The Shawnee ( ) are an Indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands. Their language, Shawnee, is an Algonquian language.

Their precontact homeland was likely centered in southern Ohio. In the 17th century, they dispersed through Ohio, Illinois, Maryland, Delaware, and Pennsylvania. In the early 18th century, they mostly concentrated in eastern Pennsylvania but dispersed again later that century across Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, with a small group joining Muscogee people in Alabama. By the 19th century, the U.S. federal government forcibly removed them under the 1830 Indian Removal Act to areas west of the Mississippi River: which became the states of Missouri, Kansas, Texas. Finally, they were removed to Indian Territory, which became the state of Oklahoma in the early 20th century.

Today, Shawnee people are enrolled in three federally recognized tribes, all headquartered in Oklahoma:
 Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma
 Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma
 Shawnee Tribe

Etymology
Shawnee has also been written as Shaawana. Individuals and singular Shawnee tribes may be referred to as šaawanwa, and the collective Shawnee people as šaawanwaki or šaawanooki.

Algonquian languages have words similar to the archaic shawano (now: shaawanwa) meaning "south". However, the stem šawa- does not mean "south" in Shawnee, but "moderate, warm (of weather)": See Charles F. Voegelin, "šawa (plus -ni, -te) Moderate, Warm. Cp. šawani 'it is moderating...". In one Shawnee tale, "Sawage" (šaawaki) is the deity of the south wind. Jeremiah Curtin translates Sawage as 'it thaws', referring to the warm weather of the south. In an account and a song collected by C. F. Voegelin, šaawaki is attested as the spirit of the South, or the South Wind.

Language
The Shawnee language is known as saawanwaatoweewe. In 2002, the Shawnee language, part of the Algonquian family, was in decline but still spoken by 200 people. These included more than 100 Absentee Shawnee and 12 Shawnee Tribe speakers. By 2017, Shawnee language advocates, including tribal member George Blanchard, estimated that there were fewer than 100 speakers. Most fluent Shawnee speakers are over the age of 50.

The language is written in the Latin script, but attempts at creating a unified spelling system have been unsuccessful. The Shawnee language has a dictionary, and portions of the Bible have been translated into Shawnee.

History

Precontact history

Some scholars believe that the Shawnee descend from the precontact Fort Ancient culture of the Ohio region, although this is not universally accepted. The Shawnee may have entered the area at a later time and occupied the Fort Ancient sites.

Fort Ancient culture flourished from c. 1000 to c. 1650 CE among a people who predominantly inhabited lands on both sides of the Ohio River in areas of present-day southern Ohio, northern Kentucky and western West Virginia. Like the Mississippian culture peoples of this period, they built earthwork mounds as part of their expression of their religious and political structure. Fort Ancient culture was once thought to have been a regional extension of the Mississippian culture. Scholars now believe that Fort Ancient culture (1000–1650 CE) was descended from Hopewell culture (100 BCE–500 CE). The people in those earlier centuries also built mounds as part of their social, political and religious system. Among their monuments were earthwork effigy mounds, such as Serpent Mound in present-day Ohio.

Uncertainty surrounds the fate of the Fort Ancient people. Most likely their society, like the Mississippian culture to the south, was severely disrupted by waves of epidemics from new infectious diseases carried by the first Spanish explorers in the 16th century. After 1525 at Madisonville, the type site, the village's house sizes became smaller and fewer. Evidence shows that the people changed from their previously "horticulture-centered, sedentary way of life".

There is a gap in the archaeological record between the most recent Fort Ancient sites and the oldest sites of the historic Shawnee. The latter were recorded by European (French and English) archaeologists as occupying this area at the time of encounter. Scholars generally accept that similarities in material culture, art, mythology, and Shawnee oral history linking them to the Fort Ancient peoples, can be used to support the connection from Fort Ancient society and development as the historical Shawnee society. But there is also evidence and oral history linking Siouan-speaking nations to the Ohio Valley.

The Shawnee considered the Lenape (or Delaware) of the East Coast mid-Atlantic region, who were also Algonquian speaking, to be their "grandfathers." The Algonquian nations of present-day Canada, who extended to the interior along the St. Lawrence River and around the Great Lakes from the Atlantic coast, regarded the Shawnee as their southernmost branch. Along the East Coast, the Algonquian-speaking tribes were historically located mostly in coastal areas, from Quebec to the Carolinas.

17th century
Europeans reported encountering the Shawnee over a wide geographic area. One of the earliest mentions of the Shawnee may be a 1614 Dutch map showing some Sawwanew located just east of the Delaware River. Later 17th-century Dutch sources also place them in this general location.  Accounts by French explorers in the same century usually located the Shawnee along the Ohio River, where the French encountered them on forays from eastern Canada and the Illinois Country.

Based on historical accounts and later archaeology, John E. Kleber describes Shawnee towns by the following:A Shawnee town might have from forty to one hundred bark-covered houses similar in construction to Iroquois longhouses. Each village usually had a meeting house or council house, perhaps sixty to ninety feet long, where public deliberations took place.

According to one English colonial legend, some Shawnee were descended from a party sent by Chief Opechancanough, ruler of the Powhatan Confederacy of 1618–1644, to settle in the Shenandoah Valley. The party was led by his son, Sheewa-a-nee. Edward Bland, an explorer who accompanied Abraham Wood's expedition in 1650, wrote that in Opechancanough's day, there had been a falling-out between the Chawan chief and the weroance of the Powhatan (also a relative of Opechancanough's family). He said the latter had murdered the former. The Shawnee were "driven from Kentucky in the 1670s by the Iroquois of Pennsylvania and New York, who claimed the Ohio valley as hunting ground to supply its fur trade. In 1671, the colonists Batts and Fallam reported that the Shawnee were contesting control of the Shenandoah Valley with the Haudenosaunee Confederacy (Iroquois) in that year and were losing.

Sometime before 1670, a group of Shawnee migrated to the Savannah River area. The English based in Charles Town, South Carolina, were contacted by these Shawnee in 1674. They forged a long-lasting alliance. The Savannah River Shawnee were known to the Carolina English as "Savannah Indians". Around the same time, other Shawnee groups migrated to Florida, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and other regions south and east of the Ohio country. Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville, founder of New Orleans and the French colony of La Louisiane, writing in his journal in 1699, describes the Shawnee (or as he spells them, Chaouenons) as "the single nation to fear, being spread out over Carolina and Virginia in the direction of the Mississippi."

Historian Alan Gallay speculates that the Shawnee migrations of the middle to late 17th century were probably driven by the Beaver Wars, which began in the 1640s. Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy invaded from the east to secure the Ohio Valley for hunting grounds. The Shawnee became known for their widespread settlements, extending from Pennsylvania to Illinois and to Georgia. Among their known villages were Eskippakithiki in Kentucky, Sonnionto (also known as Lower Shawneetown) in Ohio, Chalakagay near what is now Sylacauga, Alabama, Chalahgawtha at the site of present-day Chillicothe, Ohio, Old Shawneetown, Illinois, and Suwanee, Georgia. Their language became a lingua franca for trade among numerous tribes. They became leaders among the tribes, initiating and sustaining pan-Indian resistance to European and Euro-American expansion.

18th century

Some Shawnee occupied areas in central Pennsylvania. Long without a chief, in 1714 they asked Carondawana, an Oneida war chief, to represent them to the Pennsylvania provincial council. About 1727 Carondawana and his wife, a prominent interpreter known as Madame Montour, settled at Otstonwakin, on the west bank at the confluence of Loyalsock Creek and the West Branch Susquehanna River.

By 1730, European-American settlers began to arrive in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, where the Shawnee predominated in the northern part of the valley. They were claimed as tributaries by the Haudenosaunee or Six Nations of the Iroquois to the north. The Iroquois had helped some of the Tuscarora people from North Carolina, who were also Iroquoian speaking and distant relations, to resettle in the vicinity of what is now Martinsburg, West Virginia. Most of the Tuscarora migrated to New York and settled near the Oneida people, becoming the sixth nation of the Iroquois Confederacy; they declared their migration finished in 1722. Also at this time, Seneca (an Iroquois nation) and Lenape war parties from the north often fought pitched battles with pursuing bands of Catawba from Virginia, who would overtake them in the Shawnee-inhabited regions of the Valley.

By the late 1730s pressure from colonial expansion produced repeated conflicts. Shawnee communities were also impacted by the fur trade. While they gained arms and European goods, they also traded for rum or brandy, leading to serious social problems related to alcohol abuse by their members. Several Shawnee communities in the Province of Pennsylvania, led by Peter Chartier, a métis trader, opposed the sale of alcohol in their communities. This resulted in a conflict with colonial Governor Patrick Gordon, who was under pressure from traders to allow rum and brandy in trade. Unable to protect themselves, in 1745 some 400 Shawnee migrated from Pennsylvania to Ohio, Kentucky, Alabama and Illinois, hoping to escape the traders' influence.

Prior to 1754, the Shawnee had a headquarters at Shawnee Springs at modern-day Cross Junction, Virginia. The father of the later chief Cornstalk held his council there. Several other Shawnee villages were located in the northern Shenandoah Valley: at Moorefield, West Virginia, on the North River; and on the Potomac at Cumberland, Maryland. In 1753, the Shawnee on the Scioto River in the Ohio Country sent messengers to those still in the Shenandoah Valley, suggesting that they cross the Alleghenies to join the people further west, which they did the following year. The community known as Shannoah (Lower Shawneetown) on the Ohio River increased to around 1,200 people by 1750.

Ever since the Beaver Wars, the Haudenosaunee Confederacy had claimed the Ohio Country as their hunting ground by right of conquest, and treated the Shawnee and Lenape who resettled there as dependent tribes. Some independent Iroquois bands from various tribes also migrated westward, where they became known in Ohio as the Mingo. These three tribes—the Shawnee, the Delaware (Lenape), and the Mingo—became closely associated with one another, despite the differences in their languages. The first two spoke Algonquian languages and the third an Iroquoian language.

After taking part in the first phase of the French and Indian War (also known as "Braddock's War") as allies of the French, the Shawnee switched sides in 1758. They made formal peace with the British colonies at the Treaty of Easton, which recognized the Allegheny Ridge (the Eastern Divide) as their mutual border. This peace lasted only until Pontiac's War erupted in 1763, following Britain's defeat of France and takeover of its territory east of the Mississippi River in North America. Later that year, the Crown issued the Proclamation of 1763, legally confirming the 1758 border as the limits of British colonization. They reserved the land beyond for Native Americans. But the Crown had difficulty enforcing the boundary, as Anglo-European colonists continued to move westward.

The Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1768 extended the colonial boundary to the west, giving British colonists a claim to lands in what are now the states of West Virginia and Kentucky. The Shawnee did not agree to this treaty: it was negotiated between British officials and the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, who claimed sovereignty over the land. While they predominated, the Shawnee and other Native American tribes also hunted there. After the Stanwix treaty, Anglo-Americans began pouring into the Ohio River Valley for settlement, frequently traveling by boats and barges along the Ohio River. Violent incidents between settlers and Indians escalated into Lord Dunmore's War in 1774. British diplomats managed to isolate the Shawnee during the conflict: the Iroquois and the Lenape stayed neutral. The Shawnee faced the British colony of Virginia with only a few Mingo allies. Lord Dunmore, royal governor of Virginia, launched a two-pronged invasion into the Ohio Country. The Shawnee chief Cornstalk attacked one wing but fought to a draw in the only major battle of the war, the Battle of Point Pleasant. In the Treaty of Camp Charlotte ending the war (1774), Cornstalk and the Shawnee were compelled by the British to recognize the Ohio River as their southern border, which had been established by the Fort Stanwix treaty. By this treaty, the Shawnee ceded all claims to the "hunting grounds" of West Virginia and Kentucky south of the Ohio River. But many other Shawnee leaders refused to recognize this boundary. The Shawnee and most other tribes were highly decentralized, and bands and towns typically made their own decisions about alliances.

American Revolution
When the United States declared independence from the British crown in 1776, the Shawnee were divided. They did not support the American rebel cause. Cornstalk led the minority who wished to remain neutral. The Shawnee north of the Ohio River were unhappy about the American settlement of Kentucky. Colin Calloway reports that most Shawnees allied with the British against the Americans, hoping to be able to expel the settlers from west of the mountains.

War leaders such as Blackfish and Blue Jacket joined Dragging Canoe and a band of Cherokee along the lower Tennessee River and Chickamauga Creek against the colonists in that area. Some colonists called this group of Cherokee the Chickamauga, because they lived along that river at the time of what became known as the Cherokee–American wars, during and after the American Revolution. But they were never a separate tribe, as some accounts suggested.

After the Revolution and during the Northwest Indian War, the Shawnee collaborated with the Miami to form a great fighting force in the Ohio Valley. They led a confederation of warriors of Native American tribes in an effort to expel U.S. settlers from that territory. After being defeated by U.S. forces at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794, most of the Shawnee bands signed the Treaty of Greenville the next year. They were forced to cede large parts of their homeland to the new United States. Other Shawnee groups rejected this treaty, migrating independently to Missouri west of the Mississippi River, where they settled along Apple Creek. The French called their settlement Le Grand Village Sauvage.

Tecumseh's War and the War of 1812
In the early 19th century, the Shawnee leader Tecumseh gained renown for organizing his namesake confederacy to oppose American expansion in Native American lands. The resulting conflict came to be known as Tecumseh's War. The two principal adversaries in the conflict, chief Tecumseh and General William Henry Harrison, had both been junior participants in the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794. Tecumseh was not among the Native American signers of the Treaty of Greenville. However, many Indian leaders in the region accepted the Greenville terms, and for the next ten years pan-tribal resistance to American hegemony faded.

In September 1809 Harrison, as governor of the Indiana Territory, invited the Potawatomi, Lenape, Eel River people, and the Miami to a meeting at Fort Wayne. In the negotiations, Harrison promised large subsidies to the tribes if they would cede the lands he was asking for. After two weeks of negotiating, the Potawatomi leaders convinced the Miami to accept the treaty as reciprocity, because the Potawatomi had earlier accepted treaties less advantageous to them at the request of the Miami. Finally, the tribes signed the Treaty of Fort Wayne on September 30, 1809, thereby selling the United States over 3,000,000 acres (approximately 12,000 km2), chiefly along the Wabash River north of Vincennes, Indiana.

Tecumseh was outraged by the Treaty of Fort Wayne, believing that American Indian land was owned in common by all tribes, an idea advocated in previous years by the Shawnee leader Blue Jacket and the Mohawk leader Joseph Brant. In response, Tecumseh began to expand on the teachings of his brother Tenskwatawa, a spiritual leader known as The Prophet who called for the tribes to return to their ancestral ways. He began to associate these teachings with the idea of a pan-tribal alliance. Tecumseh traveled widely, urging warriors to abandon accommodationist chiefs and to join the resistance at Prophetstown. In August 1810, Tecumseh led 400 armed warriors to confront Governor Harrison in Vincennes. Tecumseh demanded that Harrison nullify the Fort Wayne treaty, threatening to kill the chiefs who had signed it. Harrison refused, saying that the Miami were the owners of the land and could sell it if they so chose. Tecumseh left peacefully but warned Harrison that he would seek an alliance with the British unless the treaty was nullified.

Great Comet of 1811 and Tekoomsē

In March the Great Comet of 1811 appeared. During the next year, tensions between American colonists and Native Americans rose quickly. Four settlers were murdered along the Missouri River and, in another incident, natives seized a boatload of supplies from a group of traders. Harrison summoned Tecumseh to Vincennes to explain the actions of his allies. In August 1811, the two leaders met, with Tecumseh assuring Harrison that the Shawnee intended to remain at peace with the United States.

Afterward, Tecumseh traveled to the Southeast on a mission to recruit allies against the United States from among the "Five Civilized Tribes." His name Tekoomsē meant "Shooting Star" or "Panther Across The Sky."

Tecumseh told the Choctaw, Chickasaw, Muscogee, and many others that the comet of March 1811 had signaled his coming. He also said that the people would see a sign proving that the Great Spirit had sent him.

While Tecumseh was traveling, both sides readied for the Battle of Tippecanoe. Harrison assembled a small force of army regulars and militia to combat the Native forces. On November 6, 1811, Harrison led this army of about 1,000 men to Prophetstown, Indiana, hoping to disperse Tecumseh's confederacy. Early next morning, forces under The Prophet prematurely attacked Harrison's army at the Tippecanoe River near the Wabash. Though outnumbered, Harrison repulsed the attack, forcing the Natives to retreat and abandon Prophetstown. Harrison's men burned the village and returned home.

New Madrid earthquake
On December 11, 1811, the New Madrid earthquake shook the Muscogee lands and the Midwest. While the interpretation of this event varied from tribe to tribe, they agreed that the powerful earthquake had to have spiritual significance. The earthquake and its aftershocks helped the Tecumseh resistance movement as the Muscogee and other Native American tribes believed it was a sign that the Shawnee must be supported and that Tecumseh had prophesied such an event and sign.

Tribal involvement in the War of 1812

The Muscogee who joined Tecumseh's confederation were known as the Red Sticks. They were the more conservative and traditional part of the people, as their communities in the Upper Towns were more isolated from European-American settlements. They did not want to assimilate. The Red Sticks rose in resisting the Lower Creek, and the bands became involved in civil war, known as the Creek War. This became part of the War of 1812 when open conflict broke out between American soldiers and the Red Sticks of the Creek.

After William Hull's surrender of Detroit to the British during the War of 1812, General William Henry Harrison was given command of the U.S. Army of the Northwest. He set out to retake the city, which was defended by British Colonel Henry Procter, together with Tecumseh and his forces. A detachment of Harrison's army was defeated at Frenchtown along the River Raisin on January 22, 1813. Some prisoners were taken to Detroit, but Procter left those too injured to travel with an inadequate guard. His Native American allies attacked and killed perhaps as many as 60 wounded Americans, many of whom were Kentucky militiamen. The Americans called the incident the "River Raisin Massacre." The defeat ended Harrison's campaign against Detroit, and the phrase "Remember the River Raisin!" became a rallying cry for the Americans.

In May 1813, Procter and Tecumseh besieged Fort Meigs in northern Ohio. American reinforcements arriving during the siege were defeated by the Natives, but the garrison in the fort held out. The Indians eventually began to disperse, forcing Procter and Tecumseh to return to Canada. Their second offensive in July against Fort Meigs also failed. To improve Indian morale, Procter and Tecumseh attempted to storm Fort Stephenson, a small American post on the Sandusky River. After they were repulsed with serious losses, the British and Tecumseh ended their Ohio campaign.

On Lake Erie, the American commander Captain Oliver Hazard Perry fought the Battle of Lake Erie on September 10, 1813. His decisive victory against the British ensured American control of the lake, improved American morale after a series of defeats, and compelled the British to fall back from Detroit. General Harrison launched another invasion of Upper Canada (Ontario), which culminated in the U.S. victory at the Battle of the Thames on October 5, 1813. Tecumseh was killed there, and his death effectively ended the North American Indigenous alliance with the British in the Detroit region. American control of Lake Erie meant the British could no longer provide essential military supplies to their aboriginal allies, who dropped out of the war. The Americans controlled the area during the remainder of the conflict.

Aftermath
The Shawnee in Missouri migrated from the United States south into Mexico, in the eastern part of Spanish Texas. They became known as the "Absentee Shawnee." They were joined in the migration by some Delaware (Lenape). Although they were closely allied with the Cherokee led by The Bowl, their chief John Linney remained neutral during the 1839 Cherokee War.

Texas achieved independence from Mexico under American leaders. It decided to force removal of the Shawnee from the new republic. But in appreciation of their earlier neutrality, Texan President Mirabeau Lamar fully compensated the Shawnee for their improvements and crops. They were forced out to Arkansas Territory. The Shawnee settled close to present-day Shawnee, Oklahoma. They were joined by Shawnee pushed out of Kansas (see below), who shared their traditionalist views and beliefs.

In 1817, the Ohio Shawnee had signed the Treaty of Fort Meigs, ceding their remaining lands in exchange for three reservations in Wapaughkonetta, Hog Creek (near Lima), and Lewistown, Ohio.  They shared these lands with some Seneca people who had migrated west from New York.

In a series of treaties, including the Treaty of Lewistown of 1825, Shawnee and Seneca people agreed to exchange land in western Ohio with the United States for land west of the Mississippi River in what became Indian Territory. In July 1831, the Lewistown group of Seneca–Shawnee departed for the Indian Territory (in present-day Kansas and Oklahoma).

The main body of Shawnee in Ohio followed Black Hoof, who fought every effort to force his people to give up their homeland. After the death of Black Hoof, the remaining 400 Ohio Shawnee in Wapaughkonetta and Hog Creek surrendered their land and moved to the Shawnee Reserve in Kansas. This movement was largely under terms negotiated by Joseph Parks (1793-1859). He had been raised in the household of Lewis Cass and had been a leading interpreter for the Shawnee.

Missouri joined the Union in 1821. After the Treaty of St. Louis in 1825, the 1,400 Missouri Shawnee were forcibly relocated from Cape Girardeau, along the west bank of the Mississippi River, to southeastern Kansas, close to the Neosho River.

During 1833, only Black Bob's band of Shawnee resisted removal. They settled in northeastern Kansas near Olathe and along the Kansas (Kaw) River in Monticello near Gum Springs. The Shawnee Methodist Mission was built nearby to minister to the tribe. About 200 of the Ohio Shawnee followed the prophet Tenskwatawa and had joined their Kansas brothers and sisters here in 1826.

In the mid-1830s two companies of Shawnee soldiers were recruited into United States service to fight in the Seminole War in Florida. One of these was led by Joseph Parks, who had earlier helped negotiate the cession treaty. He was commissioned as captain. Parks was a major landholder in both Westport, Missouri and in Shawnee, Kansas. He was also a Freemason and a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. In Shawnee, Kansas, a Shawnee cemetery was started in the 1830s and remained in use until the 1870s. Parks was among the most prominent men buried there.

In the 1853 Indian Appropriations Bill, Congress appropriated $64,366 for treaty obligations to the Shawnee, such as annuities, education, and other services. An additional $2,000 was appropriated for the Seneca and the Shawnee together.

During the American Civil War, Black Bob's band fled from Kansas and joined the "Absentee Shawnee" in Indian Territory to escape the war. After the Civil War, the Shawnee in Kansas were expelled and forced to move to northeastern Oklahoma. The Shawnee members of the former Lewistown group became known as the "Eastern Shawnee".

The former Kansas Shawnee became known as the "Loyal Shawnee" (some say this is because of their allegiance with the Union during the war; others say this is because they were the last group to leave their Ohio homelands).  The latter group appeared to be regarded as part of the Cherokee Nation by the United States. They were also known as the "Cherokee Shawnee" and were settled on some of the Cherokee land in Indian Territory.

Federal recognition
In the late 20th century, the "Loyal" or "Cherokee" Shawnee began a movement to be federally recognized as a tribe independent of the Cherokee Nation. They received this action by a Congressional bill and are now known as the "Shawnee Tribe".  Today, most members of the three federally recognized tribes of the Shawnee nation reside in Oklahoma.

Social and kinship groups
Before contact with Europeans, the Shawnee tribe had a patrilineal system, by which descent and inheritance went through paternal lines. This was different from many of the Native American tribes, who had matrilineal kinship systems. In that alternative, children were considered born to the mother's family and clan, and inheritance and property was passed through the female line.

According to mid-19th century historian Henry Harvey, the Shawnee were ruled by kings, whom they called sachema [or sachems], who reigned by succession in the matrilineal line. For instance, the children of a king would not inherit the position. The sons of his brother, by the mother, or the sons of his sister (and after them, the sons of her daughter) would reign. Women did not inherit such a position directly. Harvey suggested that the Shawnee relied on this system of descent because a woman's sons would always be considered legitimate.

The five divisions, or septs, of the tribe were commonly known as:
Chillicothe (Principal Place), Chalahgawtha, Chalaka, Chalakatha; The Principal division of "Tschillicothi", appointed by the 1st Lead Illini or man Kwikullay.
Hathawekela, Thawikila;
Kispoko, Kispokotha, Kishpoko, Kishpokotha; [from ishpoko as akin to the Ispogi, meaning swamps or marshy lands of the Muscogi or Creeks, most specific to the Tukabatchi]
Mekoche, Mequachake,  Machachee, Maguck, Mackachack, etc.; Mackochee
Pekowi, Pekuwe, Piqua, Pekowitha. [Pickywanni or pickquay]

The war chiefs were also hereditary. They descended from their maternal line in the Kispoko division.

A 1935 study noted that the Shawnee had five septs, and that they were also divided among six clans or subdivisions, according to kinship. Each clan represented spiritual values and had a recognized role in the overall confederacy. Each name group or clan is found among each of the five divisions, and each Shawnee belongs to a clan or name group.

The six group names are:
Pellewomhsoomi (Turkey name group)—represents bird life,
Kkahkileewomhsoomi (Turtle name group)—represents aquatic life,
Petekoθiteewomhsoomi (Rounded-feet name group)—represents carnivorous animals such as the dog, wolf, or those with paws that are ball-shaped or "rounded,"
Mseewiwomhsoomi (Horse name group)—represents herbivorous animals such as the horse and deer,
θepatiiwomhsoomi (Raccoon name group)—represents animals having paws which can rip and tear, such as those of a raccoon and bear.
Petakineeθiiwomhsoomi (Rabbit name group)—represents a gentle and peaceful nature.

Each sept or division had a primary village where the chief of the division lived.  This village was usually named after the division. By tradition, each Shawnee division and clan had certain roles it performed on behalf of the entire tribe. By the time these kinship elements were recorded in writing by European Americans, these strong social traditions were fading. They are poorly understood. Because of the disruption and scattering of the Shawnee people from the 17th century through the 19th century, the roles of the divisions changed.

Today the United States government recognizes three Shawnee tribes, all of which are located in Oklahoma:
The Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma, consisting mainly of Hathawekela, Kispokotha, and Pekuwe divisions;
The Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma, mostly of the Mekoche division; and
The Shawnee Tribe, formerly considered part of the Cherokee Nation, mostly of the Chaalakatha and Mekoche divisions. Petakineeθiiwomhsoomi (Rabbit name group) represents a gentle and peaceful nature, that stands alone as the Tail or last.

As of 2008, there were 7,584 enrolled Shawnee, with most living in Oklahoma.

State-recognized tribe
The state of Alabama recognizes an organization, the Piqua Shawnee Tribe, as a state-recognized tribe under the Davis-Strong Act. Ohio does not recognize any Shawnee tribes or any other state-recognized tribes. Kentucky also has no mechanism for state-recognizing tribes.

Unrecognized groups who claim Shawnee descent
Numerous other groups claim Shawnee ancestry. These organizations are not federally recognized tribes nor state-recognized tribes.

The Absentee Shawnee Tribal Historic Preservation Office's Cultural Preservation Department wrote that "in our ancestral settlement areas including but not limited to Ohio, Kentucky, West Virginia, Indiana, [and] Alabama. In these areas, there are a number of people who claim Shawnee ancestry, this is not so much the concern as the fact that some of these individuals or groups use this claim to exploit Shawnee culture as a means of gaining opportunities for themselves from a public that is largely unaware of the vast divide that separates our tribal community politically and culturally from those of alleged Shawnee ancestry."

These unrecognized organizations include:
 Chickamauga Keetoowah Unami Wolf Band of Cherokee Delaware Shawnee of Ohio, West Virginia, and Virginia
 East of the River Shawnee, OH
 Kispoko Sept of Ohio Shawnee, LA
 Kispoko Sept of Ohio Shawnee (Hog Creek Reservation), OH
 Lower Eastern Ohio Mekoce Shawnee, OH. Letter of Intent to Petition 3/5/2001.
 Lower Eastern Ohio Meckoche Shawnee, OH and WV
 Morning Star Shawnee Nation, OH
 Ohio Blue Creek Bands, OH
 Piqua Sept of Ohio Shawnee Indians, OH
 Platform Reservation Remnant Band of the Shawnee Nation, Nashville, IN
 Shawnee Nation Blue Creek Band, Adams County, OH. Letter of Intent to Petition 8/5/1998.
 Piqua Shawnee Tribe / Piqua Sept of Ohio Shawnee Tribe, OH. Letter of Intent to Petition 04/16/1991.
 Ridgetop Shawnee, Corbin, KY. In 2009 and 2010, the State House of the Kentucky General Assembly referred to the Ridgetop Shawnee Tribe of Indians in House Joint Resolutions 15 or HJR-15 and HJR-16.
 Southeastern Kentucky Shawnee, KY
 United Remnant Band of the Shawnee Nation, Bellefontaine, OH
 United Shawnee Tribe, KS
 Upper Kispoko Band of the Shawnee Indians, IN
 Vinyard Indian Settlement of Shawnee Indians, Herod, IL
 Youghiogheny River Band Of Shawnee Indians, Garrett County, MD

Ben Barnes, chief of the Shawnee Tribe, has written: "Groups claiming to be tribal sovereigns has reached a new level of concern for the Shawnee Tribe and other tribal nations." He continues:
There are currently 36 unestablished Shawnee "tribes" operating as 501(c)(3) non-profits across the country. Their 501(c)(3) designations allow them to solicit donations and participate in grants meant for Tribal nations. They pose as spokespeople for our ancestors at historic sites, state historical societies, and university campuses causing significant harm to our identity, culture, and reputation. These groups are violating the sacred, ancient places of our ancestors. They perform their ideas of our ceremonies on top of our burial mounds and have stolen our language, customs, and ceremonies.

Flags of the Shawnee

Notable historic Shawnee
Shawnee people from the 20th and 21st centuries are listed under their specific tribes.
 Big Hominy (Meshemethequater, 1690–1758), a respected warrior known for participating in peace conferences that prevented war between English settlers and the Shawnees
 Black Bob (Wawahchepaehai or Wawahchepaekar), 19th-century leader and war chief in Ohio
 Black Hoof (Catahecassa, 1740–1831), respected Shawnee chief who believed his people needed to adapt to European-American culture to survive.
 Black Snake (Peteusha) and Big Snake (Shemanetoo), active in Lord Dunmore's War, the American Revolutionary War, and the Northwest Indian War
 Blackfish (Chiungalla, 1729–1779), a Shawnee chief of the Chillicothe division of the Shawnee tribe.
 Blue Jacket (Waweyapiersenwaw, "Blue Jacket," 1743–1810), a leader in the Northwest Indian War and important early supporter of Tecumseh
 Peter Chartier (Wacanackshina, "White One Who Reclines" - 1690–1759), French-Canadian/Shawnee who opposed the sale of alcohol in Shawnee communities and fought on the side of the French in the French and Indian War.
 Chiksika (Chiuxca, "Black Stump," 1760–1792), Kispoko war chief and older brother of Tecumseh
 Cornstalk (Hokolesqua, 1720–1777), led the Shawnee in Dunmore's War of 1774.
 George Drouillard (1773–1810), French-Canadian/Shawnee who served as scout on the Lewis and Clark Expedition
 Kakowatcheky (d. ca. 1755), a significant leader in 1694 and a Shawnee chief as early as 1709 who moved to Logstown in 1744.
 Kekewepelethy (Captain Johnny, d. c. 1808), principal civil chief of the Shawnees in the Ohio Country during the Northwest Indian War
 Captain Logan (Spemica Lawba, "High Horn," c. 1776–1812), noted scout and interpreter on American side during the War of 1812
 Neucheconeh, (d. ca. 1748), chief of the western Pennsylvania Shawnee who campaigned against the unrestricted sale of alcohol in Shawnee communities.
 Nonhelema (1720–1786), sister of Cornstalk, helped compile the dictionary for the Shawnee language.
 Opessa Straight Tail (Wapatha, 1664–1750), became chief of his Pekowi band in 1697 and signed several peace treaties with William Penn before leading his people to the Ohio River Valley in ca. 1727
 Tecumseh (c. 1768–1813), Shawnee leader; with his brother Tenskwatawa attempted to unite tribes west of the Appalachians against the expansion of European-American settlement.
 Tenskwatawa ("The Open Door," 1775–1836), Shawnee prophet and younger brother of Tecumseh

See also
 Battle of Tippecanoe Outdoor Drama

Notes

References
Callender, Charles. "Shawnee", in Northeast: Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15, ed. Bruce Trigger. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978: 622–35.
Clifton, James A. Star Woman and Other Shawnee Tales. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1984. ;  (pbk.)
Edmunds, R. David. The Shawnee Prophet. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1983. .
Edmunds, R. David. Tecumseh and the Quest for Indian Leadership. Originally published 1984. 2nd edition, New York: Pearson Longman, 2006.
Edmunds, R. David. "Forgotten Allies: The Loyal Shawnees and the War of 1812" in David Curtis Skaggs and Larry L. Nelson, eds., The Sixty Years' War for the Great Lakes, 1754–1814, pp. 337–51. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2001. .

Howard, James H. Shawnee!: The Ceremonialism of a Native Indian Tribe and its Cultural Background. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1981. ;  (pbk.)
Lakomäki, Sami. Gathering Together: The Shawnee People through Diaspora and Nationhood, 1600–1870. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014.
O'Donnell, James H. Ohio's First Peoples. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 2004.  (paperback),  (hardcover).
Sugden, John. Tecumseh: A Life. New York: Holt, 1997.  (hardcover);  (1999 paperback).
Sugden, John. Blue Jacket: Warrior of the Shawnees. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2000. .

External links

Federally recognized Shawnee tribes
 Absentee Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma, official website
 Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma, official website
 Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma, official website

Shawnee history
 Shawnee History
 Shawnee Indian Mission
 "Shawnee Indian Tribe", Access Genealogy
 Treaty of Fort Meigs, 1817, Central Michigan State University
 BlueJacket

Algonquian ethnonyms
Native American tribes in Indiana
Native American tribes in Kentucky
Native American tribes in Missouri
Native American tribes in Ohio
Native American tribes in Oklahoma
Native American tribes in Pennsylvania
Native American tribes in Virginia
Native American tribes in Alabama
Native American tribes in Kansas
Native Americans in the American Revolution
Prehistoric cultures in Ohio
Native American tribes in West Virginia

Shawnee


Yukarıçekmez, Sinop ilinin Dikmen ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1946 yılı kayıtlarında Çekmez olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Sinop il merkezine 88 km, Dikmen ilçe merkezine 15 km uzaklıktadır. Köye bağlı Pamukçu mahallesi Kavgalı Tarla mevkiinde bir nekropol bulunur.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Dikmen belde ve köyleri

Yukarıçekmez


Quai de la Gare () is a station on Line 6 of the Paris Métro. It is located at the intersection of the Quai de la Gare and Boulevard Vincent Auriol, in the 13th arrondissement.

History

The station opened on 1 March 1909 with the opening of the original section of Line 6 from Place d'Italie to Nation (although part of Line 5—some dating back to 2 October 1900—was incorporated into Line 6 on 12 October 1942).  It is named after the Quai de la Gare on the Rive Gauche of the Seine, which was a wharf opened in 1770 and serving the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital. Nearby was the location of the Barrière de la Gare, a gate built for the collection of taxation as part of the Wall of the Farmers-General; the gate was built between 1784 and 1788 and demolished in 1819.

As part of the RATP's Renouveau du metro program, the station was completely renovated in the 2000s. In 2021, attendance is gradually rising, with 1,735,465 passengers entering this station, placing it in the 202nd position of metro stations for its usage.

Passenger services

Access
The station has two accesses leading to either side of the central median of Boulevard Vincent-Auriol:
 Access 1 - "Avenue de France" located to the right of nos. 11 and 12 of the boulevard;
 Access 2 - "Pont de Bercy" facing nos. 1 and 2 of the boulevard.
Each opens onto a communal area under the viaduct from where access to the platforms is by means of fixed stairs, escalators, or elevators.

Station layout

Platforms
Quai de la Gare is an elevated station of standard configuration. It has two platforms separated by the metro tracks, all established in a very slight curve and covered with a glass roof. The vertical walls are covered with bevelled white ceramic tiles on the inside, and bricks layered in geometric patterns on the outside. The advertising frames are made of white ceramic and the name of the station is inscribed in Parisine font on enamelled plaques. The Motte style seats are white and arranged on convex benches covered with flat white ceramic tiles. The lighting is semi-direct, projected on the ground by blue ceiling lights, on the walls by partially concealed tubes and on the frame by blue light projectors. Access is via the eastern end.

Bus connections
The station is served by lines 61, 71, 89, 215 and 325 of the RATP Bus Network and, at night, by lines N131 and N133 of the Noctilien bus network.

Nearby
Nearby are the Ministry of the Economy and Finance and AccorHotels Arena, although best served by the next station towards Nation, Bercy, which Line 6 reaches by crossing the Pont de Bercy.

Gallery

References

Roland, Gérard (2003). Stations de métro. D'Abbesses à Wagram. Éditions Bonneton.

Paris Métro stations in the 13th arrondissement of Paris
Railway stations in France opened in 1909

Quai de la Gare station


Los antiítos (Anthiitae) son una supertribu de coleópteros adéfagos de la familia Carabidae.

Tribus
Tiene las siguientes tribus:
Anthiini
Helluonini
Physocrotaphini

Referencias

 ; ;  2008: A new Helluodes Westwood species from Western Ghats with notes on habitat, distribution and phylogenetic relationships of genera Helluodes Westwood and Physocrotaphus Parry of the tribe Physocrotaphini Chaudoir (Insecta: Coleoptera: Carabidae: Anthiinae). Zootaxa, 1745: 30-46. Abstract & excerpt
 Carabidae of the World [como Anthiinae]

Harpalinae

Anthiitae


ඕපනායක ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය යනු,  ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ, සබරගමුව පළාතේ,   රත්නපුර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ, පිහිටි ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසයකි.

ජනගහනය

ග්‍රාම නිලධාරී වසම්  ඕපනායක,මීගහවෙල,මල්මීකන්ද,මැටිහක්වල,හල්ලින්න,පොල්වත්තහේන,උතුරු හුණුවල,දකුණු හුණුවල,දන්දෙනිය,හත්තැල්ල,හත්තැල්ල එගොඩ,බටදුර,ගල්කන්ද,ලියනගොඩ,අකරැල්ල,වල්ලකැටිය,උඩවෙල,මාදොල,කැන්දකැටිය,පැලෑන්දකන්ද

ආර්ථිකය

ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම්වරුන්

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පළාත්
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පරිපාලන දිස්ත්‍රික්ක

මූලාශ්‍ර
 Divisional Secretariats Portal

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
රත්නපුර  දිස්ත්‍රික්කය

ඕපනායක ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය


Ali Suat Ürgüplü (13 Ağustos 1903, Şam - 26 Aralık 1981, İstanbul), Türk siyasetçi. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin 11. Başbakanı.

Ailesi
I. Dünya Savaşı'na katılma fetvasını veren Şeyhülislam Ürgüplü Mustafa Hayri Efendi'nin oğludur. Lâle Devri Sadrazamı Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Paşa'nın soyundandır.

Hayatı
Galatasaray Lisesi'nden sonra 1926 yılında İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi'ni bitirdi. Çeşitli devlet hizmetlerinde bulundu. Türkiye-Yunanistan 1924 Nüfus Mübadelesi mahkemelerinde çalıştı. Galatasaray Spor Kulübü'nde atletizm yaptı.

1929-1932 yılları arasında İstanbul Ticaret Mahkemesi yargıçlığında bulundu.

1939 ve 1943 yıllarında Kayseri Milletvekili seçildi. 2. Şükrü Saraçoğlu kabinesinde Gümrük ve Tekel Bakanı oldu.

Bakanlığında kahve ithalatı konusunda yolsuzluklar olduğu yolunda dedikodular çıkınca örnek bir davranışta bulundu:

Daha sonra Yüce Divan'da yapılan yargılama sonucunda beraat etti. Bu olay hâlen bazı okullarda idare hukuku dersinde okutulmaktadır.

1950 yılında tekrar TBMM'ye döndü. 1952 yılına kadar Demokrat Parti Kayseri Milletvekilliği yaptı. Avrupa İstişari Meclisi'nde başkan yardımcılığı görevinde bulundu.

1952 yılında TBMM'den ayrılarak Bonn Büyükelçiliğine getirildi. 1955 yılında Londra, 1959 yılında Washington, DC, 1960 yılında Madrid Büyükelçiliğine atandı.

1961 seçimlerine katılarak Adalet Partisi Kayseri Senatörü seçildi. Cumhuriyet Senatosu'nun ilk başkanı oldu. Bu görevi tamamladıktan sonra 1965 yılında İsmet İnönü'nün başbakanlıktan istifa ettiği 5 Şubat tarihinden 10 Ekim 1965 genel seçimleri sonrasına kadar Adalet Partisi'nin öncülüğündeki koalisyon hükûmetinin başkanlığını yaptı. 1966 yılında kontenjan senatörü seçildi. 1972 yılına kadar bu görevde kaldı.

Nihat Erim hükûmetinin 17 Nisan 1972'de istifasından sonra, Cumhurbaşkanı Cevdet Sunay yeni hükûmeti kurma görevini önce Suat Hayri Ürgüplü'ye verdi. Ancak daha sonra - büyük olasılıkla 12 Mart darbesini yapan komutanların, eski DP ve AP geçmişi nedeniyle uygun bulmamaları nedeniyle - Ürgüplü'nün kabinesini onaylamadı ve yeni hükûmeti kurma görevini Ferit Melen'e verdi.

26 Aralık 1981 tarihinde, 13 yıldır muzdarip olduğu kalp hastalığından dolayı öldü. Mezarı Edirnekapı Şehitliği'ndedir.

Ailesi
Suat Hayri Ürgüplü'nün babası Hayri Efendi Osmanlı Devleti'nin son döneminde Şeyhülislamlık yapmış bir din adamıydı. Eşi Zeynep Nigar Hanım ile 1933 yılında evlenen Ürgüplü'nün bu evlilikten Hayri adında bir oğlu vardı. Suat Hayri Ürgüplü'nün oğlu Hayri Ürgüplü, 1965 yılında Eski Irak kralı Gazi bin Faysal'ın nişanlısı ve aynı zamanda son Osmanlı Padişahı Vahdettin'in torunu Hanzade Sultan'ın kızı Fazıla İbrahim ile evlenmişti. Bu evlilikten iki torunu bulunmaktaydı. Sabiha Sultan'ın kızı Hanzade Sultan ile dünür olmuştu. Kardeşi Münip Hayri Ürgüplü de milletvekilliği yaptı.

Kaynakça

1903 doğumlular
1981 yılında ölenler
Galatasaray Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
Yüce Divan'da yargılanan siyasetçiler ve bürokratlar
Türkiye'nin İspanya büyükelçileri
Türkiye'nin Birleşik Krallık büyükelçileri
Türkiye'nin Amerika Birleşik Devletleri büyükelçileri
TBMM 6. dönem Kayseri milletvekilleri
TBMM 7. dönem Kayseri milletvekilleri
TBMM 9. dönem Kayseri milletvekilleri
TBMM Kayseri Cumhuriyet Senatörleri
TBMM Cevdet Sunay tarafından seçilen Cumhuriyet Senatörleri
Bürokrat Senatörler
Hukukçu Senatörler
Edirnekapı Şehitliği'ne defnedilenler
Avrupa Konseyi Parlamenter Meclisi Türk Grubu
Şam doğumlular
TBMM Cumhuriyet Senatosu Başkanvekilleri
Türkiye başbakanları
Demokrat Parti (1946) mensubu siyasetçiler
20. yüzyıl Türk siyasetçileri
Almanya Federal Cumhuriyeti Liyakat Nişanı sahipleri
Gümrük ve Tekel Bakanları

Suat Hayri Ürgüplü


Deutsche Bank AG (), sometimes referred to simply as Deutsche, is a German multinational investment bank  and financial services company headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany, and dual-listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange. Founded in 1870, the bank grew through multiple acquisitions, including Disconto-Gesellschaft in 1929, as a consequence of which it was known from 1929 to 1937 as Deutsche Bank und Disconto-Gesellschaft or DeDi-Bank, Bankers Trust in 1998, and Deutsche Postbank in 2010.

As of 2018, the bank's network spanned 58 countries with a large presence in Europe, the Americas, and Asia. It is a component of the DAX stock market index and is often referred to as the largest German banking institution, even though the Sparkassen-Finanzgruppe comes well ahead in terms of combined assets. Deutsche Bank has been designated a global systemically important bank by the Financial Stability Board since 2011.

History

1870–1919
Deutsche Bank was founded on 1870 in Berlin as a specialist bank for financing foreign trade and promoting German exports. It subsequently played a large part in developing Germany's financial services industry, as its business model focused on providing finance to industrial customers. The bank's statute was adopted on 22 January 1870, and on 10 March 1870 the Prussian government granted it a banking license. The statute laid great stress on foreign business:

Three of the founders were Georg Siemens, whose father's cousin had founded Siemens and Halske; Adelbert Delbrück and Ludwig Bamberger. Prior to the founding of Deutsche Bank, German importers and exporters were dependent upon British and French banking institutions in the world markets—a serious handicap in that German bills were almost unknown in international commerce, generally disliked and subject to a higher rate of a discount than English or French bills.

Founding members
 Hermann Zwicker (Bankhaus Gebr. Schickler, Berlin)
 Anton Adelssen (Bankhaus Adelssen & Co., Berlin)
 Adelbert Delbrück (Bankhaus Delbrück, Leo & Co.)
 Heinrich von Hardt (Hardt & Co., Berlin, New York)
 Ludwig Bamberger (politician, former chairman of Bischoffsheim, Goldschmidt & Co)
 Victor Freiherr von Magnus (Bankhaus F. Mart Magnus)
  (Bankhaus Deichmann & Co., Cologne)
 Gustav Kutter (Bankhaus Gebrüder Sulzbach, Frankfurt)
 Gustav Müller (Württembergische Vereinsbank, Stuttgart)

First directors
 Wilhelm Platenius, Georg Siemens and Hermann Wallich

The bank's first domestic branches, inaugurated in 1871 and 1872, were opened in Bremen and Hamburg. Its first oversea-offices opened in Shanghai in 1872 and London in 1873 followed by South American offices between 1874 and 1886. The branch opening in London, after one failure and another partially successful attempt, was a prime necessity for the establishment of credit for the German trade in what was then the world's money center.

Major projects in the early years of the bank included the Northern Pacific Railroad in the US and the Baghdad Railway (1888). In Germany, the bank was instrumental in the financing of bond offerings of steel company Krupp (1879) and introduced the chemical company Bayer to the Berlin stock market.

The second half of the 1890s saw the beginning of a new period of expansion at Deutsche Bank. The bank formed alliances with large regional banks, giving itself an entry into Germany's main industrial regions. Joint ventures were symptomatic of the concentration then under way in the German banking industry. For Deutsche Bank, domestic branches of its own were still something of a rarity at the time; the Frankfurt branch dated from 1886 and the Munich branch from 1892, while further branches were established in Dresden and Leipzig in 1901.

In addition, the bank rapidly perceived the value of specialist institutions for the promotion of foreign business. Gentle pressure from the Foreign Ministry played a part in the establishment of Deutsche Ueberseeische Bank in 1886 and the stake taken in the newly established Deutsch-Asiatische Bank three years later, but the success of those companies showed that their existence made sound commercial sense.

1919–1933

In 1919, the bank purchased the state's share of Universum Film Aktiengesellschaft (Ufa). In 1926, the bank assisted in the merger of Daimler and Benz.

The bank merged with other local banks in 1929 to create Deutsche Bank and Disconto-Gesellschaft. In 1937, the company name changed back to Deutsche Bank.

1933–1945
After Adolf Hitler came to power, instituting the Third Reich, Deutsche Bank dismissed its three Jewish board members in 1933. In subsequent years, Deutsche Bank took part in the aryanization of Jewish-owned businesses, provided the owners of "aryanized" businesses were in the know about their Jewish status beforehand; according to its own historians, the bank was involved in 363 such confiscations by November 1938. In 1938, German bank Mendelssohn & Co. was acquired. During the war, Deutsche Bank incorporated other banks that fell into German hands during the occupation of Eastern Europe. Deutsche Bank provided banking facilities for the Gestapo and loaned the funds used to build the Auschwitz camp and the nearby IG Farben facilities.

During World War II, Deutsche Bank became responsible for managing the Bohemian Union Bank in Prague, with branches in the Protectorate and in Slovakia, the Bankverein in Yugoslavia (which in the present day is divided into two financial corporations, one in Serbia and one in Croatia after the breakup of Yugoslavia), the Albert de Barry Bank in Amsterdam, the National Bank of Greece in Athens, the Creditanstalt-Bankverein in Austria and Hungary, the Deutsch-Bulgarische Kreditbank in Bulgaria, and Banca Comercială Română (The Romanian Commercial Bank) in Bucharest. It also maintained a branch in Istanbul, Turkey.

In 1999, Deutsche Bank confirmed officially that it had been involved in the Auschwitz camp. In December 1999, Deutsche, along with other major German companies, contributed to a US$5.2 billion compensation fund following lawsuits brought by Holocaust survivors; U.S. officials had threatened to block Deutsche Bank's $10 billion purchase of Bankers Trust, a major American bank, if it did not contribute to the fund. The history of Deutsche Bank during the Second World War has since been documented by independent historians commissioned by the Bank.

Post-World War II

Following Germany's defeat in World War II, the Allied authorities, in 1948, ordered Deutsche Bank's break-up into regional banks. These regional banks were later consolidated into three major banks in 1952: Norddeutsche Bank AG; Süddeutsche Bank AG; and Rheinisch-Westfälische Bank AG. In 1957, these three banks merged to form Deutsche Bank AG with its headquarters in Frankfurt.

In 1959, the bank entered retail banking by introducing small personal loans. In the 1970s, the bank pushed ahead with international expansion, opening new offices in new locations, such as Milan (1977), Moscow, London, Paris, and Tokyo. In the 1980s, this continued when the bank paid U$603 million in 1986 to acquire Banca d'America e d'Italia.

In 1972, the bank established its Fiduciary Services Division which provides support to its private wealth division.

At 8:30 am on 30 November 1989, Alfred Herrhausen, chairman of Deutsche Bank, was killed when a car that he was in exploded while he was traveling in the Frankfurt suburb of Bad Homburg. The Red Army Faction claimed responsibility for the blast.

In 1989, the first steps towards creating a significant investment-banking presence were taken with the acquisition of Morgan, Grenfell & Co., a UK-based investment bank which was renamed Deutsche Morgan Grenfell in 1994. In 1995 to greatly expand into international investments and money management, Deutsche Bank hired Edson Mitchell, a risk specialist from Merrill Lynch, who hired two other former Merrill Lynch risk specialists Anshu Jain and William S. Broeksmit. By the mid-1990s, the buildup of a capital-markets operation had got underway with the arrival of a number of high-profile figures from major competitors. Ten years after the acquisition of Morgan Grenfell, the US firm Bankers Trust was added. Bankers Trust suffered losses during the 1998 Russian financial crisis since it had a large position in Russian government bonds, but avoided financial collapse by being acquired by Deutsche Bank for $10 billion in November 1998. On 4 June 1999, Deutsche Bank merged its Deutsche Morgan Grenfell and Bankers Trust to became Deutsche Asset Management (DAM) with Robert Smith as the CEO. This made Deutsche Bank the fourth-largest money management firm in the world after UBS, Fidelity Investments, and the Japanese post office's life insurance fund. At the time, Deutsche Bank owned a 12% stake in DaimlerChrysler but United States banking laws prohibit banks from owning industrial companies, so Deutsche Bank received an exception to this prohibition through 1978 legislation from Congress.

Deutsche continued to build up its presence in Italy with the acquisition in 1993 of Banca Popolare di Lecco from Banca Popolare di Novara for about $476 million. In 1999, it acquired a minority interest in Cassa di Risparmio di Asti.

21st century

In the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks the Deutsche Bank Building in Lower Manhattan, formerly Bankers Trust Plaza, was heavily damaged by the collapse of the South Tower of the World Trade Center. Demolition work on the 39-story building continued for nearly a decade, and was completed in early 2011.

In October 2001, Deutsche Bank was listed on the New York Stock Exchange. This was the first NYSE listing after interruption due to 11 September attacks. The following year, Josef Ackermann became CEO of Deutsche Bank and served as CEO until 2012 when he became involved with the Bank of Cyprus. Then, beginning in 2002, Deutsche Bank strengthened its U.S. presence when it purchased Scudder Investments. Meanwhile, in Europe, Deutsche Bank increased its private-banking business by acquiring Rued Blass & Cie (2002) and the Russian investment bank United Financial Group (2005) founded by the United States banker Charles Ryan and the Russian official Boris Fyodorov which followed Anshu Jain's aggressive expansion to gain strong relationships with state partners in Russia. Jain persuaded Ryan to remain with Deutsche Bank at its new Russian offices and later, in April 2007, sent the president and chairman of the management board of VTB Bank Andrey Kostin's son Andrey to Deutsche Bank's Moscow office. Later, in 2008, to establish VTB Capital, numerous bankers from Deutsche Bank's Moscow office were hired by VTB Capital. In Germany, further acquisitions of Norisbank, Berliner Bank and Deutsche Postbank strengthened Deutsche Bank's retail offering in its home market. This series of acquisitions was closely aligned with the bank's strategy of bolt-on acquisitions in preference to so-called "transformational" mergers. These formed part of an overall growth strategy that also targeted a sustainable 25% return on equity, something the bank achieved in 2005.

On 1 October 2003, Deutsche Bank and Dresdner Bank entered into a payment transaction agreement with Postbank to have Postbank process payments as the clearing center for the three banks.

Since the mid-1990s Deutsche Bank commercial real estate division offered Donald Trump financial backing, even though in the early 1990s Citibank, Manufacturers Hanover, Chemical, Bankers Trust, and 68 other entities refused to financially support him.

In 2008, Trump sued Deutsche Bank for $3 billion and a few years later, he shifted his financial portfolio from the investment banking division to Deutsche Bank private wealth division with Rosemary Vrablic, formerly of Citigroup, Bank of America, and Merrill Lynch, becoming Trump's new personal banker at Deutsche Bank.

In 2007, the company's headquarters, the Deutsche Bank Twin Towers building, was extensively renovated for three years, certified LEED Platinum and DGNB Gold.

In 2010, the bank developed and owned the Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas, after the casino's original developer defaulted on its borrowings. Deutsche Bank ran it at a loss until its sale in May 2014. The bank's exposure at the time of sale was more than $4 billion, and sold the property to Blackstone Group for $1.73 billion.

Great Recession and European debt crisis (2007–2012)

Housing credit bubble and CDO market

On 3 January 2014, it was reported that Deutsche Bank would settle a lawsuit brought by US shareholders, who had accused the bank of bundling and selling bad real estate loans before the 2008 downturn. This settlement came subsequent and in addition to Deutsche's $1.93 billion settlement with the US Housing Finance Agency over similar litigation related to the sale of mortgage-backed securities to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.

Leveraged super-senior trades
Former employees including Eric Ben-Artzi and Matthew Simpson have claimed that, during the crisis, Deutsche failed to recognize up to $12 billion of paper losses on its $130 billion portfolio of leveraged super senior trades, although the bank rejects the claims. A company document of May 2009 described the trades as "the largest risk in the trading book", and the whistleblowers allege that had the bank accounted properly for its positions its capital would have fallen to the extent that it might have needed a government bailout. One of them claims that "If Lehman Brothers didn't have to mark its books for six months it might still be in business, and if Deutsche had marked its books it might have been in the same position as Lehman."

Deutsche had become the biggest operator in this market, which were a form of credit derivative designed to behave like the most senior tranche of a CDO. Deutsche bought insurance against default by blue-chip companies from investors, mostly Canadian pension funds, who received a stream of insurance premiums as income in return for posting a small amount of collateral. The bank then sold protection to US investors via the CDX credit index, the spread between the two was tiny but was worth $270m over the 7 years of the trade. It was considered very unlikely that many blue chips would have problems at the same time, so Deutsche required collateral of just 10% of the contract value.

The risk of Deutsche taking large losses if the collateral was wiped out in a crisis was called the gap option. Ben-Artzi claims that after modeling came up with "economically unfeasible" results, Deutsche accounted for the gap option first with a simple 15% "haircut" on the trades (described as inadequate by another employee in 2006) and then in 2008 by a $1–2bn reserve for the credit correlation desk designed to cover all risks, not just the gap option. In October 2008, it stopped modeling the gap option and just bought S&P put options to guard against further market disruption, but one of the whistleblowers has described this as an inappropriate hedge. A model from Ben-Artzi's previous job at Goldman Sachs suggested that the gap option was worth about 8% of the value of the trades, worth $10.4bn. Simpson claims that traders were not simply understating the gap option but actively mismarking the value of their trades.

European debt crisis, 2009–today

In 2008, Deutsche Bank reported its first annual loss in five decades, despite receiving billions of dollars from its insurance arrangements with AIG, including US$11.8 billion from funds provided by US taxpayers to bail out AIG.

Based on a preliminary estimation from the European Banking Authority (EBA), in late 2011, Deutsche Bank AG needed to raise capital of about €3.2 billion as part of a required 9% core Tier 1 ratio after sovereign debt write-down starting in mid-2012.

As of 2012, Deutsche Bank had negligible exposure to Greece, but Spain and Italy accounted for a tenth of its European private and corporate banking business with credit risks of about €18 billion in Italy and €12 billion in Spain.

In 2017, Deutsche Bank needed to get its common equity tier-1 capital ratio up to 12.5% in 2018 to be marginally above the 12.25% required by regulators.

Since 2012
In January 2014, Deutsche Bank reported a €1.2 billion ($1.6 billion) pre-tax loss for the fourth quarter of 2013. This came after analysts had predicted a profit of nearly €600 million, according to FactSet estimates. Revenues slipped by 16% versus the prior year.

Deutsche Bank's Capital Ratio Tier-1 (CET1) was reported in 2015 to be only 11.4%, lower than the 12% median CET1 ratio of Europe's 24 biggest publicly traded banks, so there would be no dividend for 2015 and 2016. Furthermore, 15,000 jobs were to be cut.

In June 2015, the then co-CEOs, Jürgen Fitschen and Anshu Jain, both offered their resignations to the bank's supervisory board, which were accepted. Jain's resignation took effect in June 2015, but he provided consultancy to the bank until January 2016. Fitschen continued as joint CEO until May 2016. The appointment of John Cryan as joint CEO was announced, effective July 2016; he became sole CEO at the end of Fitschen's term.

In January 2016, Deutsche Bank pre-announced a 2015 loss before income taxes of approximately €6.1 billion and a net loss of approximately €6.7 billion. Following this announcement, a bank analyst at Citi declared: "We believe a capital increase now looks inevitable and see an equity shortfall of up to €7 billion, on the basis that Deutsche may be forced to book another €3 billion to €4 billion of litigation charges in 2016."

May 2017, Chinese conglomerate HNA Group became its biggest shareholder, owning 9.90% of its shares.
However, HNA Group's stake reduced to 8.8% as of February 16, 2018.

In November 2018, the bank's Frankfurt offices were raided by police in connection with investigations around the Panama papers and money laundering. Deutsche Bank released a statement confirming it would "cooperate closely with prosecutors".

AUTO1 FinTech is a joint venture of AUTO1 Group, Allianz, SoftBank and Deutsche Bank.

In February 2019, HNA Group announced cutting stake in Deutsche Bank to 6.3 percent. It was further reduced to 0.19 percent as at March 2019.

During the Annual General Meeting in May 2019, CEO Christian Sewing said he was expecting a "deluge of criticism" about the bank's performance and announced that he was ready to make "tough cutbacks" after the failure of merger negotiations with Commerzbank AG and weak profitability. According to The New York Times, "its finances and strategy [are] in disarray and 95 percent of its market value [has been] erased".  News headlines in late June 2019 claimed that the bank would cut 20,000 jobs, over 20% of its staff, in a restructuring plan. On 8 July 2019, the bank began to cut 18,000 jobs, including entire teams of equity traders in Europe, the US, and Asia. On the previous day, Sewing had laid blame on unnamed predecessors who created a "culture of poor capital allocation" and chasing revenue for the sake of revenue, according to a Financial Times report, and promised that going forward, the bank "will only operate where we are competitive".

In January 2020, Deutsche Bank had decided to cut the bonus pool at its investment branch by 30% following restructuring efforts.

In February 2021, it was reported that Deutsche Bank made a profit of €113 million ($135.6 million) for 2020, the first annual net profit it had posted since 2014.

In March 2021, Deutsche Bank sold about $4 billion of holdings seized in the implosion of Archegos Capital Management in a private deal. The move helped Deutsche Bank emerge unscathed after Archegos defaulted on margin loans used to build up highly leveraged bets on stocks.

Leadership history
When Deutsche Bank was first organized in 1870 there was no CEO. Instead the board was represented by a speaker of the board. Beginning in February 2012, the bank has been led by two co-CEOs; in July 2015 it announced it would be led by one CEO beginning in 2016. The management bodies are the annual general meeting, supervisory board and management board.

Logotype
In 1972, the bank created the world-known blue logo "Slash in a Square" – designed by Anton Stankowski and intended to represent growth within a risk-controlled framework.

Corporate governance

Shareholders
Deutsche Bank is one of the leading listed companies in German post-war history. Its shares are traded on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and, since 2001, also on the New York Stock Exchange and are included in various indices, including the DAX and the Euro Stoxx 50. As the share had lost value since mid-2015 and market capitalization had shrunk to around €18 billion, it temporarily withdrew from the Euro Stoxx 50 on 8 August 2016. With a 0.73% stake, it is currently the company with the lowest index weighting.

In 2001, Deutsche Bank merged its mortgage banking business with that of Dresdner Bank and Commerzbank to form Eurohypo AG. In 2005, Deutsche Bank sold its stake in the joint company to Commerzbank.

Business divisions
The bank's business model rests on three pillars – the Corporate & Investment Bank (CIB), the Private & Commercial Bank and Asset Management (DWS).

Corporate & Investment Bank (CIB)

The Corporate & Investment Bank (CIB) is Deutsche Bank's capital markets business. The CIB comprises the below six units.

 Corporate Finance is responsible for advisory and mergers & acquisitions (M&A).
 Equities / Fixed Income & Currencies. These two units are responsible for sales and trading of securities.
 Global Capital Markets (GCM) is focused on financing and risk management solutions. It includes debt and equity issuances.
 Global Transaction Banking (GTB) caters to corporates and financial institutions by providing commercial banking products including cross-border payments, cash management, securities services, and international trade finance.
 Deutsche Bank Research provides analysis of products, markets, and trading strategies.

Private & Commercial Bank

 Private & Commercial Clients Germany / International is the retail bank of Deutsche Bank. In Germany, it operates under two brands – Deutsche Bank and Postbank. Additionally, it has operations in Belgium, Italy, Spain and India. The businesses in Poland and Portugal are in the process of being sold.
 Wealth Management functions as the bank's private banking arm, serving high-net-worth individuals and families worldwide. The division has a presence in the world's private banking hotspots, including Switzerland, Luxembourg, the Channel Islands, the Cayman Islands and Dubai.

Deutsche Asset Management (DWS)
Deutsche Bank holds a majority stake in the listed asset manager DWS Group (formerly Deutsche Asset Management), which was separated from the bank in March 2018.

Controversies
Deutsche Bank in general as well as specific employees have frequently figured in controversies and allegations of deceitful behavior or illegal transactions. As of 2016, the bank was involved in some 7,800 legal disputes and calculated €5.4 billion as litigation reserves, with a further €2.2 billion held against other contingent liabilities. According to the New Yorker, Deutsche Bank has long had an "abject" reputation. Between 2008 and 2016, Deutsche Bank paid around nine billion dollars in fines and settlements related to wrongdoings across different issue areas. The FinCEN file leaks documented around $1.3 trillion of suspicious transactions through Deutsche Bank between 1999 and 2017. More than half of all suspicious transactions involving major banks in the FinCEN files leaks involved Deutsche Bank.

Role in financial crisis of 2007–2008

In January 2017, Deutsche Bank agreed to a $7.2 billion settlement with the United States Department of Justice over its sale and pooling of toxic mortgage securities in the years leading up to the Financial crisis of 2007–2008.  As part of the agreement, Deutsche Bank was required to pay a civil monetary penalty of $3.1 billion and provide $4.1 billion in consumer relief, such as loan forgiveness. At the time of the agreement, Deutsche Bank was still facing investigations into the alleged manipulation of foreign exchange rates, suspicious equities trades in Russia, as well as alleged violations of United States sanctions against Iran and other countries. Since 2012, Deutsche Bank had paid more than €12 billion for litigation, including a deal with U.S. mortgage-finance giants Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.

Espionage scandal, 2009
In 2009, the bank admitted it engaged in covert espionage on its critics from 2001 to 2007 directed by its corporate security department, although it characterized the incidents as "isolated". According to The Wall Street Journal, Deutsche Bank had prepared a list of names of people who it wanted investigated for criticism of the bank, including Michael Bohndorf (an activist investor in the bank), Leo Kirch (a former media executive in litigation with the bank), and the Munich law firm of Bub Gauweiler & Partner, which represented Kirch. According to  the Wall Street Journal, the bank's legal department was involved in the scheme along with its corporate security department. The bank hired Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton to investigate the incidents on its behalf. The Cleary firm submitted its report, which however was not made public. According to The Wall Street Journal, the Cleary firm uncovered a plan by which Deutsche Bank was to infiltrate the Bub Gauweiler firm by having a bank mole hired as an intern at the Bub Gauweiler firm. The plan was allegedly cancelled after the intern was hired but before she started work. Peter Gauweiler, a principal at the targeted law firm, was quoted as saying "I expect the appropriate authorities including state prosecutors and the bank's oversight agencies will conduct a full investigation."

Deutsche Bank's law firm Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton in Frankfurt published a report in July 2009 saying, it found no systemic misbehaviour and there was no indication that present members of the management board had been involved in any activity that raises legal issues or has had any knowledge of such activities. This was confirmed by the Public Prosecutor's Office in Frankfurt in October 2009. BaFin found deficiencies in operations within Deutsche Bank's security unit in Germany but no systemic misconduct. The bank said it took steps to strengthen controls for the mandating of external service providers by its Corporate Security Department.

Deutsche Bank document release, 2014
On 26 January 2014, William S. Broeksmit, a risk specialist at Deutsche Bank who was very close to Anshu Jain and hired by Edson Mitchell to spearhead Deutsche Bank's foray into international investments and money management in the 1990s, released numerous Deutsche Bank documents from the New York branch of the Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas (DBTCA), which Broeksmit's adopted son Val Broeksmit, who is a close friend of Moby, later gave, along with numerous emails, to both Welt am Sonntag and ZDF, which revealed numerous irregularities including both a $10 billion money laundering scheme spearheaded by the Russia branch of Deutsche Bank at Moscow, which the New York State Department of Financial Services fined Deutsche Bank $425 million, and derivatives improprieties.

Libor scandal, 2015

On 23 April 2015, Deutsche Bank agreed to a combined US$2.5 billion in fines – a US$2.175 billion fine by American regulators, and a €227 million penalty by British authorities – for its involvement in the Libor scandal uncovered in June 2012. It was one of several banks colluding to fix interest rates used to price hundreds of trillions of dollars of loans and contracts worldwide, including mortgages and student loans. Deutsche Bank also pleaded guilty to wire fraud, acknowledging that at least 29 employees had engaged in illegal activity. It was required to dismiss all employees who were involved with the fraudulent transactions. However, no individuals were charged with criminal wrongdoing. In a Libor first, Deutsche Bank will be required to install an independent monitor. Commenting on the fine, Britain's Financial Conduct Authority director Georgina Philippou said "This case stands out for the seriousness and duration of the breaches ...  One division at Deutsche Bank had a culture of generating profits without proper regard to the integrity of the market. This wasn't limited to a few individuals but, on certain desks, it appeared deeply ingrained." The fine represented a record for interest rate related cases, eclipsing a $1.5 billion Libor related fine to UBS, and the then-record $450 million fine assessed to Barclays earlier in the case. The size of the fine reflected the breadth of wrongdoing at Deutsche Bank, the bank's poor oversight of traders, and its failure to take action when it uncovered signs of abuse internally.

U.S. sanctions violations, 2015
On 5 November 2015, Deutsche Bank was ordered to pay US$258 million (€237.2 million) in penalties imposed by the New York State Department of Financial Services (NYDFS) and the United States Federal Reserve Bank after the bank was caught doing business with Burma, Libya, Sudan, Iran, and Syria, which were under US sanctions at the time. According to the US federal authorities, Deutsche Bank handled 27,200 US dollar clearing transactions valued at more than US$10.86 billion (€9.98 billion) to help evade US sanctions between early 1999 until 2006 which were done on behalf of Iranian, Libyan, Syrian, Burmese, and Sudanese financial institutions and other entities subject to US sanctions, including entities on the Specially Designated Nationals by the Office of Foreign Assets Control.

In response to the penalties, the bank will pay US$200 million (€184 million) to the NYDFS while the rest (US$58 million; €53.3 million) will go to the Federal Reserve. In addition to the payment, the bank will install an independent monitor, fire six employees who were involved in the incident, and ban three other employees from any work involving the bank's US-based operations.

Tax evasion, 2016
In June 2016 six former employees in Germany were accused of being involved in a major tax fraud deal with CO2 emission certificates, and most of them were subsequently convicted. It was estimated that the sum of money in the tax evasion scandal might have been as high as €850 million. Deutsche Bank itself was not convicted due to an absence of corporate liability laws in Germany.

Dakota Access Pipeline, 2016

Environmentalists criticize Deutsche Bank for co-financing the controversial Dakota Access Pipeline, which is planned to run close to an Indian reservation and is seen as a threat to their livelihood by its inhabitants.

Deutsche Bank has issued a statement addressing the criticism it received from various environmental groups.

Russian money-laundering operations
In January 2017, the bank was fined $425 million by the New York State Department of Financial Services (DFS) and £163 million by the UK Financial Conduct Authority regarding accusations of laundering $10 billion out of Russia.

In the decade preceding the Russian mirror-trading scheme, Deutsche Bank was informed of substantial and widespread compliance concerns. The offsetting trades in this instance lacked economic purpose and could have been used to facilitate money laundering or other illegal activity. On January 30, 2017, the NYSDFS (New York State Department of Financial Services) fined Deutsche Bank $425 million for violating New York's anti-money laundering laws. There was a "mirror trading" scheme involved. Deutsche Bank's Moscow, London, and New York branches laundered $10 billion out of Russia.

The Global Laundromat scandal revealed Deutsche Bank's involvement in a vast money-laundering operation over the period 2010–2014. The operation may have involved as much as $80 billion. In 2019, The Guardian reported that a confidential internal report at Deutsche Bank showed that the bank could face fines, legal action, and even possible prosecution of senior management over the bank's role in the money laundering.

In 2020, it was reported that Deutsche Bank was pursuing an expansion of its Russia operations.

In the wake of Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine, Deutsche Bank refused to close down its Russia business. At the same time, other banks and major businesses were exiting Russia.

In June 2023, the bank notified customers that it could no longer guarantee them access to the shares they hold on the basis of depositary receipts issued prior to February 2022. He explained this by the shortage of shares in the Russian depository. The bank also warned that it would be able to return the funds for the share significantly below the market price.

Relationship with Donald Trump, 1995–2021

Deutsche Bank is widely recognized as being the largest creditor to real-estate mogul and politician Donald Trump, 45th President of the United States, lending him and his company more than $2 billion over twenty years ending 2020. The bank held more than $360 million in outstanding loans to him prior to his 2016 election. Although his 2019 final report never mentioned Deutsche Bank, as of December 2017, Special Counsel Robert Mueller investigated Deutsche Bank's role in Trump and Russian parties allegedly cooperating to elect him. , Deutsche Bank's relationship with Trump was also under investigation by two U.S. congressional committees and by the New York attorney general.

In April 2019, House Democrats subpoenaed the Bank for Trump's personal and financial records. On 29 April 2019, U.S. President Donald Trump, his business, and his children Donald Trump Jr., Eric Trump, and Ivanka Trump sued Deutsche Bank and Capital One bank to block them from turning over financial records to congressional committees. On 22 May 2019, judge Edgardo Ramos of the federal District Court in Manhattan rejected the Trump suit against Deutsche Bank, ruling the bank must comply with congressional subpoenas. Six days later, Ramos granted Trump's attorneys their request for a stay so they could pursue an expedited appeal through the courts. In October 2019, a federal appeals court said the bank asserted it did not have Trump's tax returns. In December 2019, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that Deutsche Bank must release Trump's financial records, with some exceptions, to congressional committees; Trump was given seven days to seek another stay pending a possible appeal to the Supreme Court.

In May 2019, The New York Times reported  that anti-money laundering specialists in the bank detected what appeared to be suspicious transactions involving entities controlled by Trump and his son-in-law Jared Kushner, for which they recommended filing suspicious activity reports with the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network of the Treasury Department, but bank executives rejected the recommendations. One specialist noted money moving from Kushner Companies to Russian individuals and flagged it in part because of the bank's previous involvement in a Russian money-laundering scheme.

On 19 November 2019, Thomas Bowers, a former Deutsche Bank executive and head of the American wealth management division, was reported to have committed suicide in his Malibu home. Bowers had been in charge of overseeing and personally signing over $360 million in high-risk loans for Trump's National Doral Miami resort. The loans had been subject to a criminal investigation by special counsel Robert Mueller in his investigation of the president's 2016 campaign involvement in Russian election meddling. Documents on those loans have also been subpoenaed from Deutsche Bank by the House Democrats together with the financial documents of the president. A relationship between Bowers's responsibilities and apparent suicide has not been established; the Los Angeles County Medical Examiner – Coroner closed the case, giving no indication to wrongdoing by third parties.

In early 2021, Deutsche Bank elected to discontinue its relationship with Donald Trump following the January 6 United States Capitol attack.

Fine for business with Jeffrey Epstein, 2020
Deutsche Bank lent money and traded currencies for the well-known sex offender Jeffrey Epstein up to May 2019, long after Epstein's 2008 guilty plea in Florida to soliciting prostitution from underage girls, according to news reports. Epstein and his businesses had dozens of accounts through the private-banking division. From 2013 to 2018, "Epstein, his related entities and his associates" had opened over forty accounts with Deutsche Bank.

According to The New York Times, Deutsche Bank managers overruled compliance officers who raised concerns about Epstein's reputation.

The bank found suspicious transactions in which Epstein moved money out of the United States, The Times reported.

On 7 July 2020, the New York Department of Financial Services (DFS) imposed a $150 million penalty on Deutsche Bank, in connection with Epstein. The bank had "ignored red flags on Epstein".

On 24 November, two unnamed women that accused Epstein of sexual abuse and sex trafficking also sued Deutsche Bank for its role in enabling Epstein to run his sex-trafficking operations by ignoring red flags regarding his account and the withdrawal of suspiciously high sums of money.

Involvement in Danske Bank money-laundering scandal, 2018
On 19 November 2018, a whistleblower of the Danske Bank money laundering scandal stated that a large European bank was involved in helping Danske process $150 billion in suspect funds. Although the whistleblower, Howard Wilkinson, did not name Deutsche Bank directly, another inside source claimed the institute in question was Deutsche Bank's U.S. unit.
In 2020 it became known that the U.S. arm of Deutsche Bank processed more than $150 billion of the $230 billion dirty money through New York, for which it was fined 150 million $. After a raid in 2019, Frankfurt-based prosecutors imposed a fine of $15.8 million in 2020 for DB's failure on more than 600 occasions to promptly report suspicious transactions.

Improper handling of ADRs, 2018

On 20 July 2018, Deutsche Bank agreed to pay nearly $75 million to settle charges of improper handling of "pre-released" American depositary receipt (ADRs) under investigation of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Deutsche Bank didn't admit or deny the investigation findings but agreed to pay disgorgement of more than $44.4 million in ill-gotten gains plus $6.6 million in prejudgment interest and a penalty of $22.2 million.

Malaysian 1MDB fund
In July 2019, U.S. prosecutors investigated Deutsche Bank's role in a multibillion-dollar fraud scandal involving the 1Malaysia Development Berhad, or 1MDB. Deutsche Bank helped raise $1.2 billion for the 1MDB in 2014. As of May 2021 Malaysia sued Deutsche Bank to recover billions in alleged losses from a corruption scandal at the fund.

Commodities trading, bribery fine, 2021
In January 2021, Deutsche Bank agreed to pay a U.S. fine of more than $130 million for a scheme to conceal bribes to foreign officials in countries such as Saudi Arabia and China, and the city of Abu Dhabi, between 2008 and 2017 and a commodities case where it spoofed precious metals futures.

Strip club scandal, 2022
In March 2022, Ben Darsney, Ravi Raghunathan, Brandon Sun, and Daniel Gaona were exposed for trying to expense strip club nights out as legitimate business visits.  Brandon Sun attempted to cover up the incident, but the bankers were let go for violating the Company Code of Conduct.

Acquisitions
 Disconto-Gesellschaft in Berlin, 1929
 Mendelssohn & Co. 1938
 Morgan, Grenfell & Company, 1990
 Bankers Trust, 30 November 1998
 Scudder Investments, 2001
 RREEF, 2002
 Berkshire Mortgage Finance, 22 October 2004
 Chapel Funding (now DB Home Lending), 12 September 2006
 Norisbank, 2 November 2006
 MortgageIT, 3 January 2007
 Hollandsche Bank-Unie, 2 July 2008
 Sal. Oppenheim, 2010
 Deutsche Postbank, 2010
 Park Plaza Mall (enclosed shopping center in Little Rock, Arkansas), 2021
 Numis, 2023 (announced).

Notable employees

 Hermann Josef Abs, former chair (1957–1968)
 Paul Achleitner, chairman of the supervisory board
 Josef Ackermann, former CEO (2002–2012)
 Friedrich Wilhelm Christians, former co-head of Deutsche Bank
 Michael Cohrs, former head of Global Banking (2002–2010)
 John Cryan, former CEO (2015–2018)
 Sir John Craven – financier in London
 Jürgen Fitschen, former co-chair
 David Folkerts-Landau, head of Research
 Katherine Garrett-Cox, chief executive officer
 Alfred Herrhausen, former chair (1988–1989)
 Henry Jackson – founder of OpCapita
 Anshu Jain, former head of Corporate and Investment Banking
 Sajid Javid, former Managing-Director (2007–2009)
 Josh Frydenberg, former director of global banking (2005)
 Otto Hermann Kahn – philanthropist
 Karl Kimmich, former chair (1942–1945)
 Hilmar Kopper, former chairman of the board of Deutsche Bank (1989–1997)
 Philip May, spouse of a former prime minister of the United Kingdom
 Steven Reich – CEO of Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, associate deputy attorney general (2011–2013)
 Georg von Siemens, co-founder and director (1870–1900)
 Georg Solmssen, former chair (short time 1933)
 Johannes Teyssen, (chair of the management board of E.ON)
 Ted Virtue – executive board member
 Hermann Wallich, co-founder and director (1870–1893)
 Boaz Weinstein – derivatives trader
 Chandra Wilson – actress

See also

European Financial Services Roundtable
Cash Group
List of largest banks
List of corporate collapses and scandals

Sources
 David Enrich, Dark Towers: Deutsche Bank, Donald Trump, and an Epic Trail of Destruction, Custom House (2020)  - The story of Deutsche Bank.

Notes

References

External links

 Historical Association of Deutsche Bank
 Deutsche Bank in the Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin) database
 Literature by and about Deutsche Bank in the German National Library

1870 establishments in Germany
Banks established in 1870
Banks under direct supervision of the European Central Bank
Companies listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Exchange-traded funds
Financial services companies established in 1870
German brands
Companies involved in the Holocaust
German companies established in 1870
Investment banks
Investment management companies of Germany
Multinational companies headquartered in Germany
Primary dealers
Systemically important financial institutions

Deutsche Bank


Kosmos 2399, ruski vojni fotografski izviđački satelit iz programa Kosmos. Vrste je Orljec-2 (Jenisej, Neman, Don br. 7L).
Lansiran je 12. kolovoza 2003. godine u 14:20 s kozmodroma Bajkonura (Tjuratama) u Kazahstanu. Lansiran je u nisku orbitu oko planeta Zemlje raketom nosačem Sojuz-U 11A511U. Orbita mu je bila 202 km u perigeju i 317 km u apogeju. Orbitna inklinacija mu je bila 64,93°. Spacetrackov kataloški broj je 27856. COSPARova oznaka je 2003-035-A. Zemlju je obilazio u 89,69 minuta.

Eksplodirao je 9. prosinca 2003. godine. Iz ove je misije ostao još jedan dio koji je četiri dana po lansiranju i kruženju u niskoj orbiti vratio se u atmosferu.

Izvori
Heavens-above (engl.)
NASA (engl.)
Planet4589.org Tablični prikaz podataka o satelitima (engl.)

Vanjske poveznice
N2YO.com Search Satellite Database
Celes Trak SATCAT Format Documentation (engl.)
Kunstman  Satellites in Orbit (engl.)

Sateliti Kosmos

Kosmos 2399


බටපොත රජයේ මධ්‍යම බෙහෙත් ශාලාව යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ මාදෙල්ගමුව, බටපොත පිහිටි රජයේ මධ්‍යම බෙහෙත් ශාලාවකි (Central Dispensary).

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ රජයේ මධ්‍යම බෙහෙත් ශාලා

බටපොත රජයේ මධ්‍යම බෙහෙත් ශාලාව


Odbojkaški klub Zrinski Nuštar je muški odbojkaški klub iz Nuštra, Vukovarsko-srijemska županija, Republika Hrvatska. Klub je osnovan 10. travnja 1979. godine u Nuštru.

Trenutno se natječe u 2. Hrvatskoj odbojkaškoj ligi - regija istok - seniori.

O klubu
OK Zrinski Nuštar iz Nuštra, koji bez prestanka djeluje od 10. travnja 1979. godine i okuplja mnoštvo djece i mladih iz općine Nuštar, a nada se u budućnosti i iz okolice pa i cijele Vukovarsko-srijemske županije. Višegodišnja tradicija i ime Zrinskog iz Nuštra u Slavoniji i Baranji, Hrvatskoj, a i Europi (Kup CEV-a 1993. Godine) i dalje živi u nekolicini domaćih ljudi, Nuštaraca, koji žele da se ta tradicija igranja odbojke u Nuštru nastavi i dalje te prenese na buduće naraštaje. Smatra se ako je klub opstao tijekom ratnih događanja i velikog stradanja Hrvatske, a posebno Nuštra, da može prebroditi sve probleme koji se nađu pred njim. Natječe se u 2. Hrvatskoj odbojkaškoj ligi - istok i u sezoni 2020.2021. je prvoplasirana ekipa. Ovim izvrsnim rezultatom privlači sve veći broj djece i mladih da se bave odbojkom.

Klub djeluje u više dobnih kategorija:

 mini odbojka
 mala odbojka
 mlađi kadeti
 kadeti
 juniori
 seniori

40 godina kluba

Odbojkaški klub Zrinski Nuštar je svečanom večerom i zabavom za navijače, stare i sadašnje igrače, uprave, prijatelje i sponzore, obilježio 40. godina kontinuiranog rada i postojanja.

Nuštarski klub, nekadašnji Hrvatski europski predstavnik (kup CEV-a 1993. godine), rezultatski sjajnu sezonu 2018./2019. (mlađi kadeti – Državno školsko i klupsko prvenstvo, 1. mjesto Međunarodni turnir u Valpovu, 2. mjesto liga Slavonije i Baranje; Seniori – 2. mjesto Hrvatska odbojkaška liga – istok), zaključio je s "feštom za pamćenje" s preko 200 uzvanika pod pokroviteljstvom Općine Nuštar, županije Vukovarsko-srijemske i Hrvatskim odbojkaškim savezom.

Tijekom večeri organizirana je bogata tombola, s preko 115 nagrada naših sponzora i prijatelja kluba te u vlastitoj organizaciji, koja je ozarila lica sretnih dobitnika, a djelomično pokrila troškove organizacije proslave.

OK Zrinski u europskim natjecanjima

1993./94. CEV CUP
CEV Volleyball Challenge Cup - Men je treće po snazi europsko klupsko odbojkaško natjecanje. Organizira ga Europska odbojkaška federacija (CEV).

Natjecanje je osnovano 1980. godine kao CEV Cup (Kup CEV), a od 2007. godine nosi naziv Challenge Cup, dok je dotadašnji Top Teams Cup postao CEV Cup.

Kvalifikacijska runda - 1. utakmica

Izvor: cev.eu

Kvalifikacijska runda - 2. utakmica

Izvor: cev.eu

Povijest natjecanja u Republici Hrvatskoj

Prva Hrvatska liga
 Prva hrvatska odbojkaška liga 1992./93. – 6. mjesto
 Prva hrvatska odbojkaška liga 1993./94. - 7. mjesto
 Prva hrvatska odbojkaška liga 1994./95. - 13. mjesto

Druga Hrvatska liga
 2. hrvatska odbojkaška liga za muškarce 1995./96. – 5. mjesto Grupa Sjever
 2. hrvatska odbojkaška liga za muškarce 1996./97. – 6. mjesto Grupa A
 2. hrvatska odbojkaška liga za muškarce 1997./98. -
 2. hrvatska odbojkaška liga za muškarce 1998./99. -
 2. hrvatska odbojkaška liga za muškarce 1999./00. -
 2. hrvatska odbojkaška liga za muškarce 2000./01. -
 2. hrvatska odbojkaška liga za muškarce 2001./02. -
 2. hrvatska odbojkaška liga za muškarce 2002./03. -
 2. hrvatska odbojkaška liga za muškarce 2003./04. -
 2. hrvatska odbojkaška liga za muškarce 2004./05. -
 2. hrvatska odbojkaška liga za muškarce 2005./06. -
 2. hrvatska odbojkaška liga za muškarce 2006./07. -
 1. B hrvatska odbojkaška liga za muškarce 2007./08. – 11. mjesto
 1. B hrvatska odbojkaška liga za muškarce 2008./09. – 3. mjesto
 1. B hrvatska odbojkaška liga za muškarce 2009./10. – 8. mjesto
 2. hrvatska odbojkaška liga za muškarce 2010./11. – 4. mjesto
 2. hrvatska odbojkaška liga za muškarce 2011./12. - 7. mjesto
 2. hrvatska odbojkaška liga za muškarce 2012./13. – 6. mjesto
 2. A hrvatska odbojkaška liga za muškarce 2013./14. – 7. mjesto
 2. A hrvatska odbojkaška liga za muškarce 2014./15. – 4. mjesto
 2. A hrvatska odbojkaška liga za muškarce 2015./16. – 2. mjesto
 2. hrvatska odbojkaška liga za muškarce 2016./17. - 2. mjesto
 2. hrvatska odbojkaška liga za muškarce 2017./18. – 3. mjesto
 2. hrvatska odbojkaška liga za muškarce 2018./19. – 2. mjesto
 2. hrvatska odbojkaška liga za muškarce 2019./20. – 3. mjesto (prekinuto natjecanje)

Igrači

Sezona 2020./2021.

OK Zrinski 1

OK Zrinski 2

Škola odbojke

Sezona 2019./2020.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Službena Web stranica OK Zrinski Nuštar
 Službena Facebook stranica OK Zrinski Nuštar
 Službena Instagram stranica OK Zrinski Nuštar
 Službeni Youtube kanal OK Zrinski Nuštar
 You Tube - Video obilježavanja 40. godina kluba
 Galerija obilježavanja 40. godina kluba

Zrinski
Zrinski

OK Zrinski Nuštar


Na literatura, a atmosfera, também chamada de humor ou clima refere-se a atmosfera criada na narrativa por meio do cenário (local e ambiente em que a narrativa ocorre), do tom (atitude do narrador e dos personagens da narrativa) e das descrições. Embora a atmosfera e o cenário estejam conectados, eles podem ser considerados separadamente até certo ponto. Atmosfera é a aura de humor que envolve a história. Está para a ficção o que o nível sensorial está para a poesia ou a mise-en-scène está para o cinema. A atmosfera é estabelecida para afetar o leitor emocional e psicologicamente e fornecer um sentimento para a narrativa.

Elementos
A atmosfera geralmente é criada por meio de várias coisas diferentes. O cenário, que fornece a localização física da história, é usado para criar um pano de fundo no qual a história se passa. Diferentes configurações podem afetar o clima de uma história de maneiras diferentes e geralmente apoiam ou entram em conflito com o outro conteúdo da história de alguma forma. Por exemplo, o deserto pode servir de cenário para uma história de cowboy e pode gerar um clima de solidão, desolação e luta, entre outras associações possíveis. A atitude do narrador é outro elemento que ajuda a gerar a atmosfera. Como o leitor depende da perspectiva da história do narrador, ele vê a história através de suas lentes, sentindo a maneira como o narrador se sente sobre o que acontece ou o que está sendo descrito. Embutidos na atitude de um narrador estão os sentimentos e emoções que a compõem. Um elemento semelhante que gera humor é a dicção, ou seja, a escolha e o estilo de palavras que o escritor usa. A dicção transmite uma sensibilidade, bem como retrata o conteúdo de uma história em cores específicas, afetando assim a maneira como o leitor se sente sobre ela.

Diferença entre atmosfera e tom
Tom e atmosfera não são os mesmos. O tom de uma peça de literatura é a atitude do falante ou do narrador em relação ao assunto, e não o que o leitor sente. A atmosfera é o sentimento que um texto cria no leitor. É produzida de forma mais eficaz através do uso de cenário, tema, voz e tom. O tom pode indicar o humor do narrador, mas o humor geral vem da totalidade da obra escrita, mesmo em narrativas em primeira pessoa. O efeito que uma obra literária exerce sobre o leitor é subjetivo e produz diferentes associações, enquanto o texto elaborado pelo autor se apresenta ao leitor como algo objetivo. A atmosfera é sugerida pelos elementos utilizados pelo autor, mas depende da resposta subjetiva do leitor.

Notas

Conceitos literários

Atmosfera (literatura)


Râul Călinești este un curs de apă, afluent de dreapta al râului Olt.

Punct de vărsare
Râul Călinești se varsă în râul Olt în apropiere de Brezoi, la Călinești.

Afluenți

 de stânga — Murgașul Mare, Lupul, Lotriorul
 de dreapta — Pârâul Socilor, Izvorul Sașa, Aninoasa, Pârâul Sulițelor

Referințe

 Administrația Națională Apelor Române – Cadastrul Apelor – Bucharest
 Institutul de Meteorologie și Hidrologie – Rîurile României – Bucharest, 1971
 Trasee turistice – județul Vâlcea

Bazinul Olt
Gospodărirea apelor
Râuri din județul Vâlcea
Râuri din România

Râul Călinești, Olt