encoding used to represent the elements of three Japanese character set standards, namely , , and . Other names for this encoding include Unixized JIS (or UJIS) and AT&T JIS. 0.1% of all web pages use EUC-JP since September 2022, while 3.0% of websites in Japanese use this encoding (less used than , or UTF-8). It is called Code page 954 by IBM. Microsoft has two code page numbers for this encoding (51932 and 20932).

This encoding scheme allows the easy mixing of 7-bit ASCII and 8-bit Japanese without the need for the escape characters employed by ISO-2022-JP, which is based on the same character set standards, and without ASCII bytes appearing as trail bytes (unlike Shift JIS).

A related and partially compatible encoding, called EUC-JISx0213 or EUC-JIS-2004, encodes  and  (similarly to , its Shift_JIS-based counterpart).

Compared to EUC-CN or EUC-KR, EUC-JP did not become as widely adopted on PC and Macintosh systems in Japan, which used  or its extensions (Windows code page 932 on Microsoft Windows, and MacJapanese on classic Mac OS), although it became heavily used by Unix or Unix-like operating systems (except for HP-UX). Therefore, whether Japanese websites use EUC-JP or Shift_JIS often depends on what OS the author uses.

Characters are encoded as follows:

 As an EUC/ISO 2022 compliant encoding, the C0 control characters, space, and DEL are represented as in ASCII.
 A graphical character from ASCII (code set 0) is represented as its usual one-byte representation, in the range 0x21 – 0x7E. While some variants of EUC-JP encode the lower half of  here, most encode ASCII, including the W3C/WHATWG Encoding standard used by HTML5, and so does EUC-JIS-2004. While this means that 0x5C is typically mapped to Unicode as U+005C REVERSE SOLIDUS (the ASCII backslash), U+005C may be displayed as a Yen sign by certain Japanese-locale fonts, e.g. on Microsoft Windows, for compatibility with the lower half of .
 A character from JIS X 0208 (code set 1) is represented by two bytes, both in the range 0xA1 – 0xFE. This differs from the ISO-2022-JP representation by having the high bit set. This code set may also contain vendor extensions in some EUC-JP variants. In EUC-JIS-2004, the first plane of  is encoded here, which is effectively a superset of standard .
 A character from the upper half of  (half-width kana, code set 2) is represented by two bytes, the first being 0x8E, the second being the usual  representation in the range 0xA1 – 0xDF. This set may contain IBM vendor extensions in some variants.
 A character from JIS X 0212 (code set 3) is represented in EUC-JP by three bytes, the first being 0x8F, the following two being in the range 0xA1–0xFE, i.e. with the high bit set. In addition to standard , code set 3 of some EUC-JP variants may also contain extensions in rows 83 and 84 to represent characters from IBM's Shift JIS extensions which lack standard JIS X 0212 mappings, which may be coded in either of two layouts, one defined by IBM themselves and one defined by the OSF. In EUC-JIS-2004, the second plane of  is encoded here, which does not collide with the allocated rows in standard . Some implementations of EUC-JIS-2004, such as the one used by Python, allow both  and  plane 2 characters in this set.

Vendor extensions to EUC-JP (from, for example, the Open Software Foundation, IBM or NEC) were often allocated within the individual code sets, as opposed to using invalid EUC sequences (as in popular extensions of EUC-CN and EUC-KR).

However, some vendor-specific encodings are partially compatible with EUC-JP, due to encoding  over GR, but do not follow the packed EUC structure. Often, these do not include use of the single shifts from EUC-JP, and are thus not straight extensions of EUC-JP, with the exception of Super DEC Kanji.

DEC Kanji
Digital Equipment Corporation defines two variants of EUC-JP only partly conforming to the EUC packed format, but also bearing some resemblance to the complete two-byte format. The overall format of the "DEC Kanji" encoding mostly corresponds to fixed-length (complete two-byte) EUC; however, code set 0 is not required to be left-padded with null bytes (similarly to the packed format). JIS X 0208 is, as usual, used for code set 1; code set 2 (half-width katakana) is absent; code set 3 is encoded like the two-byte fixed width format (i.e. without a shift byte and with only the first high bit set), but used for two-byte user defined characters rather than being specified for JIS X 0212. In the basic "DEC Kanji" encoding, only the first 31 rows of code set 3 are used for user-defined characters: rows 32 through 94 are reserved, similarly to the unused rows in code set 1.

The "Super DEC Kanji" encoding accepts codes both from the "DEC Kanji" encoding and from packed-format EUC, for a total of five code-sets. It also allows the entire user defined code set, and the unused rows at the ends of the JIS X 0208 and JIS X 0212 code sets (rows 85–94 and 78–94 respectively), to be used for user-defined characters.

HP-16
Hewlett-Packard defines an encoding referred to as "HP-16". This accompanies their "HP-15" encoding, which is a variant of Shift JIS. HP-16 encodes  using the same bytes as in EUC-JP, but does not use the single shift codes (thus omitting code sets 2 and 3), and adds three user-defined regions which do not follow the packed-format EUC structure:

 Lead bytes 0xA1–C2, trail bytes 0x21–7E
 Lead bytes 0xC3–E3, trail bytes 0x21–3F
 Lead bytes 0xC3–E1, trail bytes 0x40–64

IKIS
The IKIS (Interactive Kanji Information System) encoding used by Data General resembles EUC-JP without single shifts, i.e. with only code sets 0 and 1. Half-width katakana are instead included in row 8 of JIS X 0208 (colliding with the box-drawing characters added to the standard in 1983). JIS X 0208 rows 9 through 12 are used for user-defined characters.

Adaptations of EUC-JP for EBCDIC

KEIS (Kanji-processing Extended Information System) is an EBCDIC encoding used by Hitachi, with double-byte characters (a DBCS-Host encoding) included using shifting sequences, making it a stateful encoding. Specifically, the sequence  switches to single-byte mode and the sequence  switches to double-byte mode. However, JIS X 0208 characters are encoded using the same byte sequences used to encode them in EUC-JP. This results in duplicate encodings for the —0x4040 per the DBCS-Host code structure, and 0xA1A1 as in EUC-JP. This differs from IBM's DBCS-Host encoding for Japanese, the layout of which builds on versions which predate JIS X 0208 altogether. The lead byte range is extended back to 0x59, out of which the lead bytes 0x81–A0 are designated for user-defined characters, and the remainder are used for corporate-defined characters, including both kanji and non-kanji.

JEF (Japanese-processing Extended Feature) is an EBCDIC encoding used on Fujitsu FACOM mainframes, contrasting with FMR (a variant of Shift JIS) used on Fujitsu PCs. Like KEIS, JEF is a stateful encoding, switching to a double-byte DBCS-Host mode using shifting sequences (where  switches to single-byte mode and  switches to double-byte mode). Also similarly to KEIS, JIS X 0208 codes are represented the same as in EUC-JP. The lead byte range is extended back to 0x41, with 0x80–A0 designated for user definition; lead bytes 0x41–7F are assigned row numbers 101 through 163 for kuten purposes, although row 162 (lead byte 0x7E) is unused. Rows 101 through 148 are used for extended kanji, while rows 149 through 163 are used for extended non-kanji.

EUC-KR

EUC-KR is a variable-length encoding to represent Korean text using two coded character sets,  (formerly KS C 5601) and either  (, formerly ) or US-ASCII, depending on variant.  (formerly ) stipulates the encoding and  dubbed it as EUC-KR.

A character drawn from KS X 1001 (G1, code set 1) is encoded as two bytes in GR (0xA1–0xFE) and a character from  or US-ASCII (G0, code set 0) takes one byte in GL (0x21–0x7E).

It is usually referred to as Wansung () in the Republic of Korea. IBM refers to the double-byte component as Code page 971, and to EUC-KR with ASCII as Code page 970. It is implemented as Code page 20949 ("Korean Wansung") and Code page 51949 ("EUC Korean") by Microsoft.

, 0.08% of all web pages globally use EUC-KR, but  5.0% of South Korean web pages use EUC-KR,  Including extensions, it is the most widely used legacy character encoding in Korea on all three major platforms (macOS, other Unix-like OSes, and Windows), but its use has been very slowly shifting to UTF-8 as it gains popularity, especially on Linux and macOS.

As with most other encodings, UTF-8 is now preferred for new use, solving problems with consistency between platforms and vendors.

Unified Hangul Code

A common extension of EUC-KR is the Unified Hangul Code (, or ), which is the default Korean codepage on Microsoft Windows. It is given the code page number 949 by Microsoft, and 1261 or 1363 by IBM. IBM's code page 949 is a different, unrelated, EUC-KR extension.

Unified Hangul Code extends EUC-KR by using codes that do not conform to the EUC structure to incorporate additional syllable blocks, completing the coverage of the composed syllable blocks available in Johab and Unicode. The W3C/WHATWG Encoding Standard used by HTML5 incorporates the Unified Hangul Code extensions into its definition of EUC-KR.

Mac OS Korean (HangulTalk)

Other encodings incorporating EUC-KR as a subset include the Mac OS Korean script (known as Code page 10003 or x-mac-korean), which was used by HangulTalk (MacOS-KH), the Korean localization of the classic Mac OS. It was developed by Elex Computer (), who were at the time the authorised distributor of Apple Macintosh computers in South Korea.

HangulTalk adds extension characters with lead bytes between 0xA1 and 0xAD, both in unused space within the EUC-KR GR plane (trail bytes 0xA1–0xFE), and using non-EUC codes outside of it (trail bytes 0x41–0xA0). Some of these characters are font-style-independent stylized dingbats. Many of these characters do not have exact Unicode mappings, and Apple software maps these cases variously to combining sequences, to approximate mappings with an appended private-use character as a modifier for round-trip purposes, or to private-use characters.

Apple also uses certain single-byte codes outside of the EUC-KR plane for additional characters: 0x80 for a required space, 0x81 for a won sign (₩), 0x82 for an en dash (–), 0x83 for a copyright sign (©), 0x84 for a wide underscore (_) and 0xFF for an ellipsis (…). Although none of these additional single-byte codes are within the lead byte range of plain EUC-KR (unlike Apple's extensions to EUC-CN, see above), some are within the lead byte range of Unified Hangul Code (specifically, 0x81, 0x82, 0x83 and 0x84).

EUC-KP

Similarly to KS X 1001, the North Korean KPS 9566 standard is typically used in EUC form; in these contexts, it is sometimes referred to as EUC-KP. More recent editions of the standard extend the EUC representation with characters using non-EUC two-byte codes, in a similar manner to Unified Hangul Code.

EUC-TH
Although certain single-byte encodings such as the ISO/IEC 8859 series technically conform to the EUC structure, they are rarely labeled as EUC. However,  is used on Solaris as a label for TIS-620.

EUC-TW
EUC-TW is a variable-length encoding that supports US-ASCII and 16 planes of , each of which is 94x94. It is a rarely used encoding for traditional Chinese characters as used in Taiwan. Variants of Big5 are much more common than EUC-TW, although Big5 only encodes the first two planes of CNS 11643 hanzi, while UTF-8 is becoming more common.

 As an EUC/ISO 2022 encoding, the C0 control characters, ASCII space, and DEL are encoded as in ASCII.
 A graphical character from US-ASCII (G0, code set 0) is encoded in GL as its usual single-byte representation (0x21–0x7E).
 A character from CNS 11643 plane 1 (code set 1) is encoded as two bytes in GR (0xA1–0xFE).
 A character in planes 1 through 16 of CNS 11643 (code set 2) is encoded as four bytes:
 The first byte is always 0x8E (Single Shift 2).
 The second byte (0xA1–0xB0) indicates the plane, the number of which is obtained by subtracting 0xA0 from that byte.
 The third and fourth bytes are in GR (0xA1–0xFE).

Note that plane 1 of CNS 11643 is encoded twice as code set 1 and a part of code set 2.

See also
 CJK
 Japanese language and computers
 Korean language and computers
 Chinese character encoding

Notes

References

External links
 EUC-JP codeset table (minus the ASCII and halfwidth parts)
 Code Page Identifiers
 GB18030-2000 The New Chinese National Standard
 The New Generation of Pre-Press Software in China mentions the 748 code
 Description of the EUC-TW code (in Chinese)
 Manual page of EUC-JISX0213 in the Perl Encode module
 International Register of Coded Character Sets to be Used With Escape Sequences section 2.4 (p.14f.) with the coded character sets of China, Japan, South Korea, North Korea and Taiwan (ISO/IEC)
 Chinese, Japanese, and Korean character set standards and encoding systems

Character sets
Chinese-language computing
Encodings of Asian languages
Encodings of Japanese
Korean-language computing

Extended Unix Code


Fleskhus Station (Fleskhus stoppested) var en jernbanestation på Nordlandsbanen, der lå i Verdal kommune i Norge.

Stationen blev oprettet som holdeplads 10. april 1913. Den blev nedgraderet til trinbræt 1. juni 1958. Betjeningen med persontog blev indstillet 23. maj 1993, og 1. september 1993 blev stationen nedlagt. Små to år efter, 28. maj 1995, blev den imidlertid genoprettet som trinbræt. Betjeningen med persontog blev indstillet igen 11. juni 2000, og 12. december 2010 blev stationen nedlagt for anden gang.

Stationsbygningen blev opført i 1916 efter tegninger af NSB Arkitektkontor. Den blev revet ned i 1960. Fra 1914 til 1959 havde savværket Trones bruk sidespor fra stationen.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Nordlandsbanen
Nedlagte jernbanestationer i Norge
Jernbanestationer i Trøndelag
Etableret i 1913
Ophørt i 2010

Fleskhus Station


Two submarines of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) have been named HMAS Oxley, for the explorer John Oxley.

 HMAS Oxley, an Odin-class submarine launched in 1926 and transferred to the Royal Navy in 1931.
 , an Oberon-class submarine launched in 1965, decommissioned in 1992, and broken up for scrap.

Royal Australian Navy ship names

HMAS Oxley


Alexander Forbes Irvine Forbes (Kinellar, Aberdeenshire, Škotska, 13. travnja 1871 – 15. svibnja 1959.), južnoafrički astronom, rođenjem Škot.

Životopis
Rodio se u Škotskoj u Kinellaru, Aberdeenshire. U Južnu Afriku doselio se 1896. godine. U Škotsku se vratio radi studija ali se za stalno odselio u Južnu Afriku 1909. godine. Kao arhitekt radio je do 1932. godine. Predsjedavao je Južnoafričkim astronomskim društvom od 1942. do 1943. godine.

Otkrio je periodični komet 37P/Forbes. Jedanje od nekoliko suotkrivatelja kometa Pons-Coggia-Winnecke-Forbes, danas znan kao 27P/Crommelin, u čast astronoma koji je izračunao njegovu orbitu.

Vanjske poveznice
Biographical Index to MNASSA and JASSA (eng.)
A history of comet discovery from South Africa (eng.)

Životopisi, Škotska
Južnoafrički znanstvenici
Britanski astronomi

Alexander Forbes Irvine Forbes


Alex (født 20. april 1976) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Oita Trinita.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Alex (fodboldspiller, født 1976)


An Elymandra lithophila in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl Bernhard von Trinius, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Clayton. An Elymandra lithophila in nahilalakip ha genus nga Elymandra, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Elymandra

Elymandra lithophila


Ferdinand Neuling () a fost un general german din Armata de Uscat (Heer) a Wehrmachtului, care a îndeplinit funcții de comandă în timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial. În septembrie 1939 trupele germane aflate sub comanda sa au ocupat partea poloneză a Sileziei Superioare și orașele Katowice, Mikołów și Chorzów, săvârșind numeroase crime de război împotriva luptătorilor din rezistență și a civililor polonezi.

Biografie
S-a înrolat pe 25 martie 1905 ca Fahnenjunker în Armata Imperială Germană, fiind repartizat în Regimentul 139 Infanterie. Un an mai târziu a fost avansat locotenent. A luptat ca ofițer în Primul Război Mondial și a fost decorat cu Crucea de Fier cl. II și cl. I. După război a continuat să slujească în Reichswehr ca ofițer de stat major în Heereswaffenamt (WaA) și în Ministerul Apărării. În 1929 a fost avansat la gradul de maior și în 1933 la gradul de locotenent-colonel. În același an, el a preluat comanda Regimentului 23 Infanterie.

La 1 ianuarie 1939 a fost avansat general-maior, iar trei luni mai târziu a preluat conducerea unității Landwehr din Oppeln. În ajunul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial a primit sarcina de a organiza Divizia 239 Infanterie, folosind militarii din Landwehr. Forța combativă a diviziei a fost considerată foarte scăzută, iar divizia a fost programată să fie utilizată ca unitate militară de rezervă a Armatei a 8-a. La 2 septembrie 1939 divizia sa a trecut granița germano-poloneză pe la Gierałtowice. Trupele diviziei s-au îndreptat către Ornontowice și apoi spre Mikołów. La 3 septembrie, după retragerea Armatei Poloneze din Silezia Superioară, Neuling a intrat în Mikołów. O zi mai târziu, el a capturat orașul Katowice, unde a fost întâmpinat călduros de etnicii germani și a fost atacat cu înverșunare de polonezi. Trei zile mai târziu, militarii diviziei au incendiat sinagoga din Katowice. După ce a ocupat Silezia Superioară, Neuling s-a îndreptat spre est. În octombrie 1939 militarii diviziei au păzit frontiera germano-sovietică care a fost stabilită pe râul Bug după ocuparea Poloniei.

În vara anului 1940 Divizia 239 Infanterie a fost transferată pe Frontul de Vest ca unitate de rezervă a Armatei a 7-a, participând la acțiunile militare ofensive împotriva Franței. În iunie 1940 trupele Diviziei 239 Infanterie au traversat Rinul la Neu-Breisach, au luat cu asalt Linia Maginot și au capturat orașele Colmar și Strasbourg. După încheierea luptelor, Divizia 239 Infanterie s-a întors în Germania, iar Neuling a fost avansat la 1 decembrie 1940 la gradul de general-locotenent.

În mai 1941 divizia a fost transferată pe teritoriul românesc al Bucovinei, unde a pregătit, împreună cu trupele românești, atacul asupra Uniunii Sovietice. Trupele germane au traversat Prutul pe la Ștefănești, au eliberat Basarabia și au pătruns în Ucraina, apoi au mărșăluit către est prin Balta și Voznesensk până la Kremenciuk, au participat la luptele pentru ocuparea Kievului din septembrie 1941 și au ajuns până la Harkov. Generalul Neuling a fost decorat pe 19 septembrie 1941 cu Ordinul "Mihai Viteazul" cl. III-a "pentru destoinicia, devotamentul și bravura personală de care au dat dovadă în luptele contra bolșevicilor în colaborare cu trupele române". Divizia 239 Infanterie a fost dizolvată în ianuarie 1942, iar generalul Neuling a fost trecut în rezerva de comandanți a Wehrmachtului.

Generalul Neuling a fost numit la 15 septembrie 1942 în funcția de comandant al Corpului de Rezervă LXII, care abia fusese format și a fost detașat în Polonia (septembrie 1942 - martie 1944) și apoi în sudul Franței (martie - august 1944). A fost înaintat la 1 octombrie 1942 la gradul de general de infanterie. Corpul LXII Rezervă a fost transformat la 5 august 1944 în Corpul LXII Armată cu cartierul de comandă în Le Bourg. Corpul LXII Armată a fost zdrobit la 18 august 1944 în zona Marsilia de unitățile avansate ale Armatei Americane și a fost dizolvat oficial la 2 noiembrie 1944. Neuling a fost luat prizonier de război și transferat în lagărul de prizonieri din Clinton, Mississippi.

S-a întors în Germania în 1947 și a murit la Hildesheim în 1960. El nu a fost trimis niciodată în judecată pentru crimele comise în timpul războiului.

Decorații
 Crucea de Fier (1914)
 Clasa a II-a
 Clasa I
 Crucea de Cavaler al Ordinul Militar al Sf. Henry
 Crucea de onoare a Războiului Mondial din 1914/1918
 Crucea de Fier (1939)
 Clasa a II-a
 Clasa I
  Ordinul Militar "Mihai Viteazul" cl. III-a (19 septembrie 1941)
 Crucea Germană de aur (19 decembrie 1941)
 Crucea de Cavaler al Crucii de Fier (28 februarie 1942) ca Generalleutnant și comandant al Diviziei 239 Infanterie

Note

Bibliografie

Nașteri în 1885
Decese în 1960
Generali germani
Personal militar german al Primului Război Mondial
Decorați cu Crucea de Cavaler al Ordinului Crucea de Fier
Decorați cu Ordinul "Mihai Viteazul"

Ferdinand Neuling


نقباس إحدى قرى مركز بنها التابع لمحافظة القليوبية بجمهورية مصر العربية.

التاريخ
قرية نقباس من القرى القديمة، حيث وردت باسم «نقباس» في أعمال الشرقية ضمن قرى الروك الصلاحي التي أحصاها ابن مماتي في كتاب قوانين الدواوين، كما وردت باسم «نقباس» في أعمال الشرقية ضمن قرى الروك الناصري التي أحصاها ابن الجيعان في كتاب «التحفة السنية بأسماء البلاد المصرية». وفي العصر العثماني ورد اسمها في التربيع العثماني الذي أجراه الوالي العثماني سليمان باشا الخادم في عصر السلطان العثماني سليمان القانوني ضمن قرى ولاية القليوبية، وفي تاريخ 1228هـ/1813م الذي عدّ قرى مصر بعد المسح الذي قام به محمد علي باشا باسم «نقباس» ضمن قرى مديرية القليوبية.

السكان
بلغ عدد سكان نقباس 8,944 نسمة، حسب الإحصاء الرسمي لعام 2006.

انظر أيضاً
قائمة قرى محافظة القليوبية

مصادر

قرى بنها

نقباس


Ranko Popović (født 26. juni 1967) er en tidligere serbisk fodboldspiller og træner.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Serbien

Ranko Popović


Lupinus texensis, el lupino de Texas, es una especie del género Lupinus nativa de Norte América y ampliamente distribuida por los Estados Unidos. Junto con otras seis especies del mismo género es la flor estatal de Texas.

Descripción
L. texenxis es una herbácea anual de entre 15-45 cm. Sus ramificados tallos portan hojas palmadas de color verde claro, normalmente con cinco folíolos (a semejanza de una mano abierta). Las inflorescencias son terminales, racemosas, con hasta cincuenta flores fragantes de color azul intenso o blanco. El fruto es una vaina plana (típica de las fabáceas) con dos o más semillas. Florece en primavera (marzo a mayo).

Esta planta atrae a varias especies de mariposas y polillas y de ella se alimentan sus larvas. También es atractiva para las abejas, que la polinizan.

Distribución y hábitat
Es nativa de la Norteamérica meridional, distribuyéndose por los estados de Florida, Luisiana, Oklahoma y Texas, hasta San Luis Potosí, en México.Su hábitat natural son praderas y  bordes de carreteras.

Usos
Esta especie, al igual que las demás del género, se utiliza como planta ornamental debido a la vistosidad de sus inflorescencias.
Toxicidad
También, lo mismo que el resto de especies, las semillas, llamadas lupinos pueden resultar tóxicas debido a los alcaloides que contienen.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

texensis

Lupinus texensis


Trà Sơn est un  (commune) du huyện (district rural) de Bắc Trà My, dans la province de Quảng Nam, au centre du Viêt Nam.

Notes et références

Province de Quảng Nam

Trà Sơn (Bắc Trà My)


There are known knowns ... But there are also unknown unknowns (englisch für "Es gibt bekanntes Bekanntes ... Aber es gibt auch unbekanntes Unbekanntes") ist der bekannteste Ausspruch des damaligen US-Verteidigungsministers Donald Rumsfeld, den er während einer Pressekonferenz im Februar 2002 tätigte.

Das Zitat wurde weit über die damalige Fragestellung im Vorfeld des Dritten Golfkriegs bekannt und in der Folge in der Öffentlichkeit wie Fachliteratur zu Risikoabschätzungen verwendet. Rumsfeld selbst spielte mit dem Titel seiner 2011 erschienenen Biografie Known and Unknown: A Memoir auf seinen Ausspruch an.

Verwendung

Donald Rumsfeld sagte am 12. Februar 2002 auf einer Pressekonferenz:

Damit vermied er es, (vgl. Begründung für den Irakkrieg) auf der damaligen Pressekonferenz das Fehlen von Beweisen anzusprechen, die die Regierung des Irak mit der Lieferung von Massenvernichtungswaffen an Terrorgruppen in Verbindung brachten.

Auf dem Feld des strategischen Handelns in Wirtschaft und Politik lassen sich mit der Kenntnis-Matrix Aufgaben sinnvoll strukturieren: Known knowns sind z. B. Ursache-Wirkungs-Zusammenhänge, die wir kennen und mit denen wir (täglich) umzugehen wissen. Unknown knowns sind z. B. statistische Prognosen von Ereignissen wie Fehlerraten oder Wahlbeteiligungen, deren Eintreffen und Umfang für größere Mengen von Ereignissen relativ genau,  für den Einzelfall aber nicht exakt vorhersagbar sind. In einem zweiten Sinn können auch Tabus und Verdrängungen darunter verstanden werden. Known unknowns beschreiben uns bekannte Wissenslücken, Schätzungen oder "Dunkelziffern", also ein uns bewusstes Nichtwissen, das doch mit jeder sinnvollen Frage und durch Wissenschaft etwas kleiner wird. Unknown unknowns waren für Rumsfeld Ereignisse oder Zufälle eines bestimmten Typs, die seine Pläne in Art, Umfang und Auswirkung völlig überraschend durchkreuzen könnten.

Diese Klassifizierungen sind Relationen von Sachverhalten und dem Wissen über sie, also keine "objektiven", dinglichen Merkmale. Daher ist die Sortierung eines Ereignisses in das Raster immer auch subjektiv und veränderlich: Die Landung von Aliens auf der Erde wäre für die einen ein Fall von known unknowns, für die anderen aber einer der unknown unknowns. Der Definition nach wandelt sich ein unknown unknown mit dem ersten Auftreten zu einem known unknown, wird dann durch empirische Untersuchung vielleicht zu einem unknown known und danach zu einem known known – die Matrix ist fluide.

Hintergrund
Das Statement geht vermutlich auf eine Präsentation Nassim Nicholas Talebs zurück, der seine im Jahr 2007 in Der Schwarze Schwan: Die Macht höchst unwahrscheinlicher Ereignisse ausgearbeitete Thesen bereits in einem Vorgängerbuch (deutsch Narren des Zufalls) skizziert hatte und beim amerikanischen Verteidigungsministerium zu einer Präsentation eingeladen worden war. Ebenso nahm Kirk Borne, ein ehemaliger Datenspezialist der NASA, eine Urheberschaft bei einer TED-Präsentation in Anspruch. Die Kernbotschaft in "Der Schwarze Schwan" ist, dass unbekannte Unbekannte bedeutende Umwälzungen hervorrufen, aber eben nicht vorhergesehen oder einfach abgewendet werden können.

Die 2x2 Matrix mit "bekannt/unbekannt" geht auf die amerikanischen Psychologen Joseph Luft (1916–2014) und Harrington Ingham (1916–1995) zurück. Das nach ihnen benannte Johari-Fenster ist ein seit 1955 etabliertes Analyseinstrument für Selbst- und Fremdwahrnehmung.

Reaktionen
Rumsfeld wurde vorgeworfen, sich unverständlich oder falsch ausgedrückt zu haben, unter anderem von der britischen Interessengruppe Plain English Campaign, die sich als Sprachwächter für die Reinheit der englischen Sprache einsetzt. Die Sprachgesellschaft vergab für dieses Zitat den "Foot in Mouth"-Preis für 2003 an Rumsfeld – mit dem Kommentar: "Wir glauben, wir wissen, was er meint. Aber wir wissen nicht, ob er es wirklich weiß".

Der Linguist Geoffrey Pullum bezeichnete das Zitat hingegen als "syntaktisch, semantisch, logisch und rhetorisch tadellos". Ebenso sprachen sich etwa der konservative kanadische Kolumnist Mark Steyn und der australische Ökonom und Blogger John Quiggin für die Wendung aus.

Der psychoanalytische Philosoph Slavoj Žižek extrapolierte aus diesen drei Kategorien eine vierte, das "unbekannte Bekannte", welches wir uns willentlich weigern anzuerkennen, dass wir es kennen: "Wenn Rumsfeld glaubte, dass die wichtigsten Gefahren in der Konfrontation mit dem Irak die 'unbekannten Unbekannten' waren, das heißt, die Bedrohungen durch Saddam, deren Natur wir nicht einmal ahnten, dann zeigt uns der Abu-Ghraib-Skandal, dass die größten Gefahren von den 'unbekannt Bekannten' ausgehen – die verleugneten Überzeugungen, Vermutungen und obszönen Praktiken, von denen wir vorgeben sie nicht zu kennen, sogar wenn sie die Grundlage unserer öffentlichen Werte sind." Žižek baute auch die Ideen des "bekannten Unbekannten" und des "unbekannten Bekannten" in seinen Dokumentarfilm über "Die Realität des Virtuellen" ein.

Die Soziologen Christopher Daase und Oliver Kessler sahen das kognitive Rahmenwerk von politischem Handeln (vgl. Framing) durch Rumsfeld richtig formuliert, es fehle nur eben das wichtige vierte Feld, was wir nicht wissen wollen, das unbewusst bleibende beziehungsweise ausgeblendete Wissen.

Eine Formulierung aller vier Aspekte findet sich bereits in der klassischen persischen Literatur. Der persisch-tadschikische Poet Ibn Yamin (* 1286 in Faryumad, bei Sebzevar, † 1368) (ابن یمین فریومدی) schrieb im 14. Jahrhundert, dass es vier Typen von Männern gibt:
Einer, der weiß, und weiß, dass er weiß ... Sein Pferd der Weisheit wird den Himmel erreichen.
Einer, der weiß, aber nicht weiß, dass er weiß ... Er schläft fest, deshalb solltest du ihn aufwecken!
Einer, der nicht weiß, aber weiß, dass er nicht weiß ... Sein lahmendes Maultier wird ihn schließlich nach Hause bringen.
Einer, der nicht weiß, und nicht weiß, dass er nicht weiß ... Er wird auf ewig in seiner hoffnungslosen Umnachtung verloren sein!

Populärkultur
Seit der Rede von Rumsfeld tauchte das vollständige Zitat aber auch die beiden wichtigsten Begriffe daraus – "known knowns" und "unknown unknowns" – in der Populärkultur auf:
 Der Titel des Romans von Jeffrey Rotte The Unknown Knowns. ist eine Anspielung auf das Zitat und das volle Zitat wird in der Buchinschrift zitiert.
 Das Zitat wird in der CD The Poetry of Donald Rumsfeld and Other Fresh American Art Songs verwendet (Die Poesie von Rumsfeld und andere neue amerikanische Kunstlieder)
 Hart Seely hat eine Zusammenstellung von Rumsfelds Zitaten unter dem Titel "Pieces of Intelligence: The Existential Poetry of Donald H. Rumsfeld." (2003) herausgegeben.
 In der amerikanischen Fernseh-Zeichentrickserie The Boondocks wird Donald Rumsfeld durch die Figur Gin Rummy verkörpert und verwendet des Öfteren das Zitat "unknown unknowns".
 Die Punkrock-Band No Use for a Name verwendete das vollständige Zitat in ihrem Song "Fields of Agony" für das Album "Rock Against Bush, Vol. 2"
 In der satirischen, politischen Zeichentrickserie "Lil' Bush" verwendet die Figur Lil' Rummy in der Folge "Lil' George and Lil' Tony Blair" das Zitat  "unknown unknowns".
 Joan Jett verwendet in ihrem Song "Riddles" das volle "unknown unknowns"-Zitat.
 Der belgische Regisseur Johan Grimonprez lässt seinen Film "Double Take" (2009) mit Rumsfelds Zitat enden.
 Im Theaterstück "I am Providence" von Wilke Weermann wird das Zitat auf Deutsch vorgetragen und in den Kontext des "kosmischen Horrors" des Autors Lovecraft gestellt, der auf der Unkenntnis höherer oft feindseliger Mächte basiert.

Siehe auch
 Ich weiß, dass ich nichts weiß
 Ignoramus et ignorabimus

Weblinks
 Rumsfelds vollständiges Zitat in seiner Rede auf der Pressekonferenz (auf youtube, Länge:  34 Sekunden)

Einzelnachweise

Kognitive Verzerrung
Geflügeltes Wort
Erkenntnistheorie
Englische Phrase

There are known knowns