The  gusle () or lahuta () is a bowed single-stringed musical instrument (and musical style) traditionally used in the Dinarides region of Southeastern Europe (in the Balkans). The instrument is always accompanied by singing; musical folklore, specifically epic poetry. The gusle player holds the instrument vertically between his knees, with the left hand fingers on the strings. The strings are never pressed to the neck, giving a harmonic and unique sound.

Singing to the accompaniment of the Gusle as a part of Serbia's intangible cultural heritage was inscribed in 2018 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity of UNESCO.

Origin
There is no consensus about the origin of the instrument. 7th-century Byzantine Greek historian Theophylact Simocatta (  630) wrote about "small lyres" brought by the South Slavs who settled the Balkans; some researchers believe that this might have been the gusle. Others, such as F. Sachs, believe that the gusle has an Oriental origin, brought to Europe in the 10th century via the Islamic cultural wave. Arab travellers report evidence that the Slavs used the gusle in the 10th century. Teodosije the Hilandarian (1246–1328) wrote that Stefan Nemanjić (r. 1196–1228) often entertained the Serbian nobility with musicians with drums and "gusle". Reliable written records about the gusle appear only in the 15th century. 16th-century travel memoirs mention the instrument in Bosnia and Serbia. In the 19th- and 20th century the instrument is mentioned in Montenegro, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Albania where it is called Lahuta.

Construction and use

The gusle consists of a wooden sound box, the maple being considered as the best material (therefore often the instrument is referred to as "gusle javorove" - maple gusle), covered with an animal skin and a neck with an intricately carved head. A bow is pulled over the string/s (made of horsetail), creating a dramatic and sharp sound, expressive and difficult to master. The string is made of thirty horsehairs.

The instrument is held vertically between the knees, with the left hand fingers on the neck. The strings are never pressed to the neck, giving a harmonic and unique sound. The most common and traditional version is single-stringed, while a much less-common version is the two-stringed found in Bosanska Krajina and in Lika.

The varieties of the guslar music are based on cultural basis; the content of the stories of each ethnic group is different, as different epic poems are used to accompany the instrument. There is minor differing characteristics of vocality in the regions of Southeast Europe. The design of the instrument is identical; only the design of the neck and head varies with ethnic or national motif.

The gusle instrumentally accompanies heroic songs (epic poetry) in the Balkans.

Serbia

The Serbian Gusle is a one-stringed instrument that is usually made of maple wood. A guslar is an individual capable of reproducing and composing poems about heroes and historical events to the accompaniment of this instrument, usually in the decasyllable meter. There are records of an instrument named gusle (гоусли) being played at the court of the 13th-century Serbian King Stefan Nemanjić, but it is not certain whether the term was used in its present-day meaning or it denoted some other kind of string instrument. Polish poets of the 17th century mentioned the gusle in their works. In a poem published in 1612, Kasper Miaskowski wrote that "the Serbian gusle and gaidas will overwhelm Shrove Tuesday" (Serbskie skrzypki i dudy ostatek zagluszą). In the idyll named Śpiewacy, published in 1663, Józef Bartłomiej Zimorowic used the phrase "to sing to the Serbian gusle" (przy Serbskich gęślach śpiewać). In some older Serbian books on literature it was stated that a Serbian guslar performed at the court of Władysław II Jagiełło in 1415. The earliest known Serbian guslar is referred to in 1551 by Hungarian historian Sebastian Tinody, saying, "There are many gusle players here in Hungary, but none is better at the Serbian style than Dimitrije Karaman". In addition Sebastian describes the performance, explaining that the guslar would hold the gusle between his knees and goes into a highly emotional artistic performance with a sad and dedicated expression on his face.

The gusle has played a significant role in the history of Serbian epic poetry because of its association with the centuries-old patriotic oral legacy. Most of the epics are about the era of the Ottoman occupation and the struggle for the liberation from it. With the efforts of ethnographer Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, many of these epics have been collected and published in books in the first half of the 19th century. Serbian folk poetry was given a marvelous reception, as it appeared in Europe when Romanticism was in full bloom. This poetry, which appeared in Karadžić's anthological collections, met the "expectations" of the sophisticated European audience, becoming a living confirmation of Herder's and Grimm's ideas about the oral tradition. Jacob Grimm began to learn Serbian so that he could read the poems in the original. He wrote minute analyses of each new volume of Serbian folk songs. He ranked them as being equal to the Song of Songs, as did Goethe somewhat later. Thanks to Grimm, moreover to the initiatives of the well-educated and wise Slovene Jernej Kopitar (the censor for Slavic books, Karadžić's counselor and protector), Serbian folk literature found its place in the literature of the world.

Singing to the accompaniment of the gusle as a part of Serbia's tradition was inscribed in 2018 on the Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists of UNESCO.

Bosniaks

There are few active Bosniak Guslari today, but there were many examples in history. Guslari were always guests at the Bosniak beg's courtyards, and it was with Gusle they performed Bosniak heroic songs about prominent figures or events. In these songs were Đerzelez Alija, Mujo Hrnjica, Mustay-Bey of Lika The Battle of Banja Luka or the Battle at Očakov.

Avdo Međedović, who was a ethnic Bosniak of Montenegrin nationality, was the most versatile and skillful guslar encountered by Milman Parry and Albert Lord during their research in the oral epic tradition of Bosnia, Herzegovina and Montenegro in the 1930s. At Parry's request, Avdo sang songs he already knew and some songs he heard in front of Parry, convincing him that someone Homer-like could produce a poem so long. Avdo dictated, over five days, a version of the well-known theme The Wedding of Meho Smailagić that was 12,323 lines long, saying on the fifth day to Nikola (Parry's assistant on the journey) that he knew even longer songs. On another occasion, he sang over several days an epic of 13,331 lines. He said he had several others of similar length in his repertoire. In Parry's first tour, over 80,000 lines were transcribed.

Montenegro

Gusle are a national instrument in Montenegro and fundamental to national music, folklore and tradition. In carving the instrument, special attention is given to the head, so on Montenegrin gusle, one can find a large number of carved shapes; most often it is a double-headed eagle, like the one from the state heraldry, the shape of the mountain Lovcen, or the characters from the Montenegrin history, such as Petar II Petrović Njegoš.

Among the most famous Montenegrin contemporary guslar poets is Đorđije Koprivica, who started playing gusle at the age of five. He played around the world including Canada, United States, Australia and Europe.

Albania & Kosovo

The lahuta is used by Gheg Albanians of northernmost Albania (Malësia) and Kosovo, for the singing of epic songs or Albanian Songs of the Frontier Warriors. The instrument was very common in Kosovo and Albania, specially in the mountain regions such as Malsia. In Albanian types, the lutes head is often carved after a goats head or a hawk, the latter representing the Albanian flag.

It is played by a lahutar, a rapsode. The Albanian songs are octosyllable, in relation to the decasyllable Serbian, and a more primitive type of rhyming is regular.

The use of lahuta is traditionally mastered in the Highlands and Malësi e Madhe District.
Gjergj Fishta, the Albanian national poet and priest, wrote the book Lahuta e Malcis which is often played with a lahuta. The famous Albanian song about Gjergj Elez Alia, the Albanian mythological hero who slays a beast that rises from the sea, is also played with a lahuta.

Croatia

The gusle has been used by the Croats in Herzegovina, Dalmatia, Lika, as well as in Bosnia and Western Bosnia as an accompaniment for epic poetry for hundreds of years. Often they were constructed by the singers and players themselves, shepherds or even by specialized gusle builders from urban areas. Most lyrics center around historical figures who played an important role in Croatian history (often folk heroes who died tragic deaths, such as hajduks) or significant historical events (mostly battles against invaders or occupying powers).

Perhaps the most famous Croatian guslar poets was Andrija Kačić Miošić, an 18th-century monk who created and collected many gusle lyrics and songs throughout the regions, which are still sung today. Croatia's most famous contemporary guslar is Mile Krajina.

Although gusle are not a part of mainstream popular music, the instrument has been included into songs by some musicians such as Marko Perković Thompson, Mate Bulić and Dario Plevnik. Gusle recordings can be heard on a number of CD compilations published by Croatian ethnologists, which are in most cases distributed locally by the artists themselves.

Etymology
The Old Slavic root morpheme gǫdsli (Russian gúsli, slovak husle, Czech housle, Slovenian gósli) is associated with guditi/gósti, or gudalo/godalo, related to onomatopoeia for a low resonating sound; cf. gu(n)delj/гу(н)дељ = cockchafer, which makes such sound when flying.

The exact origin of the nominations of the related concepts gusle, gadulka, gudok and gudalo, the latter as the name for the bow of the gusle could also illuminate a more accurate assignment in the history of the Gusle after Walther Wünsch.

In the parlance of the South Slavs, in addition to the feminine plurale tantum "gusle" that has prevailed as a lexeme, even the older "gusli", which is found in the area of the middle Drina River region to Arilje and throughout Montenegro. The use of the phonemes  and  is in the same language as the same speaker, or it can be used in lyrics or everyday speech.

The singular form "gusla" is found only in Eastern Serbia, west of the Timok, around Niš, Ivanjica, as well as in the area of the Zlatibor. On Korčula only "gusla" is in use.

The term "gusle" by Alberto Fortis has been introduced into European literature. "Gusle" is in Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian linguistic usage, however, a feminine plurale tantum (Serbo-Croatian gusla or gusle, Albanian lahuta or lahutë).

See also
 Berimbau

References

Sources

Further reading

 Milošević-Đorđević, Nada, The History of Serbian Culture. Porthill Publishers, Edgware, Middiesex, 1995.
 Kos, Koraljka,  Das Volksinstrument "gusle" in der bildenden Kunst des 19. Jahrhundert. Zum Wandel eines ikonographischen Motivs, Glazba, ideje i društvo / Music, Ideas, and Society. Svečani zbornik za Ivana Supičića / Essays in Honour of Ivan Supičić, ur. S. Tuksar, HMD, Zagreb 1993, 113–124.
 Kos, Koraljka,  Representations of the Gusle in Nineteenth-Century Visual Arts, RidIM/RCMI Newsletter XX/2 (New York 1995) 13–18.
 Milne Holton and Vasa D. Mihailovich. Serbian Poetry from the Beginnings to the Present. New Haven: Yale Center for International and Area Studies, 1988.
 Beatrice L. Stevenson, The Gusle Singer and His Songs. (with "Heroic Ballads of Serbia"), American Anthropologist 1915 Vol.17:58-68.

External links

The History of Serbian Culture, translated by Randall A. Major
Guslarskepesme.com, repository of gusle song texts
Peter Boro performing Croatian music on the gusle and misnice, 1939, US Library of Congress

One-string fiddles
Drumhead lutes
Necked bowl lutes
Bowed monochords
Albanian musical instruments
Croatian musical instruments
Serbian musical instruments
Bosnian musical instruments
Montenegrin musical instruments

Gusle


Chiara Kreuzer (născută Hölzl; ) este o săritoare cu schiurile austriacă.

Carieră
În 2013, a câștigat argintul la competiție pe echipe mixt la Campionatele Mondiale de la Val di Fiemme. În ianuarie 2015, a obținut primul ei podium la individual la Cupa Mondială clasându-se pe locul al treilea în al doilea concurs de la Sapporo în spatele Sarei Takanashi și a Carinei Vogt.

La Jocurile olimpice de iarnă din 2014 de la Soci, Rusia a ocupat locul al 25-lea la proba de sărituri cu schiurile.

Cupa Mondială

Clasamente (loc)

Campionatul mondial de schi nordic

Note

Legături externe

Schiori austrieci
Săritori cu schiurile
Austrieci în viață
Competitori la Jocurile Olimpice de iarnă din 2014
Competitori la Jocurile Olimpice de iarnă din 2018

Chiara Kreuzer


Australski šahovski savez (eng. Australian Chess Federation), krovno tijelo športa šaha u Australiji. Osnovan je 1922. godine i član je FIDE od 1939. godine. Sjedište je u Sydneyu, Novi Južni Wales. Australija pripada azijsko-oceanijskoj zoni 3.6. Predsjednik je Gary Wastell (ažurirano 26. listopada 2019.).

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Službene stranice

Šport u Australiji
Australija

Australski šahovski savez


The Avengers (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) é a trilha sonora do filme The Avengers (2012), da Marvel Studios, composta por Alan Silvestri. Foi lançada pela Hollywood Records em 1 de maio de 2012. Uma trilha sonora separada e um álbum conceitual, intitulado Avengers Assemble (Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture), de vários artistas, também foi lançado na mesma data.

The Avengers (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
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| nome = The Avengers (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
| artista = Alan Silvestri
| alt =
| capa = The Avengers trilha sonora.jpg
| borda =
| duração =
| produtor = Alan Silvestri
| gravadora = Hollywood, Marvel Music
| formato =
| idioma =
| gênero = Música cinematográfica
| tipo = trilha sonora
| estúdio = Abbey Road Studios
| gravado =
| lançado =
| último álbum = Captain America: The First Avenger(2011)
| próximo álbum = Flight(2012)
| miscelânea =
}}
Em novembro de 2011, a Marvel anunciou que Alan Silvestri, que compôs a música de Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), escreveria e comporia a trilha sonora de The Avengers (2012; tornando-o o primeiro compositor a compôr mais de um filme no Universo Cinematográfico Marvel). Silvestri declarou: "Esta é realmente uma experiência muito única [para mim]. Eu trabalhei em filmes onde havia várias estrelas e certamente trabalhei em filmes onde havia personagens de igual peso em termos de nível de importância, mas este é um pouco extremo nesse sentido porque cada um desses personagens possui seu próprio mundo e é uma situação muito diferente. É muito desafiador procurar uma maneira de dar a todos o peso e a consideração de que precisam, mas ao mesmo tempo, o filme é realmente sobre a união desses personagens, o que implica que existe essa entidade chamada Vingadores, que realmente tem que ser representativa de todos eles juntos." Silvestri gravou a trilha com a Orquestra Sinfônica de Londres no Abbey Road Studios em Londres, Inglaterra. O diretor de The Avengers, Joss Whedon, descreveu a trilha como "à moda antiga", dizendo que "é muito antiquada, e é por isso que [Silvestri] foi perfeito para este filme porque ele pode dar a você uma emoção elevada, a [velha guarda de Hans Zimmer] de 'Estou me sentindo muito bem agora!' mas ele também pode ser extraordinariamente específico para cada personagem, o que eu amo." Silvestri reprisa seus temas de Captain America: The First Avenger e introduz novos — incluindo o tema da Viúva Negra, que é "um tema solitário e arrancado com um sabor da Europa Oriental para definir essa personagem". O álbum de trilha sonora foi lançado em 1º de maio de 2012.

 Lista de faixas

Simultaneamente com o lançamento digital, o álbum foi lançado fisicamente pela Hollywood Records, Marvel Music e Intrada Records. Várias faixas deste lançamento são mais longas do que no álbum digital e há uma faixa adicional, "Interrogation".

 Avengers Assemble (Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture)

Em março de 2012, a banda norte-americana de rock alternativo Soundgarden anunciou, através de sua página oficial no Facebook, que havia escrito uma canção para ser incluída na trilha sonora de The Avengers, intitulada "Live to Rise". A faixa foi lançada em 17 de abril de 2012, como um download digital gratuito durante sua primeira semana de disponibilidade na iTunes Store. Além disso, a banda indiana de rock Agnee lançou um videoclipe para seu single "Hello Andheron", que serviu como música tema para o lançamento indiano do filme. No dia seguinte, a Marvel lançou a lista completa de faixas do álbum, que foi lançada pela Hollywood Records em 1º de maio de 2012. Um cover'' da faixa "Shoot to Thrill" da banda AC/DC, interpretada por Theory of a Deadman, foi originalmente incluída no álbum, mas foi removida por razões desconhecidas.

Lista de faixas

Desempenho nas tabelas musicais

Ligações externas
Videoclipe de "Live to Rise"

Bandas sonoras de 2012
Bandas sonoras de filmes
Os Vingadores
Trilhas sonoras do Universo Cinematográfico Marvel

The Avengers (trilha sonora)


An Gahnia baniensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Gerhard Benl. An Gahnia baniensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Gahnia, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Gahnia

Gahnia baniensis


Die North Harbour International 2002 im Badminton fanden Anfang Mai 2002 in North Harbour in Neuseeland statt.

Sieger und Platzierte

Weblinks
 http://tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=D28EBC1B-A9AB-4A94-AD52-883B037DF8DB

2002
Badminton 2002

North Harbour International 2002


Sadie Frost (nacida el 19 de junio de 1965) es una actriz británica, que codirige la marca de moda Frost-French.

Biografía
Sadie Liza Vaughan nació en Londres. Sus padres son el artista psicodélico David Vaughan, quien trabajó para The Beatles, y su entonces joven musa de 16 años de edad, la actriz Mary Davidson.

Vida privada
Con 16 años, bailando en un video musical, conoció a Gary Kemp, de la banda de pop inglesa de los años 80 Spandau Ballet. Se casaron el 7 de mayo de 1988 y su hijo, Finlay Munro, nació el 20 de septiembre de 1990. Frost y Kemp se divorciaron el 19 de agosto de 1995.

Sadie conoció a Jude Law durante el rodaje de la película Shopping. Se casaron el 2 de septiembre de 1997 y tuvieron tres hijos: Rafferty (nacido el 6 de octubre de 1996), Iris (nacida el 25 de octubre de 2000) y Rudy Indiana Otis (nacido el 10 de septiembre de 2002). Frost y Law se divorciaron el 29 de octubre de 2003.

Filmografía parcial
 Empire State (1987)
 Diamond Skulls (1989)
 The Krays (1990)
 Paper Marriage (1992)
 Drácula, de Bram Stoker (1992)
 Splitting Heirs (1993)
 Magic Hunter (1994)
 Shopping (1994)
 A Pyromaniac's Love Story (1995)
 Crimetime (1996)
 Flypaper (1997)
 Bent (1997)
 An Ideal Husband (1998)
 Final Cut (1998)
 Presence of Mind (1999)
 Captain Jack (1999)
 Love, Honour and Obey (2000)
 Rancid Aluminium (2000)
 Soul Patrol (2000)
 Rebelión en Polonia - Sublevación en el gueto  (2001)
 The Heavy (2008)
 Shoot on Sight (2008)
 Beyond the Rave (2008)

Referencias

Actores de cine de Inglaterra
Actrices de Inglaterra

Sadie Frost


Igor Wladimirowitsch Kornejew (; * 4. September 1967 in Moskau) ist ein ehemaliger russischer Fußballspieler und aktueller Fußballtrainer.

Kornejew begann seine Laufbahn im Juniorenteam von Spartak Moskau. 1986 wechselte er zu ZSKA Moskau. Der torgefährliche Mittelfeldspieler war ab der Saison 1987 Stammspieler der ersten Mannschaft. Mit ZSKA gewann er 1991 die sowjetische Meisterschaft und den Pokalwettbewerb. 1991 wurde Kornejew auch zum russischen Fußballer des Jahres gewählt. Nach 180 Spielen für ZSKA in denen er 58 Tore erzielte, wechselte er zu Beginn der Saison 1991/92 nach Spanien zu Espanyol Barcelona, er bestritt für dieses Team während drei Spielzeiten in der Primera División 73 Spiele und erzielte 21 Tore. Zu Beginn der Saison 1994/95 wechselte er dann zum großen Lokalrivalen FC Barcelona, wo er sich aber letztlich nicht durchsetzen konnte. 1995 wechselte Kornejew in die Niederlande, zunächst zum SC Heerenveen, 1997 dann zu Feyenoord Rotterdam. Im Jahr 2002 beendete er seine aktive Karriere bei NAC Breda.

Kornejew debütierte 1991 in der Fußballnationalmannschaft der UdSSR. Insgesamt spielte er bis zum Zerfall der Sowjetunion fünf Mal für die Sbornaja, wobei ihm drei Tore gelangen. Er nahm mit der Auswahl der GUS an der Europameisterschaft 1992 teil und kam während des Turniers einmal zum Einsatz. Nach diesem Turnier spielte er achtmal für die russische Nationalmannschaft und nahm an der Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1994 teil.

Seine Karriere als Trainer begann Kornejew 2004 bei Feyenoord als Trainer des Juniorenteams. Von 2006 bis 2010 war er Assistenztrainer der russischen Nationalmannschaft. Seit 2010 ist er Sportdirektor von  Zenit Sankt Petersburg.

Erfolge
 Sowjetischer Meister: 1991
 Sowjetischer Fußballpokal: 1991
 Niederländischer Meister: 1998/99
 Niederländischer Supercup: 1999
 Fußballer des Jahres in Russland: 1991

Weblinks

   Biografie bei rusteam (russisch)
 Interview mit Kornejew auf der Webseite von Zenit St. Petersburg

Fußballnationalspieler (Sowjetunion)
Fußballspieler (Espanyol Barcelona)
Fußballspieler (FC Barcelona)
Fußballspieler (Feyenoord Rotterdam)
Fußballspieler (NAC Breda)
Fußballspieler (SC Heerenveen)
Fußballspieler (ZSKA Moskau)
Sowjetbürger
Fußballnationalspieler (Russland)
Russe
Fußballtrainer (Russland)
Geboren 1967
Mann
Teilnehmer an einer Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft (Russland)
Teilnehmer an einer Fußball-Europameisterschaft (GUS)

Igor Wladimirowitsch Kornejew


Furan is a heterocyclic organic compound, consisting of a five-membered aromatic ring with four carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.  Chemical compounds containing such rings are also referred to as furans.

Furan is a colorless, flammable, highly volatile liquid with a boiling point close to room temperature. It is soluble in common organic solvents, including alcohol, ether, and acetone, and is slightly soluble in water.  Its odor is "strong, ethereal; chloroform-like".  It is toxic and may be carcinogenic in humans. Furan is used as a starting point for other speciality chemicals.

History

The name "furan" comes from the Latin furfur, which means bran (furfural is produced from bran). The first furan derivative to be described was 2-furoic acid, by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1780. Another important derivative, furfural, was reported by Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner in 1831 and characterised nine years later by John Stenhouse. Furan itself was first prepared by Heinrich Limpricht in 1870, although he called it "tetraphenol" (as if it were a four-carbon analog to phenol, C6H5OH).

Production
Industrially, furan is manufactured by the palladium-catalyzed decarbonylation of furfural, or by the copper-catalyzed oxidation of 1,3-butadiene:

In the laboratory, furan can be obtained from furfural by oxidation to 2-furoic acid, followed by decarboxylation. It can also be prepared directly by thermal decomposition of pentose-containing materials, and cellulosic solids, especially pine wood.

Synthesis of furans
The Feist–Benary synthesis is a classic way to synthesize furans.  The reaction involves alkylation of 1,3-diketones with α-bromoketones followed by dehydration of an intermediate hydroxydihydrofuran. The other traditional route involve the reaction of 1,4-diketones with phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) in the Paal–Knorr synthesis.

Many routes exist for the synthesis of substituted furans.

Structure and bonding
Furan has aromatic character because one of the lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen atom is delocalized into the ring, creating a 4n + 2 aromatic system (see Hückel's rule).  The aromaticity is modest relative to that for benzene and related heterocycles thiophene and pyrrole. The resonance energies of benzene, pyrrole, thiophene, and furan are, respectively, 152, 88, 121, and 67 kJ/mol (36, 21, 29, and 16 kcal/mol). Thus, these heterocycles, especially furan, are far less aromatic than benzene, as is manifested in the lability of these rings. The molecule is flat but the C=C groups attached to oxygen retain significant double bond character. The other lone pair of electrons of the oxygen atom extends in the plane of the flat ring system.

Examination of the resonance contributors shows the increased electron density of the ring, leading to increased rates of electrophilic substitution.

Reactivity
Because of its partial aromatic character, furan's behavior is intermediate between that of an enol ether and an aromatic ring.  It is dissimilar vs ethers such as tetrahydrofuran.

Like enol ethers, 2,5-disubstituted furans are susceptible to hydrolysis to reversibly give 1,4-diketones.

Furan serves as a diene in Diels–Alder reactions with electron-deficient dienophiles such as ethyl (E)-3-nitroacrylate. The reaction product is a mixture of isomers with preference for the endo isomer:

Diels-Alder reaction of furan with arynes provides corresponding derivatives of dihydronaphthalenes, which are useful intermediates in synthesis of other polycyclic aromatic compounds.

 It is considerably more reactive than benzene in electrophilic substitution reactions, due to the electron-donating effects of the oxygen heteroatom.  It reacts with bromine at 0 °C to give 2-bromofuran.

 Hydrogenation of furans sequentially affords dihydrofurans and tetrahydrofurans.
 In the Achmatowicz reaction, furans are converted to dihydropyran compounds.
 Pyrrole can be prepared industrially by treating furan with ammonia in the presence of solid acid catalysts, such as SiO2 and Al2O3.

Safety
Furan is found in heat-treated commercial foods and is produced through thermal degradation of natural food constituents. It can be found in roasted coffee, instant coffee, and processed baby foods. Research has indicated that coffee made in espresso makers and coffee made from capsules contain more furan than that made in traditional drip coffee makers, although the levels are still within safe health limits.

Exposure to furan at doses about 2,000 times the projected level of human exposure from foods increases the risk of hepatocellular tumors in rats and mice and bile duct tumors in rats.  Furan is therefore listed as a possible human carcinogen.

See also
 BS 4994 – Furan resin as thermoset FRP for chemical process plant equipments
 Furanocoumarin
 Furanoflavonoid
 Furanose
 Furantetracarboxylic acid
 Simple aromatic rings
 Furan fatty acids
 Tetrahydrofuran

References

External links

 Recent synthetic methods

IARC Group 2B carcinogens
Simple aromatic rings

Furan


UEFA Cup finalen 1980 var to fodboldkampe som skulle finde vinderen af UEFA Cup 1979-80. De blev spillet den 7. og 21. maj 1980 imellem de vesttyske klubber Borussia Mönchengladbach og Eintracht Frankfurt.

Kampene var kulminationen på den 9. sæson i Europas næststørste klubturnering for hold arrangeret af UEFA siden etableringen af UEFA Cup i 1971. For Mönchengladbach gjaldt det at det var fjerde gang, og andet år i træk, at de var nået frem til finalen i turneringen, hvor de vandt i 1975 og 1979, mens finalen i 1973 blev tabt. For Frankfurt var det første finale i turneringen, og den første europæiske finale siden 1960, hvor de tabte Mesterholdenes Europa Cup finale.

Frankfurt vandt samlet 3-3 efter reglen om flest scorede mål på udebane, efter at de havde tabt den første kamp i Mönchengladbach med 2-3. I returkampen to uger efter på hjemmebanen Waldstadion vandt de med 1-0.

De danske spillere Steen Thychosen og Carsten Nielsen deltog i begge kampe for Mönchengladbach.

Kampene

1. kamp

2. kamp

Se også
 Mesterholdenes Europa Cup finale 1980

Eksterne henvisninger
UEFA Cup 1980 på UEFAs hjemmeside

1980
Fodbold i 1980
Borussia Mönchengladbach
Eintracht Frankfurt
Mönchengladbach

UEFA Cup finalen 1980


ستيفان بايل  (27 يونيو 1965 في كيونزير - 27 يونيو 2017) لاعب كرة قدم فرنسي معتزل كان يجيد اللعب في مركز المهاجم.

المسيرة الرياضية
بدأ بايل مسيرته الرياضية في نادي سوشو سنة 1982 وساهم في احتلال المركز الثاني في بطولة كأس فرنسا موسم 1987-1988 وتم اختياره أفضل لاعب كرة قدم فرنسي لنفس الموسم. خلال تواجده في نادي سوشو شارك مع منتخب فرنسا في 8 مباريات دولية مسجلا هدف واحد في الفترة من 1986 إلى 1989. في السنوات التسع التالية تنقل بين 8 أندية داخل وخارج فرنسا وهي مونبلييه، بوردو، بورتو البرتغالي، كاين، بوردو (فترة ثانية)، ليون، مولهاوس، سيرفيت السويسري، وهارتز الاسكتلندي. قرر اعتزال لعب كرة القدم نهائيا في سنة 1998.

عاد بايل إلى ناديه الأم سوشو ليعمل به ممرنا من 1999 إلى 2002 حتى جاءت أول فرصة لتدريب نادي بيسانكون ولكنه غادر في سنة 2004 . في السنة التالية انتقل إلى نادي باريس وفي موسم 2005-2006 قام بتدريب نادي أنغرز وفي موسم 2007-2008 قام بتدريب نادي كان.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إسكتلندا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في سويسرا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في البرتغال
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
رياضيون فرنسيون مغتربون في البرتغال
رياضيون من سافوا العليا
لاعبو الدوري الإسكتلندي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري البرتغالي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو أولمبيك ليون
لاعبو بورتو
لاعبو بوردو
لاعبو دوري السوبر السويسري
لاعبو سوشو
لاعبو كاين
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في البرتغال
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إسكتلندا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في سويسرا
لاعبو منتخب فرنسا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب فرنسا لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب فرنسا لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو مولهاوس
لاعبو مونبلييه
لاعبو نادي سيرفيت
لاعبو نادي هارت أوف ميدلوثيان
مدربو راسينغ كولومب
مدربو كرة قدم فرنسيون
مدربو نادي أنجيه
مدربو نادي إيفيان
مدربو نادي كان
مواليد 1965
مواليد في كيونزير
وفيات 2017
وفيات في ليون

ستيفان بايل


Copernican means of or pertaining to the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543).

Copernican may also refer to:

Science
 Copernican heliocentrism, the astronomical model developed by Copernicus
 Copernican principle, in physical cosmology
 Copernican period, in lunar geology

Politics
 Copernican federalism, a US political model
 Copernican paradigm, an Australian political model

Music
 Symphony No. 2 (Górecki), a symphony by Henryk Górecki known as the Copernican Symphony, Op. 31

See also
Copernicus (disambiguation)

Copernican


Kuganavolok (en ) est une municipalité rurale du raïon de Poudoj en République de Carélie.

Géographie
Kuganavolok est situé sur une péninsule de la rive sud du lac Vodla, à 78 km au nord de Poudoj.

La municipalité de Kuganavolok a une superficie de .

Kuganavolok est bordée au nord-est et à l'est par l'oblast d'Arkhangelsk, au sud par  Kubovo du raïon de Poudoj, au sud-ouest par Avdejevo et à l'ouest par Pälmä.

Kuganavolok est arrosé par les rivières Ileksa, Vodla et Vama.
Une grande partie du territoire est occupé par le parc national de Vodlozero.

Démographie
Recensements (*) ou estimations de la population

Bibliographie

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

Liens externes

Village dans la république de Carélie
Raïon de Poudoj

Kuganavolok


Zbigniew Seifert (6 Haziran, 1946 – 15 Şubat, 1979) Polonyalı caz müzik kemancısı'dır.

Seifert, Kraków, Polonya'da doğmuş, kariyerinin ilk dönemlerinde saksofon çalmıştır.

32 yaşında kansere yenik düşen Polonya'lı, kemancı John Coltrane'den etkilenmiştir. Kendi solo albümlerinin yanı sıra, Alman gitarist Volker Kriegel, ünlü Amerikalı topluluk Oregon, alto saksofoncu Charlie Mariano, klavyeci Jasper van't Hof ve piyanist Joachim Kühn'ün bazı albümlerinde yer almıştır.

Dış bağlantılar
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A4--lkisu1E

Seifert, Zbigniew
1946 doğumlular
1979 yılında ölenler

Zbigniew Seifert


කඩුගන්නාව අම්බලම ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දැකගත හැකි පැරණි අම්බලම් අතුරින් එකකි. A1 මහා මාර්ගයේ කොළඹ සිට මහනුවර දක්වා ගමන් කිරීමේදී හමුවන, කඩුගන්නාව වැලමිට වංගුවට මීටර කිහිපයක් මෙපිට පාරේ වම්පසින්, මෙම ඉපැරණි කඩුගන්නාව අම්බලම දැක ගත හැකිවේ.

ඉදිකිරීම
ලංකාවේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිත පාලනය යටතේ, 18 වන සියවසේ මුල් යුගයේදී ඉදිකරන්නට ඇතැයි සැළකෙන මෙම අම්බලමට, මේ වන විට වසර 200ක් වත් සම්පූර්ණ වී ඇතැයි පැවසේ. එකල මෙය, වෙළෙන්දන් හා විවිධ සංචාරකයින්ගේ ගමන් වෙහෙස නිවාලන ප්‍රකට තාවකාලික නවාතැන් පොළක් වූ බව සඳහන් වෙයි.

වර්ථමානයේදී පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක වටිනාකමකින් යුතු ඉදිකිරීමක් ලෙස සළකනු ලබන මෙම අම්බලමෙහි වාස්තු නිර්මාණ කලාව, මහනුවර යුගයේ වාස්තු නිර්මාණ කලාවන්ට සමාන බව දැකගත හැකිවේ.

ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය
ශ්‍රී ලංකා පුරාවිද්‍යා දෙපාර්ථමේන්තුවේද සහය සහිතව මෑතකදී, ශ්‍රී ලංකා සංචාරක අමාත්‍යාංශය විසින් කඩුගන්නාව අම්බලම ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කිරීමට පියවර ගන්නා ලදී.

මූලාශ්‍ර

බාහිර සබැඳි

අම්බලම්
කෑගල්ල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පුරාවිද්‍යා ආරක්‍ෂිත ස්මාරක

කඩුගන්නාව අම්බලම


Dervish Hima eigentlich Ibrahim Mehmet Naxhi (* 1873 in Struga, Osmanisches Reich; † 13. April 1928 in Tirana, Albanien) war ein albanischer Politiker, Publizist, Journalist, Diplomat und Mitunterzeichner der Unabhängigkeitserklärung Albaniens in Vlora vom 28. November 1912. Er war ein bedeutender Vertreter der albanischen Nationalbewegung Rilindja.

Leben
Dervish Hima absolvierte seine Schulausbildung in Bitola (Monastir) und in Thessaloniki. Er studierte zwei Jahre an der Militärmedizin-Hochschule in Istanbul. Dort hatte er Kontakte zur Bewegung der Jungtürken, was ihn veranlasste sich Gedanken über die Situation seiner albanischen Heimat zu machen.

In den Jahren von 1895 bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg ging Dervish Hima in verschiedene Länder, um in Schriften und Artikeln seinen Standpunkt zur albanischen Frage zu verbreiten. Dabei kritisierte er den amtierenden Sultan Abdülhamid II. und engagierte sich für die Befreiung der albanischen Gebiete von der osmanischen Herrschaft. Die osmanischen Behörden beobachteten Dervish Hima daraufhin und er wurde des Öfteren in Haft genommen. Unter anderem wurde er 1908 in Shkodra von osmanischen Polizeibehörden wegen einer Rede zur albanischen Autonomie verhaftet.

Er unterstützte die Annäherung zwischen den mazedonischen und albanischen Widerstandskämpfern gegen die serbischen Eroberer während des Ohrid-Debar-Aufstandes 1913.

Im Herbst 1917 wurde Dervish Hima zum Schulinspektor des Distriktes Tirana ernannt.

Während der Pariser Friedenskonferenz 1919 kritisierte Dervish Hima in seinen Schriften die Großmächte für ihren "Eroberungsappetit".

Im Jahre 1920 wurde er der erste Direktor des Albanischen Presseamtes.

Am 13. April 1928 starb Dervish Hima in Tirana.

Tätigkeit als Herausgeber
In Bukarest gab Dervish Hima für kurze Zeit im Jahre 1898 die Zeitung Pavarësia e Shqipërisë (Albanische Unabhängigkeit) heraus, welche in Albanisch, Französisch und Rumänisch erschien. Im Oktober des Jahres 1899 ging er nach Rom und gab dort, zusammen mit Mehmet Bey Frashëri, die Zeitschrift Zëri i Shqipërisë (Stimme Albaniens) heraus, welche in Albanisch und Französisch erschien. Im Jahre 1903 gab Dervish Hima die Zeitschrift L'Albanie (Albanien) heraus, welche zunächst alle zwei Wochen in Genf und 1905 bis 1906 monatlich in Brüssel erschien. Im Jahre 1909 gab er in Istanbul, zusammen mit Hilë Mosi, die Zeitschrift Shqipëtari-Arnavud (Der Albaner) heraus. Diese Zeitschrift wurde unterstützt durch Österreich-Ungarn, bis sie im Jahre 1910 verboten wurde.

Literatur
Robert Elsie: Historical Dictionary of Albania. Second Edition. Toronto and Plymouth 2010: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6188-6.

Rilindja
Autor
Publizist
Journalist (Albanien)
Literatur (Albanisch)
Albaner
Geboren 1873
Gestorben 1928
Mann

Dervish Hima


The Sucre () was the currency of Ecuador between 1884 and 2000. Its ISO code was ECS and it was subdivided into 10 decimos and 100 centavos. The sucre was named after Latin American political leader Antonio José de Sucre. The currency was replaced by the United States dollar as a result of the 1998–99 financial crisis.

History

The Ecuadorian peso was renamed as the Sucre on March 22, 1884, and was then linked to the silver standard. The Sucre was tied to 22.5 g of fine silver (equivalent to 5 LMU francs). Outdated coins were taken out of circulation between 1887 and 1892, with only the silver-backed coins remaining in circulation.

The decline of the international price of silver during the 1890s prompted Ecuador to switch to the gold standard on November 3, 1898, with the sucre tied to 732.224 mg of fine gold (equivalent to 2 shillings sterling).

The Sucre became inconvertible shortly after World War I began in 1914 due to international political tension. Despite extensive measures to support the sucre's value, the exchange rate continued to rapidly decline. The sucre's exchange rate was eventually stabilized during 1926, at which point Ecuador re-established the gold standard with the sucre equal to 300.933 mg fine gold or $0.20 USD (a devaluation of 58.8%).

Following the suspension of the gold standard on February 8, 1932, foreign exchange controls were adopted on April 30 which fixed the official buying rate at 5.95 per U.S. dollar. Once the price of silver rose above the nominal value of most silver coins during 1930s, Ecuador banned the export of silver on May 17, 1935. This was followed by several adjustments to the nation's foreign exchange system as the sucre continued to depreciate. The foreign exchange controls were finally lifted in September, 1937 and the official rate was set at 13.5 sucre per U.S. dollar. The sucre was eventually devalued to 14.77 sucre per USD on June 4, 1940, and controls were once again imposed. The official rate became 14 sucre per USD in 1942 and 13.5 per USD in 1944.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) established the purchasing power parity of the sucre at 13.5 per USD on December 18, 1946. When the IMF adopted a system of multiple exchange rates in 1947, the sucre's IMF parity was devalued to 15 sucre per USD by 1950, 18 by 1961, and 25 per USD by 1970.

The Sucre maintained a fairly stable exchange rate against the U.S. dollar until 1983 when it was devalued to 42 per USD and a crawling peg was adopted. Depreciation increased rapidly and the Sucre's free market rate was over 800 per USD by 1990 and nearly 3000 by 1995. The sucre lost 67% of its foreign exchange value during 1999; its value nosedived an additional 17% over the course of one week, ending at 25,000 sucre per USD on January 7, 2000.

On January 9, President Jamil Mahuad announced that the US dollar was to be adopted as Ecuador's official currency, although the US dollar had already had wide informal use in Ecuador before this decision was made. The US dollar became legal tender in Ecuador on March 13, 2000, as sucre notes ceased to be legal tender on September 11, 2000. Sucre notes were exchangeable at a rate of 25,000 sucre per dollar at Banco Central until March 30, 2001.

Coins
In 1884, cupro-nickel one and a half centavo coins, as well as silver half decimo coins, one and two decimo coins, sucre and half sucre coins were introduced. Centavo coins minted as denominations of the peso continued to circulate after the introduction of the sucre. Copper replaced cupronickel as the material used for the one and a half centavo in 1890, while silver half decimo coins were introduced in 1893. The 10 centavo coin was called a real, with the 5 centavo coin known as a medio (meaning half). Gold 10 sucre coins were issued  in 1899 and 1900.

In 1909, cupro-nickel 1, 2 and 5 centavo coins were issued, followed by  centavos in 1917 and 10 centavos in 1918. Production of silver coins was suspended in 1916. In 1928, a new coinage was introduced consisting of a bronze 1 centavo, nickel , 5 and 10 centavos, silver 50 centavos, 1 and 2 sucres, and gold 1 condor. The 1 sucre coin was reduced from 25 grams of 90% silver to 5 grams of 72% silver, while the condor, worth 25 sucres, was equivalent to a U.S. quarter eagle coin. The new coins were dubbed Ayoras after the president, Isidro Ayora. In 1937, nickel 20 centavo and 1 sucre coins were introduced, followed by brass 5, 10 and 20 centavos in 1942 and silver 5 sucres in 1943. The last silver coins (2 and 5 sucres) were struck in 1944.

Cupro-nickel replaced brass in the 5, 10 and 20 centavos in 1946, with a cupro-nickel 1 sucre introduced in 1959. 1959 also saw the introduction of nickel-clad-steel 20 centavos, with this metal replacing others in the 5, 10 and 50 centavos and 1 sucre between 1963 and 1970.

In 1988, nickel-clad steel coins for 10, 20 and 50 sucres were introduced, while high inflation in the 1990s lead to bi-metallic coins for 100, 500 and 1000 sucres being introduced between 1995 and 1996.

Banknotes

The first sucre-denominated banknotes were issued by private banks. The Banco del Ecuador issued provisional notes for 80 centavos and 4 sucres between 1885 and 1887 due to a conversion rate of 5 pesos = 4 sucres for the earlier notes of this bank. Regular notes were issued until 1926 in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 sucres. 1 sucre notes were issued by the Banco Anglo-Ecuatoriano in 1885 and 1886, and by the Banco de Quito in 1885.

The Banco de la Unión issued notes between 1887 and 1895 in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20 and 100 sucres, while the Banco Internacional issued notes between 1887 and 1894 in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 100, 500 and 1000 sucres. The Banco Comercial y Agricola issued notes between 1895 and 1925 in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 sucres. The Banco del Pinchincha issued notes for 1, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 sucres between 1907 and 1924. The Banco del Azuay issued 1, 2, 5 and 10 sucres notes between 1914 and 1924. The Campañia de Crédito Agricola e Industrial issued 2 and 10 sucres notes in 1921. Finally, the Banco de Decuento issued 5 and 50 sucres notes in 1923 and 1924.

In 1926, the Caja Central de Emisión y Amortización was established to effect the transition of currency issues from private banks to a central bank. It issued notes in 1926 and 1927 in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 1000 sucres which were overprints on the notes of private banks.

The first notes of the Central Bank () were issued in 1928 in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 sucres. These notes had a gold redemption clause, promising the bearer of the currency its value in gold. (). The gold clause was retained on Banco Central's notes until 1939, when the text was modified to Pagará al portador á la vista CINCO SUCRES. Additional denominations of 500 and 1000 sucres were authorized in 1944.

In 1949-1950 Banco Central introduced new notes of reduced size (157 × 68 mm) in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 sucres, and dropped the phrase Pagará al portador á la vista, leaving only the literal the numerical value of the presidency. All banknotes circulated since 1928 had been printed by the American Bank Note Company, but Waterlow and Sons were now given the contract for the 5 and 50 sucre notes, which were the first Ecuadorian notes to have a security thread. In the late 1950s, Waterlow was dropped in favour of Thomas de La Rue, which printed 5, 20, 50 and 100 sucre notes, while American Bank Note continued printing 5, 10, 20 and 100 sucre notes. Notes of both printers shared the same basic design, but while American Bank Note used collared planchets as a security device, de La Rue used a metal thread. These notes went through several modifications, and inflorescent security ink was introduced about 1970. A small-size 1000-sucre note was finally put into circulation in 1973.

The next change came in 1975 when the back of all circulating notes was redesigned to show the new national coat of arms. A small-size 500 sucre note appeared at the end of the 70s.

Beginning in 1984, the title Banco Central del Ecuador appears on the notes, without a printer's imprint and without Sociedad Anonima. As inflation gained momentum, higher denominations were introduced: 5000 in 1987, 10,000 in 1988, and 20,000 and 50,000 sucres notes in 1995.

Notes used during the last years of the sucre (together with 100, 500 and 1000 sucre coins) include:

S/. 5,000 (Obverse: writer/author Juan Montalvo from Ambato. Reverse: Galápagos tortoise), worth (at dollarization time) US$0.20
S/. 10,000 (Obverse: Ecuador's second (first Ecuadorian born) president Vicente Rocafuerte. Reverse: Independence Monument at Quito's main square (Plaza Grande)), worth US$0.40
S/. 20,000 (Obverse: former Conservative president Gabriel García Moreno. Reverse: Ecuador's coat of arms), worth US$0.80
S/. 50,000 (Obverse: former Liberal president Eloy Alfaro Delgado. Reverse: Ecuador's coat of arms), worth US$2.00

Historic exchange rates
Sucres per U.S. Dollar:

2.60 (1917)
16-17 (1959-1961)
25.00 (1979)
2,564.50 (1995)
3,189.50 (1996)
3,988.30 (1997)
5,446.60 (1998)
11,786.80 (1999)
24,860.70 (January 2000)
25,000.00 (at dollarization time)

See also

Economy of Ecuador
SUCRE (currency)

References

 The "Currency" iTunes app, made by Jeffery Grossman

External links
IMF working paper on the financial crisis.
Numismatics of Ecuador
Historical banknotes of Ecuador

Modern obsolete currencies
Economy of Ecuador
Currencies of Ecuador
Economic history of Ecuador
1884 establishments in Ecuador
2000 disestablishments in Ecuador

Ecuadorian sucre


Der Honda Indy Grand Prix of Alabama 2012 fand am 1. April im Barber Motorsports Park in Birmingham, Alabama, Vereinigte Staaten statt und war das zweite Rennen der IndyCar-Series-Saison 2012.

Berichte

Hintergrund
Nach dem Honda Grand Prix of St. Petersburg führte Hélio Castroneves in der Fahrerwertung mit 8 Punkten vor Scott Dixon und 15 Punkten auf Ryan Hunter-Reay. Bei den Motorenherstellern führte Chevrolet mit 3 Punkten vor Honda und mit 5 Punkten vor Lotus.

Mit Castroneves und Will Power (je einmal) traten alle bisherigen Sieger zu diesem Grand Prix an.

Training
Im ersten Training fuhr Power die schnellste Zeit vor seinem Teamkollegen Castroneves und Takuma Satō. Das zweite Training fand unter regnerischen Verhältnissen statt. Satō erzielte die schnellste Zeit gleich zu Beginn des Trainings. Zweiter wurde Sébastien Bourdais vor Dixon. Am ersten Trainingstag wurde der Motor bei Oriol Servià aufgrund eines Schadens gewechselt. In der Startaufstellung wurde er somit um zehn Positionen nach hinten versetzt.

Im dritten Training, das am Samstagmorgen stattfand, wurde von Nebel überschattet, weshalb die Fahrer nur eine Installationsrunde fuhren.

Qualifying
Der erste Abschnitt des Zeitentrainings wurde in zwei Gruppen ausgetragen. Die sechs schnellsten Piloten jeder Gruppe kamen ins zweite Segment. Die restlichen Startpositionen wurden aus dem Ergebnis des ersten Qualifyingabschnitts bestimmt, wobei den Fahrern der ersten Gruppe die ungeraden Positionen ab 13, und den Fahrern der zweiten Gruppe die geraden Positionen ab 14 zugewiesen wurden. In der ersten Gruppe fuhr Mike Conway die schnellste Runde, in der zweiten Gruppe war Power der schnellste Pilot. Alle Lotus-Piloten schieden in diesem Segment aus. Power und Dixon waren die einigen Piloten, die eine Zeit unter 1:10 Minuten fuhren.

Im zweiten Segment der Qualifikation qualifizierten sich die sechs schnellsten Fahrer für den finalen Abschnitt. Der Abschnitt wurde mit der roten Flagge abgebrochen, nachdem Hunter-Reay einen Unfall hatte. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt hatten noch nicht alle Piloten ihre schnellste Runde absolviert. Power und Dixons fuhren in diesem Moment ihre schnellste Zeit. Diese wurde jedoch von der Rennleitung gestrichen. Power fiel damit aus den Top-6 hinaus. Der Abschnitt wurde nicht mehr wieder gestartet. Castroneves war der schnellste Pilot. Neben ihn schafften es James Hinchcliffe, J. R. Hildebrand, Conway, Tony Kanaan und Dixon in den letzten Abschnitt. In dem so genannten Firestone Fast Six waren somit zwei Honda- und vier Chevrolet-Piloten.

Castroneves erzielte schließlich die Pole-Position vor Hinchcliffe und Dixon.

Im Anschluss an das Qualifying wurde bei Alex Tagliani ein Motorschaden festgestellt, weshalb der Motor gewechselt wurde. Tagliani wurde darauf in der Startaufstellung um zehn Positionen nach hinten versetzt.

Abschlusstraining
Im Abschlusstraining fuhr Simon Pagenaud die schnellste Runde vor Power und Satō. Das Warm Up wurde nach Ausritten von Hunter-Reay und Bourdais mit der roten Flagge unterbrochen.

Rennen
Beim Start behielt Castroneves die Führung. Für Tagliani war das Rennen bereits in der ersten Runde beendet, nachdem er auf der Strecke ausgerollt war. Zur Bergung des Fahrzeugs kam es sofort zu einer Gelbphase.

Power, der vom neunten Platz ins Rennen gegangen war, begann auf der härteren Reifenmischung, den "Blacks". Alle anderen Piloten im vorderen Feld starteten auf der weicheren Mischung, den "Reds". Bei der ersten Boxenstoppphase, die unter Renntempo stattfand, wechselte er auf Reds. Es war ein schneller Stopp und er verbesserte sich auf den sechsten Platz. Wenig später überholte er Kanaan auf der Strecke in der fünften Kurve, die als klassische Überholstelle der Rennstrecke gilt. Castroneves, der das Rennen auf den Reds begonnen hatte, verlor bei den ersten Stopps die Führung an Dixon. Powers zweiter Stopp unter Renntempo, der vor Rennhalbzeit stattfand, brachte ihn, nachdem auch seine Gegner an der Box waren, auf Platz zwei. In der 53. Runde fiel Satō aus. Er stellte sein Fahrzeug am Streckenrand ab. Da keine Gefahr für die anderen Piloten bestand, wurde keine Gelbphase ausgelöst.

Sein dritter Boxenstopp brachte Power in Führung. Dabei profitierte er von einem problembelasteten Boxenstopp von Dixon, der einige Sekunden verlor, da die Radmutter des rechten Hinterrads dem Mechaniker vom Schlagschrauber gefallen war. Hinchcliffe belegte zwischenzeitlich den dritten Platz. In der 67. Runde kam es zur zweiten Gelbphase, nachdem Katherine Legge sich auf der Strecke gedreht hatte. Dadurch rückte das Feld näher zusammen.

Beim Restart versuchte Dixon an Power vorbeizugehen, doch dieser beanspruchte die Innenseite für sich, drängte Dixon leicht ab und behielt die Führung. Unter anderem verlor Hinchcliffe einige Positionen und fiel auf den sechsten Platz zurück. Rubens Barrichello machte beim Restart drei Positionen gut und fuhr in der Schlussphase gute Rundenzeiten und kam noch an einigen Gegnern vorbei. Ebenfalls gute Leistungen in der Schlussphase zeigte Bourdais, der als einziger Lotus-Pilot in den Top-10 fuhr.

Power gewann das Rennen schließlich nach einer starken Fahrt mit der passenden Strategie. Dixon wurde mit den meisten Führungsrunden Zweiter vor Castroneves. Graham Rahal und Pagenaud komplettierten die Top 5. Es war das erste Top-5-Ergebnis für Pagenaud. Die Top-10 vervollständigten Hinchcliffe, Conway, Barrichello, Bourdais und Dario Franchitti, der kurz vor Rennende an Marco Andretti vorbeigefahren war. Es war die erste Top-10-Platzierung von Barrichello. Mit Bourdais kam erstmals ein Lotus-Pilot innerhalb der ersten Zehn ins Ziel.

Castroneves behielt die Führung in der Fahrerwertung vor Dixon. Power rückte auf den dritten Platz vor. In der Herstellerwertung blieben die Positionen unverändert.

Meldeliste
Alle Teams und Fahrer verwendeten das Chassis Dallara DW12 mit einem Aero-Kit von Dallara und Reifen von Firestone.

Quelle:

Klassifikationen

Qualifying

Anmerkungen

Quellen:

Rennen

Quellen: "Honda Indy Grand Prix of Alabama" (champcarstats.com; abgerufen am 4. April 2012)

Führungsabschnitte

Quellen:

Gelbphasen

Quellen:

Punktestände nach dem Rennen

Fahrerwertung
Die Punktevergabe wird hier erläutert.

Herstellerwertung

Einzelnachweise

2012
Rennen der IndyCar Series 2012

Honda Indy Grand Prix of Alabama 2012


.Sonradan Sovyetler Birliği Ay programını iptal edince yapım çalışmaları iptal edildi.

LK (Lunniy Korabl, "Ay Kondusu"), Sovyetler Birliği'nin 1960'lardaki çok gizli insanlı Ay projesinde Ay yüzeyine bir kozmonot indirmesi planlanan uzay aracı.

LK, ABD'nin Apollo tasarısında kullanılan ve iki uzayadamı taşıyan Ay Örümceği'nden küçüktü, sadece tek bir kozmonot taşıyacak kapasitedeydi. Araç Ay'a dev N1 roketiyle gönderilecek, bir Soyuz kapsülü ve ek modüllerle birlikte N1-L3 istifinin bir parçasını oluşturacaktı.

LK'nın tasarımı sırasında mühendislerin karşısına çıkan önemli sorunlardan biri, eğimli yüzeye iniş sırasında yerden sekerek devrilmesi ihtimaliydi. Bunun için Sovyet mühendisler yaratıcı bir çözüm geliştirdiler: LK, ay yüzeyine değdiği anda egzozları yukarı bakan dört küçük roket ateşlenerek aracı yere doğru bastıracak, böylece sekmesini önleyecekti. LK, bu sayede 20 dereceye kadar eğimli yüzeylere güvenle inme kabiliyetine sahipti.

Bir diğer güvenlik önlemi olarak, LK'nın inişe herhangi bir aşamada son vererek Ay yüzeyinden uzaklaşıp Ay yörüngesine dönebilmesi sağlanmıştı.

Aracın modellerinin denenmesi için uzay merkezine Ermenistan Sovyet Cumhuriyeti'nden ay yüzeyine benzer özellikler taşıdığı düşünülen volkan tüfü getirtildi. Bu malzemeyle yapılan zemin üzerinde deneyler gerçekleştirildi.
1960'larda başta Aleksey Leonov olmak üzere bir kozmonot grubu, LK aracının kullanılması için eğitimden geçirildiler. Bunun için özel olarak değiştirilmiş helikopterler kullanıldı.

1971 yılında LK, gizlice Cosmos 379, Cosmos 398 ve Cosmos 434 araçlarıyla Dünya yörüngesine gönderildi ve başarıyla test edildi. ABD'nin Uzay Yarışını kazanıp Ay'a ilk insanı göndermesinden sonra Sovyet Ay projesinin iptaliyle birlikte LK aracı da işlevini yitirdi. Uzun süre varlığı gizli tutulan LK, Perestroyka sonrasında açığa çıktı. Sağlam kalan araçlar bugün Eurodisney dahil çeşitli müzelerde sergilenmektedir.

İlgili görsel galeri

Kaynakça

 Encyclopedia Astronautica'da LK aracı maddesi
 ingilizce Vikipedi'de yer alan ilgili madde

Ay görevleri
İnsanlı uzay araçları
Sovyet insanlı Ay programı

LK


Hvítsýprus (fræðiheiti: Chamaecyparis thyoides) er barrtré í Cupressaceae (Grátviðarætt), frá austurhluta Bandaríkjanna, innan 160 km frá ströndinni, en frá suðurströnd Georgíu norður til suður Maine.

Lýsing
Þetta er sígrænt tré, fullvaxta um 28m hátt, 0,8 til 2m í stofnþvermál. Börkurinn er öskugrár til rauðbrúnn.

Ræktun
Chamaecyparis thyoides þrífst best í rökum jarðvegi, í góðu skjóli og birtu. Nokkur ræktunarafbrigði með mismunandi vaxtarlag, vaxtarhraða og lit á barri hafa verið valin til ræktunar. Í Lystigarðinum Akureyri eru tvær plöntur sem hafa kalið fyrstu árin, þó ekkert síðar.

Viðurinn er léttur en sterkur og þolinn gegn fúa.

Myndir

Tilvísanir

Barrtré

Hvítsýprus


Alvikia, monotipki rod zelenih algi čiji niži poloćaj u razredu Chlorophyceae još nije točno utvrđen. Jedina je vrsta morska alga A. littoralis iz zaljeva Heita,  prefektura Iwate, Japan.

Sinonimi
 Chlorococcum littorale Chihara, Nakayama & Inouye

Izvori

Chlorophyceae

Alvikia


The Leyland cypress, Cupressus × leylandii, X Cuprocyparis leylandii or X Cupressocyparis leylandii, often referred to simply as leylandii, is a fast-growing coniferous evergreen tree much used in horticulture, primarily for hedges and screens. Even on sites of relatively poor culture, plants have been known to grow to heights of  in 16 years. Their rapid, thick growth means they are sometimes used to achieve privacy, but such use can result in disputes with neighbours whose own property becomes overshadowed.  The tree is a hybrid of Monterey cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa) and Nootka cypress (Cupressus nootkatensis).  It is almost always sterile, and is propagated mainly by cuttings.

History

In 1845, the Leighton Hall, Powys estate was purchased by the Liverpool banker Christopher Leyland. In 1847, he gave it to his nephew John Naylor (1813–1889). Naylor commissioned Edward Kemp to lay out the gardens, which included redwoods, monkey puzzle trees and two North American species of conifers in close proximity to each other – Monterey cypress and Nootka cypress. The two parent species would not likely cross in the wild, as their natural ranges are more than  apart, but in 1888, the hybrid cross occurred when the female flowers or cones of Nootka cypress were fertilised by pollen from Monterey cypress.

John Naylor's eldest son Christopher John (1849–1926) inherited Leighton Hall from his father in 1889. Christopher was a sea captain by trade. In 1891, he inherited the Leyland Entailed Estates established under the will of his great-great-uncle, which passed to him following the death of his uncle Thomas Leyland. On receiving the inheritance, Christopher changed his surname to Leyland, and moved to Haggerston Castle, Northumberland. He further developed the hybrid at his new home, and hence named the first clone variant 'Haggerston Grey'. His younger brother John (1856–1906) resultantly inherited Leighton Hall, and when in 1911 the reverse hybrid of the cones of the Monterey cypress were fertilised with pollen from the Nootka, that hybrid was baptised 'Leighton Green.'

The hybrid has since arisen on nearly 20 separate occasions, always by open pollination, showing the two species are readily compatible and closely related. As a hybrid, although fertility of certain Leyland cypress forms were recently reported, most Leyland cypress were thought to be sterile, and nearly all the trees  now seen have resulted from cuttings originating from those few plants. Over 40 forms of Leyland cypress are known, and as well as 'Haggerston Grey' and 'Leighton Green', other well-known forms include 'Stapehill', which was discovered in 1940 in a garden in Ferndown, Dorset by M. Barthelemy and 'Castlewellan', which originated from a single mutant tree in the Castlewellan estate arboretum in Northern Ireland. This form, widely propagated from the 1970s, was selected by the park director, John Keown, and was named Cupressus macrocarpa 'Keownii', 1963.

Description
A large, evergreen tree, Cupressus × leylandii reaches a size between 20 and 25 m high, with its leaves giving it a compact, thick and regular habit.  It grows very fast with yearly increases of 1 m. The leaves, about 1 mm long and close to the twig, are presented in flaky, slightly aromatic branches. They are dark green, somewhat paler on the underside, but can have different colors, depending on the cultivar. The crown of many forms is broadly columnar with slightly overhanging branch tips. The branches are slightly flattened and densely populated with scaly needles. The tree bark is dark red or brown and has deep grooves.

The seeds are found in cones about 2 cm in length, with eight scales and five seeds with tiny resinous vesicles. With the tree being a hybrid, its seeds are sterile. Over time, the cones shrink dry and turn gray or chocolate brown and then have a diameter of 1 cm.

Taxonomic status

Cupressus × leylandii is a hybrid of two other cypress species: Monterey cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa) and Nootka cypress (Cupressus nootkatensis).  The taxonomic status of Nootka cypress has changed over time, and this has affected the taxonomic status of the hybrid. Nootka cypress was first regarded as belonging in the genus Cupressus, but was later placed in Chamaecyparis. It has become clear, however, that when the genus Cupressus is defined to include Chamaecyparis, it is paraphyletic unless it also includes Juniperus. In 2004, Little et al. transferred the Nootka cypress to Callitropsis. Little (2006) proposed another alternative by transferring all the North American species of Cupressus, including the Monterey cypress (C. macrocarpa), to Callitropsis.

In some of these classifications, this and other hybrids of Nootka cypress become very unusual in being intergeneric hybrids, the only ones ever reported among the gymnosperms. In 2010, Mao et al. performed a more detailed molecular analysis and redefined Cupressus to exclude Chamaecyparis, but to include the Nootka cypress. It may be added that attempts to cross Nootka cypress with other Chamaecyparis species have been universally unsuccessful. The scientific name of Leyland cypress depends on the taxonomic treatment of Nootka cypress.  Where Nootka cypress is considered as Cupressus nootkatensis, the hybrid is within the Cupressus genus and is therefore Cupressus × leylandii.  If both Monterey and Nootka cypress are considered as species of Callitropsis, the hybrid is Callitropsis × leylandii.  However where the parents are treated as being in different genera, Leyland cypress becomes an intergeneric hybrid: if Nootka cypress is within Chamaecyparis, the name of the hybrid becomes ×Cupressocyparis leylandii, and where it is treated as Xanthocyparis, the hybrid becomes ×Cuprocyparis leylandii.

Two other similar hybrids have also been raised, both involving Nootka cypress with other Cupressus species:
Cupressus arizonica var. glabra × Cupressus nootkatensis (Cupressus × notabilis)
Cupressus lusitanica × Cupressus nootkatensis (Cupressus × ovensii)

Adaptation
Leyland cypress is light-demanding, but is tolerant of high levels of pollution and salt spray. A hardy, fast-growing natural hybrid, it thrives on a variety of soils, and sites are commonly planted in gardens to provide a quick boundary or shelter hedge, because of their rapid growth. Although widely used for screening, it has not been planted much for forestry purposes. In both forms of the hybrid, Leyland cypress combines the hardiness of the Nootka or Alaska cypress with the fast growth of the Monterey cypress.

The tallest Leyland cypress documented is about  tall and still growing. However, because their roots are relatively shallow, a large leylandii tends to topple over. The shallow root structure also means that it is poorly adapted to areas with hot summers, such as the southern half of the United States. In these areas, it is prone to develop cypress canker disease, which is caused by the fungus Seiridium cardinale. Canker causes extensive dieback and ultimately kills the tree. In California's Central Valley, they rarely live more than 10 years before succumbing, and not much longer in southern states like Alabama. In these areas, the canker-resistant Arizona cypress is much more successful. In northern areas where heavy snows occur, this plant is also susceptible to broken branches and uprooting in wet, heavy snow. The tree has also been introduced in Kenya on parts of Mount Kenya.

The sap can cause skin irritation in susceptible individuals.

Commercialization

In 1925, a firm of commercial nurserymen specialising in conifers were looking for a breed that was fast-growing, and could be deployed in barren, windy and salty areas such as Cornwall. Eventually they found the six original trees developed by Leyland, and began propagating the species. In 1953, a freak tornado blew down one of the original trees at Haggerston (the other original five trees still survive), on which the research division of the Forestry Commission started developing additional hybrids. Commercial nurseries spotted the plant's potential, and for many years, it was the biggest-selling item in every garden centre in Great Britain, making up to 10% of their total sales.

Uses
They continue to be popular for cultivation in parks and gardens. Leyland cypress trees are commonly planted  to quickly form fence or protection hedges. However, their rapid growth (up to 1 m per year), their thick shade and their large potential size (often more than 20 m high in garden conditions, and they can reach at least 35 m) make them problematic.

Cultivars
The cultivar 'Gold Rider' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017),  though the original hybrid has now lost its AGM status.

Other cultivars include 'Douglas Gold', 'Leighton Green', 'Drabb', 'Haggerston Grey', 'Emerald Isle', 'Ferndown', 'Golconda', 'Golden Sun', 'Gold Rider', 'Grecar', 'Green Spire', 'Grelive', Haggerston 3, Haggerston 4, Haggerston 5, Haggerston 6, 'Harlequin', 'Herculea', 'Hyde Hall', 'Irish Mint', 'Jubilee', 'Medownia', 'Michellii', 'Moncal', 'Naylor's Blue', 'New Ornament', 'Olive's Green', 'Robinson's Gold', 'Rostrevor', 'Silver Dust', 'Variegata', 'Ventose', and 'Winter Sun'.

Legal aspects
The plant's rapid growth  and great potential height can become a serious problem. In 2005 in the United Kingdom, an estimated 17,000 people were at loggerheads over high hedges, which led to violence and in at least one case murder, when in 2001, retired Environment Agency officer Llandis Burdon, 57, was shot dead after an alleged dispute over a leylandii hedge in Talybont-on-Usk, Powys.

Part VIII of the United Kingdom's Anti-Social Behaviour Act 2003, introduced in 2005, gave a way for people in England and Wales affected by high hedges (usually, but not necessarily, of leylandii) to ask their local authority to investigate complaints about the hedges, and gave the authorities in England and Wales power to have the hedges reduced in height. In May 2008, UK resident Christine Wright won a 24-year legal battle to have her neighbour's leylandii trees cut down for blocking sunlight to her garden.

Legislation with similar effect followed in Northern Ireland, Isle of Man and Scotland.

Gallery

References

External links

Cupressus
Hybrid plants
Trees of Wales
Flora of the West Coast of the United States
Garden plants of North America
Drought-tolerant plants
Ornamental trees
Plants described in 1926
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Leyland cypress


El apellido español Zoido puede hacer referencia a las siguientes personas:

Ángel Hernández Zoido, editor cinematográfico español;
Antonio Zoido, economista español;
Florencio Zoido Naranjo, Catedrático de Geografía por la Universidad de Sevilla; o
Juan Ignacio Zoido, alcalde de Sevilla entre 2011 y 2015, y Ministro del Interior entre 2016 y 2018

Zoido


A Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura (UNESCO) propôs um plano de proteção aos bens culturais do mundo, através do Comité sobre a Proteção do Património Mundial Cultural e Natural, aprovado em 1972. Esta é uma lista do Patrimônio Mundial existente na Gâmbia, especificamente classificada pela UNESCO e elaborada de acordo com dez principais critérios cujos pontos são julgados por especialistas na área. A Gâmbia, país da África Ocidental, ratificou a convenção em 1 de julho de 1987, tornando seus locais históricos elegíveis para inclusão na lista.

O sítio Ilha James e sítios associados foi o primeiro local da Gâmbia incluído na lista do Patrimônio Mundial da UNESCO por ocasião da 27.ª Sessão do Comitè do Património Mundial, realizada em Paris (França) em 2003. Desde a mais recente adesão à lista, a Gâmbia totaliza 2 sítios classificados como Patrimônio da Humanidade, sendo ambos os locais de classificação Cultural.

Bens culturais e naturais
A Gâmbia conta atualmente com os seguintes lugares declarados como Patrimônio da Humanidade pela UNESCO:

Lista Indicativa
Em adição aos sítios inscritos na Lista do Patrimônio Mundial, os Estados-membros podem manter uma lista de sítios que pretendam nomear para a Lista de Patrimônio Mundial, sendo somente aceitas as candidaturas de locais que já constarem desta lista. Desde 2015, a Gâmbia apresenta 2 locais na sua Lista Indicativa.

Ligações externas

Cultura da Gâmbia
Gâmbia

Lista do Patrimônio Mundial na Gâmbia


Lucia Šimová (* 9. Mai 1990) ist eine slowakische Biathletin.

Lucia Šimová bestritt ihre ersten internationalen Rennen 2006 im Rahmen des Junioren-Europacups. Erste internationale Meisterschaften wurden die Juniorenweltmeisterschaften 2007 in Martell. Im Einzel wurde sie 58., im Sprint 39. und im Verfolgungsrennen 46. Mit der slowakischen Staffel belegte sie Platz elf. Es dauerte zwei Jahre, bis Šimová in Canmore erneut bei Juniorenweltmeisterschaften zum Einsatz kam und die Platzierungen 23 im Einzel, 38 im Sprint und 36 in der Verfolgung erreichte. 2010 waren die Juniorenrennen der Sommerbiathlon-Weltmeisterschaften das einzige Großereignis für die Slowakin. In Duszniki-Zdrój wurde sie 21. des Sprintrennens und 27. des Verfolgers. Letzte internationale Meisterschaft bei den Juniorinnen auf Schnee wurden die Juniorenweltmeisterschaften 2011 in Nové Město na Moravě, bei denen Šimová auf die Plätze 59 im Einzel, 46 im Sprint, 51 im Verfolgungsrennen kam und 17. im Staffelrennen wurde. Im weiteren Jahresverlauf kam sie zunächst bei den Sommerbiathlon-Europameisterschaften 2011 in Martell zum Einsatz und wurde 13. des Sprints und 15. der Verfolgung. Im Mixed-Staffelrennen gewann sie mit Paulína Fialková, Tomáš Hasilla und Michal Kubaliak die Silbermedaille. Letztes Meisterschaft bei den Juniorinnen waren die Rennen bei den Sommerbiathlon-Weltmeisterschaften 2011 in Nové Město. Dort wurde sie 36. des Sprints, das Verfolgungsrennen beendete sie als überrundete Läuferin nicht.

Šimová bestritt 2008 in Obertilliach sein erstes Rennen im IBU-Cup und wurde 63. eines Sprintrennens. Erste Punkte gewann er im weiteren Saisonverlauf als 21. eines Sprints in Osrblie. Es war zugleich ihre beste Platzierung in der Rennserie. Erste internationale Meisterschaften bei den Frauen wurden die Biathlon-Europameisterschaften 2012 in Osrblie. Šimová wurde 27. des Einzels, 43. des Sprints und 37. der Verfolgung. Im Staffelwettbewerb erreichte sie an der Seite von Martina Chrapánová, Terézia Poliaková und Natália Prekopová als Schlussläuferin den siebten Platz. Bei den nationalen Meisterschaften gewann sie 2012 hinter Terézia Poliaková und Natália Prekopová die Bronzemedaille im Massenstartrennen.

Weblinks

 Šimová beim IBU-Sommercup in Nové Město

Biathlet (Slowakei)
Universiadeteilnehmer (Slowakei)
Teilnehmer der Winter-Universiade 2015
Tschechoslowake
Slowake
Geboren 1990
Frau

Lucia Šimová


This is a list of places in Gabon.

Cities and towns

Mountains

Mont Iboundji
Mount Pele
Mount Koum

Rivers
 Ogooué
 Ivindo
 Zadié
 Echira

National Parks
 Lopé Reserve
 Loango National Park

Places
Gabon

List of places in Gabon


In odium fidei (hrv. Iz mržnje prema vjeri) je latinski izraz koji se koristi u Katoličkoj Crkvi kao jedan od razloga za moguću beatifikaciju, bilo da se radi o duhovniku ili laiku.

Poveznice
 Kršćanski mučenici
 Beatifikacija
 In odium fidei – iz mržnje prema vjeri, hrvatski dokumentarni film

Latinske riječi i izrazi

In odium fidei


An Rytidosperma nigricans in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Donald Petrie, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Henry Eamonn Connor och Elizabeth Edgar. An Rytidosperma nigricans in nahilalakip ha genus nga Rytidosperma, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Rytidosperma

Rytidosperma nigricans


Roma Contro Roma (cunoscut în Occident și ca War of the Zombies) este un film de groază peplum italian din 1964 regizat de Giuseppe Bari.

Prezentare

Centurionul Gaius este trimis în Asia Mică pentru a investiga furtul tezaurului Armeniei și dispariția mai multor soldați romani. Sosește în momentul în care armata lui Lutetius luptă împotriva mai multor triburi armene revoltate, comandate de Aderbad, un misterios și puternic pontif. Dintre toți șefii tribali, un singur azer a continuat lupta împotriva romanilor. Într-o zi, Gaius în vizită la Lutetius îl întâlnește pe Rhama, un sclav hipnotizat de Aderbad. Urmărind-o, el descoperă refugiul celui din urmă.

Distribuție
 John Drew Barrymore - Aderbad
 Susy Andersen - Tullio
 Ettore Manni - Gaius
 Ida Galli - Rhama
 Mino Doro - Lutetius
 Ivano Staccioli - Sirion
 Philippe Hersent - Azer
 Andrea Checchi

Note

Surse

Legături externe

Filme din 1964
Filme de groază din anii 1960
Filme italiene
Filme cu acțiunea în Roma antică
Filme cu zombi
Filme dramatice italiene
Filme de aventuri
Filme peplum
Filme regizate de Giuseppe Vari

Roma Contro Roma


Se conoce como liberalismo cultural o liberalismo social a un punto de vista cultural de la sociedad basado en la parte social del liberalismo que se opone a la intromisión del Estado en la vida privada o en las decisiones personales de los ciudadanos y que también hace énfasis en la libertad de las personas en cuanto a las normas culturales o a las tradiciones, oponiéndose al conservadurismo. A menudo se expresa en las palabras de Thoreau como el derecho a "marchar al ritmo de un tambor diferente". La palabra progresismo se suele usar en un contexto similar, aunque presentan importantes similitudes no significa lo mismo que liberalismo cultural, ya que este último concepto se enfoca únicamente en temas culturales, sociales o de moralidad en lugar de asuntos económicos.

Los liberales culturales están firmemente a favor del Estado laico, creen que la sociedad y el Estado no deben imponer un modelo de vida ni ningún código específico de comportamiento, y se ven a sí mismos como defensores de los derechos de aquellas personas que no se ajustan a las normas culturales o a las tradiciones y están a favor de que expresen su personalidad, siempre y cuando no hagan daño a nadie. También los liberales culturales, a diferencia de los conservadores, suelen apoyar temas como la eutanasia, el matrimonio igualitario y la adopción homoparental.

Se llaman "guerras de la cultura", en la política, a los desacuerdos entre el liberalismo cultural y el conservadurismo. Por ejemplo, los liberales culturales sostienen que todas las religiones y formas de culto (o falta de ella) deben ser toleradas mientras que los conservadores suelen poner a una religión en específico por encima de las demás y creen que dicha religión debe ser seguida por toda la población de una sociedad. La Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos dice "Toda persona tiene derecho a la libertad de pensamiento, de conciencia y de religión; este derecho incluye la libertad de cambiar de religión o de creencia, así como la libertad de manifestar su religión o su creencia, individual y colectivamente, tanto en público como en privado, por la enseñanza, la práctica, el culto y la observancia". Para los liberales culturales todos los modelos o estilos de vida deben ser respetados, y argumentan que, siempre y cuando no hagan daño, ningún modelo o estilo de vida será mejor que otro.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Willard, Charles Arthur. Liberalism and the Problem of Knowledge: A New Rhetoric for Modern Democracy, University of Chicago Press, 1996.

Terminología política
Liberalismo

Liberalismo cultural


Samuel Alves (født 14. juni 1991) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub SC Sagamihara.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Samuel Alves


Latkova vas je naselje u slovenskoj Općini Prebold. Latkova vas se nalazi u pokrajini Štajerskoj i statističkoj regiji Savinjskoj.

Stanovništvo
Prema popisu stanovništva iz 2019. godine naselje je imalo 1.027 stanovnika.

Izvori

Naselja u Općini Prebold

Latkova vas


Policijski zatvor u staroj zgradi Općine, policijski zatvor u Splitu. Nalazio se je na početku današnje Vukovarske ulice u Splitu.

Tijekom talijanske okupacije u drugome svjetskom ratu kroz ovaj je zatvor prošlo preko 10.000 ljudi.
Spavali su na daskama i betonu. U prosjeku je u sobi bilo po 20 do 30 ljudi. Uvjeti su bili loši, kao i u ostalim zatvorima: puni ušiju, stjenica, bilo je puno svraba. Zatočenici nisi imali prave nužnike, nego su u ćelijama obavljali nuždu obavljali u kible. Praznile su se samo jednom i to ujutro, pa bi do večeri bile pretrpane, a smrad je bio nepodnošljiv. Ovaj je zatvor osobito bio pretrpan da su zatvorenici morali spavati na boku, a mnogi su morali spavati ispod dasaka na betonu.

Bio je na zlu glasu po zlostavljanju zatvorenika. Osumnjičenici su saslušavani i strahovito mučeni. Do smrti su u njemu mučeni pored ostalih Ćiro Gamulin, Jerko Ivančić i ini. Zatvorenici su u skupinama odvođeni na strijeljanje u Trogir i Šibenik.

Nakon pada Italije rujna 1943. godine partizanska vlast dolazi uskoro u Split. Želeći zatrti i simbolički tragove patnjâ i strašnu prošlost, splitski su rodoljubi spalili zatvorske prostore. Drugi spaljeni zatvor bio je sudski zatvor na Obali.

Ostali zatvori imali u Splitu imali su različite namjene i tretman: zatvor u Nodilovoj zgradi bio je mjesto masovnijeg zatvaranja građana poslije izvršenih racija, u Spinutu je bio zatvore za mladež ("napredne omladince" u komunističkom nazivlju), ispred Zlatnih vrata gdje je danas spomenik Grguru Ninskom bio je prihvatni logor te ini zatvori.

Danas je na mjestu gdje je bio zatvor veliki Spomenik političkim zatvorenicima, interniranima i deportiranima. Podignut je između današnjih upravnih zgrada Splitsko-dalmatinske županije. Arhitekt Vuko Bombardelli osmislio je arhitektonsko rješenje. Skulpturu je izradio akademski kipar Željko Radmilović. Spomenik je otkriven 26. listopada 1976., na 32. obljetnicu nadnevka koji se u doba Jugoslavije obilježavala kao Dan oslobođenja Splita.

Izvori

Zgrade u Splitu
Zatvori

Policijski zatvor u staroj zgradi Općine u Splitu


Das Boot se poate referi la:

 Das Boot, un film german din 1981 regizat de Wolfgang Petersen după propriul scenariu.
 Das Boot (serial TV), un serial german din 2018, remake al filmului Das Boot.
 Das Boot (roman), un roman scris de Lothar-Günther Buchheim în 1973.
 Das Boot (album), un album lansat de U96 în 1992.
 Das Boot (joc video), un joc video lansat în 1991 și inspirat din romanul cu același nume.

Das Boot (dezambiguizare)


Love for Sale er önnur samstarfsplata bandarísku söngvaranna Tony Bennett og Lady Gaga. Plata var gefin út 30. september 2021 af Columbia og Interscope Records. Þetta er sextugasta og fyrsta, og jafnframt síðasta, stúdíóplatan á ferli Bennetts og sjöunda stúdíóplatan hennar Gaga. Eftir fyrstu samstarfsplötu tvíeykisins, Cheek to Cheek, var Love for Sale tekin frá 2018 til snemma árs 2020. Platan samanstendur af flutning þeirra af ýmsum klassískum djasslögum frá bandaríska tónskáldinu Cole Porter, og er platan ákveðinn virðingarvottur til hans.

Í kjölfar útgáfu fékk Love for Sale almennt jákvæða dóma frá tónlistargagnrýnendum, sem lögðu flestir áherslu á í dómum sínum hversu vel raddir Bennetts og Gaga hljómuðu saman. Platan komst í topp 10 á vinsældarlistum í ýmsum löndum. Á bandaríska Billboard 200 vinsældarlistanum fór hún beint í 8. sæti, og varð önnur topp 10 plata tvíeykisins. Þar með sló Bennett einstaklingsmetið fyrir lengsta tímabil af topp 10 plötu á Billboard 200 vinsældarlistanum fyrir lifandi tónlistarmann, en fyrsta topp 10 plata hans var I Left My Heart í San Francisco árið 1962. Bennett sló einnig heimsmet Guinness fyrir að vera elsta manneskja til að gefa út plötu með nýju efni, 95 ára og 60 daga gamall.

Fyrir útgáfu plötunnar voru gefnar út tvær smáskífur: "I Get a Kick Out of You" og titillagið "Love for Sale". Tvíeykið kom fram á tónleikum, sem voru teknir upp, í Radio City Music Hall þann 3. og 5. ágúst 2021 sem hét One Last Time: An Evening with Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga, og voru það síðustu tónleikarnir áður en Bennett hætti að spila á tónleikum. Tónleikarnir fékk fjórar tilnefningar á 74. Primetime Emmy-verðlaununum. Til að kynna plötuna kom tvíeykið einnig fram á MTV Unplugged sjónvarpsviðburðinum og Gaga flutti einnig sólóflutning af plötunni Jazz & Piano tónleikasýningu hennar og á 64. Grammy-verðlaunahátíðinni. Platan vann Grammy verðlaun fyrir Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album og Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical, og var tilnefnd til plötu ársins, en lagið "I Get a Kick Out of You" var tilnefnt til verðlaunanna upptöku ársins og besta tónlistarmyndbandið.

Lagalisti
Öll lög á Love for Sale eru samin af Cole Porter og Dae Bennett sá um upptökustjórn.

Aukalög á öðrum útgáfum plötunnar:
 "I've Got You Under My Skin"
 "You're the Top"

Heimildir

Hljómplötur Lady Gaga
Hljómplötur gefnar út árið 2021
Bandarískar breiðskífur

Love for Sale (Tony Bennett og Lady Gaga plata)


Robert Kakeeto (født 19. maj 1995) er en ugandisk fodboldspiller, der spiller som defensiv midtbane for MG & BK, hvortil han er udlejet fra AaB.

Klubkarriere
Kakeeto flyttede fra Uganda til Danmark i 2013, hvor han gik på Nordjyllands Idrætshøjskole. I september 2015 skrev han under på en kontrakt med AaB med udløb i juni 2018.

Han fik sin debut for AaB's førstehold i Superligaen den 4. marts 2016, da han startede inde og spillede de første 61 minutter, inden han blev erstattet af Rasmus Jönsson i et 0-1-nederlag hjemme til Odense Boldklub. Det var samtidig den eneste kamp for Superligaholdet i 2015-16-sæsonen, hvor han hovedsageligt spillede kamp for Danmarksserieholdet og reserveholdet. Han spillede ej heller for Superligaholdet i 2016-17-sæsonen.

I fraværet af både Rasmus Würtz og Kasper Risgård vendte Kakeeto dog tilbage til Superligaholdet i september 2017, da han blev skiftet ind i pausen i en 2-1-sejr hjemme over Silkeborg IF. Cheftræner Morten Wieghorst roste i den forbindelse Kakeeto for sin tålmodighed, hvor "[...] i en lang periode har været i overskudslageret i AaB", men hvor han bl.a. i sin første kamp i september fik ros, idet Wieghorst udtalte, at "[...] så må jeg give stor kredit til Robert, da han gik ind og spillede, som han gjorde i den kamp". I slutningen af oktober 2017 skrev Kakeeto under på en forlængelse af sin eksisterende konktrakt, således parterne nu havde papir på hinanden frem til 31. december 2020.

Den 31. august 2018 på sommertransfervinduets sidste dag blev Kakeeto udlejet til 2. divisionsklubben Jammerbugt FC. Aftalen gjaldt for andet halvår af 2018. Han fik sin debut for 2. divisionsholdet i førstkommende runde herefter den 5. september 2018, da han startede inde og spillede de første 81 minutter, inden han blev erstattet af Max Møller. Han spillede i løbet af det halve år i Jammerbugt FC 10 kampe i 2. division.

Den 13. august 2019 blev han udlejet til den finske klub HIFK Fotboll beliggende i Helsingfors og havde en varighed frem til slutningen af november 2019, hvor de finske turnering sluttede.

Efter endnu 1,5 år tilbage i AaB, blev han i sommeren 2021 udlejet fra AaB til Skive IK indtil sommeren 2022.

Landsholdskarriere
Han fik debut for Ugandas fodboldlandshold den 2. juni 2017 i en venskabskamp mod .

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Uganda
Fodboldspillere fra AaB
Fodboldspillere fra Jammerbugt FC

Robert Kakeeto


Čierna este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Trebišov din regiunea Košice. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 462 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu Boťany, Ptrukša, Solomonovo și Čierna nad Tisou.

Istoric
Localitatea Čierna este atestată documentar din 1214.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Čierna


An Schoenoplectus steinmetzii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Merritt Lyndon Fernald, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni S.Galen Smith. An Schoenoplectus steinmetzii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Schoenoplectus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Schoenoplectus

Schoenoplectus steinmetzii


Il postino est un opéra du compositeur mexicain Daniel Catán sur un livret en espagnol écrit par le compositeur, créé en 2010 à Los Angeles. Inspiré du roman Ardiente paciencia dAntonio Skármeta et du film Le Facteur (Il Postino) de Michael Radford, l'œuvre contient des éléments de drame et de comédie, intégrant les thèmes de l'amour et de l'amitié ainsi que les conflits politiques et spirituels.

L'opéra

Création
Il postino a été commandé par l'Opéra de Los Angeles qui a coproduit la première production avec le Theater an der Wien à Vienne et le Théâtre du Châtelet à Paris. L'opéra est créé au Dorothy Chandler Pavilion par l'Opéra de Los Angeles le 23 septembre 2010. Daniel Catán a écrit le rôle de Pablo Neruda pour Plácido Domingo, qui l'a chanté lors de la première à Los Angeles et lors de représentations ultérieures à Vienne et à Paris. L'opéra est créé le  en tant que production douverture de la saison 2010. Il est dirigé par Grant Gershon et mis en scène par Ron Daniels avec des décors et des costumes conçus par Riccardo Hernandez.

La mise en scène comprenait également des projections conçues par Philip Bussmann et créant une atmosphère méditerranéenne et, à divers moments, montrent des images d'archive de troubles politiques au Chili et un tableau noir avec des textes de poésie. Après la première, le gouvernement chilien a conféré l' à Daniel Catán, Antonio Skármeta, Plácido Domingo et Cristina Gallardo-Domâs, qui a interprété le rôle de Matilde, la femme de Neruda.

L'histoire
Établi sur une petite île italienne, le poète chilien en exil Pablo Neruda reçoit tellement de courrier d'admirateurs qu'un facteur personnel, Mario Ruoppolo, est engagé pour livrer ses lettres. Mario, épris de Beatrice Russo, se tourne vers Pablo pour l'aider à écrire de la poésie qui l'aiderait à gagner le cœur de la femme qu'il désire. Peu de temps après, Mario et la serveuse tombent amoureux et se marient. Dans le troisième acte, influencé par les œuvres de Pablo, Mario commence à écrire des poèmes politiques qu'il récite lors dune manifestation communiste; La violence éclate et il reçoit une blessure par balle, le tuant.

Livret

Écriture
En écrivant le livret, Catán a suivi assez fidèlement l'intrigue du film italien Le Facteur (Il postino, 1994) de Michael Radford (et les anachronismes qui l'accompagnent), mais il a également utilisé le roman Ardiente paciencia dAntonio Skármeta de 1985 (sur lequel le film était basé) pour développer la caractérisation de Pablo Neruda.

Droits d'auteur
L'acteur Massimo Troisi, qui jouait le rôle-titre dans le film et qui est décédé peu de temps après son achèvement, possédait les droits du scénario et les avait légués à ses cinq frères et sœurs. Une fois que Catán a décidé du projet Postino, il a rendu visite à chacun deux personnellement pour garantir les droits dadaptation plutôt que de s'appuyer sur des avocats. Selon le fils de Catán, il avait presque complètement formulé les caractérisations des principaux chanteurs avant de commencer la composition proprement dite, et les manuscrits du livret contenaient relativement peu de révisions.

Récit
L'histoire entièrement fictive de Neruda et de son facteur est racontée à la fois dans le film et dans le roman de Skármeta. Cependant, il existe plusieurs différences essentielles entre le roman et le film et l'opéra. Ardiente paciencia se déroule au Chili pendant la montée et la chute du gouvernement Allende au début des années 1970 avec Neruda et sa femme Matilde vivant dans leur maison à Isla Negra, sur la côte chilienne. Le film et l'opéra déplacent le lieu du Chili vers une île italienne fictive et le temps jusqu'au début des années 1950.

Bien que Neruda et Matilde (qui n'étaient pas encore mariés) aient séjourné en Italie pendant son exil du Chili et aient séjourné sur l'île de Capri entre 1951 et 1952, ils étaient invités dans la villa dEdwin Cerio là-bas et n'ont pas ont leur propre maison. A cette époque, Neruda n'avait pas encore atteint la renommée mondiale en tant que poète qu'il avait au début des années 1970 lorsqu'il a remporté le prix Nobel de littérature. Les poèmes cités à la fois dans le film et dans l'opéra ont été écrits plusieurs années après son retour au Chili. Dans l'opéra, l'air de l'acte 1 de Neruda "Desnuda" utilise le texte de "Mañana XXVII" dans La Centaine d'amour (Cien Sonetos de Amor) qui a été publié pour la première fois en 1959.

Rôles

Réception critique
Les critiques écrivant tant sur les premières américaines qu'autrichiennes ont remarqué la nature mélodieuse  de la partition et ont noté qu'elle rappelait Puccini, à la fois dans les couleurs instrumentales des intermèdes orchestraux et dans les arias, en particulier l'écriture pour les bois et les cordes. Dans sa critique de la première autrichienne, George Loomis écrit que, comme les opéras précédents de Catán, la partition est marquée par une  et une .

Il a également résumé l'accueil critique mitigé dans la presse allemande et autrichienne en notant que le Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung l'a qualifié de "triomphe" mais Die Presse a décrit l'histoire de l'opéra comme , avec plus dune critique le décrivant comme kitsch. Anne Midgette a écrit dans The Washington Post que . C'était un point de vue repris par Joshua Kosman dans le San Francisco Chronicle qui a décrit l'opéra comme une œuvre "belle mais limitée" et a écrit que "les opérateurs qui se plaignent de ne pas les écrire comme ils le faisaient auparavant peuvent se réconforter dIl Postino. ".

Enregistrements
 Catán : Il postino (DVD, 2012) – Plácido Domingo, Charles Castronovo, Cristina Gallardo-Domas, Vladimir Chernov ; l'Orchestre et le Chœur de l'Opéra de Los Angeles dirigés par Grant Gershon ; mise en scène par Ron Daniels ; direction de la télévision par Brian Large. Étiquette : Sony Classique 88691919 7099

Tourné lors de la première diffusion avec la distribution originale en octobre 2010, cet enregistrement a été diffusé pour la première fois en 2011 dans le cadre de la série télévisée PBS Great Performances et est sorti sur DVD l'année suivante

Notes et références

Articles connexes

Liens externes

 Site officiel de Daniel Catán
 Il postino chez G. Schirmer Inc.
   (fichier archivé sur archive.wikiwix.com)
  (fichier archivé sur archive.wikiwix.com)

Adaptation dun roman à l'opéra
Opéra en espagnol
Opéra des années 2010
Opéra créé aux États-Unis
Poste dans la fiction

Il postino (opéra)


Tuscaloosa est un album de Neil Young enregistré en public.

Titres
Tous les titres sont composés par Neil Young.
 Here we are in the Years
 After the Gold Rush
 Out of the Weekend
 Harvest
 Old Man
 Heart of Gold
 Time Fades Away
 Lookout Joe
 New Mama
 Alabama
 Don't Be Denied

Musiciens
Neil Young + Stray Gators
Neil Young (chant, harmonica, guitare, piano)
Tim Drummond (basse)
Kenny Buttrey (Batterie)
Jack Nitzsche (piano, chant)
Ben Keith (pedal steel, guitare slide, chant)

Album de Neil Young
Album musical sorti en 2019
Album publié par Reprise Records

Tuscaloosa (album de Neil Young)


El glioblastoma de células gigantes (o glioblastoma gigantocelular) es una variedad histológica del glioblastoma, que presenta una prevalencia de células bizarras, gigantescas (hasta 400 μm de diámetro) y multinucleadas (más de 20 núcleos).

En ocasiones muestra una abundante red de reticulina en el estroma y presenta una alta frecuencia de mutaciones en el gen TP53.

Los síntomas y signos son similares a los del glioblastoma ordinario. La metodología diagnóstica y el tratamiento son los mismos.

El pronóstico es similar al del glioblastoma ordinario (alrededor de 12 meses).

Nota histórica
Debido a la presencia de la abundante red de reticulina en el estroma, originalmente se le denominó "sarcoma monstruocelular", pero gracias al análisis de la expresión significativa de la GFAP se estableció definitivamente su naturaleza astrocítica.

Epidemiología

Incidencia
El glioblastoma de células gigantes es un tumor poco frecuente: su incidencia es menos del 1% de todos los tumores cerebrales. Representa hasta el 5% de los glioblastomas.

Distribución por edad y sexo
En una serie de 55 casos, la edad promedio de presentación clínica es de 41 años. La distribución por edad cubre un intervalo mayor al de otros astrocitomas difusos y también incluye a niños.
El glioblastoma de células gigantes afecta más frecuentemente a hombres (H/M es 1,6:1).

Pronóstico

La mayoría de los pacientes con glioblastoma de células gigantes tiene un pronóstico desfavorable, aunque algunos autores informan de resultados clínicos ligeramente mejores que en el glioblastoma ordinario, muy probablemente debido al comportamiento menos infiltrativo de esta variedad, por su naturaleza gigantocelular.

Referencias

Tumores del sistema nervioso

Glioblastoma de células gigantes


The Kelham Island Brewery was a small independent brewery based in the  Kelham Island Quarter area of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. It closed down in May 2022.

In 1990 the brewery was opened (the first for 100 years to open in Sheffield) on purpose-built premises on Alma Street by the owner of the Fat Cat public house, Dave Wickett.  As well as the Fat Cat, the brewery owns a British-styled pub in Rochester, New York (United States), named the Old Toad.

Its beer Pale Rider won the "Champion Beer of Britain" award at the 2004 Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA) organised Great British Beer Festival.

The brewery is situated next to the Kelham Island Industrial Museum.

See also
 List of breweries in England

References

External links
Kelham Island Brewery
The Fat Cat
The Devonshire Cat

Buildings and structures in Sheffield
Beer and breweries in Sheffield
Manufacturing companies based in Sheffield
1990 establishments in England
British companies established in 1990
Food and drink companies established in 1990

Kelham Island Brewery


La Coupe des Pays-Bas de football 1936-1937, nommée la KNVB beker, est la  édition de la Coupe des Pays-Bas.

Finale
La finale se joue le 12 juin 1937 au Sportterrein aan de Spaarndammerdijk à Amsterdam. L'Eindhoven VV bat le De Spartaan Amsterdam, club de deuxième division, 1 à 0 et remporte son premier titre.

Notes et références

Lien externe
  les résultats 1936-1937 sur www.voetbalarchieven.nl

1936-1937
Pays-Bas
1936 aux Pays-Bas
1937 aux Pays-Bas