Les 220 Ouest 939 à 998 sont des locomotives de vitesse de la  Compagnie des chemins de fer de l'Ouest de type 220, affectées aux trains rapides de voyageurs.

La construction
 n° 939-950, livrées par la Société Franco-Belge
 n° 951-952, prototypes usine construits en  1888
 n° 953-962, livrées par Schneider et Cie en 1892
 n° 963-982, livrées par Schneider en 1894
 n° 983-990, livrées par Schneider en 1897
 n° 991-998, livrées par Schneider en 1897

Caractéristiques
 Empattement des roues motrices::
 Empattement du bogie:
 Diamètre des cylindres  :
 Course des cylindres  :
 Diamètre des roues motrices :
 Diamètre des roues du bogie :
 Masse en ordre de marche :
 Masse adhérente:
 Longueur hors tout :
 Masse du tender en ordre de marche :
 Capacité du tender en eau:
 Capacité du tender en charbon:
 Pression de la chaudière :
 Diamètre des cylindres  :
 Course des cylindres  :
 Surface de grille:
 Surface de chauffe:
 Vitesse maxi en service :

Notes, références

Locomotive à vapeur française
Matériel roulant de la Compagnie de l'Ouest

220 Ouest 939 à 998


معياريّ تعني عمومًا ما يتعلق بمقياس تقييمي. المعيارية هي ظاهرة في المجتمعات البشرية تتمثل في وصف بعض الأفعال أو النتائج بأنها جيدة أو مرغوب فيها أو مسموح بها وغيرها بأنها سيئة أو غير مرغوب فيها أو غير مقبولة. المعيار في هذا المعنى المعياري يعني مقياسًا لإصدار الأحكام على السلوك أو النتائج أو تقييمها. تُستخدم معياري في بعض الأحيان أيضًا، بشكل مربك إلى حد ما، لتعني ما يتعلق بمقياس وصفي: القيام بما يقوم به الناس عادةً أو ما نتوقع من معظم الآخرين أن يفعلوه عمليًا. وبهذا المعنى، فإن المعيار ليس تقييميًا، أو أساسًا للحكم على السلوك أو النتائج؛ إنه ببساطة حقيقة أو ملاحظة حول السلوك أو النتائج، دون إصدار الأحكام. يحاول العديد من الباحثين في هذا المجال تقييد استخدام المصطلح معياري للمعنى التقييمي ويشيرون إلى وصف السلوك والنتائج بأنه إيجابي أو وصفي أو تنبؤي أو تجريبي.

معياري لها معانٍ متخصصة في تخصصات أكاديمية مختلفة مثل الفلسفة والعلوم الاجتماعية والقانون. في معظم السياقات، معياريّ تعني (ما يتعلق بتقييم أو حكم تقديري). تميل الافتراضات المعيارية إلى تقييم شيء ما أو إجراء ما. يختلف المحتوى المعياري عن المحتوى الوصفي.

شهدت إحدى التطورات الرئيسية في الفلسفة التحليلية انتشار المعيارية ووصولها إلى جميع جوانب المجال تقريبًا، بدءًا من الأخلاقيات وفلسفة العمل، وحتى نظرية المعرفة والميتافيزيقيا وفلسفة العلوم. أظهر شاول كريبك أن القواعد (بما في ذلك القواعد الرياضية، مثل تكرار النمط العشري) معيارية على هذا النحو المهم.

على الرغم من أن الفلاسفة يختلفون حول كيفية فهم المعيارية، أصبح من الشائع بشكل متزايد فهم الادعاءات المعيارية على أنها ادعاءات عن الأسباب. كما يشرح ديريك بارفيت:«يمكن أن يكون لدينا أسباب للاعتقاد بشيء ما، أو لفعل شيء ما، أو لتحقيق رغبة أو هدف ما، أو لاتخاذ العديد من المواقف والعواطف الأخرى، مثل الخوف والندم والأمل. تقدَّم الأسباب من خلال الحقائق، مثل حقيقة أن بصمات أصابع شخص ما على أحد الأسلحة، أو أن استدعاء سيارة إسعاف من شأنه أن ينقذ حياة شخص ما. من الصعب شرح مفهوم السبب أو معنى كلمة (السبب). تعطينا الحقائقُ الأسبابَ، ربما عندما تبرّر موقفنا، أو تصرفنا بطريقة ما. لكن (تبرّر) تعني تقريبًا (تعطي سببًا لـ). وأفضل تفسير لمفهوم السبب هو المثال. أحد الأمثلة على ذلك هو أنه لدينا دائمًا سبب لرغبتنا في تجنّب المعاناة».

الفلسفة
في الفلسفة، تقدّم العبارات المعيارية ادعاءات حول كيف ينبغي أو يجب أن تكون الأشياء، وكيف نقيّمها، وأيّ الأشياء جيدة وأيّها سيئة، وأيّ الأفعال صحيحة وأيّها خاطئة. عادة ما تتعارض الادعاءات المعيارية مع الادعاءات الإيجابية (أي الوصفية أو التفسيرية أو الإخبارية) عند وصف أنواع النظريات أو المعتقدات أو الافتراضات. العبارات الإيجابية هي عبارات (يُفترض أنها) واقعية تحاول وصف الواقع.

على سبيل المثال، «ينبغي أن يأكل الأطفال الخضروات»، و«أولئك الذين يضحون بالحرية من أجل الأمن لا يستحقون أيًّا منهما» هما ادعاءان معياريان. من ناحية أخرى، «تحتوي الخضروات على نسبة عالية نسبيًا من الفيتامينات» و«النتيجة الشائعة للتضحية بالحرية من أجل الأمن هي فقدان الاثنين» هما ادعاءان إيجابيان. أن تكون العبارة معيارية هو أمر مستقل منطقيًا عمّا إذا كانت مثبتة أو يمكن التحقّق منها أو سائدة.

انظر أيضًا

 امتثال (علم نفس)
 نظرية القرار
 اقتصاد (علم)
 فرضية
 معيارية لغوية
 معيار (فلسفة)
 اقتصاد قيمي
 فلسفة القانون
 علوم سياسية
 المنهج العلمي
 نظرية القيمة

مراجع

أخلاق معيارية
علوم اجتماعية
فلسفة القانون
مفاهيم فلسفية

معياري (مفهوم)


13 (treisprezece) este un număr natural precedat de 12 și urmat de 14.

În matematică
 Este al șaselea număr prim. În afară de el însuși, se divide doar cu 1.
 Este un număr prim circular.
 Este un număr prim cubic generalizat.
 Este un număr prim Labos.
 Este un număr prim Pell.
 Este un număr prim Pierpont.
 Este un număr prim plat.
 Este un număr prim slab.
 Este un număr prim Solinas.
 Este un număr prim subțire.
 Este un număr prim trunchiabil la stânga.
 Formează o pereche de numere prime gemene cu  și formează o pereche de numere prime verișoare cu  (diferența dintre cele două numere este de patru unități).
 Este un număr stelat.
 Este cel mai mic număr "mirp", adică este un prim care nu este palindromic și, prin inversarea cifrelor, formează un alt număr prim (de la 13 obținem 31).
 Este unul dintre cele trei numere prime Wilson cunoscute.
 Este un număr Delannoy central.
 Este un număr Fibonacci.
 Este un număr Markov.
 Este un număr Mian-Chowla.
 Este un număr fericit.
 Este un număr centrat pătratic, mai exact este al treilea termen din șir.
 Este un număr centrat dodecagonal.
 Este un număr centrat icosaedric.
Este un număr norocos.
 Cel mai mic număr care, dacă este ridicat la puterea a 4-a, se poate scrie ca suma a două numere pătrate perfecte consecutive: 134 = 1192 + 1202.
 Este un număr prim permutabil (deoarece și 31 este număr prim).

Lista unor calcule matematice

În gramatică
 În toate limbile germanice, denumirea pentru 13 este prima din șirul numerelor care se obține prin procesul de compunere; de exemplu, în engleză, numerele de la 0 la 12 prezintă denumiri proprii, iar 13 (thirteen) este un nume compus.

În știință
 Este numărul atomic al aluminiului.

Astronomie
 NGC 13 este o galaxie spirală din constelația Andromeda.
 Messier 13 (Roiul Globular din Hercule) este un roi globular din constelația Hercule.
 În astronomie, se consideră existența a 13 constelații asociate cu semnele zodiacale; pe lângă cele 12 semne zodiacale tradiționale astrologiei, mai este inclusă și constelația Ofiucus.
 13 Egeria este o planetă minoră.
 13P/Olbers este o cometă periodică din sistemul solar.

În cultura populară

Noroc sau ghinion

În unele țări, numărul 13 este considerat un număr ghinionist, iar fobia de acest număr poartă denumirea de triskaidekafobie. Persoanele care suferă de această fobie încearcă să evite ghinionul stând la distanță de orice obiect care este numerotat sau etichetat cu numărul 13. În aceeași ordine de idei, există exemple de clădiri înalte sau hoteluri în care se găsesc notații alternative pentru etajul 13. De asemenea, Vineri 13 este considerată a fi o zi ghinionistă, o zi fatală în care se petrec nenorociri.

Pe de altă parte, există state în care numărul 13 este considerat a fi norocos. De exemplu, în Franța, înainte de Primul Război Mondial, 13 era utilizat ca simbol pentru noroc pe vederi. În Italia se utilizează expresia fare tredici (literalmente "a face 13"), care înseamnă a da lovitura.

În televiziune
 Treisprezece la cină, film din 1985, cu detectivul belgian Hercule Poirot.
13th, un documentar din 2016.
13, un musical din 2007.
13, un film din 2010.
Thirteen, un film american din 2003.
Thirteen, un serial britanic de televiziune.
13 Tzameti, un film francez din 2005 ("Tzameti" înseamnă "13" în georgiană).
 În suburbii (original Banlieue 13) este un film francez din 2004.
 13 fantome, un film american din 1960.

În alte domenii
13 se mai poate referi la:
 Codul pentru departamentul francez Bouches-du-Rhône.
  Apollo 13, a treia misiune umană a NASA dezvoltată cu intenția de a coborî pe Lună.
 DN13, DN13A, DN13B, DN13C, DN13D, DN13E, drumuri naționale din România.

Note

Bibliografie
 Marius Coman, Enciclopedia matematică a claselor de numere întregi, Columbus, Ohio: Education Publishing, 2013,

Legături externe

  The Positive Integer 13
  Prime Curios: 13
  VirtueScience: 13
  Numbers aplenty: 13

Numere naturale
Numere prime

13 (număr)


Java Management Extensions (JMX) is a Java technology that supplies tools for managing and monitoring applications, system objects, devices (such as printers) and service-oriented networks. Those resources are represented by objects called MBeans (for Managed Bean). In the API, classes can be dynamically loaded and instantiated.
Managing and monitoring applications can be designed and developed using the Java Dynamic Management Kit.

JSR 003 of the Java Community Process defined JMX 1.0, 1.1 and 1.2. JMX 2.0 was being developed under JSR 255, but this JSR was subsequently withdrawn. The JMX Remote API 1.0 for remote management and monitoring is specified by JSR 160. An extension of the JMX Remote API for Web Services was being developed under JSR 262.

Adopted early on by the J2EE community, JMX has been a part of J2SE since version 5.0. "JMX" is a trademark of Oracle Corporation.

Architecture

JMX uses a three-level architecture:
 The Probe level – also called the Instrumentation level – contains the probes (called MBeans) instrumenting the resources
 The Agent level, or MBeanServer – the core of JMX. It acts as an intermediary between the MBean and the applications.
 The Remote Management level enables remote applications to access the MBeanServer through connectors and adaptors. A connector provides full remote access to the MBeanServer API using various communication (RMI, IIOP, JMS, WS-* …), while an adaptor adapts the API to another protocol (SNMP, …) or to Web-based GUI (HTML/HTTP, WML/HTTP, …).

Applications can be generic consoles (such as JConsole and MC4J) or domain-specific (monitoring) applications. External applications can interact with the MBeans through the use of JMX connectors and protocol adapters. Connectors serve to connect an agent with a remote JMX-enabled management application. This form of communication involves a connector in the JMX agent and a connector client in the management application.

Protocol adapters provide a management view of the JMX agent through a given protocol. Management applications that connect to a protocol adapter are usually specific to the given protocol.

Managed beans
A managed bean – sometimes simply referred to as an MBean – is a type of JavaBean, created with dependency injection. Managed Beans are particularly used in the Java Management Extensions technology – but with Java EE 6 the specification provides for a more detailed meaning of a managed bean.

The MBean represents a resource running in the Java virtual machine, such as an application or a Java EE technical service (transactional monitor, JDBC driver, etc.). They can be used for collecting statistics on concerns like performance, resources usage, or problems (pull); for getting and setting application configurations or properties (push/pull); and notifying events like faults or state changes (push).

Java EE 6 provides that a managed bean is a bean that is implemented by a Java class, which is called its bean class. A top-level Java class is a managed bean if it is defined to be a managed bean by any other Java EE technology specification (for example, the JavaServer Faces technology specification), or if it meets all of the following conditions:
 It is not a non-static inner class.
 It is a concrete class, or is annotated @Decorator.
 It is not annotated with an EJB component-defining annotation or declared as an EJB bean class in ejb-jar.xml.
No special declaration, such as an annotation, is required to define a managed bean.

A MBean can notify the MBeanServer of its internal changes (for the attributes) by implementing the javax.management.NotificationEmitter. The application interested in the MBean's changes registers a listener (javax.management.NotificationListener) to the MBeanServer. Note that JMX does not guarantee that the listeners will receive all notifications.

Types
There are two basic types of MBean:
 Standard MBeans implement a business interface containing setters and getters for the attributes and the operations (i.e., methods).
 Dynamic MBeans implement the javax.management.DynamicMBean interface that provides a way to list the attributes and operations, and to get and set the attribute values.

Additional types are Open MBeans, Model MBeans and Monitor MBeans. Open MBeans are dynamic MBeans that rely on the basic data types. They are self-explanatory and more user-friendly. Model MBeans are dynamic MBeans that can be configured during runtime. A generic MBean class is also provided for dynamically configuring the resources during program runtime.

A MXBean (Platform MBean) is a special type of MBean that reifies Java virtual machine subsystems such as garbage collection, JIT compilation, memory pools, multi-threading, etc.

A MLet (Management applet) is a utility MBean to load, instantiate and register MBeans in a MBeanServer from an XML description. The format of the XML descriptor is:

 <MLET CODE = ''class'' | OBJECT = ''serfile''
   ARCHIVE = ''archiveList''
   [CODEBASE = ''codebaseURL'']
   [NAME = ''objectName'']
   [VERSION = ''version'']
 >
   [arglist]
 </MLET>

Support

JMX is supported at various levels by different vendors:

 JMX is supported by Java application servers such as OpenCloud Rhino Application Server , JBoss, JOnAS, WebSphere Application Server, WebLogic, SAP NetWeaver Application Server, Oracle Application Server 10g and Sun Java System Application Server.
 JMX is supported by the UnboundID Directory Server, Directory Proxy Server, and Synchronization Server.
 Systems management tools that support the protocol include Empirix OneSight, GroundWork Monitor, Hyperic, HP OpenView, IBM Director, ITRS Geneos, Nimsoft NMS, OpenNMS, Zabbix, Zenoss Core, and Zyrion, SolarWinds, Uptime Infrastructure Monitor, and LogicMonitor.
 JMX is also supported by servlet containers such as Apache Tomcat. & Jetty (web server)
 MX4J  is Open Source JMX for Enterprise Computing.
 jManage   is an open source enterprise-grade JMX Console with Web and command-line interfaces.
 MC4J  is an open source visual console for connecting to servers supporting JMX
 snmpAdaptor4j  is an open source providing a simple access to MBeans via the SNMP protocol.
 jvmtop is a lightweight open source JMX monitoring tool for the command-line
 Prometheus can ingest JMX data via the JMX exporter which exposes metrics in Prometheus format.
 Jolokia is a j2ee application which exposes JMX over HTTP.

See also
 Jini
 Network management
 Simple Network Management Protocol

References

Further reading

Articles
 "Enabling Component Architectures with JMX" by Marc Fleury and Juha Lindfors
 "Introducing A New Vendor-Neutral J2EE Management API" by Andreas Schaefer
 "Java in the management sphere" by Max Goff 1999
 Oct 20
 Nov 20
 Dec 29
 JMX/JBoss – The microkernel design
 "Manage your JMX-enabled applications with jManage 1.0" by Rakesh Kalra Jan 16, 2006
 "Managing J2EE Systems with JMX and JUnit " by Lucas McGregor
 Sun Java Overview of Monitoring and Management
 The Java EE 6 Tutorial: About managed beans

Books
 Benjamin G Sullins, Mark B Whipple : JMX in Action: You will also get your first JMX application up and running, Manning Publications Co. 2002,
 J. Steven Perry: Java Management Extensions, O'Reilly,
 Jeff Hanson: Connecting JMX Clients and Servers: Understanding the Java Management Extensions, APress L. P.,
 Marc Fleury, Juha Lindfors: JMX: Managing J2EE with Java Management Extensions, Sams Publishing,

External links
 JMX 1.4 (JMX 1.4, part of Java 6)
 JMX at JBoss.com
 JMX on www.oracle.com
 JSR 255 (JMX 2.0)
 JSR 3 (JMX 1.0, 1.1, and 1.2)

Java APIs
Management Extensions
Management Extensions
Network management

Java Management Extensions


Die Gebrüder Link waren die Zwillingsbrüder Johann Link (* 1821; † 1871) und Paul Link (* 1821; † 1891). Beide waren deutsche Orgelbauer und gründeten in Giengen an der Brenz die Orgelbaufirma Gebrüder Link, die bis heute Bestand hat.

Ausbildung
Johann und Paul Link sind in Aldingen (Oberamt Spaichingen) geboren. Ihre Ausbildung zum Orgelbauer erhielten sie beim Orgelbauer Anton Braun in Spaichingen. Ab 1841 waren beide bei der Orgelbaufirma Eberhard Friedrich Walcker in Ludwigsburg beschäftigt und konnten sich somit Einblick in den damals modernsten Orgelbau verschaffen. Nach 10 Jahren fassten sie den Plan, sich selbstständig zu machen.

Firmengründung
Zunächst war eine Firmengründung in Schwäbisch Hall geplant. Der Reutlinger Musikdirektor Adam Seitz konnte die beiden Brüder Link dazu überzeugen, in den Orgelbau der neuen großen Orgel für die Stadtpfarrkirche Giengen einzusteigen, der durch die Firma Gruol in Bissingen ausgeführt werden sollte. Dieser war jedoch überfordert, so konnte die Firma unter der Leitung der Brüder Link den Auftrag ausführen. Diese Orgel wurde weithin gelobt und die Möglichkeit dieses Instrument heranreisenden Interessenten vorzuführen, veranlasste die beiden, ihr Geschäft 1851 in Giengen zu Gründen.

Firmenentwicklung
Der gute Ruf verschaffte der Firma schon in den ersten Jahren eine rasante Entwicklung. Aufträge gingen aus Deutschland der Schweiz und Österreich ein.
Die Werkstatträume im Hirschkeller reichten schon bald nicht mehr aus, sodass das Firmengelände am Memmingertorplatz gekauft wurde. Im ersten Jahrzehnt seit der Geschäftsgründungen waren bereits 25 Orgelneubauten verwirklicht worden, im zweiten Jahrzehnt über 30 Neubauten.
1871 verstarb Johann Link, sodass Paul Link die Geschäfte allein weiterführte.
Ab 1885 wurden Orgeln auch nach Übersee, z. B. Japan und Indien geliefert.
1886 wurde der Betrieb von Paul Links ältestem Sohn, Eugen Link (1855–1940) übernommen und erfolgreich weitergeführt.
Sogar in Frankreich, trotz des Kriegs 1870–1871, wurde der Linkorgelbau gewählt. Im Oktober 1891 wurde die neue Linkorgel in Mirepoix (im Departement Ariège, Südwest-Frankreich) inauguriert. Mit einer mechanischen Traktur zählt das Instrument circa 40 Register und hat keine Modifizierung erfahren.
Zu einigen Werken der Gebrüder Link und ihrer Nachfolger siehe Orgelbaufirma Gebrüder Link.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Orgelbauerfamilie
Giengen an der Brenz
Zwillinge

Gebrüder Link


Bryher ist eine Gezeiteninsel der Scilly-Inseln und Teil des Herzogtums Cornwall. Bryher wird durch den Trescochannel von ihrer Nachbarinsel Tresco getrennt. Während Ebbe ist es möglich, auf die jeweils gegenüberliegende Insel per Fuß zu wandern. Die 122 ha große Insel liegt an ihrer höchsten Stelle 42 m über dem Meeresspiegel.

Südlich des Eilands liegt die unbewohnte Insel Samson, westlich das ebenfalls unbewohnte Gweal. Bryher liegt zum größten Teil knapp über dem Meeresspiegel und ist von Viehweiden und Ackerland geprägt. Die meisten der 83 Bewohner wohnen in dem gleichnamigen Ort Bryher.

Hell's Bay ist eine berüchtigte Untiefe vor Bryher. In der Bucht strandeten im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert viele Schiffe.

Fauna
Die Insel ist eine Site of Special Scientific Interest und ein Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, sie wird vom Isles of Scilly Wildlife Trust mitverwaltet. Auf Bryher sind unter anderem Dreizehenmöwen, Silbermöwen, Mantelmöwen, Heringsmöwen, Tordalken, Krähenscharben und Sturmschwalben heimisch.

Der Gweal und der Samson Hill sind zwei Kammergräber auf der Insel.

Tourismus
Auf Bryher gibt es ein Hotel und mehrere Ferienwohnungen. Neben den Sandstränden und der Kirche All Saint's sind Wanderungen auf der Insel bei Touristen beliebt.

Trivia
Der Film When the Whales Came und Teile der Fernsehserie Die Chroniken von Narnia: Prinz Kaspian & Die Reise auf der Morgenröte wurden auf Bryher gedreht.

Bryher ist außerdem Schauplatz in Romanen von Michael Morpurgo, Sam Llewellyn (Hell Bay), Martha Grimes (Inspektor Jury und die Tote am Strand) und Kate Penrose (4-bändige Reihe, beginnend mit Nachts schweigt das Meer: Ein Krimi auf den Scilly-Inseln (Ben Kitto ermittelt auf den Scilly-Inseln 1), ISBN 3596703492.

Weblinks

 Offizielle Homepage der Insel (englisch)
 Homepage des Isles of Scilly Wildlife Trust (englisch)
 Gweal Hill
 Samson Hill

Bilder

Insel (England)
Insel (Keltische See)
Insel (Europa)
Insel der Scilly-Inseln

Bryher


Şıpka Geçidi Muharebeleri, 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı sırasında Osmanlı ve Rus birliklerinin çok büyük bir stratejik önemi olan Şıpka Geçidi'ni ele geçirmek üzere yaptıkları dört değişik muharebeden oluşan bir muharebeler dizisidir.

Şıpka Geçidi günümüzde Bulgaristan'ın sınırları içinde yer alan Balkan Dağları üzerindeki bir geçittir. Şıpka Geçidi Tuna nehri boylarındaki Rusçuk kentinden başlar ve Edirne'ye kadar uzanır. En yüksek noktasında 1.150 metrelik bir rakıma ulaşan Şıpka Geçidi 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı sırasında Balkanları aşarak İstanbul'a doğru saldırıya geçmiş Rus ordusu için büyük bir engel oluşturuyordu. Şıpka Geçidi ele geçirildiği takdirde Edirne'ye kadar Rus ordusunun önü açık olacaktı. O yüzden burada Osmanlılar ve Ruslar arasında 4 değişik muharebe yaşandı.

Osmanlı kumandanı Süleyman Hüsnü Paşa 1877 yılının Haziran ayında birliklerini Karadeniz yoluyla Dedeağaç'a nakletti. Sayıları 4.000-5.000 arasındaki Osmanlı orduları Dedeağaç'tan kara yoluyla Şıpka Geçidi'ne ulaştılar. Bu arada Temmuz ayında Rus generali İosip Gurko'nun kumandası altındaki bir birlik Tuna Nehri'ni geçerek Şıpka Geçidi'ne ulaştı.

 I. Şıpka Geçidi Muharebesi: (17-19 Temmuz 1877), İosip Gourko Şıpka Geçidi'ni ele geçirdi.
 II. Şıpka Geçidi Muharebesi: (21-26 Ağustos 1877), Osmanlılar Şıpka Geçidi'ni geri almak için taarruza geçtiler ama geri püskürtüldüler.
 III. Şıpka Geçidi Muharebesi: (13-17 Eylül 1877), Osmanlıların ikinci bir taarruzu geri püskürtüldü.
 IV. Şıpka Geçidi Muharebesi: (5-9 Ocak 1878), Bu sefer İosip Gurko son bir taarruza geçerek Şıpka Geçidi'ni saran Osmanlı ordularını kesin bir yenilgiye uğrattı.

Bu muharebelerde yenilgiye uğramasına rağmen savunmada gösterdiği cesaretten dolayı Süleyman Hüsnü Paşa önce Şıpka Geçidi Kahramanı olarak görüldü. Ancak sonradan yenilgiden sorumlu tutularak Taşkışla'da hapsedildi. Bir yıl süren bir yargılamadan sonra idama mahkûm edildi, tüm rütbe ve madalyaları geri alındı; ama cezası daha sonra II. Abdülhamit tarafından sürgüne çevrildi. 14 yıl Bağdat'ta sürgün hayatı yaşayan Süleyman Hüsnü Paşa 1892 yılında orada öldü.

Muharebeleri kazanan tarafın kumandanı Mareşal İosip Gurko ise kont unvanını kazandı. 1879-1880 yılları arasında Sankt-Peterburg kentinin valisi oldu. 1883-1894 yılları arasında ise Rusya'nın işgali altındaki Polonya'nın valiliğini yaptı. 1901 yılında öldü.

Kaynakça

93 Harbi'nde muharebeler

Şıpka Geçidi Muharebeleri


كنزة فرح (بالفرنسية Kenza Farah) مغنية جزائرية. ولدت في مدينة بجاية الجزائرية الواقعة على الساحل في 8 يوليو 1986. هاجرت إلى فرنسا وهي صغيرة مع عائلتها. بدأت مشوارها الفني في عام 2000 بمدينة مرسيليا، وهي الآن تعتبر من المغنيات العالميات. ومن أشهر أغانيها حبيبي آي لاف يو Habibi I Love You مع المغني المغربي الأصل أحمد شوقي والمغني العالمي بيتبول (Pitbull) وحققت الأغنية بالنسخة المعدلة التي اشتركت فيها كنزة أكثر من مليون تحميل على موقع فور شارد، واحتلت المرتبة الثانية في الترتيب العالمي 2013.

مراجع

مغنيات هيب هوب
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من بجاية
المرأة في هيب هوب
جزائريون مهاجرون في فرنسا
فرنسيون من أصل أمازيغي
فرنسيون من أصل قبائلي
قبائليون
مغتربون جزائريون في فرنسا
مغنو ريذم أند بلوز فرنسيون
مغنو سول
مغنو هيب هوب
مغنيات راب فرنسيات
مغنيات فرنسيات
مواليد 1986
مواليد في بجاية
موسيقيات هيب هوب

كنزة فرح


Thomas Seckford or Thomas Sakford Esquire (1515 – 1587) was a senior lawyer, a "man of business" at the court of Queen Elizabeth I, a landowner of the armigerous Suffolk gentry, Member of Parliament, and public benefactor of the town of Woodbridge. He was one of the Masters in Ordinary of the Court of Requests to Queen Elizabeth, 1569-1587, and was Surveyor of the Court of Wards and Liveries 1581-1587. He built mansions in Woodbridge, Ipswich and Clerkenwell, and was at different times Steward of the Liberty of Ely (St Etheldreda) in Suffolk, Bailiff for the Crown of the former possessions of Clerkenwell Priory in the City of London and County of Middlesex, and deputy Steward for the northern parts of the Duchy of Lancaster (to which he owed his early patronage). He was the patron of Christopher Saxton in the making of the first surveyed County Atlas of England and Wales.

The received portrait of Thomas Seckford, as it appears on Loder's 1796 token, as frontispiece to Loder's 1792 printing of Seckford's original Statutes for the Almshouses which he founded in Woodbridge, and in other recensions, was derived by the Woodbridge artist Isaac Johnson (c. 1754-1835) from a 16th century painting depicting William Cecil presiding over the Court of Wards and Liveries. The figure identified as Seckford wears a tall patterned hat and sits at the table on the mid-left of the early painting. The possible identification as Seckford was made in the caption to an engraving by George Vertue after the original painting, published by the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1747 for the Vetusta Monumenta, noting that the figure is likely to be the Surveyor because he wears his tall hat in the presence of the Master.

He is not to be confused with his younger brother, Thomas Seckford of Ludlow, also a Member of Parliament, nor with his father, also Thomas Seckford (of Great Bealings), nor with his nephew Thomas Seckford, buried at Trinity College, Cambridge.

Sekford of Great Bealings and Woodbridge

The Seckford family was associated with a place named Sekford in the parish of Great Bealings from early times. A Sekford Hall manor, the second manor, is listed in Domesday Book, and it was held in 1185 by Bartholomew de Sekford, son of William de Sekford, when it passed to Bartholomew's son John de Sekford. From this period the tenure of the Seckford Hall manor came down to the family of Thomas Seckford. The Seckford family had also been substantial landowners in Woodbridge since the time of Edward III at least, when (in 1335) a grant (of special grace) of free warren was made to John de Sekford and his heirs in his demesne lands in Great and Little Bealings, Martlesham, Woodbridge, Hasketon, Burgh and Boulge: John was also holding a manor of Clopton from John, Earl of Cornwall. Lands were released by Sir John de Sekford, Kt., in 1359.

At the time of his death in 1505, the benefactor's grandfather Thomas Seckford held Seckford Hall manor and the advowson of Little Bealings from Sir John Wingfield, Kt., and lands and estates in the parishes mentioned above, principally from Sir William Willoughby, Lord de Willoughby and from John Blenerhassett of Loudham, Suffolk (an historic estate in Pettistree). He and his wife Margaret (Purrye) were buried at Great Bealings, where a monument was recorded by John Weever. It was perhaps the grandfather Thomas who built the brick porch of Great Bealings church, as recorded by a carved inscription. By his will, his lands were to be held by his widow, making an allowance to his son Thomas (the benefactor's father), then aged nearly ten, until he should reach the age of 21. He also held manors in Norfolk which were to be administered for Thomas until that time. The Woodbridge manor and market were anciently granted to Woodbridge Priory, but at the time of the Dissolution came into the hands of the Wingfield family.

Early life
Thomas Seckford the benefactor was born near Woodbridge, Suffolk, England, the second son of Thomas Seckford of Great Bealings (c. 1495-1575) and his wife Margaret (c. 1493-1557), daughter of Sir John Wingfield (died 1509) of Letheringham, Suffolk and his wife Anne Tuchet, daughter of the 6th Baron Audley. His mother was a sister of Sir Anthony Wingfield's. His elder brother's name was Francis, and there were younger brothers John, Anthony, Humfrey, Henry and Thomas and sisters Mary and Elizabeth.

Thomas is believed to have been educated at the University of Cambridge (where he presumably studied Law): if so, he was in the University at the time of the flourishing of reformed classical learning under the influence of Thomas Smith and John Cheke and their circle. In 1540 he entered Gray's Inn: his name in the register of admissions appears alongside that of Cheke's most eminent pupil William Cecil, the future Lord Burghley, with whom he worked at various times during his life. He was called to the bar in 1542, and Gray's Inn admitted him to the grand company of Ancients in 1547.

It has been presumed that Seckford's religious sympathies were with the reforming party. In 1539 Seckford's uncle Sir Anthony Wingfield, then newly admitted to the Privy Council of Henry VIII, had a lease of the former priory manor of Woodbridge from the Augmentions Office, and the reversion and rent of the manor was granted to his eldest son, John Wingfield of Hasketon and his wife Dorothy, in 1541. In 1542 John Wingfield demolished the priory church and added the land to the parish churchyard. However John Wingfield died without an heir, and the priory manor remained to his widow for term of her life, with reversion to the Crown.

Seckford's near relationship to Anthony Wingfield no doubt favoured him, and despite his uncle's death in 1552 that advantage persisted through Sir Anthony's son, Seckford's cousin Robert Wingfield, Captain of the Guard to Edward VI. In 1549 Robert Wingfield was active in persuading the king to remove Protector Somerset, and to place him under guard. Wingfield married Cecily, sister of Thomas Wentworth, 2nd Baron Wentworth (whom Queen Mary appointed Lord Deputy of Calais in 1553), and received knighthood from Mary.

At the start of Mary's reign, early in 1554, Seckford obtained a minor post in the Duchy of Lancaster, and this is taken to account for his entry into parliament for the duchy seat of Ripon in November 1554; similarly, the patronage of William Willoughby, 1st Baron Willoughby of Parham, is supposed to underlie Seckford's return to parliament as MP for Orford in 1555 and 1558. His distinction as a lawyer was thoroughly recognized by his appointment as Lent Reader at Gray's Inn in 1556.

Seckford's father began the building of the great brick mansion of Seckford Hall in Great Bealings after 1553, but, although it was so close to Woodbridge, and Queen Elizabeth is known later to have held court there, this never became the benefactor's personal residence. Nor did his mother live long to enjoy it, for Margaret Seckford (née Wingfield) died in 1557 aged 64.

Elizabethan prosperity
At the onset of the reign of Elizabeth, Thomas Seckford received rapid advancement and various tokens of royal approval. In her Letters Patent of 1587 for Seckford's Almshouses in Woodbridge, Elizabeth wrote of "Our well beloved and faithful Thomas Seckford, Esquire, who hath faithfully served Us from the first Day of February, in the Third Year of Our Reign, for Our Counsel about Our Person and attendances about the same."

He and Dr. Walter Haddon were almost immediately appointed Elizabeth's two Masters in Ordinary of the Court of Requests, a role which Seckford held until his death. In January 1558/59 they are described as "learned in the Comon Lawes of this realme." These officers, assistants to the Lord Privy Seal (Sir Nicholas Bacon, 1558-1571) as chief Judge, dealt with poor men's causes brought by petition before Elizabeth as she journeyed around her realm. In accompanying her he maintained a position close to the monarch and gained a knowledge of the different parts of Britain. In a commission of October 1560 he is mentioned as a Doctor of both laws, having sat with Archbishop Matthew Parker, Sir Anthony Cooke and others in a Final Decree.

He was, simultaneously, Steward of the Court of the Marshalsea, deputy chief Steward for the Duchy of Lancaster (northern parts), in the commission of the peace for Suffolk and Middlesex (1558/59), and a commissioner for ecclesiastical causes in 1559. In 1561 he was a commissioner for the preparation of orders and regulations for the governance of the Fleet Prison.

Ipswich and Woodbridge

Seckford was chosen with Robert Barker to represent Ipswich in parliament in 1559, and again with Edward Grimston in 1563. In the latter year he was appointed Steward of the Liberty of the Bishop of Ely (Liberty of St Etheldreda) in Suffolk.

In February 1562 he had permission to rebuild the sill of his mansion in Ipswich (which had a frontage onto Westgate Street where Museum Street now emerges) on condition that it did not impinge on the traffic in the highway. Although not so grand as Edmund Withypoll's Christchurch Mansion, Seckford's "Great Place" was one of the noble structures of Tudor Ipswich. The southern prospect, illustrated by John Ogilby for his Ichnographical Survey of Ipswich (by which time it belonged to Sir William Barker), shows a building of two principal storeys with five bays of Tudor fenestration, the first, third and fifth rising to gabled attic windows above, the whole flanked by a pair of four-storey towers with paired windows in each storey, and pyramidally-roofed with dormers above, crowned with onion-shaped pinnacles. The central three bays overshot a loggia in the ground floor of five round arches, from which a view south, across a formal garden and (beyond the river Orwell) towards Stoke, was afforded.

In May 1564 he purchased from the Crown the reversion of the manor and site of Woodbridge Priory (pending the death of Dorothy Wingfield), together with the capital mansion, all its dependent lands in Martlesham, Bealings, Hasketon, Grundisburgh, the Woodbridge water-mill and rectory, the manor and capital mansion of Haspely in Newbourne, the manor and chapel of Alnesbourne "or St Petronelle", the rectory of Brandeston, and all fairs, markets, tolls and customs, as they had been enjoyed by the priory. For all this he paid £764.8s.4d.

Seckford built or completed the brick mansion at the priory site, which became his private residence in the town. It was (and partly remains, though much renovated, reformed and embellished) a tall south-facing two-storey structure with gabled dormers above (four survive), with stucco-finished brick mouldings and mullions. Portions of former gabled cross-wings survive on the north side. The most striking survival is the three-storey brick porch (with a rooms in the upper storeys) with triple superimposed orders, its entrance archway in the Doric style with fluted pilasters, and its upper storeys with plain brick-formed pilasters. The Seckford coat of arms over the south porch is dated 1564, but the "capital mansion" at the priory (i.e. principal seat of the estate) itself may have been constructed before that.

Seckford also built the nearby Woodbridge Shire Hall, or Sessions-Hall, when the quarter-sessions were removed from Melton, as a two-storey structure with open market below (the arches of which have since been infilled), and a room above which he gave to the County in perpetuity. Seckford's arms are displayed in stonework over the first floor west entrance. He became Treasurer of Gray's Inn in 1565.

Marriage
On 5 February 1566/67 Seckford married Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Harlowe, at St Mary Woolnoth in the City of London. Elizabeth had moved in the higher circles of London civic society, and was already twice widowed. Her first husband, William Billingsley (died 1553), was a prominent citizen and Haberdasher and Assay-master of the Tower of London and Southwark mints, by whom she was the mother of Henry Billingsley, a future Lord Mayor of London. Her second husband was Sir Martin Bowes (died 1566), one of the great Lords Mayors in the last years of Henry VIII, destroyer of the monuments in the London Greyfriars, and a notable survivor during the reign of Queen Mary. Seckford remembered in his will his "loving friend and late son-in-law, William Bowes" - "late", i.e. former, (stepson) because William's mother had died in the previous year, 1586.

Later career

Clerkenwell
In 1566 Seckford purchased an estate of land in Clerkenwell, Middlesex, consisting of the greater part of a field called St Mary's Close, which had belonged to the Benedictine Nunnery of St Mary at Clerkenwell. The nunnery church of St Mary (a modified 12th-century structure) was rededicated as St James's parish church at the Reformation. Seckford's land was in the area laid out in the 19th century as Sekforde Street and Woodbridge Street, and on this land Seckford built a large house called Woodbridge House, and another which became his own private residence. The latter was near to the residence of his younger brother Sir Henry Sekford, a Groom of the Privy Chamber, who was married to a daughter of Sir Henry Bedingfeld's. Other lands in the same immediate neighbourhood had been part of the estate of Clerkenwell Priory, or Hospital of St John of Jerusalem, and in 1573 Queen Elizabeth conveyed three acres, called Bocher or Butt Close, on the west side of the former priory, to Seckford.

In the interim between these two acquisitions he had served in several important commissions and parliamentary committees, beginning with an oyer and terminer for Surrey in which Edmund and Arthur Pole were tried for high treason. In 1556 he deliberated on the trial of offences committed within the verge of the Queen's household, and in 1570 his commission of oyer and terminer for London encompassed the trial and condemnation of John Felton for his treasonable actions. In 1571 Thomas Wilson replaced Haddon as Seckford's fellow Master of Requests, and Seckford was junior Knight of the Shire (MP) for Suffolk, with Sir Owen Hopton: in the following year he was chosen again for Ipswich with Edward Grimston. In 1575 he was appointed "Bailiff, collector and receiver of rents of all manors, messuages and lands which had belonged to the Priory or Hospital of St John of Jerusalem but now in the possession of the Crown in the City of London and the County of Middlesex," and it is suggested that this position may have facilitated the improvement of his Clerkenwell estate.

Seckford's personal integrity became considered as a byword. A short poem of Latin verse was made for Seckford as a compliment by "M. Doctor Norton" (?Thomas Norton), concerning the mutability of all things except virtue, the first letter of each line forming an acrostic on Seckford's name. One English version was written by Edmund Withypoll of Ipswich, and another by Gabriel Harvey.

Saxton's patron

It was by the encouragement and considerable expense of Thomas Seckford that the first County Maps of England produced from an actual Survey were undertaken by Christopher Saxton, during the 1570s. The engraved plates of the completed atlas (dedicated to the Queen), each of which bears the royal arms and those of Thomas Seckford as patron, range in date from 1574 to 1579. By her patent of 1577, Elizabeth granted to Saxton the sole rights to produce maps and atlases for ten years, and introduced the project in this way:"Whereas Christopher Saxton, servaunt to our trustie and wel beloved Thomas Sekeford esquier, master of requestes unto us, hath already (at the greate coste, expenses and charges of his said master) traveyled throughe the greateste parte of this oure realme of England, and hathe to the greate pleasure and comoditie of us, and our lovinge subjectes, uppon the perfecte viewe of a greate nomber of the severall counties, and sheires of oure said realme, drawen oute, and sett forthe, diverse trew and pleasaunt mappes, chartes or platts of the same counties, together with the citties, townes, villages, and ryvers therein conteyned, vearie diligentlie and exactlie donne; and entendithe, yf God graunte hym lief, further to travell therein, throughout all the residue of oure said realme, and so from tyme to tyme to cause the same platts, and discriptions, to be well and fayre ingraven..."

Saxton obtained the services of various engravers, including the Dutch artist Remigius Hogenberg and the Englishman Augustine Ryther (died 1593), so that the work became not only a vast source of information, but also a celebration of English cartography and engraving. Cornelis de Hooghe, who was sometimes based in Ipswich, engraved the first plate of Norfolk in 1574. Seckford was the dedicatee of William Harrison's Description of Scotland published as a part of his Description of Britain, to accompany Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles: Harrison (1534-1593) thanked him for his "singular curtesie" and help with the description of the rivers and streams of Britain, observing that Seckford's good nature "greatly favoureth any thing that is doone for a commoditie unto many," and called down blessings upon him and upon "my good Lady your Wife".

Wards and Liveries
When Margaret Stanley, Countess of Derby became a possible heir to the throne (following the death of Lady Mary Grey in 1578), in 1579 she was arrested under suspicion of having imagined the Queen's death by sorcery, and was detained under house confinement. In a letter of 1580 to Sir Christopher Hatton the Countess mentioned her hopes to move to Clerkenwell: "My cousin Sackford hath built him a house at Clerkenwell, which is not yet thoroughly finished. I would be very gladly his tenant; for the air, as I take it, cannot be much unlike to that of his house at St. John's: but I hear now that they die of the sickness round about it...". In writing a little later to Queen Elizabeth she observed, "But, most dear Sovereign, I confess and acknowledge that I have found great mercy and goodness at your hands, in that, of your merciful consideration you sent me to the house of your Majesty's grave officer the Master of Requests, my very good friend and kinsman...", before being sent on to Isleworth House. The Countess's kinship to Seckford lay through the Wingfield side. She is mentioned in Thomas Seckford's will, and in the final section of her own will of 1596 made arrangements concerning a house which she had leased from Seckford at Clerkenwell.

In 1579 or 1581 Seckford was appointed Surveyor of the Court of Wards and Liveries, and served under William Cecil (Master of that Court) until his death at Clerkenwell in 1587. As Master of Requests, Seckford is named in 1581 in company with Valentine Dale and David Lewis, and records his title on the Bealings memorial of 1583.

Seckford memorial 1583

Thomas Seckford senior of Seckford Hall, father of the benefactor, died in 1575 aged 80, and was buried in the parish church of Great Bealings. Seckford's mother, Margaret (Wingfield), had died in 1557 at the age of 64. In 1583 Thomas Seckford, then aged 67, dedicated a memorial to them in that church, with a handsome display of heraldry, to embrace them in the celebration of his own 25 years of service as Master of Requests. It is a composite wall plaque with twin fluted pilasters in flat relief at either side in pale limestone, rising from a register ornamented with panelling beneath, centrally recessed, and with an entablature above bearing inscriptions, surmounted by a projecting pediment with richly dentillated cornices.

At the centre of this composition is a large rectangular carved and painted panel displaying an escutcheon of the arms of Thomas Seckford in their usual quartering, in a strapwork compartment enclosing three rosettes or, the helm above crested with the talbot ermine, among foliate mantling. The quarterings used by Seckford are those allowed in the 1577 Visitation of Suffolk by Cooke Clarenceux, as follows:
 Seckford: Ermine on a fess gules three escallops or (but here the escallops are argent);
 Hunter: Argent a fess gules between three hunting horns sable adorned or;
 Hackford: Chequy or and vert;
 Jenny of Knodishall: Paly of six or and gules a chief ermine.
Small painted escutcheons of arms appear dexter (father) and sinister (mother) of the entablature, beside short inscriptions stating their ages and dates of death, and the impalement of the two (representing the marriage) is painted into the tympanum of the pediment.

The inscription reads:"Parentibus suis charissimis, Thomae Sekford de Sekford armigero: et Margaritae uxori eius de filiabus Ioannis Wingfeld de Letheringham militis Thomas Sekford filius Regiae Maiestati, a libellis Supplicum per annos 25 observantiae et pietatis ergo posuit aetatis suae 67, Ano Dni 1583."To his beloved parents, Thomas Sekford of Sekford Esquire, and Margaret his wife, one of the daughters of Sir John Wingfield of Letheringham, Kt., their son Thomas Sekford, [being] Master of Requests to the Queen's Majesty through 25 years of service and devotion on that account placed [this memorial] in the 67th year of his age, in the year of Our Lord 1583.

Seckford's Alms-House

In his last year, Thomas Seckford founded seven almshouses in Woodbridge in 1587, endowed with an income of £112.13s.4d. (£112.66p) per annum from his property in Clerkenwell, Middlesex. The Letters Patent licensing their foundation (as "Seckford's Alms-house") were issued on 23 May 1587 (Elizabeth's 29th year). Seckford wrote his ordinances for the almshouses (then "newly-erected") on 10 July 1587, and the necessary directions and bequests of land to the Governors were expressed in his will dated 1 August 1587. The Governors were incorporated by Patent, to be the Chief Justice of the Court of Bench, and the Lord of the manor of Seckford Hall, if he be an heir-male of Seckford's father: or, in default of such heir-male, then the Master of the Rolls. These, with advice of the minister and churchwardens of Woodbridge parish church, were to select the candidates.

A finely-illuminated folio of Ordinances and statutes made by me, Thomas Sekford esq; the 10th of July, 1587, for the election, admission, exercises, expulsion, and government of 13 poor persons placed in my new-erected alms-houses in Woodbred, in the county of Suffolk appeared in a library sale of 1763. The text of the vellum manuscript, which came into the possession of the Master of the Rolls, was published in 1792 together with extensive historical notices and a view of the original almshouses.

Built in a single terrace, the almshouses consisted of six houses with attics over, each to be occupied by two poor or infirm unmarried men or widowers, and a seventh similar for the Principal almsman to occupy alone (13 in all). Anyone found to have a wife was to be summarily expelled. Each house had its own garden which the occupants were to work for produce, and there was additional land for working, and a fount for water with a yard for washing. The men received a pension paid quarterly, and were provided with cloth for new robes annually, and a silver badge displaying the Seckford arms, so that they were identifiable as they went about the town. They were, of course, to attend services and sermons regularly at St Mary's church. Tippling and playing at cards or gaming were forbidden, as was swearing or cursing at one another, and all kinds of lewdness and fornication, which were punishable first by fines deducted from the pensions, and ultimately by expulsion. Three poor widows received a pension and lodgings nearby to attend to and care for the men when they were sick or infirm.

Death and legacy

Seckford's wife Elizabeth died at Clerkenwell in November 1586, and was buried in the vault of her second husband Sir Martin Bowes at St Mary Woolnoth church. Thomas died at Clerkenwell 19 December 1587, aged 72, and was first buried there: but in accordance with his will his body was afterwards transferred to a vault in a chapel at the north-east side of St. Mary's Church in Woodbridge. That chapel is now an organ-chamber: it was the vault, not the chapel itself, which had been constructed by Seckford. His coat of arms, as a quartering with helm and crest within a strapwork oval, appears in original glass in the west window of the north aisle.

The vault was surmounted by a rectangular monument like a table-tomb: from the basal slab (the re-used matrix of an elaborate brass) eight squared and panelled columns arise between three arched openings on either side of the chest, with one arch at each end, leaving the interior space entirely open. Above the columns large consoles project outwards to support the table slab, which overhangs the lower structure. This monument, restored, is now positioned in the most easterly arcade between the chancel and the north-east chapel.

Since Thomas Seckford had no children, at his inquisition post mortem held in 30 Elizabeth (1588) it was found that his nephew Charles Seckford MP (son of Francis Seckford of Seckford Hall, then deceased), was his heir. His will was proved on 3 January 1588, but became the subject of a dispute between Charles and Henry Seckford (a younger brother of Thomas's), leading to a Sentence in Charles's favour in 1590. Charles died in 1592, and disputes in the Seckford family over the control of the estate continued for many years afterwards.

The informatively heraldic tomb of Thomas Seckford in the chapel of Trinity College, Cambridge, restored, is that of a nephew.

The Seckford Foundation

Seckford's beneficence is still felt in Woodbridge and Suffolk today. His endowments are managed by Trustees as The Seckford Foundation. The existing almshouses (sometimes called the Seckford Hospital) were built on an adjacent site in 1838-42: they have been very substantially refurbished in modern times and are administered as the Seckford Foundation Almshouses by a sector of the Trust named Seckford Care. The smaller terrace of almshouses near to the entrance of the site stand on the actual site of the original houses.

The almshouse trust was extended in 1861 to include support for the Woodbridge School, which, with the Abbey Junior School, is now maintained by the Foundation, and in 2007 the Seckford Theatre was established in Woodbridge under the same auspices.

In 2012 the Seckford Education Trust ("SET") was set up by the Foundation: it has opened Secondary Schools at Beccles, Ixworth and Saxmundham, and in 2019 adopted two Primary Schools, the Maidstone Infants School and Causton Junior School, both in Felixstowe. The Foundation also makes individual grants and other benefactions, with a particular focus on education and support for the young, and on care, shelter and support for the elderly.

Commemoration and popular culture

Robert Loder's token

In 1796, at a time when English copper coinage was in poor condition and was augmented by many tradesmen's tokens, a one-penny-sized copper Conder token or medalet was issued by R. Loder of Woodbridge, commemorating Thomas Seckford. The obverse showed a bust of Seckford in his hat with the legend "THO SEKFORD ESQ. FOUNDED WOODBRIDGE ALMSHOUSES 1587."

The reverse showed an escutcheon of Seckford's single arms (ermine on a fess gules 3 escallops argent) with the legend "AT WHOSE EXPENCE COUNTY MAPS WERE FIRST ENGRAVED 1574."; within this, in Latin, was "ORATIONES . ET . ELEEMOS . ASCENDUMT . IN . MEMORIAM . CORAM . DEO." (Prayers and alms rise before God in his memory). This was probably intended to resemble the old badge of the almsmen.

Streets and inns
The almshouses occupy a site in Seckford Street, Woodbridge (running between Market Hill and Drybridge Hill), and an inn named The Seckford Arms (now a private house) stood beside the gateway entrance to the site.

Sekforde Street in Clerkenwell, London, is built on land once owned by Thomas Seckford and is named for him. Sekforde Street adjoins Woodbridge Street, laid out at the same time in the 1830s. The Sekforde public house at the corner of Sekforde Street in Clerkenwell has a modified version of the be-hatted portrait for its inn-sign.

In the film About a Boy starring Hugh Grant the main character, Will, lives in a flat in No.1 Sekforde Street (actual research shows the temporary movie-set doorway was constructed at 16-18 St James's Walk, the same glazed-brick building but around the corner.) Woodbridge Chapel on Woodbridge Street also features in the film as the scene of the "Single Parents Alone Together" (SPAT) meeting.

References

1515 births
1587 deaths
English philanthropists
People from Woodbridge, Suffolk
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
English MPs 1571

Thomas Seckford


Marisa Philbert Lajolo (São Paulo, 9 de maio de 1944) é uma ensaísta, crítica literária, escritora de literatura juvenil e professora universitária brasileira. É conhecida principalmente por seus trabalhos sobre leitura, literatura infantil e livro didático. É professora da Universidade Estadual de Campinas e da Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie. Foi, de 2014 a 2017, curadora do Prêmio Jabuti. Em 2020, recebeu o título de Pesquisador Emérito do CNPq.

Ver também
 Regina Zilberman
 Ligia Cademartori

Professores da Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie
Professores da Universidade Estadual de Campinas
Alunos da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo
Críticos literários

Marisa Lajolo


Koroner arter hastalığı, koroner arterlerin duvarlarında oluşan plaklardan ötürü ortaya çıkan bir hastalıktır. Koroner kalp hastalığı veya kısaca CHD (Coronary Heart Disease) olarak da adlandırılır.

Koroner arterler, aort damarından sağ ve sol ana korenerler olarak çıkan kalp dokusuna temiz kan taşıyan damarlardır. Kalbin epikardiyal bölgesinde seyrederler ve bu anadallardan çıkan daha küçük damarlarla kalp hücrelerine ulaşırlar. Sağ koroner arter bir tek anadal olarak seyrederken sol ana koroner arter aortadan çıktıktan yaklaşık 2 cm sonra sol ön inen arter ve sirkümfleks arter olarak ikiye ayrılmaktadır. Sol ön inen arter sol ventrikülün ön yüzünde seyrederken sirkümfleks arter kalbin arkasında seyretmektedir. Koroner Arterler arasında kollateral arter olarak isimlendirilen ara bağlantılarda bulunmaktadır. Koroner arterler ana atar damar olan aortadan aldıkları oksijenden zengin temiz kanı kalp hücrelerine taşımakla görevlidirler. Koroner damarlarda kan akımı esas olarak diastol dönemi denilen kalbin gevşeme döneminde olmaktadır. Koroner damarlar da diğer damarlar gibi intima, musküler tabaka ve adventisyadan oluşan üç tabakadan meydana gelmektedir.

Ateroskleroz damar duvarında lipid parçacıkların birikimi ile oluşan ve damarların lümenini (boşluğunu) tıkayarak normal kan akımını engelleyen patolojik bir süreçtir. Aterosklerozun koroner arterlerde meydana gelmesi ile oluşan hastalığa koroner arter hastalığı denilmektedir. Koroner ateroskleroz yıllar boyu süren bir süreç olup bebeklik döneminden itibaren başlamaktadır. Hastalık boyutuna genelde dördüncü onyıldan sonra gelmektedir.

Ateroskleroz gelişiminde kişisel ve çevresel faktörler rol oynamakta olup kişisel faktörler birinci derece akrabalarda koroner arter hastalığı olması, hipertansiyon, kolesterol yüksekliği, şeker hastalığı olması, yaş ve açıklığa kavuşturulamamış genetik faktörlerdir. Çevresel veya sonradan edinilen risk faktörleri ise sigara kullanımı, yüksek kolesterol içerikli beslenme, stresli ve pasif yaşam şeklidir.

Zamanla koroner arterler içerisinde gelişen lipid birikimleri damarlardaki kan akımını engelleyerek kalp kasının beslenmesini bozarak hastanın şikayetleri başlatmaktadır. Şikayetleri ilk önce yokuş çıkmak, koşmak, stresli anlar gibi kalbin kan ihtiyacının arttığı durumlarda oluşmaktadır, darlığın ilerlemesi ve yeterli kan akımın sağlanamaması ile ilerleyen dönemde istirahat anında bile şikayetler oluşmaktadır. En fazla görülen şikayet göğüs ağrısıdır, bunun dışında göğüste daralma, sıkışma, yanma da oluşturabilmektedir. Koroner arterdeki daralma ani şekilde oluşur ve kan akımı başka bir yerden sağlanamazsa (miyokard enfarktüsü) oluşmaktadır. Koroner arter hastalığının tanısında hastanın hikâyesi, EKG, efor testi, nükleer tıp tetkikleri, radyolojik tetkikler ve koroner anjiyografi kullanılmaktadır. Tıkanmanın yerini ve miktarını belirlemede ve kesin tanıda en etkili tetkik koroner anjiyografidir. Tedavisinde ilaçlar, cerrahi (baypas) ve perkütan müdahaleler (balon, stent) kullanılmaktadır. Hangisinin uygulanacağına koroner anjiyografide tespit edilen darlığın yeri ve miktarı, hastanın durumu ve hasta ile doktorun alacağı karara göre belirlenmektedir. Hangi tedavi şekli seçilirse seçilsin ömür boyu tedavi gerektiren bir hastalıktır. Dünyada şu an en fazla ölüme neden olan hastalık koroner arter hastalığıdır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Kalp Hastalıkları

Kardiyovasküler hastalıklar
Kalp ve damar cerrahisi

Koroner arter hastalığı


Oxalis hirta er jurt af smæruættkvísl sem er upprunnin frá S-Afríku.

Tilvísanir

Súrsmæruætt

Oxalis hirta


Reacția haloformă este o reacție organică în care un haloform (compus de forma CHX3, unde X este un halogen; avem ca exemplu cloroform, iodoform, etc) este obținut ca urmare a unei halogenări exhaustive a unei metil-cetone (un compus de forma R–CO–CH3) în prezența unei baze. Reacția poate fi folosită pentru transformarea grupelor acetil în grupe carbonil sau pentru obținerea cloroformului (CHCl3), bromoformului (CHBr3) sau iodoformului (CHI3).

Mecanism
În prima etapă, are loc disproporționarea halogenului în prezența hidroxidului, obținându-se ionul halogenură corespunzător și ionul hipohalit (mai jos se regăsește ecuația exemplificată pe brom, când rezultă ionii bromură și hipobromit):

Dacă este prezent un alcool secundar, acesta va fi oxidat la cetonă de către hipobromit:

Dacă avem în schimb o metilcetonă, aceasta va intra în reacție cu ionul hipohalit, urmând un proces în trei etape:

1. În mediul bazic, cetona suferă tautomerie ceto-enolică. Ionul enolat va ataca nucleofil o moleculă de brom.

2. În momentul în care poziția alfa a fost complet substituită cu halogen (halogenare exhaustivă), va avea loc un atac nucleofil al hidroxidului, −CX3 eliminându-se și stabilizându-se ulterior (datorită grupelor atrăgătoare de electroni).

3. Anionul −CX3 primește un proton de la solvent sau de la acidul carboxilic format în etapa precedentă, formând haloformul.

Aplicații

În laborator, reacția haloformă este utilizată câteodată pentru identificarea unei metilcetone. De obicei, se utilizează reacția de obținere a iodoformului, când apare un precipitat alb.

Referințe

H

Reacție haloformă


USS Fletcher (DD-992), the thirtieth Spruance-class destroyer, was part of the first major class of United States Navy surface ships to be powered by gas turbines.  She was commissioned in July 1980 and was deployed mainly in the western and southern Pacific, but also voyaged to the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf.  She was the second ship in the U.S. Navy to bear this name but the first to be named after Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher.  After her decommissioning in 2004, she was sunk in a torpedo test exercise in 2008.

Construction
Designed and built by Ingalls Shipyards of Litton Industries in Pascagoula, Mississippi, Fletcher was a member of the first major class of surface ships in the United States Navy to be powered by gas turbine engines.  Four General Electric LM2500 gas turbine engines, marine versions of those used in DC-10 aircraft, drove the ship at speeds in excess of 30 knots (56 km/h).  Twin controllable reversible pitch propellers provided Fletcher with a degree of maneuverability unique among warships of her size.

History
Commissioned in July 1980, Fletcher was immediately sent to join the Pacific Fleet. Starting in 1982, Fletcher made regular deployments to the western and southern Pacific, with some of those extending into the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf areas.  During 1994 and 1995, she was modernized with the vertical launch system, giving her a much broader range of capabilities.

A highly versatile multi-mission destroyer, Fletcher was capable of operating independently or in company with Amphibious or Carrier Task Forces.  Her main mission was to operate offensively in a Strike Warfare or Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) role.  The Tomahawk Weapons Systems provided Fletcher with long range cruise missile capability for use in tactical strike operations.  The ship's primary passive ASW sensor was the AN/SQR-19 Tactical Towed Array Sonar (TACTAS).  Its active sonar together with the Mk 116 Underwater Fire Control System combined as one of the most advanced underwater detection and fire control systems ever developed.  The Naval Tactical Data System (NTDS) provided the ship with faster and more accurate processing of target information.  Integration of the ship's digital gun fire control system in the NTDS provided quick reaction in the mission areas of shore bombardment, Anti-Surface, and Anti-Aircraft Warfare.

Fletcher was originally armed with an 8-tube ASROC launcher, but was later upgraded with a sixty-one cell Mk 41 Vertical Launching System for firing Tomahawk Land Attack Missiles (TLAMs) and Anti-Submarine Rockets (ASROCs).  Other weapons included two Mk 45 light weight 5 inch guns, two triple Mk 32 torpedo tubes, and facilities for operating LAMPS helicopters.  The ship was also armed with the NATO Sea Sparrow Missile System, a short range, surface-to-air defensive weapon; and the Harpoon Weapon System, a medium range, surface-to-surface, anti-ship cruise missile.  For defense against anti-ship missile, Fletcher employed two Mk 15 (PHALANX) 20 mm Close-In Weapons System, SRBOC chaff, and topside armor in addition to the NATO Sea Sparrow Missile System.  The AN/SLQ-32 countermeasures set provided Fletcher with additional defense against anti-ship missiles through the use of active electronic countermeasures.

Crew comfort and habitability were an integral part of the design. Berthing compartments were spacious and the ship was equipped with amenities not usually found aboard other destroyers, including a crew's gymnasium and an improvised library of sorts with several hundred fiction novels. Although Fletcher was as large as a World War II cruiser, a high degree of automation permitted a crew of 24 officers and 296 enlisted to operate the ship.

Deployment in 1983
On 20 July 1983 the New York Times reported that the Fletcher, along with seven other vessels in the Carrier  Battle Group, left San Diego on Friday 15 July 1983 and were headed for the western Pacific when they were rerouted and ordered to steam for Central America to conduct training and flight operations in areas off the coasts of Nicaragua, El Salvador and Honduras as part of major military exercises planned for that summer. The other ships in the battle group were the cruiser Horne, the guided missile destroyer Lynde McCormick, the destroyer Fife, the frigate Marvin Shields, the oiler Wichita, and the support ship Camden.

Following the diversion to Central America, Fletcher, along with Battle Group Echo, resumed the planned deployment to the Indian Ocean.  Following the regular stops at Pearl Harbor and Subic Bay, Philippines, Fletcher was tasked with steaming down the coast of Vietnam, just outside territorial waters, to affirm the right-of-way of maritime traffic in international waters.  Following the transit of the Straits of Malacca, Fletcher spent virtually the entire period in the Indian Ocean on station in the North Arabian Sea, as previously planned port calls were cancelled due to the changing nature of political and operational matters in the Mid-East.  The one exception was an unplanned port call in Port Victoria, Seychelles.  Fletcher returned to San Diego on 29 February 1984.

Sea Swap in 2003
On 2 August 2002 USS Fletcher departed Pearl Harbor to begin Sea Swap, an experimental program that calls for a Spruance-class destroyer to deploy and remain on station for more than 400 days. The original Sea Swap Fletcher crew, under the command of Cmdr. Thomas Neal, stopped in Yokosuka, Japan, Hong Kong and Singapore. While in port Singapore, numerous repairs were accomplished as part of an availability period. Fletcher then headed to the Persian Gulf. The original Fletcher team sailed the ship to the Persian Gulf and spent the next four months conducting Maritime Interdiction Operations (MIO) in support of United Nations sanctions on Iraq.  The Sea Swap initiative became a reality in January 2003, when the Fletcher crew pulled the ship into Fremantle, Australia, and made preparations to turn it over to the former crew of the USS Kinkaid (DD-965)', under the command of CDR Mike Slotsky. After decommissioning Kinkaid, they had embarked a flight to Australia ready to turn over and assume command of Fletcher. Team Kinkaid then made preparations to take Fletcher back to the Persian Gulf for their six-month deployment.  The original Fletcher crew then flew back to Pearl Harbor and disassembled to their new duty stations. Team Kinkaid completed a 4-month deployment in the Persian Gulf and participated in Escort Operations and Tomahawk Missile Strikes at the beginning of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF); at same time the  was decommissioning in San Diego. Team Oldendorf, under the command of CDR Charles Gaouette, received the Fletcher in Singapore from team Kinkaid. Team Oldendorf then proceeded to the Persian Gulf and completed their deployment. They then proceeded to Fremantle, Australia for their relief from the crew of . It was being prepared for decommissioning. The crew of the Elliot, under the command of CDR John Nolan, then embarked on a flight to Fremantle to receive the Fletcher from Team Oldendorf. Team Elliot was the last crew to embark onboard Fletcher. Team Elliot then completed a final 4-month deployment in the Persian Gulf in 2004, continuing Maritime Interdiction Operations (MIO) in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom.

FateFletcher was decommissioned and stricken from the Navy list 1 October 2004. In 2004 the President requested authority to sell Fletcher to Chile; in 2005 her transfer to Pakistan was authorized by the Senate. On 16 July 2008, the U.S. Navy, working with the Royal Australian Navy, sank Fletcher as part of a new torpedo test exercise. The Australian submarine HMAS Waller test fired a modified live Mk48 Mod7 ADCAP torpedo specifically designed for shallow water operations. The Fletcher suffered a direct hit, breaking in half and sinking within minutes. The Fletcher's'' final resting place is located at .

Awards
 Navy Unit Commendation – (16-20 Dec 1998, Jan-May 2003)
 Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation – (Jan 1999-Sep 2001, Aug 2000-Jan 2001)
 Battle "E" – (1982, 1994, 2003)
 Coast Guard Unit Commendation – (Jan-Feb 2000)

Gallery

References

External links

 history.navy.mil/photos: USS Fletcher
 navsource.org: USS Fletcher
USS Fletcher alumni website

Spruance-class destroyers
Cold War destroyers of the United States
1979 ships
Ships sunk as targets

USS Fletcher (DD-992)


Takahiro Kimura (født 4. april 1957) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller og træner.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Mazda.

Han har tidligere trænet Sanfrecce Hiroshima og FC Gifu.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan
Fodboldtrænere fra Japan

Takahiro Kimura


تيريماس المقدوني كان ملك دودونا في إبيروس. ثم أصبح الملك الثالث لمملكة مقدونيا القديمة خلف والده كوينوس بن كارانوس على عرش مقدونيا دام حكمه 38 عاما وذلك بحسب قائمة السلالات الملكية الحاكمة. بينما يرى ديودورس الصقيلي بأنه حكم لمدة 43 عاما خلفه على العرش الملك بيرديكاس الأول المقدوني.

عن عائلته
هو الابن الوحيد لكوينوس بن كارانوس زوجته كيونيكي بينما والدته غير معروفة ويحتمل بأن يكون هو والد بيرديكاس الأول المقدوني وبحسب الميثولوجيا القديمة فإن ابنته هي أوييبي التي حملت بأوديسيوس وأويريالوس الذي قتله أبوه بغير قصد

مصادر ومراجع
 شجرة ملوك مقدونيا - تيريماس المقدوني
 جيروم كرونيكون مخطوطة ميرتون فوليـ76ـو

هوامش

حكام القرن 8 ق م
ملوك مقدونيون
ملكيون مقدونيون في القرن 8 ق م

تيريماس المقدوني


බ්‍රිතාක්‍යයෙහි ලතින් සාහිත්‍යය යනු ආරම්භයෙහිදී  ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් ලියැවී ඇති  බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයෙහි (එංගලන්තය, ස්කොට්ලන්තය සහ වේල්සය) සාහිත්‍යය වෙයි. ජර්මනික හෝ සෙල්ටික භාෂා භාවිතයෙන් ලියැවුනු බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයෙහි සාහිත්‍යය කෙරෙහි මහත් අවධානයක් යොමුවී ඇති නමුදු, ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් ලියැවුනු සාහිත්‍යය පිළිබඳ ඉපැහැදිලි සඳහන් කිරීම් විරල හා වතළ බව සඳහන් කල යුතුමය.  සාහිත්‍යමය කෘති නිෂ්පාදනයෙහි ලා ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් ඉතා සාරවත් දායකත්වයක් බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය තුලින් දක්නට ලැබෙන මුත්, සමස්ත  විස්තරය මනැසට නංවා ගැනුමට ඉවහල් වන සටහන් සොයාගැනුම  ඉමහත් දුෂ්කරය. මෙම අඩුව පිරිමසාගනු වස්  සිදුකරමින් පවතින කාර්යයක කොටසක් වශයෙන් මෙම පිටුව ඉදිරිපත් කෙරෙයි.

සාහිත්‍යය

බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයෙහි ලතින් සාහිත්‍යය


Levon () ist als armenische Form von Leon ein armenischer männlicher Vorname.

Namensträger

Herrscher
 Levon IV. (1309–1341), armenischer König

Vorname

 Levon Davidian (1944–2009), armenisch-iranischer Psychiater und Politiker
 Levon Ekmekdschian (1958–1983), libanesischer Terrorist und Mitglied der extremistischen armenischen Organisation Asala
 Levon Hayrapetyan (* 1989), armenisch-deutscher Fußballspieler
 Levon Kendall (* 1984), kanadischer Basketballspieler
 Levon Larents (1875–1915), armenischer Schriftsteller, Übersetzer, Journalist, Dichter und Lehrer
 Levon Madoyan (1909–1964), armenischer Duduk-Spieler
 Levon Panos Dabağyan (1933–2017), türkischer Forscher, Schriftsteller und Journalist
 Levon Schant (1869–1951), armenischer Schriftsteller
 Lévon Zékian (* 1943), armenisch-katholischer Erzbischof von Istanbul

Künstlername
 Levon Helm (1940–2012), US-amerikanischer Musiker
 Levon Thomas (* 1955), deutscher Sänger und Musikproduzent

Variante Lewon
 Lewon Aronjan (* 1982), armenischer Schachspieler
 Lewon Astwazatrjan (1922–2002), armenischer Komponist
 Lewon Babudschjan (* 1986), armenischer Schachspieler
 Lewon Dschulfalakjan (* 1964), sowjetisch-armenischer Ringer
 Karen Lewoni Grigorjan (* 1968), armenischer Diplomat
 Lewon Lasarew (1928–2004), georgisch-russischer Bildhauer und Maler
 Lewon Mkrttschjan (* 1965), armenischer Politiker
 Lewon Mirsojan (1896–1939), armenisch-sowjetischer Politiker
 Lewon Rotinjan (1879–1964), armenischer Physikochemiker und Hochschullehrer
 Lewon Ter-Petrosjan (* 1945), armenischer Politiker

Sonstiges
 Levon (Song), Song von Elton John aus dem Album Madman Across the Water (1971), benannt nach Levon Helm

Einzelnachweise

Männlicher Vorname
Armenischer Personenname

Levon


Der Badminton World Cup 2005 fand vom 15. bis zum 18. Dezember 2005 in Yiyang, Volksrepublik China, statt. Das Preisgeld betrug 250.000 US-Dollar.

Sieger und Platzierte

Finalresultate

Weblinks
https://web.archive.org/web/20191009133524/http://archiv.badminton.de/2005-World-Cup.694.0.html

World Cup 2005
2005
Badmintonwettbewerb in der Volksrepublik China
Badmintonwettbewerb in Yiyang

Badminton World Cup 2005


Olena Volodymyrivna Rurak (transliteração em ucraniano:Олена Володимирівна Рурак, Dnipro, 7 de fevereiro de 1972) é uma corredora ucraniana. Representou a Ucrânia em duas edições dos Jogos Olímpicos: 1996 e 2000.

Biografia
Rurak nasceu em Dnipro, capital do Oblast de Dnipropetrovsk, ainda no contexto da República Socialista Soviética da Ucrânia, no contexto em que a Ucrânia integrava a União Soviética.

No ano de 1996, participou pela primeira vez de uma edição dos Jogos Olímpicos. A atleta foi selecionada para integrar a equipe ucraniana que participou da edição que ocorreu em Atlanta, nos Estados Unidos. Participou da prova de 400 metros feminino na edição, chegando até a segunda fase, não conseguindo qualificar-se para disputar a final, alcançando assim o trigésimo lugar.

Na edição seguinte dos Jogos, novamente foi selecionada para participar do selecionado ucraniano para a edição das Olímpiadas de 2000, realizados em Sydney na Austrália. Nessa edição, não conseguiu chegar a segunda fase - como realizado nos Estados Unidos - despedindo-se da competição ainda na primeira fase ocupando o trigésimo sexto lugar geral.

Nascidos em 1972
Naturais de Dnipro
Velocistas da Ucrânia
Atletas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 1996
Atletas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2000

Olena Rurak


سكان فلسطين تعاقب على أرض فلسطين الكثير من الشعوب والأعراق، ومن المعروف بأن علاقة العرب بفلسطين قديمةٌ جداً. فالمعروف أن أقدم من سكن فلسطين هم من الشعوب السامية، وأبرزهم الكنعانيون، ولكن هذا الأمر غير متفق عليه علميًا في نظر العديد من المؤرخين العرب. ولقد سميت هذه البلاد بأرض كنعان نسبةً إليهم، رغم أنهم استوطنوا جزءًا من البلاد فقط، وهي المنطقة المحاذية للساحل، حيث أنشؤوا عدة مدنٍ في المناطق التي استقروا فيها، منها مجيدو وشكيم نابلس وكريات أربع وحبرون الخليل، واحتفظوا بالسيادة على المناطق التي استوطنوها ما يزيد عن خمسة عشر قرنًا، أي حتى نحو سنة ألف قبل الميلاد، حين تمكن بني إسرائيل وهم شعبٌ ساميٌّ آخر من احتلال البلاد واستيطانها، وعندها سميت البلاد بأرض إسرائيل نسبةً إليهم. وقد نجح بنو إسرائيل في إنشاء مملكةٍ لهم وصلت أوج مجدها وقوتها واتساعها في عهد ملكيهم داوود وسليمان، وجعلوا مدينة القدس أورشليم عاصمةً لمملكتهم ومركزًا لديانتهم.
وفي أثناء عملية استيطان بني إسرائيل تعرضت البلاد لهجرة شعبٍ آخرٍ من عائلة الشعوب اليونانية التي نزحت من جزر كريت، وهم الفلسطيون أو الفلسطينيون وقد سميت البلاد فيما بعد على اسمهم فلسطين.

انتهى حكم بني إسرائيل في المناطق التي استوطنوها سنة سبعين ميلادية، حين طردهم الرومان وخربوا لهم الهيكل، واستبدلوا اسم أورشليم بـ إيليا كابيتولينا.

من المعروف أن البلاد خضعت للحكم الروماني منذ القرن الأول قبل الميلاد. وفي ظل الحكم الروماني ولد السيد المسيح، وبدأت المسيحية تنتشر بين السكان المحليين، خاصة بعد أن اعتنق الرومان حكام البلاد الديانة المسيحية وجعلوها الديانة الرسمية، وذلك خلال القرن الرابع ميلادي. ولقد أطلق مسيحيو الغرب اسم الأرض المقدسة على هذه البلاد.

وفي أثناء سيطرة بني إسرائيل على البلاد، استوطنت بعض القبائل العربية فيها، وكانت في الأساس تعمل بالتجارة.

ولقد ورد ذكر العرب في التوراة في فترة الهيكل الأول والهيكل الثاني...سفر نحميا 2 و6و8 و19
ويقسم السكان المسيحيون في الناصرة إلى طوائف مختلفة تحافظ على إطارها المستقل، كما تضم عددًا من الجماعات والفئات الطائفية المختلفة التي نشأت نتيجة تطورٍ تاريخيٍ طويلٍ.

الفئة الأولى من المسيحيين في البلاد عامةً يرجع تاريخها للشعوب التي تواجدت في البلاد عشية الفتح الإسلامي، كالآراميين والسامريين والسوريون واليهود المتنصرين وأبناء شعوبٍ أخرى. ومنذ بداية القرن السابع بدأت عملية استعراب هؤلاء السكان مع تغلغل اللغة والعادات والحضارة والوعي العربي، وهكذا أضيفت طبقات سكانٍ جديدةٍ أثناء الحج إلى الأماكن المقدسة عند المسيحيين.

وفي عهودٍ مختلفةٍ تجمع في البلاد أبناء طوائف مسيحية أجنبية كالأرمن والأقباط والأحباش والسوريين.

فترات مهمة في تاريخ فلسطين
	عام 3000 قبل الميلاد _ العصرالحجري
	عام 2000 قبل الميلاد _ العصر البرونزي
	عام 300_ 539 قبل الميلاد_ احتلال الفرس للمنطقة
	عام 333 قبل الميلاد _ احتلال الاسكندر المكدوني للبلاد
	عام 4 _ 37 قبل الميلاد حكم هيرودس الروماني للبلاد
	عام 4 قبل الميلاد _ ولادة السيد المسيح
	عام 27 بعد الميلاد _ صلب المسيح بأمر من بيلاطس البنطي
	عام 476 بعد الميلاد _نهاية الحكم الروماني وبداية الاحتلال البيزنطي
	عام 476 _ 614 بعد الميلاد الاحتلال البيزنطي
	عام 614 بعد الميلاد _دخول الفرس إلى البلاد تحت قيادة كسرى الثاني
	عام 638 بعد الميلاد _ الفتح الإسلامي للبلاد
	عام 1099 _ 1100 بعد الميلاد الاحتلال الصليبي
	عام 1187 بعد الميلاد _ سقوط الصليبيين على يد صلاح الدين الأيوبي في قرون حطين
	عام 1291 _1516 بعد الميلاد _الفترة المملوكية
	عام 1516 بعد الميلاد _ الحكم العثماني
	عام 1610 _1636 بعد الميلاد _فترة حكم فخر الدين المعني الثاني للمنطقة
	عام 1730 بعد الميلاد _فترة حكم ظاهر العمر للجليل أثناء حكم السلطان العثماني
	عام 1780 _1804 بعد الميلاد _ حكم أحمد باشا الجزار في الجليل
	عام 1804 _1819 بعد الميلاد حكم سليمان باشا في عكا والناصرة
	عام 1819 _ 1831 بعد الميلاد _ حكم عبد الله باشا _حاكم عكا
	عام 1831 _ 1841 بعد الميلاد _حكم إبراهيم باشا
 20/9/1918 دخول الجيش البريطاني للناصرة في نهاية الحرب العالمية الأولى
 14/5/1948 جلاء الانتداب البريطاني عن البلاد وترك البلاد في حالة فوضى
 16/7/1948 _احتلال اليهود للناصرة حتى هذا اليوم
	وهكذا تم احتلال مناطق عديدة في فلسطين عام 1948

انظر أيضاً
 التاريخ الديموغرافي لفلسطين

مراجع

الأراضي الفلسطينية
التركيبة السكانية حسب المنطقة
التركيبة السكانية في آسيا
التركيبة السكانية في الشرق الأوسط
تاريخ الأراضي الفلسطينية
تاريخ ديموغرافي حسب البلد أو المنطقة
تاريخ فلسطين
سكان
مجتمع فلسطيني
مجموعات عرقية في فلسطين

سكان فلسطين


Pontiac Firefly var en bilmodel fra Pontiac, som kun blev markedsført i Canada og Mellemøsten. Modellen var en omdøbt version af Suzuki Swift.

Firefly blev introduceret i Canada i slutningen af 1984 som efterfølger for Pontiac Acadian og var i programmet frem til 1994; mellem 1994 og 2000 fandtes der en efterfølger med samme navn. Søstermodeller til Firefly var Chevrolet Sprint, Geo Metro og Chevrolet Metro. Omfattende facelifts fandt sted i 1989 og 1995.

I starten blev Firefly udelukkende fremstillet hos Suzuki i Japan. I 1990 begyndte produktionen på en fabrik i Canada tilhørende CAMI, et joint venture mellem General Motors og Suzuki. Frem til 1994 omfattede programmet kun én motor, en 1,0-liters trecylinder som mellem 1987 og 1991 også fandtes i en turboversion. I 1995 tilkom en 1,3-liters firecylinder.

Mellem 1991 og 1994 fandtes der ud over hatchbackudgaven også en cabriolet og en firedørs sedan; hvor hatchbackudgaven blev produceret hos CAMI, var cabrioleten og sedanen fremstillet i Japan.

I år 2000 blev Firefly taget af modelprogrammet. Først i 2005 kom der med den kun i Canada markedsførte Pontiac Wave en efterfølger.

Eksterne henvisninger

Firefly
Minibiler
Cabrioleter
Forhjulstrukne biler
Biler introduceret i 1984
Biler fra 1980'erne
Biler fra 1990'erne
Biler fra 2000'erne

Pontiac Firefly


Giocangga (Manchu: ; ; 1526–1583) was the son of Fuman and the paternal grandfather of Nurhaci, the man who unified the Jurchen peoples and founded the Later Jin dynasty of China. Both he and his son Taksi attacked Atai's fort, which was being besieged by a rival Jurchen chieftain Nikan Wailan (; 尼堪外蘭 Níkān Wàilán), who promised the governance of the city to whoever would kill Atai. One of Atai's underlings rebelled and murdered him. Both Giocangga and Taksi were killed by Nikan Wailan under unclear circumstances. Giocangga, Taksi and Nikan were all under command of Li Chengliang.

Giocangga was accorded the temple name Jǐngzǔ (景祖) and the posthumous name Emperor Yi (翼皇帝) by the Qing dynasty.

In 2005, a study led by a researcher at the British Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute suggested that Giocangga might be a direct male-line ancestor of over 1.5 million men, mostly in northeastern China. This was attributed to Giocangga's and his descendants' many wives and concubines. Giocangga's descendants in the patrilineal line are concentrated among several ethnic minorities who were part of the Manchu Eight Banners system, and are not found in the Han population.

Family
Brothers
 Desikū (; 德世庫,  Déshìkù)
 Liocan (; 瑠闡, Liúchǎn)
 Soocangga (; 索長阿,  Suǒcháng'ā)
 Boolangga (; 包朗阿,  Bāolǎng'ā)
 Boosi (; 寶實,  Bǎoshí)
Children: (5 sons)
 Lidun Baturu (; 禮敦巴圖魯 Lǐdūn Bātúlǔ)
 Erguwen(; 額爾袞 É'ěrgǔn)
 Jaikan (; 界堪 Jièkān)
 Taksi (; 塔克世 Tǎkèshì)
 Taca Fiyanggū (塔察; 篇古 Tǎchá Piāngǔ)

References

External links
 Journals.uchicago.edu

1526 births
1583 deaths
Jurchens in Ming dynasty

Giocangga


Izvori

 Krešimir Perušić - 100 godina nogometa u Karlovačkoj županiji 1903-2003, Karlovac 2004., ISBN 953-9969-0-6, str. 296

1969-70 2
Karlovac-2

Područna nogometna liga NSP Karlovac 2. razred 1969./70.


Heliamphora heterodoxa, es una especie de planta carnívora perteneciente a la familia Sarraceniaceae. Es originaria de la Gran Sabana y tepuys de la meseta de Ptari en Venezuela.

Descripción
Fue descubierta en 1951 en Ptari Tepui. Esta especie de Heliamphora está estrechamente relacionada con Heliamphora glabra que fue durante mucho tiempo considerada como una forma de H. heterodoxa.

Heliamphora heterodoxa puede tolerar mayores temperaturas, debido principalmente a su origen en las tierras bajas. La planta crece vigorosamente y presenta unas hojas en forma de cuchara grande, que protege el néctar.

Las hojas de Heliamphora heterodoxa son bastante grandes, de hasta 35 cm de longitud. Produce grandes cantidades de néctar para atraer a los insectos. Las inflorescencias tienen 60 cm de longitud, cada una con 3 a 5 flores blancas, llegando a ser de color rosa y rojo con la edad.

Taxon
Heliamphora heterodoxa var. exappendiculata Maguire & Steyerm. (1978) [=H. exappendiculata]
Heliamphora heterodoxa var. exappendiculata f. glabella Steyerm. (1984) [=H. minor]
Heliamphora heterodoxa var. glabra Maguire (1978) [=H. glabra]
Heliamphora heterodoxa f. glabra (Maguire) Steyerm. (1984) [=H. glabra]

Taxonomía
Heliamphora heterodoxa fue descrita por Julian Alfred Steyermark y publicado en Fieldiana, Botany 28: 239, en el año 1951.</small>
Etimología
Deriva de las voces griegas ἕτερος [jéteros] ('diferente, otro') y δόξα [dóksa] ('opinión').

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Plantas carnívoras de Sudamérica
heterodoxa
Plantas carnívoras
Flora endémica de Venezuela
Flora de América del Sur continental
Plantas descritas en 1951
Plantas descritas por Steyermark

Heliamphora heterodoxa


Ernst von Koken (1860-1912) est un zoologiste et paléontologiste allemand.

Publications

1883
  Koken E., 1883. Die Reptilien der norddeutschen unteren Kreide. Zeitschrift der Deutschen geologischen Gesellschaft 35:735-827.

1896
  Koken E., 1896. Die Gastropoden der Trias um Hallstadt. Jahrbuch der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt. 46(1): 37−126.

Références

  Ernst von Koken sur le site LEO-BW - le système d´information sur la région du Bade-Wurtemberg (site visité le 11 mars 2022)

Liens externes

Paléontologue allemand du XIXe siècle
Paléontologue allemand du XXe siècle
Naissance en mai 1860
Naissance à Brunswick (Basse-Saxe)
Naissance dans le duché de Brunswick
Décès en novembre 1912
Décès à Tübingen
Décès dans le royaume de Wurtemberg
Décès à 52 ans

Ernst von Koken


Jo Jacobsen (døbt Hansine Johanne Marie Christiansen) (født 14. december 1884 i Middelfart, død 18. august 1963 i København) var en dansk forfatter, kronikør og psykoanalytiker og en tidlig fortaler for kvinders rettigheder, fri abort, adgang til prævention og seksualundervisning i skolen.

Forældre: Skipper Hans Christiansen (1848-1925) og Ane Johanne Larsen (1853-1937).

I 1906 blev Jo Jacobsen gift med den senere direktør for Carlsberg-bryggerierne Vagn Jacobsen, barnebarn af Carlsbergs grundlægger (J.C. Jacobsen) og søn af Glyptotekets stifter (brygger Carl Jacobsen).

Ved giftermålet oplevede Jo Jacobsen en social opstigning, og hun blev som feteret modeikon samlingspunkt for Københavns overklasse. Hun fødte to børn, Vibeke (1907) og Carl Erling (1908), men i 1916 begyndte ægteskabet at krakelere - under stor pressebevågenhed - og i 1922 var skilsmissen en realitet. Jo Jacobsen flyttede til herregården Rydhave ved Limfjorden og begyndte sit forfattervirke. Hun omgikkes blandt andre forfattere som Johannes Buchholtz, Jeppe Aakjær og Thit Jensen.

Jo Jacobsen debuterede i 1924 som skønlitterær forfatter med Hjertets Køn fulgt af Huset Hansen i 1925. Begge udleverede det miljø, hun havde forladt ved sin skilsmisse. I 1928 udkom Marsvinsjægerne, som skildrede det fattige miljø ved Lillebælt, hun var vokset op i. Denne bog blev mere rost end de to første, og forfatteren Tom Kristensen skrev om den, at »hun har den uforklarlige Evne, der kaldes Talent«. Hendes sidste værk En sang på trapperne fra 1949 handlede om de kristnes begreber om skyld og synd.

Tidligt i 1920'erne begyndte Jo Jacobsen at interessere sig for kvindebevægelsen som foredragsholder og skribent i foreningen Frivilligt Moderskab. Hun kæmpede for bedre seksualoplysning og adgang til prævention og tog initiativ til stiftelsen for Seksual Oplysnings Forbundet, hvor hun var formand i mange år. Hun blandede sig i social- og seksualpolitiske spørgsmål, og hun kæmpede for en forbedring af vilkårene for børn født uden for ægteskab i pjecen "Fosterfordrivelsesparagraffen 241" i 1930, bogen Seksualreform i 1932 og børnebogen »Kærlighedens labyrint« i 1944.

Jo Jacobsen var efter skilsmissen begyndt at studere Freud og psykoanalyse, og hun gennemførte sin uddannelse i Berlin 1933-35 og i Wien 1936-1938. Hun sluttede sig til den danske psykoanalyses nestor, Sigurd Næsgaard, og praktiserede i København. Men hendes provokerende facon (for eksempel skrev hun en tekst, der skulle synges på melodien til Et barn er født i Betlehem, hvis første strofe lyder: "Når sædens celler iler frem/iler frem/ud fra testiklens lune gem/ak ja, ak ja/ak ja, hurra."). Når hun forsøgte at gøre op med tidens tanker om for eksempel enlige mødre og kvinders seksualitet, blev hun ofte til genstand for offentlighedens hån. Til trods for gode alliancer med anerkendte personligheder. Med Sigurd Næsgaard og Socialdemokratiets justits- og senere socialminister K.K. Steincke stod hun i brevkontakt i næsten 40 år.

I 2016 udkom Jo - Carlsbergfruen der gik sine egne veje, en biografi af historiker og journalist Dorthe Chakravarty.

Kilder
 Jo Jacobsen på KVINFO
 Enestående portræt af Carlsbergfruen - berlingske.dk, 29. april 2016
 Jo Jacobsen på Nordic Women's Literature

Referencer

Kvindebevægelsen
Carlsbergs historie
Psykoanalyse
Romanforfattere fra Danmark
Faglitterære forfattere fra Danmark
Kvindelige forfattere i det 20. århundrede
Personer fra Fyn

Jo Jacobsen


Halvor Zangenberg (født 31. januar 1881, død 4. maj 1940) var en dansk arkitekt og museumsinspektør.

Zangenberg blev knyttet til udforskningen af den danske byggeskik og Frilandsmuseet efter, at Frilandsmuseet og Dansk Folkemuseum i 1920 var blevet lagt under Nationalmuseet. Han rejste hele Danmark rundt for at finde eksempler på den traditionelle danske bygningskunst, som egnede sig til udstilling på Frilandsmuseet. Disse rejser og den dertil knyttede forskning resulterede i en række artikler om historisk byggeskik i det gamle danske område.

Forfatterskab
 Halvor Zangenberg: "Vestfyns gamle Bøndergaarde" (i: Vestfyn. Turistforeningen For Danmark: Aarbog 1929)

På internettet
 "Danske Bøndergaarde. Grundplaner og Konstruktioner" (Danmarks Folkeminder Nr. 31; København 1925)
 "Byggeskikken i Præstø Amts gamle Bøndergaarde" (Aarbog for Historisk Samfund for Præstø Amt 1925; s. 59-102)
 "Gamle bornholmske Landbygninger" (Turistforeningen for Danmark: Aarbog 1926; s. 171-188)
 "Folkemuseets Landsundersøgelser af gamle Bønderbygninger" (Fra Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark 1930; s. 39-49)
 "Lollands og Falsters gamle Bondebygninger" (Turistforeningen for Danmark: Aarbog 1936; s. 191-216)

Arkitekter fra Danmark

Halvor Zangenberg


Arisarum vulgare, plus communément appelée capuchon de moine ou gouet à capuchon, est une espèce de plantes herbacées du genre Arisarum et de la famille des Araceae.
Le genre Arisarum comprend trois espèces d'origine méditerranéenne, mais seule Arisarum vulgare est présente en France (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur et Corse). Elle est présente sur tout le pourtour méditerranéen (Europe et Afrique du Nord) ainsi qu'en Océanie (Nouvelle-Zélande et sud de l'Australie).

Description

Arisarum vulgare est une plante glabre et rhizomateuse mesurant de 15 à 30 cm de hauteur. Ses feuilles, ovales, en forme de cœur, et portées par de longs pétioles, sont hautes de 10 à 16 cm et larges de 7 à 10 cm. Elles sont d'une couleur vert vif et parfois maculées de taches plus claires. Les fleurs émergent du feuillage de novembre à mars. L'inflorescence forme une spathe et un spadice. La spathe, tubulaire, est blanche, rayée de vert ou de pourpre. Elle se termine par un capuchon acuminé qui se rabat au dessus du tube. De la spathe, émerge un long spadice verdâtre et étroit, à massue terminale nue, et recourbé vers l'avant. Les fleurs, monoïques, sont regroupées autour de la base du spadice. Les fleurs femelles sont matures avant les mâles afin d'éviter l'autopollinisation. Le spadice attire les insectes pollinisateur par duperie, grâce à son odeur. Les insectes circulent ainsi de spadice en spadice, emportant avec eux du pollen. Les fruits sont regroupés en plusieurs petites cupules vertes contenant de deux à huit graines.

Habitat

Arisarum vulgare vit dans les terres incultes, les garrigues rocheuses, les friches et les pelouses sèches, principalement dans des zones ombragées, et situées de 0 à 800 mètres au dessus du niveau de la mer.

Usages alimentaires
Selon François Couplan (ethnobotaniste), les petits tubercules d'A. vulgare (de la taille d'une noisette, nutritifs et notamment riches en amidon) ont servi d'aliments lors des disettes en Afrique du Nord . Leur richesse en cristaux d'oxalate de calcium les rendant très irritants s'ils étaient mangés crus, ces tubercules doivent préalablement être rendus comestibles par une cuisson dans plusieurs eaux.

Galerie

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Araceae
Plante comestible

Arisarum vulgare


ولفجانج باولي  هو عالم فيزيائي ألماني حصل على جائزة نوبل للفيزياء عام 1989 بالمشاركة مع نورمان رامسي وهانز ديملت. وكانت مشاركة ولفجانج باولي في الجائزة عن مجهوداته في اختراع مصيدة للأيونات . وهي طريقة تسمح بزيادة عدد الأيونات المحصورة تمهيدا لإجراء التحليل الطيفي بدقة عالية.

ولد ولفجانج باولي في 10 أغسطس 1913 بمدينة لورنتزكيرش في ألمانيا، وتوفي في 7 ديسمبر 1993 بمدينة بون.

من أهم إنجازاته العلمية أيضا مشاركته في تطوير ميكانيكا الكم التي أمكن بواسطتها تفسير خطوط طيف الهيدروجين وبالتالي تقوم بوصف دقيق لسلوك الإلكترون في الذرة . وضع المبدأ المسمى باسمه مبدأ استبعاد باولي ، الذي ينص : لا يمكن لإلكترونين في الذرة أن تكون لهما نفس الأربعة أعداد كمومية (n , l , m, s ).

اقرأ أيضا

 مبدأ استبعاد باولي
 عدد كمي
 ذرة الهيدروجين
 عدد كم مغزلي

روابط خارجية

مراجع

خريجو جامعة برلين للتكنولوجيا
أشخاص مرتبطون بسيرن
أعضاء هيئة تدريس معهد برلين للتكنولوجيا
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة بون
ألمان نالوا جائزة نوبل
البرنامج النووي لألمانيا النازية
حائزون على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء
حاصلون على الدكتوراه الفخرية من جامعة أرسطو في سالونيك
خريجو جامعة ميونخ التقنية
فيزيائيون ألمان
فيزيائيون ألمان في القرن 20
مواليد 1913
وفيات 1993

ولفجانج باولي


أمفوتيراسين ب
و هو مركب ينتمي لمجموعة البولين وغالباً ما يستخدم لعلاج العدوى الجهازية الفطرية عن طريق الحقن بالوريد. تم استخلاصه من المتسلسلة العقدة Streptomyces nodosus في عام 1955. تم اشتقاق اسمه من كلمة لاتينية وتعني «الاثنين» وهي كلمة تستخدم كيميائياً لتعبر عن قدرة المركب على التفاعل كحمض وكقلوي. ولقد عرف نوعين من هذه المركبات هي أمفوتيراسين أ وأمفوتيراسين ب الحر ولكن الأخير هو المستخدم في علاج الحلات المرضية. حالياً يتواجد هذا المركب في عدة أشكال إما على شكل أمفوتيراسين ب أو على شكل معقد مع كبريتات الكوليسترول أو على شكل معقد مع الدهون أو على شكل صيغ مع الليبوزوم. حيث أن هذه الصيغ تم تطويرها لتحسين مقاومة المريض ولكنها أظهرت حركية دوائية تختلف عن خواص الأمفوتيراسين ب الحر.

الاستطبابات
إما أن يتم استخدامه على شكل جرعات تعطى عن طريق الفم في علاج حالات مثل القلاع المتسبب بالمبيضات وتعتبر غير سامة، نظرياً، إذا ما قورنت بالجرعات التي تعطى عن طريق الوريد. أو تعطى عن طريق الوريد لعلاج العدوى الفطرية الجهازية.
كما يمكن أن يعطى كمعالجة تجريبية في الحالات الإسعافية عند المرضى الذي يعانون من الحمى مع خلل في جهازهم المناعي ووعدم استجابتهم لمضادات حيوية واسعة الطيف.

آلية التأثير
كما هو الحال في باقي المضادات الفطرية المنتمية لمجموعة البولين يرتبط أمفوتيراسين بالأرجستيرول، المكون الرئيس للغشاء السيتوبلازمي في الفطور، كما أنه يؤدي، عند توافره بتراكيز مناسبة، إلى إحداث ثقوب في هذا الغشاء الأمر الذي يؤدي إلى تسرب البوتاسيوم خارج الخلية وبالتالي موت الخلية. في الوقت الحاضر أثبت العلماء بأن تشكيل هذه الثقوب ليس له علاقة بموت الخلية ((Angewandte Chemie Int. Ed. Engl. 2004)). حيث يعتقد بأن أمفوتيراسين ب يتفاعل مع مع أرجستيرول الغشاء مما يمهد لتشكيل قنوات عبور في الغشاء. تلعب تفاعلات جزيئات الهدروجين، الموجودة داخل الخلية، مع الهدروكسيل والكاربوكسيل والمجموعات الأمينية دوراً في استقرار تلك القنوات وإبقائها مفتوحة وأيضاً السماح للبلازما الخلوية للتسرب للخارج.

التأثيرات الجانبية
أمفوتيراسين ب معروف بتأثيراته السمية الجانبية القاتلة. تتجلى الأعراض الحادة بعد 1-3 ساعات على شكل حمى مرتفعة مع رعشة برودة، انخفاض ضغط الدم، فقدان الشهية، نعاس، قيء، صداع، صعوبة التنفس وسرعته.

إعطاء أمفوتيراسين ب عن طريق الوريد أيضاً يكون مصحوباً بأضرار معتددة للأعضاء وذلك في الجرعات العلاجية. حيث تم تسجيل حالات أضرار كلوية (على شكل أضرار في النيفرونات الكلوية) والتي تكون أحياناً غير قابلة للترميم. مع العلم بأن مشتقات الأمفوتيراسين ب المصنعة على شكل ليبوزومات تخفف من هذه الأضرار السمية. كما يمكن أن يحدث خلل في شوراد الجسم مثل انخفاض بوتاسيوم الدم أو كالسيوم الدم. أما في الكبد فيعد زيادة أنزيمات الكبد وسمية الكبد من التأثيرات الشائعة. كما تحدث عدة مشاكل في جهاز الدوران بالإضافة إلى أشكال من تفاعلات جلدية.

التفاعل
إن تواجد هذا الدواء مع مركبات أخرى قد يؤدي إلى تأثيرات متعددة منها:
 مع الفلوسايتوسين Flucytosine تزداد سمية كلا المركبين.
 مع السيسبلاتين Cisplatin تزداد السمية الكلوية ومخاطر الإصابة بنقص بوتاسيوم الدم.
 مع الستيروئيدات القشرية Corticosteroids تزداد احتمالية حدوث نقص بوتاسيوم الدم.
 مع مركبات المسببة لسمية الكلى تزداد احتمالية تخرب الكلى وانخفاض الضغط.

أقرأ أيضاً
 مضادات الفطور
 نيستاتين

وصلات خارجية
 Fungisome web site run by Lifecare Innovations
 AmBisome web site run by Astella Pharma

مراجع

أدوية أساسية حسب منظمة الصحة العالمية
بوليين
غيلياد ساينسز
مضادات الأوليات
مضادات الفطريات

أمفوتيريسين ب


An Zonotriche in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Zonotriche in nahilalakip ha familia nga Poaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Zonotriche

Zonotriche


George Gilbert Scott (Gawcott, Buckinghamshire, Inglaterra,  13 de julio de 1811 – Londres, Inglaterra, 27 de marzo de 1878) fue un arquitecto inglés conocido por sus trabajos en iglesias y catedrales de estilo gótico, aunque su obra más conocida por el público es probablemente el Albert Memorial en Hyde Park, inaugurado en 1872. En 1859, recibió la Medalla de Oro del Royal Institute of British Architects. Fue presidente de la institución de 1873 a 1876.

Era el padre y abuelo de los también arquitectos George Gilbert Scott (junior) y Giles Gilbert Scott, respectivamente.

Obras

A su muerte, la revista profesional The Builder publicó una lista incompleta de las obras realizadas por Scott de 732 edificios o proyectos. Una carta, fechada un año después de su muerte, de su ayudante al hijo de Scott listaba 541 obras ejecutadas. Una biografía, publicada en 1980, incluía una lista incompleta de 879 obras. Su estudio de arquitectura fue considerado el más grande de Europa de su época, empleando a 27 personas, inclusive becarios, muchos de los cuales serían más tarde importantes arquitectos británicos.

Aunque el propio Scott consideraba sus primeras obras «horrorosas», una de sus primeras obras fue la reconstrucción, en 1845, de la iglesia de San Nicolás en Hamburgo, ganándole al arquitecto alemán Gottfried Semper en un concurso internacional.

Tras restaurar la catedral de Ely, comenzando en 1847, Scott también restauró las catedrales de Salisbury, Chichester, Chester, Exeter, Hereford, Ripon, Rochester, Worcester, St David's, Lichfield, Bangor, St Asaph y Westminster Abbey. Asimismo, diseñó las capillas de Exeter College, Oxford (1854–60) y St John's College, Cambridge (1862–69).

En 1860 fue admitido como académico de la Royal Academy, y en 1868 fue nombrado catedrático de arquitectura de la misma.

Fue enterrado en la Abadía de Westminster.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Arquitectos de Inglaterra del siglo XIX
Ganadores de la Medalla de Oro del RIBA
Sepultados en la abadía de Westminster
Fallecidos en Londres

George Gilbert Scott


كي نيشيكوري   مواليد 29 ديسمبر 1989 في ماتسوا في محافظة شيمانه في اليابان، هو لاعب كرة مضرب ياباني محترف. يُعتبر من أفضل عشر لاعبين في كرة المضرب حالياً، وأعلى تصنيف وصل إليه كان رقم. 5 في (3 نوفمبر 2014). هو أول لاعب ياباني والوحيد الذي وصل لأفضل عشر لاعبين في فردي كرة المضرب. بدأ مسيرته الاحترافية سنة 2007 وهو عمره 17 عاماً.

فاز نيشيكوري بـ 7 ألقاب بفردي الرجال، وكان وصيف بطولة أمريكا المفتوحة 2014 بعد هزيمته في النهائي من الكرواتي مارين سيليتش؛ مما جعله أول لاعب آسيوي من الذكور يصِل للمبارة النهائية في إحدى بطولات الجراند سلام. كما أنه أول آسيوي وصل لنصف نهائي نهائيات الجولة العالمية لرابطة محترفي التنس سنة 2014.

الحياة الشخصية
ولد كي نيشيكوري ماتسوا في محافظة شيمانه في اليابان. والده كيوشي يعمل مُهندس، وأمه إري معلمة بيانو، لديه شقيقة واحدة تكبره سناً واسمها رينا. بدأ لُعب كرة المضرب وهو في عُمر 5 سنوات. وفاز بجميع بطولات الناشئين باليابان سنة 2001. تخرج من مدرسة أومري يامدا الثانوية. ثم انتقل إلى ولاية فلوريدا الأمريكية للانضمام إلى أكاديمية IMG. ويحب نيشيكوري الاستماع للموسيقى، ومتابعة كرة القدم، والقراءة، ولعب الجولف.

في ديسمبر 2010 أعلن نيشيكوري أن مدربه الجديد لموسم 2010 هو براد جيلبرت، والذي دَرب سابقاً العديد من أبطال العالم مثل أندي موراي، أندريه أغاسي، أندي روديك.

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

 Nishikori Recent Match Results
 Nishikori World Ranking History
 ITF Tennis Kei Nishikori

أبطال أولمبيون في كرة المضرب
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من برادنتون
أشخاص من شيمانه
حائزون على ميداليات في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2016
رياضيون من برادنتون (فلوريدا)
رياضيون من محافظة شيمانه
رياضيون يابانيون مغتربون في الولايات المتحدة
فائزون بميداليات برونزية أولمبية من اليابان
لاعبو كرة مضرب أولمبيون من اليابان
لاعبو كرة مضرب شاركوا في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية لعام 2008
لاعبو كرة مضرب شاركوا في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية لعام 2012
لاعبو كرة مضرب في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2016
لاعبو كرة مضرب يابانيون
مواليد 1989
مواليد في ماتسوا (شيمانه)
لاعبو كرة مضرب في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2020

كي نيشيكوري