Musine Kokalari () a fost o prozatoare și om politic albanez în perioada precomunistă a Albaniei. Ea a fost fondatoarea  în 1943. Kokalari este considerată prima scriitoare femeie din Albania. După o scurtă implicare în politică în timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial, ea a fost persecutată de regimul comunist din Albania și nu i s-a mai permis să scrie. A murit în sărăcie și izolare completă.

Tinerețea
Musine Kokalari s-a născut la  în Adana, în sudul Turciei, într-o familie originară din Gjirokastra, patriotică și activă din punct de vedere politic. S-a întors în Albania cu familia ei în 1920. Musine a fost educată din tinerețe pentru a dobândi un gust pentru cărți și învățare, deoarece fratele său Vesim a condus o librărie în Tirana la mijlocul anilor '30. În , a plecat la Roma pentru a studia literatura la Universitatea Sapienza și a absolvit în 1941 cu o teză despre Naim Frashëri. Experiența ei în Cetatea Eternă i-a dat o viziune efemeră într-o lume fascinantă a creativității intelectuale și unicul ei scop în viață după întoarcerea sa în Albania a fost să devină scriitor.

În 1943, ea a declarat unui prieten: "Vreau să scriu, să scriu, doar să scriu literatură și să nu aibă nimic de-a face cu politica".

Publicații
La vârsta de douăzeci și patru de ani, ea a publicat deja o primă colecție de optzeci de pagini cu zece povestiri în dialectul gjirokastrian: Așa cum îmi spunea bătrâna-mi mamă (în ), Tirana, 1941. Această colecție istorică, puternic inspirată de folclorul Tosk și de luptele zilnice ale femeilor din Gjirokastër, este considerată a fi prima operă literară scrisă și publicată vreodată de o femeie din Albania. Valoarea lor constă în dialectul foarte plin de viață din Gjirokastër și al morilor predominante din regiune. Kokalari a numit cartea "oglinda unei lumi trecută, calea tranziției de la fată cu melodiile ei și primii ani de căsătorie cu lumea femeii crescute, încă odată legată de lanțurile grele de sclavie față de fanatismul patriarhal".

Trei ani mai târziu, în ciuda vicisitudinilor celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial, Kokalari, acum de douăzeci și șapte de ani, a putut să publice o colecție mai lungă de povești scurte și schițe intitulată "Cum s-a schimat viața" (în ), Tirana, 1944, cu un total de 348 de pagini care a propulsat-o în atât de scurt timp ca scriitor de substanță. Un al treilea volum al poveștilor sale folclorice a fost intitulat "În jurul inimii" (albaneză: ), Tirana, 1944.

După al Doilea Război Mondial

Odată cu sfârșitul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial, Kokalari a deschis o librărie și a fost invitată să devină membră a , creată la  sub președinția lui . Tot timpul a fost bântuită de executarea fără judecată a celor doi frați, Mumtaz și Vejsim, pe  de către comuniști și a cerut în mod sincer dreptate și răzbunare. După ce a fost strâns asociată în 1944 cu noul partid social-democrat albanez și cu organul său de presă Zëri i lirisë (Vocea libertății), a fost arestată la 17 ianuarie 1946 într-o epocă de teroare concomitentă cu arestarea lui Malëshova, iar la  a fost condamnată la douăzeci de ani de închisoare de către tribunalul militar din Tirana ca un sabotor și dușman al poporului.

Chiar înainte de arestarea sa, Kokalari a trimis o scrisoare Forțelor Aliate, care se aflau încă în capitala albaneză, Tirana. În scrisoarea ei, ea a cerut alegeri libere și libertatea de exprimare. La proces, Kokalari a declarat următoarele:

Nu trebuie să fiu comunist ca să-mi iubesc țara. Îmi iubesc țara chiar dacă nu sunt comunist. Îmi place progresul său. Vă lăudați că ați câștigat războiul, iar acum sunteți câștigătorul care doriți să-i stingeți pe cei pe care îi numiți adversari politici. Cred că sunt altfel decât tine, dar îmi iubesc țara. Mă pedepsești pentru idealurile mele!

În 1964, după 18 ani, în închisoarea din Burrel, regiunea Mat, izolată și sub supraveghere constantă, a petrecut următorii 19 ani de viață internată în lagăr în orașul Rrëshen, în nordul Albaniei, unde trebuia să lucreze ca măturătoare de străzi. Nu i s-a permis niciodată să-și reia scrisul.

Recunoaștere

Kokalari a fost unul dintre primii 30 de scriitori încarcerați care au fost listați în 1960 de Comitetul celor Trei (precursori ai ). În 1993, social-democrata Kokalari a fost declarată postum ca "Martor al Democrației" de către Sali Berisha. O școală din Tirana poartă acum numele ei.

Note

Bibliografie

Acest articol conține informații de la Frosina.org și este utilizat cu permisiune.
O mare parte din acest text apare în: Robert Elsie (2005) Albanian literature: a short history, Centre for Albanian Studies, London, p. 157.

Vezi și
Jolanda Kodra
Selfixhe Ciu

Nașteri în 1917
Decese în 1983
Scriitori albanezi
Scriitoare din secolul al XX-lea
Anticomuniști
Deținuți politici
Oameni din Adana
Nașteri pe 10 februarie
Decese pe 14 august
Feministe

Musine Kokalari


Sagu, ölen bir kişinin ardından söylenen bir tür ağıt şiiridir. Genelde ölen kişinin erdemlerini ve yiğitliklerini konu alır. Geniş doğa tasvirlerine yer verilir. Yedili hece ölçüsü ile, nazım şeklinde söylenir. Edebi sanatlara yer verilir. Dörtlük esasına dayanır. Ölen kişinin kahramanlıklarını, başarılarını, erdemlerini; kalanların acısını ve duyulan üzüntüyü dile getirir. Bu şiirlere İslâmiyet sonrası halk edebiyatında ağıt, Divan edebiyatında mersiye denir. Yuğ denilen ölüm törenlerinde söylenir. Divân-ı Lugati-t Türk'teki Alp Er Tunga (Saka Türklerinin yazdığı) sagusu bu türün önemli örneklerindendir.

Örnek
Alp Er Tunga için söylenmiş sagulardan kaydedilmiş olan bazı parçalar Kaşgarlı Mahmut'un  Divânu Lügati't-Türk adlı eserinde  bulunmaktadır. Bu saguda yer alan ilk üç dörtlük şu şekildedir:

ilk dörtlük
Alp Er Tunga öldi mü?
Issız ajun kaldı mu?
Ödlek öçin aldı mu?
Emdi yürek yırtılur.

ikinci dörtlük
Ödlek küni tavratur
Yalnguk küçin kevretür
Erdin ajun sevretür
Kaçsa tagı ertilür.

üçüncü dörtlük
Begler atın urgurup
Kadgu anı torgurup
Mengzi yüzi sargarup.
Korkum angar türtülür.

Kaynakça

Edebiyat terimleri
Türk edebiyatı
Şiir

Sagu


Bogislav 10. af Pommern (født 3. juni 1454, død 5. oktober 1523) var en pommersk hertug. Han var søn af Erik II af Pommern og Bogislav IXs datter Sofia af Pommern-Stolp.

Bogislav var en af de mest fremtrædende fyrster i Pommerns historie, og formåede ved arv i 1478 at forene hele Pommern under sit styre. Han stræbte efter at gøre landet uafhængigt af Brandenburg, hvis lensoverhøjhed det anerkendte. Dette lykkedes også i 1493, idet Bogislav dog lovede, at ved det pommerske hertughus´ uddøen skulle den brandenburgske slægt Hohenzollern få arveret til Pommern.

Han var gift med Anna Jagiellonka af Polen. De fik tilsammen 8 børn, og deres ældste datter var Sophie af Pommern.

Litteratur
 Svensk uppslagsbok, Malmö 1939.

Hertuger

Bugislav 10. af Pommern


Kapturako () er en turakoart, der lever i Sydafrika.

Underarten Tauraco corythaix corythaix lever i det sydlige Swaziland og sydøstlige Sydafrika, den sydlige del af KwaZulu-Natalprovinsen og den østlige del af Vest-Kapprovinsen.

Underarten Tauraco corythaix phoebus lever i det nordøstlige Sydafrika, Limpopoprovinsen og Mpumalangaprovinsen, samt det nordvestlige Swaziland.

IUCN kategoriserer arten som ikke truet.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

Fugle fra det sydlige Afrika
Turakoer

Kapturako


The title Baron Berkeley originated as a feudal title and was subsequently created twice in the Peerage of England by writ. It was first granted by writ to Thomas de Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley (1245–1321), 6th feudal Baron Berkeley,  in 1295, but the title of that creation became extinct at the death of his great-great-grandson, the fifth Baron by writ, when no male heirs to the barony by writ remained, although the feudal barony continued. The next creation by writ was in 1421, for the last baron's nephew and heir James Berkeley. His son and successor William was created Viscount Berkeley in 1481, Earl of Nottingham in 1483, and Marquess of Berkeley in 1488. He had no surviving male issue, so the Marquessate and his other non-inherited titles became extinct on his death in 1491, whilst the barony passed de jure to his younger brother Maurice. However, William had disinherited Maurice because he considered him to have brought shame on the noble House of Berkeley by marrying beneath his status to Isabel, daughter of Philip Mead of Wraxhall, an Alderman and Mayor of Bristol. Instead, he bequeathed the castle, lands and lordships comprising the Barony of Berkeley to King Henry VII and his heirs male, failing which to descend to William's own rightful heirs. Thus on the death of King Edward VI in 1553, Henry VII's unmarried grandson, the Berkeley inheritance returned to the family. Therefore, Maurice and his descendants from 1492 to 1553 were de jure barons only, until the return of the title to the senior heir Henry (and indirectly to his mother Anne), becoming de facto 7th Baron in 1553. Upon his death he was succeeded by his relative George Harding.

His son, the ninth Baron, was created in 1679 Earl of Berkeley and Viscount Dursley, which remained united to the barony until the death of the sixth Earl in 1882, when the earldom passed to a male heir and the barony passed to a female one, Louisa Milman. At Louisa's death, the barony went to Eva Mary Foley, upon whose death the barony fell into abeyance. The abeyance was terminated a few years later in favour of Mary Lalle Foley-Berkeley. Upon her death, the barony went to her nephew Anthony Gueterbock, who is the present holder. In 2000, he was created Baron Gueterbock for life in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The epithets of each baron were coined by John Smith of Nibley (d.1641), steward of the Berkeley estates, the biographer of the family and author of "Lives of the Berkeleys".

Feudal Barons of Berkeley

The feudal barony of Berkeley was created circa 1155, when King Henry II granted the royal castle of Berkeley to the Anglo-Saxon royal financier Robert Fitzharding under the feudal land tenure .

Prior to that time, Berkeley Castle had been held in fee-farm by Roger I "de Berkeley" (d.1093), a Norman nobleman, possibly a son of Roger I of Tosny (died circa 1040),  who acquired the surname "de Berkeley". Roger I "de Berkeley" held extensive lands in-chief of the king in 1086, as recorded by Domesday Book, including Dursley and retired as a monk to St Peter's Abbey, Gloucester in about 1091. His son Roger II (d. about 1131) and grandson Roger III (d. after 1177) also held the manor of Dursley in-chief of the king. In 1152 Roger III was deprived of the farm of Berkeley during the civil war between King Stephen and the Empress Maud. He was later restored to Dursley, and founded the family of "Berkeley of Dursley", but Berkeley Castle was granted by barony to Robert FitzHarding, a native Englishman and royal financier of Bristol, whose family also took the name "de Berkeley". To mollify the ill feelings of Roger of Dursley, Henry II encouraged each family to marry their respective male heirs to the eldest daughters of the other, which was successfully accomplished. The epithets below were assigned by John Smith (d.1640) of Nibley, household steward of the Berkeleys and author of Lives of the Berkeleys:

Robert FitzHarding, 1st feudal baron of Berkeley (d.1170/1) Robert the Devout.
Maurice FitzRobert FitzHarding, 2nd feudal baron of Berkeley (c.1120–1190/1) (otherwise "Maurice I de Berkeley") Maurice the Make-Peace, son, who in accordance with the wishes of King Henry II married Alice de Berkeley, eldest daughter of Roger III "de Berkeley" (d. after 1177) of Dursley.
Robert de Berkeley, 3rd feudal baron of Berkeley (c.1165–1220) Robert the Rebellious, son
Thomas I de Berkeley, 4th feudal baron of Berkeley (c.1170–1243) Thomas the Observer or Temporiser, brother
Maurice II de Berkeley, 5th feudal baron of Berkeley (1218–1281) Maurice the Resolute, son

Barons Berkeley, by writ, First Creation (1295)
From 1295 the feudal barony continued concurrently with the barony by writ. The feudal barony continued until the Tenures Abolition Act 1660. The feudal barony of Berkeley is especially important in that the barony by writ was deemed, extraordinarily, to be in effect a feudal barony (or barony by tenure), dependent on the tenure of Berkeley Castle. Thus when William Berkeley, 1st Marquess of Berkeley, 2nd Baron Berkeley (1426–1492), William the Waste-All, alienated Berkeley Castle to the king, he effectively disinherited his younger brother from the barony by writ.
Thomas de Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley, 6th feudal baron of Berkeley (1245–1321) Thomas the Wise, son.
Maurice de Berkeley, 2nd Baron Berkeley, 7th feudal baron of Berkeley (1271–1326), Maurice the Magnanimous, son.
Thomas de Berkeley, 3rd Baron Berkeley, 8th feudal baron of Berkeley (1293/6–1361) Thomas the Rich, son.
Maurice de Berkeley, 4th Baron Berkeley, 9th feudal baron of Berkeley (1320–1368) Maurice the Valiant, son.
Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley, 10th feudal baron of Berkeley (1353–1417) Thomas the Magnificent, son, died without male progeny.

Barons Berkeley, by writ, Second Creation (1421)
James Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley (c. 1394–1463), James the Just, nephew and heir male.
William Berkeley, 1st Marquess of Berkeley, 2nd Baron Berkeley (1426–1492), William the Waste-All, son.
Maurice Berkeley, de jure 3rd Baron Berkeley (1436–1506), Maurice the Lawyer, brother.
Maurice Berkeley, de jure 4th Baron Berkeley (1467–1523), Maurice the Courtier, son. Died without legitimate progeny.
Thomas Berkeley, de jure 5th Baron Berkeley (1472–1533), Thomas the Sheepmaster, brother.
Thomas Berkeley, de jure 6th Baron Berkeley (1505–1534), Thomas the Hopeful, son.
Henry Berkeley, 7th Baron Berkeley (1534–1613), Henry the Harmless / Posthumous Henry, posthumous son.
George Berkeley, 8th Baron Berkeley (1601–1658), grandson. (No epithets coined after the death of John Smith (d.1640) of Nibley)
George Berkeley, 1st Earl of Berkeley, 9th Baron Berkeley (1627–1698), son (created Earl of Berkeley in 1679)
Charles Berkeley, 2nd Earl of Berkeley, 10th Baron Berkeley (1649–1710)
James Berkeley, 3rd Earl of Berkeley, 11th Baron Berkeley (1680–1736)
Augustus Berkeley, 4th Earl of Berkeley, 12th Baron Berkeley (1716–1755)
Frederick Augustus Berkeley, 5th Earl of Berkeley, 13th Baron Berkeley (1745–1810)
Thomas Moreton Fitzhardinge Berkeley, 6th Earl of Berkeley, 14th Baron Berkeley (1796–1882)
Louisa Mary Milman, 15th Baroness Berkeley (by birth: Berkeley) (1840–1899)
Eva Mary Foley, 16th Baroness Berkeley (by birth: Milman) (1875–1964) (abeyant 1964)
Mary Lalle Foley-Berkeley, 17th Baroness Berkeley (1905–1992) (abeyance terminated 1967)
Anthony Fitzhardinge Gueterbock, 18th Baron Berkeley (b. 1939), her nephew

The heir apparent is his son Thomas FitzHardinge Gueterbock (b. 1969)

Earls of Berkeley (after 1882, continuing the creation of 1679)
The Earldom of Berkeley, together with the Viscountcy of Dursley, was separated from the barony in 1882, but the succession was not fully established. In 1942 both titles became extinct or dormant.

George Lennox Rawdon Berkeley, 7th Earl of Berkeley (1827–1888), son of George Berkeley, who was a grandson of the 4th Earl
Randal Thomas Mowbray Berkeley, 8th Earl of Berkeley (1865–1942) (dormant 1942)

See also
Baron Berkeley of Rathdowne (subsidiary to the viscountcy Fitzhardinge, both in the Peerage of Ireland, 1663-1712)
Baron Berkeley of Stratton (the last of whom left his estate to the senior line)
Michael Berkeley, Baron Berkeley of Knighton (descendant of the 7th Earl of Berkeley)

References

Sources
George Edward Cokayne. The Complete Peerage. Volume 2: Bass to Canning, ed. Gibbs, Vicary, London, 1912, pp. 118–149, Berkeley
Sanders, I.J. English Baronies, Oxford, 1960, p. 13, Berkeley
Smyth, John (1567–1640). The Lives of the Berkeleys, Lords of the Honour, Castle and Manor of Berkeley from 1066 to 1618, ed. Maclean, Sir John, 3 vols., Gloucester, 1883–1885 (First published c.1628)

 Vol 1, 1883
 Vol 2, 1883
Vol.3, 1885

Baronies in the Peerage of England
Baron
1295 establishments in England
Extinct baronies in the Peerage of England
Noble titles created in 1295
Noble titles created in 1421

Baron Berkeley


Moritz Steinla (pseudonyme de Franz Anton Erich Moritz Müller), né le  à Steinlah (ortsteil de Haverlah) et mort le  à Dresde, est un graveur et peintre allemand.

Biographie
Franz Anton Erich Moritz Müller naît le  à Steinlah, dans l'ortsteil de Haverlah.

Après avoir étudié à l'académie des arts de Dresde, il obtient une bourse royale pour poursuivre ses études en Italie. Il travaille à Florence et à Milan avec Morghen puis avec Longhi et grave les œuvres des anciens maîtres italiens. En 1851, il se rend à Madrid pour graver la Madone aux poissons de Raphaël.

Moritz Steinla meurt le  à Dresde.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Graveur allemand du XIXe siècle
Aquafortiste allemand
Pseudonyme
Naissance en août 1791
Naissance dans l'électorat de Brunswick-Lunebourg
Décès en septembre 1858
Décès à Dresde
Décès dans le royaume de Saxe
Décès à 67 ans

Moritz Steinla


STS-113 was a Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS) flown by Space Shuttle Endeavour. During the 14-day mission in late 2002, Endeavour and its crew extended the ISS backbone with the P1 truss and exchanged the Expedition 5 and Expedition 6 crews aboard the station. With Commander Jim Wetherbee and Pilot Paul Lockhart at the controls, Endeavour docked with the station on 25 November 2002 to begin seven days of station assembly, spacewalks and crew and equipment transfers. This was the last flight of Endeavour before entering its Orbiter Major Modification period until STS-118 in 2007 which include modernizing the cockpit, and also the penultimate shuttle mission before the Columbia disaster.

Crew

Mission highlights

STS-113 was an Assembly Mission (11A) to the International Space Station, delivering the P1 Truss segment, which provides structural support for the Space Station radiators. Mission Specialists John Herrington and Michael López-Alegría performed three spacewalks to activate and outfit the P1. The STS-113 crew and both Expedition crews transferred about 1,969 kilograms (4,340 pounds) of cargo between the shuttle and station.

STS-113 delivered the Expedition 6 crew to the station for a four-month increment. The Expedition 5 crew returned to Earth aboard STS-113, ending a 185-day stay in space.

STS-113 came to a close when Endeavour glided in to a landing at Kennedy Space Center on 7 December. It was the 19th flight of Endeavour, the 112th shuttle mission, and the 16th shuttle mission to the station. The landing was the first (and only) time a mission ended on the fourth day of landing attempts.

Also carried aboard STS-113 was the Micro-Electromechanical System (MEMS) based Pico Satellite Inspector (MEPSI). This payload deployed two small satellites which are connected via a  tether.

STS-113 was the last successful mission before STS-107. Gus Loria was originally scheduled to fly as the pilot for this mission, but was replaced due to an injury. His replacement was Paul S. Lockhart. John Herrington, a member of the Chickasaw Nation, became the first enrolled member of a Native American tribe to fly in space.

STS-113 was the final mission during which Russian cosmonauts flew on the Space Shuttle.

Because Endeavour entered its Orbiter Major Modification period after the Columbia disaster, this was the last shuttle mission to fly with an analog-style cockpit.

Mission parameters

Docking with ISS
Docked: 25 November 2002, 21:59:00 UTC
Undocked: 2 December 2002, 20:50:00 UTC
Time Docked: 6 days, 22 h, 51 min, 00 s

Spacewalks

Gallery

See also

 List of human spaceflights
 List of International Space Station spacewalks
 List of Space Shuttle missions
 List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965–1999
 Outline of space science

Notes

References

External links
 NASA mission summary
 Status reports – Detailed NASA status reports for each day of the mission.
 STS-113 Video Highlights

Space Shuttle missions
Spacecraft launched in 2002

STS-113


Kurt Lewin - සමාජීය මනෝවිදයාවේ පියා

ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදයේ සමාජීය මනෝවිද්යා විෂය ක්ෂේත්රය 20වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී ඇරඹිණි. Norman Trip Let  හෝ සමාජ සුසාධ්යකරණයේ ප්රපංචය මෙම ක්ෂේත්රයේ ප්රථම ප්රකාශිත පර්යේෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විය හැක. 1930 දී ජර්මනියේ ගෙස්ටල්ට් මනෝවිද්යාඥයින් බොහෝ දෙනා ඇමරිකාවට සංක්රමණය විය. (විශේෂයෙන්ම Kert Lewin ) මොවුන් චර්යාත්මක සහ මනෝවිශ්ලේෂණාත්මක පථයන්ගෙන් පරිබාහිර මෙවැනි ක්ෂේත්රයක් බිහිකිරීම සඳහා පුරෝගාමී විය. සමාජ මනෝ විද්යාව නිරතුරුවම අවබෝධය සහ සිහිබුද්ධිය සඳහා ඇති ඇලීම සඳහා උරුමකම් කියති. විවිධාකාර කුඩා කණ්ඩායම් ප්රපංචය සහ ආකල්පයන් මෙම විෂය ක්ෂේත්රයේ බොහෝදුරට අධ්යයනය කළ මාතෘකා වෙයි.

දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය අතරතුරදී සමාජ මනෝවිද්යඥයෝ ඇමරිකානු සෙබළුන්ගේ අවනත වීම සහ ප්රචාරණය පිළිබඳව අධ්යයනය කරන ලදී. යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ පසු පර්යේෂකයෝ ලිංගභේද සම්බන්ධ ගැටළු සහ ජාතීන් වෙනස් කොට සැලකීම යන මාතෘකා අධ්යයනයට පෙළඹූණි. 60 වන දශකයේදී සංජානන විභේදනය , පේක්ෂකයා මැදිහත් කරගැනීම , කළහකාරිත්වය යන මාතෘකා කෙරේ වැඩි අවධානයක් යොමු විය. නමුත් 1970 දී ඇමරිකාවේ සමාජ මනෝ විද්යාව තුළ අර්බුදකාරී තත්වයක් පැන නැගිණි.  විද්යාත්මක පර්යේෂණයන්වල පවතින ආචාර ධර්ම , ආකල්ප මගින් හැසිරීම් පිළිබිඹු කරනවාද? නැද්ද? සහ සංස්කෘතීන් තුළ විද්යාව කොතරම් දුරට යොදාගන්නවාද යන්න පිළිබඳ දිගින් දිගටම විවාද පැන නැගිණි. එක් අවස්ථාවකදී අන්තගාමී න්යායවාදීන් විසින් මනෝවිද්යාවේ එන මම සහ පෞර්ෂත්වය යන්නන්ගේ අවශ්යතාව පිළිබඳව අභියෝග කරන ලදී.

1950 – 1980 දශකය තුළදී සමාජ මනෝවිද්යාඥයින් සෛද්ධාන්තිකව යොදා ගන්නා ක්රමෝපායන් මගින් පරිණත තත්වයට පත්විය. අද පර්යේෂණයන් පරීක්ෂාකාරී ආචාරධර්ම මගින් පාලනය කරන අතර , බහුත්ව වාදය සහ බහු සංස්කෘතීන්වල සාපේක්ෂව වැදගත්කම පැන නැගී ඇත. නවීන පර්යේෂණ වඩා උනන්දුවක් දක්වන්නේ උපලක්ෂණය. සමාජීය ප්රධානය සහ ස්වයං ආකල්ප වැනි මාතෘකා අධ්යයනය සඳහාය. තවද සමාජ මනෝ විද්යාඥයෝ තම අධ්යයනයන් සෞඛ්යය සහ පාරිසරික මනෝවිද්යාව මෙන්ම නීති පද්ධති තුළ මනෝවිද්යාව වැනි ක්ෂේත්ර තුළද යොදා ගනි.

මනෝවිද්‍යා ඉතිහාසය


Snihuriwka (; ) ist eine Stadt im Osten der Oblast Mykolajiw in der Ukraine. Sie liegt etwa 62 Kilometer östlich der Oblasthauptstadt Mykolajiw am rechten Ufer des Inhulez und hat 12.500 Einwohner (2019).

Die Ortschaft wurde 1812 von Siedlern aus dem Gouvernement Mogiljow gegründet, der Name wurde nach einem der Herkunftsorte der Siedler gewählt. 1911 wurde in Snihuriwka ein Bahnhof für die Odeska Salisnyzja gebaut.

Während des Zweiten Weltkrieges kam es im März 1944 in der Gegend des Ortes im Zuge der Beresnegowatoje-Snigirjower Operation zu einer schweren Kesselschlacht. Das Reichskommissariat Ukraine betrieb in Snihuriwka außerdem ein Polizeihaftlager bzw. Polizeigefängnis für Zwangsarbeiter.

Vom 19. März 2022  bis zum 10. November 2022 befand sich die Stadt in Folge des russischen Überfalls auf die Ukraine unter russischer Besatzung.

Verwaltungsgliederung
Am 18. April 2018 wurde die Stadt zum Zentrum der neugegründeten Stadtgemeinde Snihuriwka (/Snihuriwska miska hromada), zu dieser zählten auch noch die 20 in der untenstehenden Tabelle aufgelistetenen Dörfer sowie die Ansiedlungen Jasna Poljana und Wassylky, bis dahin bildete sie die gleichnamige Stadtratsgemeinde Snihuriwka (Снігурівська міська рада/Snihuriwska miska rada) im Nordosten des Rajons Snihuriwka.

Seit dem 17. Juli 2020 ist sie ein Teil des Rajons Baschtanka.

Folgende Orte sind neben dem Hauptort Snihuriwka Teil der Gemeinde:

Söhne und Töchter der Stadt

 Serhij Chlan (* 1972), Politiker
 Jurij Dmitrulin (* 1975), Fußballspieler

Einzelnachweise

Ort in der Oblast Mykolajiw
Gegründet 1812
Ort am Inhulez
Rajon Baschtanka

Snihuriwka


La ligne 10 () est l'une des dix lignes du réseau du métro de Valence et l'une des quatre lignes de tramway, ouverte en . Elle est exploitée par FGV et dessert la ville de Valence.

Le projet de cette ligne, alors numérotée T2, est présenté dans les années 2000. Elle doit relier les quartiers nord et sud de Valence en passant sous le centre historique. Débutés en , les travaux sont arrêtés au bout de quatre ans et après  investis, faute de capacité budgétaire. Le chantier reprend en , dans une version raccourcie puisque seul le tronçon sud doit être réalisé. La mise en service commercial a lieu en , alors qu'est projeté un prolongement vers la marina du port de Valence.

Historique

Projet de ligne T2
Le projet de la ligne T2 est présenté au début des années 2000. Il consiste en une ligne de tramway reliant les quartiers nord et sud, en passant sous le centre historique de Valence et desservant des équipements-clé comme la Cité des arts et des sciences et le palais de justice. Son exploitation est prévue comme semblable à celle de la ligne 4, en termes de matériel roulant et de dimensionnement des rames et des stations.

Longue de , la ligne T2 démarre en surface, dans le quartier de Torrefiel, et parcourt le nord de la ville jusqu'à Pont de Futsa, où elle entame son parcours en souterrain sous le centre-ville pendant . Après avoir notamment croisé la station Xàtiva, elle émerge dans le quartier de Russafa, passe devant le palais de justice et la Cité des arts, et termine son trajet dans le quartier de Natzaret.

Le passage au niveau de Pont de Futsa permet d'envisager une bifurcation de la T2 venant de Natzaret vers la station Empalme de la L4. Cette dernière bénéficierait d'une rénovation des voies et aiguillages lui assurant de poursuivre son trajet vers le port de Valence sans desservir la boucle ferroviaire de Pont de Futsa.

Lancement puis arrêt des travaux
Les travaux sont lancés par la Généralité valencienne en . Deux tronçons sont construits jusqu'en , celui souterrain entre la rue d'Alicante et l'avenue des Frères maristes, et celui en surface entre cette même avenue et Natzaret, tandis qu'une station est creusée sous le marché central.

En , la maire de Valence, Rita Barberá, affirme que la ligne entrera en service en  ou . Le chantier est cependant arrêté l'année suivante par le gouvernement valencien, qui y a déjà investi  d'euros mais se trouve dans l'incapacité de poursuivre le financement, en raison de l'impact de la crise économique de  sur les comptes publics.

Reprise du chantier et inauguration
En , après avoir obtenu un financement du Fonds européen de développement régional (FEDER), l'exécutif de la Communauté valencienne annonce son intention de reprendre les travaux. Il décide en  de renuméroter la ligne, qui passe de 2 à 10 en raison de la création en  de la ligne 2 de Llíria à Torrent.

Le chantier est effectivement relancé en . Le projet de rejoindre le quartier de Torrefiel en passant sous le centre-ville via la station Mercat Central est abandonné en .

Elle ouvre au service commercial le .

Caractéristiques

Ligne
La ligne compte , dont trois souterraines, et parcourt . Les rails sont à écartement métrique et la voie est double sur tout le trajet. Elle sera reliée aux stations Bailén (ligne 7) et Xàtiva (lignes 3, 5 et 9) par un tunnel et une passerelle réservés aux piétons qui déboucheront tous deux à Alacant. Les travaux pour la liaison piétonne Alacant-Xàtiva seront lancés à l'été .

Elle dessert uniquement la commune de Valence, traversant quatre districts.

Stations et correspondances

Exploitation
La ligne est exploitée par les Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana (FGV), sous la marque Metrovalència.

Matériel roulant
La ligne est servie par sept trains de type série 4200 produits par Bombardier Transport, trois issus du parc du tramway d'Alicante et quatre déjà en service sur le réseau du métro de Valence.

Horaires et tarification

Extension

Le gouvernement valencien annonce le  une prochaine prolongation de la ligne 10 pour connecter le terminus de Natzaret au réseau existant. La voie franchira le pont des Chantiers navals puis longera la marina jusqu'à Grau La Marina (lignes 6 et 8), et fera son terminus à Neptú. Le début des travaux, estimé à  en , est finalement fixé à  à la fin de l'année , l'année  étant consacrée à l'enquête publique, la rédaction du projet d'exécution et le lancement des appels d'offres.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Métro de Valence
 Liste des stations du métro de Valence
 Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana (FGV)

Liens externes
 .

Ligne 10 du métro de Valence

Ligne 10 du métro de Valence


National Australia Bank (abbreviated NAB, branded nab) is one of the four largest financial institutions in Australia (colloquially referred to as "The Big Four") in terms of market capitalisation, earnings and customers. NAB was ranked the world's 21st-largest bank measured by market capitalisation and 52nd-largest bank in the world as measured by total assets in 2019.

, NAB operated 3,500 Bank@Post locations—including 7,000+ ATMs across Australia, New Zealand, and Asia—and served 9 million customers.

NAB has an "AA-" long-term issuer rating by Standard & Poor's.

History

Early history

National Australia Bank was formed as National Commercial Banking Corporation of Australia Limited in 1982 by the merger of National Bank of Australasia and the Commercial Banking Company of Sydney. The resulting company was subsequently renamed National Australia Bank Limited.

The expanded financial base of the merged entity triggered significant offshore expansion over ensuing years. Representative offices were established in Beijing (1982), Chicago (branch 1982), Dallas (1983), Seoul (1983, upgraded to a branch in 1990), San Francisco (1984), Kuala Lumpur (1984), Athens (1984, closed 1989), Frankfurt (1985, closed 1992), Atlanta (1986), Bangkok (1986), Taipei (1986 upgraded to branch 1990), Shanghai (1988, closed 1990), Houston (1989) and New Delhi (1989).

In 1987, NAB bought Clydesdale Bank (Scotland) and Northern Bank (Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland) from Midland Bank. It rebranded Northern Bank branches in the Republic of Ireland to National Irish Bank and changed both banks' logos from that of the Midland Bank. In 1990, NAB bought Yorkshire Bank (England and Wales).

Further acquisitions followed – Bank of New Zealand in 1992, which at the time had about a 26% market share in the New Zealand market, and Michigan National Bank (MNB) in 1995. NAB had earlier rationalised its operations in the US and closed its offices in Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas, Houston, and San Francisco in 1991.

This period of rapid expansion through acquisition concluded with the purchases in 1997 of HomeSide Lending, a leading US mortgage originator and servicer based in Florida, and most significantly, the acquisition in 2000 of MLC Limited (and related MLC entities) for $4.56bn, one of the biggest mergers in Australian corporate history.

2000s
NAB encountered a difficult period in the period 2000–2005. In 2000, NAB sold Michigan National Bank to ABN AMRO, then in 2001 sold HomeSide's operating assets for US$1.9b to Washington Mutual, the largest US savings and loan company, as well as the mortgage unit's loan-servicing technology and operating platform.

The foreign currency trader fraud was the catalyst for the resignations of CEO Frank Cicutto and Chairman Charles Allen. The resignations were preceded by a Board revolt where Catherine Walters emerged as a whistle blower citing serious culture issues at the company having led to the string of failures.

Frank Cicutto was CEO of NAB from 1999 to 2004. The Australian economic environment during his leadership was stable and productive after 17 consecutive years of economic growth since 1992, averaging 3.3 per cent per annum.

In February 2004, John Stewart was appointed CEO of NAB following the sacking of Cicutto. Stewart proceeded with a far reaching re-organisation of the company along regional lines leading to the appointment of Ahmed Fahour as the CEO of Australia in September 2004. On 20 February 2009 Fahour stepped down from the Principal Board and Group Executive Committee.

In 2005, NAB announced a cut of 2,000 Australian jobs as part of a global cost-cutting program with the intention of cutting around 4,200 positions – about 10.5% of its total workforce globally.

It began to outsource back office positions offshore, beginning with a pilot with 23 jobs from the accounts payable department in Melbourne going to Bangalore, India in an agreement with Accenture. Later that year, it sold Northern Bank and National Irish Bank to the Danish Danske Bank. Over 200 additional jobs had been sent offshore by 2006.

As part of the culture change program, a new Australian head office was purpose built at Docklands in Melbourne. This building is characterised by its open plan layout and was officially opened in October 2004. After Cameron Clyne became CEO in 2009, the Docklands building became the global headquarters replacing 500 Bourke Street.

By 2006, NAB had turned its fortunes around, reporting an industry record $4.3 billion profit and winning two local Bank of the Year awards. It also had a major reform which included the refurbishment of all of its branches, and the replacement of signage in and around National branches and buildings, being changed from 'National' to 'nab'.

In May 2007, NAB announced that it would delist from the New York Stock Exchange, and this took place in August 2007. NAB delisted from the London and Tokyo exchanges in 2006.

In March 2008, NAB announced that it would send maintenance and support for some core banking applications to India through an offshoring arrangement with Infosys and Satyam, affecting another 260 employees.

On 25 July 2008, NAB's announcement of an additional A$830 million provision associated with deterioration in US real estate markets triggered the biggest single-day fall in its share price in 21 years, wiping over A$7 billion from the stock's value.

In October 2008, NAB launched a branchless direct bank trading separately as UBank under the leadership of Greg Sutherland and Gerd Schenkel.

In January 2009, Cameron Clyne became CEO, and began a strategy of reputation change, wealth management and a focus on domestic markets.

As part of this strategy, NAB's underweight retail bank – under the leadership of Lisa Gray – attempted to increase market share by competing on price and cutting fees. Initially denting earnings in the division, the strategy produced mixed results over the medium term, with cash earnings, market share and customer satisfaction rising, but operating margin and cost to income ratio worsening since it began in 2009. In line with the strategy, NAB attempted to differentiate itself from the other "Big 4" Australian banks in a large, national public relations campaign centred around a theme of "breaking up" with the other banks on Valentine's Day 2011. The campaign received both a positive and negative reception. It also attracted swift competitive responses from other major banks. The campaign won an advertising award at Cannes.

In 2009, NAB acquired the mortgage business of Challenger Financial Services for $385 million, in order to boost its market share in the broker channel. The purchase also included the PLAN, Choice, and FAST mortgage aggregation businesses and approximately 17.5% in Homeloans Ltd. In June that year it paid A$825m ($660m:£401m) for UK insurer Aviva's Australian wealth management businesses, including their Navigator platform. NAB beat off competition from AMP for Navigator. In July 2009 NAB acquired an 80% stake in the private wealth management division of Goldman Sachs JBWere, for A$99m.

In December 2009 NAB began a nine month attempt to purchase Axa Asia Pacific. This attempt was blocked twice by the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission. The first time, in April 2010, was because the regulator believed that the merger would cause a substantial lessening of competition in the retail investment platform market. NAB subsequently lodged a revised bid which aimed to address these concerns but was rejected a second time in September of that year. The Axa deal's drawn out process drew criticism for the bank's underperformance.

2010s
NAB's poor 2012 financial results called its strategy into question: net profit dropped by 22% compared to the previous year. In 2014, the NAB Melbourne Government announced that Cameron Clyne would be succeeded as CEO by Andrew Thorburn, NAB's New Zealand head. In August 2014, Lisa Gray left NAB as part of a broader set of executive changes.

As part of a strategy to focus NAB on its domestic markets, the bank listed its US subsidiary, Great Western Bank, on the New York Stock Exchange in October 2014 as part of an initial public offering. NAB sold its final 28.5% holding in Great Western in July 2015.

In May 2015, NAB also confirmed it would demerge its Clydesdale and Yorkshire Bank business in the UK, through an initial public offering. The business was partially floated on the London Stock Exchange and Australian Securities Exchange under a new holding company, CYBG plc, in February 2016, with the remaining shares distributed to NAB's shareholders.

In July 2019, Ross McEwan was appointed Group Chief Executive Officer and managing director, after resigning from the Royal Bank of Scotland in April of that year.

2020s
In January 2021, NAB announced plans to acquire the neobank 86 400 for $220 million and subsequently merge it with UBank.

In May 2021, NAB completed its sale of its advice, platforms, superannuation and investments and asset management businesses to IOOF Holdings. As part of the MLC Wealth Transaction, NAB retained the companies that operated the advice businesses.

In September 2021, NAB temporarily rebranded their logo to JAB to promote vaccines for COVID-19.

In the first half of 2022, NAB relocated its global headquarters from 800 Bourke Street Docklands to a new natural light and greenery purpose built 39 storey building at 395 Bourke Street. The move also replaced National Bank House at 500 Bourke Street. The bank currently has 2 main buildings for employees at 700 Bourke Street Docklands and the new 395 NAB Place.

On 1 June 2022, National Australia Bank Limited (NAB) acquired the consumer banking business from Citigroup Pty Ltd (Citi), an Australian branch of Citibank.

On 19 January 2023, NAB announced that it would create a stablecoin called the AUDN that would be pegged to the Australian Dollar, and that the digital asset would be on the Ethereum network. The objective is to streamline cross-border banking transactions, and will also be used for trading carbon credits.  AUDN is expected to be live in mid-2023.

Corporate affairs

Chief Executives
The following individuals have been appointed to serve as chief executive:

Chairs
The following individuals have been appointed to serve as chairman of the board:

Overview

The National Australia Bank Group is organised into eight divisions, spread across two geographic regions.

Technology

NAB is a large user of the Siebel and Teradata CRM systems. While NAB has received recognition as an early adopter and leader in CRM (Customer Relationship Management)
the system was reinvigorated in 2004–5 as part of the broader turnaround to support the new focus on cross-selling.

In 2006, NAB was named the winner of the IFS/Cap Gemini Financial Innovation awards for its CRM system, internally called "National Leads".

On 25 November 2010, NAB suffered a system malfunction resulting in the failure of accounts processing. As a result, around 60,000 banking transactions were lost, and had to be manually recovered. The malfunction was caused by a corruption of an irreplaceable system file. This issue has been dubbed by some commentators as one of the biggest failures in the history of the Australian banking system.

Under Cameron Clyne's leadership, NAB began to upgrade its core banking platform in a project dubbed "NextGen". The project involves the replacement of its legacy systems which are up to 40 years old with an Oracle-based solution. UBank was reported to be the first beneficiary of this project. In total, the project was expected to be completed in 2014 and cost $1 billion.

As of April 2014, NAB's "NextGen" program was said to suffer from "growing problems".

In July 2020, NAB signed an agreement with Microsoft to further develop its multi-cloud computing strategy including the migration of key applications to the cloud while accelerating development and innovation.

In September 2020, The National Australia Bank partnered with crowdsource security firm Bugcrowd to launch a bug bounty program, which offers a reward to security researchers who can find previously unknown vulnerabilities in the bank's system. Would be participants must have an "Elite Trust Score" on Bugcrowd.

Corporate responsibility
In 2008, NAB invested $33.5 million in corporate responsibility initiatives. Its target is to spend 1% of cash earnings before tax in this area. In 2009, NAB became the largest Fairtrade accredited workplace in Australia through purchasing Fairtrade tea, coffee and hot chocolate for their offices and retail branches. In March 2010 NAB stated it expected to save nearly $1 million in annual power costs from a $6.5 million tri-generation plant at its main data centre. NAB became one of Australia's largest carbon neutral companies in September 2010. NAB ranked equal first among financial service companies in the Global 500 companies in the 2010 Carbon Disclosure Leadership Index.

Sponsorship and scholarships
In 2013 NAB emerged as a sponsor of Australian rules football, both at grassroots and elite level. It supports Auskick, an initiative to improve young footballers, as well as the NAB Cup (an Australian Football League pre-season competition), the NAB AFL Rising Star award; and the AFL National Draft. Other significant sporting sponsorships included the Socceroos, the 2006 Commonwealth Games, and was the main shirt sponsor of the South Sydney Rabbitohs between 2008 and 2010.

Support is also given towards community group volunteers around Australia. In recent years, NAB has provided financial support and relief to drought affected farmers and helped in the clean-up of flood affected in Queensland and Victoria. NAB has also sponsored the Sheikh Fehmi El-Imam Scholarship, designed to help strengthen the links between NAB and the Muslim community and enables an undergraduate student to continue post-graduate studies in finance and economics.

The National Australia Bank is the AFL Women's current and inaugural naming rights partner.

Controversies

Foreign currency trader staff fraud
In 2004, NAB discovered that as a result of unauthorised spot trades on its foreign currency options desk, losses totalling A$360 million had been covered up. Investigations by PricewaterhouseCoopers and the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority highlighted a need for cultural change. The losses were a result of a failed speculative position where the traders falsified profits to trigger bonuses over a number of years. In order to actually generate the reported profits, the traders speculated on the US dollar, betting that it would rise against the Australian dollar and other currencies.
In 2006, two former NAB foreign currency options traders were sentenced on charges brought by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) and incurred jail terms.

Financial planner misconduct
Acting on a customer complaint, an Australian Securities & Investment Commission (ASIC) investigation found that between 1997 and 2001, a NAB financial products seller, Paul Drakos, working out of a northern Sydney branch at Hornsby made recommendations to a number of NAB clients, mostly retirees, to invest in BSI Corp, an entity based in the Bahamas which was not a NAB approved investment product. According to ASIC, at least $6.2m was subsequently transferred from the overseas accounts in the Bahamas and the Dominican Republic back to a private company account, held for Strategic Investments Group ACN 080 924 036 and controlled by a single director, the same Paul Drakos. Funds were then applied from this account as loans disguised as investments to a number of failed business opportunities among his familial associates including a golf driving range on the Central Coast of NSW, a plumbing business, and futures and commodities trading. The land holdings, as inflated securities, were also used by the failed Allco Hit. The NAB employee was not officially connected with BSI but gave instructions to agents based in Canada to arrange for the transfer of funds back to Strategic Investments Group and other accounts. On 29 May 2006 the NAB employee pleaded guilty to 8 counts of dishonestly obtaining a financial advantage by deception, 2 counts of fraudulent misappropriation and 3 counts of making and using false documents. There is also a connection, not yet pursued by ASIC, to the collapse of the Allco HIT Ltd and Strategic Finances where it is suspected that the swampland was used to underpin financial dealings. During the time of the investigations the NAB provided the perpetrator of the fraud with a loan of $350,000 secured by swampland on the Central Coast of NSW.

Ex-Chief of Staff and accomplice defraud NAB
More than $5.5 million in inflated invoices from an event and function company Human Group were paid between 2014 and 2017 to Rosemary Rogers an NAB employee for more than twenty years, nine of which was as chief of staff to CEOs Cameron Clyne and Andrew Thorburn. The money was paid by a co-accused Helen Rosamond "as an inducement or reward to ensure that Human Group maintained a contract with NAB" according to court documents. The court was told by the prosecution Rogers was motivated by "greed, personal gain and self-gratification". In sentencing, Judge Paul Conlon said the benefits she received went "well beyond compensating family for any perceived neglect", and went onto say, "I find it absolutely staggering that this fraud were not detected by some appropriate system of internal auditing by NAB". An anonymous whistle-blower sent a letter to NAB executives in 2017, alleging "Rose" had been receiving money and gifts over a number of years from Ms Rosamond. In sentencing, Rogers is to serve at least four years and nine months of her sentence being eligible for parole in October, 2025. Her co-accused is yet to be sentenced.

Tax evasion and customer overcharging in Ireland
The Irish subsidiary of the bank, National Irish Bank was the subject of a six-year Inquiry carried out by Inspectors appointed by the Irish High Court. They established that National Irish Bank had engaged in overcharging its own customers and tax evasion schemes prior to 1998. Mr Justice Peter Kelly, an Irish High Court judge commented following publication of the Report "The edifice of banking is built on a foundation of trust. On the Inspectors findings there was a breach of trust. The operation was carried out over a period of years in a deliberate fashion". The Director of Corporate Enforcement subsequently applied to the High Court to have 9 senior managers barred from being an officer of any company.

HomeSide write-downs
NAB booked two write-downs associated with HomeSide. First, in July 2001, NAB had a $450 million write down of the value of its capitalised mortgage servicing rights (CMSRs) during the quarter ending 30 June 2001, and was the result of exceptionally high mortgage refinance volumes which lowered the value of the CMSRs, combined with a more challenging capital markets environment in which to hedge interest rate risk. This was followed shortly by a second write-down reported in September totalling $1.75 billion; this second write-down consisted of US$400 million from an incorrect interest rate assumption embedded in the mortgage servicing rights valuation model, US$760 million from changed assumptions in the model flowing from the continued unprecedented uncertainty and turbulence in the mortgage servicing market, and US$590 million from writing off of the goodwill. In total, NAB booked $2.2 billion in losses due to HomeSide.

As a result of all these events, NAB's Australian shareholders attempted to sue it in the United States for securities fraud, even though the plaintiffs, the defendant, and the actual securities at issue (NAB's shares) were all located in Australia.  (The main advantage of suing in the U.S. arises from Basic Inc. v. Levinson (1988), under which it is presumed that the defendant committed "fraud-on-the-market" unless the defendant proves otherwise.) The case of Morrison v. National Australia Bank Ltd ultimately ended up before the U.S. Supreme Court, which held in a unanimous 8–0 decision on 24 June 2010 that U.S. law against securities fraud does not apply to securities deals occurring outside of the country.

Financing of fossil fuel operations

On 5 Nov 2015, NAB publicly supported the climate goals of the Paris Agreement.  In the four years following this commitment, from 2016 to 2019, NAB loaned A$7.3 billion to the fossil fuel industry.  Despite evidence that there can be little or no development of new or expansionary fossil fuel projects if the Paris Agreement climate goals are to be met, NAB loaned A$1.2 billion to such projects during 2016–2019.  Over the same timeframe, NAB loaned A$1.1 billion to ten companies that were expanding the scale of the fossil fuel sector and/or relying on scenarios consistent with the failure of the Paris Agreement to justify their future business prospects.

Despite publicly committing to "no longer finance new thermal coal mining projects" in December 2017, the bank reportedly funded New Hope Group for its development of the New Acland Stage 3 Coal Mine, and Coronado Global Resources in connection with an expansion of its Curragh coal mine.  Environmental groups have questioned whether NAB breached its thermal coal commitment by providing this funding.

In November 2019, NAB announced it would exit the thermal coal sector by 2035, attracting criticism on the basis that this is five years too late to be considered compatible with the Paris Agreement climate goals.

The Australian investor community has had various responses to continued financing of fossil fuel projects by NAB and the other members of the Big Four banks. These responses include:
 NAB customers moving their money to banks with a lesser financed emissions portfolio.
 NAB shareholders asking for greater emissions disclosure and reduced finance for fossil fuels, including by lodging and supporting shareholder resolutions.
 Protest groups covering ATM screens to raise awareness of financed projects' associated climate impacts and degradation of
 The creation of 'fossil fuel-free' superannuation and investment products which exclude NAB from the investment universe.

Hayne Royal Commission

A royal commission was established on in December 2017 to inquire into and report on misconduct in the banking, superannuation, and financial services industry. The establishment of the commission followed revelations in the media of a culture of greed within several Australian financial institutions. A subsequent parliamentary inquiry recommended a royal commission, noting the lack of regulatory intervention by the relevant government authorities, and later revelations that financial institutions were involved in money laundering for drug syndicates, turned a blind eye to terrorism financing, and ignored statutory reporting responsibilities and impropriety in foreign exchange trading.

During the Royal Commission, it was revealed that NAB subsidiary, MLC Limited, had charged some of its customers "adviser contribution fees" and "employer service fees" on its superannuation products. By its own admission, NAB executives told the Royal Commission that the customers might have not received any service, in spite of being charged a fee. NAB tried to disguise these fees as commissions. The following month ASIC commenced civil proceedings in the Federal Court alleging that NAB-owned superannuation entities had deducted $100 million in fees from more than 300,000 customers where services were not provided. Appearing before the Royal Commission in November 2018, NAB Chief Executive Officer Andrew Thorburn defended the fees-for-no-service issue as a "process issue" rather than dishonesty. Days earlier, NAB Chairman and former Secretary of The Treasury Ken Henry defensively appeared before the Royal Commission, with some tense exchanges between Henry and legal counsel Rowena Orr.

See also

 Banking in Australia
 List of banks
 List of banks in Australia
 List of banks in Oceania

References

External links

Banks of Australia
Companies listed on the Australian Securities Exchange
Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange
Companies formerly listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Companies formerly listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Companies based in Melbourne
Australian companies established in 1982
Banks established in 1982

National Australia Bank


El Congreso de los Diputados del Pueblo de la RSFS de Rusia (en ruso: Съезд народных депутатов РСФСР), y desde 1991 Congreso de los Diputados del Pueblo de la Federación de Rusia (en ruso: Съезд народных депутатов Российской Федерации), fue la institución suprema de gobierno en la RSFS de Rusia y en la Federación de Rusia entre el 16 de mayo de 1990 y el 21 de septiembre de 1993. Fue elegido el 4 de marzo de 1990 para un periodo de cinco años. Fue disuelto sin autoridad constitucional por decreto presidencial durante la crisis constitucional rusa de 1993 y finalizó de facto cuando la Casa Blanca de Moscú fue atacada el 4 de octubre de 1993. El Congreso fue responsable de algunos de los acontecimientos más importantes de la historia de Rusia durante ese periodo, como la Declaración de Soberanía Estatal de la RSFS de Rusia el 12 de junio de 1990, el ascenso de Borís Yeltsin, y las reformas económicas que instauraron la economía de mercado.

Principales funciones
El Congreso tenía el poder de aprobar leyes por mayoría, que debían ser entonces firmadas por el Presidente del Presídium del Sóviet Supremo de la RSFS de Rusia (sin derecho de veto hasta julio de 1991). El Congreso tenía asimismo el poder de aprobar una Constitución y realizar cambios constitucionales, investir al Jefe de Gobierno y a los dirigentes de las principales oficinas públicas, seleccionar los miembros del Comité de Supervisión Constitucional (jueces del Tribunal Constitucional), convocar referéndums, y aprobar un impeachment contra el presidente.

Composición
El Congreso consistía oficialmente de 1.068 diputados, la mayoría de los cuales fueron elegidos en las Elecciones legislativas de Rusia de 1990, pero el tamaño real varió debido a diversas reelecciones y cambios estructurales.
900 diputados eran elegidos por las regiones territoriales, proporcionalmente a su población;
168 más de las regiones con estatus nacional, 64 de las 16 repúblicas autónomas (4 por cada una), 10 de las regiones autónomas (2 por cada una), 10 por las zonas autónomas (1 por cada una), y 84 por los krai, óblast, y las ciudades de Moscú y Leningrado.
Un total de 1.059 diputados fueron elegidos al comienzo para la primera sesión del Congreso el 16 de mayo de 1990.
1.037 diputados estaban presentes el 21 de septiembre de 1993; 938 a 4 de octubre de 1993.
Dos tercios de los diputados debían estar presentes para que el Congreso tuviese quórum.

Sesiones
Constitucionalmente el Congreso debía reunirse cada año, pero en la práctica, debido a los turbulentos acontecimientos desarrollados durante esos años, se reunía de dos a tres veces por año. El Congreso se reunía en la Casa Blanca de Moscú y celebró un total de diez sesiones. Su última sesión fue celebrada tras el decreto presidencial de disolución, y fue interrumpida por el ataque armado contra la Casa Blanca por parte de las fuerzas leales al Presidente de Rusia, Borís Yeltsin.
 Primera: 16 de mayo de 1990 – 22 de junio de 1990.
 Segunda (extraordinaria): 27 de noviembre de 1990 – 15 de diciembre de 1990.
 Tercera (extraordinaria): 28 de marzo de 1991 – 5 de abril de 1991.
 Cuarta: 21 de mayo de 1991 – 25 de mayo de 1991.
 Quinta (extraordinaria): 10 de julio de 1991 – 17 de julio de 1991; 28 de octubre de 1991 – 2 de noviembre de 1991.
 Sexta: 6 de abril de 1992 – 21 de abril de 1992.
 Séptima: 1 de diciembre de 1992 – 14 de diciembre de 1992.
 Octava (extraordinaria): 10 de marzo de 1992 – 13 de marzo de 1993.
 Novena (extraordinaria): 26 de marzo de 1993 – 29 de marzo de 1993.
 Décima (emergencia): 23 de septiembre de 1993 – 4 de octubre de 1993.

Sóviet Supremo

El Sóviet Supremo de la RSFS de Rusia, desde el 25 de diciembre de 1991 denominado Sóviet Supremo de la Federación de Rusia, fue un cuerpo legislativo elegido por el Congreso para legislar entre sesiones del mismo.
Consistía de 252 diputados, divididos entre el Sóviet de la República (126 diputados), elegido proporcionalmente a la población, y otros 126 diputados del Sóviet de las Nacionalidades, representando a los sujetos federales de Rusia.

Funciones
El Sóviet Supremo fue investido de poderes para aprobar leyes, ratificar tratados, asignar miembros del gobierno (hasta 1991) y jueces, declarar la amnistía, y aprobar decretos presidenciales. Las leyes aprobadas por el Sóviet Supremo eran firmadas por el Presidente del Presidium sin derecho de veto hasta el 10 de julio de 1991. Posteriormente, el presidente obtuvo el derecho a un veto de aplazamiento, que podía ser anulado por el Sóviet Supremo a través de una votación de mayoría simple. Durante sus sesiones el Sóviet Supremo aprobó un total de 333 leyes federales.

Presidente del Presidium del Sóviet Supremo

El Presidente del Sóviet Supremo era elegido por el Congreso. Ejerció como Jefe de Estado de la RSFS de Rusia hasta la creación del puesto de Presidente de Rusia el 10 de julio de 1991. Firmaba tratados (sin derecho de veto), nominaba candidatos para Jefe de Gobierno, dirigía la diplomacia y firmaba tratados internacionales.
Desde el 10 de julio de 1991, el Presidente del Presidium fue relegado a jefe del poder legislativo, presidente parlamentario. Era asimismo el cuarto en la línea de sucesión de la Presidencia, tras el Vicepresidente y el Presidente del Consejo de Ministros.
Presidentes del Presidium del Sóviet Supremo de la RSFS de Rusia:
 29 de mayo de 1990 – 10 de julio de 1991: Borís Yeltsin
 10 de julio de 1991 – 29 de octubre de 1991: Ruslán Jasbulátov (en funciones)
 29 de octubre de 1991 – 4 de octubre de 1993: Ruslán Jasbulátov
Borís Yeltsin se postuló como Presidente, como miembro del Partido Comunista de la Unión Soviética, sin éxito, obteniendo 497 y 503 votos respectivamente, lejos de los 531 requeridos para ser elegido. El PCUS entonces nominó a un candidato moderado, el Presidente del Consejo de Ministros, Aleksandr Vlásov. El Presidente de la URSS, Mijaíl Gorbachov, intervino públicamente contra Yeltsin en la sesión del Congreso. Tras ello, Yeltsin se postuló nuevamente el 29 de mayo de 1990 y obtuvo 535 votos a favor (50,52%), convirtiéndose en líder de la RSFS de Rusia.
El 17 de marzo de 1991 se celebró un referéndum presidencial en Rusia, en el que el 54% votó a favor del establecimiento del puesto de Presidente de la RSFS de Rusia. El 12 de junio de 1991, Yeltsin venció con el 57% de los votos en las elecciones presidenciales, convirtiéndose en presidente. Tras tomar posesión el 10 de julio, seis rondas de votaciones en el Congreso fueron incapaces de elegir un nuevo Presidente del Presidium. El 29 de octubre, Ruslán Jasbulátov fue elegido con 559 votos a favor (52,79%).

Cronología
 27 de octubre de 1989: La Constitución de la RSFS de Rusia de 1978 es enmendada y se crea el Congreso de los Diputados del Pueblo de Rusia.
 4 de marzo de 1990: Las elecciones legislativas determinan la composición del Congreso.
 16 de mayo de 1990: El Congreso celebra su primera sesión.
 29 de mayo de 1990: Borís Yeltsin es elegido como Presidente del Presídium del Sóviet Supremo de la RSFS de Rusia por una estrecha mayoría (50,52%).
 12 de junio de 1990: El Congreso aprueba la Declaración de Soberanía Estatal de la RSFS de Rusia. Esto inicia la lucha por el poder en Moscú entre el Presidente de la URSS Gorbachov y del Presidente del Presidium del Soviet Supremo de la RSFS de Rusia Yeltsin. Actualmente en Rusia, el 12 de junio se celebra la fiesta nacional denominada Día de Rusia.
 1 de diciembre de 1990: El bloque parlamentario Rusia Democrática sufre su primera escisión, debido a la cuestión del envío de tropas soviéticas, bajo mandato de la ONU, en la Guerra del Golfo. Los partidarios de la participación soviética están encabezados por el ala izquierda, mientras una resolución contra la intervención es aprobada finalmente.
 17 de marzo de 1991: Un referéndum nacional aprueba establecer el puesto de Presidente de la RSFS de Rusia (RSFSR).
 12 de junio de 1991: En las elecciones presidenciales de Rusia de 1991 Yeltsin es elegido Presidente de la RSFS de Rusia con el 57% de los votos.
 10 de julio de 1991: Yeltsin es investido como Presidente.
 17 de julio de 1991: El Congreso no logra elegir un nuevo Presidente, pasando el vicepresidente Jasbulátov a ejercer el cargo en funciones.
 19 de agosto de 1991: Se produce el intento de golpe de Estado en la Unión Soviética.
 29 de octubre de 1991: Jasbulátov es elegido Presidente del Presidium con el 52,79% de los votos.
 1 de noviembre de 1991: El Congreso delega poderes extraordinarios a Yeltsin, con un periodo de 13 meses.
 10 de noviembre de 1991: Los diputados no consiguen aprobar una resolución para declarar la ley marcial en la RSS Autónoma de Chechenia-Ingusetia, prolongando el conflicto bélico.
 12 de diciembre de 1991: El Congreso declara la desafiliación de la RSFS de Rusia de la URSS ratificando el Tratado de Belavezha que proclama la disolución de la Unión Soviética y derogando el Tratado de Creación de la URSS de 1922.
 25 de diciembre de 1991: El Congreso renombra a la RSFS de Rusia como Federación de Rusia.
 10 de diciembre de 1992: Primer gran enfrentamiento entre el Presidente y el Congreso: rechazo parlamentario a nombrar a Yegor Gaidar como Jefe del Gobierno y a prolongar los poderes extraordinarios del Presidente. Se alcanza un compromiso y se prevé un referéndum para ser celebrado el 12 de marzo de 1993.
 10 de marzo de 1993: Una sesión extraordinaria del Congreso cancela el referéndum y anula los poderes extraordinarios otorgados al Presidente en noviembre de 1991.
 20 de marzo de 1993: El Presidente declara un régimen especial, convoca unilateralmente un referéndum de confianza, y rechaza obedecer al Congreso hasta que se celebre la consulta popular.
 28 de marzo de 1993: 617 de los 1.033 diputados del Congreso votan impugnar a Yeltsin. Esto es el 60% de los diputados, menos de los 2/3 requeridos para la impugnación.
 29 de marzo de 1993: El Congreso convoca un referéndum de aprobación de las políticas de Yeltsin (especialmente las políticas económicas) y elecciones presidenciales y legislativas anticipadas.
 25 de abril de 1993: En el referéndum nacional la población expresa apoyo a Yeltsin y sus políticas.
 5 de junio de 1993: Comienza la Convención Constitucional. Los delegados al Congreso aplauden a Jasbulátov, mientras la seguridad presidencial expulsa a un diputado, echando a un lado al fiscal general.
 18 de septiembre de 1993: El Presidente se reúne con representantes de los poderes ejecutivos y legislativos de los sujetos federales, pero rechaza su sugerencia de proclamar un nuevo órgano supremo de gobierno, una Asamblea Federal.
 21 de septiembre de 1993: El Decreto Presidencial n.º 1.400 declara la disolución del Congreso y convoca elecciones a una Asamblea Federal. Esta decisión infringe la Ley sobre el Presidente (aprobada por la cuarta sesión del Congreso de los Diputados del Pueblo de la RSFSR el 24 de mayo de 1991), y permite al Congreso desconocer a Yeltsin como presidente, pasando el poder formal al Vicepresidente, Aleksandr Rutskói.
 22 de septiembre de 1993: El Congreso nombra a Rutskói nuevo Jefe del Estado y designa un nuevo gobierno. El poder dual lleva a combates callejeros en Moscú (véase Crisis constitucional rusa de 1993).
 4 de octubre de 1993: Las fuerzas presidenciales bombardean la Casa Blanca de Moscú y disuelven el Congreso.

Tras la disolución
 12 de diciembre de 1993: Una nueva Constitución es aprobada en referéndum (58,4% a favor). Se elige la Asamblea Federal de Rusia. El nacionalista Partido Liberal-Demócrata de Rusia obtiene la minoría mayoritaria.
 23 de febrero de 1994: La Asamblea Federal cierra la investigación del golpe de 1993 y declara la amnistía.
 26 de febrero de 1994: El fiscal general aprueba la amnistía pese a las protestas de Yeltsin.
 9 de marzo de 1994: La administración presidencial redacta una "lista negra" de 151 exdiputados que defendieron el Congreso. A estos diputados se les retiran todos los privilegios sociales, hasta que son restaurados el 22 de abril por decreto presidencial.
 4 de marzo de 1995: Los más resistentes exdiputados celebran en última sesión oficial el fin de sus poderes delegados.

Partidos políticos
Durante la primera sesión del Congreso, el 86% de los diputados eran miembros del PCUS. Este número fue reduciéndose progresivamente a la vez que la mayoría iba dimitiendo del partido. No obstante los nuevos partidos principales no se formaron rápidamente, dejando un alto porcentaje del Congreso formado por independientes. El PCUS fue ilegalizado por el Presidente Yeltsin en noviembre de 1991 tras el intento de golpe de Estado de agosto. El partido colapsó completamente durante la disolución de la Unión Soviética, siendo posteriormente reemplazado en Rusia por el Partido Comunista de la Federación Rusa.

Bloques y fracciones parlamentarias
Durante la primera sesión del Congreso, se registraron 24 grupos parlamentarios, contando entre 50 y 355 diputados. Se permitía la doble pertenencia, por lo que la militancia en fracciones implicaba un 200% del Congreso. Se formaron dos bloques principales rápidamente en oposición entre sí: el Bloque Comunista y el Bloque Rusia Democrática. Rusia Democrática y sus aliados formaban inicialmente la mayoría, lo que permitió a Yeltsin ser elegido presidente del Presidium. Durante la quinta sesión, la doble militancia fue ilegalizada, aprobándose una ley al efecto. Sin embargo, permaneció y en abril de 1992 aún había 30 diputados miembros de varias fracciones.
En 1993, permanecían un total de 14 grupos, mientras entre 200 y 210 diputados aún no tenían militancia declarada en ninguno. El Bloque Rusia Democrática colapsó, resultando la formación de dos nuevos bloque: Coalición Reformista y Centro Democrático. Un nuevo bloque llamado Unidad Rusa se formó por parte de los comunistas conservadores y sus simpatizantes, mientras el bloque Fuerzas Creativas (centro-izquierda) fue formado por la izquierda moderada. Juntos constituían la mayoría y encabezaron la oposición a Yeltsin y a muchas de sus políticas. Sin embargo, en marzo de 1993, todavía no alcanzaban la mayoría cualificada requerida para la impugnación.

Véase también
 Congreso de los Diputados del Pueblo de la Unión Soviética

Referencias

Gobierno de Rusia


Fyrra Téténíustríðið var styrjöld sem Rússar háðu gegn aðskilnaðarsinnum í Téténíu frá 1994 til 1996. Téténar höfðu lýst yfir stofnun sjálfstæðs lýðveldis eftir fall Sovétríkjanna árið 1991 en Rússar skilgreindu Téténíu sem sjálfsstjórnarlýðveldi innan rússneska sambandsríkisins. Stríðinu lauk árið 1996 með friðarsáttmálum þar sem Rússar viðurkenndu sjálfsákvörðunarrétt Téténa í flestum málum. Friðurinn varði þó ekki lengi því seinna Téténíustríðið hófst árið 1999 og lauk með rússneskum sigri árið 2000.

Forsaga
Rússar byrjuðu að brjótast til áhrifa í Kákasus á 18. öld, á valdatíð Péturs mikla. Téténar undir forystu Imams Shamil héldu uppi harðri baráttu gegn rússneskum yfirráðum frá 1834 til 1859 en neyddust síðan til að semja um frið. Þrátt fyrir að Kákasussvæðið hefði verið friðþægt að nafninu til héldu Téténar áfram skærum og mannránum til ársins 1918.

Eftir fall rússneska keisaradæmisins í rússnesku byltingunni árið 1917 stofnuðu Téténar norðurkákasíska fjallalýðveldið. Eftir rússnesku borgarastyrjöldina var fjallalýðveldið limað inn í Sovétríkin og varð þar hluti af rússneska sovétlýðveldinu. Árið 1936 var Téténía sameinuð Ingúsetíu og varð að sjálfsstjórnarlýðveldi innan Rússlands undir nafninu Téténía-Ingúsetía.

Þann 27. október 1991, stuttu fyrir upplausn Sovétríkjanna, var Dzhokhar Dúdajev, fyrrum herforingi í kjarnorkuherafla Rauða hersins, kjörinn forseti Téténíu. Lýðveldi Sovétríkjanna höfðu hvert að öðru lýst yfir sjálfstæði á grundvelli stjórnarskrár Sovétsambandsins. Þar sem sjálfstjórnarsvæði höfðu svipaðan rétt samkvæmt lögum frá árinu 1990 lýsti Dúdajev yfir sjálfstæði Téténíu þann 1. nóvember 1991. Ingúsar kusu hins vegar í þjóðaratkvæðagreiðslu að vera áfram innan Rússlands.

Gangur stríðsins
Ríkisstjórn Borísar Jeltsín í Rússlandi viðurkenndi aldrei sjálfstæði Téténíu. Í desember árið 1994 sendi Jeltsín herlið til téténsku höfuðborgarinnar Grozníj til að "skakka leikinn" og færa Téténíu aftur undir rússnesk yfirráð.

Rússar bjuggust við því að vinna skjótan og auðveldan sigur á móti Téténum og vonuðust til þess að stríðið myndi auka vinsældir Jeltsíns, sem var á þessum tíma orðinn óvinsæll vegna slæms efnahagsástands. Raunin reyndist hins vegar allt önnur. Téténar litu á stríðið sem varnarstríð í þágu föðurlandsins og veittu Rússum harða mótspyrnu. Rússar höfðu aftur á móti flestir lítinn áhuga á stríðinu og sáu ekki ástæðu fyrir því að senda hermenn til að deyja í útnára eins og Téténíu.

Rússneski herinn réðist inn í Grozníj á gamlársdag 1994 og varpaði fjölda sprengja á borgina. Eftir tveggja mánaða bardaga neyddust téténskar hersveitir til að hörfa frá Grozníj í lok febrúar 1995, en þá hafði borgin orðið fyrir verulegum skemmdum auk þess sem bæði þúsundir rússneskra hermanna og almennra téténskra borgara höfðu látið lífið.

Þrátt fyrir hernám Grozníj héldu Téténar áfram mótspyrnu gegn rússneska hernum á næstu árum. Rússar héldu áfram sprengjuherferðum gegn téténsku landsbyggðinni og drápu fjölda óbreyttra borgara. Þann 7. apríl 1995 lögðu rússneskir hermenn þorpið Samashkí í rúst og drápu um 300 manns, meðal annars með eldvörpum. Mannfallið í Téténíu og fréttir af grimmd rússneska hersins höfðu neikvæð áhrif á vinsældir Jeltsíns heima fyrir og spilltu fyrirætlunum hans um nánari sambönd við vestrænar stofnanir eins og Atlantshafsbandalagið og Evrópuráðið. Stríðið varð það óvinsælt hjá rússneskri alþýðu að Jeltsín gerði það að kosningaloforði í forsetakosningum Rússlands árið 1996 að semja um frið í Téténíu.

Dzhokhar Dúdajev var ráðinn af dögum í loftskeytaárás rússneska hersins þann 21. apríl 1996 en Téténar hétu því að halda baráttunni áfram. Nýr leiðtogi Téténa til bráðabirgða varð Zelmíkhan Jandarbíjev.

Í ágúst 1996 hófu Rússar, undir umsjá Aleksandrs Lebed öryggismálastjóra, viðræður við Téténa um vopnahlé. Lebed tókst að semja um vopnahlésskilmála í ágústlok sem fólu í sér að Téténía og Rússland útilokuðu fleiri valdbeitingu, en ekkert var formlega útkljáð um sjálfstæði Téténíu. Í maí 1997 fundaði Jeltsín með Aslan Maskhadov, nýjum forseta Téténíu, í Kreml og undirritaði með honum formlega friðarsamninga. Lok fyrra Téténíustríðsins eru miðuð við þessa friðarskilmála en friður varði ekki lengi í Téténíu og Rússar hófu aðra styrjöld um landsvæðið aðeins um þremur árum síðar.

Tilvísanir

Saga Rússlands
Stríð á 20. öld
Téténía

Fyrra Téténíustríðið


Château de Vincennes () is a station of the Paris Métro. It is the eastern terminus of line 1 and serves the Château de Vincennes. It lies on the border between the commune of Vincennes and the Bois de Vincennes, which is part of the 12th arrondissement of Paris.

Station layout

Gallery

See also
 List of stations of the Paris Métro

References
Roland, Gérard (2003). Stations de métro. D'Abbesses à Wagram. Éditions Bonneton.

Paris Métro stations in Vincennes
Paris Métro stations in the 12th arrondissement of Paris
Railway stations in France opened in 1934

Château de Vincennes station


Oksefjorden er en fjord i  Tvedestrand kommune i Agder fylke i Norge, og er en del af sejlruten  fra Skagerrak til Tvedestrand. Den ydre del af fjorden følger grænsen mellem Tvedestrand og Arendal kommuner. Det meste af fjorden ligger mellem Borøya i øst og Tverrdalsøya i vest. Den har indløb ved Oksefjorden fyr syd for Borøya og går mod nord og nord for Tverrdalsøya til indløbet af Tvedestrandfjorden. Fjordens  totale længde  er omkring 5 kilometer. På vestsiden af Tverrdalsøya ligger Eikelandsfjorden.

Den største landsby ved Oksefjorden er Utgardsstranda på Borøya, lige ved indløbet til fjorden.

Kilder og henvisninger

Fjorde i Agder
Tvedestrand
Arendal

Oksefjorden (Tvedestrand)


ساحل الأميرة أستريد () هو ذلك الجزء من ساحل أرض الملكة مود الواقعة بين 5 و 20 شرقا. كامل الساحل تحده الجروف الجليدية. اكتشف من قبل النقيب ه. هالفورسين على متن السفينة اشبيلية في آذار / مارس 1931 و سماه على اسم الأميرة أستريد من النرويج.

مراجع

أرض الملكة مود
بحر لازاريف

ساحل الأميرة أستريد


Heaton-Norris est un ancien village du Lancashire en Angleterre, aujourd'hui dans le district métropolitain de Stockport du Grand Manchester.

Histoire

Il était situé à l'origine à  de Stockport et était alors (1876) déjà considéré comme un faubourg de la ville.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Grand Manchester

Heaton-Norris


Filme sovietice din: 1977 — 1978 — 1979
Aceasta este o listă de filme produse în Uniunea Sovietică în 1978.

Referințe și note

Legături externe
 Filme sovietice din 1978 la Internet Movie Database

1978
Sovietică, Uniunea
Filme

Listă de filme sovietice din 1978


Întâlnire la Ischia (titlul original: Appuntamento a Ischia ) este o comedie muzicală de dragoste italiană, realizată în 1960 de regizorul Mario Mattoli având protagoniști pe Domenico Modugno și Antonella Lualdi. Este filmul de debut al comicilor Franco Franchi și Ciccio Ingrassia. În film mai apar și compozitorul și interpretul Pippo Franco, prezent în orchestra cântăreței Mina, sosită în frumoasa stațiune Ischia pentru a prezenta câteva concerte de muzică ușoară, cât și cântărețul Franco Califano, în formația lui Domenico Modugno.

Conținut

Letizia este fetița cântărețului Mimmo Rotunno, care nu vede cu ochi buni viitoarea căsătorie al tatălui ei cu Mercedes și se opune cu toate mijloacele ei. Făcând cunoștință cu Mirella Argenti, o tânără frumoasă logodită cu conducătorul orchestrei Paolo, se decide să i-ö prezinte tatălui ei, cu intenția ca cei doi să se îndrăgostească unul de celălalt.

Distribuție
 Domenico Modugno – Mimmo Rotunno
 Antonella Lualdi – Mirella Argenti
 Maria Letizia Gazzoni – Letizia
 Carlo Croccolo – Carletto
 Paolo Ferrari – Paolo
 Mina - ea însăși
 Elsa Vazzoler – Anna
 Pietro De Vico – pianistul
 Ugo D'Alessio – Antonio
 Linda Christian – Mercedes
 Yvette Masson – Veronique
 Franco Franchi – contrabandist
 Ciccio Ingrassia – contrabbandist
 Pippo Franco – chitaristul lui Mina
 Franco Califano – contrabandist
 Alberto Talegalli – directorul dela zoo
 Mario Castellani – Castellani, agent muzical
 Carlo Taranto – Gennarino
 Toni Ucci – bărbatul așezat la bar
 Mimmo Billi – șeful de la finanțe
 Alberto Sorrentino – portarul
 Ughetto Bertucci – taximetristul

Coloana sonoră
 La nonna Magdalena (text de Vito Pallavicini și Nisa; muzica de Pino Massara), interpretat de Mina pe plaja Ricciolillo din Ischia
 Il cielo in una stanza (textul și muzica de Gino Paoli), interpretat de Mina
 Una zebra a pois (testo e musica di Lelio Luttazzi), interpretat de Mina
 Resta cu' mme (text de Dino Verde; muzica de Domenico Modugno), interpretat de Domenico Modugno
 Vecchio frac (textul și muzica de Domenico Modugno), interpretat de Domenico Modugno
 Notte di luna calante (textul și muzica de Domenico Modugno), interpretat de Domenico Modugno
 Don Fifì (textul și muzica de Domenico Modugno), interpretat de Domenico Modugno
 Sul ponte di Bassano, interpretat de Domenico Modugno și Paolo Ferrari

Vezi și
 Listă de filme străine până în 1989

Referințe

Legături externe

Filme din 1960
Filme regizate de Mario Mattoli
Filme în limba italiană
Filme Titanus
Filme de comedie
Filme musicarello

Întâlnire la Ischia


Villette is a former municipality in the Swiss canton of Vaud, located in the district of Lavaux-Oron.

The municipalities of Cully, Epesses, Grandvaux, Riex and Villette (Lavaux) merged on 1 July 2011 into the new municipality of Bourg-en-Lavaux.

Geography

Villette has an area, , of .  Of this area,  or 69.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while  or 1.5% is forested.   Of the rest of the land,  or 28.5% is settled (buildings or roads),  or 2.2% is either rivers or lakes.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 11.7% and transportation infrastructure made up 14.6%. while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 1.5%.  Out of the forested land, 0.0% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.5% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees.  Of the agricultural land, 29.2% is used for growing crops and 6.6% is pastures, while 33.6% is used for orchards or vine crops.  All the water in the municipality is in lakes.

The municipality was part of the Lavaux District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Villette became part of the new district of Lavaux-Oron.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per fess Argent and Gules, a Vine counterchanged, leaved Vert.

Demographics
Villette has a population () of 593.  , 18.0% of the population are resident foreign nationals.  Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 5%.  It has changed at a rate of 1.8% due to migration and at a rate of 1.4% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population () speaks French (499 or 88.5%), with German being second most common (26 or 4.6%) and English being third (11 or 2.0%).  There are 8 people who speak Italian.

Of the population in the municipality 134 or about 23.8% were born in Villette and lived there in 2000.  There were 215 or 38.1% who were born in the same canton, while 93 or 16.5% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 113 or 20.0% were born outside of Switzerland.

In  there were 4 live births to Swiss citizens and 1 birth to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 4 deaths of Swiss citizens.  Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens remained the same while the foreign population increased by 1.  There were 2 Swiss men who emigrated from Switzerland.  At the same time, there was 1 non-Swiss man who emigrated from Switzerland to another country and 1 non-Swiss woman who immigrated from another country to Switzerland.  The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was a decrease of 13 and the non-Swiss population increased by 12 people.  This represents a population growth rate of -0.2%.  The age distribution of the population () is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 24.8% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 61.2% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 14%.

, there were 235 people who were single and never married in the municipality.  There were 287 married individuals, 18 widows or widowers and 24 individuals who are divorced.

 the average number of residents per living room was 0.53 which is fewer people per room than the cantonal average of 0.61 per room.  In this case, a room is defined as space of a housing unit of at least  as normal bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, kitchens and habitable cellars and attics.  About 52.4% of the total households were owner-occupied, or in other words did not pay rent (though they may have a mortgage or a rent-to-own agreement).

, there were 217 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.6 persons per household.  There were 48 households that consist of only one person and 22 households with five or more people.  Out of a total of 221 households that answered this question, 21.7% were households made up of just one person and there were 4 adults who lived with their parents.  Of the rest of the households, there are 68 married couples without children, 78 married couples with children  There were 15 single parents with a child or children.  There were 4 households that were made up of unrelated people and 4 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

 there were 95 single-family homes (or 55.9% of the total) out of a total of 170 inhabited buildings.  There were 24 multi-family buildings (14.1%), along with 43 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (25.3%) and 8 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (4.7%).  Of the single-family homes 19 were built before 1919, while 12 were built between 1990 and 2000.  The greatest number of single-family homes (21) were built between 1919 and 1945.  The most multi-family homes (10) were built before 1919 and the next most (7) were built between 1961 and 1970.

 there were 235 apartments in the municipality.  The most common apartment size was 5 rooms of which there were 53.  There were 5 single-room apartments and 115 apartments with five or more rooms.  Of these apartments, a total of 206 apartments (87.7% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 21 apartments (8.9%) were seasonally occupied and 8 apartments (3.4%) were empty.  , the construction rate of new housing units was 0 new units per 1000 residents.  The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 0%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance

The municipality contains part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site: Lavaux, Vineyard Terraces which is also listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance.  The entire village of Aran is part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 20.84% of the vote.  The next three most popular parties were the FDP (19.9%), the LPS Party (15.23%) and the SP (12.82%).  In the federal election, a total of 238 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 62.5%.

Economy
, Villette had an unemployment rate of 1%.  , there were 45 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 16 businesses involved in this sector.  9 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 4 businesses in this sector.  85 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 14 businesses in this sector.  There were 282 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 40.4% of the workforce.

 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 108.  The number of jobs in the primary sector was 35, all of which were in agriculture.  The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 8 of which 3 or (37.5%) were in manufacturing and 5 (62.5%) were in construction.  The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 65.  In the tertiary sector; 4 or 6.2% were in the sale or repair of motor vehicles, 1 was in the movement and storage of goods, 49 or 75.4% were in a hotel or restaurant, 2 or 3.1% were the insurance or financial industry, 2 or 3.1% were technical professionals or scientists, 2 or 3.1% were in education.

, there were 42 workers who commuted into the municipality and 216 workers who commuted away.  The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 5.1 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering.  About 9.5% of the workforce coming into Villette are coming from outside Switzerland.  Of the working population, 13.5% used public transportation to get to work, and 63.5% used a private car.

Religion
From the , 152 or 27.0% were Roman Catholic, while 272 or 48.2% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church.  Of the rest of the population, there were 2 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.35% of the population), and there were 51 individuals (or about 9.04% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church.  There was 1 individual who was Islamic.  There was 1 person who was Buddhist.  99 (or about 17.55% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 11 individuals (or about 1.95% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Villette about 172 or (30.5%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 157 or (27.8%) have completed additional higher education (either University or a Fachhochschule).  Of the 157 who completed tertiary schooling, 52.2% were Swiss men, 31.8% were Swiss women, 8.9% were non-Swiss men and 7.0% were non-Swiss women.

, there were 23 students in Villette who came from another municipality, while 100 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Notes and references

Former municipalities of the canton of Vaud

Villette, Vaud


Barnitz, Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaleti Stormarn iline bağlı bölge. Nüfusu 2002 itibarıyla 809 olarak tespit edilmiştir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmi site

Stormarn iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Barnitz


Cette page concerne les évènements survenus en 2004 en Finlande  :

Évènement
  : Accident de Konginkangas
  : Élections européennes
  : Élections municipales

Sport
 Championnat de Finlande de football 2004
 Championnat de Finlande de hockey sur glace 2003-2004
 Championnat de Finlande de hockey sur glace 2004-2005
 Participation de la Finlande aux Jeux olympiques d'été à Athènes.

Culture
 Suuret suomalaiset (émission de télévision)

Sortie de film

 Le Cauchemar de Darwin
 The Kin
 Souvenir du front
 Visions of Europe

Création
 Åland United (club de football)

  (musique)
 Klubi-04 (club de football)

Dissolution
  (compagnie aérienne)
 FC Jokerit (club de football)

Décès
 Vivica Bandler, metteuse en scène et directrice de théâtre.
 Adolf Ehrnrooth, militaire.
 , compositeur.
 , athlète (course d'orientation).
 Lauri Silvennoinen, fondeur.
 Kalevi Sorsa, premier ministre.

Notes et références

2004 en Finlande

2004 en Finlande


Der FrauenRat NRW ist ein Zusammenschluss von etwa 70 Frauenverbänden und Frauenarbeitsgruppen gemischter Verbände auf der Ebene des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen; er vertritt damit rund 4 Millionen Frauen aus unterschiedlichen gesellschaftlichen Bereichen. Der FrauenRat NRW e.V. ist ein gemeinnütziger eingetragener Verein, er ist gemäß seiner Satzung überparteilich und überkonfessionell.

Entsprechend diesem Anspruch zählen zu den Mitgliedsverbänden gewerkschaftliche und parteigebundene Organisationen, konfessionelle und überkonfessionelle Berufsverbände, Sozialanspruchs- und Sozialleistungsverbände, Sportverbände, Verbände aus den Bereichen Kirche und Kultur sowie ideelle Förderverbände.

Mitglied werden kann jeder Verband, der sich gemäß seiner Satzung der "spezifischen Frauenarbeit" widmet, gemischte Verbände müssen einen Frauenanteil von mindestens 70 % aufweisen.

Ziele und Arbeitsweise

Der Verein will "die Belange von Frauen in allen Lebensbereichen – in Familie, Beruf und Gesellschaft – unterstützen und fördern". Er mischt sich durch Öffentlichkeitsarbeit (Resolutionen, Medienpräsenz und Fachtagungen zu frauenrelevanten Themen) aktiv in die Frauenpolitik ein. Die Resultate seiner inhaltlichen Arbeit stellt er den Landespolitikerinnen und -politikern zur Verfügung, Forderungen von bundespolitischer Tragweite trägt er den Bundestagsfraktionen, der Bundesregierung und dem Deutschen Frauenrat vor.

Als Dachverband hat er sich darüber hinaus die Vernetzung seiner Mitgliedsverbände und die Bündelung der Interessen seiner Mitglieder auf Landesebene zur Aufgabe gemacht.

Ausschüsse

Die inhaltliche Arbeit erfolgt in den Fachausschüssen. Es sind dies derzeit:
 Ausschuss Bildung, Kultur, Medien
 Ausschuss Familie, Gesundheit, Soziales
 Ausschuss Frau und Beruf
 Ausschuss Umwelt und Forschung / Bauen, Stadtentwicklung, Verkehr
 Landesarbeitsgemeinschaft der kommunalen Arbeitsgemeinschaften der Frauenverbände

Geschichte

Die Ursprünge des Vereins gehen auf das Jahr 1969 zurück, als sich Vertreterinnen des Deutschen Frauenringes, des Katholischen Deutschen Frauenbundes, der Evangelischen Frauenarbeit im Rheinland und des Jüdischen Frauenbundes mit dem Ziel trafen, "einen losen Zusammenschluss der Frauengruppen zu organisieren bei vollkommener Wahrung der Eigenständigkeit und Respektierung der eigenen Arbeitsziele". Im Jahr 1970 erfolgte dann unter Beteiligung von bereits 40 Verbandsvertreterinnen die Gründung des Vereins "Frauenrat Nordrhein-Westfalen – Landesvereinigung der Frauenverbände und Frauengruppen gemischter Verbände".

Der Verein hieß bis 2011 "FrauenRat NW". Nachdem sich die Abkürzung NRW (offiziell: NW) für "Nordrhein-Westfalen" im allgemeinen Sprachgebrauch durchgesetzt hat, wurde er umbenannt in "FrauenRat NRW".

Mitgliedsverbände

(Auswahl)
 AG berufstätiger Frauen in der CDA
 Arbeitsgemeinschaft sozialdemokratischer Frauen ASF
 Bund katholischer deutscher Akademikerinnen
 Bündnis 90/Die Grünen, LAG Frauenpolitik
 Deutscher Beamtenbund (Landesbund Nordrhein-Westfalen)
 Deutscher Evangelischer Frauenbund (Landesverbände Nordrhein und Westfalen)
 Deutscher Frauenring (Landesverbände Nordrhein und Westfalen)
 Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (Landesverband Nordrhein-Westfalen)
 deutscher ingenieurinnenbund
 Deutscher Juristinnenbund
 Evangelische Akademikerschaft in Deutschland (Landesverbände Nordrhein und Westfalen)
 Evangelische Frauenhilfe in Deutschland (Landesverbände Rheinland und Westfalen)
 Frauenbeirat des Landessportbundes Nordrhein-Westfalen
 Frauen-Union der CDU-NRW
 Landesarbeitsgemeinschaft Lesben in NRW
 Katholischer Deutscher Frauenbund (Landesverbände Rheinland und Westfalen)
 Kolpingwerk (Landesverband Nordrhein-Westfalen)
 Liberale Frauen (Landesverband Nordrhein-Westfalen)
 Sozialdienst katholischer Frauen
 Sozialverband Deutschland Nordrhein-Westfalen
 Verband berufstätiger Mütter
 Zonta International

Mitgliedschaft

Als Landesfrauenrat ist der FrauenRat NRW selbst Mitglied der Konferenz der Landesfrauenräte (KLFR).

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 www.frauenrat-nrw.de – offizielle Webseite

Frauenverband (Deutschland)
Verein (Düsseldorf)
Gegründet 1970
Verein (Nordrhein-Westfalen)

FrauenRat NRW


Erich Käding, manchmal auch als Erich Kaeding geführt, (* 23. Oktober 1912 in Hamburg; † unbekannt) war ein deutscher Schauspieler, Hörspielsprecher und Sänger.

Leben
Nach der Oberprimareife erhielt Käding ein Stipendium für das Studium der Violine am Deutschen Konservatorium in Hamburg. 1931 trat er in die Reichswehr ein, wo er zum Piloten und Fallschirmjäger  ausgebildet wurde.

1949 spielte Käding die Titelrolle im ersten Nachkriegsmusical in Deutschland. 1964 nahm er zudem als Stipendiat ein Gesangsstudium an der Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg auf.

Als Schauspieler spielte er verschiedene Rollen in Fernsehproduktionen wie Miss Molly Mill, Der Fall von nebenan, Aktenzeichen XY … ungelöst, Käpt'n Bay-Bay, Pinkertons Erben, Emm wie Meikel sowie Der alte Fritz und seine Richter.

Daneben war Käding umfangreich als Hörspielsprecher tätig. Vor allem Figuren von Karl May lieh er für verschiedene, oftmals neu aufgelegte Hörspiel-Produktionen seine Stimme. Er sprach den "Maki-Motek" in Old Surehand, den "Manach el-Barsha" im Schut sowie den "Bärenjäger Baumann" und dessen Gegenspieler, den "Häuptling Schwerer Mokassin", in Unter Geiern.

Außerdem war Käding als Darsteller für Werbefotos tätig. So stellte er beispielsweise die Titelfigur des Spiegel Nr. 30 aus dem Jahr 1976 zum Thema Gefährliche Jahre. Krise in der Lebensmitte dar.

Hörspiele (Auswahl)
Der Schut, Maritim 1975.
Old Surehand, Märchenland.
Unter Geiern, Märchenland.

Literatur
Who is Who in Foto, Film & TV, Zürich: Verlag für Prominentenenzyklopädien 1979, S. 135.

Weblinks

Erich Käding in der Karl-May-Hörspieldatenbank

Anmerkungen

Filmschauspieler
Theaterschauspieler
Hörspielsprecher
Fallschirmjäger (Wehrmacht)
Deutscher
Geboren 1912
Gestorben im 20. oder 21. Jahrhundert
Mann

Erich Käding


Hrvatski biatlonski savez je hrvatska krovna organizacija za biatlon.

Međunarodni naziv za savez je Croatian Biathlon Federation.

Osnovan je 11. kolovoza 2006. u Zagrebu nakon čega se sporazumno odvojio od Hrvatskog skijaškog saveza u rujnu 2006. te je u prosincu iste godine primljen u HOO.

Član je Međunarodne biatlonske unije - International Biathlon Union (IBU) od studenoga 2006.

Olimpijske igre
do 2014

Svjetsko prvenstvo
Dino Butković član biatlonske reprezentacije Hrvatske koji je ostvario sjajan rezultat na Svjetskom juniorskom prvenstvu u biatlonu u austrijskom Obertilliachu  2013. osvojivši srebrnu medalju u pojedinačnoj utrci na 15 kilometara.Butković je promašio tek jednu metu i zaostao za pobjednikom Rusom Aleksandrom Loginovim za 50.9 sekundi. Treće mjesto i brončanu medalju osvojio je Francuz Clement Dumont sa 56 sekundi zaostatka, dok je kratak za medalju ostao četvrtoplasirani Norvežanin Vegard Gjermund. Goranski biatlonac Dino Butković koji iza sebe ima niz uspješnih nastupa u državnom ali i svjetskom rangu ne odmara niti ljeti. Novu medalju Butković je osvojio na Svjetskom juniorskom prvenstvu u ljetnom biatlonu održanom u Italiji. Na tom prvenstvu Butković je osvojio srebro i njime još jednom potvrdio svoj talenata ali i uspjeh sa  prije održanog Svjetskog zimskog juniorskog prvenstva.

do 2016

Pojedinačno

Svjetski kup
Jakov Fak je prvi hrvatski biatlonac koji je osvojio bodove u Svjetskom kupu (2008. u sezoni 08/09).

15. mjesto Jakova Faka u sezoni 2008./09. je najbolji rezultat nekog hrvatskog biatlonca u Svjetskom biatlonskom kupu.

Ostalo
Nastupajući za Sloveniju Jakov Fak je između ostalog osvojio medalju na OI, 2 pojedinačna zlata na SP-u te u Svjetskom kupu ostvario pobjede u sve četiri pojedinačne discipline.

Mlađe kategorije na svjetskim natjecanjima
2001. – 2017.

Vidi još
 Hrvatski skijaški savez
Popis skijališta u Hrvatskoj

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Hrvatski biatlonski savez

Biatlon
Biatlon
Nordijsko skijanje u Hrvatskoj

Hrvatski biatlonski savez


Lygodactylus klugei, também conhecida como bribinha-da-caatinga é uma espécie de lagartixa, um lagarto da família Gekkonidae. A espécie é nativa do nordeste do Brasil.

Etimologia
O nome específico, klugei, é em homenagem ao herpetólogo americano Arnold G. Kluge.

Alcance geográfico
A L. klugei pode ser encontrada nos estados brasileiros da Bahia, Ceará, Piauí e Rio Grande do Norte.

Habitat
O habitat natural preferido de L. klugei é a savana.

Dieta
L. klugei se alimenta principalmente de insetos e aranhas, mas também come néctar.

L. klugei é ovíparo.

Referências

Répteis descritos em 1977
Répteis do Brasil
Fauna endêmica do Brasil
Espécies pouco preocupantes

Lygodactylus klugei


Frederich Kuhlau (11 Eylül 1786 - 12 Mart 1832), Alman piyanist.

Kuhlau
1786 doğumlular
1832 yılında ölenler
Danimarka vatandaşlığına kabul edilenler
19. yüzyıl Alman müzisyenleri
19. yüzyıl klasik müzik bestecileri
Alman Romantik dönem bestecileri
Alman klasik müzik bestecileri
Danimarkalı klasik müzik bestecileri
Engelli müzisyenler
Piyano bestecileri

Frederich Kuhlau


Olaylar
 Son Bizans-Sasani Savaşı sırasında Persler ve Yahudi müttefikleri üç haftalık bir kuşatmanın ardından Kudüs'ü Bizans İmparatorluğu'ndan aldı.

Doğumlar
 Abdullah bin Ömer, ikinci İslâm Halifesi Ömer'in oğlu, sahabe (ö. 693)
 Aişe, İslam peygamberi Muhammed'in eşi, halife Ebu Bekir'in kızı (ö. 678)

Ölümler

614


Goronwy Rees () a fost un jurnalist, profesor universitar și scriitor galez.

Formarea profesională
Rees s-a născut în Aberystwyth, unde tatăl său era pastor la Biserica Metodistă Reformată a Tabernacolului. Familia s-a mutat ulterior la Roath, Cardiff, iar Goronwy a fost educat la Liceu de băieți din Cardiff. El a obținut trei burse în 1927 pentru a urma cursurile New College, Oxford, unde a studiat Istoria. În 1931 a devenit profesor la All Souls College.

Cariera
După ce a părăsit universitatea, Rees a scris mai întâi pentru Manchester Guardian. În 1936, el a devenit editor asistent la Spectator, călătorind în Germania, Rusia, Spania și Cehoslovacia. Deși a avut convingeri marxiste în cea mai mare parte a anilor 1930, Pactul Hitler-Stalin l-a transformat în anticomunist și l-a determinat să se înroleze în armată înainte ca Marea Britanie să intre în război. În timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial, el s-a alăturat Artileriei Regale și a fost avansat locotenent în Regimentul de Pușcași Regali Galezi. După război, și-a reluat activitatea la The Spectator. În 1946 a devenit apoi un administrator la H. Pontifex & Son și a început să lucreze pentru MI6. Fiica lui Rees a confirmat faptul că el a lucrat pentru MI6 cel puțin prin 1949: "...Și după-amiezile mergea pe 54 Broadway, lângă stația de metrou St. James's Park, la birourile SIS (sau MI6), unde a lucrat pentru departamentul politic care... evalua informații..."

În 1953, Rees a devenit directorul al Universității Aberystwyth. În 1956 a apărut o serie de articole în The People. Autorul lor anonim era descris ca "cel mai intim prieten, un om aflat într-o înaltă poziție academică". Guy Burgess a fost prezentat în acele articole ca un om corupt, spion, șantajist, homosexual și bețiv. The Daily Telegraph a dezvăluit apoi că Rees era autorul. Universitatea a organizat o cercetare cu privire la acest subiect în perioada 1956-1957. În ciuda sprijinului oferit de studenți, conducerea universității nu l-a susținut. Rees a demisionat înainte de încheierea anchetei, iar cariera sa academică a luat sfârșit. Raportul universității a fost foarte critic față de Rees. În plus, "s-a dovedit că un număr mare de cunoștințe vechi ale lui Burgess și Maclean au fost mult mai șocate – s-au simțit, într-adevăr, trădate – de faptul că Goronwy Rees a oferit o versiune a zborului lor către People decât de zborul propriu-zis. Când Stephen Spender a arătat ziarului Daily Express o scrisoarea a unui prieten despre Burgess, i s-a făcut rușine de el însuși."

Rees a făcut parte din Comitetul Departamental privind Homosexualitatea și Prostituția și a jucat un rol influent în obținerea de mărturii de la bărbații homosexuali audiați. Și-a petrecut ultimii ani din viață în Aberystwyth. El a scris un articol (semnat "R") despre politica actuală pentru Encounter. El a scris, de asemenea, două autobiografii: A Bundle of Sensations (1960) și A Chapter of Accidents (1972).

El apare sub numele de "Eddie" în romanul The Death of the Heart (1938) al Elizabethei Bowen.

Rees a murit de cancer pe 12 decembrie 1979 la Spitalul Charing Cross din Londra.

Comunism și anticomunism
În cursul anilor 1930, Rees a fost un intelectual marxist. El a intrat în contact cu cercul de spioni Cambridge Five prin intermediul prietenului său Guy Burgess.

Lucrări
Cărți
 The Summer Flood (1932)
 Where No Wounds Were (1950)
 A Bundle of Sensations: Sketches in Autobiography (1961)
 Multimillionaires: Six Studies In Wealth (1961)
 The Rhine (1967)
 St Michael: A History of Marks & Spencer (1969)
 The Great Slump: Capitalism in Crisis 1929–1933 (1970) (review)
 Conversations with Kafka by Gustav Janouch (1970) (traducător)
 A Chapter of Accidents (1972)
 Brief Encounters (1974)
Articole

New York Review of Books:
 "Inside the Aquarium" (1967)
The Spectator:
 "Pity" (1936)
 "Children From Spain" (1937)
 "In Defense of Welsh Nationalism" (1937)
 "The Unpeopled Spaces" (1937)
 "Standards of Greatness" (1938)
 "The Spectre" (1948)
 "Supreme Commander" (1949)
 "The Informer and the Communist" (1953)

Referințe

Bibliografie

Legături externe
 From Warfare to Welfare (MYGLYW) - Goronwy Rees (1909-1979)
 Archives Wales - Goronwy Rees Papers
 Archives Wales - Goronwy Rees Enquiry Papers
 Page at Spartacus

Nașteri în 1909
Decese în 1979
Spioni sovietici

Goronwy Rees