A skipping rope  or jump rope  is a tool used in the sport of skipping/jump rope where one or more participants jump over a rope swung so that it passes under their feet and over their heads. There are multiple subsets of skipping/jump rope, including single freestyle, single speed, pairs, three-person speed (Double Dutch), and three-person freestyle (Double Dutch freestyle).

Rope skipping is commonly performed as an exercise or recreational activity, and there are also several major organizations that support jump rope as a competitive sport. Often separated by sex and age, events include hundreds of competitive teams all around the world. In the US, schools rarely have jump rope teams, and few states have sanctioned official events at the elementary school level. In freestyle events, jumpers use a variety of basic and advanced techniques in a routine of one minute, which is judged by a head judge, content judges, and performance judges. In speed events, a jumper alternates their feet with the rope going around the jumper every time one of their feet hits the ground for 30 seconds, one minute, or three minutes. The jumper is judged on the number of times the right foot touches the ground in those times.

History

Explorers reported seeing aborigines jumping with vines in the 16th century. European boys started skipping in the early 17th century. The activity was considered indecent for girls due to concerns of them showing their ankles. Girls began skipping in the 18th century, adding skipping chants, owning the rope, controlling the game, and deciding who may participate.

In the United States, domination of the activity by girls emerged as their families moved into cities in the late 19th century. There, they found sidewalks and other smooth surfaces conducive to skipping, along with a high density of peers with whom to engage in the sport.

Techniques
There are many techniques that can be used when skipping. These can be used individually or combined in a series to create a routine.

Solo participants
For solo jumping, the participant jumps and swings the rope under their feet. The timing of the swing is matched to the jump. This allows them to jump the rope and establish a rhythm more successfully. This can be contrasted with swinging the rope at the feet and jumping, which would mean they were matching the jump to the swing. This makes it harder to jump the rope and establish a rhythm.

Basic jump or easy jump
Jump with both feet slightly apart over the rope. Beginners usually master this technique first before moving onto more advanced techniques.

Alternate foot jump (speed step)
Use alternate feet to jump off the ground. This technique can be used to effectively double the number of jumps per minute as compared to the above technique. This step can be used for speed events.

Criss-cross
Also known as crossover or cross arms. Perform the basic jump whilst crossing arms in front of the body.

Side swing
The rope is passed by the side of the participant's body without jumping it.

EB (front-back cross or sailor)
Perform the criss-cross whilst crossing one arm behind the back.

Double under
A high basic jump, turning the rope twice under the feet. Turning the rope three times is called a triple under. In competitions, participants may attempt quadruple (quads) and quintuple under (quins) using the same method. The guinness world record currently belongs to Kirato Hitaka, who has managed to do 8 revolutions in one jump.

Boxer jump
One foot is positioned slightly forward and one foot slightly back. The person positions their bodyweight primarily over their front foot, with the back foot acting as a stabiliser. From this stance, the person jumps up several times (often 2-3 times) before switching their stance, so the front foot becomes the back foot, and the back foot becomes the front foot. And so forth. An advantage of this technique is that it allows the back leg a brief rest. So while both feet are still used in the jump, a person may find they can skip for longer than if they were using the basic two-footed technique.

Toad
Perform the criss-cross with one arm crossing under the opposite leg from the inside.

Leg over / Crougar
A basic jump with one arm hooked under the adjacent leg. Doing Crougar with the non-dominant leg in the air is easier

Awesome Annie
Also known as Awesome Anna or swish. Alternates between a leg over and a toad without a jump in between.

Inverse toad
Perform the toad whilst one arm crosses the adjacent leg from the outside.

Elephant
A cross between the inverse toad and the toad, with both arms crossing under one leg.

Frog or Donkey kick
The participant does a handstand, returns to their feet, and turns the rope under them. A more advanced version turns the rope during the return to the ground.

TJ
A triple-under where the first 'jump' is a side swing, the middle jump is a toad and the final jump in the open.

Competition techniques

In competitions, participants are required to demonstrate competence using specific techniques. The selection depends on the judging system and the country in which the tournament is held.

Health effects
Skipping may be used as a cardiovascular workout, similar to jogging or bicycle riding, and has a high MET or intensity level. This aerobic exercise can achieve a "burn rate" of up to 700 to over 1,200 calories per hour of vigorous activity, with about 0.1 to nearly 1.1 calories consumed per jump, mainly depending upon the speed and intensity of jumps and leg foldings.  Ten minutes of skipping are roughly the equivalent of running an eight-minute mile. Skipping for 15–20 minutes is enough to burn off the calories from a candy bar and is equivalent to 45–60 minutes of running, depending upon the intensity of jumps and leg swings.
Many professional trainers, fitness experts, and professional fighters greatly recommend skipping for burning fat over any other alternative exercises like running and jogging.

Weighted skipping ropes are available for such athletes to increase the difficulty and effectiveness of such exercise. Individuals or groups can participate in the exercise, and learning proper techniques is relatively simple compared to many other athletic activities. The exercise is also appropriate for a wide range of ages and fitness levels.

Skipping grew in popularity in 2020 when gyms closed or people stayed home due to coronavirus restrictions across the world. These workouts can be done at home and do not require specialized equipment.

Competition

International
The world governing body for the sport of jump rope is the International Jump Rope Union (IJRU). It is a merger of two previous rival world organizations: the International Rope Skipping Federation (FISAC-IRSF), and the World Jump Rope Federation (WJRF). There have been 11 World Championships on every alternate year by FISAC-IRSF, with the final competition being held in Shanghai, China. There have been 7 World Jump Rope Championships held every year by (WJRF); the final competition taking place in Oslo, Norway. Previous locations of this championship included Washington DC, Orlando, France, and Portugal. IJRU plans to hold its inaugural World Jump Rope Championship in Colorado Springs, Colorado in 2023.

In 2018, FISAC-IRSF and WJRF announced the merger organization IJRU. IJRU has become the 10th International Federation to gain GAISF Observer status. The decision was taken by the Global Association of International Sports Federations (GAISF) Council, which met during SportAccord in Bangkok. Observer status is the first step on a clear pathway for new International Federations towards the top of the Olympic Family pyramid. Those who wish to proceed will be assisted by GAISF, leading them into full GAISF membership through the Alliance of Independent Recognised Members of Sport (AIMS), and the Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations (ARISF).

In 2019 the International Rope Skipping Organisation (IRSO). re-emerged and reactivated its activities as governing body of Rope Skipping / Jump Rope sport. The organization is headed by Richard Cendali, who is referred to as the grandfather of the sport of jump rope. IRSO had disagreements with both FISAC-IRSF and WJRF for ignoring several long-standing organizations in their merger. Various jump rope organizations that were long-standing for the development of the sport were left out of the merger of IJRU and came under IRSO under the leadership of Richard Cendali. The USA Jump Rope Federation and newly formed Asian Rope Skipping Association also joined IRSO and decided to host their World Championship in conjunction with AAU.

World Inter School
The first World Inter-School Rope Skipping Championship was held at Dubai, November 2015. The second World Inter-School Rope Skipping Championship was held at Eger, Hungary. The Championship was organized by World Inter School Rope Skipping Organisation (WIRSO). Second, third and fourth World Inter-School championships held in Hungary 2017, Hong Kong 2018 and Belgium 2019 respectively.

Locations

United States
Historically, there were two competing jump rope organizations in the United States: the International Rope Skipping Organization (IRSO), and the World Rope Skipping Federation (WRSF). IRSO focused on stunt-oriented and gymnastic/athletic type moves, while WRSF appreciated the aesthetics and form of the exercise. In 1995, these two organizations merged to form the United States Amateur Jump Rope Federation which is today now known as USA Jump Rope (USAJR).USAJR has hosted annual national tournaments, as well as camps, workshops, and clinics on instruction since 1995. Jump rope is also part of the Amateur Athletic Union and participates in their annual AAU Junior Olympic Games. More recently, the American Jump Rope Federation was founded in 2016 by previous members of WJRF. It is recognized as the official governing body for the sport of jump rope in the United States by IJRU.

Types of jump ropes
Speed jump ropes are made from a thin vinyl cord or wire and are primarily used for speed jumping or double unders. They are best for indoor use, because they will wear down fast on concrete or other harsh surfaces. Licorice jump ropes are also made from vinyl cord or PVC and are primarily used for freestyle jumping. The beaded ropes make rhythmic jumping very easy, because the jumper can hear the beads hitting the ground and strive for a rhythmic pattern. Leather jump ropes are thicker and is less likely to tangle or wear down with outdoor use.

See also
Chinese jump rope

References

Further reading

 Compares jumping rope to other exercises

External links

Aerobic exercise
Games of physical skill
Girls' toys and games
Physical activity and dexterity toys
Traditional toys
Jumping sports

Skipping rope


The Looney Tunes Show ist eine US-amerikanische Zeichentrickserie, die von Warner Bros. Animation produziert wurde und erstmals von 2011 bis 2013 im Fernsehen zu sehen war. Die Serie basiert auf den Kurzfilmen der Looney-Tunes- und Merrie-Melodies-Reihen und ist nach Tiny Toon Abenteuer und Baby Looney Tunes ein weiterer Serienableger des Franchises. Der Direct-to-Videofilm Looney Tunes – Hasenjagd ist ein Ableger der Serie.

Inhalt
Die Serie dreht sich um Bugs Bunny und Daffy Duck, die gemeinsam ein Haus in einem Vorort von Los Angeles bewohnen. Weitere Figuren sind Lola Bunny, Tina Russo, Schweinchen Dick, Speedy Gonzales, Yosemite Sam, Taz, Sylvester, Tweety, Marvin der Marsmensch, Foghorn Leghorn, Elmer Fudd, Pepé le Pew, Granny, die Goofy Gophers (Mac und Tosh), Witch Lezah und ihr Sohn Gossamer, Pete Puma sowie weitere Charaktere der Looney-Tunes- und Merrie-Melodies-Kurzfilme. Zusammen mit diesen erleben Bugs und Daffy viele Abenteuer, die immer wieder im Chaos enden.

In der ersten Staffel wird am Ende fast jeder Folge ein CGI-animierter Kurzfilm mit Road Runner und Wile E. Coyote gezeigt. Zudem werden, innerhalb der einzelnen Folgen und über die gesamte Serie hinweg, immer wieder neue Merrie-Melodies-Kurzfilme gezeigt, die als Musikvideos gehalten sind.

Figuren

 Bugs Bunny Bugs ist ein sehr selbstbewusster und schlauer Hase. Sein bester Freund ist sein Mitbewohner Daffy Duck. Außerdem ist er mit der hübschen Lola Bunny liiert, die immer wissen will, wo Bugs sich gerade aufhält und was er macht. Er hat zudem eine Schwäche für Kaffee.
 Daffy Duck Daffy ist eine egozentrische und sehr komplizierte Ente. Er hat eine starke Persönlichkeit. Trotz seines Verhaltens hat er viele Freunde wie zum Beispiel Bugs Bunny, der sein Mitbewohner ist und Schweinchen Dick, der ihn während ihrer gemeinsamen High-School-Zeiten mobbte. Seine Freundin ist Tina Russo. Es wird auch gezeigt, dass er eine schwierige Vergangenheit hat.
 Lola Bunny Lola ist mit Bugs Bunny in einer Beziehung. Sie hat eine romantische Persönlichkeit und ist sehr gesprächig.
  Tina Russo Tina ist eine verantwortungsvolle und temperamentvolle Ente, die mit Daffy Duck zusammen ist. Sie ist Junior Assistant Managerin bei Copy Place. Obwohl Daffy und sie sehr unterschiedlich sind, mögen sie sich.
 Schweinchen Dick Schweinchen Dick, auch Dickie genannt, ist ein naives, stotterndes und witziges Schweinchen. Außerdem ist er mit Bugs Bunny und Daffy Duck, seinem früheren Mobbing-Opfer, befreundet. Auf der High-School war er der beliebteste Schüler auf dem Campus, aber als er erwachsen wurde, verließ ihn seine Popularität.
 Speedy Gonzales Speedy ist "die schnellste Maus von Mexiko" und lebt in einem Mäuseloch in Bugs und Daffys Haus. Er spricht mit einem sehr starken mexikanischen Akzent, da er ursprünglich aus Tacapulco, einer Anspielung auf die Stadt Acapulco, stammt. Außerdem ist er der Besitzer der Pizzeria Pizzarriba, einer der beliebtesten Treffpunkte der Stadt; hier gibt er zudem Tanzstunden. Aufgrund seiner besonnenen, freundlichen und direkten Art hat er viele Freunde.
 Samuel Rosenbaum/Yosemite Sam Sam wohnt nebenan von Bugs Bunny und Daffy Duck. Er ist ein Lügner und Betrüger und versucht immer wieder Bugs und Daffy zu verärgern.
 Taz Taz ist ein ungestümer tasmanischer Teufel mit stets großem Appetit, der von Bugs Bunny als Hund gehalten wird.
 Kater Sylvester Sylvester ist der Kater von Granny und hat stets den Drang, deren Kanarienvogel Tweety hinterherzujagen und zu fressen, was ihm jedoch nie gelingt.
 Tweety Tweety ist Grannys Kanarienvogel und sehr intelligent. Er wird ständig von Kater Sylvester gejagt, entwischt ihm aber immer wieder.
 Elmer Fudd Elmer Fudd ist Nachrichtenreporter sowie der Moderator der Show Tit for Tat.
 Granny Granny ist eine nette alte Dame (Oma) und wohnt mit ihrem Kater Sylvester und ihrem Kanarienvogel Tweety in derselben Straße wie Bugs Bunny und Daffy Duck.
 Goofy Gophers Mac und Tosh sind zwei Taschenratten, die ohne einander nicht leben können und ein Antiquitätengeschäft betreiben.

Ausstrahlung

In den USA wurde die erste Staffel vom 3. Mai 2011 bis zum 7. Februar 2012 beim US-Kabelsender Cartoon Network erstausgestrahlt. Die Erstausstrahlung der zweiten Staffel begann am 2. Oktober 2012 auf demselben Sender. Die letzte Folge wurde lange Zeit nicht auf CN ausgestrahlt, jedoch auf anderen internationalen Sendern wie auf dem australischen Sender GO! am 2. November 2013 und dem kanadischen Teletoon am 3. November 2013. In Deutschland wurde die erste Staffel erstmals vom 3. März 2012 bis zum 25. August 2012 jeden Samstag auf Kabel eins gesendet. Die zweite Staffel startete am 10. Februar 2014 auf dem Pay-TV-Sender Boomerang und wurde werktags bis zum 17. März 2014 erstausgestrahlt.

Episodenliste
Staffel 1

Staffel 2

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website des Senders Cartoon Network

Fernsehserie (Vereinigte Staaten)
Zeichentrickserie
Comedy-Fernsehserie
Fernsehserie der 2010er Jahre
Looney Tunes
Ente in der Kunst

The Looney Tunes Show


Biserica de lemn din Balta, comuna Balta, județul Mehedinți, a fost construită în secolul XVIII. Are hramul "Sfinții Voievozi". Biserica se află pe noua listă a monumentelor istorice sub codul LMI: .

Istoric și trăsături
Biserica de lemn din Balta este situată pe o uliță laterală, la marginea satului, pe o coastă. Bisericuța scundă este construită din lemn de gorun și tencuită la exterior. Pe latura vestică a fost adăugat un mic pridvor, susținut pe doi stâlpi de lemn. Lângă biserică, în partea dreaptă a intrării, este fixat clopotul într-un jug de metal. Clopotul are următoarea însemnare, cu litere chirilice: "Temesvar, 1832, biserica Balta, Hramul Sf.Voievozi Mihail și Gavril, cumpărat de Anițescu și fratele popa Constantin Bălteanu și Stroescu".

Biserica are un acoperiș de tablă ruginită, pus peste șindrilă, acesta find și motivul pentru care a rezistat vremii. Interiorul este pardosit cu scânduri groase din gorun și este aproape gol, doar altarul mai păstrează sfânta masă.

Biserica de lemn din Balta are un aspect jalnic și părăsit ca și cimitirul care o înconjoară, în care multe cruci sunt scrise în litere chirilice.

Note

Bibliografie
Studii regionale
C.Boteanu, V.Oprenescu - Bisericile din Plaiul Cloșani, vol.I, Editura TipoRadical (2007)

Vezi și
 Balta, Mehedinți

Balta
Monumente istorice din județul Mehedinți
Biserici din secolul al XVIII-lea din România

Biserica de lemn din Balta


was a town located in Kaho District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 19,535 and a density of 1,126.59 persons per km². The total area was 17.34 km².

On March 27, 2006, Inatsuki, along with the city of Yamada, and the towns of Kaho and Usui (all from Kaho District), was merged to create the city of Kama.

External links
 Kama official website

Dissolved municipalities of Fukuoka Prefecture
Populated places disestablished in 2006
2006 disestablishments in Japan

Inatsuki, Fukuoka


An Eragrostis hainanensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Liang Chi Chia. An Eragrostis hainanensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eragrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Hainan. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eragrostis

Eragrostis hainanensis


Trenul de aterizare - în engleză "landing gear", "dispozitiv de aterizare" - este un sistem mecanic format dintr-un cadru care este de obicei retractabil și montat pe roți care susține o aeronavă atunci când nu este în zbor și este utilizat pentru manevre de decolare și aterizare și cele de la sol.

De obicei, compus din roți fixate pe amortizoare de șoc, poate în schimb monta în mod special schiuri pentru operații pe suprafețe cu zăpadă sau înghețate și plutitoare pentru operațiuni pe suprafețe de apă, ca în cazul hidroavioanelor. Multe elicoptere folosesc în schimb un sistem compus din patine care permite aterizarea pe aproape orice suprafață de pământ, dar face dificilă deplasarea elicopterului atunci când nu este în zbor.

Legături externe

Componente de avion

Tren de aterizare


Enrique Amorim (Salto (Urugvaj), 25. srpnja 1900. - Salto, 28. srpnja 1960.) bio je urugvajski romanopisac, dramatičar i marksist baskijskog-portugalskog podrijetla.

Rođen je u Saltu, gradu na jugozapadu Urugvaja, u siromašnoj stočarskoj obitelji. Otac mu je imao portugalske korijene, a majka je bila doseljena Baskijka. Za života proputovao je cijelu Latinsku Ameriku i Europu, gdje se prvi put susreo s marksizmom koji je prihvatio i na njemu temeljio svoje političko djelovanje. Njegova kuću u rodnom Saltu izgrađena je prema nacrtima poznatog francuskog arhitekta Le Corbusiera.

1920. počeo je pisati za argentinski ljevičarski časopis Los Pensadores koji se izdavao u glavnom gradu Buenos Airesu. Završetkom Drugog svjetskog rata, priključio se Komunističkoj partiji Urugvaja 1947., koja nije uživala potporu javnosti i urugvajskog naroda. Zaslužan je za obnavljanje spomena na španjolskog pjesnika Federica Garcíe Lorce, kojeg su tijekom Španjolskog građanskog rata ubile pristaše Francisca Franca.

Djela

Romani
 La carreta (1929.)
 El paisano Aguilar (1934.)
 La edad despareja (1938.)
 El caballo y su sombra (1941.)
 La luna se hizo con agua (1944.)
 El asesino desvelado (1946.)
 Feria de farsantes (1952.)
 Eva Burgos (1960.)

Knjige i kratke priče
 Amorim (1923.)
 Horizontes y bocacalles (1926.)
 Tráfico (1927.)
 La trampa del pajonal (1928.)
 Del 1 al 6 (1932.)
 La plaza de las carretas (1937.)
 Después del temporal (1953.)

Poeme
 Veinte años (1920.)
 Visitas al cielo (1929.)
 Poemas uruguayos (1935.)
 Dos poemas (1940.)
 Primero de Mayo (1949.)
 Quiero (1954.)
 Sonetos de amor en verano (1958.)

Drame
 La segunda sangre (1950.)
 Don Juan 38 (1958.)

Izvori

Urugvajski književnici
Urugvajski pjesnici
Romanopisci
Urugvajski političari
Marksizam

Enrique Amorim


10. længdegrad kan henvise til:

 10. vestlige længdekreds
 10. østlige længdekreds

10. længdegrad


Linda Maria Ronstadt (f. 15. júlí 1946) er fyrrum bandarísk söngkona er lét af störfum sem slík árið 2011 vegna ofankjarnalömunar (sem hafði á þeim tíma verið misgreint sem Parkinsons) er gerði henni ekki lengur kleift að syngja. Hún hefur þó haldið áfram þátttöku sinni í opinberu lífi að einhverju leyti eftir það, eins og í formi ræðuflutnings og útgáfu sjálfsævisögu sinnar, Simple Dreams: A Musical Memoir. Á ferli sínum söng hún og tók upp margs konar lög, þar á meðal rokk og kántrí. Náðu 38 þeirra á bandaríska Billboard Hot 100 listann.

Meðal verðlauna sem hún hefur öðlast eru 10 Grammy-verðlaun, ein Emmy-verðlaun og ein ALMA-verðlaun.

Bandarískir söngvarar
Fólk fætt árið 1946

Linda Ronstadt


جون فان إت شخيب ، من مواليد 30 ديسمبر 1963، لاعب كرة قدم هولندي سابق، ومدرب كرة قدم هولندي حالي.

لعب مع منتخب هولندا لكرة القدم.

مسيرته الكروية
لعب جون فان إت شخيب خلال مسيرته الاحترافية مع ناديين في خمسة عشر موسمًا وسجل خلالها 40 هدف ضمن 380 مباراة. حيث فاز في ثلاثة مواسم بالكأس وفي أربعة مواسم بالدوري.

خاض جون فان إت شخيب مسيرته مع نادي أياكس أمستردام في موسم 1981–82 ليلعب معه أحد عشر موسمًا، مشاركًا في 273 مباراة سجل خلالها 29 هدفًا. ثم انتقل إلى نادي جنوى في موسم 1992–93 ليلعب معه أربعة مواسم، حيث شارك في 107 مباراة سجل خلالها 11 هدفًا.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية هولنديون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية هولنديون
أجنحة كرة قدم
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من فورت سانت جون (كولومبيا البريطانية)
رياضيون هولنديون مغتربون في المكسيك
رياضيون هولنديون مغتربون في أستراليا
رياضيون هولنديون مغتربون في إيطاليا
طاقم نادي أياكس أمستردام غير اللاعبين
كنديون من أصل هولندي
كنديون مهاجرون إلى هولندا
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري الهولندي الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو أياكس أمستردام
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1988
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1992
لاعبو جنوى
لاعبو كأس العالم 1990
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم هولنديون
لاعبو كرة قدم هولنديون مغتربون
لاعبو منتخب هولندا لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب هولندا لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبون فائزون ببطولة أمم أوروبا
لاعبون فائزون بكأس الاتحاد الأوروبي
مدربو الدوري الهولندي الممتاز
مدربو أياكس أمستردام
مدربو تفينتي أنشخيدة
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في المكسيك
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون هولنديون
مدربو كرة قدم هولنديون
مدربو منتخب اليونان لكرة القدم
مدربو نادي غوادالاخارا
مدربو نادي ملبورن سيتي
مواليد 1963

جون فان إت شخيب


Der Franziskanerbau, auch Franziskanerkapelle, ist ein denkmalgeschütztes Gebäude in der Stadt Quedlinburg in Sachsen-Anhalt.

Lage
Das Gebäude, für das früher eine Funktion als Kapelle vermutet wurde, befindet sich in der Schulstraße unmittelbar westlich der Bosseschule. Eine Funktion als Kapelle ist nirgendwo belegt, und die fehlende Apsis spricht gegen eine solche Nutzung. Westlich grenzt das gleichfalls denkmalgeschützte Haus Breite Straße 34 an. Der Standort der ehemaligen Kirche St. Franziskus wird aber auf dem heutigen Schulplatz in Richtung Klink vermutet.

Geschichte
Der kleine Bau stellt den Rest eines ehemaligen Franziskanerklosters dar. Das Kloster der Barfüßer erstreckte sich zwischen Breiter Straße und Schulstraße.

Ein Konvent des 1210 gegründeten Franziskanerordens wird in Quedlinburg erstmals 1257 erwähnt. Er gehörte zur Sächsischen Franziskanerprovinz. Im 14. Jahrhundert fanden im Kloster der Franziskaner, die offenbar das Vertrauen beider Parteien genossen, Verhandlungen zwischen Graf Albrecht von Regenstein und dem Halberstädter Bischof Albrecht II. statt. Im Zuge der Reformation wurde das Kloster 1525 säkularisiert, nachdem es von der Bürgerschaft erstürmt worden war. An gleicher Stelle wurde eine Lateinschule eingerichtet. Hieraus ging später das Quedlinburger Gymnasium hervor. Die mittelalterlichen Klosterbauten wurden schon im Laufe des 16. Jahrhunderts durch neue Gebäude ersetzt. Ab 1890 erfolgte eine grundlegende Umgestaltung des Bereichs. Die Gebäude östlich des erhaltenen Baus wichen dem Neubau der Bosseschule. Ab 1903 fanden zeitweise Gottesdienste der Jüdischen Gemeinde Quedlinburgs im Gebäude statt.  Die Kapelle diente dann länger als Turnraum der Bosseschule. Das derzeit leerstehende Gebäude soll über das Förderprogramm Stadtumbau Ost – Aufwertung für 420.000 Euro gesichert werden. Anschließend ist geplant, die Räume für Veranstaltungen der anliegenden Schule herzurichten. Unter anderem ist dafür eine Brücke zwischen den ersten Geschossen der Schule und der ehemaligen Kapelle geplant.

Architektur
Der erhaltene einschiffige und zweigeschossige Bau entstand vermutlich in der zweiten Hälfte des 13. Jahrhunderts im Stil der Hochgotik. Zur Ostseite besteht ein markanter Treppengiebel, der in den 1890er-Jahren errichtet wurde, als an dieser Stelle ein Teil des Gebäudes entfernt wurde. Ursprünglich verfügte der Bau über drei Joche. Erhalten sind zwei Joche auf einem quadratischen Grundriss. Das Erdgeschoss wird von Kreuzrippengewölben, das Obergeschoss von Kreuzgratgewölben überspannt. An den Wänden des Erdgeschosses befinden sich kämpferlose Halbsäulen. Die Fenster sind um 1890 dreiteilig ausgestaltet und verfügen über ein einfaches Maßwerk. Während das Obergeschoss auf zwei Seiten über Fensterfronten verfügt, sind im Erdgeschoss die Fenster nur auf der Südseite angeordnet. Am schlichten Portal, welches sich bis 1890 an der Stelle des rekonstruierten westlichen Fensters der Südseite befand, finden sich durchgesteckte Profile.

Im örtlichen Denkmalverzeichnis ist die Kapelle unter der Erfassungsnummer 094 45737 als Baudenkmal verzeichnet.

Literatur
 Falko Grubitzsch in: Georg Dehio: Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler. Sachsen-Anhalt. Band 1: Ute Bednarz, Folkhard Cremer u. a.: Regierungsbezirk Magdeburg. Neubearbeitung. Deutscher Kunstverlag, München u. a. 2002, ISBN 3-422-03069-7, S. 739.
 Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Sachsen-Anhalt (Hrsg.): Denkmalverzeichnis Sachsen-Anhalt. Band 7: Falko Grubitzsch, unter Mitwirkung von Alois Bursy, Mathias Köhler, Winfried Korf, Sabine Oszmer, Peter Seyfried und Mario Titze: Landkreis Quedlinburg. Teilband 1: Stadt Quedlinburg. Fliegenkopf, Halle 1998, ISBN 3-910147-67-4, S. 240.
 Achim Todenhöfer: Die Franziskanerkirche St. Franziskus in Quedlinburg. In: Achim Todenhöfer: Kirchen der Bettelorden. Die Baukunst der Dominikaner und Franziskaner in Sachsen-Anhalt. Reimer, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-496-01396-9, S. 116–125 (Zugleich: Halle, Universität, Dissertation, 2006: Die Franziskaner- und Dominikanerkirchen in Sachsen-Anhalt, Studien zur mittelalterlichen Kirchenarchitektur und Klostertopologie.). Rezension

Weblinks

Eintrag auf wheelmap.org: Nicht rollstuhlgerecht

Einzelnachweise

Kulturdenkmal in Quedlinburg
Quedlinburg
Umgenutztes Bauwerk im Landkreis Harz
Erbaut im 13. Jahrhundert
Schulstraße (Quedlinburg)
Quedlinburg
Bauwerk des Christentums in Deutschland
Gotischer Baurest
Quedlinburg

Franziskanerbau (Quedlinburg)


Almen medicin er et klinisk speciale inden for den lægelige videreuddannelse. Udover den Almen medicinske akademisk og videnskabelig disciplin omfatter specialet også de fleste andre medicinske/kirurgiske specialer på et grundliggende niveau med kerne i intern medicin og er derudover specialister i den primære visitation. Almen medicin kaldes også på engelsk "Family Medicine".

En speciallæge i Almen medicin arbejder primært i Almen praksis, som praktiserende læge og betegnes ofte som Borgerens "egen Læge". Det er ikke muligt at nedsætte sig som Almen praktiserende læge uden først at være speciallæge i Almen medicin, man kan dog ofte møde uddannelseslæger hos sin egne læge - disse er enten færdiguddannede læger i KBU eller en læge i et af flere forskellige stadier i speciallægeuddannelsen.

Almen medicinsk praksis (din egne læge) er borgerens primære kontakt til sundhedsvæsenet, hvorfor det også kaldes primærsektoren. Internationale undersøgelser viser, at sundhedssystemer med et højt almenmedicinsk uddannelsesniveau og en velfungerende primærsektor er de mest behandlingseffektive. Nyuddannede danske almenmedicinere er formentlig blandt de bedst kvalificerede i verden, og almen praksis har en central og påskønnet plads i det danske sundhedsvæsen.

Uddannelsen
En speciallæge i Almen medicin har gennemgået mange års formaliseret uddannelse, og har pga. systemets opbygning ofte også flere års erfaring inden for andre lægelige specialer, som absolutte minimum er dog:
 Kandidatuddannelse på universitet ~ 6 år
 Klinisk Basisuddannelse (KBU) 1 år
 Introduktions uddannelse ½-1 år
 Speciallægeuddannelse 4,5 år

Derudover er der krav om fortsat videreuddannelse, som foregår på små kurser af dage til ugers varighed alt efter indhold.
Da der er en rivende udvikling i viden inden for det Almen medicinske speciale, bruger læger ofte også meget tid på at læse faglitteratur for at holde sig opdateret.

I Sundhedsstyrelsens Målbeskrivelse for speciallægeuddannelsen i Almen Medicin Står der:

 Forhold der karakteriserer faget almen medicin
 Er almindeligvis borgerens første, frie og uvisiterede kontakt til sundhedsvæsenet, hvor alle helbredsproblemer uanset personens alder, køn, eller andre karakteristika behandles.
 Sikrer effektiv udnyttelse af sundhedsvæsenets ressourcer ved koordineret behandling, samarbejde med andre sundhedsprofessioner i den primære sundhedstjeneste og ved at sikre hensigtsmæssig kontakt og samarbejde med specialister i det sekundære sundhedsvæsen. Fungerer som patientens advokat, hvor dette måtte være nødvendigt.
 Arbejder med en personcentreret tilgang, der både er rettet mod den enkelte, familien og lokalsamfundet.
 Anvender en særlig konsultationsproces, som skaber et personligt forhold over tid gennem en effektiv kommunikation mellem læge og patient.
 Er ansvarlig for kontinuiteten af behandlingen over tid defineret ud fra patientens behov
 Har en særlig beslutningsproces, der er bestemt af sygdommenes forekomst (prævalens og incidens) i lokalsamfundet.
 Tager sig samtidig både af akutte og kroniske sundhedsproblemer hos den enkelte.
 Tager sig af helbredsproblemer der i sin tidlige fase præsenterer sig ukarakteristisk, men som måske kræver umiddelbar intervention.
 Fremmer sundhed og velbefindende ved både relevant og effektiv indsats.
 Har et særligt ansvar for sundhedstilstanden i lokalsamfundet.
 Forholder sig til sundhedsproblemernes fysiske, psykologiske, sociale, kulturelle og eksistentielle dimensioner.

Eksterne links

 Dansk Selskab for Almen Medicin (DSAM)
 Beskrivelse af uddannelsen hos Videreuddannelse øst
 WONCA - Global family doctor

Lægefaglige specialer
Lægevidenskab
Lægeuddannelsen
Læger

Almen medicin


Mauser este un producător german de arme de foc (puști cu repetiție și pistoale semi-automate) începând din anii 1870. Armele Mauser au fost fabricate pentru forțele armate germane. Începând de la sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea și începutul secolului al XX-lea, modelele militare Mauser au fost, de asemenea, exportate și produse sub licență în mai multe țări, devenind arme de foc populare.

Mauser a continuat să producă puști de tir și de vânătoare în secolul al XX-lea. În 1995 compania a devenit o filială a Rheinmetall, fiind denumită Mauser-Werke Oberndorf Waffensysteme GmbH, înainte de a fi achiziționată de Lüke & Ortmeier Group în anul 2000.

O divizie a companiei originale, Mauser Jagdwaffen GmbH, s-a desprins și a fost vândută în anul 2000 către Luke & Ortmeier Grup. Mauser Jagdwaffen continuă să producă puști cu repetiție în calitate de subsidiară a SIG Sauer. Alte companii au continuat să producă periodic  arme de foc sub licența Mauser.

Galerie

Surse

Legături externe
 The Model 1893/95 "Boer Model" Mauser , Paul Scarlata, shootingtimes.com
 Persian Mauser
 Zastava Arms
 The Mauser Bolt Rifles FAQ
 M1878/80 Mauser Milovanovic
 Luger Artillery and Mauser Parabellum
 The website from Mauser-Waldeck Safes
 Paul Mauser Archive web site by Mauro Baudino and Gerben van Vlimmeren.
 Nazarian's Gun's Recognition Guide: A member of NZR Para (PMC) with a somewhat modified K98k
 Nazarian's Gun's Recognition Guide FN 98 Manual (.pdf)

Companii din industria de apărare din Germania

Mauser


Coleção Opera Brasil foi uma série da editora Opera Graphica que teve como propósito publicar obras importantes dos quadrinhos brasileiros. Foram lançados 16 diferentes álbuns ou romances gráficos entre 2001 e 2003.

Conteúdo
A primeira edição da série foi A Última Missão, escrito e desenhado por Watson Portela com arte-final de Silvio Spotti e Wanderfel. O álbum reúne uma equipe formada pelos super-heróis criados por Eugenio Colonnese nos anos 1960, como Mylar, X-Man, Escorpião, Superargo, entre outros. O livro foi lançado no final de 2001 durante a segunda edição do evento Fest Comix.

A segunda edição foi Paralelas II, também de Watson Portela, trata-se de uma edição encadernada da série de mesmo nome publicada na editora Grafipar.

A terceira edição foi Musashi I um romance gráfico de Julio Shimamoto sobre o samurai Miyamoto Musashi.

A quarta edição foi uma edição encadernada de O Lobisomem, criação de Gedeone Malagola da década de 60 foram publicadas pela GEP de Miguel Penteado e ilustradas por Sérgio Lima, o álbum traz duas histórias publicadas na década de 1970 pela Minami-Cunha de Minami Keizi e Carlos da Cunham trazendo desenhos de Nico Rosso com arte-final de Kazuhiko Yoshikawa.

A quinta edição traz uma releitura da história O Devorador, protagonizada pela heroína Velta de Emir Ribeiro publicada originalmente em 1974, o álbum contém uma capa assinada por Renato Guedes.

A sexta edição foi Violência Histórica do jornalista e ilustrador Mauricio Pestana, um álbum sobre a história dos negros no Brasil.

A sétima edição foi Frauzio: Questão de Paternidade, de Marcatti Frauzio: Questão de Paternidade, de Marcatti personagem criado por Marcatti que teve uma revista em quadrinhos pela Editora Escala.

A oitava edição traz Mirza: a Vampira, de Eugenio Colonnese, trazendo duas histórias inéditas com roteiros de Franco de Rosa e Osvaldo Talo, incluindo um crossover com o Mortro do Pântano, outra criação de Colonnese.

A nona edição, Madame Satã: Cassino, de Luiz Antonio Aguiar e Julio Shimamoto, ganhou o 19º Prêmio Angelo Agostini de melhor lançamento. Este livro apresentou uma história envolvendo o transformista Madame Satã, figura emblemática da vida noturna e marginal da Lapa carioca na primeira metade do século XX e que já havia sido personagem de outro romance gráfico dos mesmos autores, Nos Tempos de Madame Satã, lançado em 1986.

A décima edição traz Filho do Urso e Outras Histórias contendo duas republicações e quatro histórias inéditas produzidas por Flavio Colin criadas para as revistas as revistas Calafrio e Mestres do Terror da D-Arte, contudo, as mesmas haviam sido canceladas.

A décima primeira edição traz Calafrio: 20 Anos Depois, trazendo republicações da revista Calafrio da D-Arte (1981-1993) e novas histórias.

A décima segunda foi o segundo álbum de Musashi de Julio Shimamoto.

A décima terceira foi Sangue Bom, de Carlos Patati, Solano Lopez e Allan Alex, uma história urbana passada em uma favela.

A décima quarta foi Na Trilha de Masamune, uma história de samurais por Luiz Saidenberg.

A décima quinta é Mapinguari e Outras Histórias, um álbum póstumo de Flavio Colin.

A décima quinta é BioCyberDrama, de Edgar Franco e Mozart Couto, o álbum é parte do universo compartilhado Aurora Biocibertecnológica ou Aurora Pós-Humana, criado por Edgar Franco.

Edições lançadas

 1 - A Última Missão, de Watson Portela (2001)
 2 - Paralelas II, de Watson Portela (2002)
 3 - Musashi I, de Julio Shimamoto (2002)
 4 - Lobisomem, de Gedeone Malagola, Nico Rosso e Kazuhiko Yoshikawa (2002)
 5 - Velta, Emir Ribeiro e Roberto Guedes (2002)
 6 - Violência Histórica, Mauricio Pestana (2002)
 7 - Frauzio: Questão de Paternidade, de Marcatti (2002)
 8 - Mirza: a Vampira, de Eugenio Colonnese (2002)
 9 - Madame Satã: Cassino, de Luiz Antonio Aguiar e Julio Shimamoto (2002)
 10 - Filho do Urso e Outras Histórias, de Flavio Colin (2002)
 11 - Calafrio: 20 Anos Depois, de vários autores (2002)
 12 - Musashi II, de Julio Shimamoto (2003)
 13 - Sangue Bom, de Carlos Patati, Solano Lopez e Allan Alex (2003)
 14 - Na Trilha de Masamune, de Luiz Saidenberg (2003)
 15 - Mapinguari e Outras Histórias, de Flavio Colin (2003)
 16 - BioCyberDrama, de Edgar Franco e Mozart Couto (2003)

Histórias em quadrinhos do Brasil
Obras ganhadoras do Prêmio Angelo Agostini
Romances gráficos do Brasil

Coleção Opera Brasil


Göygöl Rayonu - Azerbaycan'da rayon. Merkezi Göygöl şehridir.

Tarih
Rus İmparatorluğu zamanı bölgeye Almanlar yerleşti ve 1819 yılında, Almanlar Helenendorf kentini kurdu. Helenendorf (Almanca: Helenendorf, Rusça: Еленендорф) 1938 yılında Hanlar olarak değiştirildi.

Rayon 1930 tarihinde kurulmuştur ve Nerimanov Rayonu adlanmıştır. 1938'de Hanlar Rayonu (Azerice: Xanlar rayonu), 25 Nisan 2008 tarihli Azerbaycan parlamentosu kararıyla Göygöl Rayonu olarak değiştirilmiştir..

Not

Azerbaycan'ın rayonları
1930'da kurulan bölgeler ve ülkeler
Göygöl Rayonu

Göygöl (rayon)


Hello Cheeky is a comedy series starring Barry Cryer, John Junkin and Tim Brooke-Taylor, broadcast on BBC Radio 2 between 1973 and 1979, and also broadcast on television - on the ITV network - in 1976. The format was short comedy sketches, often as short as one line, with occasional longer sketches.

The BBC radio show was broadcast weekly in a half-hour timeslot, usually on Saturday or Sunday lunchtime. Its three stars were normally the only performers who appeared, although the show's musical director, Denis King, was often given a small speaking role in one or two of the shorter items.

The radio series featured music by the Denis King Trio, and was produced initially by David Hatch, then by Richard Willcox, and thereafter by Bob Oliver Rogers.

Radio
The series ran on BBC Radio 2 from 1973 to 1979. There were also three Christmas specials: Hello Cheeky Hello Christmas in December 1973, Hello Christmas in December 1974, and the pantomime-style Cheeky Whittington and his Magic Ballpoint in 1976. There was also a Summer Special in 1974.

Initially, the scripts were written by all three of the show's stars. Later in the run, as Tim Brooke-Taylor's time became increasingly absorbed by his television work on The Goodies, the scripts were written solely by Barry Cryer and John Junkin.

During the first two series in 1973-74 it was ordinarily produced by David Hatch, but occasional editions were produced by Richard Willcox (with both men credited on the 1974 summer special, Hello Summer) From series 3, in 1975, it was produced by Bob Oliver Rogers (with David Hatch returning briefly to produce some editions of the final series, aired in 1979, due to Bob's unexpected death).

The initial experiment of broadcasting it at lunchtime on Saturdays lasted for one series only. From series 2 it was transmitted at lunchtime on Sundays, a more natural home for comedy shows, which had traditionally occupied that spot in the station's schedules since the heyday of the old BBC Light Programme in the early 1960s.

To describe it as a sketch show, while technically correct, would also be misleading. It was typically more a succession of quick-fire gags and one-liners, rather than actual sketches.  So many of the items were one-line, that co-writer Barry Cryer was moved to comment publicly that "a minute was a long sketch on Hello Cheeky". One consequence of this was that the show lacked anything resembling a regular structure.

Some items did reappear each week, but not in any kind of regular order: these included quickfire "meanwhile"s, "would you believe it?"s, "home hints for the handyman", "the Encyclopedia of the Air", comic songs, spoof phone calls (one cast member would pretend to be a listener or celebrity, phoning to complain about the previous item), spoof news flashes, and "Hello Cheeky's personal column" (a spoof advice forum). A number of the items that were used had previously been recorded by Marty Feldman (who John Junkin and Tim Brooke-Taylor had known since working together on television in 1968).

Many of the jokes were topical, featuring references to well-known personalities of the day: not only showbusiness celebrities (everyone from comedian Ken Dodd to actor Roger Moore), but also BBC presenters (including Michael Aspel, Frank Bough, Nicholas Parsons and Terry Wogan), politicians (especially the Prime Minister, Harold Wilson, and the Leader of the Opposition, Mrs Thatcher), sportsmen (such as England international footballer Martin Peters), and prominent personalities of the day (the inevitable references to clean-up-TV campaigner Mary Whitehouse, and the anti-immigration MP, Enoch Powell).

The show gained a reputation for its puns. Two examples: "I once spent an evening with twelve Benedictines". "What happened?" "I drank them all, and fell over"; and "Enoch Powell sent me a draught board for Christmas. Trouble is, all the squares are white."

The final item each week, which was typically the longest item in the show, often featured a comic amalgam of three ostensibly serious broadcasts (e.g. Z-Cars, Gardeners' Question Time and A Book At Bedtime), with one of the cast changing channels on his TV or radio, such that a line from one programme (the feed line) was followed by one from a very different type of programme (the punchline), to get a laugh.

Occasionally, the final sketch was a film spoof. For instance, secret agent Jim Bellybutton appeared in an espionage sketch spoofing the James Bond films. These sketches tended to lampoon famous celebrities of the day. For example: Agent Bellybutton, not so much Roger Moore with the stamina of Martin Peters; more Patrick Moore, with the stamina of Sylvia Peters. A mad scientist has to rebuild him after an accident (spoofing The Six Million Dollar Man TV series): Six Pounds 37 New P? We couldn't even rebuild Ronnie Corbett for that.

In later series the celebrities who were the butt of the jokes were invited onto the show, to be lampooned to their faces. Famous stars of the day who put themselves through this treatment included chat show host Michael Aspel, BBC TV sports presenter Frank Bough, and radio DJ Terry Wogan.

On 6 April 1975, "The Least Worst of Hello Cheeky" was recorded before a live audience in the BBC's Paris Studio in Regent Street, produced by Bob Oliver Rogers. From the two-hour show, 45 minutes of material was released on a vinyl LP, while two 30-minute radio shows containing material from this recording session were broadcast on 25 January and 1 February 1976 as the final editions of the third series.

The Christmas and Summer specials were somewhat atypical. They did not reflect the standard format, and were in the main a collection of unrelated musical items interspersed with occasional jokes; the Christmas shows did not even have a preference for seasonal pieces. Some of the shorter musical items were performed by the show's three stars, but many items solely featured guests. The Specials were also much longer than the standard half-hour of the regular episodes: the Summer Special was one hour, while the Christmas specials varied - the 1973 Christmas show was also one hour, while in 1974 it was 90 minutes. For the third and final seasonal edition, in 1976, in order to achieve a more comedy-focused show - this time allotted only 45 minutes of airtime - Cryer and Junkin wrote a Hello Cheeky pantomime (Cheeky Whittington and his Magic Ballpoint).

After the completion of four successful series for radio, plus the six Specials, a combination of unfortunate events occurred which curtailed what had been a popular and successful show. Firstly, a dispute arose with BBC Management, concerning the cast's decision to defect to ITV, to make a TV version of the show. And then, unexpectedly, the radio show's 29-year-old producer died. Former producer David Hatch was brought in to put together a final half-dozen episodes, from material already in the can, for a truncated final series: which was only transmitted after more than three years had elapsed since the previous series.

In recent years, some of the half-hour episodes from Hello Cheeky have been re-broadcast on digital station BBC Radio 7 and its successor BBC Radio 4 Extra. These have mostly been editions first heard in 1973, although Cheeky Whittington and his Magic Ballpoint also receives seasonal re-runs as an item in the three hour special, Barry Cryer's Christmas Selection Box - Part 2.

With the exception of the two specials recorded on 6 April 1975, all of the radio broadcasts are known to exist (at least as off-air recordings).

Television
In 1976 an unsuccessful attempt was made to present Hello Cheeky on television, with the same writing and performing team. When BBC-TV turned the proposal down, the show aired instead on the ITV network. It was made by Yorkshire Television, with Len Lurcuck as producer, and ex-BBC comedy producer Duncan Wood as its executive producer.

The first series, comprising eight episodes, was broadcast between 19 January and 22 March 1976. A second series, comprising a further five episodes, was broadcast later that year, between 26 May and 23 June: the timing was a deliberate attempt to benefit from the popularity of the radio show, the latest series of which ran throughout that summer.

The TV show was not a ratings success. The reason for this was considered to be the fact that no attempt was made to make the material more visual for television.

The failure of the attempt to transfer the show to television, plus the impact on BBC Management of the cast defecting to ITV (and, in effect, using BBC Radio to promote a TV series on the rival ITV channel), had a disastrous effect on what had, up until then, been a very successful radio show: only a handful of further radio episodes would be made, and their transmission was postponed for several years (until the television show had ceased to air in re-runs on the ITV network).

The two TV series (except for Episode 10, which no longer exists in the archive) were released on DVD by Network in June 2010. The DVD was deleted from their catalogue on 13 January 2013.

Radio Episodes

Series 1
S01 E01 (7 April 1973)
S01 E02 (14 April 1973)
S01 E03 (21 April 1973)
S01 E04 (28 April 1973)
S01 E05 (5 May 1973)
S01 E06 (12 May 1973)
S01 E07 (19 May 1973)
S01 E08 (26 May 1973)
S01 E09 (2 June 1973)
S01 E10 (9 June 1973) (Guest Michael Aspel)
S01 E11 (16 June 1973)
S01 Christmas Special, Hello Christmas (25 December 1973)

Series 2
S02 E01 (10 February 1974)
S02 E02 (17 February 1974)
S02 E03 (24 February 1974)
S02 E04 (3 March 1974)
S02 E05 (10 March 1974)
S02 E06 (17 March 1974)
S02 E07 (24 March 1974)
S02 E08 (31 March 1974)
S02 E09 (7 April 1974)
S02 E10 (14 April 1974)
S02 E11 (21 April 1974)
S02 E12 (28 April 1974)
S02 E13 (5 May 1974)
S02 E14 (12 May 1974) (Guest Aimi MacDonald)
S02 E15 (19 May 1974)
S02 Summer Special, Hello Summer (27 May 1974)
S02 Christmas Special, Hello Christmas (25 December 1974)

Series 3
S03 E01 (9 March 1975)
S03 E02 (16 March 1975)
S03 E03 (23 March 1975)
S03 E04 (30 March 1975)
S03 E05 (6 April 1975)
S03 E06 (13 April 1975)
S03 E07 (20 April 1975)
S03 E08 (27 April 1975)
S03 E09 (4 May 1975)
S03 E10 (11 May 1975)
S03 E11 (18 May 1975)
S03 E12 (25 May 1975)
S03 E13 (1 June 1975) (Guest Joan Bakewell)
S03 Special - Least Worst of Hello Cheeky, Part 1 (25 Jan 1976)
S03 Special - Least Worst of Hello Cheeky, Part 2 (1 Feb 1976)

Series 4
S04 E01 (16 May 1976) (Guest Frank Bough)
S04 E02 (23 May 1976)
S04 E03 (30 May 1976)
S04 E04 (6 June 1976)
S04 E05 (13 June 1976)
S04 E06 (20 June 1976)
S04 E07 (27 June 1976)
S04 E08 (4 July 1976)
S04 E09 (11 July 1976)
S04 E10 (18 July 1976)
S04 E11 (25 July 1976)
S04 E12 (1 August 1976)
S04 E13 (8 August 1976)
S04 E14 (15 August 1976)
S04 E15 (22 August 1976)
S04 E16 (29 August 1976)
S04 Christmas Special (25 Dec 1976) (Guests: Marti Caine, Peggy Mount and David Jacobs)

Series 5
S05 E01 (7 October 1979)
S05 E02 (14 October 1979)
S05 E03 (21 October 1979)
S05 E04 (28 October 1979)
S05 E05 (4 November 1979) (Guest Terry Wogan)
S05 E06 (11 November 1979)

References

External links
The Cast of "Hello Cheeky"
"Hello Cheeky" at Britishcomedy.org.uk

BBC Radio comedy programmes
ITV comedy
1970s British television sketch shows
1976 British television series debuts
1976 British television series endings
1973 radio programme debuts
BBC Radio 2 programmes

Hello Cheeky


Lars Gert Lose (født 17. december 1969 på Amager) er en dansk diplomat, der var Danmarks ambassadør i USA i perioden 2015-2019.

Historie
Lose blev født på Amager, men flyttede som 4-årig med familien til Tønder. Her blev han student fra Tønder Gymnasium. Herfra gik turen til Coventry i England, hvor han i 1995 afsluttede en master i internationale forhold fra University of Warwick. Lars Lose blev uddannet cand.scient.pol. fra Aarhus Universitet i juni 1997.

Udenrigsministeriet
Han blev ansat i Udenrigsministeriet i maj 1997, hvor han fik ansvaret for EU-koordinationskontoret. Indtil september 2001 rykkede han rundt i forskellige afdelinger i ministeriets hovedsæde på Asiatisk Plads i København, hvorefter han rykkede til Danmarks ambassade i Frankrigs hovedstad Paris. Her skulle Lose agere som ambassadørens førstesekretær. I september 2004 var han flyttet tilbage til Danmark, da han blev privatsekretær og senere kontorchef for udenrigsminister Per Stig Møller, og senere Lene Espersen.

I marts 2013 blev Lars Lose departementsråd i Statsministeriet, og udenrigspolitisk rådgiver for statsminister Helle Thorning-Schmidt.

I marts 2015 blev det offentliggjort, at Lars Gert Lose skulle flytte til USAs hovedstad Washington, da han med virkning fra 1. august 2015 skulle afløse Peter Taksøe-Jensen som Danmarks ambassadør i landet.

I september 2021 kom det frem, at Lars Gert Lose imod normal procedure var akkrediteret som seniordiplomat til USA samtidig med, at han var departementschef i Udenrigsministeriet i København. Denne specielle ordning er blevet kritiseret for at være fifleri og på kant med Wienerkonventionen, idet formålet med akkrediteringen har været at tilgodese Loses ønske om at lade hans børn færdiggøre deres uddannelser i USA og således ikke i Danmarks diplomatiske interesse. Uddannelser som i øvrigt har kostet de danske skatteborgere mere end 3 mio. kroner over en årrække.

Hæder
 Ridder af 1. grad af Dannebrog (2015)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Danmarks ambassade i USAs officielle websted

Personer fra Amager
Ambassadører fra Danmark
Riddere af 1. grad af Dannebrog
Personer i Kraks Blå Bog

Lars Gert Lose


Marko Pjaca (født 6. maj 1995 i Zagreb, Kroatien), er en kroatisk fodboldspiller (wing). Han spiller for Empoli i Italien, udlejet fra Juventus.

Klubkarriere
Pjaca startede sin klubkarriere hos NK Lokomotiva i fødebyen Zagreb. I 2014 skiftede han til lokalrivalerne Dinamo Zagreb, hvor han var med til at vinde to kroatiske mesterskaber de følgende år.

I sommeren 2016 købte den italienske storklub Juventus Pjaca for en pris på hele 23 millioner euro.

Landshold
Pjaca debuterede for Kroatiens landshold 4. september 2014 i en venskabskamp mod Cypern. Han var en del af den kroatiske trup til EM 2016 i Frankrig og til VM 2018 i Rusland.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Kroatien
Fodboldspillere fra Dinamo Zagreb
Fodboldspillere fra NK Lokomotiva
Fodboldspillere fra Juventus F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra FC Schalke 04
Deltagere ved det europæiske mesterskab i fodbold 2016
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 2018
Personer fra Zagreb

Marko Pjaca


Ein Monowheel (Monorad) ist ein meist motorisiertes Fahrzeug mit einem (äußeren) Rad. Im Unterschied zum Einrad sitzt man nicht auf dem Rad, sondern in ihm bzw. seitlich versetzt. Die Radlagerung entspricht der eines Orbitalrads.

Sie werden heutzutage hauptsächlich zu Unterhaltungszwecken gefahren, galten aber während ihrer Pionierzeit in den 1860ern bis in die 1930er durchaus als potenziell ernst zu nehmendes Transportmittel.

Geschichte

Ein frühes Monowheel wurde als "Flying Yankee Velocipede" 1869 von Richard C. Hemmings in den USA patentiert. Die hölzerne Konstruktion besaß einen Handantrieb, wobei die Kraft über Seile und ein unter dem Sitz befindliches Rad auf das etwa 6 bis 8 Fuß große Außenrad übertragen wurde. Die Lenkung erfolgte entweder durch Gewichtsverlagerung oder durch Absetzen eines Fußes auf den Boden. Über dem Kopf des Fahrers befand sich eine Platte, welche die Kleidung vor herabfallendem Schlamm oder Wasser schützen sollte.

Zur gleichen Zeit patentierte G. Bergner eine weitgehend vergleichbare Konstruktion mit Handrad. Allen Green und Elisha Dyer patentierten 1869 ein Einrad, das sich deutlich von der offenen Konstruktion der anderen beiden Erfinder unterscheidet. Bei diesem Fahrzeug befindet sich auf beiden Seiten je ein Satz Speichen, die das Zentrum mit dem Außenrad verbinden. Der Fahrer sitzt innerhalb der Speichenkonstruktion und treibt das Einrad mit zwei Handkurbeln an.

Auch in Europa wurden 1869 bereits Monowheels entwickelt. Eines davon geht auf einen französischen Handwerker namens Rousseau aus Marseille zurück. Es bestand hauptsächlich aus Metall und hatte einen Außendurchmesser von etwa 2,3 Metern. Es ist heute noch erhalten und ist im Museum Galbiati in Mailand zu sehen. Die Pedale waren starr mit einem kleineren Rad im Inneren verbunden. Dieses trieb wiederum das äußere Rad an. Die Bremse wurde über den Lenker realisiert, wobei der Fahrer den Lenker nach vorne drückte, wodurch ein Riemen einen Hebel gegen die Innenseite des Außenrades drückte.

Ein anderes 1869 in Europa gefertigtes Monowheel geht auf die Firma W. Jackson & Co. aus Paris zurück. Es sieht überraschend modern aus und besitzt nur einen Durchmesser von etwa 1,65 Metern. Der Antrieb erfolgt über ein Tretgestänge, das mit dem inneren Rad verbunden war. Das Monowheel wurde ab Februar 1869 bis zum Ausbruch des Deutsch-Französischen Kriegs 1870 mehrfach in der Radsport-Zeitschrift Le vélocipède illustra zu einem Preis von 300 Franken beworben. Da gleichzeitig auch zahlreiche andere Fahrzeuge angeboten wurden, könnte es sich bei der Firma Jackson eher um einen Händler als um einen Fabrikant handeln. Ein Nachbau befindet sich im Velorama in den Niederlanden.

In den 1880er und 1890er Jahren folgen weltweit mehrere ähnliche, pedalbetriebene Maschinen. Teilweise wurden sie auf Ausstellungen gezeigt, teilweise liegen Entwürfe als Patente vor.

1904 stellte das Haus Garavagia während der Expo in Mailand das erste motorisierte Monowheel unter dem Namen Petrol Monocycle vor. Eine kurze Beschreibung der Demonstrationsfahrt ist in der französischen Zeitschrift "La Vie de l'Automobile", Ausgabe 23. April 1904 zu finden. Fahrer, wie auch der Benzinmotor befinden sich im Inneren des Rads und sind mit diesem über Kugellager verbunden. Die Kraftübertragung des Motors auf den Reifen erfolgt direkt über ein Ritzel, das in die gezahnte Felge des Reifen greift.

Ein weiteres, sehr frühes motorisiertes Monowheel wurde von dem Pariser Erfinder Edison-Puton 1910 vorgestellt. Das Fahrzeug bestand aus einem über zwei Meter großen, hölzernen Laufrad. Es wurde von einem etwa 3,5 PS starken, einzylindrigen De-Dion-Motor mit 150 cm3 Hubraum angetrieben. Ein derartiges Exemplar ist im Technik-Museum Sinsheim erhalten.

In den Jahren 1912 bis 1917 folgten mehrere Modelle mit Propellerantrieb. Ab 1924 wurde ein Monowheel gebaut, bei dem das Rad leicht schräg gekippt ist, so dass der Fahrer freie Sicht nach vorne hat. Es folgten viele, meist motorisierte Modelle, aber richtig durchsetzen konnte sich davon keines. Kerry McLean baut in Amerika verschiedene Monowheels, die dort auch eine Straßenzulassung besitzen. Pedalbetriebene Monowheels wurden auch bei der Abschlusszeremonie der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2008 in Peking eingesetzt.

Steuerung
Bei einem Zweirad wird normalerweise das Hinterrad angetrieben, während die Lenkung über das Vorderrad erfolgt. Bei einem Monowheel werden beide Aufgaben von einem Rad übernommen. Die Lenkung geschieht durch Gewichtsverlagerung des Fahrers zu einer Seite, wodurch sich das Monowheel zu dieser Seite neigt und eine Kurve fährt. Alternativ kann die Richtung durch Kontakt eines Fußes mit dem Boden beeinflusst werden.

Probleme
Bei zu starker Beschleunigung oder einer Bremsung besteht bei hohem Schwerpunkt die Gefahr, dass sich der Fahrer überschlägt. Außerdem kann das Rad die Sicht nach vorne beeinträchtigen.

Weblinks

 Monowheels: The strange story of vehicles with insufficient wheels (englisch), abgerufen am 31. Mai 2015
 How Monowheels Work (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

!
Fahrradtyp

Monowheel


46. længdegrad kan henvise til:

 46. vestlige længdekreds
 46. østlige længdekreds

46. længdegrad


Renaissance World Tour foi a sexta turnê da cantora estadunidense Beyoncé, em suporte ao seu sétimo álbum de estúdio Renaissance (2022). A turnê foi oficialmente anunciada em 1 de fevereiro de 2023 e percorreu estádios na Europa e América do Norte, começando em 10 de maio de 2023 no Friends Arena em Estocolmo, Suécia e finalizando em 1 de outubro de 2023. Foi sua segunda turnê com apresentações em estádios após a The Formation World Tour.

Repertório
O repertório abaixo é representativo do concerto ocorrido em Estocolmo, na Suécia em 11 de maio de 2023, podendo não corresponder necessariamente aos outros shows da turnê.

Ato de Abertura
"Dangerously in Love 2"
"Flaws and All"
"1+1" feat. Emily Bear ao piano / "I'm Goin' Down"
"I Care"
Renaissance
 "I'm That Girl"
"Cozy"
"Alien Superstar"
"Lift Off"
"7/11"
Motherboard
"Cuff It" / "Cuff It (Wetter Remix)"
"Energy"
"Break My Soul" / "Break My Soul (The Queens Remix)"
Opulence
"Formation"
"Diva"
"Run the World (Girls)"
"My Power"
"Black Parade"
"Savage Remix"
"Partition"
Anointed
"Church Girl"
"Get Me Bodied"
"Before I Let Go"
"Rather Die Young"
"Love on Top"
"Crazy in Love"
"Love Hangover"
"Plastic Off the Sofa"
"Virgo's Groove" / "Naughty Girl"
"Move"
"Heated"
"Already"
Mind Control
"America Has a Problem"
"Pure/Honey"
Encore
"Summer Renaissance"

Datas

Shows cancelados

Turnês musicais de 2023
Turnês de Beyoncé

Renaissance World Tour


Rhacel Salazar Parreñas (né le 13 février 1971) est professeure de sociologie et d'études de genre à l'Université de Californie du Sud. Elle a auparavant enseigné à l'Université Brown, à l'Université de Californie à Davis et à l'Université du Wisconsin à Madison. Ses recherches ont été présentées dans "The World" de NPR, Bloomberg News, le The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, de Volkskrant et l'American Prospect. Elle a écrit cinq monographies, co-édité trois anthologies et publié un certain nombre d'articles évalués par des pairs.

Carrière
Rhacel Parreñas obtient son baccalauréat ès arts en études sur la paix et les conflits de l'Université de Californie à Berkeley en 1992. Elle obtient un doctorat en études ethniques comparatives avec un accent particulier mis sur les femmes, le genre et la sexualité à l'Université de Californie à Berkeley en 1998. Elle travaille sur des questions telles que le genre, la migration et la mondialisation, en particulier la division internationale du travail reproductif, également connue sous le nom de chaîne de soins. Son travail a inspiré des livres et des études, y compris des rapports publiés par les Nations unies. L'idée de la chaîne de soins a également inspiré la production du documentaire The Care Chain par VPRO-TV aux Pays-Bas.

Parmi les conférences notables disponibles en ligne, citons une discussion publique sur la famille avec d'autres spécialistes renommés des sciences sociales tenue à la CUNY Graduate Center et une conférence publique sur les mères transnationales diffusée sur WBUR, la station National Public Radio de Boston, le 11 octobre 2009 et le 3 janvier 2010.

Vie privée
Elle émigre aux États-Unis en 1983, en tant que fille de réfugiés politiques.

Récompenses
Elle a reçu des fonds de recherche de la Fondation Ford, de la Fondation Rockefeller et de la Fondation nationale pour la science. Elle a reçu les honneurs du professeur invité distingué Edith Kreeger Wolf de l'Université Northwestern en 2010 et du professeur de recherche distingué en études de genre de l'Université pour femmes d'Ochanomizu pour l'année universitaire 2005-2006. Pour Illicit Flirtations, elle a reçu le Distinguished Scholarly Publication Award 2012, parrainé par l'Association américaine de sociologie, Labor and Labour Movements Section. En 2003, elle reçoit une mention honorable dans la catégorie du prix du livre en sciences sociales de l'Association for Asian American Studies pour Servants of Globalization (Servantes de la Mondialisation). En 2019, elle reçoit le prix Jessie Bernard.

Ouvrages

Références

Liens externes
 Rhacel Parreñas Brown Professeur à l'Université, civilisation américaine et sociologie
 Article du New York Times 2005 par Nina Bernstein
 UN-instraw
 Rhacel Salazar Parrenas Fora.tv
 Site Web de Rhacel Parreñas

Professeur à l'université de Californie du Sud
Étudiant de l'université de Californie à Berkeley
Féministe philippine
Sociologue américain
Sociologue de la famille
Naissance en février 1971
Professeur à l'université Brown

Rhacel Parreñas


A Liga dos Campeões da CONCACAF de 2023 (ou Liga dos Campeões da CONCACAF Scotiabank por razões de patrocínio), foi a 15ª edição da Liga dos Campeões da CONCACAF em seu formato atual e a 58ª edição incluindo os torneios anteriores. O campeão se classificou para a Copa do Mundo de Clubes da FIFA de 2023 e também para a edição de 2025.

Equipes classificadas
Um total de 16 equipes participam desta edição do torneio:
 Dez que se classificam diretamente a competição:
 União Norte-Americana de Futebol: 9 equipes (de três associações)
 União de Futebol do Caribe: 1 equipe (de uma associação)
 Seis equipes se classificam pela Liga da CONCACAF (entre duas e seis associações)

Sorteio
O sorteio da Liga dos Campeões da CONCACAF de 2023 foi realizado em 7 de novembro de 2022, na sede da CONCACAF em Miami, Estados Unidos. A divisão das equipes nos potes foi baseada no ranking de clubes da CONCACAF.

Formato
Se utilizará o sistema de rodadas eliminatórias, desde as oitavas de final até a final, todas em formato de ida e volta. Nas rodadas de oitavas de final até as semifinais, a regra do gol fora de casa será aplicado. Caso no somatório final haja um empate depois dos 180 minutos disputados, a partida será decidida na disputa de pênaltis.

Já o vencedor da final e por tanto, o campeão, será aquele que na duas partidas, anote o maior número de gols. Caso haja empate, haverá uma prorrogação e caso persista o empate, realizara-se uma disputa de pênaltis.

Calendário
O calendário para esta edição da competição é o seguinte:

Chaveamento

Oitavas de final

|}

Partidas de ida

Partidas de volta

Violette venceu por 3–2 no placar agregado.

Philadelphia Union venceu por 4–0 no placar agregado.

Atlas venceu por 5–4 no placar agregado.

Vancouver Whitecaps FC venceu por 7–3 no placar agregado.

1–1 no placar agregado. Tigres UANL venceu pela regra do gol fora de casa.

Los Angeles FC venceu por 4–2 no placar agregado.

León venceu por 3–0 no placar agregado.

1–1 no placar agregado. Motagua venceu pela regra do gol fora de casa.

Quartas de final
As datas e horários das partidas das quartas de final foram confirmadas em 17 de março de 2023.

|}

Partidas de ida

Partidas de volta

León venceu por 6–2 no placar agregado.

Los Angeles FC venceu por 6–0 no placar agregado.

Philadelphia Union venceu por 3–2 no placar agregado.

Tigres venceu por 6–0 no placar agregado.

Semifinal
Os semifinalistas com a melhor campanha nas fases anteriores irão disputar a partida de volta em casa. As datas e horários das partidas da semifinal foram confirmadas em 14 de abril de 2023.

|}

Partidas de ida

Partidas de volta

Los Angeles FC venceu por 4–1 no placar agregado.

León venceu por 4–3 no placar agregado.

Final
A equipe com a melhor campanha nas fases anteriores irá disputar a partida de volta em casa. As datas e horários das partidas da final foram confirmadas em 4 de maio de 2023.

|}

Partida de ida

Partida de volta

Ligações externas

Liga dos Campeões da CONCACAF
2023 no futebol

Liga dos Campeões da CONCACAF de 2023


Isaac Freeman III (born August 6, 1971), better known by his stage name Fatman Scoop, is an American rapper, hype man, promoter and radio personality famed for his on-stage rough, raw loud voice.

Career
Fatman Scoop first came to prominence with the release of single "Be Faithful", which topped the charts in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland in October 2003, and peaked within the top ten of the charts in Denmark and Australia. The song had been a favorite in clubs around the world for years but it took two years to clear the samples from Jay-Z, Black Sheep, Queen Pen, The Beatnuts and Faith Evans. He has also collaborated with numerous artists, such as Lil Jon, Mariah Carey, Janet Jackson, Whitney Houston, Pitbull and Skrillex, among others.

In 2004, he featured in the UK TV series, Chancers, broadcast on Channel 4, mentoring six British musicians trying to achieve success in the United States.

In July 2006, a club promoter in New Bern, North Carolina sued the Sheriff of Craven County, North Carolina after a 2003 concert held there was shut down by the sheriff due to a noise complaint. The suit asked for more than $10,000 (US$) in lost wages and punitive damages.

Fatman Scoop also has his own ice cream parlor and relationship show/podcast. All episodes can also be seen on the Man and Wife channel on internet TV network, ONLOQ.com, as well as MTV. He also appeared as himself on the TV series The Boondocks (season 2, episode 5, "The Story of Thugnificent" and episode 15, "The Story of Gangstalicious Part 2", from the same season); however since the show premiered, the relationship between Fatman Scoop and his wife soured and they subsequently divorced.

Fatman Scoop was interviewed by radio personality Madison Jaye in a YouTube video that was published on March 22, 2014. During the interview, Fatman Scoop reveals that he received his stage name when he was a baby from his Uncle Jack, who would call him "Fatman Scoop" because he loved to eat ice cream. People had thought that he received his stage name after appearing in the Fugees' "Killing Me Softly" video as a cinema worker serving popcorn and ice-cream. Lauryn Hill was a massive ice-cream fan herself so she would shout 'scoop, scoop, Fatman Scoop' when she wanted a tub of her favorite snack. But Fatman Scoop stated "I was already Fatman Scoop on the radio when that video came out."

On August 27, 2015, he entered the Celebrity Big Brother 16: UK vs. USA house in the United Kingdom as a contestant. On September 14, he was the third housemate to be evicted, on day 20 where he finished in 11th place.

Personal life
Fatman Scoop has two children: a boy and a girl. He is divorced.

Discography

Compilation albums
 Fatman Scoop's Party Breaks: Volume 1 (2003)
 In the Club (2006)
 Party King (2015, Japan only)

Singles

Featured singles
2001: "Drop" (Timbaland & Magoo featuring Fatman Scoop)
2005: "Lose Control" (Missy Elliott featuring Ciara and Fatman Scoop)
2005: "It's Like That"  (Mariah Carey featuring Jermaine Dupri and Fatman Scoop)
2006: "Take the Lead (Wanna Ride)" (Bone Thugs-n-Harmony and Wisin & Yandel featuring Melissa Jiménez and Fatman Scoop)
2006: "When I Were a Lad (Many Moons Ago)" (Association of Zoos and Aquariums featuring Fatman Scoop)
2006: "Let's Ride" (Chingy featuring Fatman Scoop)
2007: "Behind the Cow" (Scooter featuring Fatman Scoop)
2007: "Layaway Love" (Notch featuring Fatman Scoop)
2008: "Turn Around" (The Crooklyn Clan featuring Fatman Scoop and Afroman)
2008: "Be Faithful" (Welsh Transport Regiment featuring Fatman Scoop)
2009: "Just a Little Bit" (Claudia Cream featuring Fatman Scoop)
2009: "Think About Letting Go" (Fedde Le Grand featuring Fatman Scoop)
2009: "Onslaught 2" (Slaughterhouse featuring Fatman Scoop)
2009: "Love Is Back" (David Guetta featuring Fatman Scoop)
2010: "Go Crazy"  (Art Beatz and Ariez Onasis featuring Fatman Scoop and Clinton Sparks)
2010: "That's What's Up" (Frauenarzt und Manny Marc featuring Fatman Scoop)
2010: "Gettin' Money" (Doesya featuring Fatman Scoop)
2010: "Stick It to the Man" (B*Witched featuring Fatman Scoop)
2010: "Please Don't Break My Heart" (Kalomoira featuring Fatman Scoop)
2010: "New Years Anthem" (The Disco Fries & DJ Class featuring Fatman Scoop)
2010: "I Wanna Get Drunk" (DJ Felli Fel featuring Three 6 Mafia, Lil Jon and Fatman Scoop)
2010: "The Situation" (Mike "The Situation" Sorrentino featuring The Disco Fries, DJ Class and Fatman Scoop)
2010: "Pop & Drop" (Joosuc featuring Fatman Scoop)
2011: "Drop It Low" (Kat Deluna featuring Fatman Scoop)
2011: "Shake It" (Kat Deluna featuring Fatman Scoop)
2011: "Feel the Love" (Marvin Priest featuring Fatman Scoop)
2011: "Wine De Best" (Orange Hill featuring Busy Signal, Fatman Scoop and Kano)
2011: "Umutsuz Vaka" (Demet Akalın featuring Fatman Scoop)
2011: "Rock the Boat" (Bob Sinclar featuring Fatman Scoop, Pitbull and Dragonfly)
2012: "Raise the Roof"  (Hampenberg and Alexander Brown featuring Fatman Scoop, Pitbull and Nabiha)
2012: "Bad Girl" (Oun-P featuring Remo The Hitmaker and Fatman Scoop)
2012: "Tonight I'm Your DJ" (Ida Corr featuring Fatman Scoop)
2013: "Crash This Party" (Alex Young featuring Fatman Scoop)
2014: "Recess"  (Skrillex and Kill the Noise featuring Fatman Scoop and Michael Angelakos) UK Number 57
2014: "Here We Go Now!"  (Tropkillaz & SNAVS featuring Fatman Scoop)
2015: "SQUAD OUT!"  (Skrillex and Jauz featuring Fatman Scoop)
2015: "Don't Stop the Madness"  (Hardwell and W&W featuring Fatman Scoop)
2014/2016/2017: "Bass Dunk"  (Charlotte Devaney featuring Fatman Scoop and Lady Leshurr
2017: "Space Jam"  (Makj & Michael Sparks featuring Fatman Scoop)
2018: "Level Up"  (Ciara featuring Missy Elliott and Fatman Scoop)
2019: "Wild"  (Vinai featuring Fatman Scoop)
2019: "Left Right"  (Hardwell, Deorro and Makj featuring Fatman Scoop)
2020: "Make Some Noise"  (Wolfpack and Mike Bond featuring Fatman Scoop)
2021: "Stampede"  (Gammer featuring Fatman Scoop)
2021: "Shining Star" Lil Mo Ft. T-Pain and Fatman Scoop
2022: "Pro Freak"  (Smino and Doechii featuring Fatman Scoop)
2022:: "To The Top"  (BIGMOO featuring Fatman Scoop & Titus)

Awards and nominations

Awards
2005: Grammy Award for Best Rap Song - Nomination - ("Lose Control", with Missy Elliott & Ciara)
2005: Smash Hits Poll Winners Party - Star Of The Year - Won - (voted best overall personality in 2005 by Smash Hits readers)
2005: Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video - Won - ("Lose Control", with Missy Elliott & Ciara)
2006: Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul or Rap Dance Cut  - Won - ("Lose Control", with Missy Elliott & Ciara)

Collaborations
As a hype man for various artists, he has appeared and performed with a great number of other artists. Listed here are artists he has either done a song with, or in which he has appeared together with in a song:

Skrillex
Hardwell
Demet Akalın
DJ AM
The Beatnuts
Miri Ben-Ari
The Black Eyed Peas
Mary J. Blige
Bone Thugs-N-Harmony
Nick Cannon
Mariah Carey
Charlotte Devaney
Chingy
Ciara
Claudia Cream
Club Dogo
The Crooklyn Clan
Cypress Hill
Elephant Man
Missy Elliott
Exile
Far East Movement
Fat Joe
DJ Felli Fel
Frauenarzt
Funkmaster Flex
Girlicious
David Guetta
Hampenberg & Alexander Brown
Lauryn Hill
Whitney Houston
Janet Jackson
Wyclef Jean
Kalomira
Ken of Overground
DJ Kool
Lil Jon
Lumidee
Manny Marc
Massive Töne
Pras Michel
Michael Fall
MF Doom
MF Grimm
Machel Montano
N.O.R.E.
Notch
Kardinal Offishall
Sean Paul
Pitbull
Public Enemy
The Pussycat Dolls
Busta Rhymes
Kool Savas
Scooter
Bob Sinclar
Slaughterhouse
Mike "The Situation" Sorrentino
Clinton Sparks
Jauz
Swizz Beatz
Three 6 Mafia
Timbaland & Magoo
DJ Tomekk
Andy Stewart
T-Pain
Jasmine Trias
Wisin & Yandel
X-ecutioners
Yellow Claw
Ying Yang Twins
Joel Fletcher
Young Buck
Darin Zanyar

References

External links
 Official site
 Official Myspace

1971 births
Living people
African-American male rappers
American male rappers
Hip hop record producers
American dance musicians
Grammy Award winners
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century African-American musicians
20th-century African-American people

Fatman Scoop


O Partido Social Democrático de Sergipe (PSD) foi um partido político brasileiro, do estado de Sergipe, criado por Augusto Maynard Gomes, interventor no Estado de Sergipe, início da década de 1930, tendo uma base política regionalista no referido estado.

O PSD disputou as eleições estaduais de 1934 em uma coligação com a União Republicana de Sergipe, tendo conseguido eleger na época deputados estaduais como Quintina Diniz, primeira mulher a ser eleita deputada estadual em Sergipe, e deputados federais, como Leandro Maynard Maciel e Melquisedec Figueiredo Monte.

Essa coligação política representou nas palavras da pesquisadora sergipana Anamaria G. B. de Freitas: "a união de dois grupos conservadores fortes" que "(...) representavam o retorno dos 'senhores do açúcar, especialmente dos usineiros', à centralidade do poder."

Durante o período pré-eleitoral às eleições presidenciais previstas para ocorrer em 1938, o PSD apoiou a candidatura de José Américo de Almeida para a presidência da República.

Porém, com o golpe de 10 de novembro de 1937, no qual houve a decretação do Estado Novo, selou-se a dissolução de todos os partidos políticos do pais, incluindo o PSD entre as agremiações proscritas.

Ver também
 Estado Novo

Partidos políticos extintos do Brasil
Partidos políticos extintos em 1937
Extinções no Brasil em 1937

Partido Social Democrático de Sergipe


ديفيد لويد جورج (17 يناير 1863 – 26 مارس 1945) أحد زعماء حزب الأحرار البريطاني. كان رئيسًا للوزراء أثناء النصف الأخير من الحرب العالمية الأولى. كانت اللغة الويلزية اللغة الأم للويد جورج، الذي ولد في 17 يناير عام 1863 في تشورلتون أون ميدلوك في مانشستر، لأبوين ويلزيين. ترعرع جورج في ويلز منذ كان عمره 3 أشهر، أوّلًا في بيمبروكشاير، ثم في لانديستمدوي، في كارنارفونشاير. وهو إلى الآن رئيس الوزراء البريطاني الوحيد الذي كان ويلزيًّا وكانت اللغة الإنكليزية لغته الثانية. توفي أبوه، وهو مدير مدرسة، في 1864، وربّاه في ويلز أمّه وأخوها الحذّاء، الذي أثرت آراؤه السياسية وعقيدته المعمدانية تأثيرًا عميقًا في لويد جورج، وهذا الخال نفسه ساعد الولد على أن يعمل في القضاء بعد ترك المدرسة. أصبح لويد جورج ناشطًا في السياسات المحلية، واكتسب شهرة بوصفه الخطيب والمؤيد للخليط الويلزي من الليبرالية الذي ناصر الخروج عن الكنيسة وحلّ الكنيسة الأنغليكاني في ويلز، ومساواة العمّال والمزارعين، وإصلاح ملكية الأراضي. في عام 1890، فاز لويد جورج بالانتخابات فأصبح عضوًا في برلمان كارنارفون بوروز، وظلّ في كرسيّه 55 عامًا. خدم لويد جورج في مجلس هنري كامبل بانرمان منذ عام 1905. بعد نجاح تش إتش أسكويث في رئاسة الوزراء عام 1908، حلّ لويد جورج محله بوصفه مستشار الخزانة. لتمويل الإصلاحات الرفاهية الكثيرة اقترح لويد زيادة الضرائب على ملكية الأراضي والدخل في «ميزانية الشعب» (1909)، التي رفضها مجلس اللوردات الذي يسوده المحافظون. لم تحل الأزمة الدستورية الناتجة إلا بعد انتخابين عام 1910 وبإمرار قرار البرلمان 1911. فُعّلت ميزانيته عام 1910، ومُرّر قانون التأمين الوطني عام 1911 وإجراءات أخرى لتأسيس دولة الرفاهية الحديثة. في عام 1913، تورّط لويد في فضيحة ماركوني، لكنه بقي في منصبه وأيّد حلّ الكنيسة في ويلز، إلى أن عطّل اندلاع الحرب العالمية الأولى عام 1914 تنفيذ مخططاته.

قوّى لويد جورج وهو في منصب مستشار الخزانة زمنَ الحرب، تمويل الحكومة وأبرم اتفاقات مع اتحادات تجارية للحفاظ على الإنتاج. في عام 1915، أسس أسكويث تحالفًا ليبراليًّا حربيًّا مع المحافظين وحزب العمال. أصبح لويد جورج وزير الذخائر ووسّع الإنتاج سريعًا. في عام 1916، عُيّن وزيرًا للخارجية الحربية ولكنه أُحبط من محدودية صلاحياته وصراعه مع المؤسسة العسكرية على الاستراتيجيات. تضاءلت الثقة في قيادة أسكويث مع ركود الجبهة الغربية. ثمّ أُجبر على الاستقالة في ديسمبر 1916، وخلفَه لويد جورج رئيسًا للوزراء، مدعومًا من المحافظين وبعض الليبراليين. مركَز لويد السلطة في غرفة حربية أصغر، ومجلس غرفة عمليات جديد، ومستشارين جديدين. ليحارب العجز الغذائي طبق لويد نظام القوافل، وأسس التقنين، ودعم الزراعة. بعد دعم اعتداء نيفيل الفرنسي المدمر عام 1917، اضطر إلى إقرار خطط المارشال هيغ لمعركة باشنديل، وهو ما أدى إلى خسائر كبيرة وانتصار استراتيجي صغير. وخلافًا لآراء قادته، رأى لويد في النهاية توحيد الحلفاء تحت قيادة واحدة في مارس 1918. مالت الحرب إلى جانبهم في أغسطس وانتصروا في نوفمبر. وبعد الحرب حافظ على حلفه مع المحافظين الذي كان له دعم شعبي بعد انتخابات ديسمبر 1918. وسعت حكومته حق الانتخاب ليشمل كل الرجال وبعض النساء في وقت سابق من تلك السنة.

كان لويد جورج لاعبًا أساسيًّا في مؤتمر السلام في باريس عام 1919، لكن الوضع في إيرلندا ساء ذلك العام، وهو ما أشعل حرب الاستقلال الإيرلدنية التي استمرت إلى أن ناقش لويد جورج الاستقلال مع الدولة الإيرلندية الحرة عام 1921. ابتدأ لويد جورج في موطنه إصلاحات للتعليم والإسكان، ولكن تشدد الاتحاد التجاري سجل مستويات قياسية، وأصبح الاقتصاد كاسدًا في عام 1920 وزادت البطالة، وتلا ذلك إنقاص الإنفاق الحكومي (1921–22)، وتورط لويد في فضيحة بشأن بيع مراتب الشرف وأزمة تشاناك عام 1922. حصل بونار لو على دعم المحافظين لخوض الانتخابات التالية وحده. استقال لويد جورج، وانقسم حزبه بينه وبين أسكويث، وحاز قسمه أكثر من 50 مقعدًا في انتخابات 1922، أما قسم أسكويث ففاز أكثر من 60. في السنة التالية اتحد الرجلان مرة أخرى لمعارضة مقترح التعرفة الذي وضعه ستانلي بلدوين. كان لليبراليين بعض الانتصارات عام 1923 لكنهم لم يزالوا بعد المحافظين وحزب العمل، وبعد دعمهم لحكومة فيها أقلية من حزب العمل، لم يستعيدوا مكانتهم بوصفهم الحزب الثاني، وعندما سقطت حكومة العمل، انخفض عدد مقاعدهم إلى 40 مقعدًا عام 1924 في حكم أسكويث. قاد لويد جورج الليبراليين من 1926 إلى 1931 ووضع مقترحات مبتكرة للأعمال العامة، ولكن هذا فشل في اكتساب مقاعد في عام 1929، ومنذ عام 1931، أصبح شخصية مهمشة ومظنونة ترأس مجموعة صغيرة من الليبراليين المنشقين المعارضين للحكومة الوطنية. رفض لويد عرضًا للخدمة في الغرفة الحربية لوينستون تشرشل في عام 1940 ورُفع إلى طبقة النبلاء عام 1945 قُبيل موته، ولكنه لم يتسلّم مقعده بسبب مرض موته.

المراحل الأولى من حياته المهنية
وُلد لويد جورج في مانشستر بإنجلترا لأبوين من ويلز. تُوفي والده عندما كان عمره عامًا واحدًا، فأخذته والدته إلى لانيسْتَمدَوِي كارنارفونْشاير (جُوينَد حاليًا) بمقاطعة ويلز، حيث نشأ في بيت عمه ريتشارد لويد الذي كان صانع أحذية، وقسًا بروتستانتيًا معمدانيًا. وقد تربى لويد في مناخ مشحون بالكراهية للطبقة الأرستقراطية المالكة للأرض وللكنيسة الإنجليزية، وتدرب في مؤسسة قانونية في سن السادسة عشرة، ثم بدأ في ممارسة القانون وعمره 22 عامًا.

ارتبط لويد بحزب الأحرار في مرحلة مبكرة. وبناءً على برنامجه السياسي للقيام بإصلاح اجتماعي شامل بإمارة ويلز، رشحه أعضاء البرلمان عن مدن كارنارفون لعضويته، فظل يمثلها على مدى 55 عامًا متصلة. ومن خلال حملاته على سياسة الحكومة في جنوب إفريقيا بشأن حرب البوير وبعدها، ذاع صيته بوصفه سياسيًا راديكاليًا. عندما عاد الأحرار إلى السلطة عام 1905، صار لويد رئيسًا لمجلس التجارة. في خلال الفترة من 1908 إلى 1915م، عمل لويد وزيرًا للمالية، وتبنى قانون معاش كبار السن الذي صدر عام 1911م. وقد فرضت ميزانية الشعب التي وضعها عام 1909 ضريبة على الدخل غير المكتسب، ووضعت ضرائب عالية على الأراضي والتركات لكن مجلس اللوردات المحافظ رفض هذه الميزانية، مما سبب أزمة دستورية انتهت بانتصار لويد جورج وحزبه، واستخدم حق الفيتو ضد التشريعات المالية من مجلس اللوردات.

ديفيد لويد جورج رئيسًا للوزراء
أدى اندلاع الحرب عام 1914م إلى تحول لويد جورج من رجل رافض للجوء إلى العنف في حل النزاعات إلى مؤيد قوي للحرب ضد ألمانيا. وقد استطاع وهو وزير للعتاد الحربي عام 1915م أن يتغلب على العجز في الذخيرة. وفي يوليو 1916م، خلف لويد اللورد هوراشيو كتشنر وزيرًا للحرب، وفي ديسمبر 1916م حل محل هيربرت أسكويث رئيسًا لمجلس وزراء ائتلافي. وبصفة عامة، يُعتبر لويد واحدًا من أشهر القادة العسكريين في بريطانيا؛ ارتفعت في ظل قيادته الروح المعنوية للمدنيين. وقد نجح لويد أثناء مؤتمر باريس للسلام عام 1919م في التوصل إلى حل وسط بين مثالية الرئيس الأمريكي وُدرو ولسون من جهة والشروط المتعنتة للسلام التي كان ينشدها رئيس الوزراء الفرنسي جورج كليمنصو من جهة أخرى.

وقد بقي لويد جورج وحكومته الائتلافية في الحكم بتحقيق نصرٍ انتخابيٍّ سهل في عام 1918م، إلا أنه لم يحقق إعادة البناء الاقتصادي الذي كان قد وعد به. كما كان من نتائج سياسته فيما يتعلق بأيرلندا أن نشأت دولة أيرلندا الحرة. وفي المقابل، خسر لويد دعم المحافظين له، كما فشلت في الوقت ذاته سياسته المؤيدة لليونان. وقد استقال لويد جورج عام 1922م. وعلى الرغم من أن عمره كان حينذاك 59 عامًا فقط، إلا إنه لم يشغل أي منصب رسمي بعد ذلك على الإطلاق. أما حزب الأحرار الذي كان قد انقسم عام 1918 بين مؤيدين له ومؤيدين للورد أسكويث، فقد توحد مرة أخرى عام 1923، غير أنه لم يحظ بالقدر الكافي من التأييد الشعبي، وسرعان ما أصبح حزبًا ثالثًا ضعيفًا.

سعى لويد جورج إلى استعادة وضعه السابق ببرنامج مدروس للأشغال العامة والإصلاح الزراعي، إلا أن محاولاته باءت بالفشل. وفي عام 1936م، قام لويد بزيارة لأدولف هتلر في بير شتيسجادن، وعاد يثني على الزعيم الألماني، إلا أنه سرعان ما تحول إلى ناقد لاذع لمحاولات استرضاء هتلر. وفي عام 1945م، قبيل وفاته بفترة قصيرة، حصل لويد جورج على لقب إيرل دوايفور.

مقالات ذات صلة
 آبريستويث

مراجع

روابط خارجية

أشخاص من العصر الفيكتوري
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 1886–92
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 1892–95
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 1895–1900
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 1900–06
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 1906–10
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 1910
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 1910–18
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 1918–22
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 1922–23
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 1923–24
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 1924–29
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 1929–31
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 1931–35
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 1935–45
أعضاء مجلس الشورى البريطاني
أعضاء نيشان الاستحقاق
بريطانيون في الحرب العالمية الأولى
حاصلون على الصليب الأكبر من وسام جوقة الشرف
رؤساء لجنة في تجارة
رؤساء وزراء المملكة المتحدة
رؤساء وزراء المملكة المتحدة القرن 20
زعماء الحرب العالمية الأولى
سياسيون من مانشستر
صهاينة بريطانيون
عمدات جامعة إدنبرة
كتاب عدل ويلزيون
مدافن في ويلز
مواليد 1863
مواليد في مانشستر
ناطقون بالويلزية حسب المهنة
وفيات 1945
وفيات السرطان في ويلز
ويلزيون في الحرب العالمية الأولى

ديفيد لويد جورج


Karaikal (en tamil: காரைக்கால் ) es una localidad de la India, en el distrito de Karaikal, territorio de Puducherry.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 4  a 2418 km de la capital nacional, Nueva Delhi, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2010 contaba con una población de 86 008 habitantes.

Referencias

Localidades de Puducherry

Karaikal


La gare de Munich-Heimeranplatz (en allemand Bahnhof München Heimeranplatz) est une gare ferroviaire de la  S-Bahn de Munich. Elle est située dans le secteur Schwanthalerhöhe à Munich en Allemagne.

C'est une halte desservie par les trains des lignes S7 et S20 du S-Bahn de Munich. Elle est en correspondance avec la station Heimeranplatz du métro de Munich.

Situation ferroviaire
Établie en surface, la gare de Munich-Heimeranplatz est située au point kilométrique (PK) 3,4 de la , entre la  et la gare de Munich-Harras.

Histoire

Service des voyageurs

Accueil
Elle dispose d'automates pour l'achat de titres de transport local et longues distances. C'est une gare totalement accessible aux personnes à la mobilité réduite.

Desserte
Munich-Heimeranplatz, dispose de deux quais latéraux desservis par les lignes S7 et S20 de la S-Bahn de Munich.

Intermodalité
Elle est en correspondance directe avec la station Heimeranplatz du métro de Munich, desservie par les lignes U5 et U4.

À proximité
 Westpark
 Theresienwiese
 Audi Dome

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Münchner Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund
 S-Bahn de Munich
 Heimeranplatz (métro de Munich)

Liens externes
 .

Ligne 7 du S-Bahn de Munich
Gare à Munich

Gare de Munich-Heimeranplatz


A mechanoreceptor, also called mechanoceptor, is a sensory receptor that responds to mechanical pressure or distortion. Mechanoreceptors are innervated by sensory neurons that convert mechanical pressure into electrical signals that, in animals, are sent to the central nervous system.

Vertebrate mechanoreceptors

Cutaneous mechanoreceptors

Cutaneous mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical stimuli that result from physical interaction, including pressure and vibration. They are located in the skin, like other cutaneous receptors. They are all innervated by Aβ fibers, except the mechanorecepting free nerve endings, which are innervated by Aδ fibers. Cutaneous mechanoreceptors can be categorized by what kind of sensation they perceive, by the rate of adaptation, and by morphology. Furthermore, each has a different receptive field.

By sensation
The Slowly Adapting type 1 (SA1) mechanoreceptor, with the Merkel corpuscle end-organ (also known as Merkel discs) detect sustained pressure and underlies the perception of form and roughness on the skin. They have small receptive fields and produce sustained responses to static stimulation.
The Slowly Adapting type 2 (SA2) mechanoreceptors, with the Ruffini corpuscle end-organ (also known as the bulbous corpuscles), detect tension deep in the skin and fascia and respond to skin stretch, but have not been closely linked to either proprioceptive or mechanoreceptive roles in perception. They also produce sustained responses to static stimulation, but have large receptive fields.
The Rapidly Adapting (RA) or Meissner corpuscle end-organ mechanoreceptor (also known as the tactile corpuscles) underlies the perception of light touch such as flutter and slip on the skin. It adapts rapidly to changes in texture (vibrations around 50 Hz). They have small receptive fields and produce transient responses to the onset and offset of stimulation.
The Pacinian corpuscle or Vater-Pacinian corpuscles or Lamellar corpuscles in the skin and fascia detect rapid vibrations of about 200–300 Hz. They also produce transient responses, but have large receptive fields.
Free nerve endings detect touch, pressure, stretching, as well as the tickle and itch sensations. Itch sensations are caused by stimulation of free nerve ending from chemicals.
Hair follicle receptors called hair root plexuses sense when a hair changes position. Indeed, the most sensitive mechanoreceptors in humans are the hair cells in the cochlea of the inner ear (no relation to the follicular receptors – they are named for the hair-like mechanosensory stereocilia they possess); these receptors transduce sound for the brain.

By rate of adaptation
Cutaneous mechanoreceptors can also be separated into categories based on their rates of adaptation.  When a mechanoreceptor receives a stimulus, it begins to fire impulses or action potentials at an elevated frequency (the stronger the stimulus, the higher the frequency).  The cell, however, will soon "adapt" to a constant or static stimulus, and the pulses will subside to a normal rate.  Receptors that adapt quickly (i.e., quickly return to a normal pulse rate) are referred to as "phasic".  Those receptors that are slow to return to their normal firing rate are called tonic. Phasic mechanoreceptors are useful in sensing such things as texture or vibrations, whereas tonic receptors are useful for temperature and proprioception among others.

Slowly adapting: Slowly adapting mechanoreceptors include Merkel and Ruffini corpuscle end-organs, and some free nerve endings.
Slowly adapting type I mechanoreceptors have multiple Merkel corpuscle end-organs.
Slowly adapting type II mechanoreceptors have single Ruffini corpuscle end-organs.
Intermediate adapting: Some free nerve endings are intermediate adapting.
Rapidly adapting: Rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors include Meissner corpuscle end-organs, Pacinian corpuscle end-organs, hair follicle receptors and some free nerve endings.
Rapidly adapting type I mechanoreceptors have multiple Meissner corpuscle end-organs.
Rapidly adapting type II mechanoreceptors (usually called Pacinian) have single Pacinian corpuscle end-organs.

By receptive field
Cutaneous mechanoreceptors with small, accurate receptive fields are found in areas needing accurate taction (e.g. the fingertips). In the fingertips and lips, innervation density of slowly adapting type I and rapidly adapting type I mechanoreceptors are greatly increased. These two types of mechanoreceptors have small discrete receptive fields and are thought to underlie most low-threshold use of the fingers in assessing texture, surface slip, and flutter. Mechanoreceptors found in areas of the body with less tactile acuity tend to have larger receptive fields.

Lamellar corpuscles
Lamellar corpuscles, or Pacinian corpuscles or Vater-Pacini corpuscle, are deformation or pressure receptors located in the skin and also in various internal organs. Each is connected to a sensory neuron. Because of its relatively large size, a single lamellar corpuscle can be isolated and its properties studied. Mechanical pressure of varying strength and frequency can be applied to the corpuscle by stylus, and the resulting electrical activity detected by electrodes attached to the preparation.

Deforming the corpuscle creates a generator potential in the sensory neuron arising within it. This is a graded response: the greater the deformation, the greater the generator potential. If the generator potential reaches threshold, a volley of action potentials (nerve impulses) are triggered at the first node of Ranvier of the sensory neuron.

Once threshold is reached, the magnitude of the stimulus is encoded in the frequency of impulses generated in the neuron. So the more massive or rapid the deformation of a single corpuscle, the higher the frequency of nerve impulses generated in its neuron.

The optimal sensitivity of a lamellar corpuscle is 250 Hz, the frequency range generated upon finger tips by textures made of features smaller than 200 micrometres.

Ligamentous mechanoreceptors
There are four types of mechanoreceptors embedded in ligaments. As all these types of mechanoreceptors are myelinated, they can rapidly transmit sensory information regarding joint positions to the central nervous system.
Type I: (small) Low threshold, slow adapting in both static and dynamic settings
Type II: (medium) Low threshold, rapidly adapting in dynamic settings
Type III: (large) High threshold, slowly adapting in dynamic settings
Type IV: (very small) High threshold pain receptors that communicate injury
Type II and Type III mechanoreceptors in particular are believed to be linked to one's sense of proprioception.

Other mechanoreceptors
Other mechanoreceptors than cutaneous ones include the hair cells, which are sensory receptors in the vestibular system of the inner ear, where they contribute to the auditory system and equilibrioception. Baroreceptors are a type of mechanoreceptor sensory neuron that is excited by stretch of the blood vessel. There are also juxtacapillary (J) receptors, which respond to events such as pulmonary edema, pulmonary emboli, pneumonia, and barotrauma.

Muscle spindles and the stretch reflex
The knee jerk is the popularly known stretch reflex (involuntary kick of the lower leg) induced by tapping the knee with a rubber-headed hammer. The hammer strikes a tendon that inserts an extensor muscle in the front of the thigh into the lower leg. Tapping the tendon stretches the thigh muscle, which activates stretch receptors within the muscle called muscle spindles. Each muscle spindle consists of sensory nerve endings wrapped around special muscle fibers called intrafusal muscle fibers. Stretching an intrafusal fiber initiates a volley of impulses in the sensory neuron (a I-a neuron) attached to it. The impulses travel along the sensory axon to the spinal cord where they form several kinds of synapses:

 Some of the branches of the I-a axons synapse directly with alpha motor neurons. These carry impulses back to the same muscle causing it to contract. The leg straightens.
 Some of the branches of the I-a axons synapse with inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord. These, in turn, synapse with motor neurons leading back to the antagonistic muscle, a flexor in the back of the thigh. By inhibiting the flexor, these interneurons aid contraction of the extensor.
 Still other branches of the I-a axons synapse with interneurons leading to brain centers, e.g., the cerebellum, that coordinate body movements.

Mechanism of sensation
In somatosensory transduction, the afferent neurons transmit messages through synapses in the dorsal column nuclei, where second-order neurons send the signal to the thalamus and synapse with third-order neurons in the ventrobasal complex. The third-order neurons then send the signal to the somatosensory cortex.

More recent work has expanded the role of the cutaneous mechanoreceptors for feedback in fine motor control. Single action potentials from Meissner's corpuscle, Pacinian corpuscle and Ruffini ending afferents are directly linked to muscle activation, whereas Merkel cell-neurite complex activation does not trigger muscle activity.

Invertebrate mechanoreceptors
Insect and arthropod mechanoreceptors include:
Campaniform sensilla: Small domes in the exoskeleton that are distributed all along the insect's body. These cells are thought to detect mechanical load as resistance to muscle contraction, similar to the mammalian Golgi tendon organs.
Hair plates: Sensory neurons that innervate hairs that are found in the folds of insect joints. These hairs are deflected when one body segment moves relative to an adjoining segment, they have proprioceptive function, and are thought to act as limit detectors encoding the extreme ranges of motion for each joint.
Chordotonal organs: Internal stretch receptors at the joints, can have both extero- and proprioceptive functions. The neurons in the chordotonal organ in Drosophila melanogaster can be organized into club, claw, and hook neurons. Club neurons are thought to encode vibrational signals while claw and hook neurons can be subdivided into extension and flexion populations that encode joint angle and movement respectively.
Slit sensilla:Slits in the exoskeleton that detect physical deformation of the animal's exoskeleton, have proprioceptive function
Bristle sensilla: Bristle neurons are mechanoreceptors that innervate hairs all along the body. Each neuron extends a dendritic process to innervate a single hair and projects its axon to the ventral nerve cord. These neurons are thought to mediate touch sensation by responding to physical deflections of the hair. In line with the fact that many insects exhibit different sized hairs, commonly referred to as macrochaetes (thicker longer hairs) and microchaetes (thinner shorter hairs), previous studies suggest that bristle neurons to these different hairs may have different firing properties such as resting membrane potential and firing threshold.

Plant mechanoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors are also present in plant cells where they play an important role in normal growth, development and the sensing of their environment. Mechanoreceptors aid the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula Ellis) in capturing large prey.

Molecular biology
Mechanoreceptor proteins are ion channels whose ion flow is induced by touch. Early research showed that touch transduction in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was found to require a two transmembrane, amiloride-sensitive ion channel protein related to epithelial sodium channels (ENaCs). This protein, called MEC-4, forms a heteromeric Na+-selective channel together with MEC-10. Related genes in mammals are expressed in sensory neurons and were shown to be gated by low pH. The first of such receptor was ASIC1a, named so because it is an acid sensing ion channel (ASIC).

See also
 Somatosensory system
 Thermoreceptor
 Nociceptor
 Stretch sensor
 Vestibular system

References

External links

Sensory receptors
Sensory systems
Perception
Ethology

Mechanoreceptor


An Vriesea philippocoburgii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Wawra. An Vriesea philippocoburgii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Vriesea, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Vriesea

Vriesea philippocoburgii


Carousel (Blink-182), pjesma glazbenog sastava Blink-182
 Carousel (Linkin Park), pjesma glazbenog sastava Linkin Park
 Carousel (glazbeni sastav), latvijski glazbeni sastav

Carousel


Insula Alborán (în ) este o insuliță situată în Marea Alborán, parte a Mării Mediteranene de Vest, aproximativ la 50 de kilometri (31 de mile) nord de coasta marocană și la 90 km (56 mile) sud de provincia spaniolă Almería. Posesiune spaniolă încă din 1540, ea a fost luată de la piratul tunisian Al Borani în Bătălia de la Alborán. Acum adăpostește o mică garnizoană a marinei spaniole și un far automatizat.

Descriere
Insula Alborán este o insuliță din Marea Alborán, care face parte din Marea Mediterană de Vest, la aproximativ  nord de coasta marocană și la  sud de țărmul european, mai exact, de provincia Almería a Spaniei. Insula este o platformă plană situată la o altitudine de aproximativ 15 m deasupra nivelului mării și are o suprafață de aproximativ 766 390 m2.

Islote de la Nube
La 100 m distanță de capătul din nord al insulei se află Islote de la Nube (în spaniolă: Insulița Norului).

Diplotaxis siettiana
Planta asemănătoare napului, numită științific Diplotaxis siettiana, iar în spaniolă jaramago de Alborán, are singura sa populație sălbatică cunoscută pe insulă. A dispărut de acolo în secolul al XX-lea, dar a fost reintrodusă cu succes din stocurile de conservare ex-situ în 1999.

Istorie
Alborán a fost cunoscută greșit ca "Albusama".

La mijlocul anilor 1960 au existat câteva încercări ale vaselor de pescuit ale Uniunii Sovietice de a stabili o bază în Alborán, ceea ce a silit armata spaniolă să aducă aici un detașament al Marinei Spaniole.

Viața actuală
Insula aparține administrativ de Comarca Metropolitana de Almería și face parte din districtul Pescadería.

Note

Vezi și
 Marea Alborán
 Almería

Vulcani din Spania
Vulcani din Africa
Insule din Marea Mediterană
Insulele Spaniei
Insule africane

Insula Alborán