Aristides de Sousa Mendes do Amaral e Abranches  (; July 19, 1885 – April 3, 1954)  was a Portuguese  consul during World War II.

As the Portuguese consul-general in the French city of Bordeaux, he defied the orders of António de Oliveira Salazar's Estado Novo regime, issuing visas and passports to an undetermined number of refugees fleeing Nazi Germany, including Jews. For this, Sousa Mendes was punished by the Salazar regime with one year of inactivity with the right to one half of his rank's pay, being obliged subsequently to be retired. However, he ended up never being expelled from the foreign service nor forced to retire and he received a full consul salary until his death in 1954. One of Sousa Mendes most sympathetic biographers, Rui Afonso, has reckoned that he continued to receive a salary at least three times that of a teacher.

Sousa Mendes was vindicated in 1988, more than a decade after the Carnation Revolution, which toppled the Estado Novo.

The number of visas issued by Sousa Mendes is disputed. Yad Vashem historian Avraham Milgram thinks that it was probably Harry Ezratty who was the first to mention in an article published in 1964 that Sousa Mendes had saved 30,000 refugees, of which 10,000 were Jews, a number which has since been repeated automatically by journalists and academics. Milgram says that Ezratty, imprudently, took the total number of Jewish refugees who passed through Portugal and ascribed it to the work of Aristides de Sousa Mendes. According to Milgram "the discrepancy between the reality and the myth of the number of visas granted by Sousa Mendes is great". A similar opinion is shared by British historian Neill Lochery, by the Portuguese ambassador João Hall Themido, by the Portuguese Ambassador Carlos Fernandes and by the Portuguese historian José Hermano Saraiva.  On the other hand, French writer, Eric Lebreton argued that "Milgram did not account for the visas that were delivered in Bayonne, Hendaye and Toulouse". In 2015, Olivia Mattis, musicologist and Board President of the Sousa Mendes Foundation in the United States, published the findings of the Sousa Mendes Foundation stating that "tens of thousands" of visa recipients is a figure in the correct order of magnitude.

For his efforts to save Jewish refugees, Sousa Mendes was recognized by Israel as one of the Righteous Among the Nations, the first diplomat to be so honoured, in 1966.

Portuguese diplomats such as Ambassador João Hall Themido and Ambassador Carlos Fernandes have argued that Sousa Mendes actions have been inflated and twisted in order to attack Salazar. Similar opinion was voiced by historian Tom Gallagher who argues that evidence that Sousa Mendes efforts were especially directed towards fleeing Jews is also speculative. British, Americans and Portuguese, often people with means, figured prominently as recipients of visas. Gallagher thinks that the disproportionate attention given to Sousa Mendes suggests that wartime history is being used as a political weapon in contemporary Portugal.

On 9 June 2020, Portugal granted official recognition to Sousa Mendes. Parliament decided a monument in the National Pantheon should bear his name. In 2017, in the Portuguese border town of Vilar Formoso, a memorial museum was opened, known as Vilar Formoso Fronteira da Paz (Frontier of Peace) recording the experiences of refugees entering Portugal, many of whom had been given visas by Sousa Mendes.

Early life
Aristides de Sousa Mendes was born in Cabanas de Viriato, in Carregal do Sal, in the district of Viseu, Centro Region of Portugal, on July 19, 1885, shortly after midnight. His twin brother César, born a few minutes earlier, had a July 18 birthday.  Their ancestry included a notable aristocratic line:  their mother, Maria Angelina Ribeiro de Abranches de Abreu Castelo-Branco, was a maternal illegitimate granddaughter of the 2nd Viscount of Midões, a lower rural aristocracy title. Their father, José de Sousa Mendes, was a judge on the Coimbra Court of Appeals. César served as Foreign Minister in 1932, in the early days of António de Oliveira Salazar's regime. Their younger brother, Jose Paulo, became a naval officer.

Sousa Mendes and his twin studied law at the University of Coimbra, and each obtained his degree in 1908. In that same year, Sousa Mendes married his childhood sweetheart, Maria Angelina Coelho de Sousa (born August 20, 1888). They eventually had fourteen children, born in the various countries in which he served.  Shortly after his marriage, Sousa Mendes began the consular officer career that would take him and his family around the world. Early in his career, he served in Demerara, Zanzibar, Brazil, Spain, the United States, and Belgium.

In August 1919, while posted in Brazil, he was "temporarily suspended by the Foreign Ministry, which regarded him as hostile to the republican regime." Subsequently, "he had financial problems and was forced to take out a loan in order to provide for his family needs." He returned home to Portugal where his son Pedro Nuno was born in Coimbra in April 1920.

In 1921, Sousa Mendes was assigned to the Portuguese consulate in San Francisco, and two more of his children were born there.

In 1923, he angered some members of the Portuguese-American community because of his insistence that the Oakland's brotherhood of the Cult of the Holy Spirit should make a contribution to a Brazilian charity. Sousa Mendes decided to publish his arguments in local newspapers accusing the members of the brotherhood of lack of patriotism and disrespect for Portugal sparkling a dispute where both sides used the local press to attack each another. Sousa Mendes was instructed by the Foreign Office to stop insisting on something that was not part of his work as a consul and that the local Portuguese community was free to choose to which charities they wished to support. But Sousa Mendes ignored the orders and kept on publishing articles criticizing the members of the brotherhood and also banned the Portuguese notaries from performing any further services to the consulate. Ultimately, the conflict led to the US Department of State cancelling his consular exequatur and ask the Portuguese Government to replace Sousa Mendes as consul. While in San Francisco, Sousa Mendes helped establish a Portuguese Studies program at the University of California at Berkeley.

In May 1926, a coup d'état replaced the republic in Portugal with a military dictatorship, a regime that according to Sousa Mendes "had been greeted with delight" in Portugal. He supported the new regime at first and his career prospects improved. In March 1927, Sousa Mendes was assigned to serve as the Consul in Vigo in Spain, where he helped the military dictatorship neutralize political refugees.

In 1929 he was sent to Antwerp, Belgium to serve as Dean of the Consular Corps.

The year of 1934 was a tragic year for the Sousa Mendes family with the loss of two of their children: Raquel, barely one year old, and Manuel, who had just graduated from the University of Louvain.

In 1935 during the Brussels World Fair Sousa Mendes decided to  publicly criticize the Portuguese Government for the low level of representation in the world fair. The Minister Armindo Monteiro considered this to be a serious lack of discipline and Sousa Mendes was again object of disciplinary proceedings that ended up with him being dismissed from the board of The House of Portugal in Antwerp. In that same year, Sousa Mendes was also investigated for tardiness in the transferring of consular funds to the Foreign Office in Lisbon and he had to ask the support of his brother César to provide him with the money needed to settle the lack of funds.

In 1938, he was assigned to the post of Consul-General of Bordeaux, France, with jurisdiction over the whole of the Southwest of France.

World War II and Circular 14

In 1932, the Portuguese dictatorship of António de Oliveira Salazar began, and by 1933, the secret police, the Surveillance and State Defense Police, PVDE, had been created. According to historian Avraham Milgram, by 1938, Salazar "knew the Nazis' approach to the 'Jewish question'. From fears that aliens might undermine the regime, entry to Portugal was severely limited. Toward this end, the apparatus of the PVDE was extended with its International Department given greater control over border patrol and the entry of aliens. Presumably, most aliens wishing to enter Portugal at that time were Jews." Portugal during World War II, like its European counterparts, adopted tighter immigration policies, preventing refugees from settling in the country. Circular 10, of 28 October 1938, addressed to consular representatives, deemed that settling was forbidden to Jews, allowing entrance only on a tourist visa for thirty days.

On 9 November 1938, the Nazi government of Germany began open war against its Jewish citizens with the pogrom known as Kristallnacht, with over a thousand synagogues damaged or destroyed, thousands of Jewish businesses damaged, 30,000 Jews arrested and at least 91 Jews murdered.  On 1 September 1939, Nazi Germany invaded Poland, home at that time to the largest Jewish community in the world, precipitating the start of World War II. Salazar reacted by sending a telegram to the Portuguese Embassy in Berlin ordering that it should be made clear to the German Reich that Portuguese law did not allow any distinction based on race, and therefore Portuguese Jewish citizens could not be discriminated against.

The German invasion of Poland led France and the United Kingdom to declare war on Germany. The number of refugees trying to make use of Portugal's neutrality as an escape route increased, and between the months of September and December approximately 9,000 refugees entered Portugal. Passport forgery and false statements were common. The regime felt the need for tighter control. By 1939, the police had already dismantled several criminal networks responsible for passport forgery and several consuls had been expelled from service for falsifying passports.

On 11 November 1939, the Portuguese government sent Circular 14 to all Portuguese consuls throughout Europe, stating the categories of war refugees whom the PVDE considered to be "inconvenient or dangerous." The Dispatch allowed consuls to continue granting Portuguese transit visas, but established that in the case of "Foreigners of indefinite or contested nationality, the Stateless, Russian Citizens, Holders of a Nansen passport, or Jews expelled from their countries and those alleging to embark from a Portuguese port without a consular visa for their country of destination, or air or sea tickets, or an Embarkation Guarantee from the respective companies, the consuls needed to ask permission in advance of the Foreign Ministry head office in Lisbon." With Europe at war, this meant that refugees fleeing from the Nazis would have serious difficulties.

Historian Neill Lochery asserts that Circular 14 "was not issued out of thin air" and that this type of barrier was not unique to Portugal and with the country's very limited economic resources it was viewed as necessary. It was economic reasons rather than ideological reasons that made the Portuguese avoid accepting more refugees says Lochery. Milgram expressed similar views, asserting that Portugal's regime did not distinguish between Jews and non-Jews but rather between immigrant Jews who came and had the means to leave the country, and those lacking those means. Portugal prevented Jews from putting down roots in the country not because they were Jews but because the regime feared foreign influence in general, and feared the entrance of Bolsheviks and left-wing agitators fleeing from Germany. Milgram believes that antisemitic ideological patterns had no hold in the ruling structure of the "Estado Novo" and a fortiori in the various strata of Portuguese society. Milgram also says that modern anti-Semitism failed "to establish even a toehold in Portugal" while it grew racist and virulent elsewhere in early twentieth-century Europe. Salazar`s policies towards the Jews seem to have been favourable and consistent." Nevertheless, although it was not anti-Semitism that motivated the Portuguese government, but the danger of mass emigration to the country, the outcome of the border policy made life difficult for Jews fleeing Nazism.

Sousa Mendes' disobedience to the orders of the Salazar dictatorship

There are different views on the uniqueness of Sousa Mendes' actions: According to Dr. Mordecai Paldiel, past Director of the Department of the Righteous at Yad Vashem, "In Portugal of those days, it was unthinkable for a diplomatic official, especially in a sensitive post, to disobey clear-cut instructions and get away with it." However, according to Yad Vashem historian Avraham Milgram "issuing visas in contravention of instructions was widespread at Portuguese consulates all over Europe" and that "this form of insubordination was rife in consular circles." Sousa Mendes began disobeying Circular 14 almost immediately, on the grounds that it was an inhumane and racist directive.

The process that ended with Sousa Mendes' discharge from his consular career began with two visas issued during the Phoney War and long before the invasion of France:  the first issued on 28 November 1939 to Professor Arnold Wiznitzer, an Austrian historian who had been stripped of his nationality by the Nuremberg Laws, and the second on 1 March 1940 to the Spanish Republican Eduardo Neira Laporte, an anti-Franco activist living in France. Sousa Mendes granted the visas first, and only after granting the visas did he ask for the required approvals. Sousa Mendes was reprimanded and warned in writing that "any new transgression or violation on this issue will be considered disobedience and will entail a disciplinary procedure where it will not be possible to overlook that you have repeatedly committed acts which have entailed warnings and reprimands."

When Sousa Mendes issued these visas, it was a deliberate act of disobedience to the decree of an authoritarian dictatorship.  "Here was a unique act by a man who believed his religion imposed certain obligations", said Paldiel.  "He said, 'I'm saving innocent lives,' as simply as he might have said, 'Come, walk with me in my garden.'"

Sousa Mendes also began keeping Andrée Cibial, a French pianist and singer, as his mistress around this time and she eventually got pregnant, which she publicly announced during a Sunday's mass at Ribérac cathedral.

On 10 May 1940, Germany launched a blitzkrieg offensive against France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg, and millions of refugees took to the roads.  On 15 May, Sousa Mendes issued transit visas to Maria Tavares, a Luxembourg citizen of Portuguese origin, and to her husband Paul Miny, also a Luxembourger. Two weeks later, the couple returned to the Bordeaux Consulate asking Sousa Mendes to issue them false papers. Sousa Mendes agreed to their request, and on 30 May 1940, he issued a Portuguese passport listing Paul Miny as Maria's brother, therefore as having Portuguese citizenship. This time Sousa Mendes risked himself a great deal more than he had before; disobeying Circular 14 was one thing, but issuing a passport with a false identity, for someone of military age was a crime. Sousa Mendes later provided the following explanation: "This couple asked me for a Portuguese passport, where they would figure as brother and sister, for fear that the husband, who was still of military age, would be detained on passing the French border, and incorporated in the Luxembourg army then being organized in France." Portuguese authorities were remarkably lax when dealing with this transgression. Paul Miny was a deserter (not a Jew) and Sousa Mendes' offence carried out a penalty of two year in prison and expulsion from public service.

There were other cases from May 1940 where Sousa Mendes disobeyed Circular 14.  Examples include issuing visas to the Ertag, Flaksbaum and Landesman families, all granted on 29 May, despite having been rejected in a telegram from the Portuguese dictator Salazar to Sousa Mendes.  Another example is the writer Gisèle Quittner, rejected by Salazar but rescued by Sousa Mendes, to whom she expressed her gratitude:  "You are Portugal's best propaganda and an honor to your country.  All those who know you praise your courage...."

Encounter with Rabbi Chaim Tzvi Kruger

As the German army approached Paris, the largest single movement of refugees in Europe since the Early Middle Ages began. An estimated six to ten million people took to the roads and railways to escape the German invasion. Bordeaux and other southern French cities were overrun by desperate refugees. One of these was a Chassidic Rabbi, Chaim Kruger, originally from Poland but more recently from Brussels, escaping with his wife and five children. Kruger and Sousa Mendes met by chance in Bordeaux, and quickly became friends.  Sousa Mendes offered a visa to the Kruger family in defiance of Circular 14. In response, Kruger took a moral stand and refused to accept the visa unless all of his "brothers and sisters" (the mass of Jewish refugees stranded on the streets of Bordeaux) received visas too. Kruger's response plunged Sousa Mendes into "a moral crisis of incalculable proportions."

At the same time, Sousa Mendes was also living out a personal drama. Andrée Cibial, Sousa Mendes' lover, pregnant with his child, showed up at the consulate and provoked a scandal in front of Sousa Mendes' family, getting herself imprisoned for the incident. By this time, Sousa Mendes had a nervous breakdown and secluded himself in prayer, questioning whether or not he should issue as many visas as he could, saving lives at the expense of his own career.  "Here the situation is horrible and I am in bed because of a strong nervous breakdown," he wrote to his son-in-law on 13 June 1940.

Act of conscience
On 12 June, despite the guarantees given by Franco, personally, to the Portuguese Ambassador Teotónio Pereira, that even if Italy entered the war, Spain would remain neutral, Spain took on the status of a non-belligerent power and invaded Tangiers, further endangering Portuguese neutrality. With German tanks approaching the Pyrenees and with anti-British demonstrations in Spain, demanding the return of Gibraltar, there was every prospect that Portugal and Spain would become embroiled in the hostilities.

On June 12 Salazar issued instructions to the Portuguese consulates in France to provide the Infanta Marie Anne of Portugal, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg and Infanta Maria Antónia of Portugal Duchess of Parma with Portuguese Passports. With these Portuguese Passports the entire entourage of the royal families could get visas without creating problems to the neutrality of the Portuguese Government. This way Zita of Bourbon-Parma and her son Otto von Habsburg got their visas because they were descendants of Portuguese citizens. Following the German annexation of Austria, Otto was sentenced to death by the Nazi regime.

On June 13, Salazar had to act fast again, this time to support the Belgium Royal family. Salazar sent instructions to the Portuguese Consulate in Bayonne saying the "Portuguese territory is completely open" to the Belgium Royal Family and its entourage.

On 16 June, despite his seclusion, Sousa Mendes issued 40 visas, including those for the Rothschild family, and he was paid his customary personal compensation fee for issuing visas on a Sunday.

On 17 June, Pétain announced in a broadcast to the French people that "it is with a heavy heart that I tell you today that we must stop fighting," and he calls on the Germans for an armistice that will end the fighting. On that same day, Sousa Mendes emerged from his seclusion, impelled by "a divine power," with his decision made.  According to his son Pedro Nuno,

His daughter Isabel and her husband Jules strongly opposed his decision, and tried to dissuade him from what they considered to be a fatal mistake. But Sousa Mendes did not listen to them and instead began to work intensively to grant the visas. "I would rather stand with God and against man than with man and against God," he reportedly explained. He set up an assembly line process, aided by his wife, sons Pedro Nuno and José Antonio, his secretary José Seabra, Rabbi Kruger, and a few other refugees.

According to the Bordeaux Register of Visas on the 17th were issued 247 Visas; on the 18th, 216; between the 19th and the 22nd, an average of 350 were written into the Register of Visas.

The testimony from American writer Eugene Bagger is quite unfavourable regarding the efficiency of the "assembly line" set up by Sousa Mendes. Bagger says that on 18 June, he queued for a couple of hours at the Portuguese Consulate, hoping to get a visa. Bagger says that the pushing and elbowing drove him to despair and he gave up after a few hours. The next morning he joined again a mob of four hundred in front of the Portuguese Consulate. He waited in line from 09:00 till 11:00, again to no avail and he finally quit. He then decided to have a drink at the Hotel Splendid, where he found Sousa Mendes having an aperitif with a friend. Sousa Mendes told Bagger that he was tired from overworking the previous day, from the crowds and from the heat. Then, at Bagger's request, Sousa Mendes signed Bagger's passport and told him to go back to the consulate to have it stamped. To Bagger's surprise, he was then helped by M. Skalski, the Polish consul at Arcachon. At the consulate, M. Skalski was able to cut through the crowds and get Bagger's passports duly stamped.

On 20 June, the British Embassy in Lisbon sent a letter to the Portuguese Foreign Office accusing Sousa Mendes of "deferring until after office hours all applications for visas" as well as "charging them at a special rate" and requiring at least one refugee "to contribute to a Portuguese charitable fund before the visa was granted." This complaint from the British Embassy and the timing of Sousa Mendes' unilateral decision could not have been worse for Salazar and his carefully planned attempt to preserve Portuguese neutrality. Salazar had instructed consulates in Spain and those in the south of France ― Bordeaux, Bayonne, Perpignan, Marseilles, Nice ― to issue transit visas to British citizens.

Bordeaux was bombed by the Wehrmacht on the night of 19–20 June 1940. In the morning, the demand for Portuguese visas intensified, not only in Bordeaux but also in nearby Bayonne, near the Spanish border. Sousa Mendes rushed to the Portuguese Consulate in Bayonne, which was under his jurisdiction, to relieve the Vice-Consul Faria Machado, who was refusing to grant visas to the crush of refugees. However, Eugene Bagger says that, at Bayonne, he saw Sousa Mendes rushing out of the Portuguese Consulate, pursued by a mob, and that Sousa Mendes, holding his head between his hands, was crying "Go away! No more visas!", then jumped into a car and shot down the hill pursued by curses from the mass of visa seekers.

In issuing visas at the Bayonne consulate, Sousa Mendes was aided by the Bayonne consular secretary, Manuel de Vieira Braga. Faria Machado, a Salazar loyalist in charge of the Bayonne consulate, reported this behaviour to Portugal's ambassador to Spain, Pedro Teotónio Pereira. Teotónio Pereria, a loyalist to the historic Anglo-Portuguese alliance, promptly set out for the French-Spanish border to put a stop to this activity. After observing Sousa Mendes' action, Teotónio Pereira sent a telegram to the Lisbon authorities in which he described Sousa Mendes as being "out of his mind" and also said that Sousa Mendes' "disorientation has made a great impression on the Spanish side with a political campaign against Portugal being created immediately accusing our country of giving shelter to the scum of the democratic regimes and defeated elements fleeing before the German victory." He declared Sousa Mendes to be mentally incompetent and, acting on Salazar's authority, he invalidated all further visas. Teotónio Pereira's role in drawing Spain with Portugal into a truly neutral peninsular bloc in line with the allies' strategy was praised both by the British and the American ambassadors.

Sousa Mendes continued on to Hendaye to assist there, thus narrowly missing two cablegrams from Lisbon sent on 22 June to Bordeaux, ordering him to stop even as France's armistice with Germany became official. Sousa Mendes ordered the honorary Portuguese vice-consul in Toulouse, Emile Gissot, to issue transit visas to all who applied.

The armistice was signed on 22 June. Under its terms, two-thirds of France was to be occupied by the Germans. On 26 June, the British Ambassador in Madrid wrote to London "The arrival of the Germans on the Pyrenees is a tremendous event in the eyes of every Spaniard. Will it mean the passage of troops through Spain to Portugal or Africa?" Meanwhile, Teotónio Pereira, following Spanish protests, declared the visas issued by Sousa Mendes to be null and void. The New York Times reported that some 10,000 persons attempting to cross over into Spain were excluded because authorities no longer granted recognition to their visas: "Portugal announced that Portuguese visas granted at Bordeaux were invalid, and Spain was permitting bearers of these documents to enter only in exceptional cases." The Jewish Telegraphic Agency reported that small Portugal, whose population was just over seven million, had received an estimated two million applications for visas, permanent or transit. Most of them came from Frenchmen, Belgians, Dutch, and Poles in France who required Portuguese visas to pass through Spain. The applications must have included tens of thousands from Jews.

On 24 June, Salazar recalled Sousa Mendes to Portugal, an order he received upon returning to Bordeaux on 26 June but he complied slowly, arriving in Portugal on 8 July. Along the way, he continued issuing Portuguese visas to refugees now trapped in occupied France, and even led a large group to a remote border post that had not received Lisbon's order. His son, John-Paul Abranches, told the story: "As his diplomatic car reached the French border town of Hendaye, my father encountered a large group of stranded refugees for whom he had previously issued visas. Those people had been turned away because the Portuguese government had phoned the guards, commanding 'Do not honour Mendes's signature on visas.'... Ordering his driver to slow down, Father waved the group to follow him to a border checkpoint that had no telephones. In the official black limousine with its diplomatic license tags, Father led those refugees across the border toward freedom."

After the intervention of Augusto d'Esaguy and Amzalak, most of the refugees issued visas by Sousa Mendes were allowed to continue on their way to Portugal and were well received,

On 26 June, the main European office of HIAS (Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society) was authorized by Salazar to be transferred from Paris to Lisbon. Salazar allowed Jewish relief organizations to set up offices in Lisbon and operate with little interference from the authorities. Initially this was done against the will of the British Embassy in Lisbon. The British feared that this would make the Portuguese people less sympathetic with the allied cause.

Disciplinary proceeding and punishment
Upon returning to Portugal in early July 1940, Sousa Mendes was subjected to a disciplinary proceeding that has been described as "a severe crackdown" and "a merciless disciplinary process."  The charges against him included:  "the violation of Dispatch 14; the order to the consul in Bayonne to issue visas to all those who asked for them 'with the claim that it was necessary to save all these people'; the order given to the consul in Bayonne to distribute visas free of charge; the permission given by telephone to the consul in Toulouse that he could issue visas; acting in a way that was dishonourable for Portugal vis-à-vis the Spanish and German authorities."; the confessed passport forgery to help Luxembourger Paul Miny escape army mobilization; abandoning his post at Bordeaux without authorization and extortion, this latest one based on the accusation made by the British Embassy. Rui Afonso wrote in 1990's Injustiça (Injustice) that the disciplinary action against Sousa Mendes was less due to the granting of too many visas and more the result of his various financial intrigues such as requiring applicants to donate to charity, and his personal use of public monies. Afonso softened this stance in his 1995 book Um Homem Bom (One Good Man). Historian Avraham Milgram observes that Afonso holds a minority view: the mainstream view is that Sousa Mendes was disciplined for the granting of too many visas, in violation of his instructions.

The accusation asserted that "an atmosphere of panic does in fact provide an extenuating circumstance for the acts committed by the Defendant during the month of June and possibly even for those committed in the second half of the month of May...,however, the acts committed during that period are no more than a repetition or extension of a procedure that already existed, for which the same extenuating circumstance cannot be invoked. There had been infractions and repetitions long before 15 May...this is the 4th case of disciplinary proceedings brought against the Defendant".

Sousa Mendes submitted his response to the charges on 12 August 1940, in which he clarified his motivation:

On 19 October 1940, the verdict was handed down: "disobeying higher orders during service." The disciplinary board recommended a demotion. On 30 October 1940, Salazar rejected this recommendation and imposed his own sentence: "I sentence Consul First Class, Aristides de Sousa Mendes, to a penalty of one year of inactivity with the right to one half of his rank's pay, being obliged subsequently to be retired." He further ordered that all files in the case be sealed.

There was also an unofficial punishment: the blacklisting and social banishment of Aristides de Sousa Mendes and his family. "My grandfather...knew there would be some retribution, but to lose everything and have the family disgraced, he never thought it would go that far", said the hero's grandson, also named Aristides. The family took meals at the soup kitchen of the Jewish community of Lisbon. When told that the soup kitchen was intended for refugees, Sousa Mendes replied, "But we too are refugees."

Sousa Mendes was listed in the Portuguese Consular and Diplomatic Yearbook until 1954.  After the one year punishment with half-pay, he received a monthly payment of 1,593 Portuguese escudos per month. According to Rui Afonso, "although it was not a salary of a prince, one should not forget that at that time, in Portugal, the monthly salary of a school teacher was only 500 Escudos". When he died, in 1954 he was receiving a monthly salary of 2,300 escudos.

According to Milgram, Mendes' actions, while exceptional in its scope, were not unique, as issuing visas in contravention of the Portuguese government's instructions occurred at other Portuguese consulates as well.

After the war, with the victory of the Allied forces over the Axis, Salazar took credit for Portugal having received the refugees, and the Portuguese history books were written accordingly. Manuela Franco, Director of the Portuguese Foreign Ministry archives, stated in 2000 that "the image of 'Portugal, a safe haven' was born then in Bordeaux, and it lasts to this day."

Last years

Throughout the war years and beyond, Sousa Mendes was optimistic that his punishment would be reversed and his deed would be recognized. In a 1945 letter to the Portuguese Parliament, he explained that he had disobeyed orders because he had considered them to be unconstitutional, as the Portuguese Constitution forbade discrimination on the basis of religion. This was the first time that Sousa Mendes used this line of argument and he explained that he hadn't used it before because, being a public official, he did not want to attract publicity and therefore compromise Portugal's neutrality.

In 1941, Sousa Mendes applied to the Portuguese Bar Association and he was admitted to the bar to practice law. But in 1942, he wrote a letter to the bar, explaining that since he was living in a small village, in his mansion at Passal, he was not able to work as a lawyer and he asked for his license to be cancelled.  Later, in 1944, he asked for readmission, which was granted. Then, as a lawyer, he won a court case, in which he defended two of his sons, Carlos and Sebastian, who were being deprived of Portuguese citizenship because they had enlisted in the allied armed forces in the UK.

Just before the war's end in 1945, Sousa Mendes suffered a stroke that left him at least partially paralysed and unable to work.

In 1946, a Portuguese journalist tried to raise awareness for Sousa Mendes outside of Portugal by publishing the facts under a pseudonym in a US newspaper. Sousa Mendes' wife Angelina died in 1948.

The following year he married his former mistress Andrée Cibial, with whom he had a daughter, Marie-Rose. Cibial soon clashed with Sousa Mendes' sons and the couple moved to Cabanas de Viriato. It did not take long for Andrée to show to Sousa Mendes' sons that they were not welcome at Passal, and soon the youngsters were separated from their father. John Paul joined other brothers and sisters already living in California. Pedro Nuno left for the Congo. Geraldo went to Angola, and Clotilde went to Mozambique. On account of Andrée`s spending habits, Sousa Mendes also started to have disputes with his brothers César and João Paulo and his cousin Silvério.

As his financial situation deteriorated, he would sometimes write to the people he had helped asking for money. On one occasion, Maurice de Rothschild sent him 30,000 Portuguese escudos, a considerable amount of money in Portugal at that time.

In 1950, Sousa Mendes and Cibial travelled to France. Their daughter, Marie-Rose, had been raised in France by her aunt and uncle and was ten when she met her father for the first time. Her parents began spending the summer months with her each year.

In his final years, Sousa Mendes was abandoned by most of his colleagues and friends, and at times was blamed by some of his close relatives. His children moved to other countries in search of opportunities they were now denied in Portugal, although by all accounts they never blamed their father or regretted his decisions. He asked his children to help clear the family name and make the story known. In 1951, one of his sons, Sebastião, published a novella about the Bordeaux events, Flight Through Hell. César de Sousa Mendes, twin brother of Aristides, did everything he could to try to get Salazar to reverse his punishment, but to no avail. But Sousa Mendes never regretted his action. "I could not have acted otherwise, and I therefore accept all that has befallen me with love," he reportedly said. To his lawyer he wrote: "In truth, I disobeyed, but my disobedience does not dishonour me. I did not respect orders that to me represented the persecution of true castaways who sought with all their strength to be saved from Hitler's wrath. Above the order, for me, there was God's law, and that's the one I have always sought to adhere to without hesitation. The true value of the Christian religion is to love one's neighbour."

Sousa Mendes always lived with financial problems and Cibial's spending habits aggravated the situation. The couple eventually ended up selling all their furniture from their family mansion and raising debts with banks. Sousa Mendes died in poverty on 3 April 1954, owing money to his lenders and still in disgrace with his government. The only person present when he died was one of his nieces.

Number of visa recipients

There are different views regarding the number of visas issued by Sousa Mendes. It has been widely published that Sousa Mendes saved 30,000 refugees, of which 10,000 were Jews. Historian Avraham Milgram thinks that it was probably Harry Ezratty who was the first to mention in an article published in 1964 that Sousa Mendes had saved 30,000 refugees, of which 10,000 were Jews, a number which has since been repeated automatically by journalists and academics. Milgram says that Ezratty, imprudently, took the total number of Jewish refugees who passed through Portugal and ascribed it to the work of Aristides de Sousa Mendes. Milgram thinks that "the discrepancy between the reality and the myth of the number of visas granted by Sousa Mendes is great." To make his point, Milgram cross-checked the numbers from the Bordeaux visa register entry books with those of the HICEM reports, and although he acknowledged that visas delivered in the cities of Bayonne, Hendaye and Toulouse cannot be exactly determined, he asserted that the numbers are exaggerated.

In 2011, Milgram published a densely researched book, Portugal, Salazar and the Jews and for a second time he asserted that "authors, especially those who wish to sing the praises of Aristides de Sousa Mendes, tend to overstate the number of visas with figures that do not satisfy research criteria, but rather correspond to their wishful thinking".

A similar opinion is shared by British historian Neill Lochery. In 2011, Lochery quoted Milgram's numbers, and to further support his view he also cross checked numbers with the Portuguese Emigration Police files and he also concluded that the numbers usually published by popular literature are a "myth". Both these historians concur that this does not diminish the greatness of Sousa Mendes's gesture. Rui Afonso, the first Sousa Mendes biographer, also says that José Seabra, Sousa Mendes' deputy at Bordeaux, always testified that the order of magnitude of irregular visas issued at Bordeaux was within hundreds.

In 2008, the Portuguese ambassador João Hall Themido took a stand affirming that in his opinion, the Sousa Mendes story was a "myth invented by Jews" and asserting his disbelief in the 30,000 figure.

A similar path was followed by Portuguese Professor José Hermano Saraiva, a former António de Oliveira Salazar and Marcelo Caetano minister, and a great admirer of Salazar. Professor Saraiva also asserts that it was the Portuguese neutrality and hospitality that saved thousands of lives throughout the war—that a stamp in a passport would never be enough to save anyone should the Portuguese Government at that time have decided to follow a different path.

A complex operation was needed to house and feed all those people moving and staying in Portugal for a considerable period of time. According to Saraiva and some other historians, Leite Pinto, former Portuguese minister of education, should also be given credit for most refugees saved during the war. Professor Baltasar Rebelo de Sousa mentioned the "Leite Pinto operation", that used sealed trains to bring thousands of refugees into Portugal, and praised this operation in a tribute to Leite Pinto. Forced by the circumstances, several Portuguese assistance associations, sponsored by the government, were then created in Portugal for the integration and hosting of this large number of refugees, mostly Jews, many hosted and received by Portuguese families.

On the other hand, as a reaction to Milgram's assertions, French writer, Eric Lebreton, in 2010, argued that "Milgram did not account for the visas that were delivered in Bayonne, Hendaye and Toulouse, and on the other hand, he [Milgram] holds firm to the number presented in the one surviving registry book of José Seabra (Sousa Mendes' deputy). According to Lebreton, Milgram's article, while very interesting in other ways, lacks details and knowledge on this point."

Holocaust scholar Yehuda Bauer characterized Sousa Mendes' deed as "perhaps the largest rescue action by a single individual during the Holocaust."

In 2015, Olivia Mattis, musicologist and Board President of the Sousa Mendes Foundation in the United States, published the findings of the Sousa Mendes Foundation stating that "tens of thousands" of visa recipients is a figure in the correct order of magnitude.

Posthumous rehabilitation and recognition

After Sousa Mendes' death in 1954, his children worked tirelessly to clear his name and make the story known. In the early 1960s, a few articles began appearing in the U.S. press. On 21 February 1961, David Ben-Gurion, the Prime Minister of Israel, ordered that twenty trees be planted by the Jewish National Fund in memory of Sousa Mendes and in recognition of his deed. In 1963, Yad Vashem began recognizing Holocaust rescuers as Righteous Among the Nations, and Sousa Mendes, in 1966, was among the earliest to be so named, thanks in large part to the efforts of his daughter Joana. But with Salazar still in power, "the diplomat and his efforts remained unknown even in his own country for years." Moreover, Salazar's representatives gave statements to the press casting doubt on Sousa Mendes' heroism by denying that Circular 14 had ever existed.

Following the 1974 Carnation Revolution in Portugal, when the Estado Novo dictatorship was overthrown and democracy was established, Dr. Nuno A. A. de Bessa Lopes, a Portuguese government official, took the initiative of reopening the Sousa Mendes case and making recommendations. His assessment, based on his viewing of previously sealed government files, was that the Salazar government had knowingly sacrificed Sousa Mendes for its own political ends, and that the verdict and punishment were illegal and should be overturned. "Aristides de Sousa Mendes was condemned for having refused to be an accomplice to Nazi war crimes," the report concluded. The report was suppressed by the Portuguese government for over a decade. "The failure to act on the Lopes report reflects the fact that there was never a serious purge of Fascist supporters from government ministries," explained journalist Reese Erlich.

In 1986, inspired by the election of Mário Soares, a civilian president in Portugal, Sousa Mendes' youngest son John Paul began to circulate a petition to the Portuguese president within his adopted country, the United States. "I want people in Portugal to know who he was, what he did, and why he did it," explained John Paul. He and his wife Joan worked with Robert Jacobvitz, an executive at the Jewish Federation of the Greater East Bay in Oakland, California, and lawyer Anne Treseder to create the "International Committee to Commemorate Dr. Aristides de Sousa Mendes." They were able to gain the support of two members of the California delegation of the United States House of Representatives, Tony Coelho and Henry Waxman, who introduced a resolution in Congress to recognize his humanitarian actions. That same year, Sousa Mendes was honored at the Simon Wiesenthal Center in Los Angeles, where John Paul and his brother Sebastião gave impassioned speeches and Waxman spoke as well.

In 1987, the Portuguese Republic began to rehabilitate Sousa Mendes' memory and granted him a posthumous Order of Liberty medal, one of that country's highest honors, although the consul's diplomatic honors still were not restored. In October of that year, the Comité national français en hommage à Aristides de Sousa Mendes was established in Bordeaux, France, presided over for the next twenty-five years by Manuel Dias Vaz.

On 18 March 1988, the Portuguese parliament officially dismissed all charges, restoring Sousa Mendes to the diplomatic corps by unanimous vote, and honoring him with a standing ovation. He was promoted to the rank of Ministro Plenipotenciário de 2ª classe and awarded the Cross of Merit. In December of that year, the U.S. Ambassador to Portugal, Edward Rowell, presented copies of the congressional resolution from the previous year to Pedro Nuno de Sousa Mendes, one of the sons who had helped his father in the "visa assembly line" at Bordeaux, and to Portuguese President Mário Soares at the Palácio de Belém. In 1994, former President Mário Soares dedicated a bust of Sousa Mendes in Bordeaux, along with a commemorative plaque at 14 quai Louis‑XVIII, the address at which the consulate at Bordeaux had been located.

In 1995, Portugal held a week-long National Homage to Sousa Mendes, culminating with an event in a 2000-seat Lisbon theater that was filled to capacity. A commemorative stamp was issued to mark the occasion. The Portuguese President Mário Soares declared Sousa Mendes to be "Portugal's greatest hero of the twentieth century."

On 10 June 1996, Parc De Sousa-Mendes, a playground in Montreal, Canada, was dedicated in his honor.

In 1997, an international homage to Sousa Mendes was organized by the European Union in Strasbourg, France.

Casa do Passal, the mansion that Sousa Mendes had to abandon and sell in his final years, was left for decades to decay into a "ghost of a building," and at one time was to be razed and replaced by a hotel. However, with reparation funds given by the Portuguese government to Sousa Mendes' heirs in 2000, the family decided to create the Fundação Aristides de Sousa Mendes. With assistance from government officials, the foundation purchased the family home in order to develop a museum in his honor.

In April 2004, to mark the 50th anniversary of Sousa Mendes' death, the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation and the Angelo Roncalli Committee organized more than 80 commemorations around the world. Religious, cultural and educational activities took place in 30 countries on five continents, spearheaded by João Crisóstomo.

On 11 May 2005, a commemoration in memory of Aristides de Sousa Mendes was held at the UNESCO headquarters in Paris.

On 14 January 2007, Sousa Mendes was voted into the top ten of the poll show Os Grandes Portugueses (the greatest Portuguese). On 25 March 2007, when the final rankings were announced, it was revealed that Sousa Mendes came in third place overall, behind communist leader Álvaro Cunhal (runner-up) and the dictator António de Oliveira Salazar (winner).

In February 2008, Portuguese parliamentary speaker Jaime Gama led a session which launched a virtual museum, on the Internet, offering access to photographs and other documents chronicling Sousa Mendes' life.

On 24 September 2010, the Sousa Mendes Foundation was formed in the United States with the purpose of raising money for the conversion of the Sousa Mendes home into a museum and site of conscience, and in order to spread his story throughout North America.

On 3 March 2011, the Casa do Passal was designated a National Monument of Portugal.

In May 2012, a campaign was launched to name a Bordeaux bridge after Sousa Mendes.

In January 2013, the United Nations headquarters in New York honored Sousa Mendes and featured Sousa Mendes visa recipient Leon Moed as a keynote speaker during its International Days of Commemoration of Victims and Martyrs of the Holocaust.

On 20 June 2013, a big rally was held in front of the Sousa Mendes home, Casa do Passal, to make a plea for its restoration. An American architect, Eric Moed, spearheaded the event, attended by visa recipient families from all over the world, including his grandfather Leon Moed. At this event, a representative of the Portuguese Ministry of Culture publicly pledged $400,000 in European Union funds for the restoration effort.

On 20 October 2013, a playground in Toronto, Canada was renamed in honor of Sousa Mendes. That same month, the Portuguese airline Windavia named an airplane after him. In December 2013, a letter that Sousa Mendes had penned to Pope Pius XII in 1946, begging for help from the Catholic Church, was delivered to Pope Francis.

In late May 2014, construction began at the Casa do Passal with funds from the European Union.

In September 2014, TAP Air Portugal has named its newest Airbus A319 after Aristides de Sousa Mendes, as a tribute to the Portuguese Consul.

An oratorio entitled "Circular 14: The Apotheosis of Aristides", by Neely Bruce, detailed the life of Sousa Mendes. The first performance was held on 24 January 2016.

In 2022, in recognition of his effort in rescuing Polish citizens, he was honored by the President of Poland Andrzej Duda with Virtus et Fraternitas Medal.

Notable people issued visas by Sousa Mendes

Academics
 Sylvain Bromberger, professor emeritus of philosophy, MIT
 Stanley Deser, Ancell Professor of Physics, emeritus, Brandeis University, Caltech
 Roger Hahn, professor emeritus of history, University of California, Berkeley
 Lissy Feingold Jarvik, professor emeritus of psychiatry, UCLA
 Daniel Mattis, professor emeritus of physics, University of Utah

Creative artists
 Hélène de Beauvoir, painter, sister of Simone de Beauvoir
 Salvador Dalí, the painter, whose Russian wife Gala was directly threatened by Dispatch 14
 Marcel Dalio, actor in Casablanca
 Salamon Dembitzer, author of Visas to America
 Otto Eisler, playwright, who moved to Hollywood and became the screenwriter Osso van Eyss
 Grzegorz Fitelberg, conductor and violinist
 Jean-Michel Frank, interior designer
 Simone Gallimard, publisher
 Colette Gaveau, pianist
 Nelly de Grab, fashion designer
 Hugo Haas, actor
 Maria Lani, actress and artist's model for Matisse, Chagall and others
 Madeleine Lebeau, actress in Casablanca
 Alexander Liberman, sculptor and artistic director of Vogue magazine
 Witold Małcużyński, pianist
 Hendrik Marsman, poet
 Leon Moed, architect
 Robert Montgomery, actor
 Carlos Radzitzky, poet and jazz critic
 H. A. Rey and Margret Rey, authors/illustrators of Curious George
 Claire Rommer, actress
 Paul Rosenberg, art dealer, and family
 Antoni Słonimski, poet
 Tereska Torrès, novelist
 Julian Tuwim, poet
 Jean-Claude van Itallie, actor and playwright
 King Vidor, film director

Journalists
 Hamilton Fish Armstrong
 Eugene Szekeres Bagger
 Marian Dąbrowski
 Boris Smolar
 Sonia Tomara

Political figures
 Joseph Bech, Foreign Minister of Luxembourg
 Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
 Pierre Dupong, Prime Minister of Luxembourg
 Otto von Habsburg, nemesis of Hitler and heir to the Austrian throne
 Maurice de Rothschild, art collector, vintner, financier, Senator of France
 Henri Torres, French lawyer and key supporter of Charles de Gaulle
 Albert de Vleeschauwer, a leading member of the Belgian government in exile

Refugee advocates
Ilja Dijour, HIAS official
Edouard and Louis Oungre, leading figures in HICEM and ICA

Religious leaders
Rabbi Fajbus Dembinski
Rabbi Chaim Kruger

See also

Individuals and groups assisting Jews during the Holocaust
Righteous Among the Nations
Carlos Sampaio Garrido – Portuguese diplomat in Budapest during World War II
Augusto Isaac de Esaguy
Ładoś Group – Polish diplomats and Jewish activists who elaborated in Switzerland a system of illegal production of Latin American passports aimed at saving European Jews from the Holocaust
Raoul Wallenberg – Swedish diplomat issuing protective passports and sheltered Jews

Explanatory notes

References

Sources

Primary

Secondary, by scholars

  Also published as:

Secondary, other

Further reading
 Ames, Paul, "In Portugal, a Home for a Hero," Global Post, 30 June 2013.
 Bromberger, Sylvain, "Memoirs of a 1940 Family Flight from Antwerp, Belgium", Portuguese Studies Review 4:1 (Spring-Summer 1995):  9-19.
 "Consul Who Aided Jews Gains Recognition," The New York Times, 4 May 1986, p. 31.
 Erlich, Reese, "World War II Holocaust Hero's Honor Caught Up in Politics", Christian Science Monitor, 4 September 1986.
 Gross, Fred, One Step Ahead of Hitler:  A Jewish Child's Journey Through France, Macon:  Mercer University Press, 2010.
 "Jews Make Pilgrimage to Honor Portugal's 'Righteous'," The Forward, 10 July 2013.
 King, Wayne and Warren Weaver, Jr., "Portuguese Hero," The New York Times, 28 September 1986.
 Lieber, Chavie, "New Exhibit Honors a Portuguese Diplomat Who Saved Thousands From Nazis," Tablet, 1 August 2013.
 Maltz, Judy, "A Pilgrimage to the Home of 'the Portuguese Schindler,'" Haaretz, 1 August 2013.
 Mendes, Louis-Philippe, "Holocaust Remembrance Day:  Honoring a Rescuer Who Saved 30,000 People", The Huffington Post, 19 April 2012.
 Paldiel, Mordecai, "Radical Altruism: Three Case Studies", Midstream (New York, April 1987): 35-37.
 Ravensbergen, Jan, "Montrealer Honours Portuguese Diplomat's 'Extraordinary Story of Courage'; Woman Discovers Her Jewish Heritage," The Montreal Gazette, 19 January 2012.
 Schiffman, Lisa, "Diplomat Who Saved Jews Gains Recognition" (print title:  "Sousa Mendes' List"), Newsday, 29 November 2012, pp.B1, B4-B5.
 Smith, Doug, "'One of the most authentic symbols of ... human compassion'; 45-Year Drive Clears Portugal Holocaust Hero's Name," The Los Angeles Times, 22 March 1988.

Filmography

 ... With God Against Man ..., documentary by Semyon Pinkhasov (U.S., 2014).
 I am Alive Thanks to Aristides de Sousa Mendes, short documentary by Priscilla Fontoura (Portugal, 2013).
 Os Nove Dias de Sousa Mendes, documentary by Inês Faro (Canada, 2012).
 The Consul of Bordeaux, fictionalized historical drama by Francisco Manso and João Correa, with Vítor Norte and Antonio Capelo (Portugal, 2011).
 Disobedience:  The Sousa Mendes Story, docudrama by Joël Santoni with Bernard Le Coq and Nanou Garcia (France, 2009).
 Diplomats for the Damned, documentary, The History Channel (U.S., 2000).
 Le consul proscrit, documentary by Diana Andringa and Teresa Olga (Portugal, 1994).

External links
 Sousa Mendes Foundation
 AristidesDeSousaMendes.com : Website realized by Father Bernard Rivière  (in French and Portuguese)
 Jewish Virtual Library: Aristides de Sousa Mendes
 Comité national français en hommage à Aristides de Sousa Mendes (in French)
 Aristides de Sousa Mendes Virtual Museum (in Portuguese)
 Fundação Aristides de Sousa Mendes (in Portuguese)
Aristides de Sousa Mendes at Find A Grave

1885 births
1954 deaths
People from Carregal do Sal
Portuguese diplomats
Portuguese lawyers
Catholic Righteous Among the Nations
Portuguese Righteous Among the Nations
Humanitarians
Portuguese Roman Catholics
University of Coimbra alumni
Consuls
Recipients of the Virtus et Fraternitas Medal

Aristides de Sousa Mendes


was a town located in Mihara District, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. It consisted of a part of Awaji Island and the much smaller . It is located at the southern end of Awaji island, from which it also derived its name.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 18,921 and a density of 217.63 persons per km2. The total area was 86.94 km2.

On January 11, 2005, Nandan, along with the towns of Mihara, Midori and Seidan (all from Mihara District), was merged to create the city of Minamiawaji.

Dissolved municipalities of Hyōgo Prefecture
Minamiawaji, Hyōgo

Nandan, Hyōgo


AMSAT-OSCAR-40, also known as AO-40 or simply OSCAR 40, was the on-orbit designation of an amateur radio satellite of the OSCAR series.  Prior to launch, the spacecraft was known as Phase 3D or "P3D".  AO-40 was built by AMSAT.

AO-40's project manager was Peter Guelzow of AMSAT-DL, the German AMSAT organization.  Mr Guelzow holds amateur call sign DB2OS.

History

Design, construction and launch

Following the failure of the Phase 3A launcher, design studies were undertaken and construction started for two successor satellites, that became AO-10 (Phase 3B) and AO-13 (Phase 3C) respectively.

After the launch of AO-13, design commenced for a Phase 4 satellite. This idea was later shelved, and design of Phase 3D (on-orbit name: AO-40) was undertaken under direction of the project team based in Germany, involving amateur radio payloads from many countries in Europe.

Assembly was done at AMSAT's Spacecraft Integration Facility in the 'Free Trade Zone Building' at the Orlando International Airport, Orlando, Florida from 1994 to 2000.

It was launched on 16 November 2000, on an Ariane 5 launch vehicle from Kourou, in French Guiana, and reported cost was US$4.5 Million.

Operational problems

On 13 December 2000 at 11:23 UTC, transmissions from AO-40 ceased during the exercising of its 400 newton motor. The Command Team were able to infer that there had been an explosion caused by pressure in the propellant pipes caused by malfunction of the control valves. A protective cap that was supposed to be removed from the motor before launch, was left in place. This error occurred because of a difference between the venting mechanism of the 400N motor used in AO-13 and the one in AO-40, complicated by a misunderstanding between the propulsion team and the engine manufacturer. When the motor was fired, pressure built up where it shouldn't, and destructive failure occurred. The loss of the motor caused AO-40 to be left in an equatorial orbit that the satellite was not designed for.

As a result of this incident several pieces of radio equipment no longer functioned or were not able to be commissioned. Following strenuous efforts by the Command Team, signals were restored on 25 December 2000 at 2145 UTC when Command Team member Ian Ashley (amateur radio call sign ZL1AOX) of New Zealand successfully sent a 'reset' signal to the satellite. Onboard cameras were used to establish the attitude of the satellite, and the magnetorquer system was used to spin-stabilize the satellite.

During June 2001, gas from the arcjet thruster was vented during apogee to raise perigee and stabilize the orbit of the satellite. Because of issues with the initial 400N burn, the apogee of the spacecraft was considerably higher than initially designed, but this was not a major issue. Subsequently, the communication packages and cameras were gradually re-activated.

Failure

On 25 January 2004, telemetry from the main battery was observed to go to an extremely low voltage by Stacey Mills (amateur radio call sign W4SM), a member of the Command Team. This caused the onboard Internal Housekeeping Unit (IHU) computer to cut power to the transponder payloads. Earlier in the same orbit the progressive drop in voltage caused the auxiliary battery to come online in parallel with the main battery. However the auxiliary battery was not being maintained in a charged state. Tying the two batteries in parallel did not result in an obvious change in voltage, but meant that the auxiliary battery could not be tested independently.  Many attempts were made to disconnect the main battery, but insufficient voltage was available to drive the relays. It is possible that one day an open-circuit failure may occur in the main battery, in which case the spacecraft may come to life again via the auxiliary batteries. However, for reasons discussed below this is highly unlikely. The command team believes that the main battery failure was probably a consequence of damage done during the initial explosive event, and it is likely that similar damage was done to the auxiliary battery, making an eventual recovery of AO-40 unlikely.  It is clear that the initial explosion blew open the end of the spacecraft to which the omni antennas were attached.  This exposed the underlying batteries to major fluctuations in temperature and the explosion itself may have caused physical damage to the cells.

Following this final failure, the new keplerian elements have persistently shown an increase in orbital period corresponding to an increase in the semi-major axis of AO-40's orbit by approximately 2.7 km. Assuming AO-40 had a mass of 400 kg, this change required approximately 160,000 joules of energy directed along the velocity vector of the orbit.  Since an explosion would be unlikely to focus its energy so precisely, it is likely that a considerably larger explosion occurred synchronous with the final battery failure. The source of this energy release is unknown, but it strongly suggests that recovery will not occur. (W4SM)

On 9 March 2004, Colin Hurst (amateur radio call sign VK5HI) of Australia, a member of the command team, heard a change in the level of radio noise at the expected beacon frequency during the period 0310 to 0320 UTC (orbit 1541).

All telemetry captured by the command team, and its network of helpers, is archived on the web at the AMSAT website.

External links
 AO-40 status information (AMSAT Germany)- in German and English

References

Amateur radio satellites
Satellites orbiting Earth

OSCAR 40


Njemačka odbojkaška Bundesliga najviše je odbojkaško natjecanje u Njemačkoj. Održava se od 1974. godine te u njemu sudjeluje dvanaest najboljih njemačkih odbojkaških momčadi.

Najuspješnija momčad s trinaest osvojenih naslova prvaka je VfB Friedrichshafen.

Vanjske poveznice
 Službene stranice Bundeslige
 Statistike Bundeslige

Nacionalna odbojkaška natjecanja
Njemačka odbojkaška natjecanja
Njemačka prvoligaška natjecanja

Bundesliga (odbojka)


Maja Štimac (12. travnja 2001.), hrvatska reprezentativna kajakašica i kanuistica. Članica hrvatske reprezentacije u juniorskim kategorijama. Članica Kajak kanu kluba Varteks iz Varaždina. U sklopu reprezentacije sudjelovala je na Svjetskom prvenstvu u sprintu i spustu 2016. godine u Banja Luci. Natjecala se na Svjetskom prvenstvu u spustu i sprintu 2017. godine koje se održalo u Murau, Austrija. U sastavu slalom reprezentacija natjecala se na Europskom prvenstvu u Hohenlinburgu te Svjetskom prvenstvu u Bratislavi. Natjecala se u slalomskim utrkama u sklopu ECA (Europian Canoe Association) juniorskog Kupa u Valstagni u Italiji(16. – 17.06), u njemačkom Augsburgu (23. – 24.06); austrijskom Flattachu (26. – 27.06.) te u Bratislavi u Slovačkoj (30.06. – 01.07.) 2018. godine, a nakon odveslanih ECA kupova Maja u sastavu hrvatske reprezentacije trebala je sudjelovati na Europskom juniorskom i prvenstvu za mlađe juniorke u spustu, koje se održalo u Skopju. Natjecala se na sprint utrkama ECA kupa 2018 te zauzela 2. mjesto na konačnoj rang listi s ukupnih 136 bodova nakon utrka u Skopju, Kolpi, Banka Luci i Češkim Budejovicama.

Izvori

Hrvatski kajakaši i kanuisti

Maja Štimac


Rota 66 - A Polícia que Mata é uma série de televisão brasileira produzida pelo Globoplay em parceria com a produtora Boutique Filmes. A produção foi lançada em 22 de setembro de 2022 no streaming.

A série é baseada no livro homônimo do jornalista Caco Barcellos. E foi adaptado por Maria Camargo e Teodoro Poppovic, com redação final de Maria Camargo, roteiro de Teodoro Poppovic, Déo Cardoso, Mariah Schwartz, Philippe Barcinski, Felipe Sant'Angelo e Guilherme Freitas, direção artística de Philippe Barcinski e direção de Philippe Barcinski e Diego Martins.

A série é protagonizada por Humberto Carrão, que interpreta Barcellos, e conta com Lara Tremouroux, Aílton Graça, Naruna Costa, Wesley Guimarães, Rômulo Braga, Juan Queiroz e Adriano Garib nos demais papéis centrais.

Enredo
Ao investigar o assassinato de três jovens paulistanos, o jornalista Caco Barcellos descobre um grupo de matadores que opera com o aparente aval da justiça militar. Quanto mais investiga, mais ele descobre vítimas inocentes nas periferias de São Paulo.

Elenco

Exibição
Em 22 de setembro de 2022, foi lançado o primeiro bloco contendo os quatro primeiros episódios da série pelo Globoplay.

Os dois primeiros episódios foram exibidos pela TV Globo dentro do Cinema do Líder, no dia 1 de fevereiro de 2023.
Programas de televisão do Brasil que estrearam em 2022
Programas de televisão em língua portuguesa
Séries de televisão de drama
Séries de televisão da década de 2020

Rota 66 (série)


Marsh Green may refer to:

Marsh Green, Devon, in England
Marsh Green, Kent, in England
Marsh Green, East Sussex, in England
 Marsh Green, Isle of Wight, in England
Marsh Green, Wigan, in England

Marsh Green


Lake Merritt es una estación en las líneas Dublin/Pleasanton–Daly City, Fremont–Daly City y Richmond–Fremont del Metro de San Francisco, administrada por la Distrito de Transporte Rápido del Área de la Bahía. La estación se encuentra localizada en 800 Madison Street en Oakland, California. La estación Lake Merritt fue inaugurada el 11 de septiembre de 1972.

Descripción
La estación Lake Merritt cuenta con 1 plataforma central y 2 vías.La estación también cuenta con 207 de espacios de aparcamiento.

Conexiones
La estación es abastecida por las siguientes conexiones de autobuses:
 Rutas del AC Transit: Rutas 11, 26, 62, 88 (local)Lanzadora:ECS

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Estación Lake Merritt

Estaciones de Metro de Estados Unidos inauguradas en 1972
Estaciones de la línea Dublin/Pleasanton–Daly City
Estaciones de la línea Fremont–Daly City
Estaciones de la línea Richmond–Fremont
Transporte de Oakland

Lake Merritt (Metro de San Francisco)


RFA Mounts Bay is a  auxiliary landing ship dock (LSD(A)) of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. She is named after Mount's Bay in Cornwall.

Design and construction

The Bay class was designed as a replacement for the Round Table-class logistics ships operated by the RFA. The new design was based on the Royal Schelde Enforcer design; a joint project between the Dutch and Spanish resulting in the  and  amphibious warfare ships. The main difference with the British ships is the lack of a helicopter hangar. The ships were originally designated "Auxiliary Landing Ship Logistics" or ALSL, but this was changed in 2002 to "Landing Ship Dock (Auxiliary)" or LSD(A), better reflecting their operational role. Four ships were ordered; two from Swan Hunter, and two from BAE Systems Naval Ships.

The Bay-class ships have a full load displacement of . Each is  long, with a beam of , and a draught of . Propulsion power is provided by two Wärtsilä 8L26 generators, providing , and two Wärtsilä 12V26 generators, providing . These are used to drive two steerable propulsion pods, with a bow thruster supplementing. Maximum speed is , and the Bay-class ships can achieve a range of  at . Mounts Bay is normally unarmed, but is fitted to receive two 30 mm DS30B cannons, two Mk.44 miniguns, six 7.62mm L7 GPMGs, and a Phalanx CIWS. The standard ship's company consists of 60 officers and sailors.

As a sealift ship, Mounts Bay is capable of carrying up to 24 Challenger 2 tanks or 150 light trucks in 1,150 linear metres of space. The cargo capacity is equivalent of 200 tons of ammunition, or 24 Twenty-foot equivalent unit containers. During normal conditions, a Bay-class ship can carry 356 soldiers, but this can be almost doubled to 700 in overload conditions. Helicopters are not routinely carried on board, but a temporary hangar can be fitted and the flight deck is capable of handling helicopters up to the size of Chinooks, as well as Merlin helicopters and Osprey tiltrotor aircraft. The well dock can carry one LCU Mark 10 or two LCVPs, and two Mexeflotes can be suspended from the ship's flanks. Two 30-ton cranes are fitted between the superstructure and the flight deck.

Mounts Bay and sister ship  were ordered from BAE on 19 November 2001. Mounts Bay was laid down at BAE's shipyard at Govan, Scotland on 25 August 2002. She was launched on 9 April 2004, although it took several attempts to christen the ship, and she received damage after becoming entangled in chains and 25-ton weights during the actual launching. Mounts Bay was dedicated on 13 July 2006, the first Bay-class ship to enter service with the RFA. The launching of the ship was included in the film On a Clear Day (2005).

Operational history
Mounts Bay took part in the 2006 Vela Deployment. The deployment lasted from 11 September until 22 November 2006. In total approximately 3,000 British personnel and eleven ships of the Royal Navy and Royal Fleet Auxiliary were involved. This deployment saw for the first time, an  vessel,  taking part in amphibious operations with a Bay class vessel. The deployment was divided into two phases, the first in local waters and the second in waters off the coast of Sierra Leone. For this deployment she was fitted with the Bowman communications system.

Mounts Bay demonstrated her lifting capability by transporting in excess of 130 vehicles, for the passage from the UK via Lisbon to Sierra Leone. After completing the Vela Deployment, she returned to the UK to load vehicles and equipment for Exercise Clockwork in northern Norway. She reached Sørreisa on 9 December. Sørreisa is within the Arctic Circle and is the furthest north any Bay-class vessel has been so far. After discharging her cargo, Mounts Bay returned to the UK, successfully completing operations from the Equator to the Arctic Circle in the last three months of 2006.

She attended the Dover Maritime Careers Festival on 23–24 March 2007, mooring at the Dover Western Docks. She was also in Fowey on 22 August 2008 for the regatta week. Mounts Bay was involved in Exercise Joint Warrior 2008, along with , which acted as the Fleets Amphibious Flagship.  and  also took part in the two-week exercise off Scotland.

She attended The Tall Ships' Races event in Belfast Northern Ireland between 14–17 August 2009 which was the finishing line for the competition.

In April 2011, she was deployed as part of the Response Force Task Group's COUGAR'11 deployment.

In early 2012, she joined the aircraft carrier  and fleet flagship  to participate in Exercise 'Joint Warrior' and other training missions with warships from the United States, Norway and the Netherlands.

On Armed Forces Day 2012, 30 June, she fired the salute in Plymouth as she steamed past , with the Earl of Wessex and the First Sea Lord on board.

Mounts Bay is scheduled to depart for Exercise COUGAR 2013, with Viking armoured vehicles on board.

In January 2016, she set sail for the Mediterranean, carrying the new Governor of Gibraltar, Ed Davis. She has further been deployed to the Aegean Sea to help NATO forces deal with the European migrant crisis. Mounts Bay docked at Gibraltar for one month of repairs.

On 19 May 2016 she was deployed to assist in the search for the missing EgyptAir flight MS804 in the Mediterranean between Crete and Egypt. By June 2016 she was tasked to the European Union's Operation Sophia to target Daesh gun and people traffickers.

After undertaking maintenance in Falmouth in March 2017, Mounts Bay deployed to the Caribbean to provide support during the 2017 hurricane season. She was tasked to assist in HADR operations at Anguilla, British Virgin Islands, and Turks and Caicos Islands in the aftermath of Hurricane Irma in September 2017 obtaining widespread media coverage.

In September 2019, Mounts Bay delivered essential supplies to the Bahamas in the wake of Hurricane Dorian.

In March 2022, Mounts Bay participated in Cold Response 2022, a multinational NATO military exercise in Norway occurring biennially.

Citations

References
Books

Journal articles

External links

 Official Royal Navy page

Bay-class landing ships
Amphibious warfare vessels of the United Kingdom
2004 ships

RFA Mounts Bay


فيتورينو غابرييل باتشيكو أنتونيس (بالبرتغالية:Vitorino Gabriel Pacheco Antunes) الشهير باسم فيتورينو أنتونيس (مواليد 1 أبريل 1987 في فيرياموندي - البرتغال) لاعب كرة قدم برتغالي يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى روما الإيطالي منذ 2008 في مركز الظهير الأيسر .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في أوكرانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في اليونان
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية برتغاليون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية برتغاليون مغتربون
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من باكوس دي فيريرا (مدينة)
رياضيون برتغاليون مغتربون في اليونان
رياضيون برتغاليون مغتربون في أوكرانيا
رياضيون برتغاليون مغتربون في إسبانيا
رياضيون برتغاليون مغتربون في إيطاليا
رياضيون من محافظة بورتو
لاعبو الدوري الأوكراني الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري البرتغالي الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو الدوري البرتغالي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري البرتغالي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري اليوناني
لاعبو باكوش فيريرا
لاعبو دينامو كييف
لاعبو روما
لاعبو سبورتينغ لشبونة
لاعبو كرة قدم برتغاليون
لاعبو كرة قدم برتغاليون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في اليونان
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في أوكرانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم من محافظة بورتو
لاعبو ليتشي
لاعبو منتخب البرتغال تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب البرتغال لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب البرتغال لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو نادي بانيونيوس
لاعبو نادي خيتافي
لاعبو نادي ليشويش
لاعبو نادي ليفورنو
لاعبو نادي مالقا
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1987
مواليد في باكوس دي فيريرا (مدينة)

فيتورينو أنتونيس


, real name , is a well-known stage and movie actor in Japan who is best known internationally for his portrayal of Chairman Kaga in the Japanese television show Iron Chef produced by Fuji TV.

Biography
Kaga was born on October 12, 1950, in the city of Kanazawa in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. His first experience on stage was at the age of seven when he joined the Kanazawa City Boys choral group.

In 1972, he joined the Japanese theatrical company Gekidan Shiki. While with the company, he played the role of Jesus in the Japanese stage production of Jesus Christ Superstar (1973), and role of Tony in West Side Story (1974). In 1980 he left Shiki to play the role of Sanada in the movie The Beast To Die. He starred in several movies throughout the 1980s, but his most famous role would be that of "Chairman Kaga", the eccentric and flamboyant host of Ryōri no Tetsujin, a cooking competition show (1993–1999). It became very popular, not only in Japan, but around the English-speaking world. Previously broadcast on the Food Network, then on the Fine Living Network in the United States and on SBS in Australia, under the name Iron Chef, the show is now being carried on the Cooking Channel in the United States, and in the UK in Iron Chef UK. The host of Iron Chef America, Mark Dacascos, is claimed on ICA to be Takeshi's nephew, though the stated relationship is actually between the fictional characters played by the two men.

Despite his international fame with the show, he has not given up his love for musicals. In 1987 he starred in the popular Japanese production of Les Misérables as Jean Valjean and Javert. He reprised his role as Valjean in 1995 as the representative of Japan during the encore of the 10th Anniversary Concert of Les Misérables at the Royal Albert Hall in London. During the encore, Valjeans from 17 countries joined the cast on stage. He also starred in Macbeth in 2000, and in Jekyll & Hyde as well as in The Threepenny Opera in 2001.  In 2009, he starred in a Japanese-language version of  La Cage aux Folles .

He has also lent his voice to Japanese anime. Notably, he voiced Jirarudan, an antagonist, in 1999's Pokémon the Movie: Revelation Lugia, the second Pokémon movie, and also sung his theme song, "Ware Wa Collector." He also notably voiced Dr. Kiriko in 2005's Black Jack: The Two Doctors of Darkness.

After Iron Chef ended, he returned to acting in movies and dramas. He also hosted Time Shock 21, a quiz show on Asahi Television in Japan. In 2005, Kaga performed as the lead in the Japanese production of Michael Frayn's Democracy and starred in the blockbuster film Sengoku Jieitai 1549. Kaga also appeared in both installments of the highly successful Death Note film series as Soichiro Yagami.

Filmography

Films

Television

Stage

References

External links
 Official Website
 Takeshi Kaga Biography from FineLiving.com

 Daisuke & Yasuyoshi's Takeshi Kaga Unofficial Fan & Fun Page
 The Official Time Shock 21 Website

1950 births
Living people
Japanese male actors
People from Kanazawa, Ishikawa
Actors from Ishikawa Prefecture
Taiga drama lead actors

Takeshi Kaga


Kustbevakningen er betegnelsen for Sveriges kystvagt. Kystvagten er en civil myndighed underlagt det svenske Justitiedepartementet. Myndigheden overvåger og kontrollerer skibstrafikken, fiskeriet, beskytter miljøet og hjælper mennesker til søs i det svenske territorialfarvand samt på Mälaren på Vänern. Kystvagtens overordnede opgavekompleks bliver besluttet af riksdagen, imens den mere dybdegående styring foregår fra den svenske regering via Justitsdepartementet.

Historie
I 1638 bestod Kustbevakningen af to strandriddere. De var stationeret i Kalmar og havde til opgave at forhindre smugleri og vragplyndring. Patruljen foregik til fods eller til hest langs en 25 svenske mil lang rute på Sveriges østkyst. Patruljerne foregik på denne måde i mere end 300 år.

Kystbevogtningen foregik samtidg også med toldkrydsere og mindre fartøjer. På grund af mange ulovligheder og svindel i 1800-tallet blev kystbevogtningen i perioden 1833-1904organiseret som en militær organisation underlagt Tullverket. Kystvagten blev bevæbnet under krigen. I perioden 1905-1922 fandtes to særskilte kystvagtchefer for Skåne-Blekingeog Halland-Gøteborg og Bohusläns distrikt. I de øvrige tolddistrikter blev chefmyndigheden varetaget af toldforvaltere.

I 1900 anskaffedes et dampskib til Haparanda-distriktet, og i 1910 indførte kystvagten motorbåde.

Smuglingen formindskedes under 2. verdenskrig ,og kystvagten fik tilføjet andre ansvarsområder såsom kontrol af trafikken til søs, visitation af fartøjer og personer, kontrol af rejsetilladelser og plombering af radiosendere.

Efter krigen fik kystvagten igen tilføjet nye arbejdsopgaver såsom jagttilsyn, søredning, fiskeriinspektion og kontrol af sikkerhedsbestemmelser om bord på fartøjer i svensk farvand.

I 1971 fik Kustbevakningen ansvaret for at bekæmpe olieforurening til søs, og tre år senere fik man også ansvaret for at bekæmpe kemikalieudslip til søs. I 1978 tilføjedes havfiskeriinspektion, og i 1982 fik kystvagten delvise politibeføjelser til søs samt på Vänern og Mälaren.

Kustbevakningen blev en selvstændig myndighed i 1988.

Opgaver
Kustbevakningens opgavekompleks omfatter:

 At udføre farvandsovervågning og anden kontrol- og tilsynsvirksomhed samt beskyttelse modhavforurening.
 Samordne de civile behov for farvandsovervågning og information.
 Følge den internationale udvikling indenfor området og deltage i internationalt samarbejde for at udvikle grænsekontrol, kriminalitetsbekæmpelse og miljøbeskyttelse til søs.
 Hastigheds- og alkoholkontrol til søs.

Kustbevakningen har indenfor sit område delvise politirettigheder. Siden 2006 har Kustbevakningen kunnet udskrive bøder i forbindelse med den svenske færdselslovgivning til søs. Til at håndhæve denne lovgivning benyttes blandt andet lasermålere på samme måde, som færdselspolitiet gør på land.

Den 1. juni 2010 indførte man de samme promillegrænseværdier til søs for alkohol i blodet som på vejene. Kustbevakningen har ret til at foretage promilleprøver på stikprøvebasis. Promillegrænsen er 0,2 promille. Loven gælder alle fartøjer, som kan fremføres med mindst 15 knob eller har en skroglængde på mindst 10 meter. Ved mere end 1,0 promille i blodet betegnes forseelsen som grov.

For skibe under ti meters længde og langsommere end 15 knob gælder de samme regler som tidligere. Ved mistanke om spiritussejlads har Kustbevakningen ret til at stoppe og kontrollere, hvorvidt bådføreren er påvirket af alkohol.

Ansatte i Kustbevakningen bærer ligesom politiet også pistol, peberspray, politistav og håndjern. Til forskel fra politiet er Kustbevakningen underlagt en stram våbenlovgivning, som betyder, at pistolen kun kan anvendes ved direkte nødværge.

Organisation

Sverige er inddelt i to kystvagtregioner:

 Nordøst, KRNO (Stockholm, Hammarby Sjöstad)
 Sydvest, KRSV (Gøteborg, Käringberget)

Hovedkvarteret i Karlskrona har den overordnede operative føring af kystvagten.

Lokalt er der oprettet 26 kystvagtstationer samt en lufthavn. Antallet af ansatte i hele landet udgør cirka 800 personer.

Fartøjer

Kustbevakningen havde i sommeren 2010 følgende fartøjer over 15 meter:

 21 patruljefartøjer
 9 miljøskibe
 5 kombinationsfartøjer
 3 Luftpudefartøjer af typen Griffon 2000TD

Derudover råder kystvagten over flere hundrede mindre fartøjer og både samt vandscootere til overvågning og adgang til andre fartøjer.

For at møde Riksdagens øgede krav om at kunne bugsere nødstedte fartøjer, tømme fartøjer for last og brandbekæmpelse til søs har Kustbevakningen anskaffet tre nye kombinationsfartøjer, KBV 001,KBV 002 og KBV 003. Fartøjernes trækkraft er 100 ton, hvilket er nok til at kunne holde et tankskib på 150.000 ton i en storm. Fartøjerne har desuden kapacitet til at opsuge olie og opbevare den om bord. Fartøjerne har hjemhavne i henholdsvis Gøteborg, Karlskrona og Slite.

Efter behov deltager Kustbevakningen i SAR og har på visse enheder installeret udstyr til pejling og lokalisering af EPIRB-signaler (Emergency Position Indication Radio Beacon, radiofyr til lokalisering af nødstedte). Under SAR er skibene underlagt den svenske JRCC (Joint Rescue Coordination Centre) i Gøteborg.

Kystvagtens fly
Kustbevakningen råder over tre fly af typen Dash 8-300 MSA. Flygruppens opgaver er primært:

 Livredning
 Miljøovervågning
 Fiskerikontrol
 Farvandsovervågning
 Grænsekontrol
 Samarbejde med nationale og internationale partnere

Flyene patruljerer regelmæssigt den svenske kyst. Kystvagtens fly har også deltaget i internationale operationer, blandt andet operation Atalanta, som indebar farvandsovervågning ud for Afrikas horn.

Generaldirektører
 1988 - 1996: Leif Sjöström
 1996 - 2005: Marie Hafström
 2005 - 2008: Christina Salomonson
 2008 - i dag: Judith Melin

Rangstruktur
Kystvagten er opdelt i en hierakisk orden:

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Program för flygräddningstjänsten, Luftfartinspektionen dnr LS 2007-3672 2007-08-22

Svenske myndigheder
Etableret i 1988

Kustbevakningen


Političke stranke

Afrika
 Socijaldemokratska stranka (Angola)
 Socijaldemokratska stranka (Benin)
 Socijaldemokratska stranka Madagaskara
 Socijaldemokratska stranka (Ruanda)

Amerika
 Parti social démocratique du Québec
 Demokratska socijalistička stranka (Argentina)
 Socijaldemokratska stranka (Brazil, 1945.–65.)
 Socijaldemokratska stranka (Brazil, 2011.)
 Socijaldemokratska stranka (Salvador)
 Socijaldemokratska stranka (Meksiko)
 Socijaldemokratska stranka (Nikaragva)

Europa

 Stranka Socijalista i demokrata, San Marino
 Socijaldemokratska stranka Albanije
 Socijaldemokratska stranka (Francuska)
 Socijaldemokratska stranka (Moldavija)
 Socijaldemokratska stranka (Portugal)
 Socijaldemokratska stranka (Rumunjska)
 Socijaldemokratska stranka (Španjolska)

PSD


Die Maschine des Libyan-Arab-Airlines-Flugs 114 wurde am 21. Februar 1973 über der Sinai-Halbinsel von israelischen Kampfflugzeugen abgeschossen. Von den 113 Insassen der Boeing 727 kamen dabei 108 ums Leben.

Hergang
Die vier Jahre alte Boeing 727-224 mit dem Luftfahrzeugkennzeichen 5A-DAH startete in der libyschen Hauptstadt Tripolis zum Linienflug über Bengasi nach Kairo. Auf der Strecke zwischen Bengasi und Kairo kam sie ab Sidi Barrani wegen schlechter Sichtbedingungen durch einen Sandsturm, eines mangelhaft funktionierenden Kompasses an Bord und technischer Probleme der Flugüberwachung in Kairo vom Kurs ab. Die Piloten verfehlten das möglicherweise nicht funktionierende Funkfeuer FAYUM () und vermuteten um 13:44 Uhr einen Navigationsfehler. Der Flugüberwachung in Kairo meldeten sie diesen Umstand nicht. Um 13:52 Uhr erhielten die Piloten die Erlaubnis zum Sinkflug auf den Flughafen Kairo. Starker Rückenwind ließ die Maschine jedoch an Kairo vorbei Richtung Osten ins Gebiet der israelisch besetzten Sinai-Halbinsel abdriften. Über dem Sinai besserten sich die Sichtbedingungen, und die Besatzung bemerkte vermutlich ihren Fehler.

Das Eindringen der libyschen Maschine in den Luftraum über dem Sinai um 13:54 Uhr wurde von der israelischen Luftraumüberwachung bemerkt. Die Boeing flog auf einer Höhe von 20.000 Fuß (6.100 m). Zwei Kampfflugzeuge des Typs F-4 Phantom II der israelischen Luftwaffe erreichten um 13:59 Uhr den Passagierjet und forderten ihn mit Handzeichen der Piloten, Flügelbewegungen und Warnschüssen zur Landung auf der israelischen Luftwaffenbasis Rephidim auf. Die Besatzung der Boeing weigerte sich, den Kampfflugzeugen zu folgen, und schlug einen Kurs Richtung Westen ein. Die israelischen Piloten werteten dies als einen Versuch zu entkommen.
Um 14:04 Uhr erfolgte der Befehl von David Elazar, dem Generalstabschef der israelischen Luftwaffe, zu Schüssen auf die Flügel, um die Maschine zur Notlandung zu zwingen. Die Kampfpiloten eröffneten das Feuer und trafen unter anderem die rechte Tragfläche und das mittlere Triebwerk am Flugzeugheck. Es entwickelte sich ein Brand in Richtung Kabine. Die Piloten der Boeing mussten in der Wüste notlanden (). Der Aufschlag um 14:10 Uhr auf Dünen im Sinai nahe Ismailia am Sueskanal löste eine Explosion im Bereich des rechten Hauptfahrwerks aus. 108 der 113 Personen an Bord kamen ums Leben. Unter den Überlebenden befand sich der libysche Kopilot, nicht aber der erfahrene französische Flugkapitän Jacques Berjes. Er war im Rahmen einer Kooperation zwischen der Libyan Airlines und der Air France im Einsatz. Ihm oblag die Ausbildung seiner libyschen Kollegen auf dem neuen Passagierjet.

Hintergründe des Abschusses
Die Sinai-Halbinsel östlich des Sueskanals wurde seit dem Sechstage-Krieg 1967 durch Israel besetzt. Israel befand sich immer noch im Kriegszustand mit Ägypten. Der Anflug der libyschen Boeing wurde in Israel als Bedrohung gewertet.

Bei der Befragung des überlebenden Kopiloten erklärte dieser, der Crew sei klar gewesen, dass die israelischen Kampfpiloten sie zur Landung in Israel aufgefordert hatten. Das gespannte politische Verhältnis zwischen Israel und Libyen habe sie aber zum Entschluss bewogen, dieser Aufforderung nicht zu folgen. Die libysche Regierung behauptete entgegen den Aussagen des Kopiloten, die Israelis hätten die Maschine ohne Vorwarnung abgeschossen.  Die israelische Luftwaffe bewertete das Eindringen der Maschine in den Sinai als mögliche Bedrohung für Israel und vermutete, sie könnte die Absicht gehabt haben, zu Spionagezwecken in Richtung der israelischen Luftwaffenbasis Bir Gifgafa zu fliegen ().

Im Nachgang zur Untersuchung des Abschusses der Zivilmaschine bezeichnete der israelische Verteidigungsminister Mosche Dajan den Vorfall als Irrtum. Israel leistete Entschädigungen an die Familien der Opfer.

Siehe auch
 Liste abgeschossener Flugzeuge in der Zivilluftfahrt

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Flugunfall in Ägypten
Flugunfall 1973
Verkehrsgeschichte (Libyen)
Israelische Militärgeschichte
Luftverkehr (Libyen)
Nahostkonflikt
Boeing 727
Libyan Airlines

Libyan-Arab-Airlines-Flug 114


Colin Munro MacLeod (Port Hastings, Nueva Escocia, Canadá 28 de enero de 1909 - 11 de febrero de 1972) fue un genetista canadiense-estadounidense. Demostró que el ADN es la sustancia básica de la que se componen los genes.

Descubrimientos
En sus primeros años como investigador científico, MacLeod, junto con Oswald Avery y Maclyn McCarty, demostró que el ADN es el componente activo responsable de la transformación bacteriana y, en retrospectiva, la base física de los genes. En 1941, Avery y MacLeod habían separado un extracto crudo de la cepa bacteriana causante de neumonía S ("suave"). Comprobaron que el extracto de la cepa S podía convertir la más benigna bacteria de la cepa pneumocci del tipo R ('rough') a la forma S, la causante de la enfermedad.

Más tarde, ese mismo año, McCarty se unió el laboratorio de Avery, y en 1942, el grupo comenzó a centrarse en el ADN como el ingrediente difícil de aislar en el extracto de la cepa S que podía transformar el neumococo R en neumococo S. A principios de 1943, Avery, MacLeod y McCarty habían demostrado que el ADN era de hecho el principio de transformación. En febrero de 1944, el trío publicó el primero de una serie de trabajos científicos en el Journal of Experimental Medicine demostrando que el ADN era el principio transformante.

Experimentos posteriores confirmaron al ADN como portador universal de la información genética. A pesar de la importancia científica de este trabajo, que fue conocido como el experimento de Avery-MacLeod-McCarty; a Avery, MacLeod y McCarty nunca se les otorgó un Premio Nobel por su descubrimiento.

Referencias
Este artículo se basa en un documento de dominio público del Gobierno de EE.UU. ()

Genetistas de Canadá
Genetistas de Estados Unidos
Personas de Nueva York (estado)
Candidatos al Premio Nobel de Química
Fallecidos en Londres

Colin Munro MacLeod


Sieseby (dänisch Siseby) ist ein Ortsteil der Gemeinde Thumby im Kreis Rendsburg-Eckernförde in Schleswig-Holstein. Die Gemeinde Thumby liegt im Westen der Halbinsel Schwansen direkt an der Schlei. Der Gemeinde gehören die Dörfer Thumby, Sieseby, Börentwedt (Borntved) und Sensby und die Güter Bienebek (Binebæk), Staun (Stavn), Marienhof, Guckelsby (Guggelsby) und Grünholz (Grønholt) an. Zusätzlich gibt es weitere Ortsteile, die teilweise nur aus Einzelgehöften bestehen.

Der Ort Sieseby liegt unmittelbar an der Schlei und verfügt über einen Fähranleger mit einigen Liegeplätzen und eine Slipanlage zum Slippen von kleinen Booten. In den Sommermonaten wird die Anlegestelle von der öffentlichen Schlei-Schifffahrt angelaufen. Verkehrsmäßig ist Sieseby über die Kreisstraße K77, die von der B 203 abzweigt, zu erreichen.

Besonders bekannt ist Sieseby durch seine zahlreichen restaurierten reetgedeckten Häuser. Seit 2000 steht der Ort als erstes Flächendenkmal in Schleswig-Holstein unter Denkmalschutz.

Geschichte
Schon verhältnismäßig früh ist der Ort Sieseby belegt. In einer Urkunde aus dem Jahr 1267 heißt es ecclesie Siceby. Später änderte sich der Namen über Ciceby, Tzitzebu zu Sysbuykirch und Siseby.

1252 wird Thumby erstmals erwähnt. Die Gemeinde Thumby wurde 1876 aus einem Teil des Gutsbezirkes Maasleben gebildet und umfasste zunächst nur ein Gebiet von 606 ha. 1928 wurden die ehemaligen Gutsbezirke Bienebek und Marienhof angeschlossen. Ebenso kam Staun hinzu, ein Teil des aufgelösten Gutsbezirkes Grünholz sowie kleinere Gebiete der Gutsbezirke Karlsburg, Stubbe, Krieseby und Maasleben wurde Thumby angeschlossen.

Der Ort wurde 1887 von der herzoglichen Familie Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg zusammen mit Gut Bienebek für 615.000 Reichstaler erworben. Der Vorbesitzer von Gut und Dorf war der Hamburger Kaufmann Gustav Anton Schäffer, der ab 1839 für seine Gutsarbeiter neue Häuser bauen ließ, die auch heute noch die Initialen GAS tragen. Noch heute gehören die meisten diese Häuser zum Herzoglichen Glücksburgischen Güterfideikommiß.

Sehenswürdigkeiten
Das älteste Bauwerk in der Gemeinde ist die Kirche in Sieseby, die wohl im Kern schon im 12. Jahrhundert errichtet wurde. Sie stammt aus der Zeit der Romanik. Baumaterial war bearbeiteter Feldstein. Eine Erweiterung erfuhr der Bau im 13. Jahrhundert. Gleichzeitig mit dem Anbau eines weiteren Chores nach Osten hin wurde ein Kreuzrippengewölbe eingezogen. In einer Urkunde vom 15. August 1267 wird zuerst von der Existenz eines Kirchspiels in Sieseby berichtet. Sie besitzt eine Orgel, die von den dänischen Orgelbauern Marcussen & Søn gebaut wurde.

Gut Bienebek, zu dessen Gutsbezirk das Dorf lange gehörte, wurde erstmals 1507 erwähnt. Das im 17. Jahrhundert errichtete Herrenhaus wurde mehrmals umgebaut. Zum nicht öffentlich zugänglichen Gut gehören Wirtschaftsgebäude aus dem 17. bis 20. Jahrhundert.

Literatur
 Dehio-Handbuch. Schleswig-Holstein. Hamburg 2009, S. 928–930.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Kreis Rendsburg-Eckernförde
Thumby

Sieseby


Volim dase sportski oblačim prvi je studijski album solinskog rock sastava Sila Nečista, koji izlazi u lipnju 2016.g. Album snimaju u zimu 2014/15 u splitskom studiju "Bozon" a miksaju na jesen 2015-te u mostarskom Pavarotti Music Centre. Materijal na albumu se sastoji od devet skladbi, producent je Sila Nečista, a objavljuje ga diskografska kuća "Croatia Records".

Popis pjesama

 "Volim da se sportski oblačim"
 "Konji bijeli (Ona mene neće)"
 "Mirjana"
 "Mila majko"
 "Dobro došli nam u đunglu"
 "Auf wiedersen"
 "Nema te (Bijakova)"
 "Anbicija"
 "Hevy Metal Pobjeda"

Izvođači
 Frane Iz Omiša - pjevanje
 Gitak Legenda - gitara
 Inspektor Bore - gitara
 Komesar - Bas gitara
 Mali Jakov - Bubnjevi
 Nemanja Strašni - Udaraljke

Produkcija
 Producent - Sila Nečista, Sead Zaklan, Saša Karabatak
 Fotografija - Vinko Miketek

Vanjske poveznice
  - Sila Nečista "Volim dase sportski oblačim"

Hrvatski glazbeni albumi
Albumi iz 2016.

Volim dase sportski oblačim