Cosmochimia  sau chimia cosmologică este o ramură a chimiei și a cosmologiei care se ocupă cu studiul compoziției chimice a materiei din Univers și a proceselor care au dus la formarea acesteia. În principal, se ocupă cu studiul compoziției chimice a meteoriților și a altor eșantioane fizice ce provin din spațiu. Având în vedere faptul că asteroizii provin din primele corpuri solide care s-au format din nebuloasa solară timpurie ca materie solidă, cosmochimia are ca obiect de activitate (în particular, dar nu exclusiv) astfel de obiecte prezente în Sistemul solar.

Etimologie
Denumirea provine din combinarea termenilor din greaca veche: κόσμος kósmos, "univers" și χημεία khemeía, "chimie".

Istoric
În 1938, mineralogul Victor Goldschmidt și colegii săi au realizat o listă a ceea ce ei numeau "abundență cosmică" a elementelor, bazată pe analiza mai multor probe terestre sau de meteoriți. Goldschmidt justifica includerea datelor referitoare la compoziția meteoriților în tabelele sale prin aceea că rocile de origine terestră ar fi suferit alterări chimice importante, atât în urma proceselor geologice, cât și la contactul cu atmosfera. Prin acesta, el sublinia faptul că studiul exclusiv al rocilor terestre nu va conduce la o imagine de ansamblu corectă în ceea ce privește compoziția chimică a Universului. Prin urmare, Goldschmidt a concluzionat că materia extraterestră trebuie înclusă în aceste studii, pentru a se obține date mai precise și mai corecte. Aceste cercetări au constituit bazele cosmochimiei moderne.

Cosmochimia a devenit recunoscută ca știință de sine stătătoare abia în1950–1960. Harold Urey, un alt pionier al cosmochimiei, s-a angajat în cercetări care – în cele din urmă – au condus la o înțelegere a originii elementelor și a abundenței chimice a Stelelor. În 1956, Urey și colegul său, omul de știință german Hans Suess, au publicat primul tabel al abundențelor izotopice cosmice în baza analizei meteoriților.

Dezvoltarea continuă a instrumentelor analitice în anii '60 (în principal, spectrometrele de masă) a permis cosmochimiștilor să efectueze analize detaliate asupra abundenței izotopice a elementelor din meteoriti. în 1960, John Reynolds a determinat, prin analiza radionuclizilor de viață scurtă prezenți în meteoriți, că elementele Sistemului Solar au fost formate înainte de Sistemul solar însuși, începându-se stabilrea unei scări temporale asupra proceselor cosmochimice la începuturile Sistemului solar.

Meteoriții

Meteoriții reprezintă unul dintre cele mai importante instrumente pe care cosmochimia îl are la dispoziție pentru studierea naturii chimice a Sistemului solar. Mulți meteoriți provin dintr-un material la fel de vechi precum Sistemul solar însuși, oferind astfel oamenilor de știință informații referitoare la nebuloasa solară timpurie. Anumiți meteoriți pietroși au păstrat multe dintre proprietățile chimice de la formarea lor în urmă cu 4,56 miliarde de ani și – prin urmare – sunt un punct central al investigației cosmochimice.

Cei mai vechi meteoriți conțin – de asemenea – o cantitate redusă (<0,1%) de granule presolare, materie existentă anterior formării Sistemului solar și care derivă direct din resturile supernovelor individuale care au furnizat praful care a format Sistemul Solar. Această materie este recunoscută pentru compoziția chimică exotică, diferită de cea a Sistemul solar (cum ar fi matrici de grafit, diamant sau carbură de siliciu). În plus, raporturile izotopice elementale sunt diferite de cele din restul Sistemului Solar (în special, din Soare) și diferă de la un caz la altul, indicând un număr variabil de evenimente precum explozii ale supernovelor. Meteoriții mai pot conține granule de praf interstelar, care au fost colectate din elementele non-gazoase prezente în mediul interstelar,sub formă de praf cosmic compozit (praf stelar).

Descoperiri recente ale NASA, bazate pe studiul meteoriților găsiși pe Pămândt, sugerează faptul că părți componente ale ADN-ului și ARN-ului (adenină, guanină și molecule organice înrudite), unități constitutive ale vieții așa cum este conoscută, s-ar fi putut forma în afara spațiului terestru.

Cometele

La 30 iulie 2015, oamenii de știință au raportat că, la prima atingere a suprafeței cometei 67P/Ciuriumov-Gherasimenko, măsurătorile efectuate de instrumentele COSAC și Ptolemeu ale sondei Philae au indicat prezența a nu mai puțin de șaisprezece compuși organici (printre care acetamidă, acetonă, izocianat de metil și propanal), patru patru dintre acestea fiind identificate pentru prima dată pe o cometă.

Vezi și
 Astrochimie
 Cosmologie
 Geochimie

Note

Legături externe
  Planetary Science Research Discoveries Articole legate de cosmochimie, meteoriți și planetologie

Astrochimie
Astrofizică
Planetologie

Cosmochimie


مهرجان بصرى الدولي مهرجان وتظاهرة فنية يقام في مدينة بصرى ألأثرية التابعة ل محافظة درعا في سوريا والتي تبعد عن مدينة دمشق حوالي 140 كم،
المهرجان عبارة عن تظاهرة فنية ثقافية سياحية  وهو من المهرجانات السورية والعربية المتميزة، تشارك فيه فرق فلكلورية وفرق للرقص وفنانين وفنانات من سوريا ومن جميع دول العالم، تقام فعاليات وعروض مهرجان بصرى الدولي على مدرج بصرى الأثري والتي يعد من أكبر المدرجات الرومانية واجملها ويقع داخل قلعة بصرى.

كانت  انطلاقة المهرجان الأولى في عام 1978 برعاية وزارة الثقافة السورية وحظي المهرجان بالكثير من الشهرة على المستوى الدولي ، وتقام النشاطات والاحتفالات في شهر ايلول / سبتمبر من كل عام، يحضر المهرجان جمهور كبير يقصد المدينة التاريخية من كل مكان حيث تسير رحلات يومية للقطار من دمشق إلى بصرى.

مهرجانات فنية في سوريا

مهرجان بصرى الدولي


An Baloskion stenocoleum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson ngan O.D.Evans, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Barbara Gillian Briggs och L.A.S.Joh. An Baloskion stenocoleum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Baloskion, ngan familia nga Restionaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Baloskion

Baloskion stenocoleum


Mary Abigail Dodge, connue également sous le pseudonyme de Gail Hamilton, née le  à Hamilton dans l'État du Massachusetts et morte le  à Hamilton, est une auteure, essayiste, journaliste, épistolière, éditrice et une abolitionniste américaine. Une des thématiques majeures de ses écrits est une apologie de l'émancipation, de l'autonomisation des femmes vis-à-vis des hommes et du non-conformisme vis-à-vis des idées reçues.

Biographie

Jeunesse et formation
Mary Abigail Dodge est la troisième fille et la cadette des sept enfants de James Brown Dodge et de Hannah Stanwood  Dodge, un couple de propriétaires terrien. Ses deux parents sont issus de vieilles familles d'origine anglaise implantées depuis plusieurs générations dans la Nouvelle Angleterre, et plus particulièrement le comté d'Essex dans l'État du Massachusetts. Durant son enfance, Mary Abigail Dodge préfère se faire nommer par son diminutif Abby.

Une enfance insouciante et libre
Mary Abigail Dodge, grandit comme une jeune enfant de la campagne et développe un amour de la nature et en tant que cadette elle est le centre d'attention de ses parents.

Très tôt, la jeune Abby manifeste une personnalité forte aux idées bien arrêtées qui la différencient des jeunes filles « convenable » de son temps, elle voue une , leur préférant les livres et les loisirs. Ses parents acceptent ses opinions originales.

Bien qu'elle soit élevée dans la foi calviniste et qu'elle régulièrement aux assemblées de l'église congrégationaliste d'Hamilton où elle est incitée à lire la Bible, Mary Abigail Dodge n'adhère pas aux messages d'un calvinisme rigoriste, qui par exemple lui affirme l'infériorité de la femme vis-à-vis de l'homme. Elle estime que chacun a un devoir envers Dieu, celui de développer ses talents. Cette opinion lui fera préférer la liberté de pensée contre les opinions communes.

Une enfant précoce
Très tôt, dès ses deux ans, la jeune Abby, est capable de faire réciter des fables qu'elle a apprises par cœur, à l'âge de six elle écrit de petits essais. La précocité intellectuelle de Mary Abigail Dodge est confirmée durant ses études primaires à l'école d'Hamilton.

Aussi est-elle est envoyée au séminaire pour femmes le  situé à Ipswich, ville voisine du comté d'Essex . Mary Abigail Dodge y suit, entre autres, des cours de français, d'allemand, de latin, d'algèbre, de chimie, d'histoire, de philosophie. Elle obtient son diplômes de fin d'études en 1850.

Carrière

L'enseignante

Dotée de son diplôme, Mary Abigail Dodge entre dans le vie active comme professeure de littérature anglaise au  en 1850, puis l'année d'après comme enseignante à la , elle y enseigne la littérature anglaise, le latin, les mathématiques et les sciences physiques et cela jusqu'en .

Un tournant décisif

Cette année de 1858 marque un tournant dans la vie de Mary Abigail Dodge. Pendant ses années d'enseignante elle songe à une carrière d'écrivaine, mais il lui semble impossible de mener des travaux d'écriture avec ses obligations pédagogiques. Dès 1856, elle lit régulièrement le journal abolitionniste  organe de l' et publié par le docteur en médecine . Mary Abigail Dodge envoie différents articles pour le National Era sous le pseudonyme de Gail Hamilton. Gamaliel Bailey apprécie ses premiers écrits et lui envoie pour l'année 1856, une somme de  pour ses contributions, c'est plus que ce à quoi s'attendait Mary Abigail Dodge. Pendant deux ans, elle lui envoie des articles, elle perfectionne son style, prend des conseils auprès de Sara Jane Lippincott et finalement décide de prendre une année sabbatique pour se consacrer à la seule écriture. Connaissant sa décision, Gamaliel Bailey lui propose de l'embaucher comme gouvernante de ses enfants à son domicile de Washington (district de Columbia).

La journaliste

Dès son arrivée à Washington, Mary Abigail Dodge devient une contributrice régulière du National Era. Son style caustique et effervescent lui permet de contribuer à d'autres revues et magazines tels que , The Atlantic, The Congregationalist et autres toujours sous le nom de Gail Hamilton.

Ses articles sont appréciés pour son apologie de la confiance en soi, de la capacité à penser et à décider par soi-même, à se respecter par soi même, vus du côté féminin, position qu'elle propose avec autant de perspicacité que de vivacité.

Selon son amie Harriet Elizabeth Prescott Spofford, Mary Abigail Dodge a toujours eu honte de son visage défiguré par un accident qui lui a fait perdre l'usage d'un œil à l'âge de ses deux ans. C'est pourquoi elle a toujours tenu à écrire sous le pseudonyme de Gail Hamilton.

En 1859, Gamaliel Bailey meurt, il s'avère que sa veuve a des difficultés pour prendre la relève au point qu'elle n'est pas capable de rémunérer Mary Abigail Dodge, en plus elle apprend que sa mère est malade est impotente, aussi quitte-t-elle la famille Bailey en 1860 pour rejoindre le foyer familial pour s'occuper de sa mère, elle y reste jusqu'en 1868, année de la mort de sa mère.

Durant ces années, marquées par la Guerre de Sécession, Mary Abigail Dodge bénéficie d'une bonne réputation qui lui ouvre les portes des cercles littéraires de Hartford et de Concord, c'est ainsi qu'elle fait la connaissance de l'écrivain George Wood qui la soutiendra plus tard. L'éditeur James Derby lui consacre un article dans son livre Women of the North Distinguished in Literature. Elle développe également des amitiés avec des personnalités politiques de Massachusetts, c'est ainsi qu'elle devient l'amie de John Greenleaf Whittier dont elle repousse régulièrement les demandes en mariage.

Les débuts de l'essayiste et de la féministe
En 1860, Mary Abigail Dodge publie son premier recueil d'essais Country Living and Country Thinking, Après plusieurs essais, en 1868, parait Woman's Wrongs: A Counter-irritant qui est un brûlot remettant en cause les rôles sociaux des femmes, assignées par « décret divin » à la sphère de la vie domestique, jugées faibles, frivoles et irresponsables, elle réclame le droit pour toutes les femmes de pouvoir bénéficier de la même éducation que les hommes et de pourvoir accéder à tous les emplois. Elle se montre vigilante quant au droit de vote des femmes, certes pour elle, ce moment viendra, mais s'il est nécessaire, il n'est pas suffisant s'il n'y a pas la suppression des discriminations exercées envers les femmes. À un suffrage sans retombées pratiques, elle préfère que l'on mette fin à la main mise des hommes sur les femmes et qu'elle puisse au moins intervenir, ne serait-ce de façon indirecte, sur la vie politique. Elle se défie d'un droit de vote qui pourrait se transformer en véritable tyrannie des hommes en mettant sur le dos des femmes le fardeau de la responsabilité de la vie familiale en toute courtoisie hypocrite.

La ligne directrice de ses écrits est celle déjà affirmée lors de son adolescence, chaque personne, devant Dieu, a la responsabilité de développer pleinement ses capacités. Développement qui doit passer outre les conventions sociales, plus particulièrement des rôles sociaux discriminatoires envers les femmes. Pour elle, les hommes comme les femmes doivent avoir les mêmes droits. Position féministe qui la distingue d'E. D. E. N. Southworth pour qui la femme peut s'épanouir en développant ses capacités domestiques, et conquérir ainsi la confiance en soi, et son autonomie en prenant le pouvoir dans la sphère domestique, comme elle se distingue d'Harriet Beecher Stowe, pour laquelle les hommes doivent assimiler et développer les valeurs dites féminines mais elle n'a jamais défendu le fait que les femmes puissent également assimiler et développer des valeurs dites masculines.

Sa revendication de l'autonomisation des femmes fait que Mary Abigail Dodge refusera de se marier, elle explique sa position dans une lettre adressée à son frère en 1860, .

Mary Abigail Dodge, sans cacher son sexe, refuse d'être cataloguée comme une femme écrivaine, mais simplement comme un écrivain en dehors du fait que cet écrivain soit un homme ou une femme, mais simplement un humain.

L'éditrice
De 1865 à 1867, avec  et , Mary Abigail Dodge est l'éditrice du magazine pour la jeunesse .

Droit d'auteur et équité

En 1867, Mary Abigail Dodge se rend compte que James Thomas Fields, le directeur de son éditeur Ticknor and Fields, lui reverse des royalties inférieures au montant habituel de 10% du montant des ventes. Dans un premier temps, elle lui fait part de sa surprise et lui demande de lui expliquer le pourquoi et le comment de cette différence de traitement qu'elle ne comprend pas. Surprise d'autant que ses livres sont vendus au prix de  et que ses royalties sont calculés sur une base de . Face à ces remarques justifiées, étrangement, James T. Fields ne se hâte point pour réparer ce dommage. Mary Abigail Dodge consulte d'autres éditeurs de Boston et New York pour leur demander comment ils calculent les royalties de leurs auteurs, sa conclusion est que James T. Fields non seulement la sous rémunère mais qu'il s'est fait des bénéfices hors nomes sur son dos. La dispute éclate. Sa colère est d'autant plus grande qu'elle apprend que James T. Fields  a eu les mêmes pratiques vis du reversement des royalties de Nathaniel Hawthorne à sa veuve. Après d'âpres discussions, elle obtient un dédommagement de  au lieu des  demandés, les négociations tournent cours. Mary Abigail Dodge quitte avec fracas Ticknor and Fields et en 1870, elle règle ses compte en publiant A Battle Of The Books: Recorded By An Unknown Writer, For The Use Of Authors And Publishers qui est une fiction où elle narre avec ironie les aléas auxquels un auteur et plus particulièrement une femme doit se préparer à affronter.

Son conflit avec James T. Fields est aussi un argument pour l'une de ses revendications féministe à savoir qu'à un travail égal une femme reçoive une rémunération égale. Vers les années 1880, ses essais se vendent si bien, qu'elle est alors en position de force vis-à-vis des éditeurs pour imposer ses règles de rémunérations.

Sa bataille pour ses royalties a ouvert la voie pour d'autres auteures et ses positions finirent par être admises par des éditeurs et des sociétés d'auteurs, même jusqu'à la Society of American Authors qui lui propose le poste de vice présidente en 1891.

La contestation de la religion en tant qu'institution
Si Mary Abigail Dodge a la foi chrétienne, en revanche elle critique les institutions religieuses, d'où ses essais tels que Sermons to the Clergy en 1876 What think ye of Christ en 1877 et enfin A Washington Bible Class en 1891.

La politique

À partir de 1871, Mary Abigail Dodge passe régulièrement les hivers dans la résidence de James G. Blaine, une figure majeure du Parti républicain et l'époux d'une de ses cousines. Elle y voit un moyen d'exercer de façon indirecte une action sur la vie politique. Mary Abigail Dodge écrit ses discours et l'a aidé à écrire Twenty Years of Congress. Grâce au réseau de James G. Blaine elle rencontre et discute avec des sénateurs, des chefs de cabinet, des diplomates et le président lui-même. Elle écrit également divers articles politiques pour le New-York Tribune. Après la mort de James G. Blaine en 1893, elle écrit une biographie en sa mémoire, Biography Of James G. Blaine.

La fin
En 1895, alors que Mary Abigail Dodge révise les dernières pages de Biography Of James G. Blaine, elle est victime d'un accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC) qui la laisse dans le coma pendant plusieurs semaines. Elle s'en remet et dicte son expérience de la mort dans son dernier ouvrage X Rays ; l'année suivante, le , elle décède des suites d'un nouvel AVC.

Mary Abigail Dodge est inhumée à Hamilton.

Œuvres
Note : quand une œuvre est suivie d'un identifiant ISBN, cela signifie qu'elle a fait l'objet de rééditions récentes souvent sous forme de fac-similé, l'identifiant est celui, en principe, de la réédition la plus récente, sans préjuger d'autres rééditions antérieures ou ultérieures. La lecture en ligne est toujours la lecture de l'édition originale.

Essais

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Correspondance établie par Hannah Augusta Dodge

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Articles
Les articles de JSTOR, sont librement accessibles à la lecture en ligne jusqu'à la concurrence de 99 articles par mois.
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Regards sur son œuvre

Après son décès, The Atlantic écrit à son sujet qu' , la critique littéraire Fanny Fern écrit qu'elle était , quant à Harriet Beecher Stowe elle estime qu', la journaliste et essayiste Rebecca Harding Davis estime qu'elle représente .

Archives
Les archives de Mary Abigail Dodge sont déposées et consultables auprès de la bibliothèque du  et de la  du Peabody Essex Museum.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Bibliographie

Notices dans des encyclopédies et manuels de références

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Articles
Les articles de JSTOR, sont librement accessibles à la lecture en ligne jusqu'à la concurrence de 99 articles par mois.
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Liens externes

Naissance en mars 1833
Naissance dans le comté d'Essex (Massachusetts)
Décès en août 1896
Décès dans le comté d'Essex (Massachusetts)
Journaliste américaine du XIXe siècle
Essayiste américaine du XIXe siècle
Professeur américain
Féministe américaine
Abolitionniste américaine
Réformatrice sociale
Nom de plume
Épistolière américaine
Éditrice américaine
Pamphlétaire
Décès à 63 ans

Mary Abigail Dodge


KuPS eller (Kuopion Palloseura) er en finsk fodboldklub fra Kuopio. KuPS spiller i den finske liga .

Historiske slutplaceringer

Deltagelse i europæiske turneringer

Resultater i UEFA klubturneringer
Pr. 2. august 2012.

Noter

Fodboldklubber i Finland
Etableret i 1923
KuPS

Kuopion Palloseura


Resignation  is the formal act of leaving or quitting one's office or position. A resignation can occur when a person holding a position gained by election or appointment steps down, but leaving a position upon the expiration of a term, or choosing not to seek an additional term, is not considered resignation.

When an employee chooses to leave a position, it is considered a resignation, as opposed to involuntary termination.  Whether an employee resigned or was terminated is sometimes a topic of dispute, because in many situations, a terminated employee is eligible for severance pay and/or unemployment benefits, whereas one who voluntarily resigns may not be eligible. Abdication is the equivalent of resignation for a reigning monarch, pope, or holder of another similar position.

Political examples

A resignation is a personal decision to exit a position, though outside pressure exists in many cases. For example, Richard Nixon resigned from the office of President of the United States in  August 1974 following the Watergate scandal, when he was almost certain to have been impeached by the United States Congress.

Deliberate manoeuvre
Resignation can be used as a political manoeuvre, as in the Philippines in July 2005, when ten cabinet officials resigned en masse to pressure President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo to follow suit over allegations of electoral fraud. Arroyo's predecessor, Joseph Estrada, was successfully forced out of office during the EDSA Revolution of 2001 as he faced the first impeachment trial held in the country's history.

In 1995, the British Prime Minister, John Major, resigned as Leader of the Conservative Party in order to contest a leadership election with the aim of silencing his critics within the party and reasserting his authority. Having resigned, he stood again and was re-elected. He continued to serve as prime minister until he was defeated in the 1997 elections.

However, ascertaining whether an employee had an intent to resign depends on all the circumstances.  As the Ontario Supreme Court noted, an employee's storming off may not legally be a resignation.

When criticised
Although government officials may tender their resignations, they are not always accepted. This could be a gesture of confidence in the official, as with US President George W. Bush's refusal of his Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld's twice-offered resignation during the Abu Ghraib prison abuse scandal.

However, refusing a resignation can be a method of severe censure if it is followed by dismissal; Alberto Fujimori attempted to resign as President of Peru, but his resignation was refused so that Congress could impeach him.

Delivery
For many public figures, primarily departing politicians, resignation is an opportunity to deliver a valedictory resignation speech in which they can elucidate the circumstances of their exit from office and in many cases deliver a powerful speech which often commands much attention. This can be used to great political effect, particularly as, subsequent to resigning, government ministers are no longer bound by collective responsibility and can speak with greater freedom about current issues.

"Spending more time with family" is a common reason credited during public resignations, especially as a euphemism when receding from scandal.

Other organisations
In academia, a university president or the editor of a scientific journal may also resign, particularly in cases where an idea which runs counter to the mainstream is being promoted. In 2006, Harvard president Lawrence Summers resigned after making the provocative suggestion that the underrepresentation of female academics in math and science could be due to factors other than sheer discrimination, such as personal inclination or innate ability.

In a club, society, or other voluntary association, a member may resign from an officer position in that organization or even from the organization itself. In Robert's Rules of Order, this is called a request to be excused from a duty. A resignation may also be withdrawn.

See also
 Lists of resignations
 Resignation from the British House of Commons
 Resignation from the United States Senate
 Request to be excused from a duty
 Resignation syndrome

 Letter of resignation

References

Further reading

The Bird of Wifdom (January 1, 1755) Remarks on the Resignation of a Noble Lord [A satire on John Perceval, Earl of Egmont]

Termination of employment

Resignation


Ibanez elektro gitar, akustik gitar, bas gitar üreten, Japon kökenli bir firmadır. Firma Japonya Nagoya'da kurulmuştur. Sahibi Hoshino Gakki dir. Joe Satriani, Paul Gilbert, Steve Vai, Dino Cazares, Andy Timmons, John Petrucci, Frank Gambale, George Benson, Pat Metheny,  John Scofield, Mick Thomson, Herman Li,Daron Malakian  gibi pek çok ünlü gitaristin tercih ettiği Japon kökenli firma, elektro gitar pazarında Kore'de ve Endonezya'da ürettiği modeller de dahil olmak üzere en ön sıralardadır.

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Ibanez


An Juncus laeviusculus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson. An Juncus laeviusculus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Juncus, ngan familia nga Juncaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Juncus

Juncus laeviusculus


Maud Chirio, née le , est une historienne française, spécialiste de l'histoire du Brésil contemporain.

Biographie
Maud Chirio naît le .

Reçue première à l'École normale supérieure (section B/L) en 1999, agrégée d'histoire en 2002, elle soutient en 2009 à l'Université Panthéon-Sorbonne sous la direction d'Annick Lempérière sa thèse de doctorat intitulée La politique des militaires : mobilisations et révoltes d'officiers sous la dictature brésilienne (1961-1978), dont elle a publié plusieurs versions remarquées en français, en portugais et en anglais.

Nommée maîtresse de conférences à l'Université Paris-Est-Marne-la-Vallée, auteure de nombreux articles scientifiques, elle est régulièrement invitée dans les médias pour commenter l'histoire et l'actualité politique brésilienne, comme la campagne électorale de 2018 au Brésil et l'arrivée au pouvoir de Jair Bolsonaro, la place de l'extrême-droite sur l'échiquier politique brésilien, la situation judiciaire de l'ancien président Lula ou encore la gestion de la crise sanitaire par le pouvoir brésilien.

Engagements
Membre fondatrice du Réseau européen pour la démocratie au Brésil, créé en janvier 2019 « par des intellectuels et des artistes européens et brésiliens » après l'élection de Jair Bolsonaro pour « alerter, décrypter, sensibiliser l'opinion internationale » « sur la montée en puissance de l'extrême-droite et les atteintes répétées aux droits humains » au Brésil, elle a participé aux comités de soutien pour la libération de l'ancien président Lula et a publié en 2022 un recueil de plusieurs dizaines de lettres qui ont été adressées à ce dernier au cours de sa détention.

Publications

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en novembre 1980
Agrégée d'histoire
Étudiant de l'université Paris I Panthéon Sorbonne
Docteur en histoire de l'université Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne
Historien français du XXIe siècle
Historien contemporain
Historienne française

Maud Chirio


Olaylar
 Göktürk Devleti'nin ikiye ayrıldı.
 Roma İmparatorluğu'nun elinde olan, Pannonia bölgesinde yer alan Sirmium şehrini Avarlar 582 yılında ele geçirip yıktılar.

Doğumlar

Ölümler
 14 Ağustos - II. Tiberius, Bizans imparatoru (d. 520)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Agathias, Bizanslı şair ve tarihçi (d. 536)
 Justinianus, Jüstinyen Hanedanı üyesi, aristokrat ve general (d. 525)

582


සත්තු යනු අනිමාලියා හෙවත් මෙටාසෝවා රාජධානියට අයත් බහුසෛලික, සුන්‍යෂ්ඨික ජීවින් වේ. ඔවුන්ගේ දේහ විලාශයන් ඔවුන් වර්ධනය වීමේදි යම්කිසි ස්ථිර තාවයකට ලක්වුවද ඇතැම් ජීවින් රූපාන්තරණය නම් ක්‍රියාවලියක් ඔස්සේ ඔවුන්ගේ ජිවිතයේ පසුකාලයන්හිදි යම්කිසි වෙනස් වීම් වලට ලක්වේ. බෙහෝමයක් සත්ත්වයන් හට සංචරණය විමේ හැකියාව පවතින අතර ඔවුන්ට එය ඉබේ හෝ ස්වාධීනව සිදුකරගත හැකිය. සතුන් විෂම පෝෂිකයන් වන අතර ඔවුන් තම පැවැත්ම සඳහා වෙනත් ජීවින් (ශාක) මත පදනම් වේ.

පොසිල සාක්ෂි වලට අමතරව මීට වසර මිලියන 542 කට ප්‍රථම කේම්බ්‍රීය පිපිරුම සිදුවු අවස්ථා වේදි සිදු වු ක්‍රියාවලීන් හේතු වෙන් මුල්ම සාගර ජීවි විශේෂය මගින් සත්ත්ව වංශය ඇතිවු බවට සාක්ෂි ඇත.

සතුන්ගේ ලක්‍ෂණ

ව්‍යුහය
ඉස්පන්ජියන් වැනි (පොරිෆේරා වංශිකයන්) සුළු ෙවනස්කම් කිහිපයක් හැරුණු කොට සත්ත්වයින්හට වෙන්වෙන් වශයෙන් පටකවලට විශේෂණය වී පවතින දේහ ඇත. මේවා සංකෝචනය සහ සංචරණය පාලනය කරන මාංශ පේෂි සහ ස්නායු සංඥා පරිවහණය කරන ස්නායු පටක වලින් ද සමන්විත වේ. මීට අමතරව විවිර එකක් හෝ දෙකක් සහිත අභ්‍යන්තර ආහාර ජීර්ණ පද්ධතියක් ද අන්තර්ගත වේ. මෙලෙස සංවිධානාත්මක දේහ සහිත ජිවීන් හට මෙටාසොවාවන් යයි හැදින්වේ. මෙටාසෝවාවන් යන වදන සත්වයන් සඳහා පොදුවේ භාවිතා වන අවස්ථාවන්හිදී ඉයුමෙටාසෝවාවන් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.

සියළුම සතුන්හට සුන්‍යෂ්ඨික සෛල අන්තර්ගත වේ. ඒවා කොලජන් සහ ප්‍රත්‍යස්ථ ග්ලයිකෝ ප්‍රෝටීනවලින් වටවු බහිස්සෛලීය කොටසකින් වටවී ඇත. මේවා අස්ථි, බහිස්සැකිලි, ආවරණය කටු වැනි ආකාති සැදීමට කැල්සිනීත වී ඇත. ජීවීන්ගේ වර්ධනයේදී ඒවා සාපේක්ෂ වශයෙන් සුනම්‍ය ආකෘතියක් සාදන අතර එමගින් සෛලවලට එකිනෙක චලනය වීමේ හැකියාවක් ලබාදෙන අතර එමගින් සංකිර්ණ ආකෘතියක් සාදනු ලබයි. මීට අමතරව වෙනත් ශාක සහ දිලීර වර්ග වැනි බහු සෛලික ජීවි විශේෂවලට සෛල බිත්ති මඟින් එකිනෙක බැඳ පවත්වා ගන්නා සෛල අන්තර්ගත වේ. ඒවා දිගින් දිගටම සිදුවන වර්ධනය මගින් තව දුරටත් වැඩි දියුණු වේ. සත්ත්ව සෛල වලට ආවේනික වන පරිදි ඒවාට අන්තර් සෛලීය බන්ධන පිහිටා ඇත. ඒවා තද සන්ධි, හිදැස් සන්ධි සහ ඩෙස්ම සෝම නම් වේ.

ප්‍රජනනය සහ වර්ධනය
ආසන්න වශයෙන් සියළුම සත්වයින් යම්කිසි ආකාරයක ලිංගික ප්‍රජනනයකට භාජනය වේ. පරිණත ජීවින් දුවිගුණ හෝ බහු ගුණ වේ. ඔවුන් සතුව යම් විශේෂණය වු ප්‍රජනක සෛල පිහිටා ඇති අතර ඒවා ඌණන විභාජනයට ලක්වී කුඩා චලනය විය හැකි ශුක්‍රාණු හෝ විශාල චලනය විය නොහැකි ඩිම්භ නිෂ්පාදනය කරයි. ඒවා එකිනෙක පෑහි යුක්තානුවක් සාදන අතර එය නව ජීවියෙකු බවට පරිවර්ථනය වේ.

බොහෝසත්වයින් හට අලිංගික ප්‍රජනනයක් ද සිදු කල හැකිය. මෙය සිදුවනුයේ පාතනෝද්භවය මගිනි. මෙහිදී ලිංගික එක්වීමකින් තොරව සරු බීජ උපදවන අතර ඇතැම් අවස්ථා වලදී බෙදීම මගින් ද අලිංගික ප්‍රජනනය සිදුවේ.

යුක්තානුව මුල් අවස්ථ වලදී කුහර සහිත බ්ලස්ටුලාව නම් ගෝලයක් බවට පත් වේ. මෙය පසු කාලීනව නාවත සකස් වීම් වලට සහ විශේෂණය වීමට ලක්වේ. ඉස්සන්ගේ බ්ලස්ටුලා පිළවුන් අළුත් ස්ථානයකට පිහිනා ගොස් නව ආකාරයකට ගොඩ නැංවීමට හැකියාව ඇත. ඇතැම් බොහෝ ආකාර වලදී මේ බ්ලස්ටුලාවන් වඩාත් සංකිර්ණ නැවත සකස් වීම් වලට ලක්වේ. එය මුලින්ම ආහාර ජීර්ණ කුටීරයක් සහිත ගැස්ටෘලාවක් බවට පරිවර්තනය වේ. ඉන්පසු එය වෙන වෙනම පවත්නා ජනක ස්ථර දෙකකට වෙන්වේ. ඒවා නම් පිටතින් පවත්නා බහිෂ්චර්මය හා අන්තස්චර්ණයයි. බොහෝ අවස්ථා වලදී මේවා අතර මධ්‍යස්ථානයක්ද වර්ධනය වන අතර මෙම ප්‍රජනක ස්ථාර පසුකාලීනව සිරුරේ අවයව සහ පටක බවට විශේෂණය වේ.

බොහෝ සත්ත්වයින් සුර්යා ලෝකයෙන් ලබාගන්නා ශක්තිය වක්‍රාකාරව භාවිතා කර ගනිමින් වර්ධනය වේ. ශාක මෙම සුර්යයා ලෝකය ශක්තිය බවට පර්වර්ථනය කරමින් සරල සීනි නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ප්‍රභාසංස්ලේශණය නම් ක්‍රියා වලිය සිදු කරනු ලබයි. මෙය සිදු කිරීම ආරම්භ කරනුයේ කාබන් ඩයෝක්සයිට් අණුවක් සහ ජල අණුවක් භාවිතා කර ගිනිමිනි. ප්‍රභාසංස්ලේෂණය මගින් සුර්යයාගේ ඇති ශක්තිය රසා‍්‍යනික ශක්තිය ලෙසට ග්ලුකොස් අණු අතර ගබඩා කරන අතර ඔක්සිජන් මුදාහරිනු ලැබේ. මෙකි සීනි වර්ග ඉන්පසු ශාක වල වර්ධනය සදහා අවශ්‍ය ගොඩනැගීම් අණු ලෙසට භාවිතා කරනු ලබයි. සතුන් විසින් මෙම ශාක අනුභව කරන අවස්ථාවක දී හෝ වෙනත් සත්වයෙකු විසින් ශාක අණුභව කරන සත්ත්වයෙකු භක්ෂණය කිරීමේදී ශාක මගින් සංස්ලේශණය කරන ලද මෙම සීනි වර්ග සතුන් විසින් ද පරිභෝජනය වීමක් සිදුවේ. මේවා සෘජුවම සතුන්ගේ වර්ධනයට උපකාරි වන අතර ඒවා බිද හෙලිමෙන් එහි ගබඩා වු සුර්යය ශක්තිය මුදා හැරීමෙන් සත්ත්වයින් හට වර්ධනයට සහ සංචරණයට අවශ්‍ය ශක්තිය ලබාදේ. මෙම ක්‍රියාවලිය ග්ලයිකොලිසිය නම් වේ.

අධික ආර්ධතාවය සහිත සහ සිසිල් දේශගුණයක් සහිත සාගර පතුල වල ජීවත් වන ජීවින් සුර්යය ශක්තිය මත පදනම් නොවෙති. ඒ වෙනුවට රසායනික සංස්ලේෂක සහ ඉයු බැක්ටීරියාවන් ආහාර දාම වල පදනම සකසති.

සත්ත්‍ව වර්ගීකරණය

සත්ත්‍ව විද්‍යාත්මක වර්ගීකරණය

ප්ලැටිසෝවා සත්ත්වයන්

ප්ලැටිසෝවාවන්හට ප්ලැටිහෙල්මින්තස් හෙවත් පැතලි පණුවන් අයත් වෙයි. මොවුන් මුල් අවධි වලදි සලකනු ලැබුවේ වඩාත්ම ආදි ද්විපාර්ශ්විකයන් ලෙස වන අතර නමුත් දැන් වන විට ඔවුන් වඩාත් සංකිර්ණ පුර්වජයන්ගෙන් පැවත එන බවට පෙනි ගොස් ඇත.

මෙම කාණ්ඩයට අයත් වන ජීවින්ගෙන් බොහෝමයක් පරපෝෂිතයින් වන අතර ඒ සඳහා පටිපණුවන් සහ පැතැල්ලන් අයත්වෙයි. පැතලි පණුවන් හට ඔවුන්ගේ සමීපතම ඥාතීන්වන අන්වීක්ෂීය ගැස්ට්‍රෝට්‍රිකාවන්ට මෙන් සීලෝමයක් හෙවත් දේහ කුහරයක් නොමැත.

අනෙකුත් මෙයට අදාල වංශිකයින් බොහෝමයක් අන්වීක්ෂීය වන අතර ඔවුන් හට ව්‍යාජ සීලෝමයක් පවති. වඩාත්ම ප්‍රමුඛතමයන් වනුයේ රොටිෆේරාවන්ය. මොවුන් ජලජ පරිසර වල වඩාත් බහුලවම දක්නට ඇත. තවද ඔවුන් සඳහා ඇකැන්තෝසෙෆලාවන් හෙවත් උල් සහිත හිසක් ඇති පණුවන්ද අයත්වෙයි. මීට අමතරව Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa සහ Cycliophora වන් අයත්ය. මෙම කාණ්ඩ සඳහා සංකිර්ණ හනු පවතින අතර ඒවා සඳහා Gnathifera යැයි ව්‍යවහාර කෙරේ.

ඩියුටෙරස්ටෝම් ජීවින්

ඩියුටෙරස්ටෝම් ජීවින් ප්‍රො‍ටෝස්ටෝම් වරුන් වන අනෙකුත් ද්විපාර්ශවිකයින්ට වඩා ක්‍රම කිහිපයකින් වෙනස්ය. මෙම දෙකොටසම සම්පුර්ණ ආහාර ජීර්ණ මාර්ගයක් පවති. කෙසේ නමුත් ප්‍රොටොස්ටෝම් වරුන්ගේ ආහාර මාර්ගයෙහි මුල්ම විවරය මුඛය බවට විකසනය වන අතර වෙනමම පිහිටි ගුද මාර්ගයක් ඇති වේ. ඩියුටෙරස්ටෝම් වරුන්හට මෙහි ප්‍රතිවිරුද්ධ දෙය සිදුවේ. බොහෝ ප්‍රො‍ටොස්ටොම්වරුන්ගේ ගැස්ට්‍රැලාවෙහි අභ්‍යන්තරය සෛල මගින් පිරිපවතින අතර එමගින් මධ්‍යචරණය සාදනු ලැබේ. මෙය Schizocoelous වර්ධනය යැයි හැඳින්වේ. නමුත් ඩියුටෙරස්ට්‍රොවරුන්හට මෙය අන්තස්චර්මය ඇතුලට නැමීමක් මගින් ඇති වේ. ඩියුටෙරස්ට්‍රොම් වරුන්හට උදරීය ස්නායු වෙනුවට පාෂ්ඨීය ස්නායු පිහිටන අතර ඔවුන්ගේ කළල විවිධ විභේදනයන්ට ලක්වේ.

මේසියල්ල මගින්ම ඩියුටෙරස්ටෝම් වරුන් සහ ප්‍රොටොස්ටෝම් වරුන් එකිනෙකට වෙනස් ඒක වංශික පරම්පරාවන් බවට යෝජනා කෙරේ. ඩියුටෙරස්ටෝම් වරුන්ගේ ප්‍රදාන වංශිකයින් වනුයේ Echinodermata සහ Chordata වන්ය. මුලින් සඳහන් කරන ලද වංහිකයින් හට අරීය සමමිතියක් ඇති අතර ඔවුන් සම්පුර්ණයෙන්ම කරදියෙහි වාසය කරති. උදාහරණ නම් තාරකා මත්ස්‍යයින්,මුහුදු කොල්ලන් සහ මුහුදු කැකිරිය. කෝඩාටාවන් වඩාත් ප්‍රමුක වන්නේ පාෂ්ඨ වංශකයින්ගෙන් වන අතර ඔවුන් කෂේරුවකින් යුක්ත වන සත්ත්වයින්ය. මොවුන් සඳහා මත්ස්‍යයින්, උභය ජීවින්, උරගයින්, පක්ෂීන් සහ ක්ෂිරපායින් අයත්වේ.

මීට අමතරව ඩියුටරස්ටොම්වරුන්ට අර්ධ කශේරකයින් අයත්ය. ඔවුන් අද වන විට ප්‍රමුඛ නොවුවද වැදගත් ෙපාසිල graptolites මෙම කාණ්ඩයට අයත්වෙයි.

Chaetognatha හෝ ඊතල පණුවන් ද මෙම ඩියුටරස්ටෝම් වර්ගයට අයත්ය. නමුත් වඩාත් මෑතකදී සිදු කල අධ්‍යයනයන් මගින් ඔවුන් සඳහා ප්‍රොටොස්ටොම් වරුන්ට සම්බන්ධයක් ඇති බවට සොයා ගෙන ඇත.

Lophotrochozoa

Lophotrochozoa වන් හට සත්ත්ව වංශයෙහි වඩාත් සාර්ථක මෘද්වංශකයින් සහ ඇනලිඩාවන් අයත් වේ. මොලොස්කාවන් හට ගොලුබෙල්ලන්, බෙල්ලන් සහ දැල්ලන් ද ඇනලිඩාවන් හට කණ්ඩනය වු පණුවන් හෙවත් ගැඩවිලුන් සහ කූඩැල්ලන් අයත් වේ. මෙම කාණ්ඩ දෙකම කලක් තිස්සේ සමීප සම්බනන්ධතාවයක් පවතින බවට සලකනු ලබන්නේ ඔවුන්හට පොදු trochophore පිළවුන් හේතුවෙනි. නමුත් ඇනලිඩාවන් සන්දිපාදිකයන් හ‍ට වඩාත් සමීප සම්බන්ධතාවයක් ඇති බවට සැලකේ. මෙසේ වන්නේ ඔවුන් දෙවර්ගයම කණ්ඩනය වී ඇති බැවිණි. මෙය අභිසාරි පරිණාමයක් ලෙස සැලකේ. එසේ වන්නේ එම වංශ දෙකෙහි රූපාකාරයේ සහ ජානමය වශයෙන් ඇති වෙනස්කම් මත පදනම්වය.

Lophotrochozoa වන් හට නෙමටෝඩා හෙවත් පටිපණුවන් අයත්වේ. Sipuncula සහ මුඛය වටා පක්ෂ්ම රාහියක් පිහිටා ඇති ඇතැම් වංහිකයින් හට lophophore යැයි හැදින්වේ. මොවුන් සම්ප්‍රදායික වශ‍යෙන් එක්ව ගත් කල lophophorates යැයි වර්ග කරනය කරනු ලැබේ. නමුත් දැනට පෙනිගොස් ඇති අන්දමට ඔවුන් නෙමටෝඩාවන් හට සමීප සම්බන්ධතාවයක් ඇති සහ ඇතමුන් මෘද්වංශිකයන්ට සහ ඇනලිඩාවන්ට සමාන සම්බන්ධතාවයක් ඇති paraphyletic ලෙසට වර්ගිකරණය කරනු ලැබේ. ඔවුන්හට බෙල්ලන් හෙවත් Brachiopoda වන් අයත්වෙයි. ඔවුන් පොසිල ව‍ාර්තා වල වඩාත් ප්‍රමුඛ වේ. Entoprocta, Phoronida සහ Bryozoaහෙවත් පාසි වැනි සතුන්ද අයත්ය.

වෙනත් වර්ගීකරණය
සත්ත්ව ලෝකයේ විශේෂ 1,260,000ක් පමණ සංඛ්‍යාවක් ඇතැයි සැලකේ.ආහාර නිපදවීමේ හැකියාවක් නැති බැවින් සතුන් විෂමපෝෂීන් වේ.

ඇනිමාලියා රාජධානියට අයත් සතුන් කොඳු ඇට පෙළ (කශේරුව) දැරීම හෝ නොදැරීම මත කාණ්ඩ 2කි
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පෘෂ්ඨවංශීන්

අපෘෂ්ඨවංශීන්
කශේරුවක් නැති සතුන් අපෘෂ්ඨවංශීන් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.ඔවුන් නැවත ප්‍රධාන වංශ 5කට බෙදේ.
)නිඩාරියා/සිලින්ටරේටා
)ඇනෙලිඩා
)මොලුස්කා
)ආත්‍රෝපෝඩා
)එකයිනොඩර්මේටා

සීලන්ටරේටා

නිඩාරියා වංශයේ වර්ග
 හයිඩ්‍රොසොවා Hydrozoa
 ස්කයිපොසොවා Scypozoa
 ඇන්තොසොවා Anthozoa

ඇනෙලිඩා

ඇනෙලිඩා වංශයේ වර්ග
 පොලිකීටා Polychaeta
 ඔලිගොකීටා Oligochaeta
 හිරුඩිකීටා Hirudichaeta

මොලුස්කා
මොලුස්කා වංශයේ වර්ග

1) බයිවැල්වියා

2) ගැස්ට්‍රොපෝඩා

3) සෙෆලොපෝඩා

4) පොලිප්ලැකොෆොරා

ආත්‍රෝපෝඩා
අත්‍රෝපෝඩා වංශයේ වර්ග

1) ක්‍රස්ටේසියා

2) ඉන්සෙක්ටා

3) කයිලොපොඩා

4) ඩිප්ලොපෝඩා

5) ඇරක්නිඩා

එකයිනොඩර්මේටා
එකයිනොඩමේටා වංශයේ වර්ග

1) ඇස්ටෙරොයිඩියා

2) ඔෆියුරොයිඩියා

3) එකිනොයිඩියා

4) හොලොතුරොයිඩියා

5) ක්‍රිනොයිඩියා

පෘෂ්ඨවංශීන්
==== කශේරුවක් ඇති සතුන්
පෘෂ්ඨවංශීන් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. ඔවුන් නැවත ප්‍රධාන වංශ 5කට බෙදේ.====
 පිස්කේස්
 ඇම්ෆිබියා
 රෙප්ටීලියා
 ආවේස්
මැමේලියා

සත්තු


Sunday Lovers ist ein Liebesfilm in vier Episoden aus dem Jahr 1980. Die Hauptrollen in der internationalen Koproduktion bekleideten Roger Moore, Lino Ventura, Ugo Tognazzi und Gene Wilder. Regie führten Bryan Forbes, Édouard Molinaro, Dino Risi und Gene Wilder.

Der Film erzählt in vier eigenständigen, verschiedenen Episoden jeweils die Geschichte eines "typischen" Vertreters des starken Geschlechts, der abseits des Alltags sein Liebesglück sucht. Er hat zahlreiche Alternativtitel wie Die Verführer, Vier Asse hauen auf die Pauke oder eine Kombination davon.

Handlung
Die vier Männer Harry Lindon, François Quérole, Armando und Skippy suchen auf die ihnen jeweils eigene Art in London, Paris, Los Angeles und Rom abseits des Alltags ihr Liebesglück. Dabei kommt es regelmäßig zu komischen Zwischenfällen.

Hintergrund
 Der Film feierte am 31. Oktober 1980 in Italien Premiere.

Kritik
Die Kritik zeigte sich in der Beurteilung des Films gespalten.

Das Lexikon des internationalen Films urteilte: "Internationaler Episodenfilm, dessen routinierte Inszenierung und teilweise gute Besetzung nicht über den Mangel an Originalität, Tempo und Engagement hinwegtäuschen können."

Cinefacts.de sah dagegen einen "vergnügliche(n) Episodenfilm".

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1980
Italienischer Film
Französischer Film
Britischer Film
US-amerikanischer Film
Filmkomödie
Episodenfilm

Sunday Lovers


An Pitcairnia amboroensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Pierre Leonhard Ibisch ngan Al.. An Pitcairnia amboroensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pitcairnia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Bolivia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pitcairnia

Pitcairnia amboroensis


Hjaltamálið var hneykslismál innan ríkistjórnar Íslands árið 2017 undir stjórn Bjarna Benediktssonar forsætisráðherra. Ríkisstjórnin hafði verið mynduð 8 mánuðum áður sem gerir hana að skammlífustu ríkistjórn í sögu íslenska lýðveldisins. Hjaltamálið snerist um veitingu uppreist æru þeirra Hjalta Sigurjóns Haukssonar og Robert Downey þann 16. september 2016 sem báðir dæmdir höfðu verið fyrir barnaníð. Dómsmál Hjalta þótti sérlega alvarlegt en hann var dæmdur sekur árið 2004 fyrir að misnota stjúpdóttur sína nánast daglega í um tólf ár. Fyrir það fékk hann fimm og hálfs árs fangelsisdóm. Benedikt Sveinsson, faðir Bjarna Benediktsson þáverandi forsætisráðherra, hafði veitt Hjalta Sigurjóni Haukssyni meðmæli í umsókn hans um uppreist æru. Aukið hneyksli kom á borðið þegar upp komst að embættismaður dómsmálaráðuneytisins tilkynnir Sigríði Andersen þáverandi dómsmálaráðherra að faðir Bjarna Benediktsson, Benedikt Sveinsson, hafi gefið Hjalta Sigurjóni Haukssonar meðmæli. Sigríður Á. Andersen upplýsir í kjölfar einungis Bjarna Benediktssyni um málið en ekki öðrum í ríkisstjórn. Þetta hneyksli verður til þess að Björt Framtíð slítur stjórnarsamstarfinu og þar með fellur ríkisstjórnin.

Tilvísanir

2017
Íslensk stjórnmálahneyksli

Hjaltamálið


الرحى حجر يستخدم في طاحونة لطحن الحبوب ويعمل يدوياً أو بقوة الدواب أو بقوة الرياح أو التيار المائي. ومنها الرحى الحجرية الدائرية وهي عبارة عن حجارتيين يشكلان دائرة ومفترقتين من الوسط ويتم وضعه الأولى على الثانية بشكل متوازي ويتم إنزال المادة المراد طحنها من ثقب صغير وسطهما ويتم تحريك باليد حتى تطحن المادة، وهي آلة لا زالت مستعملة في بعض المناطق المغربية.

وهي أداة يومية الاستخدام، وليست موسمية كما يتبادر لأذهان البعض، في الماضي كانت متواجدة في كل بيت، ولم تكن جداتنا وأمهاتنا يستطعن الاستغناء عنها، لكن مع التطور والحداثة لم يبق منها سوى ما ندر في بعض القرى وكأنها ذكرى طواها الماضي.

لا تستطيع امرأة واحدة تحريك الرحى الكبيرة «التارشة» بمفردها، نظراً لثقلها. ولكن عادة ما تتعاون عليها امرأتان في طحن الحبوب، ونظراً لجلوس المرأة فترة طويلة مع هذه الأداة قد توطدت علاقة قوية بين المرأة والرحى، تحكي لها ما بها من أحاسيس وشجون.

استعمالاتها
تعتبر الرحى من الأدوات التي تستعملها المرأة منذ الصباح الباكر، فهي آلة بدائية من الحجر الخشن الثقيل، تُستعمل لجرش الحبوب وطحنها، وهي عبارة عن حجرين مستديرين يُركبُ أحدهما فوق الآخر، ويكون السفليّ منهما ثابتاً، بينما يتحرّك الحجر العلويّ حول محور خشبيّ أو معدنيّ، يسمى قطب الرَّحى، تكون قاعدته مثبّتة في أسفل الحجر السفليّ، وعندما تدور حجر الرحى فإنها تمر فوق حبات القمح أو الشعير التي توضع من فتحة دائرية صغيرة في وسط الحجر العلوي، فتتكسر تلك الحبات شيئاً فشيئاً، كلما دار عليها حجر الرَّحَى حتى تصبح دقيقاً ناعما صالحا لصناعة الخبز وكافة الأغراض

أمثلة
 رحى الغيشة

انظر أيضاً
 طاحونة هوائية
 طاحونة مائية

مراجع
4- http://www.alittihad.ae/details.php?id=41263&y=2010http://www.alittihad.ae/details.php?id=41263&y=2010

آلات
أشكال درعية
أشياء من حجر
تجليخ وتحضين
حمولات درعية

رحى


Acrosynanthus, biljni rod iz porodice broćevki. Na popisu je šest priznatih vrsta, od kojih su pert endemi s Kube i jedan s Jamajke.

Vrste
 Acrosynanthus jamaicensis Howard & Proctor
 Acrosynanthus latifolius Standl.
 Acrosynanthus ovatus Urb.
 Acrosynanthus parvifolius Britton ex Standl.
 Acrosynanthus revolutus Urb.
 Acrosynanthus trachyphyllus Standl.

Izvori

Cinchonoideae

Acrosynanthus


Sylvie Bailly (* 11. Februar 1960 in Barbezieux) ist eine ehemalige französische Fußballspielerin.

Vereinskarriere
Sylvie Bailly spielte bereits als 15-Jährige – in der "Frühzeit" des Frauenfußballs nicht ungewöhnlich – in der ersten Elf des FC Limoges, und sie wurde in diesem Alter sogar zur Nationalspielerin (siehe unten). 1977 schloss sie sich der ASJ Soyaux, die die größte Frauenabteilung in der Region Poitou-Charentes unterhielt, an, und drei Jahre später erreichte die linke Flügelstürmerin mit ihren Mitspielerinnen zum ersten Mal ein Endspiel um die Landesmeisterschaft, in dem Soyaux allerdings gegen Stade Reims, den "Serien-Frauenmeister" jener Jahre, mit 0:2 unterlag.

Unmittelbar anschließend wechselte sie zu den südwestfranzösischen Ligakonkurrentinnen der ASPTT Bordeaux; mit den "Postsportlerinnen" aus Bordeaux gelang ihr allerdings keine erneute Teilnahme an den landesweiten Meisterschafts-Endrunden. Ab Januar 1982 vertrat Sylvie Bailly wieder die Farben der ASJ Soyaux, mit der ihr 1984 dann auch der Gewinn der französischen Meisterschaft gelang. Im mit 1:0 gegen VGA Saint-Maur gewonnenen Finale blieb sie, wie schon 1980, ohne eigenen Torerfolg. Als die ASJ Soyaux 1986 und 1987 erneut im Endspiel um die französische Meisterschaft stand, gehörte Bailly deren Finalelf nicht mehr an, weil die Mitt-Zwanzigerin zu dieser Zeit ihre sportlichen Aktivitäten bereits beendet hatte.

In der Nationalelf
Im November 1975 stellte Frankreichs Frauennationaltrainer Pierre Geoffroy die 15-Jährige in einer Freundschaftsbegegnung mit den Niederlanden erstmals in der französischen A-Auswahl auf. Nach diesem Debüt dauerte es allerdings zweieinhalb Jahre, ehe Sylvie Bailly erneut berufen und in den folgenden Jahren auch von Geoffroys Nachfolger Francis Coché regelmäßig berücksichtigt wurde. Ihren einzigen Treffer im blauen Nationaltrikot erzielte die Stürmerin im März 1980 beim 4:0-Sieg über die Schweiz.

In ihrem 21. Länderspiel im April 1983, einer mit 0:3 verlorene Partie gegen Italien in der Vorrunde der ersten Fraueneuropameisterschaft, musste sie verletzungsbedingt schon nach einer guten halben Stunde ihren Platz für ihre Vereinskameradin Florence Rimbault räumen; dies bedeutete zugleich das Ende ihrer internationalen Karriere. Immerhin war Sylvie Bailly nach Marie-Louise Butzig und Michèle Wolf erst die dritte Französin, die es auf 20 Länderspiele gebracht hatte.

Palmarès
 Französische Meisterin: 1984, außerdem Vizemeisterin 1980
 21 Länderspiele (1 Tor) für Frankreich

Weblinks
 Baillys Datenblatt auf der Seite des französischen Fußballverbands

Anmerkungen und Nachweise

Fußballnationalspieler (Frankreich)
Franzose
Geboren 1960
Frau

Sylvie Bailly


Cobble may refer to:

 Cobble (geology), a designation of particle size for sediment or clastic rock
 Cobblestone, partially rounded rocks used for road paving
 Hammerstone, a prehistoric stone tool
 Tyringham Cobble, a nature reserve in Tyringham, Massachusetts, U.S.
 Bartholomew's Cobble, a park near Sheffield, Massachusetts, U.S.
 Dorothy Sue Cobble (born 1949), American historian

See also
 Coble, a shallow-bottomed, low-draught fishing boat
 Cobbler (disambiguation)
 Kabul, the capital city of Afghanistan
 Cobblestone (disambiguation)

Cobble


هانيتشي (Ганичі) هي مدينة في مقاطعة زاكارباتسكا في أوكرانيا.

مراجع

مدن أوكرانيا

هانيتشي (زاكارباتسكا)


Mustafa Ertuğrul Aker (1892, Hanya - 5 Kasım 1961, Antalya), dünya askeri tarihinde ilk defa olarak bir uçak gemisi (Seaplane tender) batıran Türk subayıdır ve bu gemiyi karadan dağ topu ile batırmıştır.

Askeri hayatı
1912 yılında Harp Okulu'nu topçu subayı olarak bitirdi. Çanakkale Savaşı'nda 27. Alay'da savaştı. Buradaki başarılarından dolayı Osmanlı Harp Madalyası ve Alman Demir Haç Madalyası ile taltif edildi. Çanakkale Savaşı'nın bitmesinden sonra Galiçya Cephesi'ne gönderildi. 1916 yılında yurda geri döndü ve emrine 4 dağ topu verilerek, Kaş'a tayin edildi.

Meis Harekâtı
I. Dünya Savaşı'nın en sıcak günleri olan o dönemde resmen İtalya'ya bağlı olan Meis Adası İngiliz ve Fransız kuvvetlerinin denetimindeydi. Doğu Akdeniz geneli açısından stratejik önemi olan Meis Adası'nın işgal ve tahkimine Çanakkale'de 5. Ordu'ya komuta eden Alman General Liman Von Sanders'in 'çok gizli' emriyle karar verildi. Bu emir çerçevesinde 4 adet 7,7'lik Alman yapımı Erhard dağ topu olan küçük bir batarya ile Aydın'dan Kaş'a intikal ettirildi. Başlangıçtaki plan adanın alınması olmakla birlikte, cephede bunun imkânsızlığına kanaat getirilerek, operasyon Meis Limanı'nda demirli yolcu gemisinden deniz uçağı gemisine (Seaplane tender) dönüştürülmüş HMS Ben-My-Chree komutasındaki filo ve adayı transit limanı olarak kullanan erzak ve mühimmat gemilerinin imha ve tacizini hedefler şekle dönüştürüldü. 1930 yılında kaleme alması Mustafa Kemal Atatürk tarafından bizzat tavsiye edilen hatıralarını yazdı ve bıraktığı kaynaktaki bilgiler kaynak yakın geçmişte güncelleştirilip desteklenerek yayınlandı.

Batırılan ilk deniz uçağı gemisi: Ben My Chree

Dünya savaş tarihinde bir ilki başararak, 7.7 inçlik dağ bataryasının bir deniz uçağı gemisini 36 dakikada batırdı. Batırdığı deniz uçağı gemisi ise, 120 metre boyunda, saatte 24,5 mil hız yapan ve altı deniz uçağı taşıyan İngiliz bandıralı Ben My Chree 'dir. Aynı gün Meis Limanı'na demirli büyüklü küçüklü pek çok tekne de batırılır.

Fransız savaş gemisi Paris II
Bir süre sonra Kemer yakınındaki Ağva koyunda Fransız avizosu Paris II'yi de sadece 18 dakikada denize gömdü ve mürettebatı esir aldı.

Alexandra'nın batırılışı
Uçak gemisi Ben My Chree'nin ardından Paris II avizosunun da bir "dağ bataryası" ile batırılması, Müttefiklerin artık açıktan seyretmeye başlamasına neden olmuştur. Mustafa Ertuğrul savaşın bu aşamasını hatıralarında, "Herhangi bir yelkenlinin kaburgasını kaplayan iç tahtaları sökülerek, mümkün mertebe fazla miktarda dinamit kaburga aralarına döşenecek, tam merkezine de bir top fünyesi yerleştirilecek. Fünye halkası bir telle portakal sandıklarından birisinin altına bağlanıp, kaburgalar tekrar çakılarak düzen hazırlanacaktı. Birbirine bağlı sandıklar mutlaka bir vinç yardımıyla kaldırılacaktı ki, fünye dinamiti ateşleyip geminin batırılmasını sağlayacaktık." şeklinde aktarmaktadır.

Alexandra sandık yüklü yelkenlinin bi kaç kilometre kadar yakınına gelip 40 top ateşine tutmuş ama hiçbir isabet tutturamamış daha sonra tekrar dönüp portakal sandıklarını muayene etmiş zehirli olmadığını anlayınca murettabat sandıkları gemiye yüklemiştir.

Kamaları sökülmeyen tek batarya
I. Dünya Savaşı bittiğinde, Mondros Mütarekesi gereğince, işgal edilen Anadolu topraklarında, tüm silah ve cephaneye el konuldu. Topların kamaları söküldü. O tarihlerde Aydın bölgesindeki birlikleri denetlemekle görevlendirilen HMS Ben-my-Chree'nin eski komutanı Charles Rumney Samson ise; "Gösterdiği kahramanlıktan dolayı bu batarya toplarının kamalarını sökmek askeri şerefe aykırıdır" diyerek, Mustafa Ertuğrul'un bataryasına dokunmadı.

Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı
Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı'nda da önemli yararlıklar gösterdi ve savaştan sonra yerleştiği Antalya'da 05 Kasım 1968'de ölmüştür.

Mezarı Antalya Andızlı mezarlığındadır.

9 Ocak 1917'de İngiliz Uçak Gemisini Ben My Chree'yi Kaş'tan yaptığı atışla Meyis Adası'nda top atışları ile

13 Aralık 1917 Fransız Savaş Gemisi Paris II'yi Kemer'de top atışları ile

8 Mart 1918'de Fransız Savaş Gemisi Aleksandıra'yı Kemer'de bir savaş tuzağı ile batırmıştır.

5 Kasım ve takip eden haftayı Muratpaşa Belediyesi meclis kararı ile anma haftası olarak çeşitli etkinlikler ile anmaktadır.

9 Ocak ve takip eden haftayı da Kaş Belediyesi meclis kararı ile anma haftası ilân etmiştir.

Özel hayatı
Komutanı Şefik Bey'in (Aker) kızı ile evlendi. 1934'te Soyadı Kanunu'nun çıkmasından sonra kayınpederinin soyadını seçti.

2007 yılında Antalya Büyükşehir Belediyesi tarafından Atatürk Parkı'nda anısına bir heykel dikilmiştir.

Madalyaları
Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti dönemlerinde girdiği savaşlarda toplam 10 madalya ve rozetle taltif edildi.
 Osmanlı Liyakat Madalyası - II. Abdülhamit döneminde savaşta başarı gösteren askerlere verilmiştir.
 Donanma İane Madalyası - Osmanlı Donanması'na yapılan hizmet ve yardımlar karşılığı verilmiştir.
 Çanakkale'de düşürdüğü İngiliz keşif uçağı pilotunun şapkasındaki rozet. Mustafa Ertuğrul'a hatıra olarak verilmiştir.
 Avusturya 305 no'lu havan top birliği Çanakkale hatıra rozeti
 Alman Demir Haç Madalyası
 İstiklal Madalyası
 Prusya Liyakat Madalyası
 Cedit Girid Madalyası
 Galiçya Savaşı metal rozeti
 Harp Madalyası. Çanakkale, Galiçya, Kafkasya, Irak ve Mısır'da savaşanlara verilmiştir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Paris 2 Batığı, Kemer, Ağva bükü

Notlar

Dipnotlar

Kaynakça

Ertugrul, Mustafa
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Neuland (plattdeutsch Neeland) ist ein an der Oste gelegener Ortsteil der Gemeinde Engelschoff, der in der Samtgemeinde Oldendorf-Himmelpforten eingegliedert ist.

Erstmals wurde das Dorf Neuland an der Oste 1337 im Stader Stadtbuch in einem Kaufvertrag erwähnt. Vermutlich schon zur Zeit der Stader Grafen, spätestens aber zur Zeit des Erzbischofs von Bremen Siegfried I. von Anhalt (1180–1184) gründeten nicht mehr als zehn Siedler das Dorf Nigenlande. Seine größte Bedeutung hatte das Dorf in der frühen Neuzeit. Es hatte mit zwei Windmühlen eine besondere Stellung in der Osteregion.

Neuland gehörte von Anfang an zum Kirchspiel der Marienkirche in Großenwörden und war damit dem Amt Vörde (Bremervörde) unterstellt. Ab 1648 gehörte es zum Amt Himmelpforten, ab 1852 zum Amt Osten, ab 1885 zum Kreis Neuhaus/Oste und seit 1932 zum Landkreis Stade. Seit dem 1. Juli 1972 gehört Neuland zur Gemeinde Engelschoff.

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 Henry Jungclaus: Neuland. Einst Elbstrand jetzt neues Land. Ein Dorf erinnert sich, Engelschoff-Neuland 2007, 472 S.
 Thomas Schütt: NEULAND in der Ostemarsch – Auf den Spuren eines Dorfes, Lamstedt / Neuland 2018, 199 S.
 Hrsg. Oskar Karpa: Die Kunstdenkmale des Landes Niedersachsen – Landkreis Stade, 1965, S. 675

Engelschoff
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Stade)
Ort im Landkreis Stade
Ort an der Oste
Ersterwähnung 1337
Gemeindeauflösung 1972

Neuland (Engelschoff)


Radio Television of Serbia (, ; abbr. RTS/PTC) is the state-owned public radio and television broadcaster of Serbia. Radio Television of Serbia has four organizational units – radio, television, music production, and record label (PGP-RTS). It is financed primarily through monthly subscription fees and advertising revenue.

History

Radio Belgrade (1929–1958)
Radio Belgrade began its broadcasts in 1929. The first news announcer in 1929 was Jelena Bilbija. The first radio program in Serbia was broadcast in February 1929, when released radio signal was transmitted from the transmitter in Belgrade suburb of Rakovica. After five years, on 24 March 1929 Radio Belgrade began its regular broadcasting program, with art music.

Radio Television Belgrade (1958–1991)
Radio Television Belgrade (RTB), consisting of Radio Belgrade and Television Belgrade (TVB) was established as a result of the decision by the Executive Council of the Socialist Republic of Serbia on 13 February 1958. This came after the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia's government decision of 1956 to invest in a television network.

The first televised broadcast was on 23 August 1958, an edition of the Dnevnik (Journal) news programme with Miloje Orlović, Branislav Surutka, Olga Nađ, Olivera Živković and Vera Milovanović. The first RTB program was broadcast from the Belgrade Fair and from a new TV Studio build there. From 1961, RTS began to use quadruplex video tape recording equipment. The Sixties saw dramatic development in all genres of TV programs. TVB became famous by its sitcoms, directed and written by Radivoje-Lola Djukić, Novak Novak and others (unfortunately, only a small proportion is preserved, owing to implicit censorship and shortage of tapes). Also, TVB had excellent documentary programs (series Karavan, Reflektor and others) and quizzes. By 1970, the entire territory of Serbia was covered by the RTS signal. On 31 December 1971, TVB started broadcasting in PAL color system on its second network. A new AM (radio) broadcast equipment in Zvečka, Obrenovac, with 2000 kW transmitter was erected in 1976.

After the political turmoil in the 1970s (against the "liberals") the program of RTB became more sterile, however, in the 1980s it reached the zenith.

In 1989, preparation for the formation of the RTS system officially began. That same year, 3K TVB started broadcasting as the youth, alternative TV channel. Along with it, Radio 101 started broadcasting in Belgrade and Vojvodina. Radio 101 was the more commercial youth radio, carrying pop and turbo-folk hits. It was intended to complement the more alternative Belgrade 202.

In 1990, a few regional studios (Niš, Kragujevac, Jagodina, Šabac) officially started broadcasting regional programming via a window in place of "Beogradska hronika".

In 1991, all public broadcasters within Serbia began the formation of the RTS network system by merging their stations and programming direction to RTB, which served as flagship of the RTS network.

Radio Television of Serbia (1990s)

During the March 1991 anti-war demonstrations in Belgrade, the protesters issued a series of demands, one of which was the sacking of RTB's general director, Dušan Mitević. The Yugoslav government eventually relented and removed Mitević from his position at RTB. On 8 October 1991, four RTB journalists were killed on the Glina–Petrinja road, in central Croatia, while covering Yugoslavia's civil war.

RTS was established in 1992 with the merger of RTB and regional networks Radio-Television Novi Sad and Radio-Television Priština into a true national network. All transmitters, relay stations, antennas and other television equipment once owned by these broadcasters were inherited by RTS. As Yugoslavia disintegrated, RTS's journalistic standards plummeted. During the Siege of Dubrovnik, RTS claimed that smoke rising from the city's Old Town was the result of automobile tires set on fire by locals. During the Siege of Sarajevo, RTS newscasts showed an image of Sarajevo from the 1980s, untouched, thereby downplaying the severity of the siege. As the wars dragged on, the Yugoslav government began terminating the employment of many dissenting journalists. By January 1993, nearly 1,300 RTS employees – amounting to one-third of the broadcaster's pre-war workforce – had been fired.

RTS was active during the Kosovo War and the concurrent NATO bombing of Yugoslavia. On 20 April, the Supreme Allied Commander Europe, General Wesley Clark, ordered that RTS was to be bombed off the air. NATO missiles struck RTS at 2:06 a.m on 23 April. Serbia's Minister of Information, Aleksandar Vučić, scheduled to appear on CNN's Larry King Live from RTS's headquarters at 2:30 a.m., narrowly escaped the bombing. Sixteen RTS employees were killed and an additional 16 were injured. The human rights organization Amnesty International condemned the attack and described it as a war crime. NATO officials stated that the alliance considered RTS a legitimate target because of its "biased and distorted coverage" of the war. The bombing temporarily forced RTS off the air, but it resumed broadcasting several hours later, and continued to do so for the rest of the conflict.

Most of RTS's headquarters was reconstructed after the war, but part of it was left in ruins as a memorial to those killed. The victims of the bombing were later memorialized by the Zašto? (Why?) monument in Belgrade's Tašmajdan Park. In 2002, Dragoljub Milanović, the general manager of RTS, was sentenced to nine-and-a-half years' imprisonment for failing to evacuate the broadcaster's headquarters despite repeated threats by NATO officials that it would be bombed.

Radio Television of Serbia (2000s)

After Milošević's removal from power, RTS underwent reconstruction in order to regain respect amongst much of its audience which the network had lost during the '90s. Particular emphasis was put on news programming which suffered greatly during the 1990s. In 2006 RTS became the most viewed television network in Serbia and has retained this position since then. Early that year, RTS decided to shut down one of its television channels. 3K (Treći kanal RTS-a) was a channel dedicated to the youth, which, however, became the main film, series and sports channel in the late 1990s and the early 2000s.
General directors
 1955–1959: Mirko Tepavac
 1959–1962: Dušan Popović
 1962–1972: Zdravko Vuković
 1972–1985: Milan Vukos
 1985–1988: Ratomir Vico
 1989–1991: Dušan Mitević
 1991–1991: Ratomir Vico
 1992–1992: Dobrosav Bjeletić
 1992–1995: Milorad Vučelić
 1995–2000: Dragoljub Milanović
 2000–2001: Nenad Ristić
 2001–2004: Aleksandar Crkvenjakov
 2004–2013: Aleksandar Tijanić
 2013–2015: Nikola Mirkov
 2015–present: Dragan Bujošević
In 2007, the BBC World Service Trust launched an extensive training programme at Serbia's national broadcaster. This 30-month project, which was funded by the European Union, provided extensive journalism, craft and management training to all levels of staff at the broadcaster.

In 2008, RTS underwent major changes as it celebrated 50 years of existence. The network launched its digital network which uses DTT Digital terrestrial television via several DVB-T transmitters. It has also invested millions in new technology. The new high-definition television system was first put in place in May for the 2008 Eurovision Song Contest while on 26 November 2008, RTS began airing its new channel ''RTS Culture and Arts'' which is a DTT-only channel, transmitted in 16:9 standard definition format, with stereo and 5.1 digital audio. During 2008 the networks web presentations was greatly improved. On 23 August 2008, the 50th anniversary of Dnevnik (the RTS news bulletin) was celebrated. A special edition of the 19:30 Dnevnik was aired with Mića Orlović, the first newsreader to host the news in Serbia, hosted the special addition helped by Dušanka Kalanj, the first female newsreader in Serbia. The theme of the evening's news included a reflection on the past 50 years a projection of the future as well as the news of the day. The weather was read out by Kamenko Katić, the first weather forecaster. All babies born on 23 August 2008, received a flat screen television set from RTS. On 9 September 2009, at 21:00 CET, RTS launched its first high definition channel – RTS HD.

RTS was the host broadcaster of the semi-final and finals of the Eurovision Song Contest 2008. Serbia gained the rights to host the contest after Marija Šerifović's 2007 victory in Helsinki, Finland. The Eurovision Song Contest 2008 was held in Belgrade. RTS broadcast the event as usual (since 2004) on RTS1. The host couple were Jovana Janković and Željko Joksimović. The rating of the final of Eurovision was overwhelming with 4,560,000 people tuning in to watch making it the most watched event on Serbian television as well as on RTS.

Radio Television of Serbia (2010s)
In 2011, RTS issued a written apology to the citizens of Serbia and former Yugoslavia for its actions during the regime of Slobodan Milošević and the break up of Yugoslavia. The letter apologises for the network's senseless reporting and the hurt it caused to the public. It vows "never to let history repeat itself."

On 23 August 2014, at the 56th anniversary of the broadcaster, RTS got a new visual identity: focusing on new on-screen logos introduced on 18 February for their terrestrial channels. At the same day, the watermarks changed themselves to fit into the 16:9 format.

Television

RTS has two TV centers: in addition to the main TV production center within RTS headquarters complex in the downtown Belgrade, there is also TV production center in Košutnjak (housing two largest studios: Studio 8 and Studio 9). RTS offers live programming on its website.

Channels

There are currently five channels:

 RTS1 is the oldest television station in Serbia, launched on 23 August 1958 as Televizija Beograd. It is available nationally free-to-air and is the most watched television channel in the country beating the other two most popular television networks in Serbia, RTV Pink and Prva. RTS1 offers viewers political shows and debates and domestic and international shows. RTS1 airs a range of locally produced dramas, which are among the most watched television shows in Serbia.
 RTS2 is first colour television station in Serbia, launched on 31 December 1971 as TVB 2. Available nationally free-to-air, it focuses on educational programmes and sporting events. Parliamentary sittings are also broadcast live on RTS2.
 RTS3 is first digital-only channel which began broadcasting on 26 November 2008 as RTS Digital. The channel, available nationally free-to-air, mainly airs cultural programmes, with emphasize on music (classical musical and jazz performances, in particular) broadcasting various concerts as well as ballet performances. Among other things, the channel broadcasts the Vienna New Year's Concert and the Eurovision Song Contest live each year.
 RTS Svet, launched on 14 May 1991, is the satellite service created to serve the Serbian diaspora across the world. It broadcasts the most popular programmes from RTS1, RTS2 and RTS3. RTS Svet now covers Australia, Europe, North America and Eurasia (Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia).

Programming

News programmes
News programmes are produced in Belgrade, however the network has a total of 25 news offices in the country. RTS also has its own correspondents and offices outside of Serbia in: Moscow, London, Brussels, Paris, Rome, Vienna, Washington, D.C., Chicago, and Tokyo.

RTS has the most watched news and current affairs programmes in the country, according to the AGB Nilsen Serbian ratings.
The centerpiece of RTS news programming is the Dnevnik (English: Journal), which is the network's main news programme and is aired on RTS1. The Dnevnik bulletins are aired at 8:00 (runs for approximately 25 minutes), 12:00 during workweek and 13:00 Saturdays and Sundays (around 15 minutes, excluding Sports Review and Weather forecast), 19:30 (between 35 and 40 minutes) and at 23:00 (approximately 20 minutes). The flagship (evening) Dnevnik has been the most watched news programme in Serbia since 2003, averaging between 1.5–2 million viewers nightly.

The following are news and current affairs aired on RTS:

 Dnevnik (Journal)
 Jutarnji program (Morning programme)
 Oko magazin (Eye review)
 Šta radite, bre (What are you doing?)
 Ovo je Srbija (This is Serbia)
 Beogradska Hronika (Belgrade chronicles)
 Srbija na vezi (Serbia calling)
 Građanin (Citizen)
 Dozvolite... (Allow us...)
 Uviđaj (Investigation discovery)

Entertainment
The RTS entertainment is largely based on local production of Serbian drama programmes, soaps and musical programmes. Recently RTS has started investing more in local drama and as a result has been rewarded with high ratings. An episode of the RTS drama Ranjeni orao aired on 15 January 2009, is the most watched scripted drama episode in Serbian broadcasting history with over 3 million viewers.

RTS also broadcasts various world entertainment events as part of its entertainment programming including the Vienna New Year's Concert and Academy Awards ceremony. The network has transferred a lot of its cultural programming and documentaries, originally broadcast on RTS2, to the RTS3. The network holds rights to air major entertainment events such as the Eurovision Song Contest and Junior Eurovision Song Contest. In 2008, RTS produced the 53rd Eurovision Song Contest.

The following is a list of entertainment programmes produced and aired by RTS (as of October 2011):

 Gastronomad (Cooking nomad)
 Mira Adanja-Polak i Vi (Mira Adanja-Polak and You)
 TV Slagalica (TV Puzzle)
 Bingo i pesma (Bingo and song)
 Plava ptica (Blue bird – children's show)
 Uviđaj (Investigation)
 SAT (SAT-Saobraćaj, Automobilizam, Turizam/TCT – Traffic, Cars, Tourism)
 Žikina šarenica (Žika's Motley Rug)
 Kvadratura kruga (Squaring the Circle)
 Balkanskom ulicom (Balkan Street Chronicles)
 Veliki izazov (The great challenge – quiz show )
 Na slovo na slovo (I spy – children's show)

The following is a list of drama series produced and aired by RTS (as of October 2011)
 Nepobedivo srce
 Cvat lipe na Balkanu
 Jagodići
 Vojna akademija
 Zaboravljeni umovi Srbije
 Dramska triologija 1941–1945

RTS also relies on dramas and soaps produced outside of Serbia as well as documentary programmes.

The following is a list of internationally created shows currently broadcast by RTS (as of October 2011):

Sports programming
RTS is a major player in Serbian sports broadcasting. Major sporting events are aired on RTS1, especially if a Serbian team or athlete is participating while all other sports broadcasting is aired on RTS2.

The network has several shows which are specially dedicated to sports, aired on both RTS1 and RTS2. RTS broadcast its first Summer Olympic Games in 1996 (previously the Olympics were broadcast in Serbia through Yugoslav Radio Television, JRT) and has held broadcasting rights for both the Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games ever since. RTS also holds rights to broadcast the FIFA World Cup, UEFA European Championship, FIBA World Cup, EuroBasket, FIVB Men's World Championship, FIVB Women's World Championship, FIVB Volleyball World League, European Men's Handball Championship, European Water Polo Championship, IAAF World Championships in Athletics, European Athletics Championships, Davis Cup, Fed Cup, Wimbledon, Roland Garros, US Open, Australian Open, etc. It has exclusive rights to the Serbian Cup football matches.

Iconic programmes
 TV Slagalica (TV Puzzle) is the longest running quiz show in the Balkans. It has been on RTS programming for over 20 years and has always had a solid ratings.
 Bolji život (A better life) is one of the most iconic Yugoslav shows ever produced. Made during the '80s and '90s it works through the problems of a few families. The show brought in huge ratings for the network during its dark days of the '90s and after the production of the show ceased RTS has continually re-run the series.
 Otpisani (Disposable Heroes) is a 1970s Serbian TV series, aired on RTS, based around youths from the resistance movement in Nazi-occupied Belgrade that are high on the Gestapo's termination list. The series has achieved something of a cult status among its audience. The television series has been encored a total of seven times.
 Srećni ljudi (Happy people) is the most successful, long running, television series aired between 1993 and 1996. The most watched drama series in Serbia.
 Ranjeni orao (Wounded eagle) based on the novel by Serbian author Mir Jam, the 17-episode show premiered in December, 2008. Produced by Zdravko Šotra, the show had a cast of popular Serbian actors, most notably Sloboda Mićalović, Ivan Bosiljčić and Dragan Nikolić. The show is based in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia between the two world wars and centres around the love life of Anđelka Bojanić. The show received extremely positive critical reviews and outstanding ratings. The show's final episode on 19 January 2009 was watched by 3,277,000 people, making it the most watched television show in Serbia. Due to viewer requests, once the show ended it was immediately reprised in primetime, making it the fastest repeated show on RTS. In its repeats it also managed to produce extremely high ratings.

Radio

RTS operates 4 radio stations, under the name Radio Belgrade.

  is flagship channel which provides comprehensive news and current affairs programmes to the public as well as entertainment and culture shows.
  is a cultural station based around social dialogue which constantly broadcasts thoughts about life and creation abroad and in Serbia. The station is known for documentary reporting, religious discussions, classical music, evergreen, jazz and satire. Radio Belgrade 2 shares the same radio waves as Radio Belgrade 3 and is broadcast from 6:00 until 20:00.
  focuses on classical music and radio dramas. Radio Belgrade 3 shares the same radio waves as Radio Belgrade 2 and broadcasts from 20.00 until 06.00.
 Radio Belgrade 202 broadcasts short news segments, rock and pop music. Hosts of various music programmes on the radio often ask listeners to send in their thoughts via SMS or the Internet. Belgrade 202 also has a special morning programme broadcast from 06.00 until 09.00. which is based around current cultural, social and political trends.

Other

RTS has an archive of its TV programmes. In addition to 5000+ video tapes in the long obsolete quadruplex format, the archive contains tapes in C-type helical scan, U-matic, beta-SP and digital formats. Also, the archive contains an extensive collection of newsreels, short filmed stories, and feature films on 16 mm and 35 mm tapes.

PGP-RTS is a music production company owned by the television network, starting with production in 1958 under the name PGP-RTB and used to be one of two largest record labels in the former Yugoslavia. Today, it is the third largest record label in Serbia (after Grand Production and City Records).

See also
Yugoslav Radio Television

References

External links

1929 establishments in Serbia
Radio stations established in 1926
Radio stations in Serbia
Companies based in Belgrade
Television networks in Serbia
European Broadcasting Union members
Mass media companies of Serbia
Multilingual broadcasters
Publicly funded broadcasters
Radio stations established in 1929
Television channels and stations established in 1958
Television stations in Serbia
Serbian news websites

Radio Television of Serbia


The Somerset Railroad  was a railroad that operated in Niagara County, New York. It was operated by CSX Transportation. The railroad was built with the primary objective of providing coal to the Kintigh Generating Station, also known as the Somerset Power Plant, a 675 megawatt coal-fired power plant located in Somerset, New York. The railroad was built in 1983 by the New York State Electric and Gas Co. using new and old rights of way. From Lockport, New York, it runs on the defunct International Railway Co. (IRC) interurban line opened in 1900 under the name Buffalo, Lockport & Olcott Beach (BL&OB) which became part of the IRC in 1902. From Newfane, New York, the SOM sweeps off the IRC (abandoned in 1937) to the Hojack Line in Appleton, New York (Township of Newfane, Niagara County, NY), to West Somerset in the Town of Somerset. It then swings off on new trackage to a series of spurs and a loop at the Kintigh Generating Station.

Although the Somerset Railroad owned 428 rotary-dump gondola cars, CSX provided their motive power and operated the railroad. Prior to the acquisition of Conrail by Norfolk Southern and CSX in 1998, Conrail provided motive power. The Somerset Railroad right of way includes 15.59 miles (25 km) of trackage, known as the Somerset Secondary. Unit coal trains leaving from Youngstown, Ohio, run to Erie, Pennsylvania, followed by Buffalo, then north to the Niagara Branch, where they swing off onto the Lockport Subdivision, and finally in Lockport onto the Somerset Secondary. Even though the Somerset Power Plant owned its own gondolas, CSXT Hoppers were a regular sight at the plant.

The coal cars were unloaded using a rotary car dumper at the power plant. Also on the line in Lockport is a chemical plant, Vanchlor, which receives Chlorine via the railroad. The first train on the line ran in November 1983. Power was provided by four Conrail GE B23-7s, with 1926 as the lead unit.

In March 2020, The New York Times reported that the Kintigh Generating Station would shut down. The Somerset plant closure was direct result of Governor Andrew Cuomo's plan to reduce carbon emissions in New York state. Shortly after the plant closure, that October CSX filed for abandonment of the line as the plant was the only customer. In late spring 2022, the line was torn up by CSX from just past the chemical plant spur all the way to the power plant. This was the second time the Hojack right of way was abandoned. Prior to line abandonment all Somerset rail cars were loaded by CSX and sent to scrap.

See also
 List of CSX Transportation lines

References

 The Greater Rochester Railfan Page, Somerset Railroad. Retrieved August 7, 2004.
CSX Transportation Timetables – Somerset Railroad Subdivision
 CSX Somerset Railroad Sub
 CSX Albany Division Timetable

New York (state) railroads
Transportation in Buffalo, New York
Non-operating common carrier freight railroads in the United States
Railway companies established in 1983
American companies established in 1983

Somerset Railroad (New York)


In the Quechuan languages of South America, a huaca or wak'a is an object that represents something revered, typically a monument of some kind. The term huaca can refer to natural locations, such as immense rocks. Some huacas have been associated with veneration and ritual. The Quechua people traditionally believed every object has a physical presence and two camaquen (spirits), one to create it and another to animate it. They would invoke its spirits for the object to function.

Huacas in Peru
Huacas are commonly located in nearly all regions of Peru outside the deepest parts of the Amazon basin in correlation with the regions populated by the pre-Inka and Inka early civilizations. They can be found in downtown Lima today in almost every district, the city having been built around them. Huacas within the municipal district of Lima are typically fenced off to avoid graffiti.

Huacas along ceremonial routes
A huaca could be built along a processional ceremonial line or route, as was done for the enactment of sacred ritual within the capital at Cusco. Such lines were referred to as ceques. The work of Tom Zuidema and Brian Bauer (UT-Austin) explores the range of debate over their usage and significance.

These lines were laid out to express the cosmology of the culture and were sometimes aligned astronomically to various stellar risings and settings. These pertained to seasonal ceremonies and time keeping (for the purposes of agriculture and ceremony and record keeping). These ceque lines bear significant resemblance to the processional lines among the Maya (sacbe), the Chacoans, and the Muisca (Suna).

Huacas in the Inka Empire
In the Inca (Inka) Empire, huacas were involved more in prominent monuments, such as the Huaca del Sol and the Huaca de la Luna. As stated above, they were also found along the ceque system (or siq'is lines). When talking about huacas in the Inka empire, it's important to understand that both the Andean people of the Andes region and the Inka shared many beliefs when it came to huaca ideology. Pre-empire Inka had a hard time gaining land control in their constant fights with the Andeans, and only peace was made when the Inka materialized their huacas into a state-controlled system that was common throughout the empire. A common system and a common cultural influence held the Inka empire together:

"It can be argued that the sacred nature of huacas represented the primary connection between Andean ideologies and Inca ideology. Both Andean and Inca ideologies considered huacas as manifestations of both the natural and the supernatural world such as springs, stones, hills and mountains, temples, caves, roads, or trees (D"Altroy 2002:163)."

The Inka believed in using the huacas as the main agents of sacred and supernatural structural affiliation in their culture, while also using them as political and social tools for manipulation of other cultural groups around them. In the Cusco ceque system, most, if not all, of the huacas facilitated communication with the supernatural world or had some connection with chthonic powers that were thought to have shaped certain aspects of the region's people. While the Inka huacas were mainly stationary, some of the Andean huacas were actually portable. There are references to huacas being taken into battle or bring physically transported to Cusco, capital of the Inka empire. One such huaca is described below:

"The ninth guaca (huaca) was named Cugiguaman. It was a stone shaped like a falcon which Inca Yupanqui said had appeared to him in a quarry, and he ordered that it be placed on this ceque and that sacrifices be made to it."

Some huacas were described as shrines, monuments, or temples that were associated with religion. Other huacas were physical aspects of the landscape, such as mountains or large boulders that still held religious and cultural significance. Since the huacas could have been a part of the landscape, this made it difficult for archaeologists to find and identify them. Shrines and shrine candidates were promptly photographed and compared to other known huacas. Interviews with local village officials helped researchers ensure that the huacas found on the ceques were legitimate. The location of the huacas aided archaeologists in determining what they were used for and what religious ceremonies may have occurred there.

Special compounds were erected at certain huacas where priests composed elaborate rituals and religious ceremonial culture. For instance, the ceremony of the sun was performed at Cusco (Inti Raymi). The Inka elaborated creatively on a preexisting system of religious veneration of the peoples whom they took into their empire. This exchange ensured proper compliance among conquered peoples. The Inka also transplanted and colonized whole groups of persons of Inka background (Mitmaq) with newly adopted peoples to arrange a better distribution of Inka persons throughout all of their empire in order to avoid widespread resistance. In this instance, huacas and pacarinas became significant centers of shared worship and a point of unification of ethnically and linguistically diverse peoples. They helped to bring unity and common citizenship to often geographically disparate peoples. Since pre-inka times the people developed a system of pilgrimages to these various shrines, prior to the introduction of Catholicism.

Moche Huacas
Two of the greatest huacas built by the Moche were the Huaca del Sol and the Huaca de la Luna. While both of these buildings were built with mud adobe bricks, many characteristics of the bricks differ between the two huacas. Thus, symbolizing two distinct eras in Inka architecture. The bricks varied in many ways such as dimensions, maker marks, soil composition, and mold marks. With that being said, both buildings were constructed in similar ways. Adobe bricks were laid into vertical columns adjacent to one another. Continuing to lay adobe brick columns next to one another in order to construct different sections of a building is characterized as "segmented" construction. The construction of Huaca del Sol is determined to have used over 143 million adobe bricks and the platforms from the Luna are estimated to have required over 50 million adobe blocks. The only uniform characteristic of these adobe bricks, in regard to their dimensional shape, is that "they are wider than they are high." Bricks in the same segment were relatively similar in shape and size, however, there was little symmetry between segments. Many sections of Luna show greater deviation than later columns and structures. As the Inka empire grew in strength and size, adobe bricks became increasingly ubiquitous.  Many segments of Luna saw an abundance of deviation from one another. Conversely, Sol, which was built after Luna, has a more well-defined uniformity between adobe bricks used between segments. While the uniform shape of the bricks helped to signify the increasing dominance of the Inka, adobe bricks remained unique in one way. Each brick was marked by its maker on the bottom of the brick. While some markers appear more frequently than others, each symbolizes where the adobe bricks came from.

References

External links
 Early Monumental Architecture on the Peruvian Coast
 The Solstice Project

Inca mythology
Indigenous American philosophy
Animism

Huaca


Gorrión pálido puede referirse a:
Spizella pallida, también llamado chambito pálido, gorrrión arrocero rayado y arrocero pálido, ave de la familia Emberizidae, que habita en América del Norte.
Carpospiza brachydactyla, ave de la familia Passeridae, que habita Asia central y Medio Oriente.

Gorrión pálido


التهاب الردب أو التهاب الرتج أو التهاب الرتوج  هو مرض شائع في الجهاز الهضمي يشمل تكوّن انتفاخات مجوّفة كالجيوب في جّدر الأمعاء، هذه العملية تسمّى الرُّتاج أو الرُّتوج.
يحدث هذا الدّاء عادةً في الأمعاء الغليظة أو ما يسمى القولون، كما يمكن أن يظهر في الأمعاء الدقيقة في بعض الحالات. عندما يلتهب أحد هذه الجيوب ينتج المرض.
غالبا ما يحس المرضى المصابون بألم في الجزء الأيسر السفلي من البطن بالإضافة إلى حمّى ويَلاحظ زيادة في أعداد كريات الدم البيضاء كما يشكون- أيضا- من الغثيان أو الإسهال، والبعض قد يصيبه الإمساك. درجة خطورة الأعراض تعتمد على مدى حدّة العدوى ومضاعفاتها. في حالات أقل شيوعا يصاحب الالتهاب ألم في الجانب الأيمن من البطن؛ يرجع هذا إلى ندرة تشكّل جيوب في الجانب الأيمن أو زيادة في القولون السِّينيّ. قد تشمل تقارير بعض المرضى نزيف من المستقيم.

العلامات والأعراض

يعاني المرضى في كثير من الأحيان من ثالوث كلاسيكي ويشمل على:
 ألم في الربع الأسفل الأيسر للبطن
 حمى
 ارتفاع أعداد كريات الدم البيضاء في العد الدموي الشامل
كما قد يعاني المرضى من الغثيان أو الإسهال - أو الإمساك في أحيان قليلة.

قد يشكو بعض مرضى التهاب الرتوج من آلام في الجهة اليمنى من البطن وقد يرجع ذلك لوجود الرتوج في الجهة اليمنى من القولون إلا أن وجودها في ذلك المكان أقل بكثير من الجهة اليسرى من القولون.

الأسباب

سبب المرض غير معروف، لكن يُعتقد أنّ 40% من احتماليّة خطر الإصابة بالمرض هو التركيب الجيني للشخص، و 60% يعود إلى عوامل بيئية، أما  السمنة فتُعد عامل خطر آخر مختلف.

الغذاء
ليس جليّاً تماماً ما تقوم به الألياف الغذائية من دور في حدوث التهاب الرُّتوج، فمن المعروف على الأغلب أن الغذاء فقير الألياف يشكل عامل خطورة للإصابة بالمرض، ولكن لا تزال براهين دعم هذه الفكرة مبهمة.

ليس هنالك أدلة تشير إلى أنّ تجنّب تناول الجوز والبذور يقي أو يمنع من تطور الرُّتوج إلى حالة حادة من الالتهاب. ومما يظهر حقيقةً أن تناول مقدار عالي من الجوز وحبوب الذرة قد يساعد الذكور البالغين في حماية أنفسهم من التهاب الرُّتوج.

الفيزيولوجيا المرضية
ينتج المرض نتيجة تغيُّرات داخل الأمعاء كزيادة الضغط بسبب الانقباض الخاطئ لعضلات الأمعاء.
أغلب المصابين لا يعانون من أي إزعاج أو أعراض، مع ذلك قد تتضمّن الأعراض مَعَص خفيف وانتفاخ وإمساك. أمراض أخرى كداء الأمعاء الالتهابي وقرحة المعدة يسببان مشاكل شبيهة بالرتوج؛ لذلك وجود مثل هذه الأعراض لا يعني دائما الإصابة بالرُّتوج.

التشخيص

عادةً يتم تشخيص من يعانون من الأعراض المذكورة أعلاه بواسطة التصوير المقطعي المحوسب  حيث تصل درجة دقّته إلى 98% في تشخيص التهاب الرُّتوج، للحصول على أهم المعلومات الممكنة الموضِّحة لحالة المريض يتم أخذ صور لطبقات رقيقة تصل (5 ملم) لكامل البطن والحوض في وسط تبايني من خلال اعطاء المريض الصبغة التباينية عن طرق الفم والوريد. من خلال الصور يتم ملاحظة زيادة موضعية في سُمك جدار القولون وكذلك التهابات تمتد إلى النسيج الدهني الحيط به. التهاب الرُّتوج الحاد يتم تشخيصه بدقة عندما يشمل الجزء المعنيّ على رتج أو جيب. كما يتم من خلال التصوير الطبقي أو المقطعي تحديد المرضى الذين يعانون من التهابات مضاعفة كوجود الخُراج حيث يسمح بتصريفه كذلك فيتم تجنيب المريض التدخل الجراحي الفوري. لا يستخدم تنظير القولون أو حقنة الباريوم في حالات الالتهاب الحاد تجنباً لخطورة حدوث انثقاب بالقولون.

التشخيص التفريقي
يشمل سرطان القولون، داء الأمعاء الالتهابي، إلتهاب القولون الإقفاري، متلازمة القولون المتهيِّج، بالإضافة إلى عدد من عمليات الجهازالبولي والنسائية.

العلاج
معظم حالات الالتهاب البسيطة وغير المترافقة بمضاعفات تستجيب للمعالجة المُحافظة كإراحة الجهاز الهضمي أو الأمعاء. يتم وضع بعض الأشخاص تحت نظام حمية غذائية منخفضة؛ حيث يساعد وجود ألياف قليلة بالغذاء في إعطاء القولون وقت كافي للشفاء.

يتم علاج التهاب الرتوج عن طريق إراحة الجهاز الهضمي (بالامتناع عن الطعام) والتغذية عن طريق المحاليل الوريدية واستخدام المضادات الحيوية واسعة الطيف. قد يستلزم علاج بعض مضاعفات الالتهاب كالناسور والخراج والتهاب الصفاق تدخل جراحي. كما ينصح المرضى ممن يعانون من التهاب متكرر للرتوج بإزالة الجزء المتضرر من القولون.

المضادات الحيوية
تستخدم المضادات الحيوية عند الاشتباه بوجود عدوى بكتيرية، وعلى الرغم من أنّ العديد من المبادئ التوجيهية توصي باستعمال المضادات الحيوية إلا أنه في الحالات الحادة غير المعقدة من التهاب الرُّتوج لا توجد أدلة كافية تجيز أو تدعم الأستخدام الروتيني لها حيث تبين من خلال الدراسات أنها لا تعجل من الشفاء ولا تقي من المضاعفات أو تمنع عودة المرض مجددا.

الجراحة
غالبا لا يُحتاج لها  إلا أن وجود بعض المضاعفات كإلتهاب الصِّفاق أو الخراج أو الناسور قد يتطلب إجراء عملية جراحية فورية أو على أساسيات انتقائية، فقد يعتمد قرار إجراء العملية الانتقائية على عوامل خارجية مثل: مرحلة المرض وعمر المريض والحالة الصحية العامة له ودرجة خطورة وتكرار نوبات المرض، أو إذا استمرّت الأعراض بعد أول نوبة حادة من المرض.
في معظم الحالات يتم إتخاذ قرار إجراء العملية بعد التبيّن من أن مخاطرها ستكون أقل من إذا بقيت المضاعفات موجودة، فبعد ستة أسابيع على الأقل من الشفاء من الحالة الحادة للالتهاب يستطاع إجراء الجراحة.
يتم إجراء عملية جراحية طارئة للمرضى الذين يعانون من تمزق في الأمعاء يؤدي إلى عدوى لجوف البطن، فالجزء الممزق أو المفتوق يتم إزالته ثم يقوم الجراح بعمل فغر للقولون أي يصل النهاية السليمة للقولون بفتحة بالجلد يتم من خلالها إخراج البراز لخارج الجسم، يتم إغلاق الثغرة أو الفتحة بعد 10 إلى 12 أسبوع بعملية لاحقة يتم من خلالها ربط النهايات المقطوعة للقولون.

التوجه الجراحي الأول يتمثّل بعمل استئصال وتفاغر(ربط بين عضوين) ويكون للمرضى غير المصابين بمشاكل في الأوعية الدموية أو التوتر أو التوذُّم في أمعائهم، الحد أو الحافة الأدنى أو القريبة من القولون يجب أن تكون طيّعة أو مرنة ليس فيها تضخّم أو التهاب، أما الحافة الأبعد أو الأقصى يجب أن تكون ممتدة إلى الثلث الأعلى من المستقيم. ليس بالضرورة كل القولون المتكون عليه رتوج يجب إزالته، الرّتوج المتكوّنة أدنى من القولون النازل أو السيني لا ينتج عنها أعراض زائدة أقوى.

هناك نوعين من الجراحة إما استئصال أو قطع الأمعاء الأولي أو قطع الأمعاء مع عمل مفاغرة للقولون، أيا كان النوع فإنه يتم من خلال الطريقة التقليدية أو من خلال التنظير. الطريقة التقليدية تتم من خلال عملية مفتوحة تسمّى استئصال القولون يوضع فيها المريض تحت التخدير العام ويقوم الجرّاح بعمل شِقّ في منتصف الجزء الأسفل من البطن أو شِق أفقي جانبي، يتم إزالة الجزء المصاب من القولون ثم تُشبك النهايات السليمة مجددا مع بعضها.
إذا ما وجدت حاجة لإراحة الأمعاء من وظيفتها الطبيعية يتم عمل مفاغرة القولون حتى يتم شفاؤها، فيتم عمل فتحة مؤقّتة على سطح الجلد وأمرار نهاية القولون من خلال الجدار البطني ثم ارتباطه بكيس أو حقيبة قابلة للنقل والفصل بحيث تتجمّع فيها الفضلات.

مع ذلك فإن معظم الجراحين يفضّلون عمل قطع للأمعاء باستخدام المنظار بُغية تقليص الألم التالي للجراحة وتسريع شفاء المريض، فالجراحة التنظيرية عبارة عن إجراء ثلاثة إلى أربعة شقوق صغيرة في السُّرَّة أو البطن تصل إلى الداخل.
كامل العملية الجراحية تشمل ثلاث خطوات تختلف في مستوى تعقيدها تبعا لمنطقة القولون وطبيعة المرض وهي سحب أو تبعيد القولون وتقسيم ما يرتبط بالقولون وتشريح أو تسليخ المساريق. بعد سحب القولون يقوم الجراح بتقسيم ما يتصل بالكبد والأمعاء الدقيقة، وبعد تشريح الأوعية الدموية للمساريق يستخدم الجراح مشابك جراحية خاصة لإغلاق القولون ثم قطع الجزء مابين المشبكين.

في حالات الالتهاب المفرط أو الزائد الذي يجعل من اسئصال القولون الأولّي خطِر جدا يتم إجراء عملية الإستئصال مع عمل مفاغرة للقولون بعملية تسمّى  عادة ما يتم اجراؤها في الحالات المهدِّدة للحياة.

جراحة اسئصال القولون مع المفاغرة تتضمّن عمل مفاغرة مؤقتة تتبع جراحة تالية عكسية لغلق الفغرة أو المفاغرة، يقوم الجراح بعمل فتحة أو ثغرة (فغرة) في الجدار البطني كي يتم تطهير البطن من نواتج العدوى والإلتهاب، يمر القولون خلال الفتحة وتخرج الفضلات لكيس خارجي.
المفاغرة غالبا ما تكون مؤتة وتصبح دائمة في بعض الحالات اعتمادا على درجة خطورة الحالة المرضيّة، في أكثر الأوقات بعد أن يحصل الشفاء من الالتهاب لاحقا بأشهر يتم إجراء عملية جراحية أخرى يُعاد فيها ربط القولون بالمستقيم وإغلاق الفغرة.

المضاعفات
تحدث المضاعفات عندما تغزو البكتيريا الناتجة من انفجار رتج أو جيب ملتهب في القولونامعا مناطق أخرى فمثلا انتشار العدوى إلى بطانة التجويف البطني(الصِّفاق) ينتج إلتهاب الصِّفاق المهلك، وأحيانا يسبب الرّتج الملتهب تضيُّق في الأمعاء يؤدي إلى الإنسداد، وقد يلتصق الجزء المتأثّر من القولون بالمثانة أو أي عضو في التجويف الحوضي ويكون ما يسمى بالناسور؛ أي ارتباط شاذ غير طبيعي بين عضو وآخر أو تركيب مجاور هنا بين القولون.
 إنسداد الأمعاء
 إلتهاب الصِّفاق
 الخُراج
 الناسور
 النّزيف
 تضيُّق

الوبائيّات
غالبا ما يحدث في فئة متوسطي العمر والكبار، إلا أنه قد يصيب صغار السن أيضا  بأعمار العشرين تقريبا حيث تساهم البدانة المتوسطة في ذلك وتسبب التهاب الرّتوج.

في الدول الغربية يصيب التهاب الرُّتوج القولون السّيني غالبا- الجزء الرابع (95%من المرضى). معدل الانتشار قد زاد بتقدير10% في عقد 1920إلى 35-50% في عقد 1960. 65% ممن هم فوق عمر 85 يُعتقد بإصابتهم بأي شكل من أشكال مرض الرُّتوج وأقل من 5% ممن هم دون 40 عاما قد يعانون من المرض. رتوج الجانب الأيسر من القولون وخاصة في القولون السيني منتشر أكثر بالدول الغربية، وأما رتوج الجانب الأيمن فغالبا ما يكون منتشرا أكثر في آسيا وإفريقيا. 10-15% من المصابين بالرُّتوج سوف يعانون من التهاب الرُّتوج خلال حياتهم.

المراجع

Diverticulitis

أمراض الأمعاء
جراحة

التهاب الردب


Gaetano Bellei (1857-1922), peintre italien
 Giacomo Bellei (1988-), joueur italien de volley-ball

Bellei


Anafartalar Savaşı aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir:
 Anafartalar Cephesi - Çanakkale Savaşı'nın üçüncü cephesi
 Birinci Anafartalar Muharebesi (9 Ağustos - 10 Ağustos 1915)
 İkinci Anafartalar Muharebesi (21 Ağustos - 29 Ağustos 1915)

Anafartalar Savaşı


Balıkesir Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi 1976 yılında 1418 sayılı kanunca Balıkesir Devlet Mühendislik ve Mimarlık Akademisi olarak kurulmuştur. 1977 yılı şubatında İnşaat Mühendisliği ve Makina Mühendisliği bölümleri hizmete girmiştir. O tarihlerde özerk akademi unvanını taşıyan fakülte 1982-83 öğretim yılında Uludağ Üniversitesi'ne bağlanarak Balıkesir Mühendislik Fakültesi adını almıştır

3 Temmuz 1992 yılında Balıkesir Üniversitesinin kurulması ile Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi adını almıştır. Fakülte, Bigadiç yolu 17. km'de bulunan Çağış Kampüsü'nde yer almaktadır.

1993-1994 yılında Mimarlık bölümü, 1994-1995 yılında Endüstri Mühendisliği bölümü, 2003-2004 yılında Jeoloji Mühendisliği bölümü 2006-2007 öğretim yılında Elektrik-Elektronik Mühendisliği ve Çevre Mühendisliği bölümleri hizmete girmiştir.

Balıkesir Üniversitesi'nin bünyesinde bulunan Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Bakanlar Kurulu kararı ile 8 Mart 2016 tarihinde kapatılarak Mühendislik Fakültesi ve Mimarlık Fakültesi olmak üzere iki ayrı fakülteye ayrılmıştır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmi İnternet Sitesi
 İnşaat Mühendisliği
 Makina Mühendisliği
 Endüstri Mühendisliği
 Çevre Mühendisliği
 Jeoloji Mühendisliği
 Elektrik-Elektronik Mühendisliği
 Bilgisayar Mühendisliği
 Mekatronik Mühendisliği
 Gıda Mühendisliği

Mühendislik-Mimarlık
Türkiye'deki mühendislik fakülteleri
Mimarlık fakülteleri


Plusieurs salles de théâtre sont présentes à Bordeaux (commune française située dans le département de la Gironde, en région Nouvelle-Aquitaine), les plus connus étant le Théâtre National Bordeaux Aquitaine (TnBA) et le Théâtre Femina. Le théâtre de l'Alcazar et le théâtre Alhambra étaient connus mais ont fermé.

Historique des théâtres bordelais
Les premiers théâtres fixes, abritant des salles dites "à l'Italienne", apparaissent dans la plupart des villes au milieu du , souvent à l'initiative de l'intendant de la province.

À Bordeaux les jurats avaient fait construire en 1738 une salle en pierre dans les jardins de l'ancien l'hôtel de ville, alors situé à proximité de la Grosse-Cloche, sur les plans de l'architecte de la ville, Montégut, théâtre d'une capacité de  qui fut détruit par un incendie dans la nuit du 28 au .

Dans l'attente de la reconstruction nécessaire bien qu'hypothétique de l'hôtel de ville qui devait intégrer une nouvelle salle de spectacle, un théâtre fut aménagé en 1760 à l'entrée de la rue de la Corderie (actuelle rue Condillac) proche de la place Dauphine (actuelle Place Gambetta).

Donnés par la troupe permanente créée en 1761 par le maréchal de Richelieu, duc de Fronsac et gouverneur de la Guyenne, ou par les troupes de passage, comédie, tragédie et opéra voisinent alors avec le couvent des Récollets.

Le célèbre comédien Le Kain qui vint jouer à plusieurs reprises dans la salle de la Corderie y rencontra un franc succès mais sera accueilli, lors de sa dernière représentation, par des bourdonnements affectés au point d'être plusieurs minutes sans pouvoir commencer.

Liste de théâtres
(Remarque : Théâtre à l'italienne, le Grand Théâtre est devenu une salle d'opéra qui programme des opéras, ballets et concerts de musique classique, mais pas de pièces de théâtre. Place de la Comédie)

Anciens théâtres
Théâtre L'Alcazar :  Le pont de pierre est construit entre 1810 et 1822 et la place du Pont en 1816 (qui devient la Place de Stalingrad en 1946). Pour aménager la place, un théâtre populaire, « L'Alcazar », est construit. La façade est décorée par les bustes de Pierrot et Colombine, allégorie de la danse et de la musique. En 1892 il est transformé en Music-hall. Le comique troupier Éloi Ouvrard y triomphe. En 1967, l'Alcazar prend le nom d'« Eden » et devient une salle de cinéma, puis, sous le nom de « Rétro » il devient un dancing. Enfin, le lieu devient un grand magasin avant son aménagement en 2010 en plusieurs appartements et restaurants.

Théâtre Alhambra de Bordeaux, il a définitivement fermé en 1982. À partir de 1990, il a été presque entièrement démoli, seule la façade du théâtre ayant été inscrite au titre des Monuments Historiques en 1984.

Théâtre Le Français : le Théâtre Français – qui remplace l'ancien Théâtre des Variétés – est l'œuvre de l'architecte Jean-Baptiste Dufart, un collaborateur de Victor Louis. Il abrite une salle de 1600 places. Il s'agit actuellement d'un cinéma multiplexe CGR.

Bibliographie
 Histoire des théâtres de Bordeaux, depuis leur origine dans cette ville jusqu'à nos jours par Arnaud Detcheverry (1799-1868).
 La vie théâtrale à Bordeaux des origines à nos jours, par Henri Lagrave, Charles Mazouer & Marc Regaldo, Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1985

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
Théâtre Femina, Théâtre national de Bordeaux en Aquitaine, Théâtre Alhambra, Casino de Bordeaux, Grand Théâtre
Culture à Bordeaux, Culture en Aquitaine

Liens externes

Théâtre, opéra, danse & cirques sur le site de la ville de Bordeaux.
AgendaCulturel.fr : Salles de spectacle à Bordeaux
Petit Futé : Théâtres à Bordeaux

Salles de théâtre de Bordeaux
Salles de théâtre de Bordeaux

Liste des salles de théâtre de Bordeaux