{| class="infobox vcard" style="font-size:90%; width:21em; text-align:left;"
Židovska općina Zenica

Zenička sinagoga
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PredsjednikJosip Udiljak
SjedišteZenica
DržavaBosna i Hercegovina
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Židovska općina Zenica je vjerska organizacija građana Bosne i Hercegovine židovskog podrijetla. Sjedište općine je u Zenici.

Povijest

Židovi su se počeli naseljavati Zenicu u prvoj polovini 18. stoljeća. Živjeli su pored zeničke čaršije.

Prema popisu stanovništva iz 1879. godine u Bosni i Hercegovini su živjela 10.204 Židova, od čega u Zenici 294. Prema broju židovskog stanovništva, Zenica se nalazila na šestom mjestu u Bosni i Hercegovini, poslije Sarajeva, Travnika, Bijeljine, Banjaluke i Tuzle. Zenički Židovi su periodu Drugog svjetskog rata teško stradali. Od 196, koliko ih se zateklo u vrijeme nastanka Nezavisne Države Hrvatske, od ustaša ih je stradalo 172. Prva skupina od 44 zenička Židova, uglavnom muškarci, odvedena je 20. rujna 1941. godine u
logor Jasenovac, a 1942. u tri skupine u jasenovački logor odveden je i najveći preostali dio zeničkih Židova, tako da ih je samo 25 preživjelo rat.

U Zenici se i danas nalazi Židovsko groblje, gdje je ukopano 116 osoba. Smješteno je na južnom izlazu iz grada, na području naselja Raspotočje. Najstariji nadgrobni spomenik na ovom groblju potječe iz 1747. godine. Posljednji ukop na ovom groblju obavljen je 1964. godine, a posljednji ukopani bio je Jakov Ozmo. Najpoznatija prezimena Zeničkih Židova su: Trinki, Danon, Elazar, Baruh, Montiljo, Ozmo, Papo, Pinto, Salom, Libling i Vajs.

Zenička sinagoga

Prva sinagoga u Zenici je izgrađena od drveta oko 1870. godine. O njoj ne postoji više podataka. Današnja Zenička sinagoga nalazi se u urbanoj zoni Zenice, između Stare čaršije i stambenih zona Pišća i Potoka. Građena je od 1903. do 1905. godine, ali je posvećenje izvršio dr. Samuel Vesel 1906. godine. Na posvećenju je bila pjevačka skupina "La Lira" iz Sarajeva. Projektant sinagoge bio je Miloš Komadina, koji je tehničku naobrazbu sticao u Zürichu i Beču. Idejni začetnik izgradnje sinagoge od čvrstog materijala (sadašnje) bijaše Rafael Levi, koji je inače bio jedan od osnivača Židovske općine u Zenici. Vanjski izgled objekta urađen je u pseudomaurskom stilu. Prvi rabin u prvotnjoj, kasnije i u novoj sinagogi je bio Jozef Levi (umro 1928. g.). Zenička sinagoga je sjeverno pročelje pri vrhu imala polukružan, kasnije prepravljeno u ravan oblik. Imala je ulogu vjerskoga objekta sve do 1941. godine. To je jedina sinagoga u Bosni i Hercegovini koja je imala okrugli sat na vrhu sjevernog pročelja (okrenutog ka Kočevi). Tog sata više nema, a kod temeljitih restaruracija, kojih je do danas bilo više, sat nije postavljen. Sinagoga je imala poseban ulaz za žene na galeriju. Ulaz za žene na galeriju, se nalazio s lijeve strane glavnog ulaza, a koji je prezidan u prozor. Zavojite stepenice koje su vodile od ženskog ulaza na galeriju još postoje u sinagogi, a galerija je prezidana u kancelarijske prostore. U toku Drugog svjetskoga rata, u prostoru sinagoge koji je bio devastiran, bila je smještena konjušnica, za potrebe njemačke vojske. Od 1945. do 1967. godine, prostor sinagoge imao je više različitih namjena, od skladišta do prodajnog salona namještaja. Godine 1966. u dogovoru sa Židovskom općinom u Zenici i Savezom židovskih općina Jugoslavije objekt sinagoge je ustupljen na trajno korištenje Gradu Zenici odnosno Zeničkom muzeju. Uz veliko zalaganje upravnika Zeničkog muzeja Fikreta Ibrahimpašića, i zahvaljujući sredstvima Općinske skupštine grada Zenice, izvršena potpuna restauracija fasade prema starim fotografijama. Na fasadi je postavljena spomen-ploča sa natpisom:

Godine 1967. u prostoru sinagoge je otvorena prva stalna povijesno-etnološka postavka zeničkog muzeja. U suvremeno uređenom enterijeru tada su smješteni arheološki, povijesni i umjetnički eksponati vezani za grad Zenicu i njegovo stanovništvo, uključujući i zeničke Židove.

Danas je u objektu sinanoge smješten i ured Židovske općine u Zenici.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Članovi Jevrejske zajednici u Zenici obilježavaju Pesah

Zenica
Židovi u Bosni i Hercegovini

Židovska općina Zenica


A Indian Reorganization Act (IRA, em português Lei de Reorganização Indígena) de 18 de junho de 1934, ou Wheeler-Howard Act, foi uma legislação federal dos Estados Unidos que tratava do status dos povos nativos dos Estados Unidos. Foi a peça central do que tem sido frequentemente chamado de "New Deal Indígena". O objetivo principal era reverter o objetivo tradicional de   na sociedade americana e fortalecer, encorajar e perpetuar as tribos e suas .

A Lei também restituiu aos índios a gestão de seus bens - direitos sobre terras e minerais—e incluiu disposições destinadas a criar uma base econômica sólida para os residentes das reservas indígenas. A lei não se aplicava aos territórios—incluindo o que se tornaria o estado do Havaí e o estado do Alasca—nem se aplicavam ao estado de Oklahoma,  que até  foi considerado como tendo dissolvido suas reservas. Em 1936, no entanto, os direitos dos povos indígenas do Alasca e de Oklahoma foram reconhecidos por uma lei posterior.  O censo contou 332 000 indígenas em 1930 e 334 000 em 1940, incluindo aqueles dentro e fora das reservas.  O gasto total dos Estados Unidos com os índios foi em média de $ 38 milhões por ano no final da década de 1920, caindo para um mínimo histórico de $ 23 milhões em 1933 e atingindo $ 38 milhões em 1940.

O IRA foi a iniciativa mais significativa de John Collier, que foi Comissário do Gabinete de Assuntos Indígenas (BIA) do presidente Franklin D. Roosevelt de 1933 a 1945. Ele estudou por muito tempo as questões indígenas e trabalhou pela mudança desde a década de 1920, particularmente com a American Indian Defense Association . Ele pretendia reverter as políticas assimilacionistas que resultaram em danos consideráveis às culturas dos índios americanos e fornecer um meio para os índios americanos restabelecerem a soberania e o autogoverno, reduzir as perdas de terras de reserva e construir autogestão econômica. suficiência. Ele acreditava que a cultura tradicional indiana era superior à da América moderna e a considerava digna de ser emulada. Suas propostas foram consideradas altamente controversas, já que numerosos interesses poderosos lucraram com a venda e gestão de terras indígenas. O Congresso revisou as propostas de Collier e preservou a supervisão das tribos e reservas pelo Gabinete de Assuntos Indígenas do Departamento do Interior.

As disposições de autogoverno entrariam automaticamente em vigor para uma tribo, a menos que uma clara maioria dos índios elegíveis votasse contra. Quando aprovado, uma tribo adotaria uma variação do modelo de constituição elaborado pelos advogados do BIA.

Implementação e resultados

A lei retardou a prática de atribuir terras tribais comunais a membros tribais individuais. Ele não restaurou para os índios terras que já haviam sido patenteadas para indivíduos, mas muitas terras na época ainda não foram distribuídas ou foram atribuídas a um indivíduo, mas ainda mantidas em nome desse indivíduo pelo governo dos Estados Unidos. Como a Lei não perturbou a propriedade privada existente de terras de reservas indígenas, deixou as reservas como um tabuleiro de xadrez de terras tribais ou individuais e terras pagas, o que continua sendo o caso hoje.

No entanto, a Lei também permitiu que os EUA comprassem parte da terra paga e restaurassem o status de confiança tribal. Devido à Lei e outras ações dos tribunais federais e do governo, mais de dois milhões de acres (8 000 km²) de terra foram devolvidos a várias tribos nos primeiros 20 anos após a passagem.

Em 1954, o Departamento do Interior dos Estados Unidos (DOI) começou a implementar as fases de rescisão e realocação da Lei, que haviam sido adicionadas pelo Congresso. Essas provisões resultaram do contínuo interesse de alguns membros do Congresso em que os índios americanos fossem assimilados à sociedade majoritária. Entre outros efeitos, a rescisão resultou no desmantelamento legal de 61 nações tribais nos Estados Unidos e no fim de suas relações reconhecidas com o governo federal. Isso também acabou com a elegibilidade das nações tribais e seus membros para vários programas governamentais para ajudar os índios americanos.

Legado
Os historiadores têm reações mistas ao New Deal indiano. Muitos elogiam a energia e iniciativa de Collier. Philp elogiou o New Deal Indiano de Collier por proteger a liberdade indígena de se envolver em práticas religiosas tradicionais, obtendo dinheiro adicional para reservas, fornecendo uma estrutura para autogoverno e contando com a ajuda de antropólogos que respeitavam as culturas tradicionais. No entanto, ele conclui que o New Deal indiano não foi capaz de estimular o progresso econômico nem forneceu uma estrutura utilizável para a política indiana. Philp argumenta que essas falhas deram munição para o retorno à política anterior de rescisão que ocorreu após a renúncia de Collier em 1945. Ao pesquisar a literatura acadêmica, Schwartz conclui que existe:

 um quase consenso entre os historiadores do New Deal indiano de que Collier resgatou temporariamente as comunidades indígenas dos abusos federais e ajudou os indígenas a sobreviver à Depressão, mas também prejudicou as comunidades indígenas ao impor suas próprias ideias sociais e políticas sobre elas.

Indígenas dos Estados Unidos

Indian Reorganization Act


Gibson Grabber je električna bas-gitara tvrtke Gibson Guitar Corporation, predstavljena 1973.g. zajedno s modelom Gibson Ripper.

Model Grabber se izvorno proizvodio tankog tijela izrađeno od javorovog drveta, koje je 1975. zamijenjeno johom. Vrat gitare bio je dug 876mm. Model je imao jedan podesivi elektromagnet, jedan potenciometar za glasnoću i jedan potenciometar za raspon tona.

Godine 1975. prodano je 2637 komada gitare, ponajviše zahvaljujući tome što ju je koristio basist grupe Kiss, Gene Simmons. Godine 1982. gitara se prestala proizvoditi. Bila je dostupna u boji crnog vina, ebanovine, prirodnoj boji, boji oraha i s bijelim finišom.

Na modelu Grabber zasniva se i model bas gitare Gibson G3 koji se razlikuje po broju elektromagneta.

Godine 2009. tvrtke je proizvela limitirano reizdanje gitare od svega 350 modela, nazvano Grabber II Bass.

Izvori
 Članak na stranicama Gibson.com, pristupljeno 24.12.2017.

 Gibson gitare

Gibson Grabber


Calormen, C.S. Lewis'in Narnia Günlükleri adlı kitabında adı geçen hayali bir yerdir. Narnia'nın Güneyinde bulunur. Oraya ulaşmak için çölden geçmek gerekir. Bu çöl çok büyüktür. Çöl bittiğinde mezarlar görülür; bunlar ürperticidir. Sınırın geçilmesi başarıldığında, Calormen'in harikası Tashbaan'ı (Taşbân) görünür. Burası tepeler ve ağaçlarla kaplıdır.

Kurgusal imparatorluklar
Narnia Günlükleri

Calormen


Brioni é uma marca italiana de alta-costura, prêt-à-porter, joalharia e perfume, fundada em 1945 por Nazareno Fonticoli e Gaetano Savini. Foi a primeira marca a realizar um desfile de moda masculino na história e ficou conceituada ao lado da Armani como a maior referência de moda de luxo masculina. Tem atualmente uma escola de design em Penne, a Scuola di Alta Sartoria. Faz parte da holding Kering.

A marca
Em 2020, a Brioni operava 30 lojas e tinha 1.350 funcionários, incluindo 1.000 alfaiates nas instalações de produção em Roma.

Lista de diretores executivos
1990-2006: Umberto Angeloni
2006-2009: Antonella de Simone, Andrea Perrone e Antonio Bianchini
2009-2010: Andrea Perrone
2010-2014: Francesco Pesci
2014-2017: Gianluca Flore
2017-2019: Fabrizio Malverdi
2020-presente: Mehdi Benabadji

Lista de diretores criativos
2013-2016: Brendan Mullane
2016: Justin O'Shea
2017-2018: Nina-Maria Nitsche
2018-present: Norbert Stumpfl

Produção
Em 1985, a Brioni abriu a escola de alfaiataria Scuola di Alta Sartoria, localizada perto de sua fábrica em Penne, na Itália. Um fato feito sob medida requer 200 alfaiates e especialistas em controle de qualidade antes do envio, sendo célebre pelo seu cuidado e elevação, apenas equiparado à Armani e mais recentemente à Tom Ford. Um blazer da Brioni requer 12.000 pontos, dos quais apenas 17% são visíveis externamente. As roupas são passadas e cozidas no vapor cerca de 80 vezes para alongar o tecido.

Na cultura
A Brioni contratou inúmeras celebridades para as suas campanhas publicitárias denominadas "Tailoring Legends" entre as quais Samuel L. Jackson, Sir Anthony Hopkins, Harvey Keitel, Pierce Brosnan, Matt Dillon e Brad Pitt.

A marca patrocina alternadamente com a Tom Ford a franquia 007.

Empresas de moda
Empresas de vestuário da Itália

Brioni


Alpiarça é uma freguesia portuguesa do município de Alpiarça, com 95,36 km² de área e 6975 habitantes (censo de 2021). A sua densidade populacional é .

É a única freguesia do seu município.

Demografia
A população registada nos censos foi:

Freguesias de Alpiarça

Alpiarça (freguesia)


Belçika'nın yerleşim yerleri listesi:

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Arrondissement Nivelles
 Beauvechain
 Braine-l'Alleud
 Braine-le-Château
 Chastre
 Chaumont-Gistoux
 Court-Saint-Étienne Genappe
 Grez-Doiceau
 Hélécine
 Incourt
 Ittre
 Jodoigne
 La Hulpe Lasne
 Mont-Saint-Guibert
 Nivelles
 Orp-Jauche
 Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve
 Perwez
 Ramillies Rebecq
 Rixensart
 Tubize
 Villers-la-Ville
 Walhain
 Waterloo
 Wavre

Başkent Bölgesi: 19 belediye

Arrondissement Brüksel
 Anderlecht
 Oudergem veya Auderghem
 Sint-Agatha-Berchem veya Berchem-Sainte-Agathe
 Brüksel
 Elsene veya Ixelles
 Etterbeek
 Evere Vorst veya Forest
 Ganshoren
 Jette
 Koekelberg
 Sint-Jans-Molenbeek veya Molenbeek-Saint-Jean
 Sint-Gillis veya Saint-Gilles Sint-Joost-ten-Node veya Saint-Josse-ten-Noode
 Schaarbeek veya Schaerbeek
 Sint-Lambrechts-Woluwe veya Woluwe-Saint-Lambert
 Sint-Pieters-Woluwe veya Woluwe-Saint-Pierre
 Ukkel veya Uccle
 Watermaal-Bosvoorde veya Watermael-Boitsfort

Yerleşim birimleri

Belçika'nın yerleşim birimleri


أندرافيدا (Ανδραβίδα) هي مدينة في إليا في مقاطعة كينتريكي إلادا في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 3250 نسمة.

تاريخ
التاريخ الأولي لمدينة أندرافيدا غامض،هناك عدة اقتراحات حول المنشأ الغامض للاسم،لكن أغلب الظن أن الاسم جاء من التعبير السلافي "موطن الثعالب"،لم يكن لهذا المكان ذكر حتى الاستيلاء عليها من قبل الصليبيين في عام 1205،رغم أنها موجودة قبل ذلك.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في إيليا
إمارة في آخايا
مدن اليونان

أندرافيدا


Tania María Castiñeira Etcheverria, née le 15 janvier 2001, est une taekwondoïste espagnole.

Biographie
Tania Castiñeira obtient la médaille de bronze dans la catégorie des plus de 73 kg aux Championnats du monde féminins de taekwondo 2021 à Riyad.

Références

Liens externes

Taekwondoïste espagnole
Naissance en janvier 2001

Tania Castiñeira Etcheverria


One Tree Hill is a town on the outskirts of Adelaide, South Australia. It is located in the City of Playford.

History
The town takes its name from the 'One Tree Hill Inn' (licensed in 1851), for many years the meeting place of the District Council of Munno Para East. The inn's name, in turn, referred to a giant red gum tree which stood on the intersection of Black Top Road and Walters Road. The tree burnt down in 1890 and was cut down in 1934 and replaced with 5 trees which can still be seen today.

Aboriginal history
The Kaurna people were the indigenous inhabitants of the Adelaide region, which includes One Tree Hill. The Peramangk people, living further inland, visited the area from time to time, chiefly in the warmer parts of the year. This was due to the area being cooler and better watered than the plains. The hills at this time were well wooded with tree species that had been in the area for around 6000 years. Along the rivers and creeks and wide valleys could be found tall, heavy eucalypts, many of which had wide, hollowed bases large enough for the Aboriginals to use as shelters. There were many such shelter trees in use by the Kaurna and Peramangk as late as the 1840s, and evidence exists that they hunted and gathered in the woodlands and grasslands for many generations prior to European settlement. Unfortunately, the community declined soon after European settlement, and most of what we know about them today comes from the few artifacts and sparse archaeological evidence that they left behind.

European settlement
Europeans settled the area in the early 1840s, and the township commenced in 1851 with the building of the One Tree Hill Inn. The settlement was located in a strategic location, being close to several larger towns (such as Gawler and Salisbury) with facilities, and became the meeting place of the surrounding rural community, including Gould Creek and Uleybury. A post office and general store were built in 1858 which featured a large cellar where produce including local wine was sold. In 1906, the Institute, which cost about £600, was built across the road from the post office, and became a town meeting place and recreation centre, which was expanded considerably in 1978.

One Tree Hill Post Office opened on 19 May 1857.

Demographics
The 2016 Census by the Australian Bureau of Statistics counted 1,095 persons in One Tree Hill on census night. Of these, 569 (52.2%) were male and 522 (47.8%) were female.
The majority of residents 791 (72.7%) are of Australian birth, with 155 14.2% born in England.
The median age of One Tree Hill residents is 45. Children aged 0 – 14 years made up 16.8% of the population and people aged 65 years and over made up 14.9% of the population.

Community
The township has one primary school and several historic primary school buildings: Precolumb School (1855-1938), Uley School (1856 to 1971, now the Uleybury School Museum). In 1972 the current primary school was built on McGilp Road. One Tree Hill has an Institute Hall built 1906 and Uniting Church built 1867 (originally Methodist) and many historic buildings. The township has a small shopping centre and a hotel named the Blacksmiths Inn.

Attractions

Parks
The Para Wirra Conservation Park is north-east of the town.

Transport
There is no specific provision for bicycles on any of the local roads. There are footpaths on most roads within the town and along Black Top Road in some sections up three kilometres west of the town using land from the old alignment of the road.

Roads
The town is serviced by the following main roads:
 Black Top Road to Adelaide and Salisbury
 Yorktown Road to Elizabeth
 Gawler - Kersbrook Road to Kersbrook, Gawler and Williamstown
 One Tree Hill Road to Golden Grove

Public transport
The area is not serviced by Adelaide public transport; the nearest service is an Adelaide Metro bus route at Craigmore, five kilometres to the west of the town.

From the commencement of a Bowman's bus service around 1937 until Friday 14 May 1982, a daily bus service ran from the township to Adelaide via Golden Grove and North East Road (Route 540E). Before that the nearest transport was at Smithfield Railway Station.

See also
List of Adelaide suburbs

References

External links
City of Playford
Local Government Association of SA - City of Playford
2006 ABS Census Data by Location

Suburbs of Adelaide

One Tree Hill, South Australia


A Garratt locomotive is a type of steam locomotive invented by British engineer Herbert William Garratt that is articulated into three parts. Its boiler, firebox, and cab are mounted on a centre frame or "bridge". The two other parts, one at each end, have a pivot to support the central frame; they consist of a steam engine unit – with driving wheels, trailing wheels, valve gear, and cylinders, and above it, fuel and/or water storage.

Articulation permits locomotives to negotiate curves that might restrict large rigid-framed locomotives. The design also provides more driving wheels per unit of locomotive weight, permitting operation on lightly engineered track. Garratt locomotives produced as much as twice the power output of the largest conventional locomotives of railways that introduced them, reducing the need for multiple locomotives and crews.

Advantages of the Garratt concept

The principal benefit of the Garratt design is that the boiler and firebox unit are slung between the two engine units.

As Oswald Nock wrote, the Garratt type holds several advantages over the Mallet type:This [the Mallet] was so designed to provide a very large engine unit, to be managed by a single crew, but to spread the dead weight over many axles and thus avoid excessive loads on the track and under-line bridges, and at the same time retain flexibility of wheelbase to facilitate operation on severely curved sections of line. The Mallet, having driving-wheel units beneath the boiler, retains the limitation in dimensions inherent in the orthodox type of steam locomotive, while the immense length of some of these machines is itself a handicap. Except with oil firing, ... one cannot put the cab in front. H.W. Garratt ... patented ... the idea of having a single large boiler slung on a cradle carried on two entirely separate engine units. ... The boiler could be developed to ideal proportions, unfettered by any wheels beneath it. It could be kept short, and of large diameter, which is the best possible form for securing a high rate of evaporation.

A further advantage is that the firebox and ashpan are not restricted in dimensions by running gear; the ashpan can have much larger capacity than on a normal locomotive, allowing longer continuous runs without needing to stop and empty the ashpan to clear combustion products from the grate. A large firebox and its unrestricted air supply also allowed the Garratt to operate with poor-quality fuel without reducing steaming capacity.

Garratts ran equally well in either direction, negating the need for turntables. Often they ran with the cab leading the boiler (sometimes called [fuel] bunker leading), especially on routes with tunnels.

Most Garratts were designed for freight or mixed traffic, but several Garratt classes were designed for passenger service. A French-built Algerian Railways Garratt holds the world speed record for an articulated locomotive at . Garratts operating at higher speeds had one advantage over the Mallet design on account of the geometry of the design. When swinging around curves, the boiler and cab unit moved inward, reducing the centrifugal force, whereas the Mallet's forward articulated unit moved out as the locomotive rounded curves.

Although at the end of the steam locomotive era, most conventional steam locomotives had reached their maximum in "critical dimensions", the Garratt still had potential for further development, with larger driving wheels, larger boilers, and greater output still achievable.

Disadvantages of the Garratt concept
The major disadvantage of a Garratt (shared with all tank engines) is that the adhesive weight decreases as the water is used from the front tank and coal from the rear bunker. As the weight on the wheels decreases, slipping occurs.

Competitors, look-alikes, and variations on the theme

The Garratt was not alone in the field of articulated locomotives; most notably, articulated locomotives in the United States based on the Mallet design achieved power outputs far exceeding those of Garratts. Away from North America were the Fairlie and Meyer articulated types. Further, similar designs to the Garratt were the Union Garratt, Modified Fairlie, and Golwé. Of these, the closest was the Union Garratt, a type originally prompted by the perceived necessity for a rigid connection between a bunker or tender and a firebox fed by a mechanical stoker. They were, in effect, a hybrid Fairlie and Garratt with the rear bunker attached to the frame instead of being carried on the rear bogie. The class GH and class U Union Garratts of the South African Railways were examples.

Garratt development

The Garratt articulated locomotive concept was developed by Herbert William Garratt, a British locomotive engineer who was granted a patent (no. 12079). At the time, he was the New South Wales Railways' inspecting engineer in London following a career with British colonial railways. Garratt first approached Kitson & Company with his design, but his idea was rejected, perhaps because that company were already committed to the Kitson-Meyer articulated design. He then approached Beyer, Peacock & Company, which were only marginally more interested.

The first Garratts
In 1907, Beyer, Peacock and Company submitted a proposal for a  gauge  Garratt to the New South Wales Government Railways, which was not proceeded with. The following year a design for a  gauge Mallet locomotive was submitted in reply to an enquiry from the Government of Tasmania. The company then proposed a Garratt design based on, but a little heavier than, the design for New South Wales, with capacity to negotiate curves of  radius and 1 in 25 gradients. The proposal was accepted, and two locomotives were built in 1909, which became the K class.

The Tasmanian Railways stipulated two features that were not in Herbert Garratt's original concept. The first was a compound configuration in which two high-pressure cylinders were on the rear engine unit and a pipe led to two larger, low-pressure cylinders on the front engine unit. The second was to have the cylinders facing inwards, which would reduce the distances between both the main steam pipe and the high-pressure cylinders and between the high-pressure and low-pressure cylinders. The latter feature made the locomotive unnecessarily complicated and placed the high-pressure cylinders directly underneath the cab, making it uncomfortably hot for the crew on the rare days when Tasmania's West Coast Range was warm. Only one more Garratt locomotive was produced with compound propulsion (by Beyer, Peacock & Co. in 1927 for Burma Railways). The company  built no more Garratts with inward-facing cylinders, but two Garratts operated by the Southern Fuegian tourist railway at Ushuaia in Argentina, largely based on the K class, have that feature.

Early design and construction difficulties involved the steam-tight flexible connections between the boiler unit and the power units. However, Beyer, Peacock's engineers solved them after studying a description of the spherical steam joints used on a Fairlie locomotive.

Darjeeling Himalayan Railway
The third Garratt (another , like the first two) was built in 1910 for the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway and given the class letter "D". The power output was intended to be double that of the line's existing  locomotives, but only a 65% increase in loading was achieved.

First main-line class
In 1911, Beyer, Peacock & Company built six  Garratts for the Western Australian Government Railways. The M class were followed by the Ms class and the Msa class. These locomotives formed the pattern for the Victorian Railways narrow gauge G class and the Australian Portland Cement Garratts.

Final Garratts constructed

Beyer, Peacock built more than a thousand Garratt or Beyer-Garratt locomotives. The final built to a Beyer-Peacock design, in , were eight  gauge South African Railways Class NG G16 locomotives.

Production list
The following list shows known Garratt construction by all manufacturers.

Garratts around the world

Garratts were used in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and South America. No Garratts were used on North American railroads, the most likely explanation being that American rail companies considered the Garratt's coal and water capacities insufficient for their requirements.

Africa

The Garratt was most widely used in Africa: large numbers were in South Africa, Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Algeria, and smaller numbers in Angola, Congo, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Uganda and Zaïre.

Algeria
In Algeria, 29  Garratts, constructed between 1936 and 1941 by the Société Franco-Belge de Matériel de Chemins de Fer at Raismes in Northern France, operated until the Algerian independence war caused their withdrawal in 1951. This class, designated 231-132BT, was streamlined and featured Cossart motion gear, mechanical stokers and  driving wheels, the largest of any Garratt class. On a test in France, one of these achieved a speed of —a record for any Garratt class (and indeed any articulated class).

Angola
All three main railways in Angola used Garratts. The largest user was the  gauge Caminho de Ferro de Benguela. Forty-eight were purchased from Beyer, Peacock between 1926 and 1956. They came in four batches: class 10A (301–306); class 10B (311–324) in 1930; class 10C (331–348) in 1954; and class 10D (361–370).

The second-largest user was the Caminhos de Ferro de Luanda, which bought six  locomotives (501–506) from Beyer, Peacock in 1949, and six more (551–556) from Krupp of Germany in 1954.

The third user was the Caminhos de Ferro de Moçâmedes, who bought six  locomotives (101–106) from Henschel & Son of Germany.

Botswana
Garratts operated on  gauge through trains from South Africa to Rhodesia.

Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda
Kenya and Uganda Railways and Harbours, which operated railways in British East Africa and the Uganda Protectorate from 1929 to 1948, acquired 77 Garratts between the same years. The Tanganyika Railway also acquired 3 in 1928. In 1948, the railways merged to form the East African Railways and Harbours Corporation, commonly known in the railways context as East African Railways, shown by the letters "EAR" on rolling stock.

In addition to the 80 acquired Garratts, East African Railways operated 63 that it purchased new between 1954 and 1956, making a total of 143. More details are in the following table.

The East African Railways  59 class Garratts were the largest and most powerful steam locomotives to run on metre gauge, having a large  grate and a tractive effort of . The 34 oil-fired locomotives remained in regular service until 1980. , the Nairobi Railway Museum held two of them.

Mozambique
 and  Garratts operated in Mozambique, some built as late as 1956.

Rhodesia / Zimbabwe and Zambia

Rhodesia imported 246  gauge Garratts of four different wheel arrangements: s of the 13th, 14th and 14A classes; s of the 15th class, s of the 16th, 16A, and 18th classes; and s of the 20th and 20A classes. Many went to Zambia Railways in 1967 when Rhodesia Railways surrendered the lines in Zambia to its government. Zimbabwe's economic and political situation has extended the life of its Garratts. Five Garratts, including some from the Zimbabwe National Railway Museum, were returned to service in 2004–05 to haul commuter trains.  they were performing shunting duties around the city of Bulawayo.

Sierra Leone
On the Sierra Leone Government Railway, this  gauge system had  Garratts starting in the 1920s and in the middle 1950s purchased 14  Garratts.

South Africa
In 1921, the South African Railways held a comparative trial between three  locomotives: a class 14B 4-8-2 tender engine; a class MH Mallet 2-6-6-2, and a newly arrived class GA Garratt 2-6-0+0-6-2 – the first Garratt of that gauge to enter service in South Africa. The trial was conducted on the line between Durban and Ladysmith, which had gradients as steep as 1 in 30 and curves as tight as  in radius. The Garratt proved the superior locomotive in all regards.

The most powerful of all Garratts irrespective of gauge were the South African Railways' eight  gauge GL class locomotives of 1929–30, which delivered  of tractive effort. They were all out of service by the late 1960s. There was also a proposal for a quadruplex super Garratt locomotive with a 2-6-6-2+2-6-6-2 wheel arrangement for South African Railways, but this was never built.

On the two foot gauge lines in South Africa, several successive classes of Garratts were made, of which the NG G16 became the most powerful steam locomotive ever built for the gauge. Some of these were imported to Wales for the Welsh Highland Railway.

Sudan
Sudan operated at least one  Garratt.

Asia

Myanmar (Burma)
Burma had 43 metre gauge Garratts. Five B class  Garratts went to the Burma Railway Company between 1924 and 1927, with seven more built by Krupp of Germany in 1929. They were followed by 31 locomotives transferred from India for War Department service: ten  locomotives, class GB (ex-Indian class MWGL); twelve  locomotives of class GC (ex-Indian class MWGH); and nine  locomotives of class GD (ex-Indian class MWGX). A class of four  locomotives, the GE class, was built for Burma Railways in 1949, but was diverted to the Assam Railway in India.

Two 0-6-0+0-6-0 2 ft 6in gauge Beyer-Garratts were supplied to the Buthidaung-Maungdaw Tramway which became the Arakan Light Railway. BP works Nos. 5702 & 5703 of 1913 refer.

Ceylon (now Sri Lanka)
Ceylon had 10 Garratts: an H1 class   in 1924, a C1 class   in 1927 and eight more C1 class  gauge s in 1945.

India

India had 83 Garratts. One  gauge  was built for the Indian State in 1925. The  gauge Bengal Nagpur Railway had 32 Garratts: a pair of HSG class  locomotives built in 1925; 16 N class and 10 NM class  locomotives built in 1930–31 and four P class  locomotives built in 1939.

The metre gauge Assam-Bengal Railway had six T class  locomotives built in 1927. They later became the GT class on the Bengal Assam Railway. Three types of Garratt were supplied for war service on the BAR: ten MWGL class  locomotives; twelve MWGH  locomotives; and 18 MWGX class  War Department standard light Garratts. Of these, only nine MWGX stayed in India, with the remainder transferred to Burma. After the war, the four Burma Railways GE class s were diverted to the Assam Railway.

Iran
The Trans-Iranian Railway had four  Garratts (class 86) built in 1936.

Mauritius
Mauritius had three standard gauge  Garratts that were built in 1927.

Nepal
The Nepal Government Railway (NGR) had  Garratt locomotives manufactured by Beyer, Peacock and Company in 1932 and 1947.

Siam (Thailand)

The Royal State Railway of Siam acquired 8 Garratts built by the German company Henschel during 1929–1937 for heavy freight duties in the Pak Chong highland areas. One has been preserved; it is displayed at Kanchanaburi railway station.

Turkey
Turkish State Railways had just one standard gauge  Garratt that was built in 1927.

Australasia

Most states of Australia had sets of Australian Standard Garratt with varying degrees of success during the Second World War and for the decade after.

New South Wales

New South Wales Government Railways introduced the  AD60 Garratt in 1952, built by Beyer, Peacock. The AD60 weighed 265 tonnes, with a 16-tonne axle loading. As delivered, it developed a tractive effort of ), not as powerful as the South African Railways GMA/M  Garratts of 1954, which developed a tractive effort of . Following modifications in 1958 to thirty AD60s, their tractive effort was increased to . These locomotives remained in service until the early 1970s with a replacement "6042" using the boiler cradle of 6043 (The original was scrapped in 1968) the last withdrawn in February 1973. Oberg wrote he witnessed an AD60 clear a dead 1220-tonne double-headed diesel freight (total weight 1450 tonnes) from a 1 in 55 grade without wheel slip. Four AD60's survive today: 6029 (which operates occasionally out of Thirlmere), 6039 (under private ownership at Dorrigo Museum), 6040 (on static display at THNSW, Thirlmere), & 6042 (also owned by the Dorrigo museum but sitting in the middle of a field in Forbes, NSW).

Queensland
Queensland Railways operated 30 Beyer Garratt locomotives. These were mainly based in the Rockhampton area.

South Australia

One of ten Garratts delivered in 1953 to the South Australian Railways – number 409 – is on static display at the National Railway Museum, Port Adelaide, South Australia. The locomotives were ordered in 1951 from Beyer, Peacock & Company, when there was a need for more and bigger motive power to haul the heavy ore trains on the  narrow-gauge line between Broken Hill and Port Pirie. The company subsequently subcontracted the order, with main specifications identical to those of the notable 60th class of the East African Railways, to Société Franco-Belge, its European associate based in Raismes.

By 1955, the 400 class had taken over most of the working of the Broken Hill line. They operated as oil-burners, with provision for a mechanical stoker to be installed if converted to burn coal. They were also designed to be easily converted for service on either the broad or standard gauge. They were superseded by diesel power in 1963.

Tasmania
Following the success of the K class Garratts on the North East Dundas Tramway, the Tasmanian Government Railways imported Beyer, Peacock Garratts for their main lines, in particular the  M class for express passenger work. These were the only eight-cylinder Garratts. The M1 achieved a world speed record of  on 30 November 1912. Their 5-foot (1.5 m) diameter driving wheels were at the time the largest on any narrow-gauge locomotive in Australia. Their eight cylinders proved a nightmare to maintain, and after several fatal and disastrous derailments in the late 1920s, mainly due to inadequate trackwork, they were withdrawn and scrapped.

Victoria
Victorian Railways operated two Beyer Garratts, used on the Crowes and Walhalla narrow-gauge railway lines. The two engines were classified as G class, numbered G41 and G42; the latter engine has been restored. It is currently in use at the Puffing Billy Railway near Melbourne. It was not used in public service on that line prior to the preservation era. Fyansford Cement Works operated a 3'6" gauge line, with an ASG (G33) and 2 Garratts (No.1 and No.2) similar in design to the WAGR Ms class, although these 2 were not designated any class of their own. No.1 was scrapped but No.2 and G33 are preserved at the Bellarine Railway, with G33 currently undergoing restoration work.

New Zealand

Beyer, Peacock built three  NZR G class locomotives in 1928, which were too powerful for the system and had complicated valve mechanisms. Unusually, these engines had three cylinders () each, on two sets of engine frames, thus creating a six-cylinder Garratt; they were the second and final Garratts to employ this arrangement, the other being the one-off LNER U1. They entered service in 1929. Walschaerts valve gear operated the outside cylinders with the inner third cylinder linked by a Gresley conjugated valve gear. Photos verify the coal bunker was carried on an extension to the boiler frame rather than on the rear engine frame, as with most Garratts. The engines delivered  of tractive effort, which was too powerful for the drawbars on the rolling stock. After a few years they were rebuilt as six Pacifics, also unsuccessful, but which saw nearly twenty years of service.

Though no NZR Garratts survived, there are three preserved imported African Garratts in New Zealand. Rhodesia Railways class 15A No. 398 of the Flying 15 Trust, Pakakarakiki, class 14A No. 509 of Mainline Steam Trust Plimmerton (under restoration), and South African Railways GMAM class No. 4083 at Mercer Auckland with the Mainline Steam Trust awaiting restoration. When it first arrived in NZ in the 1990s, it was steamed and ran in their former Parnell Depot yard. See preservation below.

Europe
Garratts were mainly employed in Great Britain, Russia, and Spain, where some five railway companies employed seven classes. These included the 1931 order for Central of Aragon Railway for six  "Double Pacific" Garratts for fast passenger service. In addition a Dutch and a Belgian tramway also operated one or more engines based on and built to the Garratt design.

Netherlands
In 1931, the Dutch Limburgsche Tramweg Maatschappij (LTM) 'Limburg tramway company' ordered a single standard gauge Garratt, numbered LTM 51, from Henschel (Germany) with builder's number 22063. This design was slightly different in that the coal bunker was located on the boiler frame and both machines only holding the watertanks. More importantly, it was the only Garratt with inside cylinders. The wheel arrangement was C+C (). Due to abandonment of the line in 1938, the locomotive was sold to a metal merchant, who in turn sold it to an engineers' bureau, that sold it in 1941 to Germany. Further whereabouts of this machine are unknown, but it is presumed scrapped.

Spain
Spain had a varied collection of Garratts from most builders; Beyer, Peacock themselves only building a pair of  s for Rio Tinto in 1929. The first Garratts in Spain, however, were four metre gauge s built for the Ferrocarriles Catalanes in 1922 by Sociéte Anonyme St. Leonard of Liége, Belgium. Four more followed in 1925. Also on the metre gauge, the Ferrocarril de la Robla bought two pairs of s, the first from Hanomag of Germany in 1929, the second from Babcock & Wilcox of Bilbao in 1931. The Compania Minera de Sierra Minera also bought a pair of metre-gauge s in 1930.

On the broad gauge, the Central of Aragon Railway bought six s from Babcock & Wilcox and six s from Euskalduna of Bilbao, both in 1931. The last Garratts supplied to Spain were 10 s for Renfe by Babcock & Wilcox in 1960.

United Kingdom

British usage of Garratts was minimal. A single large Garratt (, London and North Eastern Railway Class U1 number 2395/9999/69999) was built in 1925 for banking heavy coal trains on the Woodhead route; 33  Garratts were built for the London, Midland and Scottish Railway between 1927 and 1930, although their undersized axle-boxes made them unreliable and they were withdrawn in the mid-1950s. They were also trialled unsuccessfully on the Lickey Incline between Bromsgrove and Birmingham.

Four standard-gauge Garratt locomotives were supplied by Beyer, Peacock for industrial service in the UK. One survived and is preserved at Bressingham Steam Museum. No. 6841  William Francis was built in 1937 for use at Baddesley Colliery.

On the Welsh Highland Railway, a  narrow-gauge tourist line in Wales, a few imported South African NGG16 Garratts haul the greater part of service trains on the railway.

USSR

Beyer, Peacock constructed the largest steam locomotive built in Europe, a  for the USSR, works order number 1176, in 1932. The locomotive had the Russian classification Ya.01 (Я.01). This massive machine was built to the Russian standard  gauge and a loading gauge height of . It underwent extensive testing and proved to be very able to operate in extremely low temperatures, due to adequate protection of the external plumbing between boiler and engine units. This may have been the lowest temperature operation of a Garratt type. The locomotive was used for a number of years for coal traffic in the Donbass region, but was never replicated. This decision appears to be a combination of unfamiliar maintenance processes and politics.

North America
No Garratts appeared in North America, although the American Locomotive Company became the sole licensee to build Garratts there. Alco was unable to garner sufficient interest from US railroads to produce even a prototype or demonstrator.  This reluctance was reportedly based on a concern that tractive effort and factor of adhesion would suffer as the weight of water and fuel over the driving wheels diminished.

United States
In 1975, one  Garratt NG class No. 50 formerly of the South African Railways was imported and is used on the private  gauge Hempstead & Northern Railroad in Hempstead, Texas, which also operate another former South African Railways  "Mikado" type No. 18.

South America

Argentina
The British-owned  gauge Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway operated twelve Garratt  oil-fired locomotives, numbers 4851–4862, built by Beyer, Peacock in 1929. They were used on the Bahía Blanca North Western section, particularly on the Toay line), on the main Bahía Blanca North Western line to General Pico, and between Tres Arroyos and Bahía Blanca. They were withdrawn in the 1950s due to the rapid decline in freight traffic caused by the increasing competition from road transport.

Other British-owned railway companies in Argentina operated Garratt locomotives built by Beyer, Peacock:
 Argentine North Eastern Railway ( gauge): seven  locomotives built 1925–1927 and three , built 1930
 Argentine Transandine ( gauge): four , built 1930
 Buenos Aires and Pacific Railway ( gauge): four , built 1929–1930
 Buenos Aires Midland Railway ( gauge): two , 1930
 Cordoba Central Railway ( gauge) : ten , built 1929
 Entre Rios Railway ( gauge): five  and five , built 1927

The Southern Fuegian Railway at Ushuaia uses two  gauge Garratts to haul tourist trains.

Bolivia
Three meter gauge  were delivered to the Antofagasta and Bolivia Railway in 1929, followed by six more in 1950.

Brazil
In Brazil after 1927, the São Paulo Railway operated broad-gauge  Garratts that ran passenger trains at 70 mph.

Colombia
In Colombia, one  gauge  Garratt was purchased by the FC Pacifico in 1924 and two more by the La Dorada in 1937.

Peru
Four  standard gauge Garratts were delivered to the Central Railway of Peru from 1929 to 1931. (Donald Binns, The Central Railway of Peru and The Cerro de Pasco Railway, 1996)

War locomotives
During World War II, several Garratt designs were built to meet the wartime needs of narrow-gauge railways in Africa, Asia, and Australia.

Six  Garratts were built for the  gauge Sierra Leone Government Railway in 1942, to a design first supplied to that railway in 1926. Five of the older Garratts were converted to a  wheel arrangement to increase their tractive effort.

Seventy Garratts were constructed by Beyer, Peacock for the War Department, to three standard designs.  A  based on the South African Railways GE class was constructed on  gauge for West Africa and Rhodesia, while a heavier class of  was constructed for East African Railways. A lighter metre-gauge  was constructed for India, Burma, and East Africa. This design was particularly successful, and was the basis for several postwar classes.

The Australian Standard Garratt  was designed in 1942, for use on  gauge railways, in the critical period of World War II following the Japanese bombing of Darwin in 1942, and aerial attacks on other northern Australian centres. It was a  locomotive, designed in Australia and constructed by a number of Australian railway workshops. Several design problems with the class emerged, and use of the locomotive encountered resistance from the drivers' union, especially in Queensland. Most were withdrawn at the end of the war, although a number continued to operate successfully in Tasmania.

Preservation

About 250 Garratts may exist today. However, many are dumped in varying states of disrepair in remoter parts of the world, and the number that may be likely to survive has been estimated as fewer than 100. , about 15 operating Garratt locomotives can be found in Europe, Africa, Argentina, the US and Australia.

The first Garratt locomotive, the K class of the North-East Dundas Tramway, has been preserved. After the line closed in 1929 the locomotives were put up for sale. K1 was purchased by Beyer, Peacock in 1947 for their museum. The preserved locomotive has parts from both original engines.  When Beyer, Peacock ceased trading, the locomotive was sold to the Ffestiniog Railway, who initially proposed to cut it down to meet their loading gauge. For a number of years it was on loan to the National Railway Museum and was exhibited in York. In 1995 it was removed from York to commence restoration in Birmingham. It was returned to Wales in 2000 where restoration was continued at the Ffestiniog Railway workshops at Boston Lodge. It was fitted with a new boiler and restored to full running order on the Welsh Highland Railway by September 2008. The Welsh Highland Railway owns several former South African SAR NGG 16 Class Garratts, and operates both the first (K1) and last (NG/G16 143) Garratts constructed by Beyer, Peacock.. The K1 ten year boiler ticket expired in 2014. Even though the locomotive had worked infrequently, a full boiler overhaul was required to meet UK regulations. The FR/WHR declined to fund this activity, citing lack of revenue generating opportunities for the locomotive and the need to maintain their core fleet of NG/G16 locomotives. Finally, in 2019 it was decided to move the locomotive to the Statfold Barn Railway in Central England on a ten year loan with two boiler overhauls in the agreement. The first boiler overhaul was quickly completed along with other work at a cost of 60,000 GBP and the locomotive seen in steam at Statfold in February 2020.

In Spain, a  number 282F-0421, nicknamed "Garrafeta",  occasionally ran in the Lleida area but no longer. An enormous , number 462F-0401, is under slow cosmetic restoration. Both locomotives are managed by ARMF, a non-profit organisation which also holds the only main line repair workshop for historical railway vehicles on broad gauge network.

A single Hanomag-built narrow gauge example exists in the USA located in Hempstead Texas. It has been made operational again since November 2015.

Several Australian Garratts have been restored to operating condition. G 42, formerly used on the narrow gauge lines of the Victorian Railways, works regularly on the Puffing Billy Railway in the Dandenong Ranges outside Melbourne. The Puffing Billy Railway is also rebuilding ex SAR NG/G16 129 which entered service in late 2019. The Queensland Railways removed 1009, its sole remaining  gauge  Garratt, from an open-air museum and fully restored it to working order. It was out of service by December 2007, awaiting a new boiler. NSWGR AD60 6029 was restored to operating condition in Canberra. As of 2018, 6029 is privately owned and is stored at Thirlmere, NSW. It is occasionally used by the NSW Rail Museum on mainline excursions. 3'6" Garratts No.2 and G33 from Fyansford Cement Works are both preserved with the Bellarine Railway, with G33 undergoing restoration work and No.2 in storage.

In Kenya, East African Railways 59 class 5918 was maintained in operating condition from 2001 to 2011. Likewise in Zimbabwe 20th class 730 and 740 were held in operating condition until 2004. They have not run since 2004 when 730 was briefly used on Bulawayo commuter services. None are likely to operate again without external funding for major repairs as the only work available for them are excursion trains for foreign tourists and rail enthusiasts.

No New Zealand Railways G class Garratts survived, but three more modern Southern African Garratts have been imported for restoration in New Zealand, with No.509's boiler certified and restoration nearing completion as of 2018.

Beyer Peacock No.7340 of 1950 Rhodesia Railways class 15A No.398 The Flying Fifteen Group, Steam Incorporated Paekākāriki (stored).
Beyer Peacock No.7582 of 1953 Rhodesia Railways class 14A No.509. Mainline Steam Heritage Trust, Plimmerton  (under restoration).
Beyer Peacock No. 7681 of 1956 South African Railways GMAM class No.4083 Mainline Steam Heritage Trust, Mercer (stored).

In December 2007, Zimbabwe class 14A Garratt number 509, overhauled in Bulawayo was offloaded in New Zealand for operational preservation by the Mainline Steam trust. In early 2011 Zimbabwe 15th class 398 was also delivered to New Zealand for restoration to operating condition by Steam Inc.

As of December 2020 there is only one place in the World where one can with reasonable confidence view a Garratt in daily operating service. Ushuaia, Argentina whilst Dinas in North Wales offers the sight of daily operation for about 10 months of the year.

In September 2018, South Eastern Zone of Indian Railways made a successful trial run of a Beyer-Garratt numbered 811 from Kharagpur. A heritage service is planned and scheduled to start from the upcoming festival season.

In fiction
In the movie Big World! Big Adventures! of the television program, Thomas & Friends, an EAR 59 class Garratt, named Kwaku, was introduced.

See also
2 ft gauge railways in South Africa

Notes

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

Steam locomotive types

Garratt locomotive


O Morane-Saulnier AC, também conhecido como Morane-Saulnier Tipo AC ou ainda MoS 23, foi um avião de caça francês da década de 1910.

Desenvolvimento
O Tipo AC foi concebido em meados de 1916, sendo derivado do Tipo N através do "Tipo U" não construído. O Tipo AC diferia das aeronaves Morane-Saulnier monoposto anteriores, pois tinha ailerons para controle lateral em vez de deformação da asa, devido a sua asa rígida, com uma treliça de tubos de aço suportando as asas por baixo. Ele apareceu no outono daquele ano e foi considerado aerodinamicamente "limpo".

Histórico operacional
O primeiro vôo do Tipo AC não foi registrado, mas supõe-se que foi no final do verão de 1916. Após os testes iniciais, trinta aeronaves foram encomendadas para a "Armée de l'Air". Apesar de design avançado e bom desempenho, o Tipo AC foi considerado inferior ao SPAD S.VII e por isso não foi adotado em quantidade. Dois exemplares foram fornecidos ao "Royal Flying Corps" para avaliação.

Operadores

Militares

Armée de l'Air

Royal Flying Corps

Bibliografia

Ligações externas

Aeronaves da Morane-Saulnier
Aviões produzidos na França
Aviões militares de caça
Aviões militares a pistão
Aviões monomotor
Aviões monoplanos

Morane-Saulnier AC


Lamrim (Tibetano: Etapas del camino) es una exposición metódica en el budismo tibetano de la doctrina y la praxis para alcanzar la iluminación (Budeidad). Tiene su origen en el poema del  Una lámpara en el camino de la Iluminación, del erudito maestro bengalí Atisha.

Historia
Cuando Atisha fue llamado al Tïbet compuso una obra en verso que exponía de forma sintética el camino para obtener la iluminación. A partir de este texto, se fueron elaborando versiones más detalladas y comentarios. Esta actividad culminó en el  con el Lam Rim Chen Mo (tibetano: Versión extensa de las etapas del camino) de Tsongkhapa, el fundador de la escuela Gelug.
Hasta el , estas enseñanzas no salieron del ámbito monástico. Tras el exilio provocado por la invasión china de Tíbet, el Lamrim ha conocido una notable divulgación. La versión más conocida es la La liberación en la palma de tu mano del maestro Pabongka Rinpoche, basada en un curso que impartió en 1921. Existen adaptaciones para los lectores occidentales, como la de la estadounidense Thubten Chodron.

Contenido
Los textos de Lamrim pueden organizarse de formas diversas, pero incluyen contenidos parecidos. La sección preliminar incluye instrucciones sobre el modo de recibir las enseñanzas, una descripción de como el texto determinado proviene de Atisha y Tsongkhapa y una serie de rituales que el discípulo debe seguir para obtener provecho de la meditación sobre las distintas secciones.

El Lamrim contempla tres tipos de practicantes: los de intención inferior que buscan un renacimiento mejor en vidas futuras, los de intención media, que aspiran a conseguir el nirvana y los de intención superior que buscan la liberación de todos los seres mediante la práctica de la Bodhicitta.

 La persona inferior debe centrarse en la contemplación del precioso nacimiento humano, así como en la contemplación de la muerte y la impermanencia.
 A la persona mediana se le enseña a contemplar el karma, el dukkha (sufrimiento) y los beneficios de la liberación y el refugio.
 Se dice que el alcance superior abarca los cuatro Brahmaviharas, el voto del bodhisattva, los seis paramitas y las prácticas tántricas.

Referencias

Véase también

Budismo tibetano

Lamrim


Aceratium, biljni rod iz porodice Elaeocarpaceae kojemu pripada dvadeset vrsta velikih grmova i drveća koja rastu po kišnim šumama Malezije i Australazije

Neke vrste se uzgajaju zbog jestivih plodova, kao A. oppositifolium, na otoku Java.

Vrste

 Aceratium archboldianum A.C.Sm.
 Aceratium brassii A.C.Sm.
 Aceratium calomala Blanco
 Aceratium concinnum (S.Moore) C.T.White
 Aceratium dasyphyllum A.C.Sm.
 Aceratium doggrellii C.T.White
 Aceratium ferrugineum C.T.White
 Aceratium hypoleucum Kaneh. & Hatus.
 Aceratium ledermannii Schltr.
 Aceratium megalospermum (F.Muell.) Balgooy
 Aceratium muellerianum Schltr.
 Aceratium oppositifolium DC.
 Aceratium pachypetalum Schltr.
 Aceratium parvifolium Schltr.
 Aceratium pittosporoides Schltr.
 Aceratium sericeum A.C.Sm.
 Aceratium sericoleopsis Balgooy
 Aceratium sinuatum Coode
 Aceratium sphaerocarpum Kaneh. & Hatus.
 Aceratium tomentosum Coode

Izvori

Ceceljolike

Aceratium


لادسلاو الأول المعروف بالشهم (نابولي، 15 فبراير 1376 - نابولي، 6 أغسطس 1414) ملك نابولي والحائز على ألقاب ملك بيت المقدس وملك صقلية ، وكونت بروفنسا وفوركالييه (1386-1414) ، ولقب ملك المجر من سنة 1390 حتى 1414. وأمير تارانتو منذ عام 1406. كان آخر الذكور من الفرع الرئيسي لسلالة أنجو.

|-
| width="30%" align="center" | سبقه:كارلو الثالث
| width="40%" align="center" | ملك نابولي1386 - 1389
| width="30%" align="center" | تبعه: لويجي الثاني
|-
| width="30%" align="center" | سبقه:لويجي الثاني
| width="40%" align="center" | ملك نابولي1399 - 1414
| width="30%" align="center" | تبعه: جوفانا الثانية
|-
| width="30%" align="center" rowspan="2"| ريموندو ديل بالزو أورسيني
| width="40%" align="center" | أمير تارانتو1406 - 1414
| width="30%" align="center" | جاك الثاني بوربون
|-
| width="40%" align="center" | كونت ليتشي1406 - 1414
| width="30%" align="center" | ماري من انغيان

مراجع

مطالبون بالعرش المجري
آل أنجو الكابيتيون
أشخاص حرموا كنسيا من قبل الكنيسة الرومانية الكاثوليكية
أمراء تارانتو
حكام أطفال في العصور الوسطى
ملكيون من نابولي
ملوك ألبانيا
ملوك كاثوليك
ملوك نابولي
مواليد 1377
مواليد في نابولي
وفيات 1414
وفيات في نابولي
ملكيون من نابولي القرن 14
ملكيون من نابولي القرن 15

لادسلاو الأول ملك نابولي


Olaylar
 1538 - Osmanlı Donanması ile Haçlı Donanması arasındaki Preveze Deniz Muharebesi, Osmanlı galibiyetiyle sonuçlandı.
 1730 - Lâle Devri'ni sona erdiren Patrona Halil İsyanı başladı.
 1864 - Uluslararası Emekçiler Birliği (Birinci Enternasyonal) Londra'da kuruldu.
 1889 - Metrik sistemin temel birimleri olan kilogram ve metre, Fransa'da düzenlenen I. Ağırlıklar ve Ölçümler Genel Konferansı'nda tanımlandı.
 1920 - Kâzım Karabekir komutasındaki Türk Ordusu (15. Kolordu), Doğu Harekatı'nı başlatarak taarruza geçti.
 1928 - Alexander Fleming, Penicillium Notatum isimli bir küfün antibiyotik özellikler taşıdığını keşfetti ve Penisilini buldu.
 1937 - Anayasanın değiştirileceğini iddia eden Tan gazetesi Bakanlar Kurulu tarafından 10 günlüğüne kapatıldı.
 1937 - Mussolini ve Hitler, Berlin Olimpiyat Stadyumu'nda bir milyonu aşkın insanın katıldığı bir gösteride, birlikte konuşarak gövde gösterisi yaptı.
 1939 - Nazi Almanyası ve SSCB, işgal ettikleri Polonya'yı paylaştıklarını içeren bir protokol imzaladı.
 1954 - Türk Migros İstanbul'da hizmete başladı.
 1961 - Cemal Abdünnasır önderliğinde Mısır ile Suriye'nin birleşmesiyle oluşan Birleşik Arap Cumhuriyeti, Suriye'deki askeri darbenin ardından sona erdi.
 1965 - İstanbul Kız Kulesi, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Millî Savunma Bakanlığı'na devredildi.
 1978 - Sosyalist Enternasyonal, CHP'nin üyelik başvurusunu kabul etti.
 1978 - Sovyetler Birliği, Kuzey Kutbu'nda nükleer denemeler yaptığını ilk kez açıkladı.
 1982 - Halk arasında "Banker Kastelli" olarak anılan Abidin Cevher Özden, Tunus'ta yakalandıktan sonra Türkiye'ye getirilerek tutuklandı.
 1986 - Boşalan 11 Milletvekilliği için ara seçim yapıldı.
 1992 - Avrupa Birliği kuruldu.
 1994 - Modern deniz tarihinin en büyük kazası yaşandı. M/S Estonia feribotu Baltık Denizi'nde battı; 852 kişi öldü.
 1995 - Filistin Kurtuluş Örgütü (FKÖ) lideri Yaser Arafat ile İsrail Başbakanı İzak Rabin, Batı Şeria'nın Filistin Yönetimi'ne devri konusunda anlaştılar.
 2003 - Türkiye kadın millî voleybol takımı, tarihinde ilk kez Avrupa ikincisi oldu.
 2018 - Endonezya'nın Sulawesi Adası'ndaki Palu Körfezi'nde, 7,5 Mw şiddetinde deprem meydana geldi: 4.340 kişi öldü.

Doğumlar
 MÖ 551 - Konfüçyüs, Çinli filozof (ö. MÖ 479)
 616 - Cavanşir, Varaz Grigor'un ikinci oğlu olan ve 638-681 yılları arasında hüküm süren Kafkas Albanyası hükümdar (ö. 681)
 1681 - Johann Mattheson, Alman besteci (ö. 1764)
 1803 - Prosper Merimee, Fransız romancı (ö. 1870)
 1819 - Aimé Millet, Fransız heykeltıraş (ö. 1891)
 1823 - Alexandre Cabanel, Fransız ressam (ö. 1889)
 1841 - Georges Clemenceau, Fransız gazeteci, doktor, siyasetçi ve Fransa Başbakanı (ö. 1929)
 1852 - Henri Moissan, Fransız kimyacı ve Nobel Kimya Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1907)
 1867 - Hiranuma Kiichirō, Japon millî sağ siyasetçi (ö. 1952)
 1887 - Avery Brundage, Amerikalı atlet (ö. 1975)
 1898 - Carl Clauberg, Nazi Almanyası'nda tıp doktoru (Toplama kamplarında insanları kobay olarak kullanan) (ö. 1957)
 1905 - Max Schmeling, Alman boksör ve Dünya ağır sıklet şampiyonu (ö. 2005)
 1919 - İsmail Erez, Türk diplomat ve Türkiye'nin Paris Büyükelçisi (ö. 1975)
 1924
Giuseppe Chiappella, İtalyan futbolcu (ö. 2009)
Lale Oraloğlu, Türk tiyatro sanatçısı (ö. 2007)
Marcello Mastroianni, İtalyan oyuncu (ö. 1996)
 1930 - Immanuel Wallerstein, Amerikalı sosyolog (ö. 2019)
 1932 - Víctor Jara, Şilili sanatçı (ö. 1973)
 1933 - Miguel Berrocal, İspanyol ressam ve heykeltıraş (ö. 2006)
 1934 - Brigitte Bardot, Fransız oyuncu
 1935 - Heather Sears, İngiliz tiyatro ve sinema oyuncusu
 1936 - Martin Bernheimer, Alman-Amerikalı gazeteci ve müzik eleştirmeni
 1937 - Rod Roddy, Amerikalı televizyon ve radyo sunucusu
 1939 - Sven Hirdman, İsveçli diplomat
 1947 - Şeyh Hasina Vecid, Bangladeşli siyasetçi
 1950
Levent Kırca, Türk komedyen (ö. 2015)
Christina Hoff Sommers, Amerikalı araştırmacı-yazar
 1952
Seyyal Taner, Türk şarkıcı ve oyuncu
Sylvie Kristel, Hollandalı sinema sanatçısı ve model (ö. 2012)
 1953 - İbrahim Hasgür, Türk avukat, akademisyen, siyasetçi
 1954
George Lynch, Amerikalı müzisyen
Margot Wallström, İsveçli siyasetçi ve bakan
 1955 - Stéphane Dion, Kanadalı siyasetçi ve bakan
 1956
Ceyhun Güray, Türk eski millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör
Manfred Curbach, Alman İnşaat Mühendisi ve Öğretim Üyesi
 1957 - Ayşegül Aldinç, Türk şarkıcı ve oyuncu
 1960
Jennifer Rush, Amerikalı şarkıcı
Stéphane Romatet, Fransız büyükelçi
 1961 - Lenita Toivakka, Finlandiyalı bir politikacı ve Ulusal Koalisyon Partisi üyesi
 1962 - Harm van Veldhoven, Hollandalı eski futbolcu
 1963 - Érik Comas, Eski Fransız Formula 1, Formula 3000, Formula Rippon ve Super GT yarışçısı
 1964
Claudio Borghi, Arjantinli millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör
Paul Jewell, İngiliz futbolcu, antrenör ve teknik direktör
 1965 - Ginger Fish, Amerikalı müzisyen
 1966 - Maria Canals Barrera, Amerikalı ve Küba kökenli oyuncu
 1967 - Mira Sorvino, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1968
Mika Häkkinen, Fin yarış otomobili sürücüsü
Naomi Watts, İngiliz oyuncu
 1969 - Piper Kerman, Amerikalı anı yazarı
 1970
Kimiko Date, Japon profesyonel tenis oyuncusu
Miraç Eronat, Türk tiyatro, sinema, dizi oyuncusu ve seslendirme sanatçısı
 1971
Cenk Durmazel, Türk komedyen ve Malt ve Badluck grubunun solisti
Alan Wright, İngiliz eski futbolcu
 1972 - Dita Von Teese, Amerikalı burlesk dansçı, manken, oyuncu ve modacı
 1974 - Muhammed el-Cihani, Suudi millî futbolcu
 1975 - Valérien Ismaël, Fransız teknik direktör ve eski futbolcu
 1976 - Fedor Emelianenko, Rus dövüşçü
 1977 - Young Jeezy, Amerikalı rapçi ve söz yazarı
 1978 - Nicole McKibbin, Amerikalı rock şarkıcısı ve söz yazarı
 1979 - Bam Margera, Amerikalı aktör ve kaykaycı
 1981
Willy Caballero, Arjantinli futbolcu
Nihan Büyükağaç, Türk oyuncu
José Calderón, İspanyol profesyonel basketbolcu
Gül Gölge, Türk TV sunucusu, manken ve oyuncu
Jorge Guague, Ekvadorlu millî futbolcu
 1982
Aleksandr Anyukov, Rus futbolcu
Emeka Okafor, Amerikalı basketbolcu
Anderson Varejão, Brezilyalı profesyonel basketbolcu
 1983
Vincent Simon, Tahitili futbolcu
İsmail Altunsaban, Almanya doğumlu Türk futbolcu
 1984
Melody Thornton, Amerikalı şarkıcı, söz yazarı ve dansçı
Mathieu Valbuena, Fransız futbolcu
 1985
Nicolás Abot, Arjantinli futbolcu
Luke Chambers, İngiliz defans oyuncusu
 1986
Andrés Guardado, Meksikalı futbolcu
Engin Öztürk, Türk oyuncu
Javi Poves, İspanyol futbolcu
 1987 - Hilary Duff, Amerikalı aktris, şarkıcı ve yazar
 1988
Marin Čilić, Hırvat profesyonel tenisçi
Esmée Denters, Hollandalı şarkıcı ve şarkı sözü yazarı
 1989
Çağla Büyükakçay, Türk millî tenisçi
Marcus Gross, Alman kanocu
 1990
İbrahim Galib, Suudi futbolcu
Ekrem Engin, Türk futbolcu
 1991
Jang Hyun-soo, Güney Koreli futbolcu
Yuto Ono, Japon futbolcu
Mayra Dias, Brezilyalı manken
Furkan Alakmak, Türk futbolcu
 1992 - Gizem Başaran, Türk kadın basketbolcu
 1993 - Stelios Kiçiu, Yunan millî futbolcu
 1994
 Onurcan Piri, Giresunspor futbolcusu
 Simon Hald Jensen, Danimarkalı hentbolcu
Akihisa Okada, Japon futbolcu
Xavier Arreaga, Ekvatorlu futbolcu
Trevor Daniel, Amerikalı şarkıcı ve söz yazarı
 1996 - Junto Taguchi, Japon futbolcu
 1997 - Fatih Arda İpcioğlu, Türk kayakla atlamacı
 1998 - Alessandro Covi, İtalyan bisikletçi
 1999 - Alimardon Şukurov, Kırgız milli futbolcu
 2000 - Frankie Jonas, Amerikalı oyuncu

Ölümler
 1197 - VI. Heinrich, Almanya Kralı (d. 1165)
 1555 - Kara Ahmed Paşa, Osmanlı Sadrazamı (Kanuni dönemi) (d. ?)
 1574 - II. Guidobaldo della Rovere, İtalyan soylusu (d. 1514)
 1859 - Carl Ritter, Alman tarihçi, filozof ve coğrafyacı (d. 1779)
 1888 - François Achille Bazaine, Fransız mareşal (d. 1811)
 1891 - Herman Melville, Amerikalı şair ve yazar (d. 1819)
 1895 - Louis Pasteur, Fransız kimya ve biyoloji bilgini (d. 1822)
 1914 - Stevan Stojanović Mokranjac, Sırp bestekâr, müzik eğitmeni, orkestra şefi, koleksiyoncu ve yazar (d. 1856)
 1918 - Georg Simmel, Alman sosyolog ve filozof (d. 1858)
 1935 - William Kennedy Dickson, Thomas Edison'un istihdamında, ilk sinema filmi kamerasını icat eden İskoç mucit (ö. 1860)
 1953 - Edwin Hubble, Amerikalı astronom (d. 1889)
 1956 - William Boeing, Boeing şirketinin kurucusu Amerikalı iş insanı (d. 1881)
 1964 - Harpo Marx (Marx Kardeşler'in ikincisi), Amerikalı oyuncu ve komedyen (d. 1888)
 1964 - Henri Grégoire, Belçikalı tarihçi (d. 1881)
 1966 - Andre Breton, Fransız yazar ve şair (d. 1896)
 1970 - Cemal Abdünnasır, Mısırlı asker, devlet adamı ve sosyalist lider (Mısır'ın 2. Cumhurbaşkanı) (d. 1918)
 1970 - John Dos Passos, Amerikalı yazar (d. 1896)
 1978 - I. Ioannes Paulus, Katolik Kilisesi'nin 263. Papası (33 günle dönemi en kısa 10 papadan biri) (d. 1912)
 1979 - Cevat Yurdakul, Türk polis ve Adana Emniyet Müdürü (suikast sonucu) (d. 1942)
 1981 - Rómulo Betancourt, Venezuelalı siyasetçi (d. 1908)
 1984 - Cihat Baban, Türk siyasetçi, gazeteci ve yazar (d. 1911)
 1987 - Sevim Deran, Türk ses sanatçısı (d. 1935)
 1989 - Ferdinand Marcos, Filipinler Devlet Başkanı (d. 1917)
 1990 - Larry O'Brien, 1975-1984 yılları arası NBA'in patronluğunu yapmıştır (d. 1917)
 1991 - Miles Davis, Amerikalı müzisyen (d. 1926)
 1993 - Tevfik Akdağ, Türk şair (d. 1932)
 1994 - Harry Saltzman, Amerikalı film yapımcısı (d. 1915)
 2000 - Pierre Trudeau, Kanadalı hukukçu, gazeteci ve Kanada'nın 15. Başbakanı (d. 1919)
 2003 - Elia Kazan, Rum asıllı Amerikalı yönetmen, yazar ve En İyi Yönetmen Akademi Ödülü sahibi (d. 1909)
 2010 - Ali Ecder Akışık, Türk tiyatro, sinema oyuncusu ve seslendirme sanatçısı (d. 1938)
 2010 - Arthur Penn, Amerikalı yönetmen (d. 1922)
 2013 - Turgut Özakman, Türk bürokrat, yazar ve avukat (d. 1930)
 2014 - Talip Apaydın, Türk yazar (Köy enstitüsü mezunu) (d. 1926)
 2015 - Catherine Coulson, Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1943)
 2015 - Ignacio Zoco, İspanyol eski millî futbolcu (d. 1939)
 2016 - Ann Emery, İngiliz aktris (d. 1930)
 2016 - Larkin Malloy, Amerikalı dizi oyuncusu, spiker, seslendirme sanatçısı ve oyunculuk eğitmeni (d. 1954)
 2016 - Agnes Nixon, Amerikalı aktris, yazar, senarist ve yapımcı (d. 1922)
 2016 - Şimon Peres, İsrailli siyasetçi ve Nobel Barış Ödülü sahibi (d. 1923)
 2017 - Marietta Marich, Amerikalı oyuncu, şarkıcı, yazar, tiyatro yönetmeni ve televizyon sunucusu (d. 1930)
 2017 - Daniel Pe'er, İsrailli sunucu ve haber spikeri (d. 1943)
 2017 - Jürgen Roth, Alman araştırmacı gazeteci ve yazar (d. 1945)
 2017 - Andreas Schmidt, Alman oyuncu ve tiyatro yönetmeni (d. 1963)
 2017 - Benjamin Whitrow, İngiliz komedyen, oyuncu ve seslendirme sanatçısı (d. 1937)
 2018 - Tamaz Çiladze, Gürcü yazar, şair ve oyun yazarı (d. 1931)
 2018 - Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini, Esvatinili siyasetçi (d. 1942)
 2018 - Joe Masteroff, Amerikalı oyun yazarı (d. 1919)
 2019 - José Aldunate, Şilili cizvit papaz, eğitimci ve insan hakları aktivisti (d. 1917)
 2019 - Alexander Davion, Fransız-İngiliz oyuncu (d. 1929)
 2019 - José José, Meksikalı şarkıcı, müzisyen ve aktör (d. 1948)
 2020 - Rubén Anguiano, Meksikalı eski millî futbolcu (d. 1955)
 2022 - Coolio, Amerikalı Grammy Ödülü sahibi rapçi ve oyuncu (d. 1963)
 2023 - Michael Gambon, İrlandalı sinema ve tiyatro oyuncusu (d. 1940)

Tatiller ve özel günler

 Fırtına: Kestane Karası Fırtınası
 Dünya Kuduz Günü

Kaynakça

0928
28

28 Eylül


A Fita Vermelha (direção de Nestor Luiz) é o curta-metragem vencedor do Ibero Challenge 2021 (48 Hour Film Project), competição internacional de cinema. Foi exibido no Filmapallooza e no Festival de Cannes em 2022, na categoria "Best of 48h", Short Film Corner. O roteiro foi escrito por Nick Farewell.

O filme foi feito em 48 horas desde a sua concepção, roteiro, preparação de atores, arte, fotografia, gravação, montagem e colorização. A história fala da ex-bailarina Helga, interpretada por Gabriela Magnani, e a procura por si mesma na ilha da magia a partir do encontro com uma mulher misteriosa, interpretada por Talita Coling.

O filme também ganhou, no Ibero Challenge, as categorias Melhor Elenco, Melhor Produção, Melhor Direção, Melhor Figurino, Melhor Roteiro, Melhor Fotografia e Melhor Edição.

Curtas-metragens

A Fita Vermelha


පතහ පොකුණ යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ උඩුගම්පල පිහිටි ස්නානය පිණිස භාවිත කල පැරණි පොකුණක් වේ. එය උඩුගම්පල වටරවුම මංසන්ධියේ සිට කිලෝමීටර භාගයක් පමණ දුරින් සහ පුරාණ විහාරයක් වූ උත්තරාරාම රජ මහා විහාරයට ආසන්නව පිහිටා තිබේ. ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පුරාවිද්‍යා ආරක්‍ෂිත ස්මාරකයක් ලෙස වර්තමානයේදී මෙම පැරණි පොකුණ, රජය විසින් නම් කොට තිබෙන අතර නාමකරණය 2005 වර්ෂයේ ජූලි 8වන දිනදී රජයේ ගැසට් අංක 1401 යටතේ සිදුකොට තිබේ.

ඉතිහාසය
රාජාවලිය සහ අලකේෂ්වර යුද්ධය වැනි ඉතිහාසමය ග්‍රන්ථයන්හී දැක්වෙන තොරතුරු අනූව, උඩුගම්පල සහ එහි අවට ප්‍රදේශය කෝට්ටේ රාජධානි සමයේදී උප රාජධානියක් ලෙස පාලනය වී ඇත. අටවන පරාක්‍රමබාහු රජුගේ පුතුන් තිදෙනාගෙන් වැඩිමහල් පුත්‍රයා වූ නවවන පරාක්‍රමබාහු රජ කෝට්ටේ රාජධානිය පාලනය කල අතරවාරයේ, ඔහුගේ සහෝදරයෙකු වූ සකල කලා වල්ලභ ප්‍රාදේශීය උපරාජයෙකු වශයෙන් උඩුගම්පල ප්‍රදේශය පාලනය කොට ඇත. ප්‍රදේශයෙහි හමුව ඇති පුරාවිද්‍යා සාධක අනූව වර්තමානයෙහි උඩුගම්පල උත්තරාරාම පුරාණ විහාරය පිහිටා තිබෙන මාළිගාගොඩැල්ල යනුවෙන් හඳුන්වන ස්ථානය, සකල කලා වල්ලභ රජුගේ මාළිගාව පිහිටි ස්ථානය ලෙස හඳුනාගෙන තිබෙන අතර ඊට ආසන්නව පිහිටි පතහ රජු දිය නෑම පිණිස භාවිත කල පොකුණ ලෙස සැලකෙයි.

ජනප්‍රවාද

සකල කලා වල්ලභ රජු කොට්ටේ සමයේ අතිදක්ෂ රණකාමියෙකු ලෙස හදුනාගැනේ. ප්‍රාදේශීය වැසියා අතර ජනප්‍රිය රජෙකු වීම හේතුවෙන් සකල කලා වල්ලභ රජුගේ රාජ්‍ය සමය සහ රාජ්‍ය සංක්‍රාන්තිය ඉතා දිගුවිය. මෙය නොරිස්සූ ඔහුගේ පුතුන් හත්දෙනාගෙන් දෙදෙනකු වූ, කලු කුමාර බණ්ඩාර සහ වීරමුණ්ඩ යන දෙදෙනා පිය රජු මැරවීම උදෙසා උපාය සකස් කොට ලෝහමය තුඩු සහිත දැවමය උල් ප්‍රමාණයක් රජු ස්නානය කිරීමට පුරුදුව සිටි පතහ පොකුණෙහි ජලය තුල සවිකරන ලදී. කෙසේනමුදු රජු ස්නානය කිරීමට පැමිණි අවස්ථාවෙහි, ජලයට පැනීමට පෙරාතුව ඉගිලෙන කෘමියෙකු ජල මතුපිටෙහි වසා සිටිනු දැක ඒ සම්බන්ධව සැක සිතී සොයාබලන ලදී. මෙම කුමන්ත්‍රණය සමබන්ධ කරුණු අවබෝධ කර ගත් රජු සිය පුතුන් මැරීමට අණ නිකුත් කරන ලදී. මෙම අවස්ථාවේදී කලු කුමාර බණ්ඩාර ශ්‍රී පාදය ප්‍රදේශයට පැන ගොස් එහිදී සිය දිවි නසා ගනිමින් "කලු කුමාර" දේවතාවා බවට පත්වූ බැව් ජනප්‍රවාදයෙහි සදහන්ය.

පොකුණ
උඩුගම්පළ පිහිටි පතහ ආසියාවෙහි හමුවන විශාලතම දිය නාන පොකුණක් වශයෙන් සැළකේ. ඉංග්‍රීීසි භාෂාවෙහි "L" අක්ෂරය හැඩයට නිමවා ඇති පොකුණ උඩුගම්පළ රාජධානියට අයත් විශිෂ්ඨ නිර්මාණයක් සේ පිළිගැනේ. වර්ග අඩි 25,805 වපසරියක පැතිර පවතින පොකුණෙහි ඉවුරු බිත්ති කබොක් ගලින් මනාව නිමවා තිබේ. පොකුණෙහි පතුලේ සිට ඉහළට කෙටි පැන්නුම් සහිතව පිටට නෙරා යන අයුරින් තනා ඇති ඉවුරු ඉදිකිරීමට යොදා ඇති කබොක් ගල් දිග පළල අනූව විවිධ ප්‍රමාණයෙන් යුක්තය. පොකුණෙහි දකුණු හා නැගෙනහිර ඉවුරු ආශ්‍රිතව කබොක් ගල් කුට්ටි භාවිතා කොට විධිමත් බැමි ඉදිකර පවතින අතර මීටර 122ක් පමණ උතුරු දකුණු දිශානුගතව විහිදෙන ඉවුර ඉදිකිරීමට කබොක් ගල් භාවිත කොට නොමැත.

මේවාද බලන්න
 කුට්ටම් පොකුණ

මූලාශ්‍ර

ගම්පහ දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පුරාවිද්‍යා ආරක්‍ෂිත ස්මාරක

පතහ පොකුණ


Ljuša (Donji Vakuf, BiH), naseljeno mjesto u općini Donji Vakuf, BiH
 Ljuša (Šipovo, BiH), naseljeno mjesto u općini Šipovo, BiH

Ljuša


La microrregión de Santo Ângelo es una de las microrregiones del estado brasileño del Rio Grande do Sul perteneciente a la mesorregión Noroeste Rio-Grandense. Su población fue estimada en 2008 por el IBGE en 201.798 habitantes y está dividida en dieciséis municipios. Posee un área total de 10.750,721 km².

Municipios
 Bossoroca
 Catuípe
 Dezesseis de Novembro
 Entre-Ijuís
 Eugênio de Castro
 Giruá
 Pirapó
 Rolador
 Santo Ângelo
 Santo Antônio das Missões
 São Luiz Gonzaga
 São Miguel das Missões
 São Nicolau
 Senador Salgado Filho
 Ubiretama
 Vitória das Missões

Microrregiones de Río Grande del Sur

Microrregión de Santo Ângelo


Münchenbuchsee este o localitate în cantonul Berna din Elveția.

Așezare geografică
Münchenbuchsee se află la 10 km nordvest de Berna.

Personalități
Paul Klee (1879-1940), pictor

Localități din Elveția

Münchenbuchsee


The United States service academies, also known as the United States military academies, are federal academies for the undergraduate education and training of commissioned officers for the United States Armed Forces.

There are five U.S. service academies:

 The United States Military Academy (USMA) in West Point, New York, founded in 1802
 The United States Naval Academy (USNA) in Annapolis, Maryland, founded in 1845
 The United States Air Force Academy (USAFA) in Colorado Springs, Colorado, founded in 1954
 The United States Coast Guard Academy (USCGA) in New London, Connecticut, founded in 1876
 The United States Merchant Marine Academy (USMMA) in Kings Point, New York, founded in 1943

Description

Service academies can be used to refer to all of the academies collectively. While they are often referred to as military academies, only the Military Academy, Naval Academy, and Air Force Academy are operated by the Department of Defense. The Coast Guard Academy is operated by the Department of Homeland Security, and the Merchant Marine Academy is operated by the Department of Transportation. Students enrolled at Military Academy, Naval Acacemy, Air Force Academy, and Coast Guard Academy are considered to be on active duty in the United States Armed Forces from the day they enter the Academy, with the rank of cadet or midshipman, and subject to the Uniform Code of Military Justice.  Students enrolled at Merchant Marine Academy serve in the US Navy Reserve, with the rank of midshipman and are only subject to the UCMJ while actively training with the US military on Navy orders.

The Naval Academy and Air Force Academy are noteworthy in that they each serve two different services. The Naval Academy commissions midshipmen into both the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Marine Corps. The Air Force Academy commissions cadets into both the U.S. Air Force and the U.S. Space Force.

In the case of the non–military Merchant Marine Academy, midshipmen may elect to receive an active duty or reserves commission in any branch of the uniformed services, including NOAA and the United States Public Health Service, most are commissioned into the Navy Reserve, Strategic Sealift Officer Force.

Students at the United States Military Academy, the United States Air Force Academy, and the United States Coast Guard Academy are cadets. Students at the United States Naval Academy and the United States Merchant Marine Academy are midshipmen. All cadets and midshipmen receive taxable pay at a rate of 35% of an O-1 under 2 years of service (which can be used to pay for textbooks and uniforms), free room and board, and pay no tuition or fees, with the exception of USMMA who receive taxable pay at US$1,217.10 a month only during their required 300+ days at sea during their 4-year studies.

Nominations
All applicants, except for the United States Coast Guard Academy, are required to obtain a nomination to the academies. Nominations may be made by Congressional Representatives, Senators, the Vice President and the President. Applicants to the Coast Guard Academy compete in a direct nationwide competitive process that has no by-state quotas.

Admissions

The admissions process to the U.S. service academies is an extensive and very competitive process. The U.S. Military Academy at West Point, the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis, and the U.S. Air Force Academy at Colorado Springs all require an applicant to submit an online file and proceed through pre-candidate qualification before an application is provided. The U.S. Merchant Marine Academy at Kings Point, New York requires an applicant to submit part 1 of the 3 part application prior to receiving a nomination.  All these schools have an extremely competitive application process and are ranked annually by U.S. News & World Report and Forbes.com as some of the most selective colleges and universities in America.  The average acceptance rate is between 8-17% for each of the schools.

Duty commitments

Upon graduation and the receipt of a Bachelor of Science degree, the cadets and midshipmen commission as second lieutenants or ensigns and must serve a minimum term of duty, usually five years plus another three years in the reserves. If the student's chosen occupation requires particularly extensive training (such as aviation or special operations), the service commitment may be longer.

At the Merchant Marine Academy, midshipmen repay their service obligations through a variety of methods depending on their selected career path.  On average, about one third of the graduating class each year will actively sail on their Coast Guard license as either Unlimited Third Mates or Third Assistant Engineers in the United States Merchant Marine, about one third will go to work in the civilian maritime industry ashore, and the remaining one third will enter active duty military service.

A Merchant Marine midshipman who enters active duty military service will typically assume a service obligation similar to those of cadets and midshipmen entering the military services from their respective service academies (i.e., a Merchant Marine midshipman entering the U.S. Marine Corps would assume a similar obligation to a midshipman from the Naval Academy entering the Marine Corps).

Merchant Marine midshipmen not entering active duty typically assume an eight-year obligation to the Navy Reserve Strategic Sealift Officer Program, unless they have elected to enter another branch of the armed forces.  In addition, midshipmen who do not serve on active duty are restricted from working outside the maritime industry or merchant marine for a period of five years following graduation and must seek annual MARAD approval for their employment.

Preparatory schools

These schools provide for strengthening of academic potential of candidates to each of the above-described United States service academies.  Admission is restricted to those students who have applied to an academy, failed initially to qualify, either academically or physically, but who have demonstrated an ability to qualify during the initial admission selection process:
 United States Military Academy Preparatory School
 Naval Academy Preparatory School
 United States Air Force Academy Preparatory School

See also
 List of United States military schools and academies
 List of defunct United States military academies
 United States senior military colleges (SMCs)
 United States military junior colleges (MJCs)
 Reserve Officers' Training Corps
 Army ROTC
 Navy ROTC
 Air Force ROTC
 US Military Graduate Schools:
 Air Force Institute of Technology
 Naval Postgraduate School
 Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
 Staff colleges

References

External links
 United States Military Academy
 United States Naval Academy
 United States Coast Guard Academy
 United States Merchant Marine Academy
 United States Air Force Academy

United States service academies


Warner Brothers Entertainment, Inc., poznata kao Warner Bros. (skraćeno WB), američka je filmska i televizijska produkcijska kuća.

To je podružnica WarnerMedije, a sjedište joj je u Burbanku, Kaliforniji. Neke od glavnih divizija koje su dio tvrtke su Warner Bros. Pictures, Warner Bros. Television, Warner Home Video, Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment, Warner Bros. Consumer Products, Warner Bros. Animation i DC Comics. Warner također posjeduje dobar dio The CW-a.

Povijest

Osnivanje

Ime tvrtke potječe od četiri utemeljitelja braće Warner (rođeni Wonskolaser ili Wonsal prije anglicizacije): Harry, Albert, Sam i Jack Warner. Harry, Albert i Sam emigrirali su kao djeca sa svojim roditeljima u Kanadu iz Krasnosielca u Poljskoj.

Jack, najmlađi brat, rođen je u Londonu, Ontario. Troje starije braće počelo je u filmskom poslu, nabavivši filmski projektor s kojim su prikazivali filmove u rudarskim gradovima Pennsylvania i Ohio. U početku su Sam i Albert Warner uložili 150 dolara kako bi predstavili život američkog vatrogasca i veliku pljačku vlaka. Otvorili su svoje prvo kazalište, Cascade, u New Castleu, u Pennsylvaniji, 1903. godine.

Kada je izvorna zgrada bila u opasnosti da bude srušena, moderni Warner Bros nazvao je sadašnje vlasnike zgrada i dogovorio da ga spasi. Vlasnici su primijetili da su ih ljudi diljem zemlje tražili da ga zaštite zbog povijesnog značaja.

Godine 1904. Warners su osnovali tvrtku Duquesne Amusement & Supply iz Pittsburgha za distribuciju filmova. Godine 1912. Harry Warner angažirao je revizora po imenu Paul Ashley Chase. U vrijeme Prvog svjetskog rata počeli su proizvoditi filmove. Godine 1918. otvorili su prvi studio Warner Brothers na Sunset Boulevard u Hollywoodu. Sam i Jack proizveli su slike, dok su Harry i Albert, zajedno sa svojim revizorom i sada Chaseom, vodili financije i distribuciju u New Yorku. Tijekom Prvog svjetskog rata pušten je prvi nacionalni film, My Four Years in Germany, na temelju popularne knjige bivšeg ambasadora Jamesa W. Gerarda. Dana 4. travnja 1923., uz pomoć novca koji je Harryju posudio njegov bankar Motley Flint, oni su formalno osnovani kao Warner Bros. Pictures, Incorporated. (Tek šezdesetih godina prošlog stoljeća Warner Bros. je proglasio 1905. datumom osnivanja.)

Prva važna stvar bila je stjecanje prava na Avery Hopwoodovu 1916 Broadwaysku predstavu, The Gold Diggers, iz kazališnog impresarija Davida Belasca. Međutim, Rin Tin Tin, pas koji je nakon Prvog svjetskog rata donio američki vojnik, uspostavio je svoj ugled. Rin Tin Tin debitirao je u filmu Gdje počinje sjever. Film je bio toliko uspješan da je Jack potpisao psa da glumi u više filmova za 1000 dolara tjedno. Rin Tin Tin postao je vrhunska zvijezda studia.Jack ga je nazvao "The Mortgage Lifter" i uspjeh je potaknuo karijeru Darryla F. Zanucka. Zanuck je s vremenom postao vrhunski producent, a od 1928. do 1933. bio je Jackov desni igrač i izvršni producent, s odgovornostima koje uključuju svakodnevnu filmsku produkciju. Više uspjeha došlo je nakon što je Ernst Lubitsch angažiran kao glavni direktor; Harry Rapf je napustio studio kako bi se pridružio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayeru. Lubitschov film Marriage Circle bio je najuspješniji film studija iz 1924. godine i bio je na popisu The New York Timesa te godine.

Popis redatelja Warner Bros. filmova

 Zack Snyder
 David Ayer
 Patty Jenkins
 Joss Whedon
 James Wan
 David Sandberg
 Steven Spielberg
 Bradley Cooper
 Mike Mitchell
 Gary Dauberman
 Rob Letterman
 Michael Dougherty
 Chris Miller
 Phil Lord
 Todd Strauss-Schulson
 Ry Russo-Young
 David Yates
 Corin Hardy
 Jon M. Chu
 Jon Turteltaub
 Karey Kirkpatrick
 Chris McKay
 David Yates
 Clint Eastwood
 Peter Jackson
 Christopher Nolan
 Lana Wachowski
 Lilly Wachowski
 Francis Lawrence
 Andrew Davis
 Todd Phillips
 Guy Ritchie
 William Friedkin
 Mike Newell
 Alfonso Cuarón
 Chris Columbus
 Joe Dante
 Jan de Bont
 Joe Pytka
 Joel Schumacher
 Tim Burton
 Curt Geda

Logotipi

 Prvi logo tvrtke Warner Bros pohvalio se tradicionalnom i elegantnom kombinacijom lučne glavne oznake riječi u podebljanom serif tipografiji sa svim velikim slovima i kurzivnim sloganom "Classics of the Screen", izvedenim u istim crnim bojama i dodavanjem sofisticiranosti i finoće kompoziciji.

 Prototip trenutnog kultnog logotipa tvrtke predstavljen je 1925. godine. Bio je to elegantan bijeli štit u izrazitom crnom obrisu, s građevinskom slikom na gornjem dijelu i stiliziranim monogramom "WB" na dnu.

 Slika u pozadini je uklonjena iz štita 1929. godine, ostavljajući natpis "WB" koji je postao deblji i izduženiji, izgledajući profesionalno i elegantno. Lučna oznaka s riječima "Warner Bros Pictures Inc." postavljena je iznad štita s velikim slovima i prilagođenog suženog fonta.

 1933. linije štita postaju rafinirane, a lučni natpis je uklonjen. Iako je tvrtka još uvijek koristila prethodni logotip, nova verzija postajala je sve popularnija.

 Redizajn iz 1937. pojednostavio je glavni sastav, čineći slova čišćima i tanjima, a obris štita - sastavljen od samo jedne linije, ali je dodao lučni natpis prelazeći preko štita u sredini.

 Logotip, stvoren za tvrtku 1948. godine, dobio je određeni volumen zbog novog uzorka grba. Sada je tijelo štita bilo sastavljeno od brojnih tankih horizontalnih pruga u jednoj boji, dok su slova i okvir postali deblji i dobili deblji obris.

 Ravna i svijetla verzija logotipa Warner Bros predstavljena je 1953. godine i ostala je u tvrtki više od šezdeset godina, postavši najprepoznatljivija od svih svojih logotipa. Bio je to suženi elegantni štit s crnom pozadinom i debelim bijelim okvirom. Slova "WB" također su izvedena u bijeloj boji i njihove su konture očišćene i ojačane.

 1967. godine tvrtka se spojila sa Seven Arts tvrtkom, a logo je redizajniran iste godine. Bio je to moderan i snažan amblem, s iznimno smjelim stiliziranim monogramom "W7", izveden debelim slovima sa strogim geometrijskim rezovima. Jedina sličnost s prethodnim logotipima tvrtke bila je u jednobojnoj paleti boja.

 Kultni štit "WB" vratio se 1970. godine, ali u novoj paleti boja - bila je to crveno-zlatna kombinacija, koja je izgledala elegantno i pokazala društvo s nove strane. Strogi ravni vodoravno rastegnuti natpis s oznakom riječi "WARNER BROS." postavljen je na dno logotipa, prelazeći preko dna štita.

 Još jedna eksperimentalna verzija vizualnog identiteta Warner Brosa uvedena je 1972. godine. Značka, koju je stvorio Saul Bass, imala je čvrstu crnu zaobljenu pozadinu sa stiliziranim bijelim slovom "W", sastavljenom od tri paralelne dijagonalne linije sa zaobljenim kutovima. Ovaj logo tvrtka je koristila više od desetljeća.

 Kultni štit je redizajniran 1993. Linije slova i crnog okvira bile su podebljane, a sam štit se lagano proširio. Što se tiče lučnih natpisa, postao je malo deblji i sadržavao je crnu pozadinu, s nježnim dok su slova bila bijele bojeo.

 2019. godine Warner Bros je nastavio koristiti štit, stvoren za tvrtku 1953. godine, ali je promijenio paletu boja u svijetlo plavu i bijelu. Sada štit u čvrstoj plavoj boji nema obris, zbog čega izgleda prijateljski i progresivni nego ikad. Tradicionalni kultni oblik vizualnog identiteta tvrtke počeo je izgledati drugačije u novoj kombinaciji, odražavajući rast tvrtke i njezinu sposobnost promjene.

Uz originalni logo, studio imao i specijalne logotipe za razne filmove, serije i događaje.

Od 2022. godine upotreba Warner Bros. Discovery loga kao loga Warner Bros.-a počela je biti raširena, kao na primjer na parceli studija Water Tower. Također je postao korporativni logo Warner Bros. International Television Production i Warner Bros. Studio Tours u Hollywoodu i Tokiju u 2023.

Filmski studiji

Warner Bros. Entertainment


Observatorul Apache Point este un observator astronomic situat în Monts Sacramento, aproape de Sunspot, la  de Cloudcroft, în New Mexico (Statele Unite ale Americii).

Observatorul cuprinde un telescop de  care aparține Consorțiului de Cercetare Astrofizică (ARC), telescopul de  al programului Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) și telescopul de  al Universității de Stat New Mexico. Ca la toate observatoarele profesioniste, accesul la telescoape este restrâns, dar publicul poate să se plimbe pe sit și să profite de centrul care include o machetă a telescopului de  cât și de plăci care provin de la telescopul Sloan.

În 2004 telescopul de  a fost modificat pentru a putea primi un laser în cadrul programului APOLLO al cărui scop este măsurarea distanței Pământ-Lună (cum se face acum la CERGA). Acest laser este operațional din 2005.

Legături externe

  Site oficial

Vezi și
 Listă a observatoarelor astronomice
 Lista celor mai mari telescoape

Apache Point
Comitatul Otero, New Mexico

Observatorul Apache Point


Hrvatska nogometna liga – Istok (također i kao Hrvatska republička nogometna liga – Istok, Hrvatska regionalna liga – Istok) je bila jedna od četiri skupine Hrvatske nogometne lige u sezoni 1985./86., te je predstavljala ligu trećeg stupnja natjecanja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije.
Sudjelovalo je 14 klubova, a prvak je bio "BSK" iz Slavonskog Broda.

Ljestvica

 Borovo Naselje tada dio Borova, danas dio Vukovara
 "Polet" Bosanski Brod – klub iz Bosne i Hercegovine

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Unutarnje poveznice
 Druga savezna liga Jugoslavije 1985./86.
 Hrvatska liga – Jug 1985./86.
 Hrvatska liga – Sjever 1985./86.
 Hrvatska liga – Zapad 1985./86.
 Regionalna liga Slavonije i Baranje – Jug 1985./86.
 Regionalna liga Slavonije i Baranje – Sjever 1985./86.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori
 Dragutin Kerže: Olimpija, simbol Donjega grada : 1923. – 2003., Osijek, 2003.,
 Slaven Zambata i dr.: "Nogomet 86", Zagreb, 1986., UDK: 796.332.093(497.1+100)"1985/1986", str. 74-75

1985-86 Istok
1985-86 Istok
 Istok

Hrvatska nogometna liga – Istok 1985./86.


محافظة غذو  هي منطقة إدارية (gobolka) جزءا من أعالي جوبا المنطقة التاريخية، والصومال. غيدو هي العاصمة الإقليمية لغربهاري Garbahaarreey. منطقة غيدو التي أنشئت في ثمانينات القرن العشرين وتحدها أوغادين في إثيوبيا، والمقاطعة الشمالية الشرقية في كينيا والصومال ومناطق باكول وباي Jubbada Dhexe (جوبا الوسطى)، وJubbada Hoose (جوبا السفلى (شرق أبعد. الأجزاء الجنوبية من جيدو، إلى الغرب من نهر جوبا، وكانت جزءا من Transjuba البريطانية القديمة في المنطقة خلال النصف من سبعين عاما من عهد الاستعمار في أفريقيا 1890 حتي 1960. البريطانيين والإيطاليين خاض أكثر من مرتين في هذه المنطقة من القرن الأفريقي. سكان منطقة غيدو (جدو) انفجرت في السنوات الخمس والعشرين الماضية وصلت إلى قرابة مليون شخص في أوائل تسعينات القرن العشرين بعد الحرب الاهلية التي اندلعت في العاصمة.

معظم القادمين الجدد إلى المنطقة، وفجأة ترك توطين أجزاء مختلفة من العالم. هذه الهجرة Buuloxaawo جعل ثاني أكبر منطقة غيدو.(Luuq) لوق تستخدم ليكون ثاني أكبر المدن والمحافظات بعد بارديرا (Bardhere). في وقت واحد ومقاطعة Buuloxaawo هي أكبر المدن والمحافظات في المنطقة.

1 خلال 1990 في شمال غيدو
2 مناطق جيدو
2.1 بارديرا وBeled Haawo
3 السكان
4 التجارة في غيدو
5 حكومة غيدو
6 المناظر الطبيعية للمنطقة غيدو
7 مدن وبلدات في منطقة غيدو

السكان في Beled Haawo ارتفع إلى 200,000. وكان ذلك في أوائل 1990، عندما كان عدد كبير من سكان مقديشو تسوية Beled Haawo المدينة، لما له من الأجناس وعلى مقربة من الحدود الكينية، وأيضا في هذه المرة كان ظهور جماعة الاتحاد الإسلامية (الرابطة) التي يتزعمها الشيخ محمد الحاج يوسف معروف غيدو الوطنية، وبعد فترة وجيزة من خلال مجموعة من انتشار المنطقة الرابطة اتهمت الحكومة الإثيوبية لدعم الجبهة الوطنية لتحرير أوغادين (الجبهة الوطنية لتحرير اوجادين) وغيرهم من المسلحين داخل إثيوبيا وأدى ذلك إلى الغزو الإثيوبي للجيدو في عام 1996 وداخل «ماريان» قتال عشائري (تابعت) بعد أن لتلك القوات الإثيوبية والموالية لمكافحة القبائل الإثيوبية. بعد سنوات من الاضطرابات في المنطقة عام 2004 شيوخ العشائر والمثقفين ودعا مؤتمر للسلام في المنطقة Garbahaarreey العاصمة. واحد من الاتفاقات من هذا المؤتمر هو إجراء انتخابات حرة ونزيهة في غضون ثلاث سنوات. منطقة غيدو اليوم هي واحدة من أكثر الأماكن السلمية في الصومال، وممثلين عن جميع المناطق ورؤساء البلديات، والمنطقة، ويتم انتخاب الحاكم من قبل الشعب.

مراجع

جدو
محافظات الصومال

جدو


José Maria das Neves Costa (Carnide, 5 de agosto de 1774 — Lisboa, 19 de outubro de 1841) foi um oficial general do Real Corpo de Engenheiros do Exército Português, que se destacou-se pelos seus brilhantes e inovadores trabalhos de cartografia militar, em particular nos levantamentos topográficos e na configuração dos terrenos, para além de ter sido um hábil desenhador. Também exerceu importantes funções políticas, entre as quais Ministro da Guerra.

Referências

Militares de Portugal
Cientistas de Portugal
Políticos de Portugal

José Maria das Neves Costa