Håvard Jørgensen, poznatiji kao Lemarchand (Oslo, Norveška, 26. rujna 1975.), norveški je black metal-glazbenik, gitarist i pjevač. Bio je jedan od osnivača sastava Satyricon i svirao je na demoalbumu All Evil. Godine 1993. napustio ga je i pridružio se sastavu Ulver, iz kojeg je izišao 1998., ali je gostovao na njegovim naknadnim albumima. Također je pjevač i gitarist sastava Snøhvitt.

Diskografija

 Satyricon

 All Evil (1992.)

 Ulver

 Bergtatt – Et Eeventyr i 5 Capitler (1995.)
 Kveldssanger (1996.)
 Nattens Madrigal – Aatte Hymne til Ulven i Manden (1997.)
 Themes from William Blake's The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1998.)

 Kao gost

 Satyricon – The Forest Is My Throne (1993.)
 Satyrcion – Dark Medieval Times (1993.)
 Ulver – Persition City (2000.)
 Ulver – Blood Inside (2005.)
 Ulver – The Assassination of Julius Caesar (2017.)

Izvori

Black metal
Norveški gitaristi heavy metala
Norveški pjevači heavy metala

Håvard Jørgensen


Genetic sexual attraction is a theory that attraction may be a product of genetic similarities.  There is
"little scientific evidence" for the position, and at least some commentators regard the hypothesis as pseudoscience. The term is also used for a supposed phenomenon in which biologically related persons separated at a young age develop intense feelings—including sexual attraction—upon the restoration of contact.

Background
The term was popularized in the United States in the late 1980s by Barbara Gonyo, the founder of Truth Seekers in Adoption, a Chicago-based support group for adoptees and their new-found relatives. Gonyo first heard the term used during an American Adoption Congress conference in the early 1980s. She developed sexual feelings for her son when she met him after he was adopted away, but he did not want to be part of any such contact.

Some psychologists theorize that the supposed phenomenon of attraction to biological relatives separated at a young age occurs because the separation forecloses the Westermarck effect, which normally desensitizes biologically related persons to later sexual attraction. Another suggested explanation for the phenomenon is possible narcissistic feelings.

Although reported frequently as anecdote in the field of psychology, there are no studies showing that people are sexually attracted to those genetically similar to them. Studies of MHC genes show that unrelated people are less attracted to those genetically similar to them. However, in mice, this lack of attraction can be reversed by adoption.

Catherine MacAskill, an adoption and child sexual abuse expert, has suggested that "genetic sexual attraction" cases seem to be associated with sudden unplanned meetings which lack the proper safeguards of a thoroughly prepared reunion.

Criticism
Critics of the hypothesis have called it pseudoscience. In a Salon piece,  Amanda Marcotte called the concept "half-baked pseudoscientific nonsense that people dreamed up to justify continuing unhealthy, abusive relationships". The use of "GSA" as an initialism has also been criticized, since it gives the notion that the phenomenon is an actual diagnosable "condition".

Many have noted the lack of research on the subject. While acknowledging the "phenomenon of genetic sexual attraction", Eric Anderson, a sociologist and sexologist, noted in a 2012 book that "[t]here is only one academic research article" on the subject, and he critiqued the paper for using "Freudian psycho-babble".

See also
 Assortative mating, preferential mating between individuals with similar characteristics

References

Citations

Sources

Further reading

Adoption reunion
Incest
Sexual attraction
Pseudoscience

Genetic sexual attraction


Sjeničko jezero nalazi se između sela Akmačići i Bukovik u jugozapadnom delu Srbije, na teritorijama opština Sjenica i Nova Varoš, između planina Zlatar i Javor.

Karakteristike
Nastalo je potapanjem kanjona i podjelom rijeke Uvac 1979. godine i izgradnjom brane u blizini sela Akmačići, za potrebe hidroelektrane Uvac. Jezero formira rijeka Uvac, a pomaže mu rijeka Vapa koja se u njega ulijeva. Nalazi se na nadmorskoj visini od 985 m. Dugo je 25 km, s maksimalnom dubinom od 108 m i branom dugom 160 m i visokom 110 m i površine 5,7 km2.

Sjeničko jezero ispunilo je kanjon dubok do 100 m, koji je nadaleko poznat po jedinstvenim zarobljenim meandrima, koje je Uvac usekao u krečnjački masiv Pešterske visoravni. Jezero je deo specijalnog rezervata Uvac, osnovanog da zaštiti najveću koloniju bjeloglavog supa na Balkanu. Jezero je bogato raznim vrstama ribe, a tu se mogu izdvojiti šaran, klen, maloljetnica, mrena i som.

Jezera u Srbiji
Porječje Lima

Sjeničko jezero


Sólstafir je islandski post-metal sastav osnovan 1995. godine. Izvorno je bila black metal grupa, no na drugom studijskom albumu, Masterpiece of Bitternessu, u glazbu je počela uvoditi elemente post-rocka.

Povijest

Osnivanje i prva tri albuma (1995. – 2010.)
Sólstafir su 1995. godine osnovali gitarist i pjevač Aðalbjörn Tryggvason, basist Halldór Einarsson i bubnjar Guðmundur Óli Pálmason. Ime skupine islandski je naziv za sunčeve zrake (krepuskularne zrake). Sastav je ubrzo snimio demouradak Í Norðri i EP Til Valhallar. Halldór je zatim napustio skupinu, a Aðalbjörn i Guðmundur 1997. su godine kao duo snimili promidžbeni uradak.

U to se vrijeme Svavar Austmann pridružio grupi kao novi basist i Sólstafir je počeo snimati debitantski studijski album, Í blóði og anda. Taj album nije objavljen sve do 2002. godine zbog različitih odgoda snimanja i nesuglasica s diskografskom kućom. Ubrzo nakon što je sastav dovršio taj uradak, pridružio mu se drugi gitarist Sæþór Maríus Sæþórsson i doprinio demouratku Black Death. Grupa je iste godine počela održavati koncerte na Islandu.

Potom je snimila demouradak koji se sastojao od triju novih pjesama i koji je poslala raznim izdavačima; na koncu je 2005. godine potpisala ugovor sa Spikefarm Recordsom. Drugi studijski album, Masterpiece of Bitterness, Spikefarm je objavio kasnije te godine. Uradak je dobio pozitivne kritike, a Metal Storm izjavio je da je "zbog savršenog spoja nemetalnih elemenata s metalnim ovo nužan album za svakog metalca u potrazi za nečim što razbija predloške već uspostavljenih žanrova."

Treći album, Köld, snimljen je u Švedskoj i objavljen 2009. godine. Recenzenti su usporedili glazbeni stil sastava s onim grupa kao što su Enslaved i Neurosis, a istovremeno su isticali njegov jedinstveni post-black metal stil. Kritičari su također zamijetili prisutnost atmosferičnih glazbenih dionica. Sólstafir je 2010. počeo odlaziti na europske turneje i iste se godine prvi put pojavio na festivalu Roskilde.

Svartir sandar, Ótta i Berdreyminn (2011. – danas)

Sólstafirov četvrti studijski album, Svartir sandar, diskografska kuća Season of Mist objavila je 2011. godine. To je prvi album sastava koji se našao na glazbenim ljestvicama – pojavio se na sedmom mjestu islandske ljestvice i 11. mjestu finske ljestvice albuma. Pjesma "Fjara" također se pojavila na ljestvicama singlova i našla se na prvom mjestu islandske ljestvice. Godine 2013. "Fjara" je proglašena jednom od islandskih 100 najboljih pjesama u proteklih 20 godina. Na tom se albumu Sólstafir odmaknuo od black metala i posvetio eksperimentalnom atmosferičnom glazbenom stilu nalik onome islandske grupe Sigur Rós.

Peti studijski album, Ótta, Season of Mist objavio je 2014. godine; recenzenti su zamijetili dodatne eksperimentalne elemente na njemu kao što su upotreba gudačkih glazbala i klavira. Snimljena su i objavljena tri glazbena spota za pjesme na albumu, a grupa je nastupila na islandskom nacionalnom televizijskom programu Stúdio Á.

U siječnju 2015. skupina je najavila da ju je dugogodišnji bubnjar Guðmundur Óli Pálmason napustio zbog "privatnih razloga". Guðmundur je odmah odgovorio na tu obavijest služeći se računom sastava na Twitteru i izjavio da su ga "bivši kolege opstruirali" i da ga je iz sastava istjerao Aðalbjörn Tryggvason. Guðmundura je zamijenio Hallgrímur Jón Hallgrímsson.

Sólstafir je u svibnju 2017. objavio šesti studijski album, Berdreyminn. Nakon objave "Berdreyminn" se pojavio na ljestvicama albuma u raznim europskim zemljama.

Članovi sastava

Trenutačna postava
 Aðalbjörn "Addi" Tryggvason – vokali, gitara
 Svavar "Svabbi" Austmann – bas-gitara
 Sæþór Maríus "Pjúddi" Sæþórsson – gitara
 Hallgrímur Jón "Grímsi" Hallgrímsson – bubnjevi
Bivši članovi
 Halldór Einarsson – bas-gitara
 Guðmundur Óli Pálmason – bubnjevi

Trenutačni koncertni članovi
 Ragnar Ólafsson – klavijature, prateći vokali
 Helena Dumell – violončelo
 Dalai Theofilopoulou – violončelo
 Rachel Roth – violina
 Lotta Ahlbeck – violina
Bivši koncertni članovi
 Sveinn Alxander Sveinsson – klavijature, klavir
 Hallgrímur Jón "Grímsi" Hallgrímsson – bubnjevi
 Ari Þorgeir Steinarsson – bubnjevi
 Karl Petur Smith – bubnjevi
 Martin Powell – klavir
 Ragnar Zolberg – bas-gitara

Vremenska crta

Diskografija
Studijski albumi
 Í blóði og anda (2002.)
 Masterpiece of Bitterness (2005.)
 Köld (2009.)
 Svartir sandar (2011.)
 Ótta (2014.)
 Berdreyminn (2017.)
 Endless Twilight of Codependent Love (2020.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Sestrinski projekti

Mrežna mjesta
 Službeno mrežno mjesto sastava

Islandski glazbenici
Sastavi post-metala

Sólstafir


Chocolate Frog may refer to:

Litoria mira, a tree frog nicknamed the "chocolate frog"
Chocolate Frog (Harry Potter)
Chocolate Frog Records, an independent record label formed in 2001 by the singer Fish
The Chocolate Frog, play

Chocolate Frog


Journal of Molluscan Studies es una es una revista científica arbitrada sobre investigación en área de malacología es editada por Oxford University Press en nombre de The Malacological Society of London del Reino Unido. Inicia su publicación en el año de 1893 bajo el nombre de Proceedings of the Malacological Society, Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London (Proc. malac. Soc. Lond.)   hasta 1976 cuando en su volumen 42 cambia al nombre actual

Journal of Molluscan Studies es la principal revista internacional en el área de biología de moluscos La revista cuenta con los temas de reciente desarrollo de la genética molecular, filogenética, cladística, ecofisiología, ecomalacología, de comportamiento y sistemática.

Resúmenes e indexado
La revista es resumida e indexada por: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts, Biological Abstracts, BIOSIS Previews, CAB Abstracts, Current Contents/Agriculture, Biology, and Environmental Sciences, BIOBASE, ProQuest, Science Citation Index Expanded, Scopus, and The Zoological Record.

Véase también
 Anexo:Listado de malacólogos
 Conquiliología
 Johnsonia (revista)
 Malacología
 Malacologia (revista)
 The Nautilus
 The Veliger

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Journal of Molluscan Studies

Revistas científicas del Reino Unido
Revistas científicas en inglés
Revistas de malacología
Revistas publicadas por Oxford University Press
Revistas científicas trimestrales
Publicaciones fundadas en 1893
Malacología

Journal of Molluscan Studies


Türkiye Komünist Partisi ile şu maddeler kastedilmiş olabilir:
 Türkiye Komünist Partisi (1920) (1920-1987)
 Türkiye Komünist Partisi (2001) (eski adıyla Sosyalist İktidar Partisi) (2001-günümüz)
 Halkın Türkiye Komünist Partisi (2014-2017)
 Türkiye Komünist Partisi/Birlik (1980-1992)
 Türkiye Komünist Partisi/Marksist-Leninist (1972-günümüz)
 Türkiye Komünist Partisi (İşçinin Sesi) (1978-günümüz)
 Türkiye Komünist Partisi/Marksist-Leninist (Maoist Parti Merkezi) 1987'de kurulan gizli bir siyasi parti
 TKP/ML Hareketi (1976-1994)
 TKP/ML Yeniden İnşa Örgütü (1978-1995)
 Türkiye Komünist Emek Partisi (1980-1990'lar)
 Marksist-Leninist Komünist Parti (1994-günümüz)
 Türkiye Komünist Fırkası (1920-1921)
 Türkiye Birleşik Komünist Partisi (1990-1991)
 Toplumcu Kurtuluş Partisi (Türkiye) (eski adıyla Türkiye Komünist Partisi 1920) (2012-günümüz)
 Komünist Parti (Türkiye, 2014) (2014-günümüz)

Türkiye Komünist Partisi


Radio Vatikan (tal.: Radio Vaticana), službena je radio postaja države Vatikan. Prvu radio aparaturu konstruirao je Guglielmo Marconi 1931. godine, a radio postaja odašilja program na 47 različitih jezika.
Radio postajom još od osnivanja upravljaju isusovci a program se odašilja na kratkim i srednjim valovima kao i preko satelita i webradia.

U pravljenju programa Radio Vatikana sudjeluje preko 200 novinara u 61 državi. Trenutni direktor radio postaje je otac Federico Lombardi.

Povijest
Prvi pozivni znak Radio Vatikana bio je HVJ a prvi prijenos bio je na dvije kratkovalne frekvencije 12. veljače 1931. Prvi službeni prijenos bio je kada je radio tehničar poslao u eter ''In nomine Domini, Amen'', a poslije toga Marconi je predstavio papu Pia XI. koji je bio prvi papa koji se mogao čuti u eteru.
Prisutan je bio i kardinal Eugenio Pacelli koji je kasnije postao papa Pio XII. Prvi direktor Radio Vatikana bio je liječnik Giuseppe Gianfranceschi.

Televizija
Radio Vaticana eksperimentirala je još 1930–ih s TV prijenosima a i kasnije 1950–ih. Tek 1990-ih Radio Vatikan je započeo s redovnim TV prijenosima preko satelita.

Izvori

Vatikan

Radio Vatikan


Tolkien aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir:

Kişi
 John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, Britanyalı fantastik kurgu yazarı ve dilbilimci
 Tolkien Estate
 Christopher Tolkien, J. R. R. Tolkien'in oğlu ve ölümünden sonra yayımlanan eserlerinin editörü

Astronomi
 2675 Tolkien, asteroid

Kurgusal karakter
 Tolkien Black

Tolkien


Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church is a Roman Catholic church in Dublin, Ireland maintained by the Carmelite order. The church is noted for having the relics of Saint Valentine, which were donated to the church in the 19th century by Pope Gregory XVI from their previous location in the cemetery of St. Hippolytus in Rome.

The church is on the site of a pre-Reformation Carmelite priory built in 1539. The current structure dates from 1825 and was designed by George Papworth, who also designed St. Mary's Pro-Cathedral in Dublin. It was extended and enlarged in 1856 and 1868.

The church also contains relics of St. Albert, a Sicilian who died in 1306. On his feast day (7 August), a relic of the saint is dipped into the water of St. Albert's Well, and the Carmelites say that those who piously use the water receive healing of both body and mind through the intercession of St. Albert.

The church also contains a life-size oak figure of Our Lady of Dublin.

The 1825 building features in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833 as , an engraving of a painting by George Petrie of the interior being accompanied by a poetical illustration by Letitia Elizabeth Landon.

References

External links
Whitefriar Street Church website

Churches of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dublin
Carmelite churches
Roman Catholic churches in Dublin (city)

Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church


91604 Clausmadsen este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
91604 Clausmadsen este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Uccle de Thierry Pauwels și Henri Boffin. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,04 ua, o excentricitate de 0,02 și o înclinație de 11,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 91001-92000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1999
Centura de asteroizi

91604 Clausmadsen


Die Liste der Biografien führt alle Personen auf, die in der deutschsprachigen Wikipedia einen Artikel haben. Dieses ist eine Teilliste mit 114 Einträgen von Personen, deren Namen mit den Buchstaben "Fue" beginnt.

Fue

 Fue, Masato (* 1973), japanischer Fußballspieler

Fuec
 Fuechsel, Hermann (1833–1915), deutschamerikanischer Landschaftsmaler und Lithograf

Fueg
 Füeg, Cornelia (* 1941), Schweizer Politikerin (FDP)
 Füeg, Franz (1921–2019), Schweizer Architekt
 Fueglistaller, Urs (* 1961), Schweizer Ökonom und Professor an der Universität St. Gallen
 Fuego (* 1985), deutscher Musikproduzent
 Fuego, Andréa del (* 1975), brasilianische Schriftstellerin
 Fuego, Javi (* 1984), spanischer Fußballspieler

Fueh
 Fuehrer, Erna (1898–1981), deutsche Ärztin in Königsberg/Kaliningrad
 Fuehrer, Ottmar von (1896–1967), österreichisch-US-amerikanischer Maler und Illustrator
 Fuehrer, Ruth (1902–1966), deutsche Politikerin (CDU), MdL

Fuek
 Fueki, Misa (* 1992), japanische Skispringerin
 Fueki, Yūko (* 1979), japanische Schauspielerin

Fuel
 Fuelle, Manuela (* 1963), deutsche Schriftstellerin

Fuen
 Fuendeling, Theodor (1852–1919), Buchhändler und Verleger in Hameln
 Fuenllana, Miguel de, spanischer Komponist und Vihuelist der Renaissance
 Fuenmayor Suárez, Freddy Jesús (* 1949), venezolanischer Priester, Bischof von Los Teques
 Fuensanta la Moneta (* 1984), spanische Flamenco-Tänzerin
 Fuente García, Saturnino de la (1909–2022), spanischer Supercentenarian
 Fuente Ramírez, Juan Ramón de la (* 1951), mexikanischer Mediziner, Politiker und ehemaliger Rektor der UNAM
 Fuente y Villalobos, Francisco de la († 1656), spanischer Soldat und Gouverneur von Chile
 Fuente, Beatriz de la (1929–2005), mexikanische Kunsthistorikerin und -kritikerin
 Fuente, Chiqui de la (1933–1992), spanischer Comiczeichner und Verleger
 Fuente, Cristián de la (* 1974), chilenischer Schauspieler
 Fuente, David de la (* 1981), spanischer Radsportler
 Fuente, Gonzalo de la (* 1984), spanischer Fußballspieler
 Fuente, Jerónima de la († 1630), spanische Franziskanerin und die Begründerin und erste Äbtissin des Klosters Santa Clara in Intramuros, Manila, Philippinen
 Fuente, José Manuel (1945–1996), spanischer Radrennfahrer
 Fuente, José Ramón de la (* 1970), spanischer Fußballtorwart und -trainer
 Fuente, Juan de la (* 1976), argentinischer Segler
 Fuente, Konrad de la (* 2001), US-amerikanisch-haitianischer Fußballspieler
 Fuente, Luis de la (1914–1972), mexikanischer Fußballspieler
 Fuente, Luis de la (* 1961), spanischer Fußballspieler und Fußballtrainer
 Fuente, María de la (1918–2013), argentinische Tangosängerin
 Fuente, Rafael de la (* 1986), venezolanischer Schauspieler und Sänger
 Fuente, Ramón de la (1907–1973), spanischer Fußballspieler und -trainer
 Fuente, Víctor de la (1927–2010), spanischer Comiczeichner
 Fuentes Boettiger, Rafael Fernando (1901–1971), mexikanischer Botschafter
 Fuentes Cáceres, Carlos (* 1950), mexikanischer Botschafter
 Fuentes Martín, Jaime Rafael (* 1945), uruguayischer Geistlicher und römisch-katholischer Bischof von Minas
 Fuentes Rojas, Ranulfo (* 1940), peruanischer Dichter, Schriftsteller, Komponist und Sänger
 Fuentes Valencia, Pedro Luis (* 1968), bolivianischer römisch-katholischer Geistlicher, Weihbischof in La Paz
 Fuentes, Amado Carrillo (1956–1997), mexikanischer Krimineller
 Fuentes, Amador (* 1943), mexikanischer Fußballspieler
 Fuentes, Andrea (* 1983), spanische Synchronschwimmerin
 Fuentes, Camila (* 1995), mexikanische Tennisspielerin
 Fuentes, Carlos (1928–2012), mexikanischer Schriftsteller
 Fuentes, Daisy (* 1966), kubanische Moderatorin, Model und Schauspielerin
 Fuentes, Daniel (* 1974), kubanisch-uruguayischer Radsportler
 Fuentes, Diana (* 1985), kubanische Musikerin
 Fuentes, Edgardo (* 1958), chilenischer Fußballspieler
 Fuentes, Eufemiano (* 1955), spanischer Sportmediziner, im Zusammenhang mit Dopingvorwürfen beschuldigt
 Fuentes, Fabricio (* 1976), argentinischer Fußballspieler
 Fuentes, Fernando de (1894–1958), mexikanischer Regisseur, Produzent und Drehbuchautor
 Fuentes, Gregorio (1897–2002), kubanischer Kapitän zur See
 Fuentes, Ismael (* 1981), chilenischer Fußballspieler
 Fuentes, Juan Rafael (* 1990), spanischer Fußballspieler
 Fuentes, Luis (* 1971), chilenischer Fußballspieler
 Fuentes, Luis (* 1986), mexikanischer Fußballspieler
 Fuentes, Lupe (* 1987), kolumbianische Musikproduzentin, DJ, Sängerin und ehemalige Pornodarstellerin
 Fuentes, Mike (* 1984), US-amerikanischer Musiker
 Fuentes, Moisés (1985–2022), mexikanischer Boxer
 Fuentes, Nick (* 1998), US-amerikanischer Rechtsextremer
 Fuentes, Nicolás (1941–2015), peruanischer Fußballspieler
 Fuentes, Norberto (* 1943), kubanischer Journalist und Autor
 Fuentes, Patricio (* 1995), spanischer Eishockeyspieler
 Fuentes, Ronald (* 1969), chilenischer Fußballspieler
 Fuentes, Rubén (1926–2022), mexikanischer klassischer Violinist und Komponist
 Fuentes, Sammy (* 1964), puerto-ricanischer Boxer
 Fuentes, Sebastián (* 1987), uruguayischer Fußballspieler
 Fuentes, Tina (* 1949), US-amerikanische Malerin und Hochschullehrerin
 Fuentes, Val (* 1947), US-amerikanischer Schlagzeuger
 Fuentes, Vic (* 1983), US-amerikanischer Rockmusiker
 Fuentes, Yeisi (* 2001), panamaische Fußballspielerin
 Fuentes-Pila, Iris (* 1980), spanische Leichtathlet und Mittelstreckenläuferin
 Fuenzalida Grandón, Alejandro (1865–1942), chilenischer Jurist, Bibliograf und Historiker
 Fuenzalida, José Pedro (* 1985), chilenischer Fußballspieler
 Fuenzalida, Orozimbo (1925–2013), chilenischer Geistlicher, römisch-katholischer Bischof von San Bernardo

Fuer
 Fuerbringer, Matthew (* 1974), US-amerikanischer Beachvolleyballspieler
 Fuertes Ferragut, Pilar (1962–2012), spanische Diplomatin
 Fuertes, Gloria (1917–1998), spanische Dichterin
 Fuertes, Jesús (1938–2006), spanischer Maler
 Fuertes, Louis Agassiz (1874–1927), US-amerikanischer Ornithologe

Fues
 Fues, Erwin (1893–1970), deutscher theoretischer Physiker
 Fues, Wolfram Malte (* 1944), deutsch-schweizerischer Germanist, Hochschullehrer und Lyriker
 Fuesers, Rudi (1928–2010), deutscher Jazz-Posaunist
 Fuess, Albrecht (* 1969), deutscher Islamwissenschaftler
 Fueß, Erich (* 1880), deutscher Landwirt und Politiker (DNVP), MdPl
 Fueß, Hanna (1886–1972), Celler Heimatschriftstellerin
 Fuess, Harald, deutscher Ostasienwissenschaftler und Hochschullehrer
 Fueß, Hartmut (* 1941), deutscher Kristallograph
 Fuess, Rudolf (1838–1917), deutscher Feinmechaniker
 Füeßlin, Christian Karl (1783–1854), Oberbürgermeister von Karlsruhe
 Füesslin, Julius (1815–1866), deutscher Arzt
 Fuest, Clemens (* 1968), deutscher Finanzwissenschaftler
 Fuest, Irmgard (1903–1980), deutsche Politikerin (CVP, CSU, CDU), MdL
 Fuest, Leonhard (* 1967), deutscher Literaturwissenschaftler
 Fuest, Robert (1927–2012), britischer Regisseur und Drehbuchautor

Fuet
 Fueter, Christian (1752–1844), Schweizer Medailleur, Stempelschneider, Münzmeister und Politiker
 Fueter, Eduard junior (1908–1970), Schweizer Historiker
 Fueter, Eduard senior (1876–1928), Schweizer Historiker
 Fueter, Emanuel Eduard (1801–1855), Schweizer Arzt und Medizinprofessor
 Fueter, Friedrich (1802–1858), Schweizer Politiker
 Fueter, Heinrich (1911–1979), Schweizer Filmproduzent
 Fueter, Max (1898–1983), Schweizer Bildhauer
 Fueter, Peter-Christian (* 1941), Schweizer Filmproduzent
 Fueter, Rudolf (1880–1950), Schweizer Mathematiker
 Fueter, Willy (1909–1962), Schweizer Schauspieler
 Füetrer, Ulrich, deutscher Dichter und Maler
 Fuetsch, Alois (1860–1935), österreichischer Orgelbauer
 Fuetsch, Gottfried (1909–1989), österreichischer Bildhauer
 Fuetsch, Joachim (1766–1852), österreichischer Komponist
 Fuetscher, Michael Anton (1774–1827), österreichisch-deutscher Maler
 Fuetterer, Werner (1907–1991), deutscher Schauspieler

Liste der Biografien/Fue


ශෛලපුත්‍රී (සාහිත්‍ය. ශිලාවන්ගේ දියණිය) යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ හින්දු දෙවඟනක වන දුර්ගාගේ ස්වරූපයකි. ඇය නවරාත්‍රී උත්සවයේ පළමු දිනයේ සමරනු ලබන නවදුර්ගාවන්ගෙන් පළමුවැන්නිය ද වේ.

ඇයව සතී, භවානි, පාර්වතී හෝ හේමාවතී ලෙස ද හැඳින්වේ. ශෛලපුත්‍රී මාතාව ස්වභාවධර්මයේ පරම ස්වරූපය ලෙස සැලකේ.

පෙර බවයේදී පාර්වතී දේවිය දක්ෂගේ දරුවකු ලෙස සතී යන නමින් ඉපද ශිව දෙවියන් විවහා කර ගත්තා ය.

වරක් දක්ෂ පැවැත්වූ මහා යාගයකට ශිව ඔහු ශිව දෙවියන්ට ආරාධනා කළේ නැත.සතී දේවිය යාගය තිබූ ස්ථානයට ළඟා වූ අතර ප්‍රජාපතී දක්ෂ ශිව දෙවියන්ට අපහාස කළේය.තම සැමියාට කළ අපහාස දරා ගත නොහැකි වූ සති දේවිය යාග ගින්නෙන් තම සිරුර දවා ගෙන විනාශ විය.

පසුව ඇය ඊළඟ භවයේදී පර්වත රාජ හිමාවන්ගේ සහා මෙනාවතී දේවියගේ දරුවගේ ලෙස උපත ලැබීය.පර්වත රජකුගේ දියණිය වූ හෙයින් ඇය ශෛලපුත්‍රි යන නමින් හඳුන්වනු ලබයි.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

හින්දු දෙවඟනෝ
යුධ දෙවඟනෝ
නවදුර්ගාවෝ
ශක්තිවාදය

ශෛලපුත්‍රී


ඊජිප්තු අරාබි ජනරජයේ ජනාධිපති () යනු, ඊජිප්තුවේ  රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වෙයි. ඊජිප්තුවේ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව ප්‍රකාර, එහි ජනාධිපතිවරයා, සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන්හී ආඥාපතිවරයා සහ ඊජිප්තියානු රජයේ විධායක අංශයෙහි ප්‍රධානියාද වෙයි. 2013 ජූලි 3 දින සිට මෙම තනතුර හිස්ව පවතියි. මෙම තනතුරු ඉතාමත් මෑතදී දැරූ තැනැත්තා වූයේ, ඊජිප්තුවේ ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ලෙසින් පත්වූ පළමු ජනාධිපතිවරයාවූ  හා ඉහත දිනයේදී ඊජිප්තියානු සන්නද්ධ හමුදාව විසින් බලයෙන් පහ කරන ලද  මොහමඩ් මුර්සි විය.

ඊජිප්තුවේ ජනාධිපතිවරයා


Le concert du nouvel an 2023 de l'orchestre philharmonique de Vienne, qui a lieu le , est le  concert du nouvel an donné au Musikverein, à Vienne, en Autriche.

Le , l'orchestre philharmonique de Vienne communique le nom du chef qui dirigera le concert à venir : il s'agit, pour la troisième fois, de l'Autrichien Franz Welser-Möst, dix ans après sa dernière apparition.

== Programme ==

Le programme est présenté le .

Première partie
 Eduard Strauss : Wer tanzt mit, polka rapide, op. 251
 Josef Strauss : Heldengedichte, valse, op. 87
 Johann Strauss II : Zigeunerbaron-Quadrille, quadrille, op. 422
 Carl Michael Ziehrer : In lauschiger Nacht, valse, op. 488
 Johann Strauss II : , polka rapide, op. 386

Deuxième partie
 Franz von Suppé : ouverture de l'opérette Isabella
 Josef Strauss : Perlen der Liebe, valse, op. 39
 Josef Strauss : Angelica-Polka, polka française, op. 123
 Eduard Strauss : Auf und davon, polka rapide, op. 73
 Josef Strauss : Heiterer Muth, polka française, op. 281, version chantée
 Josef Strauss : For ever, polka rapide,, op. 193
 Josef Strauss : Zeisserln, valse, op. 114
 Josef Hellmesberger II : Glocken-Polka mit Galopp; polka tirée diu balet Excelsior
 Josef Strauss : Allegro fantastique, fantaisie pour orchestre, Anh. 26b
 Josef Strauss : , valse, op. 258

Rappels
 Johann Strauss II : , polka rapide, op. 378
 Johann Strauss II : Le Beau Danube bleu, valse, op. 314
 Johann Strauss : la Marche de Radetzky, marche, op. 228

== Notes et références ==

Lien externe
 .

2023
2023 en musique
2023 en Autriche
Janvier 2023
Johann Strauss fils
Josef Strauss
Johann Strauss
Eduard Strauss
Carl Michael Ziehrer
Franz von Suppé
Josef Hellmesberger II

Concert du nouvel an 2023 à Vienne


Flor da Serra do Sul es un municipio brasileño del estado de Paraná. Su población estimada en 2004 era de 4.974 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Paraná

Flor da Serra do Sul


Hypergraphia is a behavioral condition characterized by the intense desire to write or draw. Forms of hypergraphia can vary in writing style and content.  It is a symptom associated with temporal lobe changes in epilepsy and in Geschwind syndrome. Structures that may have an effect on hypergraphia when damaged due to temporal lobe epilepsy are the hippocampus and Wernicke's area.  Aside from temporal lobe epilepsy, chemical causes may be responsible for inducing hypergraphia.

Characteristics

Writing style
American neurologists Stephen Waxman and Norman Geschwind were the first to describe hypergraphia, in the 1970s.  The patients they observed displayed highly compulsive detailed writing, sometimes with literary creativity.  The patients kept diaries, which some used to meticulously document minute details of their everyday activities, write poetry, or create lists.  Case 1 of their study wrote lists of her relatives, her likes and dislikes, and the furniture in her apartment.  Beside lists, the patient wrote poetry, often with a moral or philosophical undertone.  She described an incident in which she wrote the lyrics of a song she learned when she was 17 several hundred times and another incident in which she felt the urge to write a word over and over again.  Another patient wrote aphorisms and certain sentences in repetition.

A patient from a separate study experienced continuous "rhyming in his head" for five years after a seizure and said that he "felt the need to write them down." The patient did not talk in rhyme, nor did he read poetry.  Language capacity and mental status were normal for this patient, except for recorded right-temporal spikes on electroencephalograms.  This patient had right-hemisphere epilepsy.  Functional MRI scans of other studies suggest that rhyming behavior is produced in the left hemisphere, but Mendez proposed that hyperactive electrical activity of the right hemisphere may induce a release of writing and rhyming abilities in the left hemisphere.

Content

In addition to writing in different forms (poetry, books, repetition of one word), hypergraphia patients differ in the complexity of their writings.  While some writers (e.g. Alice Flaherty and Dyane Harwood) use their hypergraphia to help them write extensive papers and books, most patients do not write things of substance.  Flaherty defines hypergraphia, as a result of temporal lobe epilepsy, as a condition that "increase[s] idea generation, sometimes at the expense of quality." Patients hospitalized with temporal lobe epilepsy and other disorders causing hypergraphia have written memos and lists (like their favorite songs) and recorded their dreams in extreme length and detail.

There are many accounts of patients writing in nonsensical patterns including writing in a center-seeking spiral starting around the edges of a piece of paper. In one case study, a patient even wrote backward, so that the writing could only be interpreted with the aid of a mirror. Sometimes the writing can consist of scribbles and frantic, random thoughts that are quickly jotted down on paper very frequently.  Grammar can be present, but the meaning of these thoughts is generally hard to grasp and the sentences are loose. In some cases, patients write extremely detailed accounts of events that are occurring or descriptions of where they are.

In some cases, hypergraphia can manifest with compulsive drawing. Drawings by patients with hypergraphia exhibit repetition and a high level of detail, sometimes mixing both compulsive writing and drawing together.

Causes
Some studies have suggested that hypergraphia is related to bipolar disorder, hypomania, and schizophrenia. Although creative ability was observed in the patients of these studies, signs of creativity were observed, not hypergraphia specifically.  Therefore, it is difficult to say with absolute certainty that hypergraphia is a symptom of these psychiatric illnesses because creativity in patients with bipolar disorder, hypomania, or schizophrenia may manifest into something aside from writing.  However, other studies have shown significant accounts between hypergraphia and temporal lobe epilepsy and chemical causes.

Temporal lobe epilepsy

Hypergraphia is a symptom of temporal lobe epilepsy, a condition of reoccurring seizures caused by excessive neuronal activity, but it is not a common symptom among patients.  Less than 10 percent of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy exhibit characteristics of hypergraphia.  Temporal lobe epilepsy patients may exhibit irritability, discomfort, or an increasing feeling of dread if their writing activity is disrupted. To elicit such responses when interrupting their writing suggests that hypergraphia is a compulsive condition, resulting in an obsessive motivation to write. A temporal lobe epilepsy may influence frontotemporal connections in such a way that the drive to write is increased in the frontal lobe, beginning with the prefrontal and premotor cortex planning out what to write, and then leading to the motor cortex (located next to the central fissure) executing the physical movement of writing.

Most temporal lobe epilepsy patients who suffer from hypergraphia can write words, but not all may have the capacity to write complete sentences that have meaning.

Chemical
Certain drugs have been known to induce hypergraphia including donepezil.  In one case study, a patient taking donepezil reported an elevation in mood and energy levels which led to hypergraphia and other excessive forms of speech (such as singing). Six other cases of patients taking donepezil and experiencing mania have been previously reported.  These patients also had cases of dementia, cognitive impairment from a cerebral aneurysm, bipolar I disorder, and/or depression.  Researchers are unsure why donepezil can induce mania and hypergraphia.  It could potentially result from an increase in acetylcholine levels, which would have an effect on the other neurotransmitters in the brain.

Another potential cause of hypergraphia is one of the body's neurotransmitters, dopamine (DA).  Dopamine has been known to decrease latent inhibition, which causes a decrease in the ability to habituate to different stimuli.  Low latent inhibition leads to an excessive level of stimulation and could contribute to the onset of hypergraphia and general creativity.  This research implies that there is a direct correlation between the levels of DA between neuronal synapses and the level of creativity exhibited by the patient.  DA agonists increase the levels of DA between synapses which results in higher levels of creativity, and the opposite is true for DA antagonists.

Pathophysiology

Several regions of the brain are involved in the act of writing.  Primary areas are the superior parietal cortex and the frontal lobe, the region of the brain that plans out movement. An area of the frontal lobe that is especially active is Exner's area, located in the premotor cortex. The physical motion of the hand is controlled by the primary motor cortex, also located in the frontal lobe, and the right cerebellum. Writing creatively and generating ideas, on the other hand, is controlled by the limbic system, specifically involving the activity of the hippocampus, which is important in the retrieval of long-term memories. Words and ideas are cognized and understood by the temporal lobes, and these temporal lobes are connected to the limbic system.

Although hypergraphia cannot be isolated to one specific part of the brain, some areas are known to have more of an effect than others.  The hippocampus has been found to play a role in the occurrence of temporal lobe epilepsy and schizophrenia.  In one study, rats induced with temporal lobe epilepsy showed an increase in dopamine neural activity in the hippocampus.  Because hypergraphia has been linked to temporal lobe epilepsy and schizophrenia, the hippocampus could have an effect on hypergraphia as well. In another study, patients with bilateral hippocampal atrophy (BHA) showed signs of having Geschwind syndrome, including hypergraphia.

While epilepsy-induced hypergraphia is usually lateralized to the left cerebral hemisphere in the language areas, hypergraphia associated with lesions and other brain damage usually occurs in the right cerebral hemisphere. Lesions to the right side of the brain usually cause hypergraphia because they can disinhibit language function on the left side of the brain. Hypergraphia has also been known to be caused by right hemisphere strokes and tumors.

Lesions to Wernicke's area (in the left temporal lobe) can increase speech output, which can sometimes manifest itself in writing.

Society and culture

Hypergraphia was one of the central issues in the 1999 trial of Alvin Ridley for the imprisonment and murder of his wife Virginia Ridley. The mysterious woman, who had died in bed of apparent suffocation, had remained secluded in her home for 27 years in the small town of Ringgold, Georgia, United States.  Her 10,000-page journal, which provided abundant evidence that she suffered from epilepsy and had remained housebound of her own will, was instrumental in the acquittal of her husband.

In 1969, Isaac Asimov said "I am a compulsive writer". Other artistic figures reported to have been affected by hypergraphia include Vincent van Gogh, Fyodor Dostoevsky, and Robert Burns. Alice in Wonderland author Lewis Carroll is also said to have had the condition, having written more than 98,000 letters in various formats throughout his life. Some were written backward, in rebus, and in patterns, as with "The Mouse's Tale" in Alice.

Eleanor Alice Burford, whose pen-names included Jean Plaidy, Victoria Holt, Philippa Carr, Eleanor Burford, Elbur Ford, Kathleen Kellow, Anna Percival, and Ellalice Tate, described herself as a compulsive writer.

Naomi Mitchison, often called a doyenne of Scottish literature, writing over 90 books of historical and science fiction, travel writing and autobiography, has been described as a compulsive writer.

See also
 Automatic writing
 Free writing
 Graphomania

References

Further reading

 Pickover, C. A. (1999). Strange brains and genius: The secret lives of eccentric scientists and madmen. New York: William Morrow.
 Schachter, S. C., Holmes, G. L., & Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité, D. (2008). Behavioral aspects of epilepsy: Principles and practice. New York: Demos.

Impulse-control disorders
Writing

Hypergraphia


Børnehjælpsdagen i Aalborg 1935 er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1935.

Handling
3. september 1935 afholdtes der Børnehjælpsdag i Aalborg. Filmen følger dagens begivenheder fra morgenstunden. Der er børneoptog i byens gader med 5000 deltagende børn. Foran rådhuset står 18000 børn og voksne - borgmester Jørgensen taler 'gennem mikrofon' til de mange fremmødte. Der er karrusel, tombolaer, skydetelte og sliksalg. Der er også festligheder i Nørresundby i dagens anledning. Et stort optog med pyntede vogne går gennem byen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Reportagefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1935
Aalborgs historie

Børnehjælpsdagen i Aalborg 1935


الإمبراطور وو من هان (وُلد في 30 يوليو في عام 157 قبل الميلاد، وتُوفّي في 29 مارس في عام 87 قبل الميلاد)، كان اسمه عند الولادة ليو تشي، ويُعرف باسم تونغ. كان وو من هان الإمبراطور السابع لسلالة هان الحاكمة في الصين، إذ حكم بين عامي 141 و87 قبل الميلاد. استمرّت فترة حكمه 54 عامًا، وهو رقم قياسي لم يُكسر حتى عهد الإمبراطور كانغ شي بعد أكثر من 1800 عام. نجح وو من هان في تحقيق توسّع إقليمي هائل وتطوير دولة قوية مركزية، وذلك عبر إعادة تنظيمه للحكومة وترقيته للعقائد الكونفوشية. كتبت الدراسات الاجتماعية الثقافية والتاريخية عن تجديدات الإمبراطور وو الدينية وعن رعايته للفنون الشعرية والموسيقية، بما في ذلك تطويره لدائرة الموسيقى الإمبراطورية لتُصبح هيئةً مرموقةً. عزّز الإمبراطور وو التواصل الثقافي مع غرب أوراسيا بصورة مباشرة وغير مباشرة.

قاد الإمبراطور وو من هان الصين إلى أكبر توسّع لها بصفته قائدًا عسكريًا. امتدّت حدود الإمبراطورية في ذروتها من قيرغيزستان الحديثة غربًا إلى كوريا شرقًا وشمالي فيتنام جنوبًا. نجح الإمبراطور وو في التصدّي للبدوي شيونغنو، وذلك عند مداهمته الممنهجة لشمال الصين وإرساله لمبعوثه تشانغ تشيان بهدف إقامة تحالف مع ييه تشي من كانغشو في عام 139 قبل الميلاد (بلاد الصغد، أو أوزبكستان اليوم). أسفر الأمر عن إرسال بعثات أخرى إلى آسيا الوسطى. تصف السجلات التاريخية الإمبراطور وو بأنه مهتم في الشامانية لا البوذية، إلا أن التبادلات الثقافية التي أجرتها السفارات تشير إلى تلقّيه لتماثيل بوذية من آسيا الوسطى، كما هو مبيّن في الجداريات الموجودة في كهوف موغاو.

اعتُبر الإمبراطور وو واحدًا من أعظم الأباطرة في التاريخ الصيني، وذلك نتيجةً لحوكمته الفعّالة التي جعلت من أسرة هان الحاكمة واحدةً من أقوى الأمم في العالم. وصف مايكل لووي عهد الإمبراطور وو بأنه «ذروة» السياسات «الحداثية» (الشرعوية المسوغة كلاسيكيًا)، وذلك بالنظر إلى «تكييفه لأفكار الحقبة السابقة لأسرة هان الحاكمة». اتّسمت سياسته وسياسة مستشاريه المقرّبين بالشرعوية، إذ انحازوا إلى أتباع شانغ يانغ. ومع ذلك، اعتمد الإمبراطور وو مبادئ الكونفوشية باعتبارها فلسفة دولة ومدوّنة أخلاقية لإمبراطوريته، إذ أسس مدرسةً لتعليم المسؤولين المستقبليين مبادئ الكونفوشية، وذلك على الرغم من إرسائه لدولة استبدادية مركزية في الصين. لعبت هذه الإصلاحات دورًا راسخًا في الصين الإمبريالية، واستطاعت التأثير على الحضارات المجاورة بشكل كبير أيضًا.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أباطرة سلالة هان الحاكمة
أسماك الإمبراطور من شيان
أشخاص من شيان
حكام القرن 1 ق م
حكام القرن 2 ق م
ملكيون صينيون في القرن 1 ق م
ملكيون صينيون في القرن 2 ق م
مواليد 156 ق م
مواليد في تشانغآن
وفيات 87 ق م
وفيات في تشانغآن

الإمبراطور وو من هان


St James' Park Newcastle United'ın maçlarını oynadığı, 52.394 oturma kapasitesine sahip, İngiltere'nin Newcastle şehrinde bulunan bir staddır. Stad taraftarları arasında 'Heaven' ve 'The Castle' gibi adlandırmalara da sahiptir. Bu stad, ilk kez 1892 yılında kullanılmaya başlamıştır.

Stad aynı zamanda Bruce Springsteen, Queen, Bob Dylan ve Bryan Adams gibi sanatçı ve müzik gruplarının konserlerine ev sahipliği yapmıştır.

Notlar

 Stad; 1996 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası'nda 3 maça ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Elland Road ile birlikte B Grubu'nda Fransa millî futbol takımı, İspanya millî futbol takımı, Romanya millî futbol takımı ve Bulgaristan millî futbol takımına ev sahipliği yapmıştır.
 Bu stadın 2012 Yaz Olimpiyatları'nda bazı maçlara ev sahipliği yapması planlanmaktadır.
 Ayrıca bu stad FIFA video oyunlarında da lisanslı olarak bulunmaktadır.

Dış bağlantılar
 St. James' Park resimleri
 St. James' Park

İngiltere'deki stadyumlar
Premier League stadyumları
1996 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası stadyumları
English Football League stadyumları

St James' Park


تسونج داو لي  هو عالم فيزيائي أمريكي من أصل صيني حائز على جائزة نوبل للفيزياء عام 1957 بالاشتراك مع تشين يانج وذلك عن بحوثهما واكتشاف عدم انحفاظ التجانس بفعل القوة الضعيفة.

ولد تسونج لي في 24 نوفمبر 1926 . ويعمل في مجالات عدم انحفاظ المجانسة  و الجسيمات الأولية و أيون الأيونات الثقيلة ذات السرعات المقاربة لسرعة الضوء ، و له بحوث في تفسير خواص النجوم .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص حصلوا على الجنسية الأمريكية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أعضاء أجانب في الأكاديمية الصينية للعلوم
أعضاء الأكاديمية البابوية للعلوم
أعضاء الأكاديمية الصينية
أعضاء الأكاديمية الوطنية الأمريكية للعلوم
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة برنستون
أعضاء هيئة تدريس معهد الدراسات المتقدمة
أمريكيون حازوا جائزة نوبل
أمريكيون من أصل صيني
حائزون على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء
حائزون على زمالة غوغنهايم
حاصلون على ميدالية ماتيوتشي
خريجو جامعة تشجيانغ
خريجو جامعة شيكاغو
صينيون حازوا جائزة نوبل
صينيون مهاجرون إلى الولايات المتحدة
علماء أمريكيون من أصل صيني
علماء فيزياء الجسيمات
علماء من سوجو
علماء من شانغهاي
فيزيائيون أمريكيون
فيزيائيون أمريكيون في القرن 21
فيزيائيون صينيون
فيزيائيون نظريون
مواليد 1926
مواليد في شانغهاي
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة تشجيانغ
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة كولومبيا

تسونج لي


East Greenbush est une ville du comté de Rensselaer, dans l'État de New York, aux États-Unis. En 2020, elle comptait une population de .

Démographie
Lors du recensement de 2020, la ville comptait une population de .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Article connexe
 État de New York

Liens externes

Localité dans le comté de Rensselaer
Town dans l'État de New York

East Greenbush (New York)


Sneakernet, also called sneaker net, is an informal term for the transfer of electronic information by physically moving media such as magnetic tape, floppy disks, optical discs, USB flash drives or external hard drives between computers, rather than transmitting it over a computer network. The term, a tongue-in-cheek play on net(work) as in Internet or Ethernet, refers to walking in sneakers as the transport mechanism. Alternative terms may be floppy net, train net, or pigeon net.

Summary and background

Sneakernets are in use throughout the computer universe. A sneakernet may be used when computer networks are prohibitively expensive for the owner to maintain; in high-security environments where manual inspection (for re-classification of information) is necessary; where information needs to be shared between networks with different levels of security clearance; when data transfer is impractical due to bandwidth limitations; when a particular system is simply incompatible with the local network, unable to be connected, or when two systems are not on the same network at the same time. Because sneakernets take advantage of physical media, security measures used for the transfer of sensitive information are respectively physical.

This form of data transfer is also used for peer-to-peer (or friend-to-friend) file sharing and has grown in popularity in metropolitan areas and college communities. The ease of this system has been facilitated by the availability of USB external hard drives, USB flash drives and portable music players.

The United States Postal Service offers a Media Mail service for compact discs, among other items. This provides a viable mode of transport for long distance sneakernet use. In fact, when mailing media with sufficiently high data density such as high capacity hard drives, the throughput (data transferred per unit of time) as well as the cost per unit of data transferred may compete favorably with networked methods of data transfer.

Usage examples

Afghanistan
In 2021 Taliban-governed Afghanistan, "computer kars" distribute Internet-derived content by hand: "Movies, music, mobile applications, iOS updates, and naughty videos. Also creating Apple IDs and social media accounts, and backing up and unlocking phones and recovering data." The kars collectively maintain an archive of hundreds of terabytes of data. Four terabytes of the latest Indian or American movies or Turkish TV dramas, dubbed in the Afghan national languages Dari and Pashto reportedly wholesale for about 800 afghanis, or nine US dollars, while the retail price of five gigabytes of content is 100 afghanis, or one US dollar. Kars report that their earnings have dropped 90% under Taliban rule.

Australia
When Australia joined Usenet in 1983, it received articles via tapes sent from the United States to the University of Sydney, which disseminated data to dozens of other computers on the country's Unix network.

Bhutan
The Rigsum Sherig Collection project uses a sneakernet to distribute offline educational resources, including Kiwix and Khan Academy on a Stick, to hundreds of schools and other educational institutional in the Kingdom of Bhutan. Many of the schools in Bhutan have computers or IT labs, but no Internet connection (or a very slow one). The sneakernet, facilitated by teachers, distributes about 25 GB of free, open-source educational software to the schools, often using external hard disks.

Cuba
El Paquete Semanal is a roughly 1TB compilation of media, distributed weekly throughout Cuba via portable hard drives and USB memory sticks.

Iran
A weekly data dump compilation collected through the satellite system Toosheh.

North Korea
North Korean dissidents have been known to smuggle flash drives filled with western movies and television shows.

Pakistan
The May 2011 raid of Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, revealed that he used a series of USB thumb drives to store his email drafts.  A courier of his would then take the saved emails to a nearby Internet cafe and send them out to the desired recipients.

South Africa
In September 2009, Durban company Unlimited IT reportedly pitted a messenger pigeon against South African ISP Telkom to transfer 4 GB of data  from Howick to Durban. The pigeon, carrying the data on a memory stick, arrived in one hour eight minutes, with the data taking another hour to read from the memory stick. During the same two-hour period, only about 4.2% of the data had been transferred over the ADSL link. A similar experiment was conducted in England in September 2010; the "pigeonnet" also proved superior. In November 2009 the Australian comedy/current-affairs television program Hungry Beast repeated this experiment. The experiment had the team transfer a 700 MB file via three delivery methods to determine which was the fastest; A carrier pigeon with a microSD card, a car carrying a USB Stick, or a Telstra ADSL line. The data was to be transferred a distance of 132 km by road. The pigeon won the race with a time of approximately 1 hour 5 minutes, the car came in second at 2 hours 10 minutes, while the internet transfer did not finish, having dropped out a second time and not come back.

Wizzy Digital Courier provided Internet access to schools in South Africa with poor or no network connectivity by implementing UUCP on USB memory sticks. This allowed offline cached email transport and scoops of web pages to back-fill a web cache.

United States
Google has used a sneakernet to transport large datasets, including 120 TB of data from the Hubble Space Telescope. Users of Google Cloud can import their data into Google Cloud Storage through sneakernet.

Oracle similarly offers its Data Transfer Service to customers to migrate data to Oracle Cloud Infrastructure or export data from it.

The SETI@home project uses a sneakernet to overcome bandwidth limitations: data recorded by the radio telescope in Arecibo, Puerto Rico was stored on magnetic tapes which were then shipped to Berkeley, California, for processing.  In 2005, Jim Gray reported sending hard drives and even "metal boxes with processors" to transport large amounts of data by postal mail.

Very Long Baseline Interferometry performed using the Very Long Baseline Array ships hard drives to a data reduction site in Socorro, New Mexico.  They refer to their data transfer mechanism as "HDOA" (Hard Drives On Airplane).

Data analytics teams in the financial services sector often use sneakernets to transfer sensitive corporate information and information obtained from data mining, such as ledger entries, customer data and financial statistics.  There are several reasons for this: firstly, sneakernets can generally provide very high security (and possibly more importantly, they are perceived to be secure) due to the impossibility of a man-in-the-middle attack or packet sniffing; secondly, the volumes of data concerned are often extremely high; and thirdly, setting up secure network links between the client business and the analytics team's facilities is often either impossible or an extremely convoluted process.

In 2015 Amazon Web Services launched AWS Snowball, a , 50 TB device for transporting data to the AWS cloud; and in 2016 AWS Snowmobile, a truck to transport up to 100 PB of data in one load.  For similar reasons, there is also a Google Transfer Appliance, an IBM Cloud Mass Data Migration device, and Microsoft's Azure Data Box Disk service.

Observation data from the Event Horizon Telescope is collected on hard drives which are transported by commercial freight airplanes from the various telescopes to the MIT Haystack Observatory and the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, where the data is analyzed.

USSR
In later USSR, the operating system called DEMOS was created and adapted for many types of Soviet computers by cloning versions of UNIX that were brought into USSR on magnetic tapes bypassing the Iron Curtain. This allowed to build Relcom country-wide UUCP network to provide global Usenet access for Soviet users which led to the registration of .su ("Soviet Union") top level domain in 1990.

In media

Non-fiction

The first USENET citation is July 16, 1985, and it was widely considered an old joke already.

Other alleged speakers included Tom Reidel, Warren Jackson, or Bob Sutterfield.

Although the station wagon transporting magnetic tapes is generally considered the canonical version, variants using trucks or Boeing 747s or C-5s and later storage technologies such as CD-ROMs, DVDs, Blu-rays, or SD Cards have frequently appeared.

The very first problem in Andrew S. Tanenbaum's 1981 textbook Computer Networks asks the student to calculate the throughput of a St. Bernard carrying floppy disks.

Fiction
 In Minority Report, the computer center of the "Precrime" police division operates by transferring data from one console to another using a thin, flat storage device.
 The Terry Pratchett novel Going Postal (2004) includes a contest between a horse-drawn mail coach and the "Grand Trunk Clacks" (a semaphore line) to see which is faster to transmit the contents of a book to a remote destination.
 William Gibson's novel Spook Country (2007) also features sneakernets, with iPods being the storage device used to clandestinely move information.
 In Cory Doctorow's novel Little Brother, the main character uses the term sneakernet to describe how he and his friends distribute the fictitious XNet software for encrypted communications.

Similar concepts
 Delay-tolerant networks, such as the Haggle project at Cambridge University.
 IP over Avian Carriers (RFC 1149), an April Fools' Day RFC describing the transmission of messages via homing pigeon.

See also

 Air gap (networking)
 Darknet
 Data Mule
 IP over Avian Carriers
 Jargon File
 Meatspace
 Pod slurping
 Sideloading
 Twilight (warez)
 USB dead drop

References

Computer jargon
Computer networking
Data transmission
File sharing networks
1980s neologisms

Sneakernet


Olaylar
 1364 - Osmanlı Ordusu ile Sırp İmparatorluğu, Macar Krallığı, İkinci Bulgar İmparatorluğu, Bosna Banlığı ve Eflak Prensliği'nden oluşan ittifak ordusu arasında Sırpsındığı Savaşı meydana geldi.
 1907 - Yeni Zelanda, Birleşik Krallık'tan bağımsızlığını ilan etti.
 1930 - Adana'da Ahali Cumhuriyet Fırkası kuruldu.
 1932 - I. Türk Dili Kurultayı toplandı. Dil Bayramı ilk kez kutlandı.
 1941 - II. Dünya Savaşı'nda Kiev Muharebesi sonuçlandı.
 1947 - Birleşik Krallık, Filistinlilerle Yahudilerin kendi geleceklerine kendilerinin karar vermesi gerektiğini açıkladı; bu nedenle Filistin'i boşaltma kararı aldı.
 1964 - Kıbrıs Türk ve Yunan Alayları, Kıbrıs Barış Gücü emrine verildi.
 1978 - Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Başkanı Jimmy Carter Türkiye'ye uygulanan ambargoyu kaldıran yasayı onayladı.
 1984 - Çin ile Birleşik Krallık, Hong Kong'un 1997'de Çin kontrolüne geçmesi için anlaştılar.
 1990 - Millî İstihbarat Teşkilatı (MİT) eski Müsteşar Yardımcısı Hiram Abas, İstanbul'da Devrimci-Sol örgütü tarafından öldürüldü.

Doğumlar
 931 - Muiz, 19 Mart 953 - 21 Aralık 975 arasında Fatımi Devleti'nin 4. halifesi ve 14. İsmailiyye imam (ö. 975)
 1784 - Christopher Hansteen, Norveçli jeofizikçi ve gök bilimci (ö. 1873)
 1791 - Théodore Géricault, Fransız ressam ve taş baskı sanatçısı (ö. 1824)
 1792 - William Hobson, İlk Yeni Zelanda valisi (ö. 1842)
 1816 - Paul Gervais, Fransız paleontolog ve entomolog (ö. 1879)
 1831 - Adolph Saphir, Hristiyanlığa dönen ve Yahudi Presbiteryen misyoneri olan bir Macar Yahudisi
 1869
Winsor McCay, Amerikalı çizgi film ve grafik sanatçısı (ö. 1934)
Gomidas Vartabed, Ermeni rahip, müzikolog, besteci, aranjör ve koro şefi (ö. 1935)
 1870 - X. Christian, 1912'den 1947'ye kadar Danimarka kralı (ö. 1947)
 1874 - Lewis Hine, Amerikalı fotoğrafçı (ö. 1940)
 1877 - Alfred Cortot, Fransız-İsviçreli piyanist ve orkestra şefi (ö. 1962)
 1884 - Arnaldo Foschini, İtalyan mimar ve akademisyen (ö. 1968)
 1886 - Archibald Hill, İngiliz fizyolog (ö. 1977)
 1888 - T. S. Eliot, İngiliz şair (ö. 1965)
 1889 - Martin Heidegger, Alman filozof (ö. 1976)
 1891 - Hans Reichenbach, Nazi Almanyası'ndan kaçarak sığındığı Türkiye'de de hocalık yapmış olan çağdaş neopozitivist düşünür (ö. 1953)
 1895 - Jürgen Stroop, Nazi Almanyası'nın SS Generali ve 1942-1943 yılları arasında Varşova Gettosu yıkımı polisi (ö. 1952)
 1897 - VI. Paulus, 1963 - 1978 yılları arasında papa (ö. 1978)
 1898 - George Gershwin, Amerikalı besteci (ö. 1937)
 1905 - Karl Rappan, Avusturyalı futbolcu ve teknik direktör (ö. 1996)
 1907 - Anthony Blunt, Bir Sovyet casusu ve İngiliz sanat tarihçisi (ö. 1983)
 1914
Achille Compagnoni, İtalyan dağcı ve kayakçı (ö. 2009)
Jack LaLanne, Amerikalı fitness uzmanı, seslendirme sanatçısı, oyuncu (ö. 2011)
 1920 - Barbara Britton, Amerikalı film ve televizyon oyuncusu (ö. 1980)
 1926 - Julie London, Amerikalı oyuncu ve şarkıcı (ö. 2000)
 1927 - Enzo Bearzot, 1982 FIFA Dünya Kupası'nda İtalya'yı şampiyonluğa taşıyan teknik direktör (ö. 2010)
 1928 - Guido Anzile, İtalyan-Fransız bisiklet yarışçısı
 1930
Frederick Andermann, Kanadalı tıp doktoru ve akademisyen (ö. 2019)
Philip Bosco, Amerikalı oyuncu (ö. 2018)
 1932
Donna Douglas, Amerikalı oyuncu ve komedyen (ö. 2015)
Joyce Jameson, Amerikalı oyuncu (ö. 1987)
Manmohan Singh, Hint siyasetçi ve Hindistan'ın 17. Başbakanı
 1936 - Winnie Mandela, Güney Afrikalı siyasetçi ve aktivist (ö. 2018)
 1937 - Valentin Pavlov, Sovyetler Birliği'nin dağılmasının ardından Rus bankacı olan Sovyet görevlisi (ö. 2003)
 1939 - Kerem Güney, Türk müzisyen (ö. 2012)
 1945 - Bryan Ferry, İngiliz şarkıcı ve şarkı sözü yazarı
 1946 - Claudette Werleigh, Haiti'nin ilk kadın Başbakanı oldu
 1947 - Lynn Anderson, Country müziğin ünlü sesleri arasında yer alan Amerikalı şarkıcı (ö. 2015)
 1948 - Olivia Newton-John, Avustralyalı şarkıcı, söz yazarı ve oyuncu
 1949
Clodoaldo, Brezilyalı eski futbolcu
Jane Smiley, Amerikalı romancı
Minette Walters, İngiliz yazar
 1950 - Michał Joachimowski, Polonyalı üç adım ve uzun atlamacı
 1951
İlhan Demiröz, Türk siyasetçi
Haris Džinović, Yugoslavya ülkelerinde tanınmış eski Bosnalı halk müziği ses sanatçısı
 1952 - Willie Carrick, İrlandalı profesyonel futbolcu
 1953
Micha Marah, Belçikalı şarkıcı
Dolores Keane, İrlandalı folk şarkıcısı ve ara sıra aktris
 1954 - Alice, İtalyan Şarkıcı-şarkı yazarı
 1956 - Linda Hamilton, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1957 - Kalus Augenthaler, Alman futbol oyuncusu ve menajeri
 1958 - Jonathan Tisdall, Norvecliyve Amerikalı satranç büyükustası
 1960 - Uwe Bein, Alman eski futbolcu
 1962
Mark Haddon, İngiliz romancı
Al Pitrelli, Amerikalı müzisyen
 1964 - Nicki French, İngiliz şarkıcı ve oyuncu
 1965 - Petro Poroşenko, Ukraynalı iş insanı ve politikacı
 1966
Hristos Dantis, Yunan şarkıcı
Jillian Reynolds, Kanadalı oyuncu, televizyon sunucusu ve spor muhabiri
 1968 - James Caviezel, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1969 - Holger Stanislawski, Alman teknik direktör ve eski futbolcu
 1970 - Igor Boraska, Hırvat kürekçi ve bobsledçi
 1971 - Pelinsu Pir, Türk tiyatrocu, sinema ve dizi oyuncusu
 1972, Alfonso Pérez, İspanyol milli futbolcu
 1973 - Ras Kass, Amerikalı rapçi
 1974 - Hans á Lag, Faroeli futbolcu
 1975
Emma Härdelin, İsveçli müzisyen
Chiara Schoras, Alman oyuncu
 1976 - Michael Ballack, Alman futbolcu
 1977 - Kerem Özyeğen, Türk gitarist
 1979 - Seda Fettahoğlu, Türk tiyatrocu ve dizi oyuncusu (ö. 2023)
 1979 - Taavi Rõivas, Estonyalı siyasetçi
 1980 - Henrik Sedin, İsveçli profesyonel buz hokeyi oyuncusu
 1981
Asuka, Japon profesyonel güreşçi
Yao Beina, Çinli şarkıcı ve aktris (ö. 2015)
Christina Milian, Amerikalı R&B ve pop şarkıcısı
Marina Maljković, Sırp basketbol koçu
Serena Williams, Amerikalı tenisçi
 1982 - Damian Priest, Amerikalı profesyonel güreşti
 1983 - Ricardo Quaresma, Portekizli futbolcu
 1984 - Müjde Uzman, Türk oyuncu
 1985 - Greg Stiemsma, Amerikalı basketbolcu
 1988
James Blake Litherland, İngiliz şarkıcı, müzisyen ve prodüktör
Kiira Korpi, Fin buz patenci
Servet Tazegül, Türk tekvandocu
 1991
Berk Atan, Türk manken ve oyuncu
Yusuf Çim, Türk şarkıcı ve oyuncu
 1993 - Michael Kidd-Gilchrist, Amerikalı basketbolcu
 1994
Deniz Altan, Türk oyuncu
İlyas Kubilay Yavuz, Samsunspor futbolcusu
Junior Silva Ferreira, Brezilyalı futbolcu
Marcell Jacobs, İtalyan kısa mesafe koşucusu ve eski uzun atlayıcı
 1995 - Sachiro Toshima, Japon futbolcu
 1996 - Emeka Friday Eze, Nijeryalı futbolcu
 1997 - Özge Yağız, Türk oyuncu

Ölümler
 1242 - Fujiwara no Teika, Japon şair, hattat ve bilge (d. 1162)
 1328 - İbn Teymiye, Arap İslâm âlimi (d. 1263)
 1620 - Taichang, Çin'in Ming Hanedanı'nın 14. İmparatoru (d. 1582)
 1826 - Alexander Gordon Laing, İskoç kâşif (d. 1793)
 1860 - Miloş Obrenoviç, Sırp Prens (d. 1780)
 1868 - August Ferdinand Möbius, Alman astronomi profesörü (d. 1790)
 1902 - Levi Strauss, Amerikalı giysi üreticisi (Levi's Blue Jean) (d. 1829)
 1914 - August Macke, Alman ressam (d. 1887)
 1918 - Georg Simmel, Alman sosyolog ve filozof (d. 1858)
 1937 - Bessie Smith, Amerikalı blues şarkıcısı (d. 1894)
 1939 - Ali Saip Ursavaş, Türk asker ve siyaset adamı (d. 1885)
 1945 - Bela Bartok, Macar besteci (d. 1881)
 1945 - Kiyoşi Miki, Japon marksist düşünür (d. 1897)
 1948 - Gregg Toland, Amerikalı görüntü yönetmeni (d. 1904)
 1951 - Hans Cloos, Alman jeolog (d. 1885)
 1952 - George Santayana, İspanyol asıllı Amerikalı filozof, şair ve yazar (d. 1863)
 1973 - Anna Magnani, İtalyan oyuncu (d. 1908)
 1975 - Danyal Topatan, Türk sinema sanatçısı (d. 1916)
 1976 - Lavoslav Ružička, Hırvat bilim insanı (d. 1887)
 1978 - Manne Siegbahn, 1924 yılında "Nobel Fizik Ödülü" kazanan İsveçli fizikçi (d. 1886)
 1988 - Branko Zebec, Yugoslav eski millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör (d. 1929)
 1990 - Alberto Moravia, İtalyan romancı (d. 1907)
 1990 - Hiram Abas, Türk istihbaratçı (d. 1932)
 1999 - Ayşen Aydemir, Türk oyuncu (d. 1964)
 2000 - Baden Powell, Brezilyalı gitarist ve besteci (d. 1937)
 2003 - Kerim Afşar, Türk tiyatro sanatçısı (d. 1930)
 2003 - Robert Palmer, İngiliz şarkıcı (d. 1949)
 2004 - Marianna Komlos, Kanadalı vücut geliştirme sporcusu ve profesyonel güreşçi (d. 1969)
 2006 - Byron Nelson, Amerikalı golfçü (d. 1912)
 2008 - Paul Newman, Amerikalı oyuncu ve En İyi Erkek Oyuncu Akademi Ödülü sahibi (d. 1925)
 2009 - Nihat Nikerel, Türk oyuncu ve yazar (d. 1950)
 2010 - Gloria Stuart, Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1910)
 2012 - Johnny Lewis, Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1983)
 2015 - Eudóxia Maria Froehlich, Brezilyalı zoolog (d. 1928)
 2017 - Mario Bedogni, Eski İtalyan hokey oyuncusu (d. 1923)
 2017 - Robert Delpire, Fransız sanat yayıncısı, editör, küratör, film yapımcısı ve grafik tasarımcısı (d. 1926)
 2017 - Barry Dennen, Amerikalı oyuncu, şarkıcı ve senarist (d. 1938)
 2017 - Květa Fialová, Çek oyuncu (d. 1929)
 2017 - Morton A. Kaplan, Amerikalı bilim insanı (d. 1921)
 2018 - Chauki Maddi, Brezilyalı şarkıcı ve besteci (d. 1929)
 2018 - Manuel Rodríguez, Şilili eski millî futbolcu (d. 1939)
 2019 - Jacques Chirac, Fransız siyasetçi ve Fransa Cumhurbaşkanı (d. 1932)
 2020 - Adele Stolte, Alman soprano şarkıcı ve akademik ses öğretmeni (d. 1932)

Tatiller ve özel günler
 Türk Dil Bayramı
 Avrupa Dil Günü

0926
26

26 Eylül


Josephpapir, også kaldet linsepapir, er et særligt papir, lavet af lange cellulosefibre, der benyttes til at rense linser og evt. andre glasvarer. Denne rensning er især nødvendig, når der i et mikroskop har været benyttet immersionsolie (benyttes med særlige objektiver til stor forstørrelse).

Rengøring
Papir

Josephpapir


The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions (1899), by Thorstein Veblen, is a treatise of economics and sociology, and a critique of conspicuous consumption as a function of social class and of consumerism, which are social activities derived from the social stratification of people and the division of labor; the social institutions of the feudal period (9th–15th c.) that have continued to the modern era.

Veblen discusses how the pursuit and the possession of wealth affects human behavior, that the contemporary lords of the manor, the businessmen who own the means of production, have employed themselves in the economically unproductive practices of conspicuous consumption and conspicuous leisure, which are useless activities that contribute neither to the economy nor to the material production of the useful goods and services required for the functioning of society. Instead, it is the middle class and working class who are usefully employed in the industrialised, productive occupations that support the whole of society.

Background
The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) was published during the Gilded Age (1870–1900), the time of the robber baron millionaires John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and Cornelius Vanderbilt, at the end of the 19th century. Veblen presents the evolutionary development of the social and economic institutions of society, wherein technology and the industrial arts are the creative forces of economic production. That in the economics of the production of goods and services, the social function of the economy was to meet the material needs of society and to earn profits for the owners of the means of production. Sociologically, that the industrial production system required the workers (men and women) to be diligent, efficient, and co-operative, whilst the owners of the factories concerned themselves with profits and with public displays of wealth; thus the contemporary socio-economic behaviours of conspicuous consumption and of conspicuous leisure survived from the predatory, barbarian past of the tribal stage of modern society.

The sociology and economics reported in The Theory of the Leisure Class show the influences of Charles Darwin and Karl Marx, Adam Smith and Herbert Spencer; thereby Veblen's socio-economic theory emphasizes social evolution and development as characteristics of human institutions. In his time, Veblen criticised contemporary (19th-century) economic theories as intellectually static and hedonistic, and that economists should take account of how people actually behave, socially, and culturally, rather than rely upon the theoretic deduction meant to explain the economic behaviours of society. As such, Veblen's reports of American political economy contradicted the (supply and demand) neoclassical economics of the 18th century, which define people as rational agents who seek utility and maximal pleasure from their economic activities; whereas Veblen's economics define people as irrational economic agents who disregard personal happiness in the continual pursuit of the social status and the prestige inherent to having a place in society (class and economic stratum). Veblen concluded that conspicuous consumption did not constitute social progress, because American economic development was unduly influenced by the static economics of the British aristocracy; therefore, conspicuous consumption was an un-American activity contrary to the country's dynamic culture of individualism.

Originally published as The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study in the Evolution of Institutions, the book arose from three articles that Veblen published in the American Journal of Sociology between 1898 and 1899: (i) "The Beginning of Ownership" (ii) "The Barbarian Status of Women", and (iii) "The Instinct of Workmanship and the Irksomeness of Labour". These works presented the major themes of economics and sociology that he later developed in works such as: The Theory of Business Enterprise (1904), about how incompatible are the pursuit of profit and the making of useful goods; and The Instinct of Workmanship and the State of the Industrial Arts (1914), about the fundamental conflict between the human predisposition to useful production and the societal institutions that waste the useful products of human effort.

Moreover, The Theory of the Leisure Class is a socio-economic treatise that resulted from Veblen's observation and perception of the United States as a society of rapidly developing economic and social institutions. Critics of his reportage about the sociology and economics of the consumer society that is the US especially disliked the satiric tone of his literary style, and said that Veblen's cultural perspective had been negatively influenced by his austere boyhood in a Norwegian American community of practical, thrifty, and utilitarian people who endured anti-immigrant prejudices in the course of integration to American society.

Thesis

Concepts
In The Theory of the Leisure Class Veblen coined the following sociology terms:

 Leisure class — members of the upper class who are exempt from productive work.
 Pecuniary superiority — the leisure class demonstrate their economic superiority by not working.
 Pecuniary emulation — the economic effort to exceed someone else's socio-economic status.
 Pecuniary struggle — the acquisition and exhibition of wealth in order to gain social status.
 Vicarious leisure — the leisure of wives and servants as evidence of the wealth of the lord of the manor
 Estranged leisure — the leisure of servants is realised in behalf of the lord of the manor.

The stratified society
The Theory of the Leisure Class established that the political economy of a modern society is based upon the social stratification of tribal and feudal societies, rather than upon the merit and social utility and economic utility of individual men and women. Veblen's examples indicate that many economic behaviours of contemporary society derive from corresponding tribal-society behaviours, wherein men and women practiced the division of labor according to their status group; high-status people practiced hunting and warfare, which are economically unproductive occupations, whilst low-status people practiced farming and manufacturing, which are economically productive occupations. In a socially-stratified society, the leisure class are the members of the upper class who are exempt from productive work.

(i) Occupation
The concepts of dignity and Self-worth and Honour are the bases of the development of social class and distinctions of type among the social classes; thus, by way of social stratification, productive labor came to be seen as disreputable. Therefore, the accumulation of wealth does not confer social status, as does the evidence of wealth, such as leisure. In a stratified society, the division of labor inherent to the barbarian culture of conquest, domination, and the exploitation of labour featured labour-intensive occupations for the conquered people, and light-labour occupations for the conquerors, who thus became the leisure class. In that societal context, although low-status, productive occupations (tinker, tailor, chandler) were of greater economic value to society than were high-status, unproductive occupations (the profession of arms, the clergy, banking, etc.), for social cohesion, the leisure class occasionally performed productive work that was more symbolic than practical.

The leisure class engaged in displays of pecuniary superiority by not working and by the:

 Accumulation of property and material possessions
 Accumulation of immaterial goods — high-level education, a family crest
 Adoption of archaic social skills — manners and etiquette, chivalry and a code of conduct
 Employment of servants

(ii) Economic utility
In exercising political control, the leisure class retained their high social-status by direct and indirect coercion, by reserving for themselves the profession of arms, and so withheld weapons and military skills from the lower social classes. Such a division of labor (economic utility) rendered the lower classes dependent upon the leisure class, which established, justified, and perpetuated the role of the leisure class as the defenders of society against natural and supernatural enemies, because the clergy also belonged to the leisure class.

Contemporary society did not psychologically supersede the tribal-stage division of labor, but evolved the division-of-labor by social status and social stratum. During the Mediæval period (5th–15th c.) only land-owning noblemen had the right to hunt and to bear arms as soldiers; status and income were parallel. Likewise, in contemporary society, skilled laborers of the working class are paid an income in wages, which is inferior to the salary income paid to the educated managers whose economic importance (as engineers, salesmen, personnel clerks, et al.) is indirectly productive; income and status are parallel.

(iii) Pecuniary emulation
The term pecuniary emulation describes a person's economic efforts to surpass a rich person's socio-economic status. Veblen said that the pecuniary struggle to acquire and exhibit wealth, in order to gain status, is the driving force behind the development of culture and society. To attain, retain, and gain greater social status within their social class, low-status people emulate the high-status members of their socio-economic class, by consuming over-priced brands of goods and services perceived to be of better quality and thus of a higher social-class. In striving for greater social status, people buy high-status goods and services which they cannot afford, despite the availability of affordable products that are perceived as of lower quality and lesser social prestige, and thus of a lower social class. In a consumer society, the businessman was the latest member of the leisure class, a barbarian who used his prowess (business acumen) and competitive skills (marketing) to increase profits, by manipulating the supply and the demand among the social classes and their strata, for the same products (goods and services) at different prices.

Contemporary consumerism

 The subjugation of women — Women originally were spoils of war captured by raiding barbarians. In contemporary society, the unemployed housewife is an economic trophy that attests to a man's socio-economic prowess. In having a wife without an independent economic life (a profession, a trade, a job) a man can display her unemployed status as a form of his conspicuous leisure and as an object of his conspicuous consumption.
 The popularity of sport — American football is sociologically advantageous to community cohesion; yet, in itself, sport is an economic side-effect of conspicuous leisure that wastes material resources.
 Devout observances — Organized religion is a type of conspicuous leisure (wasted time) and of conspicuous consumption (wasted resources); a social activity of no economic consequence, because a church is an unproductive use of land and resources, and clergy (men and women) do unproductive work.
 Social formalities — social manners are remnant barbarian behaviours, such as paying respect to one's socially powerful betters. In itself, etiquette has little value (practical or economic), but is of much social value as cultural capital, which identifies, establishes, and enforces distinctions of place (social stratum) within a social class.

Overview

Conspicuous economics

With The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study in the Evolution of Institutions (1899), Veblen introduced, described, and explained the concepts of "conspicuous consumption" and of "conspicuous leisure" to the nascent, academic discipline of sociology. Conspicuous consumption is the application of money and material resources towards the display of a higher social status (e.g. silver flatware, custom-made clothes, an over-sized house); and conspicuous leisure is the application of extended time to the pursuit of pleasure (physical and intellectual), such as sport and the fine arts. Therefore, such physical and intellectual pursuits display the freedom of the rich man and woman from having to work in an economically productive occupation.

Theses
Chapter I: Introductory
The modern industrial society developed from the barbarian tribal society, which featured a leisure class supported by subordinated working classes employed in economically productive occupations. The people of the leisure class were exempted from manual work and from practicing economically productive occupations, because they belong to the leisure class.

Chapter II: Pecuniary Emulation
The emergence of a leisure class coincides with the beginning of ownership, initially based upon marriage as a form of ownership — of women and their chattel property — as evidence of prowess. As such, the material consumption of the leisure class has little to do with either comfort or subsistence, and much to do with social esteem from the community, and thus with self-respect.

Chapter III: Conspicuous Leisure
Among the lower social classes, a man's reputation as a diligent, efficient, and productive worker is the highest form of pecuniary emulation of the leisure class available to him in society. Yet, among the social strata of the leisure class, manual labor is perceived as a sign of social and economic weakness; thus, the defining, social characteristics of the leisure class are the exemption from useful employment and the practice of conspicuous leisure as a non-productive consumption of time.

Chapter IV: Conspicuous Consumption
Theoretically, the consumption of luxury products (goods and services) is limited to the leisure class, because the working classes have other, more important, things and activities on which to spend their limited income, their wages. Yet, such is not the case, because the lower classes consume expensive alcoholic beverages and narcotic drugs. In doing so, the working classes seek to emulate the standards of life and play of the leisure class, because they are the people at the head of the social structure in point of reputability. In that emulation of the leisure class, social manners are a result of the non-productive, consumption of time by the upper social classes; thus the social utility of conspicuous consumption and of conspicuous leisure lies in their wastefulness of time and resources.

Chapter V: The Pecuniary Standard of Living
In a society of industrialised production (of goods and services), the habitual consumption of products establishes a person's standard of living; therefore, it is more difficult to do without products than it is to continually add products to one's way of life. Moreover, upon achieving self-preservation (food and shelter), the needs of conspicuous waste determine the economic and industrial improvements of society.

Chapter VI: Pecuniary Canons of Taste
To the leisure class, a material object becomes a product of conspicuous consumption when it is integrated to the canon of honorific waste, by being regarded either as beautiful or worthy of possession for itself. Consequently, to the lower classes, possessing such an object becomes an exercise in the pecuniary emulation of the leisure class. Therefore, an objet d'art made of precious metal and gemstones is a more popular possession than is an object of art made of equally beautiful, but less expensive materials, because a high price can masquerade as beauty that appeals to the sense of social prestige of the possessor-consumer.

Chapter VII: Dress as an Expression of the Pecuniary Culture
In a consumer society, the function of clothes is to define the wearer as a man or as a woman who belongs to a given social class, not for protection from the environment. Clothing also indicates that the wearer's livelihood does not depend upon economically productive labor, such as farming and manufacturing, which activities require protective clothing. Moreover, the symbolic function of clothes indicates that the wearer belongs to the leisure class, and can afford to buy new clothes when the fashion changes.

Chapter VIII: Industrial Exemption and Conservatism
A society develops through the establishment of institutions (social, governmental, economic, etc.) modified only in accordance with ideas from the past, in order to maintain societal stability. Politically, the leisure class maintain their societal dominance, by retaining out-dated aspects of the political economy; thus, their opposition to socio-economic progressivism to the degree that they consider political conservatism and political reaction as honorific features of the leisure class.

Chapter IX: The Conservation of Archaic Traits
The existence of the leisure class influences the behaviour of the individual man and woman, by way of social ambition. To rise in society, a person from a lower class emulates the characteristics of the desired upper class; he or she assumes the habits of economic consumption and social attitudes (archaic traits of demeanour in speech, dress, and manners). In pursuit of social advancement, and concomitant social prestige, the man and the woman who rid themselves of scruple and honesty will more readily rise into a stratum of the leisure class.

Chapter X: Modern Survivals of Prowess
As owners of the means of production, the leisure class benefit from, but do not work in, the industrial community, and do not materially contribute to the commonweal (the welfare of the public) but do consume the goods and services produced by the working classes. As such, the individual success (social and economic) of a person derives from his or her astuteness and ferocity, which are character traits nurtured by the pecuniary culture of the consumer society.

Chapter XI: The Belief in Luck
The belief in the concept of 'luck' (Fortuna) is one reason why people gamble; likewise follows the belief that luck is a part of achieving socio-economic success, rather than the likelier reason of social connections derived from a person's social class and social stratum. Within the social strata of the leisure class, the belief in luck is greater in the matter of sport (wherein physical prowess does matter) because of personal pride, and the concomitant social prestige; hence, gambling is a display of conspicuous consumption and of conspicuous leisure. Nonetheless, gambling (the belief in luck) is a social practice common to every social class of society.

Chapter XII: Devout Observances
The existence, function, and practice of religion in a socially-stratified society, is a form of abstract conspicuous consumption for and among the members of the person's community, of devotion to the value system that justifies the existence of his or her social class. As such, attending church services, participating in religious rites, and paying tithes, are a form of conspicuous leisure.

Chapter XIII: Survivals of the Non-invidious Interest
The clergy and the women who are members of the leisure class function as objects of vicarious leisure, thus, it is morally impossible for them to work and productively contribute to society. As such, maintaining a high social-class is more important for a woman of the leisure class, than it is for a man of the leisure class. Women, therefore, are the greatest indicators of a man's socio-economic standing in his respective community. In a consumer society, how a woman spends her time and what activities she does with her time communicate the social standing of her husband, her family, and her social class.

Chapter XIV: The Higher Learning as an Expression of the Pecuniary Culture
Education (academic, technical, religious) is a form of conspicuous leisure, because it does not directly contribute to the economy of society. Therefore, high-status, ceremonial symbols of book-learning, such as the gown and mortar-board-cap of the university graduate educated in abstract subjects (science, mathematics, philosophy, etc.) are greatly respected, whereas certificates, low-status, ceremonial symbols of practical schooling (technology, manufacturing, etc.) are not greatly respected to the same degree, because the contemporary university is a leisure-class institution.

Criticism and critique

Literary style
In The Theory of the Leisure Class, Veblen used idiosyncratic and satirical language to identify, describe, and explain the consumerist mores of American modern society in the 19th century; thus, about the impracticality of etiquette as a form of conspicuous leisure, Veblen said:

In contrast, Veblen used objective language in The Theory of Business Enterprise (1904), which analyses the business-cycle behaviours of businessmen. In his introduction to the 1973 edition, the economist John Kenneth Galbraith said that The Theory of the Leisure Class is Veblen's intellectual put-down of American society. That Veblen spoke satirically in order to soften the negative implications of his socio-economic analyses of the U.S. social-class system, facts that are more psychologically threatening to the American ego and the status quo, than the negative implications of Karl Marx's analyses. That, unlike Marx, who recognised capitalism as superior to feudalism in providing products (goods and services) for mass consumption, Veblen did not recognise that distinction, because capitalism was economic barbarism, and that goods and services produced for conspicuous consumption are fundamentally worthless.

In the Introduction to the 1967 edition of The Theory of the Leisure Class, economist Robert Lekachman said that Veblen was a misanthrope:

19th century
The success of The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) derived from the fidelity, veracity, and accuracy of Veblen's reportage about the socio-economic behaviours of the American system of social classes. Additional to the success (financial, academic, social) accrued to him by the book, a social-scientist colleague told Veblen that the sociology of gross consumerism catalogued in The Theory of the Leisure Class had much "fluttered the dovecotes of the East", especially in the Ivy League academic Establishment.

In the two-part book review "An Opportunity for American Fiction" (April–May 1899), the critic William Dean Howells made Veblen's treatise the handbook of sociology and economics for the American intelligentsia of the early 20th century. Reviewing first the economics and then the social satire in The Theory of the Leisure Class, Howells said that social-class anxiety impels American society to wasteful consumerism, especially the pursuit of social prestige. That despite social classes being alike in most stratified societies, the novelty of the American social-class system was that the leisure class had only recently appeared in U.S. history.

Asking for a novelist to translate into fiction what the social-scientist Veblen had reported, Howells concluded that a novel of manners was an opportunity for American fiction to accessibly communicate the satire in The Theory of the Leisure Class:

In the Journal of Political Economy (September 1899), the book reviewer John Cummings said:
As a contribution to the general theory of sociology, Dr. Veblen's The Theory of the Leisure Class requires no other commendation for its scholarly performance than that which a casual reading of the work readily inspires. Its highly original character makes any abridgement of it exceedingly difficult and inadequate, and such an abridgement cannot be even attempted here ... The following pages, however, are devoted to a discussion of certain points of view in which the author seems, to the writer [Cummings], to have taken an incomplete survey of the facts, or to have allowed his interpretation of facts to be influenced by personal animus.

20th century
In the essay "Prof. Veblen" (1919) the intellectual H. L. Mencken addressed the matters of Americans' social psychology reported in The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899), by asking:

In the essay "The Dullest Book of The Month: Dr. Thorstein Veblen Gets the Crown of Deadly Nightshade" (1919), after addressing the content of The Theory of the Leisure Class, the book reviewer Robert Benchley addressed the subject of who are readers to whom Veblen speaks, that:the Doctor has made one big mistake, however. He has presupposed, in writing this book, the existence of a [social] class with much more leisure than any class in the world ever possessed—for, has he not counted on a certain number of readers?

In the Introduction to the 1934 edition, the economist Stuart Chase said that the Great Depression (1929–1941) had vindicated Veblen the economist, because The Theory of the Leisure Class had unified "the outstanding economists of the world". In the foreword to the 1953 edition, sociologist C. Wright Mills said that Veblen was "the best critic of America that America has ever produced". In the Introduction to the 1973 edition of the book, economist John Kenneth Galbraith addressed the author as subject, and said that Veblen was a man of his time, and that The Theory of the Leisure Class—published in 1899—reflected Veblen's 19th-century world view. That in his person and personality, the social scientist Veblen was neglectful of his grooming and tended to be disheveled; that he suffered social intolerance for being an intellectual and an agnostic in a society of superstitious and anti-intellectual people, and so tended to curtness with less intelligent folk.

John Dos Passos writes of Veblen in his trilogy novel U.S.A, in the third novel (1933), The Big Money. There, as one of Passos' highly subjective portraits of historical figures throughout the trilogy, Veblen is bio-sketched in THE BITTER DRINK in about 10 pages, referring presumably in that title to the hemlock Socrates was forced to drink for his supposed crimes.  The portrait ends with these three final lines: "but his memorial remains/riveted into the language/the sharp clear prism of his mind."

In The Worldly Philosophers: The Lives, Times, and Ideas of the Great Economic Thinkers (1953), the historian of economics Robert Heilbroner said that Veblen's socio-economic theories applied to the Gilded Age (1870–1900) of gross materialism and political corruption in the U.S. of the 19th century, but are inapplicable in 21st-century economics, because The Theory of the Leisure Class is specific to U.S. society in general, and to the society of Chicago in particular. In that vein, in "No Rest for the Wealthy" (2009), the journalist Daniel Gross said:

See also

 Affluenza
 Anti-consumerism
 Conspicuous consumption
 Keeping up with the Joneses
 Downshifting (lifestyle)
 Frugality
 Over-consumption
 Signalling theory
 Simple living
 Veblen good
 Feminism

References
Notes

Bibliography

  A version of this paper is available here

External links

 Reviews of The Theory of the Leisure Class
 Selective excerpts

1899 books
1899 in economics
Economics books
Economic ideologies
Institutional economics
Leisure
Non-fiction books about consumerism
Sociology books
Thorstein Veblen

The Theory of the Leisure Class


في اليابان، النبلاء الكبار الثلاثة هم ثلاثة أشخاص لعبوا دورا هاما في ثورة ميجي، ويطلق عليهم إيشين نو سانكتسو 維新の三傑 (الأبطال البارزون في الثورة).

هؤلاء هم:
 أوكوبو توشيميتشي من مقاطعة ساتسوما.
 سايغو تاكاموري من مقاطعة ساتسوما.
 كيدو تاكايوشي (المعروف باسم كاتسورا كوغورو) من مقاطعة تشوشو.

أولئك الثلاثة ماتوا واحدا تلو الآخر بين 1877 (السنة العاشرة من فترة ميجي) و1878 (السنة الحادية عشر).

اقرأ أيضا
 إيشين شيشي
 باكوماتسو
 نظام توكوغاوا شوغون
 استعراش ميجي

نوبليز في استعراش مييجي
إصلاح ميجي

النبلاء الكبار الثلاثة


Jeremy Halvard Prynne (born 24 June 1936) is a British poet closely associated with the British Poetry Revival.

Prynne grew up in Kent and was educated at St Dunstan's College, Catford, and Jesus College, Cambridge. He is a Life Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He retired in October 2005 from his posts teaching English Literature as a Lecturer and University Reader in English Poetry for the University of Cambridge and as Director of Studies in English for Gonville and Caius College; in September 2006 he retired from his position as Librarian of the College.

Prynne's early influences include Donald Davie and Charles Olson. He was one of the key figures in the Cambridge group among the British Poetry Revival poets and a major contributor to The English Intelligencer. His first book, Force of Circumstance and Other Poems, was published in 1962, but Prynne has excluded it from his canon. His Poems (1982) collected all the work he wanted to keep in print, beginning with Kitchen Poems (1968), with expanded and updated editions appearing in 1999, 2005, and 2015. 2020 to 2022 has seen an unprecedented burst of productivity, with the publication of over two dozen small press chapbooks and several substantial collections, including book-length poems, sequences and a poetic novel.

In addition to his poetry, Prynne has published some critical and academic prose. A transcription of a 1971 lecture on Olson's Maximus Poems at Simon Fraser University has had wide circulation. His longer works include a monograph on Ferdinand de Saussure, Stars, Tigers and the Shape of Words, and self-published, very erudite book-length commentaries on individual poems by Shakespeare (Sonnets 94 and 15), George Herbert ("Love III") and Wordsworth ("The Solitary Reaper"). His long and passionate interest in China (he was a close friend and colleague of Joseph Needham) is reflected in an essay on New Songs from a Jade Terrace, an anthology of early Chinese love poetry, which was included in the second edition of the book from Penguin (1982). His collected poetry includes a poem composed in classical Chinese under the name Pu Ling-en (蒲龄恩), reproduced in his own calligraphy. In 2016, a lengthy interview with Prynne about his poetic practice appeared in The Paris Review as part of its "The Art of Poetry" series.

Bibliography

Poetry

Force of Circumstance and Other Poems (Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1962)
Kitchen Poems (Cape Golliard, 1968)
Aristeas (Ferry Press, 1968)
Day Light Songs (Pampisford, 1968)
The White Stones (Grosseteste Press, 1969; Rpt. New York Review of Books, 2016)
Fire Lizard (Blacksuede Boot Press, 1970)
Brass (Ferry Press, 1971)
A Night Square (Albion Village Press, 1971)
Into The Day (privately printed, distributed through Ferry Press, 1972)
Wound Response (Street Editions, 1974)
High Pink on Chrome (privately printed, distributed through Ferry Press, 1975)
News of Warring Clans (Trigram Press, 1977)
Down Where Changed (Ferry Press, 1979)
The Oval Window (privately printed, distributed through DS -The Book Shop, 1983)
Marzipan (printed and distributed by P. Riley as part of Poetical Histories, 1986)
Bands Around the Throat (privately printed, distributed through Ferry Press, 1987)
Word Order (Prest Roots Press, 1989)
Jie ban mi Shi Hu (Poetical Histories, 1992)
Not-You (Equipage, 1993)
Her Weasels Wild Returning (Equipage,  1994)
For the Monogram (Equipage, 1997)
Red D Gypsum (Barque Press, 1998)
Pearls That Were (privately printed, distributed through Equipage, 1999)
Triodes (Barque, 2000)
Unanswering Rational Shore (Object Permanence, 2001)
Acrylic Tips (Barque, 2002)
Biting the Air (Equipage, 2003)
Blue Slides At Rest (2004, only available in expanded Poems, 2005)
To Pollen (Barque, 2006)
STREAK〜〜〜WILLING〜〜〜ENTOURAGE / ARTESIAN (Barque, 2009)
Sub Songs (Barque, 2010)
Kazoo Dreamboats; or, On What There Is (Critical Documents, 2011)
Al-Dente (Face Press, 2014)
Each to Each (Equipage, 2017)
OF · THE · ABYSS (Materials, 2017)
Or Scissel (Shearsman, 2018)
The Oval Window: annotated edition (Bloodaxe, 2018)
Of Better Scrap (Face Press, 2019; 2nd edition corrected & expanded, 2019)
None Yet More Willing Told (Face Press, 2019)
Parkland (Critical Documents, 2019)
Bitter Honey (Legitimate Snack, 2020)
Squeezed White Noise (Face Press, 2020)
Enchanter's Nightshade (Face Press, 2020)
Memory Working: Impromptus (Face Press, 2020)
Her Air Fallen (Critical Documents, 2020)
The Fever's End (Critical Documents, 2020)
Passing Grass Parnassus (Face Press, 2020)
Memory Working: Impromptus (XI-XVII) (Face Press, 2020)
Aquatic Hocquets (Face Press, 2020)
Kernels in Vernal Silence (Face Press, 2020)
Torrid Auspicious Quartz (Face Press, 2020)
See By So (Face Press, 2020)
Duets Infer Duty (Face Press, 2020)
Orchard (Equipage, 2020)
Presume Catkins (Broken Sleep, 2021)
Otherhood Imminent Profusion (Critical Documents, 2021)
Athwart Apron Snaps (Slub Press, 2021)
Efflux Reference (Face Press, 2021)
Dune Quail Eggs (Face Press, 2021)
Lay Them Straight (Face Press, 2021)
Snooty Tipoffs (Face Press, 2021)
Memory Working: Impromptus (XVIII-XXVI) (Face Press, 2021)
At Raucous Purpose Ful (Broken Sleep, 2022)
Sea Shells Told (Face Press, 2022)
Shade Furnace (Critical Documents, 2022)
LATENCY OF THE CONDITIONAL (Face Press, 2022)
Not Ice Novice (Face Press, 2022)

Collected poetry
Poems (Agneau 2, 1982)
Poems (Fremantle Arts Centre Press/Bloodaxe, 1999)
Poems (Fremantle Arts Centre Press/Bloodaxe, 2005; expanded 2nd edition)
Poems (Bloodaxe, 2015; expanded 3rd edition)
Poems 2016–2024 (Bloodaxe, 2024)

Prose

"China Figures," Modern Asian Studies 17 (1983), 671-704; Rpt. rev. as a "Postscript" to New Songs from a Jade Terrace: An Anthology of Early Chinese Love Poetry, trans. Anne Birrell, Penguin Classics, 1986.
"English Poetry and Emphatical Language," Proceedings of the British Academy, 74 (1988), 135-69.
Stars, Tigers and the Shape of Words (Birkbeck College, 1993).
"A Discourse on Willem de Kooning's Rosy-Fingered Dawn at Louse Point," Act 2 (1996), 34-73.
They That Haue Powre to Hurt; A Specimen of a Commentary on Shake-speares Sonnets, 94 (privately printed, 2001).
Field Notes: 'The Solitary Reaper' and Others (privately printed, 2007).
George Herbert, 'Love [III]': A Discursive Commentary (privately printed, 2011).
Certain Prose of the English Intelligencer, eds. Neil Pattison, Reitha Pattison & Luke Roberts (Cambridge: Mountain, 2012). Includes early correspondence and essays by Prynne and others.
Concepts and Conception in Poetry (Cambridge: Critical Documents, 2014).
Graft and Corruption: Shakespeare's Sonnet 15 (Cambridge: Face Press, 2015; 2nd edition 2016).
"J.H. Prynne, The Art of Poetry No. 101," interview with Jeff Doven & Joshua Kotin, Paris Review 218 (Fall 2016).
Apophthegms (Cambridge: Face Press, 2017).
Whitman and Truth (Swindon: Shearsman Books, 2022).

Correspondence
The Collected Letters of Charles Olson and J.H. Prynne, ed. Ryan Dobran (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 2017).
The Letters of Douglas Oliver and J. H. Prynne 1967-2000, ed. Joe Luna (The Last Books, 2022).

Translations of works by Prynne

Chinese

French

German

Norwegian

References

External links

Works
"Review of Charles Olson, Maximus Poems IV, V, VI." The Park 4-5 (Summer 1969).
"& Hoc Genus Omne" and "Ideal Weapons for Suicide Pacts," Plant time bulletins by Erasmus "Willbeen" Darwin, aka J.H. Prynne, Bean News (1972).
"Veronica Forrest-Thomson: A Personal Memoir." On the Periphery (Street Editions, 1976); Rpt. Jacket 20 (Dec. 2002).
"Reader's Lockjaw." Perfect Bound 5 (1978); Rpt. Jacket 20 (Dec. 2002).
"English Poetry and Emphatical Language." Proceedings of the British Academy 74 (1988).
"Letter to Steve McCaffery," dated 1989 [on Language Poetry]. The Gig 7 (Nov. 2000).
"Afterword" to Original: Chinese Language-Poetry Group. Parataxis Press, 1995; Rpt. Jacket 20 (Dec. 2002).
To Pollen. Barque Press, 2006.
"Tintern Abbey, Once Again," by J. H. Prynne. Glossator 1 (2009).
"Difficulties in the Translation of 'Difficult' Poems" by J.H. Prynne. Cambridge Literary Review 1/3 (2010).
"Poetic Thought." Textual Practice 24/4 (2010).
"Introduction to Prynne's Poems in Chinese," with Keston Sutherland. The Cambridge Quarterly 41/1 (2012).
"The Night Vigil of Shen Zhou." Glossator 3 (2020).

About Prynne
The Bibliography of J.H. Prynne, ed. Michael Tencer.
The J.H. Prynne Papers, Cambridge University Library Special Collections.
Finding aid for The English Intelligencer Archive at Fales Library and Special Collections, New York University.
Festschrift For J.H. Prynne, Quid 17 (2006)
On the Poems of J.H. Prynne. Ed. Ryan Dobran. Glossator 2 (2010). Complete volume dedicated to Prynne.
'Rich in Vitamin C', poem by J.H.Prynne, with commentary by John Kinsella. Jacket # 6 (January 1999).
"An introduction to the poetry of J.H.Prynne" by Rod Mengham and John Kinsella. Jacket # 7 (April 1999)
"Going Electric" by Patrick McGuinness. London Review of Books (7 Sept. 2000).
A review of The Collected Poems by Forrest Gander in The Chicago Review (2007).
"J.H. Prynne and the Late-Modern Epic" by Matt Hall. Cordite Poetry Review (December 2009)
"Prints in the New Snow: Notes on 'Es Lebe der König', J.H. Prynne's Elegy to Paul Celan" by Matt Hall. Cordite Poetry Review (2013).
"The Huntsman of the Rubáiyat: J H Prynne and Peter Henry Lepus Go to Abu Ghraib" by Simon Eales. Cordite Poetry Review (February 2016).
"By Law in Sound: J.H. Prynne's Recent Poetry" by Luke Roberts, Chicago Review (2020).
"Bands Around the Throat, J.H. Prynne, Racial Capitalism" by M.A. King. Jacket 2 (2021).
J.H. Prynne author profile at Bloodaxe Books

1936 births
Living people
Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge
Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
British poets
British Poetry Revival
British male poets
21st-century British male writers

J. H. Prynne