Pontsko-kaspijska stepa je velika stepa koja se prostire od sjeverne obale Crnoga mora prema istoku sve do Kaspijskoga jezera, tj. od Dobrudže u sjeveroistočnoj Bugarskoj i sjeverozapadnoj Rumunjskoj, kroz Moldaviji, prema ruskom Sjevernome Kavkazu te područja uz rijeku Volgu, sve do sjeverozapadnoga Kazahstana, čineći dio Euroazijske stepe. Istočno od Pontsko-kaspijske stepe nalazi se Kazaška stepa. Pontsko-kaspijska stepa je dio paleoarktičkih umjerenih travnjaka, savana i grmovitih ekoregije umjereno travnjačke, savanske i grmovite biome.

Područje Pontsko-kaspijske stepe odgovara području koji su tijekom antike nastanjivali Kimerijci, Skiti i Sarmati.

Kroz nekoliko tisućljeća u području Pontsko-kaspijske stepe pribivali su razne skupine euroazijskih konjaničkih nomada, odakle su započinjali svoje pljačkaške i osvajačke pohode, najčešće prema Istočnoj Europi te Zapadnoj i Južnoj Aziji.

Pojam Pontsko-kaspijske regije u biogeografiji upotrebljava se za životinjske i biljne vrste koje dolaze iz ovih krajeva, te za životinje s obala Crnoga i Azovskoga mora te Kaspijskoga jezera. Genetska istraživanja identificirala su ovo područje kao najvjerojatnije područje gdje su konji prvi put bili pripotomljeni.

Prema Kurganskoj teoriji Pontsko-kaspijska stepa je bila pradomovina Indoeuropljana te Indoeuropskoga prajezika.

Zemljopis i ekologoija

Pontsko-kaspijska stepa zauzima područje od 994,000 km2 Europe te se prostire od Dobrudže u sjeveroistočnoj Bugarskoj i sjeverozapadnoj Rumunjskoj, kroz Moldaviji, prema ruskom Sjevernome Kavkazu te područja uz rijeku Volgu, sve do sjeverozapadnoga Kazahstana.

Pontsko-kaspijska stepa na sjeveru graniči s istočnoeuropskom šumskom stepom, tranzicijskom zonom između mješanih travnjaka i širokolisnih i mješovitih šuma umjerenih predjela. Pontsko-kaspijska stepa se na jugu širi prema Crnom moru, osim kod Krimskih planina i granice zapadnoga Kavkaza s morem, gdje Krimski submediteranski šumski kompleks definira južni rub Pontsko-kaspijske stepe. Stepa se dalje širi prema zapadnoj obali Kaspijskoga jezera preko ruske republike Dagestan, no Kaspijska depresija uonemogujuće povezivanje Pontsko-kaspijske stepe zajednos sjevernom i sjeverozapadnom obalom Kaspijskoga jezera. Kazaška stepa se nalazi na istočnoj granici Pontsko-kaspijske stepe.

Pontsko-kaspijska mora ostatci su Turgajskoga mora, ekstencije Paratetisa koje se pružalo istočno i južno od Urala te je pokrivalo veliki dio današnje Zapadnosibirske nizine u Mezozoiku i Kenozoiku.

Prapovijesne kulture
 Kultura linearnotrakaste keramike 5500. pr. Kr. – 4500. pr. Kr.
 Kultura Cucuteni-Tripolje 5300. pr. Kr. – 2600. pr. Kr.
 Kultura Hvaljinsk 5000. pr. Kr. – 3500. pr. Kr.
 Kultura Srednji Stog 4500. pr. Kr. – 3500. pr. Kr.
 Kultura kurgana 3500. pr. Kr. – 2300. pr. Kr.
 Kultura katakombi 3000. pr. Kr. – 2200. pr. Kr.
 Kultura Srubnaja 1600. pr. Kr. – 1200. pr. Kr.
 Kultura Novočerkask 900. pr. Kr. – 650. pr. Kr.

Povijesni narodi i države
 Kimerijci 12. stoljeće pr. Kr. – 7. stoljeće pr. Kr.
 Dačani 11. stoljeće pr. Kr. – 3. stoljeće po. Kr.
 Skiti 8. stoljeće pr. Kr. – 4. stoljeće pr. Kr.
 Sarmati 5. stoljeće pr. Kr. – 5. stoljeće po. Kr.
 Ostrogoti 3. stoljeće – 6. stoljeće
 Huni 4. stoljeće – 8. stoljeće
 Bulgari (Onoguri) 4. stoljeće – 7. stoljeće
 Avari 6. stoljeće – 8. stoljeće
 Gok-Turci 6. stoljeće – 8. stoljeće
 Avari 6. stoljeće – 8. stoljeće
 Saviri 6. stoljeće – 8. stoljeće
 Hazari 6. stoljeće – 11. stoljeće
 Pečenezi 8. stoljeće – 11. stoljeće
 Kipčaci i Kumani 11. stoljeće – 13. stoljeće
 Mongolska Zlatna Horda 13. stoljeće – 15. stoljeće
 Kozaci, Kalmici, Krimski Tatari, Povolški Bugari, Nogajci te ostali turkijski narodi, plemena i države 15. stoljeće – 18. stoljeće
 Pontski Grci i Kavkaski Grci 15. stoljeće – 19. stoljeće
 Rusko Carstvo 18. stoljeće – 20. stoljeće
 SSSR 20. stoljeće

Izvori

Vidi još
 Euroazijska stepa
 Haplogrupa R1a
 Haplogrupa R1b
 Kurganska teorija
 Pontsko-kaspijski jezici

Vanjske poveznice

 Pontsko-kaspijska stepa na WWF-u
 Google karte: Pontsko-kaspijska stepa

Stepe
Zemljopis Bugarske
Zemljopis Rumunjske
Zemljopis Rusije
Zemljopis Kazahstana
Zemljopis Europe

Pontsko-kaspijska stepa


Die Liste der Biografien führt alle Personen auf, die in der deutschsprachigen Wikipedia einen Artikel haben. Dieses ist eine Teilliste mit 320 Einträgen von Personen, deren Namen mit den Buchstaben "Bry" beginnt.

Bry

 Bry, Carl Christian (1892–1926), deutscher Schriftsteller
 Bry, Curt (1902–1974), deutscher Kabarettist, Autor, Komponist, Pianist
 Bry, Ellen (* 1951), US-amerikanische Schauspielerin
 Bry, François (* 1956), deutsch-französischer Informatiker
 Bry, Gerhard (1911–1996), deutsch-US-amerikanischer Ökonom
 Bry, Johann Theodor de, Verleger und Kupferstecher
 Bry, Thea (1911–2000), deutsch-amerikanische Psychiaterin und Lehranalytikerin
 Bry, Theodor de (1528–1598), flämischer Kupferstecher und Verleger

Brya
 Bryan, Albert (* 1968), US-amerikanischer Politiker
 Bryan, Alex (* 1994), finnisch-britischer Fußballspieler (Turks- und Caicosinseln)
 Bryan, Angela (* 1970), US-amerikanische Sozialpsychologin
 Bryan, Benjamin (* 1994), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler und Synchronsprecher
 Bryan, Blackshear M. (1900–1977), US-amerikanischer Generalleutnant (U.S. Army)
 Bryan, Bob (* 1978), US-amerikanischer Tennisspieler
 Bryan, C. D. B. (1936–2009), US-amerikanischer Autor und Journalist
 Bryan, Charles Page (1855–1918), US-amerikanischer Politiker, Diplomat und Rechtsanwalt
 Bryan, Charles W. (1867–1945), US-amerikanischer Politiker
 Bryan, Chester E. (1859–1944), US-amerikanischer Zeitungsverleger und Politiker
 Bryan, Christopher (* 1960), britischer Fußballspieler (Turks- und Caicosinseln)
 Bryan, David (* 1962), US-amerikanischer Keyboarder in der Band Bon Jovi
 Bryan, Dora (1923–2014), britische Schauspielerin
 Bryan, Edgar (* 1970), US-amerikanischer Künstler
 Bryan, Edwin Horace Jr. (1898–1985), US-amerikanischer Naturforscher
 Bryan, Eugene J. (1889–1958), US-amerikanischer Politiker
 Bryan, Francis († 1550), englischer Diplomat und Cousin von Anne Boleyn
 Bryan, Fred (* 1961), US-amerikanischer Schiedsrichter im American Football
 Bryan, Gay (1927–2015), US-amerikanischer Weit- und Dreispringer
 Bryan, George, englischer Schauspieler
 Bryan, George (1731–1791), irisch-amerikanischer Politiker
 Bryan, George Hartley (1864–1928), britischer Physiker
 Bryan, Goode (1811–1885), General der Konföderierten Staaten von Amerika im Amerikanischen Bürgerkrieg
 Bryan, Guy M. (1821–1901), US-amerikanischer Politiker
 Bryan, Henry Francis (1865–1944), US-amerikanischer Marineoffizier
 Bryan, Henry Hunter (1786–1835), US-amerikanischer Politiker
 Bryan, James W. (1874–1956), US-amerikanischer Politiker
 Bryan, James William (1853–1903), US-amerikanischer Politiker
 Bryan, Jane (1918–2009), US-amerikanische Schauspielerin
 Bryan, Jimmy (1926–1960), US-amerikanischer Rennfahrer
 Bryan, Joe (* 1993), englischer Fußballspieler
 Bryan, John, neuseeländischer Diplomat
 Bryan, John (1911–1969), britischer Filmproduzent, Artdirector und Szenenbildner
 Bryan, John A. (1794–1864), US-amerikanischer Jurist und Politiker
 Bryan, John Heritage (1798–1870), US-amerikanischer Politiker
 Bryan, Joseph (1773–1812), US-amerikanischer Politiker
 Bryan, Joseph Hunter (1782–1839), US-amerikanischer Politiker
 Bryan, Joy, US-amerikanische Sängerin
 Bryan, Julien (1899–1974), US-amerikanischer Dokumentarfilmer
 Bryan, Kevin (1965–2018), US-amerikanischer Jazzmusiker
 Bryan, Lucy (* 1995), britische Stabhochspringerin
 Bryan, Luke (* 1976), US-amerikanischer Countrysänger
 Bryan, Margaret, britische Naturwissenschaftlerin und Lehrerin
 Bryan, Mary (1936–2017), irische Badmintonspielerin
 Bryan, Michael (* 1992), deutsch-US-amerikanischer Leichtathlet
 Bryan, Mike (* 1978), US-amerikanischer Tennisspieler
 Bryan, Nathan (1748–1798), US-amerikanischer Politiker
 Bryan, Nathan P. (1872–1935), US-amerikanischer Jurist und Politiker (Demokratische Partei)
 Bryan, Richard (* 1937), US-amerikanischer Politiker
 Bryan, Sabrina (* 1984), US-amerikanische Schauspielerin und Sängerin
 Bryan, Trevor (* 1989), US-amerikanischer Boxer
 Bryan, William Alanson (1875–1942), US-amerikanischer Zoologe, Ornithologe, Naturforscher und Museumsdirektor
 Bryan, William James (1876–1908), US-amerikanischer Jurist und Politiker
 Bryan, William Jennings (1860–1925), US-amerikanischer Politiker
 Bryan, William Joseph, Musiker und Hypnotherapeut
 Bryan, Zach (* 1996), US-amerikanischer Country-Sänger
 Bryan, Zachery Ty (* 1981), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler
 Bryan-Jones, Gareth (* 1943), britischer Hindernisläufer
 Bryans, Lina (1909–2000), australische Malerin
 Bryans, Ralph (1941–2014), britischer Motorradrennfahrer
 BryanStars (* 1990), US-amerikanischer Youtube-Artist und Blogger
 Bryant Banks, Gralen, US-amerikanischer Schauspieler
 Bryant, Aidy (* 1987), US-amerikanische Schauspielerin und Komikerin
 Bryant, Alan (* 1955), simbabwischer Bogenschütze
 Bryant, Alfred Thomas (1865–1953), britischer Missionar, Afrikanist, Ethnologe
 Bryant, Anita (* 1940), US-amerikanische Sängerin
 Bryant, Ashley (* 1991), britischer Zehnkämpfer
 Bryant, Bart (1962–2022), US-amerikanischer Berufsgolfer
 Bryant, Bobby (1934–1998), US-amerikanischer Jazz-Trompeter
 Bryant, Boudleaux (1920–1987), US-amerikanischer Songwriter
 Bryant, Brandon (* 1985), US-amerikanischer Whistleblower
 Bryant, Bri, US-amerikanische Sängerin
 Bryant, C. Farris (1914–2002), US-amerikanischer Politiker und der 34. Gouverneur von Florida (1961–1965)
 Bryant, Chad (* 1971), amerikanischer Historiker
 Bryant, Charles (1879–1948), britischer Stummfilmschauspieler, Regisseur und Drehbuchautor
 Bryant, Chase (* 1993), US-amerikanischer Countrysänger
 Bryant, Chris (1936–2008), britischer Drehbuchautor
 Bryant, Chris (* 1962), britischer Politiker, Mitglied des House of Commons und Autor
 Bryant, Clara (* 1985), US-amerikanische Schauspielerin
 Bryant, Clora (1927–2019), US-amerikanische Jazzmusikerin
 Bryant, Danny (* 1980), britischer Blues-Gitarrist und Singer-Songwriter
 Bryant, David (1922–2000), US-amerikanischer Jazzmusiker
 Bryant, David (* 1983), US-amerikanischer Jazzmusiker (Piano)
 Bryant, Desmond (* 1985), US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler
 Bryant, Dez (* 1988), US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler auf der Position des Wide Receivers
 Bryant, Dezerea (* 1993), US-amerikanische Sprinterin
 Bryant, Ed (* 1948), US-amerikanischer Jurist und Politiker
 Bryant, Ed E. (* 1961), kanadischer Künstler vom Stamme der Tsimshian
 Bryant, Edward (1945–2017), amerikanischer Autor von Science-Fiction- und Horror-Literatur
 Bryant, Edwin (* 1957), US-amerikanischer Indologe
 Bryant, Elbridge (1939–1975), US-amerikanischer Tenorsänger
 Bryant, Felice (1925–2003), US-amerikanische Songschreiberin
 Bryant, Freddie, US-amerikanischer Jazzmusiker und Hochschullehrer
 Bryant, Geoff (* 1961), neuseeländischer Autor von Gartenbüchern und Pflanzenfotograf
 Bryant, George (1878–1938), US-amerikanischer Bogenschütze
 Bryant, Gyude (1949–2014), Übergangspräsident von Liberia
 Bryant, Henry (1820–1867), US-amerikanischer Arzt, Naturforscher und Ornithologe
 Bryant, Jim (1929–2022), US-amerikanischer Sänger und Komponist
 Bryant, Jimmy (1925–1980), US-amerikanischer Gitarrist
 Bryant, Joe (* 1954), US-amerikanischer Basketballspieler
 Bryant, John (* 1987), US-amerikanisch-deutscher Basketballspieler
 Bryant, John Wiley (* 1947), US-amerikanischer Politiker
 Bryant, Joy (* 1976), US-amerikanische Schauspielerin
 Bryant, Joyce (1927–2022), US-amerikanische Sängerin
 Bryant, Karina (* 1979), britische Judoka
 Bryant, Karis Paige (* 1985), US-amerikanische Schauspielerin
 Bryant, Kaylee (* 1997), US-amerikanische Schauspielerin
 Bryant, Kelci (* 1989), US-amerikanische Wasserspringerin
 Bryant, Kevin (* 1994), deutscher Basketballspieler
 Bryant, Kevin L. (* 1967), US-amerikanischer Politiker
 Bryant, Kimberly (* 1967), US-amerikanische Elektroingenieurin
 Bryant, Kobe (1978–2020), US-amerikanischer Basketballspieler
 Bryant, Kris (* 1992), US-amerikanischer Baseballspieler
 Bryant, Lee (* 1945), US-amerikanische Schauspielerin
 Bryant, Lee (* 1985), englischer Dartspieler
 Bryant, Louise (1885–1936), US-amerikanische Journalistin und Autorin
 Bryant, Lucas (* 1978), kanadisch-amerikanischer Schauspieler
 Bryant, Marie (1919–1978), US-amerikanische Jazz-Sängerin
 Bryant, Martin (* 1967), australischer Amokläufer
 Bryant, Mary (* 1765), englische Strafgefangene
 Bryant, Matt (* 1975), US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler
 Bryant, Millicent (1878–1927), australische Flugpionierin
 Bryant, Miriam (* 1991), schwedische Soul-Pop-Sängerin
 Bryant, Nana (1888–1955), US-amerikanische Schauspielerin
 Bryant, Nicola (* 1960), britische Schauspielerin
 Bryant, Paris (* 1970), US-amerikanisch-österreichischer Basketballspieler
 Bryant, Paul (1933–2009), US-amerikanischer Jazzmusiker und Schauspieler
 Bryant, Percy (1897–1960), US-amerikanischer Bobfahrer
 Bryant, Phil (* 1954), US-amerikanischer Politiker (Republikanische Partei)
 Bryant, Precious (1942–2013), US-amerikanische Bluesmusikerin
 Bryant, Randal (* 1952), US-amerikanischer Informatiker
 Bryant, Ray (1931–2011), US-amerikanischer Pianist des Modern Jazz
 Bryant, Robert L. (* 1953), US-amerikanischer Mathematiker
 Bryant, Rosalyn (* 1956), US-amerikanische Sprinterin
 Bryant, Roscoe († 1878), US-amerikanischer Gesetzloser
 Bryant, Rusty (1929–1991), US-amerikanischer Jazzmusiker
 Bryant, Sara Cone (1873–1956), amerikanische Dozentin und Schriftstellerin
 Bryant, Slim (1908–2010), US-amerikanischer Country-Musiker
 Bryant, Sofia (* 1999), amerikanisch-finnische Schauspielerin
 Bryant, Sophie (1850–1922), irische Mathematikerin, Pädagogin und Aktivistin
 Bryant, Steven (* 1972), US-amerikanischer Komponist
 Bryant, Thomas (* 1997), US-amerikanischer Basketballspieler
 Bryant, Tommy (1930–1982), amerikanischer Jazzbassist und Popsänger
 Bryant, Ursaline (* 1947), US-amerikanische Schauspielerin
 Bryant, Virginia, US-amerikanische Schauspielerin
 Bryant, Wallace (1863–1953), US-amerikanischer Bogenschütze
 Bryant, Walter E. (1861–1905), amerikanischer Ornithologe und Mammaloge
 Bryant, Wayne, US-amerikanischer Schriftsteller sowie ein Pionier des bisexuellen Aktivismus
 Bryant, William (1757–1791), englischer Fischer und Sträfling
 Bryant, William (1924–2001), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler
 Bryant, William Cullen (1794–1878), US-amerikanischer Dichter und Journalist
 Bryant, Willie (1874–1918), englischer Fußballspieler
 Bryant, Willie (1908–1964), US-amerikanischer Jazzsänger und Bandleader
 Bryant, Winston (* 1938), US-amerikanischer Jurist und Politiker
 Bryant-Meisner, John (* 1994), schwedischer Automobilrennfahrer
 Bryar, Bob (* 1979), US-amerikanischer Rockschlagzeuger (My Chemical Romance)
 Bryar, Claudia (1918–2011), US-amerikanische Schauspielerin
 Bryars, Gavin (* 1943), englischer Komponist und Kontrabassist
 Bryas, Jacques-Théodore de (* 1631), römisch-katholischer Bischof
 Bryaxis, griechischer Bildhauer

Bryc
 Bryce, deutscher DJ
 Bryce Echenique, Alfredo (* 1939), peruanischer Schriftsteller
 Bryce, Ebenezer (1830–1913), Namensgeber des Bryce Canyons
 Bryce, George (1844–1931), kanadischer Geistlicher und Historiker
 Bryce, Ian (* 1956), britischer Produzent, geschäftsführender Produzent, Regieassistent und Produktionsleiter
 Bryce, Jabez (1935–2010), anglikanischer Bischof
 Bryce, Jacob Aldolphus († 1974), US-amerikanischer Polizist
 Bryce, James W (1880–1949), US-amerikanischer Informatiker
 Bryce, James, 1. Viscount Bryce (1838–1922), britischer Jurist, Historiker und Politiker
 Bryce, Lawrie (* 1943), britischer Hammerwerfer
 Bryce, Lloyd (1851–1917), US-amerikanischer Politiker
 Bryce, Quentin (* 1942), australische Juristin und Politikerin
 Bryce, Trevor R. (* 1940), australischer Hethitologe
 Bryceland, Josh (* 1990), britischer Mountainbiker
 Brych, Felix (* 1975), deutscher Fußballschiedsrichter und Jurist
 Brych-Pająk, Ewa (* 1975), polnische Marathonläuferin
 Brychcy, Franziska (* 1984), deutsche Politikerin (Die Linke), MdA
 Brychczy, Lucjan (* 1934), polnischer Fußballspieler und Fußballtrainer
 Brycht, Andrzej (1935–1998), polnischer Lyriker und Prosaschriftsteller

Bryd
 Bryda, Katarzyna (* 1990), polnische Volleyballspielerin
 Bryde, Brun-Otto (* 1943), deutscher Jurist, Richter am Bundesverfassungsgericht
 Bryde, Trent (* 1999), US-amerikanischer Tennisspieler
 Bryde, Vilhelm (1888–1974), schwedischer Filmarchitekt, Filmproduzent, Filmschauspieler, Filmfirmenmanager
 Bryden, Beryl (1920–1998), britische Jazzsängerin und Perkussionistin
 Bryden, Harry (* 1946), US-amerikanischer Mathematiker und Meeresforscher
 Brydenbach, Alfons (1954–2009), belgischer Sprinter
 Bryder, Hans Jensen (1887–1971), dänischer Arzt
 Brydern, Benedikt, deutscher Violinist, Produzent und Komponist
 Brydges, David (* 1949), mathematischer Physiker
 Brydges, Edmund, 2. Baron Chandos († 1573), englischer Peer und Politiker
 Brydges, Elizabeth († 1617), Höflingin und Aristokratin, Trauzeugin von Elizabeth I.
 Brydges, Giles, 3. Baron Chandos († 1594), englischer Höfling in der Regierungszeit von Elisabeth I.
 Brydges, James, 1. Duke of Chandos (1673–1744), britischer Edelmann, Bauherr und Mäzen
 Brýdl, Lukáš (* 1986), tschechischer Grasskiläufer
 Brydniak, Hans (* 1937), deutscher Basketballnationalspieler
 Brydolf, Patrik (* 1991), schwedischer Tennisspieler
 Brydon, Emily (* 1980), kanadische Skirennläuferin
 Brydon, Mark (* 1960), britischer Musikproduzent, Komponist, Musiker und Toningenieur
 Brydon, Paul (* 1951), neuseeländischer Radrennfahrer
 Brydon, Rob (* 1965), britischer Schauspieler, Komiker, Radio- und Fernsehmoderator, Sänger, Sprecher, Autor und Imitator
 Brydon, Stewart (* 1967), britischer Radrennfahrer
 Brydon, William (1811–1873), Assistenzarzt in der britischen Armee
 Brydschede, Konrad von, Hochschullehrer der Sieben Freien Künste

Brye
 Bryennios, Manuel, byzantinischer Musikwissenschaftler und Astronom
 Bryennios, Philotheos (1833–1917), orthodoxer Geistlicher, Theologe und Metropolit von Nikomedia
 Bryer, Anthony (1937–2016), britischer Byzantinist
 Bryer, Cornelis de, flämischer Stilllebenmaler
 Bryers, Duane (1911–2012), US-amerikanischer Maler und Illustrator
 Bryerton, Jerome (* 1975), US-amerikanischer Jazz- und Improvisationsmusiker (Schlagzeug, Perkussion, Komposition)

Bryg
 Bryggare, Arto (* 1958), finnischer Leichtathlet und Politiker, Mitglied des Reichstags
 Bryggman, Carin (1920–1993), finnische Designerin und Innenarchitektin
 Bryggman, Erik (1891–1955), finnischer Architekt
 Bryggman, Larry (* 1938), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler
 Brygmann, Lars (* 1957), dänischer Schauspieler
 Brygoo, Édouard-Raoul (1920–2016), französischer Arzt und Biologe
 Brygos, griechischer Töpfer
 Brygos-Maler, griechischer Vasenmaler

Bryh
 Bryher (1894–1983), britische Schriftstellerin
 Bryhn, Håkon (1901–1968), norwegischer Segler
 Bryhn-Langgaard, Borghild (1883–1939), norwegische Opernsängerin (Sopran) und Musikpädagogin

Bryj
 Bryjak, Oleg (1960–2015), kasachisch-deutscher Opernsänger (Bassbariton)

Bryk
 Bryk, Felix (1882–1957), österreichisch-schwedischer Entomologe und Anthropologe
 Bryk, Greg (* 1972), kanadischer Schauspieler
 Bryk, Mateusz (* 1989), polnischer Eishockeyspieler
 Bryk, Rut (1916–1999), finnische Keramikerin
 Brykner, Ladislav (* 1989), tschechischer Handballspieler
 Bryks, Arthur (* 1894), chassidischer Maler und Buchillustrator
 Brykt, Stefan (* 1964), schwedischer Radrennfahrer

Bryl
 Bryl, Damian (* 1969), polnischer Geistlicher, römisch-katholischer Bischof von Kalisz
 Bryl, Janka (1917–2006), belarussischer Lyriker und Schriftsteller
 Bryl, Michał (* 1994), polnischer Beachvolleyballspieler
 Bryła, Stefan (1886–1943), polnischer Ingenieur
 Brylanka, Maria (* 1944), polnische Geigerin
 Brylantsztajn, Staszek († 1943), Widerstandskämpfer des Allgemeinen Jüdischen Arbeiterbunds ("Bund") im Warschauer Ghetto
 Bryld, Eigil (* 1971), dänischer Kameramann
 Bryld, Tine (1939–2011), dänische Sozialarbeiterin, Radiomoderatorin und Autorin
 Brylejew, Walentin Andrejewitsch (1926–2004), sowjetischer bzw. russischer Theater-Schauspieler und Film-Schauspieler sowie Synchronsprecher
 Brylewski, Edmund (1943–2016), deutscher Fußballspieler
 Brylin, Sergei Wladimirowitsch (* 1974), russischer Eishockeyspieler und -trainer
 Brylina, Tatjana Maximowna (* 1955), sowjetische Biathletin
 Brylinger, Nicolaus († 1565), Basler Buchdrucker und Verleger
 Brylinski, Jean-Luc (* 1951), französischer Mathematiker
 Brylka, Andreas (1931–2016), deutscher Grafiker, Buchgestalter und Holzstich-Meister
 Bryll, Ernest (* 1935), polnischer Schriftsteller
 Bryll, Patryk (* 1978), polnischer Poolbillardspieler
 Brylla, Theodor (1882–1962), deutscher Gewerkschafter
 Brylle, Kenneth (* 1959), dänischer Fußballspieler
 Brylle, Torben (* 1948), dänischer Diplomat
 Brylska, Barbara (* 1941), polnische Schauspielerin

Brym
 Bryme, Aboudou Madjidou, beninischer Fußballspieler
 Brymer, Patrick, Schauspieler
 Brymn, James Tim (1881–1946), amerikanischer Komponist, Orchesterleiter und Pianist

Bryn
 Bryn, Alexia (1889–1983), norwegische Eiskunstläuferin
 Bryn, Annika (* 1945), schwedische Journalistin, Schriftstellerin und Krimiautorin
 Bryn, Dag (1909–1991), norwegischer Psychologe, Politiker und Diplomat
 Bryn, Ingvild (* 1961), norwegische Journalistin und Moderatorin
 Bryn, Torgeir (* 1964), norwegischer Basketballspieler
 Bryn, Yngvar (1881–1947), norwegischer Eiskunstläufer
 Bryndís Haraldsdóttir (* 1976), isländische Politikerin
 Bryndís Lára Hrafnkelsdóttir (* 1991), isländische Fußballspielerin
 Bryndsej, Wira (* 1952), sowjetische Eisschnellläuferin
 Brynell, Stellan (* 1962), schwedischer Schachspieler
 Brynemo, Preben Fjære (* 1977), norwegischer Nordischer Kombinierer
 Bryner, Erich (* 1942), Schweizer Theologe
 Bryner, Lilian (* 1959), Schweizer Rennfahrerin und Berufspilotin
 Brynhildsen, Ola (* 1999), norwegischer Fußballspieler
 Brynhildur Pétursdóttir (* 1969), isländische Politikerin (Björt framtíð)
 Bryniarski, Andrew (* 1969), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler
 Brynildsen, Knut (1917–1986), norwegischer Fußballspieler
 Brynja Pétursdóttir (* 1977), isländische Badmintonspielerin
 Brynjar Gunnarsson (* 1975), isländischer Fußballspieler
 Brynjar Jökull Guðmundsson (* 1989), isländischer Skirennläufer
 Brynjar Níelsson (* 1960), isländischer Politiker (Unabhängigkeitspartei)
 Brynjar Valdimarsson (* 1967), isländischer Snookerspieler
 Brynjolfsson, Erik, US-amerikanischer Wirtschaftswissenschaftler
 Brynjólfur Sveinsson (1605–1675), isländischer lutherischer Bischof
 Brynn, Kris (* 1968), deutsche Schriftstellerin
 Brynner, Yul (1920–1985), russisch-mongolisch-schweizerisch-US-amerikanischer Schauspieler
 Brynntrup, Michael (* 1959), deutscher Filmemacher
 Brynolf Algotsson († 1317), mittelalterlicher Bischof von Skara und Heiliger
 Bryntesson, Robin (* 1985), schwedischer Skilangläufer
 Brynych, Eduard Jan (1846–1902), Bischof von Königgrätz
 Brynych, Zbyněk (1927–1995), tschechischer Filmregisseur

Bryo
 Bryon-Faes, Roger de (1914–2001), australischer Politiker und Arzt, Mitglied des Parlaments von New South Wales

Brys
 Brys, Joseph (* 1927), belgischer Mittelstreckenläufer
 Bryś, Paulina (* 1984), polnische Volleyballspielerin
 Brys, Tim (* 1992), belgischer Ruderer
 Brysch, Andreas (* 1986), deutscher Fußballspieler
 Brysch, Godehard (* 1948), deutscher Mittelstreckenläufer
 Brysch, Teodosija (1929–1999), sowjetisch-ukrainische Bildhauerin
 Brysgalow, Ilja Nikolajewitsch (* 1980), russischer Eishockeytorwart
 Brysgalow, Sergei Wladimirowitsch (* 1992), russischer Fußballspieler
 Brysgalow, Sergej, sowjetischer Skispringer
 Brysgalowa, Anastassija Konstantinowna (* 1992), russische Curlerin
 Bryshin, Wiktor (* 1962), sowjetisch-ukrainischer Sprinter und Olympiasieger
 Bryshina, Anastassija (* 1998), ukrainische Sprinterin
 Bryshina, Jelysaweta (* 1989), ukrainische Sprinterin
 Bryshina, Olha (* 1963), ukrainische Sprinterin und Staffel-Olympiasiegerin
 Bryson, antiker Philosoph und Autor
 Bryson von Achaia, antiker griechischer Philosoph
 Bryson von Herakleia, griechischer Mathematiker, Philosoph
 Bryson, Bill (* 1951), US-amerikanischer Journalist und Schriftsteller
 Bryson, Craig (* 1986), schottischer Fußballspieler
 Bryson, Jeanie (* 1958), US-amerikanische Jazz-Sängerin
 Bryson, John (1819–1907), US-amerikanischer Politiker
 Bryson, John (* 1943), US-amerikanischer Unternehmer und Politiker
 Bryson, Joseph R. (1893–1953), US-amerikanischer Politiker
 Bryson, Peabo (* 1951), US-amerikanischer Sänger
 Bryson, Reid (1920–2008), US-amerikanischer Geologe und Meteorologe
 Bryson, William Curtis (* 1945), US-amerikanischer Jurist, Bundesrichter

Bryt
 Brytschewa, Larissa Igorewna (* 1957), russische Juristin und Politikerin
 Bryttschenko, Jekaterina Jewgenjewna (* 2008), russische Billardspielerin

Liste der Biografien/Bry


Kavak (), Samsun ilinin bir ilçesidir.

Tarih
İlçe merkezinin kuzeyinde kalan Kale Doruğu Höyüğü'nde 1942 yılında yapılan araştırmalarda MÖ 3500-2000 yıllarına ait eserlere rastlanmıştır. Bu verilere göre Kavak, Erken Tunç Çağı'ndan bu yana bir yerleşim yeridir. Kale Doruğu Höyüğü'nde Erken Helenistik Dönem, Roma, Bizans, Selçuklu ve Osmanlı dönemlerine ait eserlere rastlanması ise bu yerin hem yerleşim özelliğini, hem de burada yerleşimin sürekliliğini göstermektedir.

Kale Doruğu'nda en önemli yerleşmenin Bakır Çağı'nda olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Bölgede varlığı kanıtlanan ilk kavim Kaşkalardır. Kaşkalar, Hititlerin egemenliğini benimsemiş yarı göçebe ve saldırgan bir topluluktur.

Hititler, Kale Doruğu'na geniş ölçüde yerleşmemiş; ancak, bölgenin stratejik bir noktada oluşu nedeniyle buraya bir nevi garnizon kurmuşlardır, bu da onların yayılma ve genişleme dönemlerine rastlamaktadır.

Hititlerin egemenliğinden sonra Kavak, MÖ 1200'lerde Friglerin, MÖ 7. yüzyılda Miletlilerin egemenliği altına girmiştir. MÖ 3. yüzyılda Pontus Krallığı tarafından ilhak edilen Kavak'a daha sonra Romalılar hakim olmuştur.

Daha önce Yahudiliği tanıyan halk, 1. yüzyıl İsa'nın havarilerinden Aziz Andre ve Pier'in bölgeye gelmesiyle Hristiyanlıkla tanışmıştır.

Müslümanlar, Abbasiler döneminde (750-1528) Malatya - Tokat üzerinden Karadeniz kıyılarına uzandılar ve İslam dinini buralara tanıttılar.

1071'deki Malazgirt Meydan Muharebesi'nden sonra Selçuklular döneminde Rükneddin Süleyman'ın Tokat meliki olduğu zaman bölge Selçukluların eline geçti.

Anadolu'ya gelen Türkmen boylarından Çepniler Trabzon, Ünye ve Kavak'tan yola çıkarak, Karadeniz'in Türkleşmesinde önemli etken olmuşlardır.

Osmanlı döneminde ise Yıldırım Beyazıt Han, Anadolu'da birliği sağlamak için bölgeyi İsfendiyaroğulları'ndan almıştır.

1418 Çelebi Mehmet döneminde ilçe tamamen Osmanlıların eline geçmiştir. Kavak'ın bundan sonraki tarihi Osmanlı Tarihi içinde gelişimini sürdürmüştür.

1518 tarihli bir Osmanlı tapu defterinde Kavak'ın Canik Sancağı'na bağlı bir karye (köy) olduğu görülmüştür.

1839 yılında merkez ilçeye bağlı bucak olmuştur.

1934 yılında da bucak teşkilatı ilçe teşkilatına çevrildi.

Coğrafi konumu

Samsun-Ankara karayolu üzerinde kurulmuş, Samsun iline bağlı bir ilçedir. Samsun merkezine  uzaklığı 50 km'dir. Kavak doğusunda Asarcık, Batısında Havza, Kuzeyinde İlkadım ve Bafra, Güneyinde Ladik ilçeleriyle çevrilidir.

Denizden yüksekliği 600 m olan ilçe engebeli bir arazi yapısına sahiptir. En yüksek dağı Hacılar Dağı'dır. İlçenin en önemli akarsularından Mert Irmağı bu dağlarda doğar. İlçenin doğal gölü olmasa da sulama amacıyla yapılan göletleri vardır.

İlçe ormanlık bir yapıya sahiptir. İç Anadolu üzerinden ilçe sınırına girileceği anda orman ziyaretçileri kucaklar ve Karadeniz sahili boyunca ayrılmaz. Ormanlarında genellikle Akmeşe, Karameşe (pelit ağacı) gürgen, kayın, yabani fındık, yabani ıhlamur, yabani erik, yabani kiraz, yabani kavak ve ardıç bulunur.

İklim
Deniz seviyesinden oldukça yüksek olan Kavak'ta iklim, deniz ikliminden kara iklimine geçiş şeklindedir. Fakat karasal iklim daha baskın durumdadır. Yazları ılık, kışları ise genellikle soğuk geçer. Yazın lodos, kışın poyraz rüzgârlarının etkisi altında kalan ilçede en fazla yağmur ilkbaharda yağar.

Nüfus

Şive
Türkçenin Kavak ilçesinde kullanılan şivesinin Batı Anadolu ağızları içindeki konumu
Prof. Dr. Leyla Karahan'ın Anadolu Ağızlarının Sınıflandırılması (Türk Dil Kurumu yayınları: 630, Ankara 1996) adlı çalışmasına göre şöyledir:

Sosyo-Ekonomik yapısı

Kavak ilçesinin ekonomisi tarım ve hayvancılığa dayanır. Tarım alanında en çok buğday, mısır, yulaf, arpa gibi tahıl ürünleri yetiştirilir. Ayrıca, şekerpancarı, tütün, patates ekimi de yapılmaktadır. Silaj mısır ve fiğ ekimi de artmaktadır.

Yüksek kesimlerdeki köylerde yaşayan halkın geçim kaynağı ise büyük ölçüde orman ürünleridir.

İlçedeki sanayi genellikle kireç, tuğla ve kiremit üretimi şeklinde gelişmiştir.

Ulaşım

Kavak, Orta Karadeniz'i İç Anadolu'ya bağlayan Samsun-Ankara Devlet karayolu üzerindedir. Samsun merkezine uzaklığı 51 km. olan ilçeye ulaşım kolayca sağlanabilmektedir. Toptepe-Doruk yöresinde viyadük ve 3*2 yol genişletme-asfalt, Çakallı mıntıkasında dağ kot düşürme ve viyadük çalışması yapılmaktadır.

Tarihi ve kültürel değerler

Kale Doruğu Höyüğü

1942 yılında Müzeler ve Anıtlar Yüksek Kurulu tarafından ön kazı yapılmış, sit alanı olarak koruma altına alınmıştır. Burasının Bakır Çağı'nda önemli bir yerleşim yeri olarak kullanıldığı, Hititlerin yayılma genişleme dönemlerinde de starejik konumu nedeniyle Amasya-Samsun yolunu denetleyebilmek için bir nevi garnizon olarak kullanıldığı tahmin edilmektedir. İlk kazı çalışmalarında Genç Helenistik, Roma, Bizans, Selçuklu ve Osmanlı dönemi kalıntılarına rastlanmıştır.

Kavak'ta bulunan diğer höyük ve ören yerleri ise şunlardır: Tepesi Deliktepesi, Kaleyeri, Kaletepe, Aytepe, Hacıbey, Dingil Kalecik höyükleri; Güneytepe, Çamlık, Asarkale ören yerleridir. Buralarda yapılan kazılarda ele geçen buluntular üzerinde yeterli araştırma ve inceleme yapılmamıştır.

Taş Han (Minoz Hanı)

Eski Ankara-Samsun yolu üzerinde Çakallı mevkiinde bulunan hanın Selçuklu yapısı olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.ve günümüze dek hâlâ ayakta kalmayı başarmıştır. Yapılan araştırmalara göre 13. yüzyıl Selçuklu eseri olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Günümüzden 700 yıl öncesine aittir. Tarihsel kaynaklarda taşhan, çakallı kervansarayı gibi isimlerle söz edilmektedir. Ayrıca bu döneme ait köprüde bulunmaktadır.

Yörgüç Paşa Cami, Kavak

Osmanlılar döneminde Yörgüç Paşa tarafından yaptırılmıştır. İlk yapılan cami ahşaptır, bu yıkılarak yerine kesme taştan inşa edilmiştir. Kesin yapılış tarihi bilinmeyen caminin minaresi Selçuklu ve Osmanlı minare mimarisine uymaktadır. Bir de caminin yerinde eskiden kilise bulunduğu ve minarelerinde kilisenin kulesi olduğu rivayet edilmektedir. Ya da minarenin Hristiyan bir mimar tarafından yapılmış olduğu tahmin edilmektedir.

Bekdemir Köyü Camii

Tamamen ahşap malzemeden yapılmış olup, içerisinde kök boyalı süslemeler vardır. Çevresinde daha önceden bir medrese olduğu bilinmektedir. Fakat günümüze ulaşmamıştır. Cami yapı olarak tadilata uğramış olduğundan orijinalliğini bütünüyle korumaktadır. cami çerçevelerinin ustaları Minoz'dan getirilmiştir. Dernek üyelerinin ve köy halkının desteğiyle yeniden restore edilmiş ve korumaya alınmıştır.

Çakallı Köprüsü

Çakallı mevkiinde Çakallı Irmağı üzerine kurulmuş köprü iki gözlüdür. 19. yüzyıl Osmanlı eserleridir. Eski Ankara-Samsun Yolunda irili ufaklı aynı mimaride köprüler olup tespit ve araştırma safhasında çalışmalara başlanmıştır

Belirli günler
Kavak'ta Ağustos ayı içerisinde düzenlenen "Yaşar Doğu Şenlikleri ve Kutlamaları" geleneksel hale gelmiştir. Yaşar Doğu, güreşte Dünya Şampiyonluğuna kadar yükselmiş bir sporcudur.

Folklorik değerler

Kavak ilçesinde "Keşik" denilen bir gelenek vardır. Her hane kendisine keşik (Sıra) geldiğinde bütün köylüyü davet ederek onlara sabah, öğlen, akşam üç öğün olmak üzere yemeklerini hazırlar ve ikram eder. Bu daha sonra başka bir haneye keşik gelmesi şeklinde devam ettirilir.

Yemekler

Kavak yöresinin en meşhur yemeği kaz etiyle yapılan Kaz Ekmeği'dir. Mahallî olarak tirit denir. Kazın eritilen kızgın yağına batırılmış yufkalarla (yoka), yine kazın yağı ile yapılmış bulgur pilavı üzerine pişirilmiş kaz eti serilip çatal-kaşık kullanmadan et ve pilavın üstüne yufka konur ve parmak uçlarıyla et ve pilav bu yufkaya sarılır ve büyük bir lokma halinde yenir. Ayrıca, çakallı menemeni, ketesi, tandır kebabı, saç üzerinde pıtıl ekmeği, yoğurtlu mısır çorbası, keşkek, madımak yemeği, tavada dönderme (yağlı), şekerpancarı pekmezi, elmanın yabani türlerinden olan ve adına halk arasında Acık ya da Acuk denen meyveden yapılan yapılan ekşi meşhurdur. Bu ekşiyi aç karnına 1-2 kaşık yiyen bağırsak parazitlerinden kurtulur.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Kavak Kaymakamlığı
 Kavak Belediyesi

Kavak, Samsun


La Voix du Dahomey est l'un des premiers journaux qui voit le jour au Dahomey (Bénin).

Genèse
Début 1900, les premières élites du continent noirs devenaient hostiles à l'impérialisme blanc. Dans un premier temps, la contestation du pouvoir colonial sur l'administration locale était une intense et vigoureuse campagne de presse à travers la dénonciation des pratiques abusives des administrateurs. Les évolués luttaient pour la reconnaissance d'une spécificité dahoméenne. Alors pour se faire entendre du grand nombre des intellectuels, en 1918 La Voix du Dahomey voit le jour. Le journal critiquait le pouvoir colonial français à travers des louanges ironiques. Les critiques à l'égard de la France étaient dissimulées sous d'effusives protestations de loyauté envers Paris. Un tirage initial d'environ  mais avec un lectorat et une influence beaucoup plus importants. En 1936, les rédacteurs et directeurs du journal ont été traduits en justice par les puissances coloniales. Le rédacteur en chef est José Firmino Santos.

Liens internes
 Dahomey
 Paul Hazoumè
 Le Guide du Dahomey
 Dorothée Lima

Notes et références

Presse écrite au Bénin

La Voix du Dahomey


Emmette "Em" Bryant (Chicago, Illinois, ) es un exjugador de baloncesto estadounidense que disputó ocho temporadas en la NBA. Con 1,85 metros de estatura, jugaba en la posición de base.

Trayectoria deportiva

Universidad
Tras cumplir con el servicio militar, Bryant jugó un año en el Junior College de Crane, promediando 36 puntos por partido, haciendo que se fijasen en él los ojeadores de los Blue Demons de la Universidad DePaul, donde en su primer año batió todos los récords para un novato hasta que Mark Aguirre llegara en 1978. Se licenció en educación física.

Profesional
Fue elegido en la quincuagésimo tercera posición del Draft de la NBA de 1964 por New York Knicks, donde jugó durante cuatro temporadas como base suplente, siendo la más destacada la 1966-67, en la que promedió 8,7 puntos y 4,3 rebotes por partido.

En 1968 se produjo un Draft de Expansión por la llegada de nuevos equipos a la liga, siendo elegido por los Phoenix Suns, quienes lo traspasaron a Boston Celtics a cambio de una futura segunda ronda del draft. en su primera temporada en el equipo ganó su único anillo de campeón de la NBA tras derrotar a Los Angeles Lakers en las Finales, siendo decisivo en el séptimo y definitivo partido, en el que consiguió 20 puntos. Acabó la temporada promediando 11,0 puntos y 4,9 rebotes en los playoffs, prácticamente duplicando sus cifras de la temporada regular.

Jugó una temporada más en los Celtics, en la que ni siquiera se clasificaron para disputar los playoffs, entrando al año siguiente nuevamente en un Draft de Expansión, en el cual fue elegido por los Buffalo Braves. Su primera temporada en su nuevo equipo fue la mejor de toda su carrera a nivel estadístico, promediando 10,0 puntos y 4,8 asistencias por partido. Al término de la siguiente temporada fue despedido, retirándose definitivamente.

Estadísticas de su carrera en la NBA

Temporada regular

Playoffs

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Ficha de Em Bryant en ultimatenba.com

Nacidos en Chicago
Baloncestistas de Illinois
Baloncestistas de la NBA
Baloncestistas de los DePaul Blue Demons
Baloncestistas de los New York Knicks
Baloncestistas de los Boston Celtics
Baloncestistas de los Buffalo Braves

Em Bryant


1408 her flere betydninger:
 1408 (tal) - et tal
 1408 – årstallet
 1408 (novelle) – novelle af Stephen King fra 1999
 1408 (film) – filmatisering af novellen fra 2007

1408 (flertydig)


Lethal (eng. 'tödlich')

im Musikbereich:
 Lethal (argentinische Band), argentinische Metal-Band
 Lethal (schwedische Band), schwedische Metal-Band
 Lethal (US-amerikanische Band), US-amerikanische Metal-Band
 DJ Lethal, ein US-amerikanischer DJ lettischer Abstammung
 Lethal Aggression, eine US-amerikanische Crossover-Band
 Lethal Bizzle, ein Musiker aus der britischen Grimeszene
 Lethal Dose, war eine US-amerikanische Power- und Thrash-Metal-Band
 Lethal Records, war ein österreichisches Independent-Label, das sich auf Extreme Metal spezialisiert hatte

im Filmbereich:
 Lethal Invasion – Attacke der Alien-Viren
 Lethal Point – Zwei gnadenlose Profis
 Lethal Weapon – Zwei stahlharte Profis
 Lethal Weapon 4, US-amerikanischer Actionfilm aus dem Jahr 1998

weitere Bedeutungen:

 Jay Lethal (* 1985), (Kampfname) US-amerikanischer Wrestler

 Overo-Lethal-White-Gen

lethal tritt häufiger als Falschschreibung von 'letal' auf. Näheres zum Zielbegriff:
 Letalität

Lethal


Philip Hauge Abelson (April 27, 1913 – August 1, 2004) was an American physicist, scientific editor and science writer. Trained as a nuclear physicist, he co-discovered the element neptunium, worked on isotope separation in the Manhattan Project, and wrote the first study of nuclear marine propulsion for submarines. He later worked on a broad range of scientific topics and related public policy, including organic geochemistry, paleobiology and energy policy.

Abelson served as editor-in-chief of the journal Science from 1962–84, president of the Carnegie Institution of Washington from 1971–78, and president of the American Geophysical Union from 1972-74. His frequent editorials in Science, both during and after his term as editor, became known for their strident and thought-provoking views. A collection of 100 of his editorials was published as a book, entitled Enough of Pessimism. He may have been the original source of the phrase 'extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence'.

Life
Abelson was born on April 27, 1913, in Tacoma, Washington. He attended Washington State University, where he received degrees in chemistry and physics, and the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley), where he earned his PhD in nuclear physics. As a young physicist, he worked for Ernest Lawrence at the UC Berkeley. He was among the first American scientists to verify nuclear fission in an article submitted to the Physical Review in February 1939. From 1939 until 1941, he worked as an assistant physicist at the Carnegie Institution in Washington, D.C. It was while he was here that he worked on a substance that emitted beta rays and was produced by irradiation of uranium with neutrons. After he collaborated with the Nobel Prize laureate Luis Alvarez they isolated the material, and became the co-discoverer of neptunium on 8 June 1940 with Edwin McMillan. McMillan was awarded the Nobel Prize for this discovery among other elements.

Abelson was a key contributor to the Manhattan Project during World War II, while working with the Naval Research Laboratory. Although he was not formally associated with the atom bomb project, the liquid thermal diffusion isotope separation technique that he invented at the Philadelphia Navy Yard  was used in the S-50 plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and proved a critical step in creating the large amount of nuclear fuel required for building atomic bombs.

After the war, he turned his attention under the guidance of Ross Gunn to applying nuclear power to naval propulsion. While not written at an engineering-design level, he wrote the first physics report detailing how a nuclear reactor could be installed in a submarine, providing both propulsion and electrical power. His report anticipated the nuclear submarine's role as a missile platform. This concept was later supported by Admiral Hyman G. Rickover and others. Under Rickover, the concept became reality in the form of , the world's first nuclear submarine.

In 1946, he returned to work at the Carnegie Institution, which published his report "Atomic Energy Submarine," in March of that year.  From 1953 until 1971 he served as the director of the Carnegie Institution of Washington's Geophysical Laboratory, and as president from 1971 to 1978, and as a trustee from 1978 on. From 1962 to 1984 he was editor of Science, one of the most prestigious academic journals, and served as its acting executive officer in 1974, 1975 and 1984. From 1972 until 1974 he served as the president of the American Geophysical Union.

Abelson was outspoken and well known for his opinions on science.  In a 1964 editorial published in Science magazine, Abelson identified overspecialization in science as a form of bigotry.  He outlined his view that the pressure towards specialization beginning in undergraduate study and intensifying in PhD programs leads students to believe that their area of specialization is the most important, even to the extreme view that other intellectual pursuits are worthless.  He reasoned that such overspecialization led to obsolescence of one's work, often through a focus on trivial aspects of a field, and that avoidance of such bigotry was essential to guiding the direction of one's work.

In a 1965 article he described his work in paleobiology and reported evidence of amino acids recovered from fossils hundreds of millions of years in age and fatty acids in rocks dating over a billion years old.  He estimated that based on his experiments alanine would be stable for billions of years.

Abelson may have been the original source of the phrase 'extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence', which he used in 1978 and was subsequently popularised by Carl Sagan.

Perhaps his most famous work from this time period is an editorial entitled "Enough of Pessimism" ("enough of pessimism, it only leads to paralysis and decay"). This became the title of a 100 essay collection.

During the 1970s he became interested in the problem of world energy supplies. Books on the topic include Energy for Tomorrow (1975), from a series of lectures at the University of Washington, and Energy II: Use Conservation and Supply. He pointed out the possibilities of mining the Athabascan tar sands, as well as oil shale in the Colorado Rockies. In addition, he urged conservation and a change of attitude towards public transit.

After 1984, he remained associated with the magazine. Some have claimed him to be an early skeptic of the case for global warming on the basis of a lead editorial in the magazine dated March 31, 1990, in which he wrote, "[I]f the global warming situation is analyzed applying the customary standards of scientific inquiry one must conclude that there has been more hype than solid fact." However, this contrasts what is said in a US National Research Council, Energy and Environment report on which his name appears along with Thomas F. Malone over a decade earlier in 1977:

Abelson died on August 1, 2004, from respiratory complications following a brief illness. He was married to Neva Abelson, a distinguished research physician who co-discovered the Rh blood factor test (with L. K. Diamond). Their daughter, Ellen Abelson Cherniavsky, worked as an aviation researcher for the MITRE corporation in Virginia.

Awards and legacy
Abelson received many distinguished awards, including the National Medal of Science in 1987, the National Science Foundation's Distinguished Achievement Award, the American Medical Association's Scientific Achievement Award, the Navy Distinguished Civilian Service Medal and the Waldo E. Smith Medal in 1988. In 1992 he was awarded the Public Welfare Medal, the National Academy of Sciences's highest honor. He was elected a fellow of the American Physical Society in 1949 and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1958. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1961.

The mineral abelsonite is named after Abelson in recognition of his contribution to organic geochemistry.

The Philip and Neva Abelson Hall at Washington State University was named in his honor.

The AAAS Philip Hauge Abelson Prize is named after Philip Abelson.

Bibliography

See also
Nuclear marine propulsion
Submarine-launched ballistic missile

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

2002 Video Interview with Philip Abelson by Cynthia C. Kelly Voices of the Manhattan Project
1965 Audio Interview with Philip Abelson by Stephane Groueff Voices of the Manhattan Project
 History of the UNFCCC, demonstrating that in 1977 Abelson believed in a CO2-climate link
Encyclopædia Britannica, Philip Abelson
 Annotated bibliography for Philip Abelson from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
 "Cleavage of the Uranium Nucleus", Physical Review, Received February 3, 1939
 Oral History interview transcript with Philip Abelson 19 June 2002, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives
 Oral History interview transcript with Philip Abelson 26 June 2002, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives
 Oral History interview transcript with Philip Abelson 2 July 2002, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives

1913 births
2004 deaths
20th-century American physicists
American nuclear physicists
Manhattan Project people
Discoverers of chemical elements
National Medal of Science laureates
Kalinga Prize recipients
Deaths from respiratory failure
Neptunium
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Washington State University alumni
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Writers from Tacoma, Washington
Members of the National Academy of Medicine
Members of the American Philosophical Society

Philip Abelson


Inter Ecclesias je međunarodni susret upoznavanja mladih katolika iz dvaju naroda. Program boravka sadrži da gosti u pratnji domaćih mladih vjernika, obilaze kulturno-povijesne znamenitosti mjesta u kojima borave, uživaju u ljetnim radostima, imaju svakodnevne duhovne programe koji se sastoje od dnevnih misa, zajedničke molitve časoslova, euharistijskog klanjanja, prigodnih kateheza, razmjene svjedočanstava o značenju vjere u njihovim životima, evangelizacijskih trenutaka, kao i vremena međusobnog upoznavanja te upoznavanja s kulturnim obilježjima i svakodnevnim izazovima svake Crkve. Projekt Inter Ecclesias je projekt koji sudionicima omogućuje bolje se upoznati, unutar Crkve u drugim kršćanima prepoznati braću i sestre, jer kad ih prepoznaju, onda izvjesno drukčije razmišljaju i u crkvi i u privatnosti svoga doma. Susret Inter Ecclesias nastao je nakon Svjetskog susreta mladih u Poljskoj 2016. godine.

Izvori

Katoličanstvo

Inter Ecclesias


دوري أبطال أوروبا 1985-1986 فاز فريق ستيوا بوخارست بهذه البطولة بعد أن تغلب على فريق نادي برشلونة. انتهى الوقت الأصلي والإضافي للمبارة بتعادل سلبي. تم حسم المبارة من خلال الركلات الترجيحية، حيث أحرز فريق بوخارست هدفين من أصل أربع ركلات ترجيحية فيما لم يحرز فريق برشلونة أي هدف من أصل أربع ركلات ترجيحية، أقيمت المبارة النهائية بين الفريقين في مدينة إشبيلية بتاريخ 7 مايو من عام 1986.

دور الـ 32

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دور الـ 16

ربع النهائي

نصف النهائي

النهائي

الهدافون

مراجع

كرة القدم الأوروبية في 1985–86
مواسم كأس أوروبا

كأس أوروبا 1985–86


The TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors (TNM) is a globally recognised standard for classifying the anatomical extent of the spread of malignant tumours (cancer). It has gained wide international acceptance for many solid tumor cancers, but is not applicable to leukaemia or tumors of the central nervous system. Most common tumors have their own TNM classification. The TNM staging system is sometimes referred to as the AJCC/UICC staging system or the UICC/AJCC staging system.

TNM was developed and is maintained by the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC). It is also used by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO). In 1987, the UICC and AJCC staging systems were unified into the single TNM staging system. TNM is a notation system that describes the stage of a cancer, which originates from a solid tumor, using alphanumeric codes:

T describes the size of the original (primary) tumor and whether it has invaded nearby tissue,
N describes nearby (regional) lymph nodes that are involved,
M describes distant metastasis (spread of cancer from one part of the body to another).

The TNM staging system for all solid tumors was devised by Pierre Denoix between 1943 and 1952, using the size and extension of the primary tumor, its lymphatic involvement, and the presence of metastases to classify the progression of cancer.

General outline
The TNM classification comprises staging algorithms for almost all cancers, with the primary exception of pediatric cancers. The general outline for the TNM classification is below. The values in parentheses give a range of what can be used for all cancer types, but not all cancers use this full range.

Mandatory parameters

  T: size or direct extent of the primary tumor
 Tx: tumor cannot be assessed
 Tis: carcinoma in situ
 T0: no evidence of tumor
 T1, T2, T3, T4: size and/or extension of the primary tumor
  N: degree of spread to regional lymph nodes
 Nx: lymph nodes cannot be assessed
 N0: no regional lymph nodes metastasis
 N1: regional lymph node metastasis present; at some sites, tumor spread to closest or small number of regional lymph nodes
 N2: tumor spread to an extent between N1 and N3 (N2 is not used at all sites)
 N3: tumor spread to more distant or numerous regional lymph nodes (N3 is not used at all sites)
  M: presence of distant metastasis
 M0: no distant metastasis
 M1: metastasis to distant organs (beyond regional lymph nodes)

The Mx designation was removed from the 7th edition of the AJCC/UICC system, but referred to cancers that could not be evaluated for distant metastasis.

Other parameters
 G (1–4): the grade of the cancer cells (i.e. they are "low grade" if they appear similar to normal cells, and "high grade" if they appear poorly differentiated)
 S (0–3): elevation of serum tumor markers
 R (0–2): the completeness of the operation (resection-boundaries free of cancer cells or not)
 Pn (0–1): invasion into adjunct nerves
 L (0–1): invasion into lymphatic vessels
 V (0–2): invasion into vein (no, microscopic, macroscopic)
 C (1–5): a modifier of the certainty (quality) of the last mentioned parameter (has been removed in the TNM 8th edition)

Prefix modifiers
 c: stage is determined from evidence acquired before treatment (including clinical examination, imaging, endoscopy, biopsy, surgical exploration). The c-prefix is implicit in absence of the p-prefix.
 p: stage given by histopathologic examination of a surgical specimen
 y: stage assessed after chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy; in other words, the individual had neoadjuvant therapy.
 r: stage for a recurrent tumor in an individual that had some period of time free from the disease.
 a: stage determined at autopsy.
 u: stage determined by ultrasonography or endosonography. Clinicians often use this modifier although it is not an officially defined one
 m: tumor is multifocal (more than 1 tumors). The opposite, s, can be used when there is particular reason to emphasize that the tumor is solitary/single.

For the T, N and M parameters exist subclassifications for some cancer-types (e.g. T1a, Tis, N1i)

UICC Stage and AJCC Prognostic Stage Groups
The TNM system is used to record the anatomical extent of disease. It is useful to condense these categories into groups. Carcinoma in situ is categorized stage 0; often tumors localized to the organ of origin are staged as I or II depending on the extent, locally extensive spread, to regional nodes are staged as III, and those with distant metastasis staged as stage IV. However, in some tumor types stage groups do not conform to this simplified schema. The stage group is adopted with the intention that categories within each group are more or less homogeneous in respect of survival, and that the survival rates are distinctive between groups.
The Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) uses the term Stage to define the anatomical extent of disease. The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) uses the term Prognostic Stage Group which may also include additional prognostic factors in addition to anatomical extent of disease.

Examples
 Small, low-grade cancer, no metastasis, no spread to regional lymph nodes, cancer completely removed, resection material seen by pathologist: pT1 pN0 M0 R0 G1; this grouping of T, N, and M would be considered Stage I.
 Large, high grade cancer, with spread to regional lymph nodes and other organs, not completely removed, seen by pathologist: pT4 pN2 M1 R1 G3; this grouping of T, N, and M would be considered Stage IV.

While most Stage I tumors are curable, most Stage IV tumors are inoperable.

Uses and aims
Some of the aims for adopting a global standard are to:
 Aid medical staff in staging the tumor helping to plan the treatment.
 Give an indication of prognosis.
 Assist in the evaluation of the results of treatment.
 Enable facilities around the world to collate information more productively.

Since the number of combinations of categories is high, combinations are grouped to stages for better analysis.

Versions
The criteria used in the TNM system have varied over time, sometimes fairly substantially, according to the different editions that AJCC and UICC have released. The dates of publication and adoption for use of the UICC and AJCC editions are summarized here; past editions are available from AJCC for web download.

UICC editions:

  Went into effect 2003.
  Went into effect 2010.
  Went into effect 2017.

AJCC editions:
  Went into effect 1978.
  Went into effect 1984.
  Went into effect 1989.
  Went into effect 1993.
  Went into effect 1998.
  Went into effect 2003.
  Went into effect 2010.
  Delayed to go into effect 2018.

As a result, a given stage may have quite a different prognosis depending on which staging edition is used, independent of any changes in diagnostic methods or treatments, an effect that has been termed "stage migration". The technologies used to assign patients to particular categories have also changed, and increasingly sensitive methods tend to cause individual cancers to be reassigned to higher stages, making it improper to compare that cancer's prognosis to the historical expectations for that stage. A further important consideration is the effect of improving treatments over time.

Essential TNM
Essential TNM is a simplified form of TNM designed specifically to enable cancer registries in low and middle income countries to collect stage information when complete details of the extent of disease are not available for collection by the registry. It is not designed to replace TNM for patient care.

Gallery

See also
 Cancer staging
 Ann Arbor staging, used in lymphomas

References

Bibliography

External links
 UICC site
 AJCC site
 TNM Classification Help
 TNM Breast Cancer Staging (specific to breast cancer, but detailed and easy to understand)

Cancer staging

TNM staging system


King Solomon's Mines  é um filme britânico de 1937 do gênero aventura, dirigido por Robert Stevenson, com roteiro de Michael Hogan baseado no livro homônimo de Henry Rider Haggard, escrito em 1885. Esta versão cinematográfica é considerada a mais fiel ao livro em relação aos filmes de 1950 e 1985 e é a segunda adaptação ao cinema, já que em 1919 foi lançado o filme mudo com o mesmo título, dirigido por Horace Lisle Lucoque.

O longa-metragem foi produzido pela "Gaumont British Picture Corporation" e distribuído pela "General Film Distributors".

Sinopse
 Ver resumo do enredo do livro

Elenco
 Paul Robeson ...... Umbopa
 Cedric Hardwicke ...... Allan Quartermain (não Quatermain, como no livro)
 Roland Young ...... John Good
 John Loder ...... Henry Curtis
 Anna Lee ...... Kathy O'Brien
 Arthur Sinclair ...... Patsy O'Brien
 Robert Adams ...... Twala
 Arthur Goullet ...... Sylvestra Getto
 Ecce Homo Toto ...... Infadoos
 Makubalo Hlubi ...... Kapse
 Mjujwa ...... Scragga
 Sydney Fairbrother ...... Gagool
 Frederick Leister ...... Diamond Buyer

Filmes dirigidos por Robert Stevenson
Filmes do Reino Unido de 1937
Filmes baseados em obras de H. Rider Haggard
Filmes em língua inglesa
Filmes de caça ao tesouro

King Solomon's Mines (filme de 1937)


Carmen Bunster (Buenos Aires, Argentina, 6 de enero de 1918 - San José, Costa Rica, 23 de abril de 2012) fue una reconocida actriz de teatro y cine chilena.

En Chile
Entre 1950 y 1973, participó activamente en la compañía de teatro de la Universidad de Chile, trabajando con los actores Mario Lorca, Carmen Barros, María Cánepa, Bélgica Castro, Kerry Keller y Diana Sanz, entre otros. En 1972, colaboró como relatora del álbum musical de Inti-Illimani e Isabel Parra titulado Canto para una semilla. Uno de sus papeles más renombrados en esta etapa fueron en la obra La viuda de Apablaza presentada en 1956, escrita por Germán Luco Cruchaga en 1928, y que cuenta la historia de una mujer que se enamora de uno de los jóvenes trabajadores del campo de su difunto marido.

En 1972 grabó junto a Isabel Parra e Inti-Illimani la primera versión del álbum Canto para una semilla, cantata compuesta por Luis Advis y basada en textos de Violeta Parra.

El exilio
Al año siguiente, producto del Golpe de Estado en Chile de 1973, Carmen partió al exilio, dejando su país para siempre. Vivió en distintos países en los cuales continuó con su carrera como actriz, siendo parte de diversos trabajos para teatro, cine y televisión, entre ellos, la película "Alsino y el cóndor", nominada al Óscar, dirigida por el también chileno Miguel Littín.

Se radicó finalmente en Costa Rica, donde el 16 de diciembre de 2003 fue reconocida con el Premio a la trayectoria por la Unión de Teatros Independientes (UTI). En este país vivió hasta su muerte, el 23 de abril de 2012, producto de causas naturales.

Obra

Teatro
Sus actuaciones más reconocidas en Chile fueron en las siguientes obras de teatro:
 La viuda de Apablaza (1956)
 La casa de Bernarda Alba (1960)
 Madre Coraje
 La madre
 La profesión de la Señora Warren
 La remolienda (1965)
 El abanderado

En Costa Rica, en tanto, destacaron sus trabajos en las obras Delito en la Isla de las Cabras (Antiguo Teatro Arlequín), Lisa (Teatro Universitario), Te juro Juana que tengo ganas y Petra Regalada (Antiguo Teatro de la Colina), entre otras.

Cine
 1953 - Conflicto de sangre (Chile; dirección Vinicio Valdivia)
 1954 - Confesiones al amanecer (Chile; dirección Pierre Chenal)
 1983 - Alsino y el cóndor, como la abuela de Alsino (Nicaragua, Cuba, México, Costa Rica; dirección Miguel Littín, nominada al Óscar)
 1985 - La Negrita, el Milagro de Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles, como una bondadosa y humilde aldeana cartaginesa.

Televisión
 1985 - Bartolome oder Die Rückkehr der weißen Götter, como Sra. Cecilia (Alemania Occidental; dirección Eberhard Itzenplitz)

Música
 1972 - Canto para una semilla (con Inti-Illimani e Isabel Parra)

Referencias

Actrices de teatro de Chile
Actrices de cine de Chile
Chilenos exiliados de la dictadura militar

Carmen Bunster


Kong Mongkut, bedst kendt som Rama IV (født 18. oktober 1804 i Bangkok i  Siam, død 1. oktober 1868 samme sted) var konge af Siam fra 1851 til 1868. Han gav sig selv navnet Phra Chomklao Chaoyuhua (พระบาทสมเด็จ พระจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว).

Rama IV indførte et moderne undervisningvæsen, og elevene skulle lære engelsk. Hans egne børn blev undervist af den engelske guvernante Anna Leonowens.  I 1855 grundlage han landets første trykkeri i Dusit-paladset. Han havde underskrevet en række handelsaftaler (med Storbritannien, USA, Danmark og Frankrig), og hans diplomati klarede at sikre landets uafhængighed på en tid, da kolonimagterne havde få hæmninger hvad gjaldt at tage sig til rette. Kongen skrev selv bøger, særlig om landets historie og skikke. Han var også en dygtig astronom. Hans død i 1868 skyldtes ikke almene helbredsproblemer, men derimod, at han blev bidt af malariamyg under observation af en solformørkelse.

Kilder

Konger af Thailand
Buddhistiske monarker

Rama IV


This is a list of numbered highways in the province of Nova Scotia.

Arterial (100-series) highways

A 100-series highway is a designation applied to a highway that can be a controlled-access expressway, Super-2, or fully divided freeway.  The designation can also be applied in some cases to sections of uncontrolled access roads which are deemed strategically important and which will be upgraded in the future to controlled-access.

Trunk Highways
Nova Scotia's original arterial highway number system had route number signs in the same shape as the U.S. Highway route number signs. These signs are now used for Trunk routes. Former, "missing", Trunk routes were largely downgraded to Collector Routes in 1970.

Collector Highways

Scenic Routes

References

Nova Scotia provincial highways

Highways

List of Nova Scotia provincial highways


Ektal or Ektaal is a tala in Indian music. It is  commonly used in classical music like kheyal, and semi-classical forms like Rabindra Sangeet. In ektal the 12 matras are divided into 6 vibhags of two matras each. Ektal is played in Drut gatti ( fast speed ). This tala is mostly played by the use of tabla. One more tala similar to Ektal is Chowtal which is played with the use of Pakhavaj,Ektaal is the tabla counterpart of Chowtaal. Many beautiful Kaida are played in Ektal. But Ektal is mostly played for Vilambit (slow pace of any Tal) .

Basic information on tal Ektal :

Name - Ektal

Sum - 1st matra

Tali (claps) - 1, 5, 9, 11 matras

Khali (wave) - 3, 7 matras

Similar talas - Chowtal, Dadra, Garba (tal)

Related instruments -  Tabla

Related to - Hindustani  music

The form of Ektal is as follows:

clap, tap, wave, tap, clap, tap, wave, tap, clap, tap, clap, tap

It has a characteristic pattern of bols (theka) which goes as follows:

It is very important in Indian Classical music and many compositions are based on it. The 'Tirkita' is played as 'Traka' in the drut gatti or fast laya.

References

Hindustani talas

 https://chandrakantha.com/

Ektaal 12 beats which are very popular shastriya taal in North Indian music.This taal is also called ektala.
This taal has 6 divisions with 2 beats in each division.4th claps of this rhythm on 1st,5th,9th, and 11th beats and 2 waves on 3rd and 7th beats. The 1st beat of rhythm is called 'Sam'which is place is 1st clap.

Ektal


متحف درعا هو متحف حديث، جرى البدء به منذ عام 1992. وقد انتهت أعمال البناء في عام 2005.

الموقع
يقع متحف درعا عند مدخل مدينة درعا الشرقي الآتي من دمشق وأيضا من مدينة بصرى.و تحيط به عدة منشآت ترفيهية.

مبنى المتحف
متحف درعا ذو تصميم حديث, ويتميز بأنه مكسو بالحجارة البازلتية وذلك حسب الطراز المميز لمنطقة حوران، تبلغ مساحته الطابقية حوالي 1900 متر مربع، ويتألف من طابق أرضي وطابق أول وقبو. بالإضافة إلى الحديقة التي تبلغ مساحتها حوالي 5000 م مربع.
 الطابق الأرضي يحتوي على أربع صالات عرض للمقتنيات الأثرية وذلك حسب تسلسل الأزمنة التاريخية.
 الطابق الأول ويحتوي على ثلاثة صالات عرض وقاعة محاضرات ومكتبة ومقر لدائرة الآثار.
 القبو مستودعات للتخزين، بالإضافة لمخبر ترميم متطور .

أقسام المتحف
 قسم جيولوجيا وجغرافية منطقة حوران .
 قسم عصور ما قبل التاريخ.
 قسم الشرق القديم.
 قسم الآثار الكلاسيكية (الهيلينستية والرومانية والبيزنطية).
 قسم الفن الإسلامي.
 قسم التقاليد الشعبية.
 قسم الفن الحديث.

القطع الأثرية في متحف
بلغ عدد القطع الأثرية المعروضة في المتحف حوالي 2000 قطعة.

أهم القطع الأثرية في المتحف
 جرار من فترة البرونز الوسيط (2000 – 1600 ق. م).
 جرار من فترة البرونز الحديث (1600 – 1200 ق. م).
 تمثال من العصر الروماني، يمثل إله النهر.
 تمثال يمثل إله محلي وجد في مدينة إنخل ،من العصر الروماني (القرن الثاني أو الثالث الميلادي).
 نقد للإمبراطور فيليب العربي( 244 – 249 ب. م) .
 أواني زجاجية من العصر الروماني.
 فأس يدوي حربي تعود لعصر البرونز الوسيط.

المصادر

 مدونة وطن
 مديرية المتاحف والأثار

متاحف درعا

متحف درعا


«Last Name» es el título de una canción country compuesta por la artista estadounidense Carrie Underwood, Hillary Lindsey y por Luke Laird. Es el tercer sencillo del segundo álbum de estudio de Underwood, Carnival Ride. Fue lanzado en los Estados Unidos el 7 de abril de 2008, en el punto en el que la canción ya había estado en las listas. En los Premios Grammy, la canción le dio a Underwood su tercer Grammy consecutivo por "Mejor Interpretación Vocal Country Femenina". Ha vendido más de 1,078,000 copias hasta la fecha.

Información de la canción
La canción es una de las cuatro canciones incluidas en el álbum que han sido escritas por Underwood, y la tercera canción consecutiva en ser lanzada como sencillo del álbum. La canción habla sobre una mujer que conoce a un hombre en un bar y posteriormente se casa con él en Las Vegas luego de haber bebido demasiado esa noche. Al siguiente día se despierta pensando en lo que sucedió la noche anterior, y al notar un anillo en su dedo, sale corriendo hacia su vehículo.

Video musical
El video de la canción es una precuela de un video previo de Underwood, Before He Cheats. El video comienza con una escena de Before He Cheats, precisamente en el momento en el que Underwood destruye el vehículo de su hasta ese momento novio/esposo. Luego de esta escena, el video se va tres meses atrás, donde Underwood está con dos amigas bebiendo en una mesa solas, cuando se aparece un hombre e invita a Underwood a bailar (el hombre del bar es el mismo que engaña a Underwood en Before He Cheats, además de ser el mismo actor), a lo que ella acepta. Cuando están bailando, Underwood se da la vuelta por un momento y el hombre le guiña el ojo a una mujer que bailaba cerca de él. Al salir del club, Underwood se sube al vehículo de su acompañante, mientras que su acompañante coqueteaba con una mujer a sus espaldas (la mujer de esta escena es la chica con la que el novio de Underwood se está besando en Before He Cheats), la mujer le da su número, y el hombre se sube a su vehículo con Underwood adentro. Llegan a un casino donde el acompañante de Underwood coquetea con una mesera; y al salir del lugar, se encuentran con una señora que ofrece girar la ruleta y si ganan, se llevan una camioneta roja (la misma que Underwood destruye en Before he Cheats), la pareja gana y como "celebración" los casa un hombre vestido de Elvis, durante la ceremonia, la dama de honor le coquetea al futuro esposo de Underwood, pero ella se da cuenta, estaba a punto de dejarlo pero él la convence de que se casen. La pareja sale del lugar y se marchan en el vehículo rojo que ganaron previamente.

Recepción
El sencillo recibió generalmente críticas positivas.
Allmusic eligió a la canción como "la más contagiosa del álbum", llamando a la canción "una mezcla de Miranda Lambert con Shania Twain", y la nombraron como "un himno de una noche de juerga". Roling Stone eligió a la canción como su favorite, diciendo "la más divertida es Last Name, donde ella se embriaga y corre hacia Las Vegas con un chico que ella no conoce. Blender le dio a la canción cuatro de cinco estrellas, nombrando a la canción como "el momento más irresponsable (y divertido) del nuevo álbum de Underwood, que incluye una noche salvaje con muchas bebidas y un anillo inesperado". Billboard le dio una crítica positiva a la canción, alabando la letra: "Es una letra tan ingeniosa que hilarantemente celebra la embriagación", también agregando que es "una interpretación que mezcla potentes vocales, con una arriesgada intensidad y una actitud pícara dentro de un cóctel."

Si embargo, la canción también recibió críticas negativas. The 9513 le dio a la canción "pulgares abajo", describiendo a la canción como una "interpretación chata" que solo "se enfoca en los vocales". Slant Magazine nombró a la canción como "una copia barata de Before He Cheats".

Reconocimientos

Premios People Choice

Premio Grammy

Premio CMA Triple-Play

Premio BMI

Posicionamiento en las listas

Fin de año

Referencias

Sencillos de 2008
Sencillos certificados de platino por la Recording Industry Association of America
Sencillos de Carrie Underwood

Last Name


Yedidia Vital (2 de octubre de 1984, Ramallah) es un actor israelí, hijo del escultor, pintor y arquitecto Benjamín Michal Vital.

Biografía
Vital estudió en la Escuela Democrática de Hadera. Hizo el servicio militar en el Tzahal y comenzó a estudiar interpretación después de graduarse en la escuela de actuación Nissan Nativ. Actuó en la película Lemon Popsicle 9 - La celebración continúa(2001), y en muchos cortometrajes, incluyendo "El reclutamiento por la Noche" (2004) y "Camino simni" (2006), donde actuó junto a Moshe Ivgy.

Apareció en la serie de televisión "Octeto" del canal infantil, en la cual interpretó el papel de "Nini Dvir" durante tres temporadas. Entre los años que desempeñó papeles de reparto en la primera temporada de la serie "La Isla", como "Bock", y el drama "amor Anne" en el Canal 10 como "Yoav". También fue un invitado de "asunto la semana" (serie de televisión),"pijama", "Arriba", "detective privado Mandelbaum" y mucho más. Además actuó en dos temporadas de la serie "Billy" de Disney Channel, que desempeñó el papel de "Noam Segev". En 2009 participó en la mini-serie "Siempre el mismo sueño", dirigida por Eytan Fox, que desempeñó el papel de "Uri Zahavi" (Miss Sunshine), y en 2010 una serie de niños "Porcupine operación" canal de difusión lógica. En 2009-2011  interpretó el personaje "Omer Teneh" en la serie de televisión Split''.

Referencias

Ficha en IMDb.

Actores de Israel
Judíos de Israel

Yedidya Vital


Ferdinand 1. (27. november 1380–2. april 1416) var konge af Aragonien fra 1412 til 1416. Han var også regent i Castilien fra 1406 til 1416.

Han var en yngre søn af kong Johan 1. af Kastilien og Eleonora af Aragonien. I 1406 afslog han et tilbud om at blive konge af Kastilien efter sin ældre bror kong Henrik 3.'s død. I stedet førte han med held regeringen som regent for sin brodersøn Johan 2. under dennes mindreårighed. I 1412 valgte Aragoniens cortes ham til konge af Aragonien. Han besejrede i 1413 Jakob 2. af Urgel, en prætendent til Aragoniens trone. Han blev efterfulgt som konge af sin ældste søn, Alfons

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Huset Trastámara
Konger af Aragonien
Konger af Valencia
Konger af Mallorca
Konger af Sicilien
Konger af Sardinien
Grever af Barcelona
Regenter af Castilien
Personer fra Medina del Campo

Ferdinand 1. af Aragonien


Haşıllama, dokuma öncesi yapılan bir dokuma hazırlık işlemidir. Çözgü ipleri dokuma sırasında sürtünmeye ve gerilime maruz kalır. İpliklerin direncini artırmak için haşıllama işlemi gereklidir. Haşıllamadaki amaç, dokuma sırasındaki yıpratıcı etkilerden iplikleri korumaktır. Haşıl, kumaşa sert bir tutum verir ve kumaşı hidrofoblaştırır

Kullanılan maddeler
Haşıl maddeleri film oluşturabilen belirli bir yapışma ve tutunma yeteneğine sahiptir. Doğal ve yapay mollokülü yapışkan özelikli maddelerdir.
Doğal haşıl maddeleri: Nişasta, modifiye nişasta, kalibeksi, metil selüloz, jelatin ve tutkal.
Yapay haşıl maddeleri: Polivinilalkol, poliakrilat, asit esterleri.

Uygulanışı
Dokuma işletmesinde, çözgü ipliklerine haşıl uygulamanın ana amacı düşük kopuşlu optimum çalışma şartları sağlamaktır. Ancak etkili bir pişirme ve dolayısıyla düzgün bir boyama ve / veya baskı eldesi için dokuma sırasında uygulanan bu haşılın iyi bir şekilde sökülmesi gerekir. Bu amacı sağlamak üzere birçok haşıl karışımları kullanılmaktadır. Haşıl seçiminde maliıl sökme için bakteri, pankreas veya malt esaslı amilazlar kullanılır. Fakat bakteri esaslı amilazlarla haşıl sökme genellikle hakimdir.
Enzimatik haşıl sökme kesikli ve kesiksiz yöntemlerle uygulanabilir. Ancak en yaygın uygulama şekli kumaşı yakma işleminden sonra haşıl sökme maddesi ve bir ıslata maddesi / deterjan ihtiva eden çözeltiyle emdirip, sonra sıcaklığa bağlı olarak saate 12 saate kadar - çoğu kez roliklerde bekletmektedir, daha sonra sıcak yıkama uygulanır.
Enzimatik haşıl sökmenin bir dezavantajı bu işlemin müstakil bir işlem olmasıdır. PH ' bağımlılığı yüzünden diğer proseslerle kombine edilemez. Oysa oksidatif haşıl sökme kontinü pişirme ve ağartma prosesleri ile kombine edilebilir.
Oksidatif haşıl sökmenin uygulandığı bu kombine prosesler zaman, su, buhar ve yardımcı maddelerde tasarruf sağlar. Ayrıca enzimatik yolla tatminkar şekilde haşıl sökmenin mümkün olmadığı durumlar da vardır.
Genellikle haşılın yüksek miktarda yağ ihtiva etmesinden, parçalanamayan tapioka nişastası kullanılmasında ve haşıla küflenmeyi önleyici maddelerin ilavesinden kaynaklanan böyle durumlarda oksidatif haşıl sökme tavsiye edilir.
Bugün oksidatif haşıl sökme hemen hemen sadece kontinüemdirme metoduyla yapılmaktadır. Uzun yıllardan beri en çok bilinen oksidatif haşıl sökme maddesi persülfatlardır. Ancak persülfatların nişastayı parçalama yanında selülozu da parçalayabilecekleri unutulmamalı ve bu risk minumuma indirilmedikçe ya da tamamıyla elimine edilmedikçe oksidatif haşıl sökme uygulanmalıdır.
Yeni tip oksidatif haşıl sökme maddelerinin geliştirilmesiyle lifin çürüme riskinin önüne geçilmiştir. ( Bu tür maddeler, aktif oksidatif bir madde ile seçilmiş anyonik / noniyonik yüzey aktif maddelerin kombinasyonlarıdır. )
Persülfatlardan başka H2O2 de oksidatif haşıl sökme maddesi olarak önerilmiştir ve özellikle İngiltere'de kullanılmaktadır. Ancak, tecrübeler, H2O2 ile nişasta parçalanmasının ağartmayı da içine alan birçok muamele basamağından sonra elde edildiğini göstermektedir. Bu nedenle metot sadece tam beyazlık istenen hallerde uygundur.

Tekstil terimleri
Tekstil üretim teknikleri
Kumaşlar

Haşıllama


Teorija citatnosti je knjiga hrvatske književne teoretičarke Dubravke Oraić-Tolić. Izašla je 1990. godine u izdanju Grafičkog zavoda Hrvatske. Knjiga sadrži poglavlja Citatnost - eksplicitna intertekstualnost, Ilustrativni i iluminativni tip citatnosti, Velika citatna polemika, Veliki citatni dijalog, Ujevićev citatni Oproštaj s Marulićem, Kolaž kao citatni žanr, Citatna polifonija Osipa Mandelštama. Knjiga ima 230 stranica.
Pojam citatnosti nastao je u Zagrebačkoj književnoznanstvenoj školi, odnosno pojam je uvela Oraić-Tolić u znanost o književnosti.

Kad je 2016. godine dobila Nagradu Josip i Ivan Kozarac za životno djelo, predsjednik Organizacijskog odbora Goran Rem rekao da je Oraić-Tolić ovu nagradu morala dobiti već nekoliko puta prije, među ostalim i kad je objavila Teoriju citatnosti.

Izvori

Knjige
Književnost

Teorija citatnosti (knjiga)


Decimal Day () in the United Kingdom and in Ireland was Monday 15 February 1971, the day on which each country decimalised its respective £sd currency of pounds, shillings, and pence.

Before this date, the British pound sterling (symbol "£") was subdivided into 20 shillings, each of 12 (old) pence, a total of 240 pence. With decimalisation, the pound kept its old value and name, but the shilling was abolished, and the penny was revalued, such that the pound was subdivided into 100 of what were originally called "new pence" ("NP"), and later just pence ("p") when confusion was no longer likely. Each new penny was worth 2.4 old pence (abbreviated "d.").

A coin of half a new penny, a  halfpenny, was introduced to maintain the approximate granularity of the old penny, but was dropped in 1984 as inflation reduced its value. An old value of 7 pounds, 10 shillings, and sixpence, abbreviated £7-10-6 or  became . Amounts with a number of old pence which was not 0 or 6 did not convert into a round number of new pence.

The Irish pound had the same £sd currency structure, and the same decimalisation was carried out.

United Kingdom

Background

The Russian ruble was the first decimal currency to be used in Europe, dating to 1704. Elsewhere, the Coinage Act of 1792 introduced decimal currency to the United States, the first English-speaking country to adopt a decimalised currency. In France, the decimal French franc was introduced in 1795.

Before the 1970s, earlier efforts in the United Kingdom to introduce decimalised currency had failed; in 1824, the United Kingdom Parliament rejected Sir John Wrottesley's proposals to decimalise sterling, which were prompted by the introduction of the French franc three decades earlier. Following this, little progress towards decimalisation was made in the United Kingdom for over a century, with the exception of the two shilling silver florin, first issued on 1849, worth  of a pound. A double florin or four shilling piece, introduced in 1887, was a further step towards decimalisation, but failed to gain acceptance and was struck only between 1887 and 1890.

Though little further progress was made, The Decimal Association, founded in 1841 to promote decimalisation and metrication, saw interest in both causes boosted by a growing national realisation of the importance of ease in international trade, following the 1851 Great Exhibition; it was as a result of the growing interest in decimalisation that the florin was issued. In a preliminary report issued in 1857 by the Royal Commission on Decimal Coinage, the benefits and drawbacks of decimalisation were considered, but the report failed to draw any conclusions on the adoption of a change in currency. A final report in 1859 from the two remaining commissioners, Lord Overstone and Governor of the Bank of England John Hubbard, came out against the idea, claiming that it had "few merits".

In 1862, the Select committee on Weights and Measures favoured the introduction of decimalisation to accompany the introduction of metric weights and measures.

The Royal Commission on Decimal Coinage (1918–1920), chaired by Lord Emmott, reported in 1920 that the only feasible scheme was to divide the pound into 1,000 mills (the pound and mill system, first proposed in 1824), but that it would be too inconvenient to introduce. A minority of four members said that the disruption would be worthwhile. A further three members recommended that the pound should be replaced by the royal, consisting of 100 halfpennies, with there then being 4.8 royals to the former pound.

In 1960, a report prepared jointly by the British Association for the Advancement of Science and the Association of British Chambers of Commerce, followed by the success of decimalisation in South Africa, prompted the Government to set up the Committee of the Inquiry on Decimal Currency (Halsbury Committee) in 1961, which reported in 1963. The adoption of the changes suggested in the report was announced on 1 March 1966. The Decimal Currency Board (DCB) was created to manage the transition, but the plans were only approved by Parliament with the Decimal Currency Act 1967. The former Greater London Council leader Bill Fiske was named as the Chairman of the Decimal Currency Board.

Consideration was given to introducing a new major unit of currency worth ten shillings in the old currency. Suggested names included the new pound, the royal and the noble. It would have resulted in the "decimal penny" being worth only slightly more than the old penny, an approach adopted in South Africa, Australia and New Zealand in the 1960s, adopting respectively the South African rand, Australian dollar and New Zealand dollar equal in value to 10 shillings. However, Halsbury decided that the pound sterling's importance as a reserve currency meant that the pound should remain unchanged.

Preparation

Under the new system, the pound was retained, but was divided into 100 new pence, denoted by the symbol p. New coinage was issued alongside the old coins. The 5p and 10p coins were introduced in April 1968 and were the same size, composition and value as the shilling and two shilling coins in circulation with them. In October 1969, the 50p coin was introduced, with the 10s. note withdrawn on 20 November 1970. This reduced the number of new coins required to be introduced on Decimal Day, meaning that the British public would already be familiar with three of the six new coins. Small booklets were made available, containing some or all of the new denominations.

The old halfpenny was withdrawn from circulation on 31 July 1969, and the half-crown (2s. 6d.) followed on 31 December to ease the transition. The farthing, last minted in 1956, had already ceased to be legal tender in 1961.

A substantial publicity campaign took place in the weeks before Decimal Day, including a song by Max Bygraves called "Decimalisation". The BBC broadcast a series of five-minute programmes, titled "Decimal Five", to which The Scaffold contributed some specially written tunes. ITV repeatedly broadcast a short drama called Granny Gets The Point starring Doris Hare, in which an elderly woman who does not understand the new system is taught to use it by her grandson. At 10 a.m. on 15 February and again the following week, BBC 1 broadcast 'New Money Day', a Merry-Go Round schools' programme in which puppet maker Peter Firmin and his small friend Muskit encountered different prices and new coins when they visited the shops.

Banks received stocks of the new coins in advance, which were issued to retailers shortly before Decimal Day to enable them to give change immediately after the changeover. Banks were closed from 3:30 p.m. on Wednesday 10 February 1971 to 10:00 a.m. on Monday 15 February to enable all outstanding cheques and credits in the clearing system to be processed and customers' account balances to be converted from £sd to decimal. In many banks, the conversion was done manually, as few bank branches were then computerised. February had been chosen for Decimal Day because it was the quietest time of the year for the banks, shops and transport organisations.

Many items were priced in both currencies for some time before and after the change. Prior to Decimal Day, items priced in both currencies had displayed the price in predecimalised currency first, with the price in decimal currency last in parentheses. From Decimal Day onwards, this order was reversed, with decimal currency presented first, and predecimal currency last in parentheses; for example, 1s (5p) would become 5p (1s). This latter order was used on most football programmes during the 1970–71 season. High-denomination (10p, 20p and 50p) stamps were issued on 17 June 1970. Post offices were issued with simplified training stamps in the same colours as the upcoming decimal stamps.

Exceptions to the 15 February introduction of decimalisation were British Rail and London Transport, which had gone decimal one day early, the former urging customers, if they chose to use pennies or threepenny pieces, to pay them in multiples of 6d (p, the lowest common multiple of the two systems).

Conversion tables were provided, showing how prices in £sd rounded to the new currency: this including saying 3d was equivalent to 1p though 9d was equivalent to 4p. This led to some anomalies: school meals were charged at 1s 9d a day or 8s 9d for a five-day week; these became 9p a day or 45p a week despite the conversion tables suggesting 8s 9d should be 44p.

After Decimal Day
Because of extensive preparations and the publicity campaigns organised by the British government, Decimal Day itself went smoothly. Some criticism – such as the fact that the new halfpenny coin was relatively small, and that some traders had taken advantage of the transition to raise their prices – were levelled, despite the fact that in the latter case, overall price adjustments slightly favoured the consumer. Some used new pennies as sixpences in vending machines. After 15 February, shops continued to accept payment in old coins but always issued change in new coins. The old coins were then returned to banks, and so most of them were quickly taken out of circulation.

The new halfpenny, penny, and twopence coins were introduced on 15 February 1971. Within two weeks of Decimal Day, the old penny (1d) and old threepence (3d) coins had left circulation, and old sixpences had become somewhat rare. On 31 August 1971, the 1d and 3d were officially withdrawn from circulation, ending the transition period to decimal currency.

The government intended that in speech, the new units would be called "new pence"; however, the British public quickly began to refer to pennies as "pee" when shortened, with "10p" pronounced as "ten pee" instead of "ten new pence". Other shortenings previously common, such as "tuppence", were now rarely heard, and terms such as "tanner" (used for the silver sixpence), which previously designated amounts of money, were no longer used. However, some slang terms, such as "quid" and "bob", previously used for pounds and shillings respectively, survived from predecimal times. Amounts denominated in guineas (21s or £1.05) were reserved still for specialist transactions, and continued to be used in the sale of horses and at some auctions, amongst others.

The public information campaign over the preceding two years helped, as well as the trick of getting a rough conversion of new pence into old shillings and pence by simply doubling the number of new pence and placing a solidus, or slash, between the digits: 17p multiplied by 2 = 34, – approximately equal to 3/4 ("three and four", or three shillings and four pence), with a similar process for the reverse conversion. The willingness of Britain's younger population to embrace decimalisation also helped, with elderly people having greater difficulty in adapting; the phrase "How much is that in old money?", or even "How much is that in real money?" became associated with those who struggled with the change, before in the following decades coming to refer to conversions between metric and imperial weights and measures. In shops from Decimal Day onwards, new stock would be universally priced in 'new money', though in smaller shops such as newsagents, it was still possible to find stock priced in £sd for several years after 1971; however, remaining stock priced in £sd would still be charged in its equivalent in decimal currency.

Around Decimal Day, "Decimal Adders" and other converters were available to help people convert between the old and new coins. The following is a table showing conversions between the decimal and pre-decimal systems.

Validity of old coins
All predecimal coins, except for certain non-circulating coins such as crowns, sovereigns and double florins which were explicitly excluded from demonetisation, are now no longer legal tender. Several other pre-decimal coins remained in circulation beyond 1971 (see below) however they are all now withdrawn.

Sixpences
The sixpence (6d), worth exactly p, was withdrawn in June 1980. This enabled the withdrawal of the decimal half-penny coin in 1984.

Shillings and florins
Shillings and florins, together with their same sized 5p and 10p coin equivalents, coexisted in circulation as valid currency until the early 1990s. In theory, this would have included coins dating back to 1816, but in practice, the oldest were dated 1947, as older coins contained silver, meaning the value of their metal was worth more than their nominal value.

The coins were withdrawn when smaller 5p and 10p coins were introduced in 1990 and 1992 respectively. The demonetisation of the larger-size 50p in 1998 means that there are now no sterling coins in everyday circulation dated earlier than 1971.

Maundy money
The face value of Maundy money coins was maintained, increasing all their face values by a factor of 2.4, as the coins continued to be legal tender as new pence. The numismatic value of each coin, though, greatly exceeds face value.

Commemorative issues
Commemorative 'decimal' Crowns dated 1972, 1977, 1980 and 1981 remain legal tender (with a face value of 25p) as do the £5 coins issued from 1990 onwards.

Subsequent changes
The decimal halfpenny (p), which had been introduced in 1971, remained in circulation until 1984, when its value had been greatly reduced by inflation. It was not struck, save for collectors' sets, following 1983, with those dated 1984 struck only as proofs, or in uncirculated mint sets. The decimal halfpenny was demonetised on 31 December 1984. The 50p piece was reduced in size in 1997, following the reduction in size of the 5p in 1990 and the 10p in 1992 (the large versions of all the three have been demonetised). The 1p and 2p underwent a compositional change from bronze to plated steel in 1992. However, both coins remain valid back to 1971, the only circulating coins on Decimal Day that are still valid.

In 1982, the word "new" in "new penny" or "new pence" was removed from the inscriptions on coins, and was replaced by the number of pence in the denomination (for example, "ten pence" or "fifty pence"). This coincided with the introduction of a new 20p coin, which from the outset bore simply the legend "twenty pence".

A £1 coin was introduced in 1983, and a £2 coin in 1997.

Republic of Ireland

When the old £sd system (consisting of pounds, shillings, and pence) was in operation, the United Kingdom and Ireland operated within the Sterling area, effectively a single monetary area. The Irish pound was created as a separate currency in 1927 with distinct coins and notes, but the terms of the Currency Act 1927 obliged the Irish currency commissioners to redeem Irish pounds on a fixed 1:1 basis, and so day-to-day banking operations continued exactly as they had been before the creation of the Irish pound. The Irish pound was decimalised on 15 February 1971, the same date as the British pound.

This arrangement continued until 1979 when Irish obligations to the European Monetary System led to Ireland breaking the historic link with Sterling.

In Ireland, all pre-decimal coins, except the 1s., 2s. and 10s. coins, were called in during the initial process between 1969 and 1972; the ten shilling coin, which, as recently issued and in any event equivalent to 50p, was permitted to remain outstanding (though due to silver content, the coin did not circulate). The 1s. and 2s. were recalled in 1993 and 1994, respectively. Pre-decimal Irish coins may still be redeemed at their face value equivalent in euros at the Central Bank in Dublin.

Pre-decimal Irish coins were denoted with 's' for shillings and 'd' for pence, abbreviations derived from the Latin solidi and denarii, in contrast to stamps, which instead bore Irish-language abbreviations (scilling ("shilling", abbreviated "s") and pingin ("penny", abbreviated "p")). After decimalisation, coins were marked with the Irish-language abbreviations. While British stamps switched from 'd' to 'p', Irish stamps (unlike the coins) printed the number with no accompanying letter; so a stamp worth 2 new pence was marked '2p' in the UK and simply '2' in Ireland.

The following is a table showing conversions between the Irish decimal and pre-decimal systems. It was similar to the British one, except for the higher-value coins.

Ireland's new decimal coinage had face values of p, 1p, 2p, 5p, 10p and 50p.

The old shilling coin continued to circulate with a value of 5 new pence., and the old florin with a value of 10 new pence. Unlike in the UK, where the sixpence continued to circulate at a value of p, the Irish sixpence was withdrawn from circulation after decimalisation. The ten-shilling note was withdrawn from circulation, but the other Series A banknotes continued in use.

Subsequent changes

A twenty-pence coin was introduced in 1986. The decimal halfpenny (p) remained in circulation until 1987, when its value had been greatly reduced by inflation. Very few were produced after the initial minting.

In 1990, the pound coin was introduced, and in 1992 the 5p and 10p coins were reduced in size. The old shilling and florin coins ceased to be legal tender at the same time.

The Irish pound coins were withdrawn from circulation in 2002, to be replaced by the euro.

See also

 Banknotes of the pound sterling
 Introduction of the euro

References

Sources
The Royal Mint, All Change: 25th Anniversary of Decimal Currency in Britain (pamphlet distributed with 1996 Royal Mint silver proof sets)

Further reading

External links
 Decimal Currency – The System a public information film produced to educate the public about the new system
 Committee of the Inquiry on Decimal Currency: report
 D Day delivers new UK currency (BBC News, On this Day, 15 February 1971)
 Britain to go decimal in 1971 (BBC News, On this Day, 1 March 1966)
 Decimalisation (Royal Mint)
 The History Files: Decimalisation in the UK.
 Musical satirist Tom Lehrer singing a song about plans for the decimalisation of the UK's currency on the David Frost Report.

Currencies of the Republic of Ireland
Currencies of the United Kingdom
1971 in the United Kingdom
1971 in Ireland
Decimalisation
1971 in economics
History of British coinage
February 1971 events in Europe
February 1971 events in the United Kingdom
Central Bank of Ireland
History of pound sterling

Decimal Day


Douglas Warren Diamond (nascido em 1953) é o professor de finanças da Merton H. Miller Distinguished Service na Escola de Negócios Booth da Universidade de Chicago. Ele é especializado no estudo de intermediários financeiros, crises financeiras e liquidez. Ele é ex-presidente da American Finance Association e da Western Finance Association, membro da Sociedade Econométrica, da Academia Americana de Artes e Ciências e da Associação Americana de Finanças.

Diamond é mais conhecido por seu trabalho em crises financeiras e corridas bancárias, particularmente o influente modelo Diamond-Dybvig publicado em 1983 e o modelo Diamond de monitoramento delegado publicado em 1984. Ele foi listado pela Thomson Reuters como um dos "pesquisadores que provavelmente estarão em disputa pelas honras Nobel com base no impacto da citação de suas pesquisas publicadas". Em 2016, ele recebeu o Prêmio CME Group-MSRI em Aplicações Quantitativas Inovadoras.

Em 2022, juntamente com Ben Bernanke e Philip H. Dybvig, foi laureado com o Prémio de Ciências Económicas em Memória de Alfred Nobel.

Economistas dos Estados Unidos
Prémio de Ciências Económicas em Memória de Alfred Nobel

Douglas Diamond


Martinčeva kula (kula Ante Martinca) je fortifikacijski objekt u Vrgorcu, Hrvatska. Pripada nizu dobro očuvanih materijalnih ostataka osmanske kulturne baštine u gradu, prije svega kulâ.
U gradu je danas više turskih kula znane pod imenima Avala, Kapetanovića kula (Dizdarevićeva kula), Fratarska kula (Cukarinovićeva kula), Pakerova kula, Elezova kula, Raosova kula, Muminova kula, Martinčeva kula, kula u naselju podno Gradine. Kao malo gdje na jugu Hrvatske, naglašene su u naselju i brojem i po položaju. Namjena im je bila stambena i obrambena. Služila su kao sigurno prenoćište. Stanari su bili feudalci, turski begovi, pa mletački namještenici, serdari i kapetani. Građena je od nepravilna kamena povezana s crvenicom i vapnom. Prozori su mali i najviše s južne strane jer je najpogodnija za stanovanje. Vrata su lukom presvođena i s kamenim okvirima, a među njima puškarnice. Nastala za vrijeme turske vladavine u 16. – 17. stoljeću. Stil gradnje je turski. U 18. stoljeću u kulu je uzidan rijedak rimski nalaz. To je kameni žrtvenik posvećen Jupiteru.

U nalazi se u staroj gradskoj jezgri.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
TZ Vrgorac
Turistička zajednica Splitsko-dalmatinske županije  Vrgorac - Kapetanovića kula

Građevine u Vrgorcu
Utvrde u Hrvatskoj

Martinčeva kula


کمشک  قرية كبيرة تتبع بلدة جناح (بالفارسية: بخش جناح ) من توابع مدينة بستك وتقع في محافظة هرمزگان في جنوب إيران.  کمشك  إحدى كبرى قرى « اقليم فرامرزان» تبعد عن مركز المدينة 72 كيلومتراً وتقع في الجنوب الغربي لمدينة بستك.

حدود کمشک

حدود کمشک : من الشمال جبل، ومن الجنوب «جبل کمشک » و«جبل شرکی» ومن الغرب « گری رودخانه » و« گردنه خنجی » و« زین الدینی » وثم بلدة أشکنان، ومن الشرق تنتهي بـقرية كهتويه وطريق السيارات الدفع الرباعيي.

السكان

يبلغ عدد سكان هذه القرية حسب تعداد السكان لعام 2006 للميلاد، (3216) نسمه من أهل السنة والجماعة وعلى المذهب الشافعي. يتكلمون الفارسية باللهجة المحلية، وکمشک قرية عامرة، بها المرافق العامة كشبكة المياه والكهرباء والهاتف والبريد، وكذلك بها المؤسسات الحكومية كالمدارس، ، والبنوك وإلى آخره. بها ثلاثة مساجد، وعدد كبير من البرك لحفظ مياه الأمطار، كذلك بها حلقتين من الأفلاج وحوالي 8000 نخلة مثمرة، وأراضي شاسعة لزراعة القمح والشعير، وبعض الآبار الارتوازية القديمة.

المصادر

 الكوخردى، محمد، بن يوسف، (كُوخِرد حَاضِرَة اِسلامِيةَ عَلي ضِفافِ نَهر مِهران) الطبعة الثالثة، دبى: سنة 1997 للميلاد.
 محمدیان، كوخردى، محمد.  « شهرستان بستک وبخش کوخرد »  ج1. چاپ أول، دبی: سال انتشار 2005 میلادی. (فارسي)
 عباسی، قلی، مصطفی،  «بستک وجهانگیریه»، چاپ أول، تهران : ناشر: شرکت انتشارات جهان معاصر، سال 1372 خورشیدی.
 سلامى، بستكى، أحمد.  (بستک در گذرگاه تاریخ)  ج2 چاپ أول، 1372 خورشيدى.
 عباسی، قلی، مصطفی،  «بستک وجهانگیریه»، چاپ أول، تهران : ناشر: شرکت انتشارات جهان معاصر، سال 1372 خورشیدی.
 محمدیان، كوخردى، محمد،  (شهرستان بستک وبخش کوخرد) ، ج1. چاپ أول، دبی: سال انتشار 2005 میلادی.
 بالود، محمد.  (فرهنگ عامه در منطقه بستک)  ناشر همسايه، چاپ زيتون، انتشار سال 1384 خورشیدی.
 بنى عباسيان، بستكى، محمد اعظم،  « تاريخ جهانگيريه»  چاپ تهران، سال 1339 خورشيدى.
 بختيارى، سعيد، ،  « اتواطلس إيران » ، " مؤسسه جغرافيايى وكارتگرافى گيتا شناسى، بهار 1384 خورشيدى

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  كوخرد حاضرة إسلامية على ضفاف نهر مهران

وصلات خارجية
 التقسيمات الادارية لمحافظة هرمزگان

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة بستك
بلدة جناح
مدن إيران

كمشك


Bulbophyllum phalaenopsis, biljna vrsta iz porodice orhideja, pripada tribusu Dendrobieae. Odlikuje se neugodnim mirisom po trulom mesu kojim privlači kukce zbog oprašivanja, i smatra se jednom od najsmrdljivijh biljaka.

Raste na Novoj Gvineji na visinama manjim od 500 metara. Epifit.

Izvori

Dendrobieae
Flora Nove Gvineje

Bulbophyllum phalaenopsis


Utrka koja se boduje za Sidecarcross World Championship ili Sidecar Motocross World Championship kojom se određuje FIM Svjetski prvak u motokrosu s prikolicom.

Održavala se pod nazivom  Grand Prix Hrvatske.

Osvajači postolja
Kazalo:

Statistika (2020.)
* bez PV

Vidi
Hrvatski motociklistički savez
Velika nagrada Hrvatske u motokrosu
Svjetsko prvenstvo motocikala s prikolicom u Hrvatskoj

Vanjske poveznice
Sidecar-Cross Racing World Wide
FIM Sidecarcross

Izvori
http://www.fim-live.com/en/sport/ranking/sidecarcross/

Međunarodna motociklistička natjecanja u Hrvatskoj

Svjetsko prvenstvo u motokrosu za prikoličare u Hrvatskoj