Sedlničtí de Choltic, de asemenea, Sedlnitzky z Choltitz, (în ) este o veche familie de latifundiari cehi, care a fost ulterior înnobilată. Se trăgea probabil din familia nobiliară Beneš. A avut reședința principală în Choltice din zona Přelouč.

Istoric
Reședința sa a fost situată inițial în localitatea Choltice din apropierea orașului Chrudim din Boemia și a fost mutată la începutul secolului al XIV-lea în Moravia, unde Peter von Choltitz a achiziționat în 1373 moșia Erb-Sedlnitz. Descendenții săi au preluat numele adițional de Sedlnitzky. În anul 1401 un oarecare Mikuláš z Choltic deținea, de asemenea, moșia Závěšice de lângă Nový Jičín. Probabil, în acest moment, familia s-a împărțit în două ramuri.

La 8 septembrie 1546 Mikuláš Sedlnický a fost înnobilată în cadrul Regatului Boemiei. Mai mulți membri ai familiei au primit înalte funcții guvernamentale și administrative. Anton Ferdinand a devenit președinte al tribunalului regional din Opava, Josef Antonín Václav vicepreședinte al tribunalului din Liov și a luptat în Ungaria chiar în timpul Revoltei din Boemia din 1620. Petr cel bătrân a fostul unul dintre comandanții oștilor Regatului Boemiei în Bătălia de la Muntele Alb și a trebuit să emigreze, murind în Țările de Jos în anul 1628. Urmașii săi, proveniți din căsătoria fiicei sale Anna cu Isaac de Perponcher, au trăit în Prusia și au format linia Perponcher-Sedlnitzky. Membrii familiei au avut mai puțin succes în calitate de administratori de moșii. Au avut moșii în Moravia de nord și în Silezia, ca, de exemplu, Zábřeh, Slavkov u Opavy, Hluchov sau Bílovec. La începutul secolului al XVII-lea ei s-au îndatorat tot mai mult și au pierdut o mare parte a proprietăților lor.

La sfârșitul secolului al XVII-lea, mai precis pe 16 septembrie 1695, conducătorul familiei Sedlnický a primit titlul de conte al imperiului. Contele Josef Sedlnický z Choltic (1778–1855) a fost un funcționar superior austriac, ce a lucrat în perioada 1817–1848 ca șef al Poliției din Viena. El a condus aparatul polițienesc austriac și a supravegheat  cenzura în spiritul absolutismului lui Metternich.

Frații lui Josef au fost:
 Antonín (1776–1850), consilier secret, președinte de tribunal,
 Jan Karel (1781–1858), consilier guvernamental secret al Prusiei,
 Leopold (1787–1871), episcop de Breslau (1836-1840)
 Karel Julius (1792–1856), maior în Armata Austriacă.
Descendenții familiei Sedlnitzky și ai familiei Perponcher-Sedlnitzky trăiesc astăzi în Germania și Austria.

Înrudiri
Familia Sedlničtí este înrudită cu familiile Prusinowitz, Haugwitz, Žampach și Würben.

Referințe

Bibliografie

 Ottův slovník naučný, díl XXII., s. 757–760, heslo Sedlnický z Choltic

Legături externe
 PhDr. Josef Gebauer: Sedlničtí z Choltic

Nobili austrieci

Sedlničtí z Choltic


was a town located in Echi District, Shiga Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 7,964 and a density of 318.05 persons per km2. The total area was 25.04 km2.

On February 13, 2006, Hatashō, along with the town of Echigawa (also from Echi District), was merged to create the town of Aishō.

Dissolved municipalities of Shiga Prefecture
Aisho, Shiga

Hatashō, Shiga


Klovpleje er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1980 instrueret af Jens Thøgersen.

Handling
Hvilke problemer har kvæg med klovene, når de går i stalden, og hvordan kan man afhjælpe problemerne? Det er for eksempel forvoksede klove, balleforrådnelser og såleknusninger. En behandling af såleknusning vises.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1980

Klovpleje (dokumentarfilm)


In mathematics, the notion of cancellativity (or cancellability) is a generalization of the notion of invertibility.

An element a in a magma  has the left cancellation property (or is left-cancellative) if for all b and c in M,  always implies that .

An element a in a magma  has the right cancellation property (or is right-cancellative) if for all b and c in M,  always implies that .

An element a in a magma  has the two-sided cancellation property (or is cancellative) if it is both left- and right-cancellative.

A magma  has the left cancellation property (or is left-cancellative) if  all a in the magma are left cancellative, and similar definitions apply for the right cancellative or two-sided cancellative properties.

A left-invertible element is left-cancellative, and analogously for right and two-sided. If a⁻¹ is the inverse of a, then a ∗ b = a ∗ c implies a⁻¹ ∗ a ∗ b = a⁻¹ ∗ a ∗ c which implies b = c.

For example, every quasigroup, and thus every group, is cancellative.

Interpretation
To say that an element a in a magma  is left-cancellative, is to say that the function  is injective. That the function g is injective implies that given some equality of the form a ∗ x = b, where the only unknown is x, there is only one possible value of x satisfying the equality. More precisely, we are able to define some function f, the inverse of g, such that for all x . Put another way, for all x and y in M, if a * x = a * y, then x = y.

Similarly, to say that the element a is right-cancellative, is to say that the function  is injective and that for all x and y in M, if x * a = y * a, then x = y.

Examples of cancellative monoids and semigroups
The positive (equally non-negative) integers form a cancellative semigroup under addition. The non-negative integers form a cancellative monoid under addition.  Each of these is an example of a cancellative magma that is not a quasigroup.

In fact, any free semigroup or monoid obeys the cancellative law, and in general, any semigroup or monoid embedding into a group (as the above examples clearly do) will obey the cancellative law.

In a different vein, (a subsemigroup of) the multiplicative semigroup of elements of a ring that are not zero divisors (which is just the set of all nonzero elements if the ring in question is a domain, like the integers) has the cancellation property. Note that this remains valid even if the ring in question is noncommutative and/or nonunital.

Non-cancellative algebraic structures
Although the cancellation law holds for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of real and complex numbers (with the single exception of multiplication by zero and division of zero by another number), there are a number of algebraic structures where the cancellation law is not valid.

The cross product of two vectors  does not obey the cancellation law. If , then it does not follow that  even if  (take  for example)

Matrix multiplication also does not necessarily obey the cancellation law. If  and , then one must show that matrix A is invertible (i.e. has ) before one can conclude that . If , then B might not equal C, because the matrix equation  will not have a unique solution for a non-invertible matrix A.

Also note that if  and  and the matrix A is invertible (i.e. has ), it is not necessarily true that . Cancellation works only for  and  (provided that matrix A is invertible) and not for  and .

See also
 Grothendieck group
 Invertible element
 Cancellative semigroup
 Integral domain

References

Non-associative algebra
Properties of binary operations
Algebraic properties of elements

fr:Loi de composition interne#Réguliers et dérivés

Cancellation property


An Calamovilfa in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Calamovilfa in nahilalakip ha familia nga Poaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Calamovilfa

Calamovilfa


An Bromus tacna in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel. An Bromus tacna in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bromus, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Peru. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Bromus

Bromus tacna


Kenneth Ray "Ken" Lucas (* 22. August 1933 in Covington, Kenton County, Kentucky) ist ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1999 und 2005 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Kentucky im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
Ken Lucas wuchs auf einer Farm im Grant County auf. Bis 1955 studierte er an der University of Kentucky in Lexington. Danach war er zwischen 1955 und 1967 Offizier in der United States Air Force. Später gehörte er dem Fliegerkorps der Nationalgarde an. Am Ende seiner Militärzeit hatte er den Rang eines Majors erreicht. Politisch schloss sich Lucas der Demokratischen Partei an. Zwischen 1967 und 1974 war er Gemeinderat in Florence. Danach war er von 1974 bis 1982 bei der Verwaltung des Boone County angestellt. Von 1992 bis 1998 arbeitete er dort am Bezirksgericht.

Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1998 wurde Lucas im vierten Wahlbezirk von Kentucky in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 3. Januar 1999 die Nachfolge des Republikaners Jim Bunning antrat. Nach zwei Wiederwahlen konnte er bis zum 3. Januar 2005 drei Legislaturperioden im Kongress absolvieren. Dort galt er als einer der konservativsten demokratischen Abgeordneten. Ihm wurde mehrfach der Übertritt zur Republikanischen Partei angeboten, was er aber ablehnte.

Im Jahr 2004 verzichtete Lucas auf eine erneute Kandidatur. 2006 scheiterte sein Versuch einer Rückkehr in den Kongress. Im Februar 2009 übernahm er als Commissioner die Leitung der Veteranenbehörde von Kentucky (Department of Veterans Affairs).

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Kentucky
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1933
Mann

Ken Lucas


Os Krenyê são um grupo indígena que habita o centro do estado Maranhão,

Vivem em especial na Reserva Indígena Krenyê, no município de Tuntum, além de outros territórios.

Denominação
Na definição Krenyê, o nome viria do pássaro conhecido pelos não-índios como "periquito jandaia".

Os Krenyê são classificados como pertencentes ao do tronco linguístico macro-jê e do grupo dos timbiras.

Os timbiras, por sua vez, se dividem entre os ocidentais na margem esquerda do rio Tocantins (Apinajé, no Tocantins) e orientais na margem direita do rio Tocantins (Gavião Parakateyê no Pará; Gavião Pukobyê, Krikati, Canela, Krenyê, Krepumkateyê, no Maranhão; Krahô, no Tocantins).

No entanto, atualmente falam somente a língua portuguesa.

História
Os primeiros registros referentes aos Kreniê-Timbira são do início do século XIX, quando o comandante Francisco de Paula Ribeiro, chefe da milícia expedicionária oficial da província do Maranhão, com objetivo de expandir as fronteiras para a exploração agropastoril nos sertões maranhenses,  elaborou relatórios sobre a região centro-sul do estado e os povos timbiras que a habitavam, entre eles os Krenyê na região de Bacabal.

Francisco de Paula Ribeiro denominou  os "Krenyê de Bacabal" como "Timbira do Baixo Mearim" (1841), juntamente com os povos Pobzé e os Kukoékamekrá.

O etnólogo Nimuendajú mencionou, em 1946, a existência de dois povos distintos denominados como Krenyê, os quais diferenciou em: "Krenyê de Bacabal" e "Krenyê de Cajuapara", considerando que os Krenyê de Bacabal assemelhavam-se aos Timbira de Araparytiua, e os do Cajuapara pareciam mais com os Krepumkateye e Pukopyê.

No século XIX, os Krenyé foram atraídos para o contorno da Vila Santa Leopoldina, na atual cidade de Bacabal, que objetivava o aldeamento dos Krenyê e dos Pobzé.

No início da década de 1940, uma epidemia de sarampo provocou grande mortalidade entre os Krenyê que habitavam a antiga aldeia da Mangueira na localidade  identificada pelo  grupo  como Pedra do Salgado (no atual município de Vitorino  Freire, antigo povoado de Bacabal), sendo reduzida a uma população de menos de 50 pessoas. A epidemia e conflitos com criadores de gado provenientes do Ceará provocaram a fuga de muitos indivíduos para a mata.

Os Krenyê de Bacabal sofreram um processo de fragmentação e dispersão e se dividiram entre terras dos Tenetehara e Gavião-Pukobyê, além de periferias de algumas cidades como Santa Inês, Barra do Corda e Pindaré-Mirim.

O grupo chegou a ser considerando extinto pelos órgãos oficiais, o que os privou de atendimentos por políticas públicas, e passou por conflitos com outros grupos indígenas e com a população regional, que questionavam a identidade Krenyê.

Terra Indígena Krenye
Desde 2004, os Krenyê reivindicavam a demarcação de suas terras e luta por reconhecimento de sua identidade étnica, bem como o retorno para a antiga aldeia em Pedra do Salgado.

Em 2009, o grupo fez uma visita a Pedra do Salgado, em Bacabal e identificaram no local as três mangueiras onde os mais velhos faziam os rituais de encontro com os espíritos e que foram plantadas pelo bisavô de umas das lideranças do movimento.

Em 2010, os Krenyê foram expulsos da Terra Indígena Rodeador (onde vivam desde 2003), após conflitos de terra, passando a habitar a periferia da cidade de Barra do Corda, no interior do Maranhão, o que levou a FUNAI a buscar propostas alternativas para a ocupação de terras pelos indígenas.

Com a demora para uma solução, uma ação civil pública proposta pelo Ministério Público Federal determinou que a FUNAI criasse grupo técnico para os estudos de identificação e delimitação da área reivindicada pelos indígenas, em 2013.

Em 2015, a FUNAI publicou edital para aquisição de imóveis na região onde vivam os indígenas. A vistoria dos imóveis contou com a participação de lideranças Krenyê e de membros da Fundação. Foi selecionada a Fazenda Vão Chapéu, no município de Tuntum, com superfície em cerca de oito mil hectares.

Em fevereiro de 2019, foi entregue a escritura da Reserva Krenyê para os indígenas.

Os Krenyê também podem ser encontrados nas terras indígenas Rio Pindaré, Governador, Canabrava, Geralda Toco Preto e Krikati.

Referências
Povos indígenas do Maranhão
Timbiras

Krenyê


Buford Hayse Pusser (December 12, 1937 – August 21, 1974) was the sheriff of McNairy County, Tennessee, from 1964 to 1970, and constable of Adamsville from 1970 to 1972. Pusser is known for his virtual one-man war on moonshining, prostitution, gambling, and other vices along the Mississippi–Tennessee state line. His efforts have inspired several books, songs, movies and a TV series. He was also a wrestler known as "Buford the Bull" in the Mid-South.

The Buford Pusser Museum was established at the home he lived in at the time of his death in 1974. A Buford Pusser Festival is held each May in his hometown of Adamsville, Tennessee.

Life and career
Buford Pusser was born in Finger, McNairy County, Tennessee, on December 12, 1937, the son of Helen (née Harris) and Carl Pusser. His father was the police chief of Adamsville, Tennessee. Buford Pusser was a high-school football and basketball player and was  tall. He joined the United States Marine Corps when he graduated from high school. His service ended during his United States Marine Corps Recruit Training, when he was given a medical discharge for asthma.

In 1957, he moved to Chicago, where he was a local wrestler known as "Buford The Bull". He married Pauline Mullins on December 5, 1959. Pusser returned home in 1962. He was Adamsville's police chief and constable from 1962 to 1964. After incumbent sheriff James Dickey was killed in an auto accident, Pusser was then elected sheriff of McNairy County, Tennessee, becoming the youngest sheriff in Tennessee's history. Pusser promptly began trying to eliminate the Dixie Mafia and the State Line Mob.

Pusser survived several assassination attempts. On February 1, 1966, Louise Hathcock attempted to kill Pusser during an on-site investigation of a robbery complaint at The Shamrock. Hathcock fired on Pusser with a concealed .38 pistol. Pusser returned fire and killed Hathcock. On January 2, 1967, Pusser was shot three times by an unidentified gunman.

While he was already a local hero, Pusser's "war" on the State Line Mob was brought to national prominence when his wife, Pauline, was killed on August 12, 1967, during an assassination ambush intended for Pusser and instigated by Hathcock's common-law husband. Pusser named Kirksey Nix as the contractor of his wife's killers, although neither Nix nor anyone else was ever charged with the crime. Pusser shot and killed an intoxicated Charles Russell Hamilton on December 25, 1968, after responding to a complaint that Hamilton had threatened his landlord with a gun.

Pusser was ineligible for re-election in 1970 due to the term limit then in effect. He was defeated in his bid for sheriff in 1972. Pusser blamed the loss to incumbent Sheriff Clifford Coleman in part on the controversy surrounding the making of the semibiographical movie, Walking Tall. He was re-elected as constable of Adamsville by a majority of voters, who wrote in his name on their ballots. He served as constable for two more years (1970–1972).

Murder of Pauline Pusser
According to Pusser, his phone rang before dawn on the morning of August 12, 1967, informing him of a disturbance on New Hope Road in McNairy County; Pusser responded and his wife Pauline rode along. Shortly after they passed the New Hope Methodist Church, a fast-moving car came alongside theirs and the occupants opened fire, killing Pauline and leaving Pusser for dead. Doctors said he was struck on the left side of his jaw by at least two, or possibly three, rounds from a .30-caliber carbine. He spent 18 days in the hospital before returning home, and needed several more surgeries to restore his appearance.

Despite vowing to bring his wife's murderers to justice, Pusser was unable to bring Kirksey Nix or any of the accused to trial. Nix was sentenced to the Louisiana State Penitentiary in Angola for the 1971 Easter Saturday murder of New Orleans grocer Frank J. Corso. While imprisoned, Nix ordered the 1987 murder-for-hire of Judge Vincent Sherry and his wife Margaret, in Biloxi, Mississippi. His conspirator, Biloxi Mayor Pete Halat, had, in his capacity as Nix's attorney, stolen hundreds of thousands of dollars that Nix had amassed in a massive lonely hearts scam, blaming it on his law partner, Judge Sherry. Nix was later sentenced to isolation for the rest of his life. According to a 1990 AP story in The Town Talk, a newspaper in Alexandria, Louisiana, Nix denied being involved in the drive-by ambush on the Pussers.

Death
Pusser died on August 21, 1974, of injuries sustained in a one-car automobile accident four miles west of Adamsville. Earlier that day, he had contracted with Bing Crosby Productions in Memphis to portray himself in the sequel to Walking Tall. That evening, returning home alone from the McNairy County Fair in his specially modified Corvette, Pusser struck an embankment at high speed that ejected him from the vehicle. The car caught fire and burned.

Local speculation as to the cause included rumors of sabotage to the steering mechanism and the tie rods. The state trooper who worked the accident, Paul Ervin, later became McNairy County sheriff. Ervin claimed that Pusser's death was caused by drunk driving without a seat belt. Buford's daughter, Dwana Pusser, a passenger in another car, came upon the scene of the accident minutes later. No autopsy of Pusser's body was performed. As sheriff, Pusser was credited with surviving seven stabbings and eight shootings. Pusser's memorial service was held at the Adamsville Church of Christ.

In music
Singer Eddie Bond wrote and recorded several songs honoring Pusser, beginning with "Buford Pusser" in 1968. Many of them were collected on a 1973 LP album, Eddie Bond Sings The Legend Of Buford Pusser. Pusser himself was also a recording artist, with "It Happened In Tennessee", released in October 1973 on Stax Records subsidiary Respect. Southern rock band Drive-By Truckers told the story of Pusser's battle with organized crime in the songs "The Boys from Alabama", "Cottonseed", and "The Buford Stick" from their 2004 album The Dirty South. In the songs "The Buford Stick" and "The Boys From Alabama", they speculated on how criminals might have viewed Pusser.

His name is mentioned in the song "First Blood" on the 2022 album Bleed Out by the American folk-indie band The Mountain Goats.

Pop culture

Pusser was the subject of three biographical books written by W.R. Morris: The Twelfth of August: The Story of Buford Pusser (1971), Buford: True Story of "Walking Tall" Sheriff Buford Pusser (1984), and The State Line Mob: A True Story of Murder and Intrigue (1990). In addition, Morris also created a pictorial history book of Buford called The Legacy of Buford Pusser: A Pictorial History of the "Walking Tall" Sheriff (1997). Pusser's daughter Dwana released a book in 2009 entitled Walking On, which is also an account of his life.

The 1973 movie Walking Tall was based on Pusser's story. It was followed by two sequels in 1975 and 1977, a TV movie in 1978, and a brief TV series in 1981.

A remake by the same title was released in 2004 starring Dwayne Johnson as the main character, renamed Chris Vaughn.

After the success of the 2004 film, Walking Tall: The Payback was released in 2007 direct-to-video. The name of the main character, who was portrayed by Kevin Sorbo, was changed to Nick Prescott, and the movie was set in the Dallas area. Later that year, on September 25, 2007, Sorbo returned in Walking Tall: Lone Justice.

Jimmy Buffett refers to an altercation between  Pusser and himself in the songs "Presents To Send You" and "Semi-True Stories" (from the albums A1A and Beach House on the Moon, respectively). According to Buffett, Pusser and he were staying in the same Nashville motel when Buffett decided to go out for some food and bring it back to the motel. Buffett, who had been drinking, could not find his rental car and decided to climb up on a Cadillac for a better view. That Cadillac turned out to belong to Pusser, who was not at all pleased to find this stranger atop his car.

Pusser is mentioned in season three, episode eight of The Wire by Officer Jimmy McNulty in reference to a sheriff to whom he plans to speak.

Comedian Jeff Foxworthy, in his 1993 studio album, You Might Be a Redneck if..., refers to Buford Pusser in a joke about his wife's childbirth retellings, remarking, "You didn't have more stitches than Buford Pusser".

References

Further reading

External links

 Official Buford Pusser Museum Home Page
 Video interview with Buford Pusser

 History of Buford Pusser
 Tennessee Historical Marker for Buford Pusser

1937 births
1974 deaths
American shooting survivors
Stabbing survivors
People from McNairy County, Tennessee
Tennessee sheriffs
Tennessee Republicans
Road incident deaths in Tennessee
Anti-crime activists
20th-century American politicians
Stabbing attacks in the United States
People from Adamsville, Tennessee

Buford Pusser


O HMS King George V foi um couraçado operado pela Marinha Real Britânica e a primeira embarcação da Classe King George V, seguido pelo ,  e . Sua construção começou em janeiro de 1911 no Estaleiro Real de Portsmouth e foi lançado ao mar em outubro do mesmo ano, sendo comissionado em novembro de 1912. Era armado com uma bateria principal de dez canhões de 343 milímetros em cinco torres de artilharia duplas, tinha um deslocamento de mais de 27 mil toneladas e alcançava uma velocidade máxima de 21 nós.

O King George V teve uma carreira tranquila em tempos de paz. Ele integrou a Grande Frota durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial, passando a maior parte de seus primeiros anos realizando patrulhas pelo Mar do Norte. Ele participou da Batalha da Jutlândia em maio e junho de 1916, porém praticamente não teve oportunidades de enfrentar o inimigo e disparou apenas dois salvos no decorrer de toda a batalha. A embarcação não entrou mais em ação depois disso e passou o restante do conflito novamente em patrulhas, resultado de estratégias navais mais cautelosas.

O navio foi inicialmente colocado na reserva depois da guerra, mas foi reativado em 1920 e transferido para a Frota do Mediterrâneo, atuando no Império Otomano. Enquanto estava no local ajudou a evacuar refugiados do Grande Incêndio de Esmirna em setembro de 1922, levando-os para Malta. Voltou para casa pouco depois e foi brevemente usado como navio-escola até ser colocado na reserva no final de 1923. Permaneceu inativo até ser descomissionado em outubro de 1926 para cumprir limitações do Tratado Naval de Washington, sendo desmontado no ano seguinte.

Referências

Bibliografia

Ligações externas

Classe King George V (1911)
Navios de 1911
Navios construídos na Inglaterra
Couraçados da Marinha Real Britânica
Couraçados do Reino Unido na Primeira Guerra Mundial

HMS King George V (1911)


المصطلح نقطة حرجة يمكن أن تعني:
 نقطة حرجة (رياضيات)
 نقطة حرجة (ديناميكا حرارية)
 نقطة حرجة في منطقة بريلوين Brillouin zone

صفحات توضيح في الرياضيات
توضيح رياضي

نقطة حرجة (توضيح)


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Kopčany enthält die vier nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Kopčany im Okres Skalica.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

!
Kopcany


El conteo bacteriano señala la magnitud de la población total bacteriana. En ese sentido se puede determinar por diversas técnicas que se basan en algunos de los siguientes tipos de medida: cuenta celular (directamente al microscopio o mediante un contador electrónico de partículas o indirectamente con la cuenta de colonias), masa celular (en forma directa pesando el contenido celular del nitrógeno o indirectamente por turbidimetría, proporcional al número de células) y actividad celular (indirectamente relacionando el grado de actividad bioquímica al tamaño de la población bacteriana). Existen muchos medios diferenciales, en la práctica rutinaria se usan los siguientes:

Tipos de conteo bacteriano

Conteo en placa de petri
Método más usado para contar bacterias. Se prepara un caldo de cultivo, el cual posteriormente se vierte en las placas de petri. Dependiendo del tipo de sembrado, puede que la muestra se encuentre incorporada en el agar (Pour method) o puede que la muestra se disperse sobre el agar gelificado (Spread method). Es de suponerse que cada célula o grupo de células presentes en la muestra se reproducirá en sus múltiples alrededores para producir "colonias de células" separadas en el agar. Cada colonia es llamada unidad formadora de colonias (UFC). Es importante considerar un número limitado de colonias pues de no ser así, éstas pueden sobrepoblarse y dificultar el conteo de las mismas (rango sugerido de acuerdo a FDA 25-250 colonias). El conteo se facilita utilizando un contador de colonias.
Este método es deseable porque arroja el total de células viables (solo células vivas); en contraste con el conteo microscópico y el conteo de peso seco.
Una desventaja radica en el tiempo que requiere para producir las colonias, ya que se necesitan como mínimo 24 horas o más. Por otra parte, no es cien por ciento fiable porque generalmente las colonias crecen unidas en cadenas o en grupos.

Conteo por filtración
Es realizado cuando la cantidad de bacterias es muy pequeña, como en casos de lagos y arroyos relativamente puros. En esta técnica se necesitan al menos 100 mL de agua que atraviesen una membrana delgada de un filtro, con poros tan pequeños que no permitan el paso de bacterias, de esta forma éstas son retenidas en la superficie del filtro.

Posteriormente el filtro es transferido a una caja de petri que cuenta con un caldo nutritivo, en la cual las colonias surgen de las bacterias en la superficie del filtro. Las colonias bacterianas formadas por este método son distintivas cuando ocupan un medio diferencial.

Este método es aplicado frecuentemente en la detección y enumeración de bacterias coliformes, las cuales son indicadores de contaminación fecal en la comida o en el agua.

Método del número más probable (NMP)
Es una técnica de estimación estadística basada en el hecho que a mayor número de bacterias en una muestra, mayor será la dilución necesitada para reducir la densidad hasta el punto en que ninguna bacteria se le permita crecer en la serie de tubos de dilución. Muestras microbianas son añadidas a tubos con caldos de lactosa y la presencia o ausencia de gas formado en la fermentación y da un estimado de número de células.
Este método es más útil cuando las bacterias que están siendo contados no crecerán en medios sólidos, como en el caso de las bacterias nitrificantes quimioautótrofas. También es útil cuando el crecimiento de la bacteria es en un medio líquido diferencial, usado para identificar microbios, como en bacterias coliformes.
El NMP es la única afirmación en la cual existe 95% de probabilidad que la población bacteriana sea de rango correcto, siendo el número estadístico más probable.

Determinación directa por microscopio
Las células se pueden contar en un frote teñido, como es el caso del Método de Breed, colocando en la preparación un volumen conocido de la suspensión de células sobre un área conocida del portaobjetos. Después de haber fijado y teñido el frote, es posible contar con un microscopio las bacterias.

Como no es práctico recorrer toda el área, se cuenta el número de células en unos cuantos campos microscópicos seleccionados al azar. Si el diámetro del campo microscópico se mide con micrómetro objetivo, se puede calcular fácilmente el área, entonces el número de campos en 1 cm² se multiplicará por el promedio del número de células por campo y después por 100 (si se vierte 0.01 mL) el resultado será igual al número de células por mililitro.
Este método es susceptible a muchas críticas debido a su falta de uniformidad al momento de hacer el frote.

Método de turbidez
Para algunos experimentos, es necesario estimar turbidez, ya que es una forma práctica de monitorizar el crecimiento bacteriano. Como una bacteria se multiplica en un medio líquido, éste se torna turbio o de aspecto nublado por las células.
El instrumento usado para medir la turbiedad es un espectrofotómetro (colorímetro). En el espectrofotómetro, un haz de luz es transmitido a través de la suspensión bacteriana a un detector sensible a la luz.
Mientras incremente el número de bacterias, menor será la luz captada por el detector. Este cambio en la luz se registrará en la escala del instrumento como el porcentaje de transmisión. También se registra una expresión logarítmica llamada absorbancia (algunas veces nombrada densidad óptica), un valor derivado del porcentaje de transmisión que puede ser reportado.
Más de un millón de células por mililitro deben estar presentes para que la primera señal de turbidez sea visible. Aproximadamente de 10 millones a 100 millones de células por mililitro son necesitadas para hacer una suspensión suficientemente turbia para leer en el espectrofotómetro.
La turbidez no es útil para medir contaminación en líquidos por la pequeña cantidad relativa de bacterias.

Determinación del peso seco en las células
Es el método más directo para las mediciones cuantitativas de la masa celular y probablemente el más fácilmente realizable y reproducible, aunque se debe aplicar solo en suspensiones celulares muy densas y las células deben ser lavadas muy bien para removerles todo material extra.
Se utiliza para bacterias filamentosas y mohos. En este proceso, el fungus es removido del medio de crecimiento, filtrado para remover material extraño, drenado en un secador y después es pesado.

Bibliografía

Técnicas microbiológicas

Conteo bacteriano


Prințesa Nadejda Petrovna a Rusiei (; 3 martie 1898 – 21 aprilie 1988)  a fost al treilea copil al Marelui Duce Petru Nicolaevici al Rusiei și a soției acestuia, Prințesa Milica de Muntenegru.

Nadejda s-a logodit înainte de izbucnirea Primului Război Mondial cu Prințul Oleg Constantinovici al Rusiei, care a fost ucis în luptă. S-a căsătorit cu Prințul Nicholas Vladimirovici Orlov (1891–1961) în Crimeea, în aprilie 1917. Au fost printre Romanovii care au reușit să scape din Rusia Revoluționară în 1918, la bordul navei britanice HMS Marlborough. Fiica lor, Prințesa Irina Orlova, născută în martie 1918, a fost cel mai mic pasager aflat la bodul navei.

Orlovii au avut două fiice:
 Prințesa Irina Nikolaievna Orlova (27 martie 1918 – 16 septembrie 1989); s-a căsătorit prima dată la Roma, la 27 martie 1940 (a divorțat în 1946) cu baronul Hans von Waldstatten (1918–1977); a doua oară s-a căsătorit la Haga, la 8 ianuarie 1960 cu Anthony Adam Zylstra (1902–1982)
 Prințesa Xenia Nikolaievna Orlova (27 martie 1921 - 17 august 1963); s-a căsătorit prima dată la Avon, la 27 martie 1940 (a divorțat în 1950) cu Paul-Marcel de Montaignac de Pessotte-Bressolles (n. 1909);  a doua oară s-a căsătorit la Paris, la 14 martie 1951 cu Jean Albert d'Almont (1909–2003)

Prințesa Nadejda a divorțat în 1940. A murit la Chantilly, Franța în 1988, la vârsta de 90 de ani.

Note

Nașteri în 1898
Decese în 1988
Casa Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov

Nadejda Petrovna a Rusiei


Marija Ana Burbonska (francuski Marie-Anne de Bourbon; Château de Vincennes, 2. listopada 1666. — Pariz, 3. svibnja 1739.) bila je kći francuskog kralja Luja XIV. († 1715.) i njegove ljubavnice Louise de La Vallière; princeza Contija (1680. — 1685.) i vojvotkinja La Vallièrea. Luj, veliki dofen (1661. — 1711.). bio je polubrat Marije Ane, dok je njezin mlađi brat bio Luj od Vermandoisa. Marija Ana bila je kraljeva najdraža kći, često smatrana njegovom najljepšom kćeri.

Premda Marija Ana nije rođena u braku, kralj ju je proglasio zakonitom kćerju (fille légitimée de France) 14. svibnja 1667., a istog joj je dana majka postala vojvotkinja La Vallièrea. Mariju Anu zvali su "gospođica Blois" (Mademoiselle de Blois).

Suprug Marije Ane bio je Luj Armand I., princ Contija, za kojeg se udala 16. siječnja 1680. u Châteauu de Saint-Germain-en-Layeu. Par je bio bez djece te je Marija Ana tvrdila da Luj Armand ne zna dobro voditi ljubav. Kad je 18. studenog 1683. umro Luj, brat Marije Ane, ona je bila shrvana viješću, no ne i kralj, koji je Luja prezirao. Suprug Marije Ane umro je 1685., nakon čega su ju zvali "velika princeza Contija". Nije se preudala, odbivši ponudu Ismaila ibn Šarifa, sultana Maroka.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Burbonci

Marija Ana Burbonska


Wagner es un municipio brasileño del estado de Bahía. Se localiza a una latitud 12º17'13" sur y a una longitud 41º10'06" oeste, estando a 390 km de la capital del estado, Salvador. Según el Censo del IBGE del año 2010, la población era de 8983 habitantes. Posee un área de 417,595 km².

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Bahía

Wagner (Bahía)


Bjorn el Galés fue un caudillo vikingo de Bretland (Gales) en el . Era consejero de Álof, la hija del jarl Stefnir, que casó con Palnatoke fundador de los jomsvikings, a quien Stefnir concedió título de jarl y cedió la mitad de sus tierras. Bjorn y Palnatoke llegarían a ser muy buenos amigos con quien compartió expediciones vikingas y finalmente entraría en la hermandad de los legendarios mercenarios vikingos. Bjorn fue padre adoptivo de Vagn Åkesson, el más joven de los jomsvikings y ambos participaron en la legendaria batalla de Hjörungavágr donde casi perdieron la vida. Tras la desaparición de los jomsvikings, regresó a Gales donde se convirtió en un influyente y prestigioso caudillo.

Según Lee M. Hollander, Bjorn y Stefnir son un testimonio en las sagas nórdicas de que los vikingos tuvieron enclaves en Gales.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Hollander, Lee M. (1955) The Saga of the Jómsvíkings, University of Texas Press, Austin. ISBN 978-0-292-77623-4 (inglés)
 Sturluson, Snorri, Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway, tr. Lee M. Hollander. Reprinted University of Texas Press, Austin, 1992. ISBN 0-292-73061-6 (inglés)

Jomsvikings

Bjorn el Galés


Madımak ya da madımalak (Polygonum cognatum), kuzukulağıgiller (Polygonaceae) familyasından, toprak üstüne yatık sürünücü odunsu gövdeli, ufak pembe çiçekli, çok yıllık yenebilen otsu bitki türü. Cinsin diğer türlerinden oldukça iri yapraklarıyla belirginleşir. Orta Anadolu halk mutfağında besin olarak kullanımı yaygındır ve çiğ «madımak salatası» olarak yenir ya da pişirilerek «madımak aşı, cacığı, mıhlaması, çorbası, yahnisi, böreği, gözlemesi, bükmesi» yapılır. Önceleri yalnızca köylerde rağbet gören ve ilkbaharda (nisan, mayıs, haziranın ilk yarısı) yemek için toplanan madımaklar köyden şehre yapılan göçlerle şehirlerde de aranır olduğundan büyük şehirlerde pazarlarda da satılır. Madımak, içerdiği fenolik birleşiklerden dolayı diğer bitkilerin gelişimini engelleyen fitotoksik özelliğe sahip boğucu bitkidir.

Türkçedeki «madımak» adı etimolojik olarak Ermenice «madideğ» (մատիտեղ) kelimesinden kökenlenen bir alıntıdır.

Adlandırma
Türkçede Polygonum cognatum için halk dilinde madımak ya da madımak pancarı ve bunun varyasyonları (madımalak, badımak, badımalak, mercimelek, mercimenek) ile kuşekmeği adı kullanılır. Madımak kelimesi etimolojik olarak Türkçeye Ermeniceden geçmiştir. Hasan Eren Ermenicedeki biçimini "matutak 'licorice'" olarak verir. Günümüz Ermenicesinde bütün Polygonum türleri için մատիտեղ (Batı: madideğ / Doğu: matiteğ) adı kullanılır

Madımağa çok benzeyen kimi yakın türler de madımak olarak adlandırılır:

Polygonum aviculare (kuşekmeği ya da çobandeğneği) : eşek madımağı, kuş madımağı, çayır madımağı, kadımalak, madımağın oynaşı

Hatta, bütün Polygonum türleri için ortak ad olarak da yaygınlaşmaktadır:

Polygonum afyonicum : Afyon madımağı

Polygonum istanbulicum : İstanbul madımağı

Polygonum samsunicum : Samsun madımağı

Polygonum sivasicum : Sivas madımağı

Polygonum cappadocicum : Kapadokya madımağı ya da mercimelek

Polygonum bellardii : at mercimeleği

Morfoloji
Genellikle toprak üstünde yatık vaziyette çok yıllıktır. Yaprak kını gövdeyi sarar ve zarımsıdır. Yaprakları oblong-eliptik biçiminde, kısa saplı ve ekseri sivri uçlu, kenarları bütün ve de değişken sıra ile dizilmiştir.. Çiçekleri yaprakların koltuğunda kümeler halinde, pembe veya kırmızımsı pembe renkli ve 4–5 mm boyunda olup 2-5 adedi bir aradadır. Stamenler genellikle 8. Meyve üç köşeli ve kanatsız bir nukstur. İlk çiçeklenme zamanı mayıs, son çiçeklenme zamanı ise eylül ayıdır.

Habitat
İran-Turan fitocoğrafyası elementidir. Yol kenarları, tarla sınırları, yamaçlar, uçurumlar ve kültür arazileri ana yaşam alanlarıdır. 720–3000 m yüksekliklerde görülür. Isparta'da step vejetasyonunun ikincil derecede baskın türleri arasında yer alır.

Dağılımı
Türkiye, Suriye, Kafkasya, İran, Afganistan ve Pakistan'da yayılım gösterir.

Türkiye'de Batı, Orta, Doğu, Güney ve Güneydoğu Anadolu'da yayılım gösterir. Çoğunlukla Yozgat, Sivas, Amasya, Tokat, Kayseri ve Gümüşhane yörelerinde yetişir.

Suriye'de 18 Polygonum türünden biridir.

İsrail'de çok nadirdir. İbranicede  ארכובית חרמונית  adıyla anılır.

Pakistan'da iki alt tür (subsp. cognatum & chitralicum) olarak bulunur.

Alt türleri
Polygonum cognatum subsp. chitralicum (syn: P. chitralicum): Pakistan'ın Çitral yöresine özgü endemik alt türdür.
Polygonum cognatum subsp. cognatum  (syn: P. cognatum var. alpestre, P. confertum, P. ammanioides, P. pamiroalaicum)

Besin olarak kullanımı
Türkiye'de özellikle Yozgat, Sivas, Çorum gibi Orta Anadolu ve Tokat, Gümüşhane gibi iç Karadeniz illerinde sebze olarak kullanımı oldukça yaygındır. Eskiden yalnızca köylerde rağbet gören madımak, köyden şehre yapılan göçlerle şehirlerde de aranır olduğundan büyük şehirlerde pazarlarda da satılır. Madımağın toplanması (yolunması) ufak bir bıçak («pancar bıçağı» ya da «madımak bıçağı» adı da verilen çakı) yardımıyla ya da zahmetli olsa da el ile olur. En yaygın olan «madımak yemeği» (ya da «madımak aşı»), toplarken karışmış olan yabancı otundan ve kötü yapraklarından ayıklanıp yıkanan ve bir tahta üzerinde keser ya da satırla kıyılarak pişmeye hazır hâle getirilen madımak kıyıntısına bulgur, yarma ya da pirinç eklenerek uzun süre haşlanır; inmeye yakın salça yakılarak, sade yemek istenmiyorsa pastırma, sucuk, kıyma, kuzu kaburgası gibi et ve et ürünleri ya da çemen katıp sıcak servis yapılır. Madımak aşı Sivas'ta süt katılırsa sıcak veya soğuk çorba olarak, süt katılmadan yapılırsa sıcak ya da soğuk veya sarımsaklı yoğurt ilavesiyle soğuk olarak servis yapılır. Bunun dışında, bulgur pilavına katılır, yumurtalı yemeği, çorbası ya da cacığı yapılır. Yumurtayla «madımak mıhlaması» yapılır. Çorum'un Mecitözü ilçesinin Konaç köyünde sulu «madımak yahnisi» yapılır. Taze yaprakları salata olarak ya da yufkaya sarılıp çiğ olarak da yenir. Yozgat, Kırşehir ve Sivas'ta «madımak cacığı» yapılır. Yozgat'ta pastırmalı ya da sucuklu yapılır. Kırşehir'de pastırmasız sade yapılır. Amasya'da taze sürgün ve yaprakları tek başına kavrulur; ayrıca bahçelerde kültüre de alınır; kurutularak her mevsim tüketilir. Pidesi ve sütlü yemeği de yapılır. Kurutulurak kışlık olarak da kullanılır. Samsun'da daha çok yüksek kesimlerde yetişen bitkinin konservesi yapılır. Burdur'da salata şeklinde çiğ ya da yemeği yapılarak tüketilir. Eskişehir'in Mihalıççık ilçesinde yumurtalı ya da sade yemeği yapıldığı gibi, börek iç malzemesi olarak değerlendirilir ya da boş çiğ olarak da yenir veya tuzlanıp limon sıkılarak sade «madımak salatası» olarak da tüketilir. Kayseri'de «madımak böreği» yapılır. Çankırı'nın Atkaracalar ilçesinde kavrularak iç yapılan madımaktan «madımak gözlemesi» (ya da «martimalak bükmesi») adlı D biçiminde katlanıp sacda pişirilen bir hamurişi yapılır. Aynı hamurişine Çerkeş ilçesinde «madımak bükmesi» (ya da yöre şivesiyle «badıma bükmesi») adı verilir ve Çerkeş'te ayrıca «madımak çorbası» da yapılır. Kayseri'nin Develi ilçesinde «mercimenek» adıyla bilinir ve  çiğ olarak yenir ya da içine bulgur katılarak sebze gibi pişirilir.

Tıbbi kullanımı

Halk tıbbında kullanımı
Yetiştiği yörelerde sevilen ve aranan bir yemek maddesi olsa da halk tıbbında kullanımı sınırlıdır. İdrar artırıcı, şeker hastalarında kan şeker düşürücü, damar büzücü olması sebebi ile uzun süreli kanamalarda kadınlarda ve hemoroidlerde kullanıldığı diyare ve kusmada, böbrek taşlarını düşürmede etkili olduğu kayıtlıdır. Tohumları bronşit tedavisinde kullanılmaktadır. Burdur'da şeker hastalığı ve egzema için kullanılır  ve guatr için lapası boğaza sarılır. Erzurum'da jinekolojik hastalıklar için sütte haşlanır ve buğusu kullanılır. Tunceli'de romatizma hastalığı için kullanılır.

Farmakolojik kullanımı ve etkinliği
Madımak, diğer yabani ve kültür bitkilerinin gelişimi üzerine olumsuz etkileri olduğu bilinen fenolik bileşiklerce zengindir ve içeriğinde 13 farklı fenolik bileşik (gallik asit, catechol, gentisic asit, catechin, chlorogenic asit, caffeic asit, epicatechin, P- coumaric asit, sinapic asit, coumarin, salisilik asit, quercitrin, t-cinnamic asit) belirlenmiştir. Genel olarak madımağın toprak üstü bitki aksamlarından elde edilen ekstrenin inhibitör etkisi toprak altı bitki aksamlarından elde edilene göre daha yüksektir.

Bazı farmakolojik araştırmalarda bitki ekstrelerinin antibakteriyel aktivitesinden bireysel fenolik bileşiklerin sorumlu olduğu gösterilmiştir. Yapılan bir farmakolojik araştırmada madımağın eter ve etanollü ekstreleri Staphylococcus aureus ve Bacillus subtilis bakterilerine karşı antibakteriyel aktivite göstermiş, fakat sulu ekstresi herhangi bir aktivite göstermemiştir.

Boyarmadde
Türkiye'de yaprakları sarı renk elde etmek için kullanılır.

Kültüre yansıması
Sivas'tan kaydedilen ve Nida Tüfekçi tarafından derlenip notaya aktarılan «Madımak oylum oylum» (TRT repertuvar no: 01737) ile Muzaffer Sarısözen tarafından derlenip notaya aktarılan «Madımah bitti m'ola» (TRT repertuvar no: 00595) adını taşıyan türküler madımağın Türk halk müziğine yansıyan en tanınmış örnekleridir.

Yozgat'ın Sorgun ilçesine bağlı Akocak köyünde yedincisi 2012 yılında yapılan «Madımak Şenliği» düzenlenir. Sivas'ın Akıncılar ilçesinde «Madımak Festivali» düzenlenir. Sivas'ta Perakende Sebze Hali Derneği tarafından «Geleneksel Sebze hali-madımak-çiçek ve tohumculuk yaz festivali» düzenlenir.

Kaynaklar

cognatum
Yenilebilir bitkiler
Azerbaycan florası
Gürcistan florası
Suriye florası
İran florası
Pakistan florası
Afganistan florası
Ermeniceden Türkçeye geçen sözcükler
1826'da tanımlanan bitkiler

Polygonum cognatum


An Schoenoplectus chen-mouii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Tang ngan Fa Tsuan Wang, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Eisuke Hayasaka. An Schoenoplectus chen-mouii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Schoenoplectus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Schoenoplectus

Schoenoplectus chen-mouii


Jana Galíková-Hlaváčová (* 22. Januar 1963 in Brno) ist eine ehemalige tschechische Orientierungsläuferin.

Jana Galíková-Hlaváčová gewann bei Weltmeisterschaften insgesamt drei Silber- und vier Bronzemedaillen, darunter eine Silber- und zwei Bronzemedaillen in Einzelwettbewerben. 1983 in Ungarn gewann sie in der tschechoslowakischen Mannschaft mit Iva Kalibánová, Eva Bártová und Ada Kuchařová Silber. 1987 wurde sie auf der Langdistanz hinter den Schwedinnen Arja Hannus und Karin Rabe Dritte, ebenso wie mit der Staffel, 1989 musste sie sich der Schwedin Marita Skogum geschlagen geben. Mit Petra Wágnerová, Jana Cieslarová und Ada Kuchařová gewann sie außerdem Silber in der Staffel. Bei der Heim-Weltmeisterschaft 1991 in Marienbad gewann Galíková-Hlaváčová erneut zwei Silbermedaillen.

Im Weltcup startete sie in der Saison 1988 und konnte dabei drei Siege erringen. In der Gesamtwertung kam sie auf den dritten Platz hinter Ragnhild Bratberg und Brit Volden aus Norwegen.

Während ihrer Karriere startete sie für die Vereine VŠZ Brno und Tesla Brno. Heute arbeitet sie als Architektin in Brno.

Platzierungen

Weblinks
 World Orienteering Championships International Orienteering Federation

Orientierungsläufer (Tschechoslowakei)
Orientierungsläufer (Tschechien)
Person (Brünn)
Tschechoslowake
Tscheche
Geboren 1963
Frau

Jana Galíková-Hlaváčová


Heiligenbeil was a subcamp of the German Stutthof concentration camp, operated from September 1944 to January 1945. It was named after the town Heiligenbeil (now Mamonovo, Russia).

Its prisoners were 1,100 Jewish women and 100 Jewish men. The prisoners were subjected to Forced labour.

The commanders of the subcamp were SS-Unterscharführer Hermann Kleiss (in September–October 1944), SS-Oberscharführer Johann Mayer (October–November 1944), SS-Hauptscharführer Ernst Thulke (October 1944–January 1945) and SS-Sturmscharführer Wolförer (January 1945).

References

External links

Stutthof concentration camp
Subcamps of Nazi concentration camps

Heiligenbeil concentration camp


أمين عبد الكريم الصانع وُلد في 12/5/1966م في منطقة المقابلين من ضواحي عمّان، أتم دراسته في المدارس المحلّية التابعة للمنطقة التي وُلِد فيها، ثم التحق بصفوف الأمن العام وحصل على دورات قتالية في التايكواندو حيث نال الحزام الأسود، كما برع في لعبة الكونغ فو وشارك في دورة قُوّات الصاعقة حتى وصل إلى رتبة وكيل.

العملية
انطلق مع رفاقة الأربعة خالد أبو غليون وسالم أبو غليون وإبراهيم غنيم ونايف الكعابنة ليلة الخميس 5 نوفمبر 1990م وفي 8 نوفمبر اشتبكوا مع دورية إسرائيلية على بعد 3 كم من قرية العوجا القريبة من أريحا قرب الحدود الأردنية الفلسطينية لمدة أربع ساعات اسفرت عن مقتل وجرح عدد من الجنود ومقتل ضابط إسرائيلي واستشهد من المجموعة نايف الكعابنة وأُسر البقية بعد المقاومة والمطاردة.

الحُكم
بعد 3 أشهر تقريباً من اعتقالهم تمّت محاكمته هو ورفاقه غيابياً بعد رفض المُعتقلين المُثول أمام المحكمة نتيجة لرفض إسرائيل بدورها معاملتهم كأسرى حرب، ووُجّهت إليه تهمة «إطلاق نار وقتل». حُكم عليه بالسجن المُؤبّد الأمني والذي تبلغ فترة محكوميّته 99 سنة. قضى منها 17 عاماً في مُعتقل هداريم بفلسطين مُنذُ العام 1990م وسنةً واحدة في العام 2007م في سجن قفقفا الحكومي الأردني الواقع شمال الأردن.

المعتقلات والزيارت
تنقّل أمين بين معتقلات صرفند وعسقلان ثم الرملة في زنازين العزل ثم في عزل مُعتقل بئر السبع ومن ثم عاد إلى عسقلان فنفحة وأخيراً سجن هداريم. هذا وقد أتم أمين حفظ القرآن الكريم في السجن، وبلغ مجموع زيارات الأهل له 7 زيارات كان آخرها عام 1998م.

إطلاق سراحه
انتقل أمين الصانع إلى الأردن في صفقة تحت إشراف رئيس الوزراء في ذلك الوقت معروف البخيت مع إسرائيل تقضي بتسليم الأسرى الأردنيين سالم أبوغليون وخالد أبوغليون وأمين الصانع وسلطان العجلوني مقابل بقائهم في السجون الأردنية. وهو ما كان حيث وُضعوا في سجن قفقفا بتاريخ 5 يوليو 2007. وفي أغسطس من العام 2008 قامت السلطات الأردنية بالإفراج عنه.

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
مواليد 1966
مواليد في مدينة عمان
أشخاص من مدينة عمان

أمين الصانع


ميجل ديه أونامونو  فيلسوف وشاعر وروائي ومؤلف تمثيليات إسباني باسكي، وُلد في بلباو في 29 سبتمبر 1864. عيِّن أستاذًا للغة اليونانية بجامعة سلامنكا عام 1891م، ثم رئيسًا للجامعة في عام 1900م. بالإضافة إلى كتبه الكثيرة، كتب أونامونو ما يزيد على 3,000 مقالة قصيرة. ولقد اكتسب عداء أربع حكومات متعاقبة بسبب نقده السياسي الجريء. وتوفي في شلمنقة 31 ديسمبر 1936.

حياته

هو الثالث بين ستة أطفال لفيليكس أنامونو صاحب متجر للخبز. ولد في مدينة بلباو على خليج الباسك في شمالي إسبانية. وقد شهد في طفولته أعمال العنف بين القوى التقليدية والتقدمية من خلال حصار بلباو. فتركت آثارا عميقة في فكره السياسي.توفي والداه فانتقل للعيش مع عمه، ثم انتقل عام 1880م لمدريد للدراسة، كان أنامونو متديناً جداً، وفي مدريد بدأ بالتردد على أتينو وقرأ في مكتبة المركز كتب الفلاسفة والمفكرين. حصل في عام 1884م على درجة الدكتوراة في الآداب من جامعة مدريد برسالة حــول اللغة الباسكية.عاد إلى بلباو وعمل معلماً فيها حتى عام 1891م، وأسس فيها مع أصدقائه المجلة الاشتراكية (La Lucha de Clases). يعتبر أحد ابرز مفكري إسبانيا في القرن العشرين، واصغر شاب شغل منصب رئيس جامعة سلامنكا عام 1900، وأدى وقوفه ضد حكم بريمو دي ريبيرا عام 1924 إلى نفيه إلى جزيرة تنريفي ومن ثم إلى باريس حتى عام 1930. كتب اونامونو العشرات من البحوث والكتب في الأدب والفكر والفلسفة، ومنحته عدة جامعات الدكتوراه الفخرية ومنها جامعة اكسفورد عام 1931، وفي عام 1934 عين رئيسا فخريا لجامعة سلامنكا مدى الحياة.

رجل مثير للجدل

حين انفجرت الحرب الأهلية الإسبانية وقف مع القوميين في مواجهة الشيوعيين لكن موقفه تغير بعد اغتيال الشاعر فدريكو جارسيا لوركا. فقد صرح أمام الجنرال ميان أستراي، والذي كان يعتبر من ألد أعدائه: أن تنتصر على عدوك لا يعني أنه اقتنع بفكرتك. وفي 5 أكتوبر وخلال الاحتفال الذي أقيم بجامعة سلامنكا حضرته زوجة الجنرال فرانكو، أنتقد أونامونو الجنرال ميان قائد الفيلق الأجنبي الموالي لفرانكو قائلاً من يستمع لخطاب ميان الرسمي يدرك اللا إنسانية والطبيعة الدنيئة للانتفاضة فرد عليه شبان الجامعة الموالون لميلان: فليمت أونامونو، فليمت المثقفين ورد الجنرال ميـان: فليمت الذكاء وليحيى الموت إشارة إلى احتـجاج أونامونو على تنفيذ أحكام الإعدام العسكري. ومن ما قال ميـان كذلك:«كاتالونيا وبلاد الباسك هما سرطان في جسد الأمة!. والفاشية دواء إسبانيا هدفها القضاء عليهم، تقطع اللحمة الحية كسكين المبضع!» فأجابه أونامونو على الفور: إسبانيا بدون إقليم الباسك وبدون كاتالونيا تكون بلداً على شاكلتك ياسعادة اللواء، أعني بلداً أعور أقطع. فثار ميلان وكاد يضربه، فتدخلت زوجة فرانكو لفض الاشـتباك. وُعزِل أونامونو من رئاسة الجامعة، وبسبب شهرته العالمية، والمشكلة التي تلت أغتيال الشاعر لوركا، رفض فرانكو طلب ميلان بإعدام أونامونو، ولكن تم عزل أونامونو في منزله ولم يسمح له بالتعبير عن آراءه للجمهور. وفي الواحد والثلاثين من ديسمبر توفي أونامونو، وبعد وفاته سجل اثنان من أبنائه أنفسهم كمتطوعين في الجبهة الشعبية (تحالف لأحزاب اليسار).

أعماله

ومن أحسن أعمال أونامونو الإدراك المأساوي للحياة (1913م) الذي يعالج النزاع بين الإيمان والعقل منذ عصر النهضة وحتى القرن العشرين. ويقيِّم المؤلف في هذا الكتاب أهمية الإرادة، والرغبة في الخلود، والبحث عن الحب في التاريخ البشريّ. ولقد ساعدت دراسة أونامونو للثقافة الأسبانية في كتاب حول التقليدية (1895م) على إنعاش حركة الإحياء العقلانية الأسبانية المعروفة بجيل 1898. ومن أنضج قصائده تأملاته الطويلة المسماة مسيح فيلازكز (1920م). وتبحث أعظم رواياته الضباب (1914 م) في أسرار الوجود الإنساني.

وبالإضافة إلى كتبه الكثيرة، كتب أونامونو مايزيد على 3,000 مقالة قصيرة. ولقد اكتسب عداء أربع حكومات متعاقبة بسبب نقده السياسي الجريء. ولكونه رائد إحياء أسبانيا الحديثة، فقد ذهب إلى أن الفرد، وليس الحضارة أو المجتمع أو الثقافة، هو موضوع كل فكرة والباعث الأسمى.

ومن أشهر مقالاته: «الأصالة القومية»، و«الكرامة الإنسانية»، و«أزمة الوطنية»، و«الوحدة»، و«الفردية الإسبانية»، و«النزعة الأوربية»، و«الحضارة والمدنية»، و«الفلانية»، و«ما الحقيقة؟»، و«سرّ الحياة».

انظر أيضًا
 متحف دار أونامونو

وصلات خارجية

 ميجيل دي أونامونو Miguel de Unamuno المواجهة بين الإيمان والعقل، مقالة لفؤاد كامل نشرت في مجلة العربي الكويتية، عدد 414 - ماي 1993

مراجع

أشخاص من بلباو
أعضاء الأكاديمية الملكية الإسبانية
أعضاء في الكتائب الإسبانية التقليدية والجمعيات الدفاعية النقابية الوطنية
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة شلمنقة
أنطولوجيون
إسبان في الحرب الأهلية الإسبانية
إسبان معادون للشيوعية
إسبان مناهضون للفاشية
باسكيون
جمهوريون إسبان
خريجو جامعة كمبلوتنسي بمدريد
روائيون إسبان
روائيون باسكيون
شعراء إسبان
شعراء وشاعرات إسبان
فلاسفة الأدب
فلاسفة الأديان
فلاسفة التشاؤم
فلاسفة الثقافة
فلاسفة العقل
فلاسفة القرن 19
فلاسفة القرن 20
فلاسفة إسبان
فلاسفة إسبان في القرن 19
فلاسفة إسبان في القرن 20
فلاسفة باسكيون
فلاسفة سياسيون
فلاسفة قاريون
فلاسفة معاصرون
فلاسفة نظرية المعرفة
كاثوليك سابقون
كتاب إسبان في القرن 20
كتاب إسبانيون في القرن 19
كتاب جيل 98
كتاب دراما ومسرح إسبان
كتاب غير روائيين ذكور إسبان
كتاب مقالات
كتاب مقالات إسبان
كتاب مقالات في القرن 19
كتاب مقالات في القرن 20
كتاب من بيلباو
كتب فلسفية
لاأدريون إسبان
مسرحيون إسبان
مسيحيون إسبان
مواليد 1864
مواليد في بلباو
ميتافيزيقيون
نقاد اجتماعيون
نقاد الكاثوليكية
نقاد ثقافيون
وجوديون
وجوديون مسيحيون
وفيات 1936
وفيات في شلمنقة

ميجيل دي أونامونو


Sébastien Calvet est un photojournaliste français né en . Il couvre régulièrement les événements et campagnes politiques françaises depuis 2002.

Il est directeur photo du site d'information Mediapart depuis juillet 2021. Il a été directeur photo du site d'information Les Jours de 2015 à 2021.

Biographie
Sébastien Calvet est né en 1974. En 1995, il étudie en licence de cinéma à l'université Paul-Valéry-Montpellier, et intègre les mois suivants l'École nationale supérieure de la photographie (ENSP) d'Arles, dans les Bouches-du-Rhône. Diplômé en 1998, il commence par travailler régulièrement pour le quotidien Libération en tant que photo-reporter.

En 2006, il expose son travail « L'Agenda » aux Rencontres de la photographie d'Arles, sur la politique en région Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur, dans le cadre d'une commande publique du Centre national des arts plastiques et du ministère de la Culture. Il est alors sélectionné par le photographe français Raymond Depardon, commissaire invité des Rencontres de la photographie d'Arles, pour la production de ce travail.

En 2012, il expose « La politique est un théâtre » aux Rencontres de la photographie d'Arles dans le cadre des 30 ans de l'ENSP. En 2014, il reçoit le prix du Livre numérique pour « Retour à Béziers » avec l'écrivain français Didier Daeninckx.

De 2015 à 2021, il est directeur de la photographie du site d'information Les Jours. En 2021, il est nommé directeur de la photographie du site d'information français Mediapart.

Parallèlement, il dispense des cours au Centre de formation des journalistes (CFJ) et à l'École W de l'université Paris-Panthéon-Assas.

Publications

Expositions
 2006 : L'Agenda, Rencontres de la photographie, Arles
 2012 : La politique est un théâtre, Rencontres de la photographie, Arles

Prix et distinctions
 2014 : Prix du Livre numérique pour « Retour à Béziers »

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en 1974
Photojournaliste français
Journaliste français du XXIe siècle
Élève de l'École nationale supérieure de la photographie

Sébastien Calvet


Antonio Ascari (Bonferraro, Veneto, Kraljevina Italija, 15. rujna 1888. – Pariz, Francuska, 26. srpnja 1925.) je bio talijanski vozač automobilističkih utrka i otac Alberta Ascarija.

Vanjske poveznice
Antonio Ascari - Driver Database
Antonio Ascari - Racing Sports Cars

Talijanski automobilisti

Antonio Ascari


Alaattin Baydar (1901, İstanbul - 13 Temmuz 1990, İstanbul), Türk millî futbolcudur.

Fenerbahçe'nin ilk oyuncularından Nasuhi Baydar'ın kardeşi olan Alaattin Baydar, ağabeyinin yönlendirmesiyle 1913 yılında Fenerbahçe'de futbola başladı. Ve 1916'da henüz 15 yaşındayken genç takımdan, Fenerbahçe A takımına yükseldi. Daha sonrasında Millî takımda da sağ açık olarak oynadı. Millî formayı 16 kez giydi. Polonya'ya 1 gol attı. "Alâ" lakabı ile tanındı. Fenerbahçe'nin sembol futbolcularından biri oldu.

18 yıl Fenerbahçe formasını giymiş 324 maçta 362 gol atmıştır.

Baydar ayrıca Harrington Kupası maçına çıkan isimlerden biriydi.

Kariyer istatistikleri

Millî takım golleri

Kaynakça

1901 doğumlular
1990 yılında ölenler
Fenerbahçe SK futbolcuları
Türkiye millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
1924 Yaz Olimpiyatları futbolcuları
1928 Yaz Olimpiyatları futbolcuları
Türk Olimpiyat futbolcuları
Karacaahmet Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
Orta saha futbolcuları
Defans futbolcuları

Alaattin Baydar


Haunted Mansion  é um futuro filme americano do gênero comédia de terror dirigido por Justin Simien a partir de um roteiro de Katie Dippold e estrelado por Rosario Dawson, Tiffany Haddish, Lakeith Stanfield, Owen Wilson e Danny DeVito. Produzido pela Walt Disney Pictures e a Rideback, o filme é a segunda adaptação cinematográfica da atração do parque temático de Walt Disney com o mesmo nome, depois do filme de 2003.

Haunted Mansion está agendado para ser lançado em 28 de julho de 2023 nos Estados Unidos, pela Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures.

Sinopse
Uma mãe solteira chamada Gabbie e seu filho de 9 anos, que estão querendo começar uma nova vida, se mudam para uma mansão estranhamente acessível em Nova Orleães, apenas para descobrir que o lugar é muito mais do que eles esperavam. Desesperados por ajuda, eles entram em contato com um padre, que, por sua vez, pede a ajuda de um cientista viúvo que se tornou especialista em paranormalidade, uma vidente e um historiador excêntrico para ajudar a exorcizar a mansão.

Elenco

 Rosario Dawson como Gabbie, uma mãe solteira
 Tiffany Haddish como Harriet, uma vidente
 Lakeith Stanfield como Ben Matthias, um guia turístico
 Owen Wilson como Kent, um padre
 Danny DeVito como um professor de história
 Chase Dillon como o filho de Gabbie

Produção

Desenvolvimento
Em julho de 2010, foi anunciado que uma adaptação reboot baseada em The Haunted Mansion estava em desenvolvimento na Walt Disney Pictures, com Guillermo del Toro como escritor e produtor. del Toro afirmou que o projeto não ocorreria em um cenário do mundo real, mas em uma realidade aumentada. Ele revelou que o Hatbox Ghost seria um dos personagens principais e disse que o filme seria "assustador e divertido ao mesmo tempo, mas o assustador será assustador". Em junho de 2011, o Imagineer Jason Surrell do Walt Disney World foi trazido para o projeto como consultor criativo. Em agosto de 2012, del Torro enviou o rascunho final de seu roteiro ao Walt Disney Studios. Em julho de 2013, del Torro confirmou que não era mais escritor do projeto, mas permaneceu como produtor. Em abril de 2015, Ryan Gosling estava em negociações iniciais para estrelar, enquanto D.V. DeVincentis foi contratado para reescrever o roteiro. Em setembro de 2016, Brigham Taylor foi contratado como produtor adicional.

Em agosto de 2020, foi anunciado que Katie Dippold assinou contrato para escrever um novo roteiro para o filme, depois que foi decidido que o roteiro de del Toro era assustador demais para o público familiar. Dan Lin e Jonathan Eirich foram contratados como produtores. O filme seria um produção conjunta entre a Walt Disney Pictures e a Rideback. Em abril de 2021, Justin Simien entrou em negociações iniciais para dirigir o filme, e foi oficialmente confirmado como diretor em julho de 2021.

Escalação do elenco
Entre julho e outubro de 2021, Tiffany Haddish, Lakeith Stanfield, Owen Wilson, Rosario Dawson e Danny DeVito foram escalados para o filme.

Filmagens
As filmagens foram feitas de meados de outubro de 2021 até o final de fevereiro de 2022 em Nova Orleães e Atlanta. Em 14 de janeiro de 2022, a atriz Tiffany Haddish teve problemas legais depois de ser presa sob acusação de dirigir embriagada durante a produção do filme na Geórgia.

Música
A trilha sonora do filme foi composta por Kris Bowers.

Lançamento
Haunted Mansion foi lançado em 28 de julho de 2023 nos Estados Unidos, pela Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. Estava anteriormente agendado para ser lançado em 10 de março de 2023, e posteriormente, para 11 de agosto de 2023.

No Brasil e em Portugal, o filme foi lançado em 27 de julho de 2023.

Filmes em produção
Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 2023
Filmes em língua inglesa
Filmes de comédia de terror dos Estados Unidos
Filmes baseados em atrações de parques
Filmes de comédia de terror da década de 2020
Filmes com fantasmas
Filmes ambientados em casas de campo
Filmes da Walt Disney Pictures

Haunted Mansion (2023)


Olaylar
 Karamanoğulları Beyliği, Osmanlı idaresine geçti.
 Karaman Eyaleti kuruldu.
 Hersek Düklüğü dağıldı (kuruluşu 1435).
 Vatikan'da Sistina Şapeli'nin yapımı tamamlandı.

Doğumlar
 14 Şubat - Babür, 1. Babür İmparatoru (ö. 1530)
 6 Mart - Francesco Guicciardini, İtalyan tarihçi, diplomat ve devlet adamı (ö. 1540)
 28 Mart / 6 Nisan - Raffaello Sanzio, kısaca Rafael olarak bilinen Rönesans dönemi İtalyan ressamı ve mimarı (ö. 1520)
 10 Kasım - Martin Luther, Alman keşiş, teolog, üniversite profesörü, Protestanlığın babası (ö. 1546)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Ayas Mehmed Paşa, Osmanlı Sadrazamı (ö. 1539)
 Wang Gen, Neokonfüçyüsçü filozof

Ölümler
 30 Ağustos - XI. Louis, Fransa Kralı (d. 1423)
 Ağustos - V. Edward, İngiltere Kralı (d. 1470)
 9 Eylül - IV. Edward, İngiltere Kralı (d. 1442)
 17 Aralık - Pedro Pardo de Cela, Galiçya valisi ve dönemin feodal soylusu (d. 1425)
 Aralık - Şehzade Abdullah, Sultan II. Bayezid'in büyük oğlu
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Kasım Bey - Karamanoğulları Beyi

1483


كريم كراميل (بالفرنسية: Crème caramel) أو فلان (flan) أو كاسترد بالكراميل هو عبارة عن حلوى كاسترد مع طبقة من صلصة الكراميل الشفافة، وهي على عكس الكريم بروليه وهو كاسترد مع طبقة صلبة من الكراميل على الوجه.

التاريخ
كان كريم كراميل شائع الانتشار في المطاعم الأوروبية؛ يقول مؤرخ الطعام آلان ديفيدسون:

أصل التسمية
تعني كلمة "crème" بالفرنسية «الكاسترد». كلا المصطلحان crème renversée (بالفرنسية) وcrema volteada (بالإسبانية) يشيران إلى الكاسترد الذي يُقلب على الصحن ليتم تقديمه.

كل من "crème caramel" (كريم كراميل) و"flan" (فلان) هما مصطلحات فرنسية، لكن مصطلح "flan" له معاني مختلفة في مناطق مختلفة.

في البلدان الناطقة بالإسبانية وغالباً في الولايات المتحدة كذلك، يُعرف كريم الكراميل باسم "flan" (فلان). كان هذا المصطلح في الأصل يستخدم في اللغة الإسبانية، لكن الطبق أصبح معروفًا الآن في أمريكا الشمالية باستخدام المصطلح الأمريكي اللاتيني. في أماكن أخرى، بما في ذلك في بريطانيا، مصطلح «flan» (فلان) يُستخدم للإشارة إلى نوع من أنواع التارت مثل الكيش (Quiche).

تأتي كلمة "flan" (فلان) الإنجليزية الحديثة من flan الفرنسية، من الفرنسية القديمة "flaon" (فلاون)، والتي تأتي بدورها من لاتينية العصور الوسطى "fladonem" (فلادونيم)، مشتقة من الكلمة الألمانية العليا القديمة "flado" (فلادو)، وهي نوع من الكعك المسطح، ربما من جذر هندي-أوروبي لكلمة «مسطح» أو «عريض».

التحضير والطهي والتقديم

كريم كراميل هو نوع من أنواع الكاسترد العادي (crème) حيث يُسكب شراب السكر المطبوخ إلى مرحلة الكراميل في القالب قبل إضافة خليط الكاسترد. وبعد إضافة خليط الكاسترد يتم طهيه في حمام مائي إما على الموقد أو في الفرن عادةً. بعد ان ينضج يجب تركه في البراد مدة كافية حتى يتماسك قوامه جيداً. لتقديم الكريم كراميل يمرر سكين صغير حاد لتحرير حواف الكريم كراميل من القالب على كامل الاستدارة، ثم يُغطى القالب بطبق التقديم ويرج القالب، ثم يُرفع القالب، ويُقدم الكريم كراميل مع صلصة الكراميل في الأعلى. قد يُنكه الحليب بالفانيليا أو القرفة أو قشر الليمون.

يكون الملمس النهائي للحلوى هلامي وقشدي.

قلب أطباق كريم كراميل أكبر يتطلب عناية، حيث ان الكاسترد يتشقق وينفصل بسهولة. تتطلب الأطباق الأكبر حجماً أيضًا مزيدًا من العناية عند الطهي لتجنب عدم طهي الداخل جيداً أو الإفراط في طهي الخارج. غالبًا ما يتم طهي كريم الكراميل وتقديمه في أطباق رامكين فردية (ramekins). الهدف هو الحصول على كاسترد متجانس وسلس مع قاعدة كراميل سائل. ان طهيه في حمام مائي يُجنب حرق الكراميل.

يمكن تحضير كريم كراميل مُقلد بإستخادم «مسحوق كريم كراميل سريع الذوبان»، والذي يُستخدم فيه الأغار أو الكاراجينان كعوامل مكثفة بدلاً من البيض.

الأصناف الإقليمية

بورتوريكو
معظم اصناف الكريم كراميل أو «الفلان» (flan) في بورتوريكو تعتمد على الحليب. بعضها يعتمد على جوز الهند ويسمى «فلان دي كوكو» (flan de coco)، مصنوع من كل من الحليب المكثف وحليب جوز الهند أو من قشدة جوز الهند والحليب المكثف والحليب المبخر. تستخدم رغوة بياض البيض المخفوقة لتفتيح الخليط. عادة ما يُنكه كريم كراميل جوز الهند بالقرفة والروم والفانيليا.

في عطلة عيد الشكر، من الشائع إضافة اليقطين أو الباتاتا (مشابهة للبطاطا الحلوة) أو مهروس نبتة اليام مع التوابل مثل الزنجبيل والفانيليا والقرفة إلى الفلان. مزيج من اليقطين وجوز الهند والبطاطا الحلوة والجزر وخلاصة اللوز يتم تقديمه فقط في عيد الشكر.

حلوى فلان شهيرة أخرى تُدعى «فلانكوشو» (flancocho)، مُنكهة بطبقة من الجبن القشدي والكعك الإسفنجي على الطراز البورتوريكي تحتها. يُمكن أيضاً تحضير الفلانكوشو بمزج الجبنة القشدية وخليط الكعك داخل مزيج الفلان.

النكهات الشعبية الأخرى هي البينا كولادا والمانجو والأناناس والليمون واللايم والجوافة وفاكهة زهرة الآلام والتمر الهندي والموز. الليم الإسباني والموز الحلو وحليب بذور السمسم وفاكهة الخبز والبفرة هي أيضًا نكهات بورتوريكية فريدة.

البيرو
في البيرو، قد تُحضر حلوى الكريم كراميل والتي تُدعى «كريما فولتياذا» (crema volteada) بالحليب المكثف بدلاً من الحليب العادي. يمكن أيضًا إضافة الفاكهة، مثل اللوكوما أو فاكهة القشدة أو القشطة الشائكة أو الجراناديلا.

تشيلي
في تشيلي، هناك طباق مشابه للكريم كراميل يُدعى «ليتشي أسادا» (Leche asada، الحليب المحمص)، يُحضر من نفس مكونات الكريم كراميل، لكن له قوام أقل نعومة ويتم خبزه مباشرة دون استخدام حمام مائي، مما يخلق طبقة محمصة على الوجه.

البرازيل وفنزويلا
في فنزويلا والبرازيل، غالبًا ما يُحضر من الحليب المكثف والحليب العادي والبيض والسكر المكرمل على الوجه. تُعرف النسخة الفنزويلية باسم quesillo («الجبن الصغير») وفي البرازيل تُعرف باسم pudim («بودينغ»). يمكن أن يحضر بنكهات مختلفة، مثل الشوكولاتة وجوز الهند والباشوكا (حلوى الفول السوداني) والجبن وغيرها.

كوستاريكا
غالبًا ما يتميز الفلان في كوستاريكا بجوز الهند أو القهوة «فلان دي كافيه» (flan de café).

انظر أيضًا

 كريم بروليه

مراجع

حلويات الكسترد
حلويات إسبانية
حلويات إيطالية
حلويات برتغالية
حلويات فرنسية
حلويات فلبينية
حلويات مكسيكية
حلويات هندية
حلويات يابانية
مطبخ أمريكا اللاتينية
مطبخ عالمي
مطبخ فرنسي
مطبخ كاريبي

كريم كراميل


In Canada, soccer is the most popular sport in terms of participation rate. According to FIFA's Big Count, almost 2.7 million people played in Canada in 2006. Professional soccer in Canada is played in the Canadian Premier League and Major League Soccer. Canada also has many semi-professional and amateur soccer leagues. Canada's men's and women's national soccer teams are ranked 33rd and 6th respectively in the FIFA World Rankings as of February 10, 2022.

Terminology
Soccer is played in Canada according to the rules of association football. What is called soccer in Canada today was generally known as football in Canada in the early days of the sport as it is known in much of the rest of the world today.

The British Columbia Football Association was the first provincial football association formed in Canada in 1891. This was followed by the Manitoba Football Association in 1896, the Ontario Football Association in 1901, the Saskatchewan Football Association in 1906, the Alberta Football Association in 1909 and the Province of Quebec Football Association in 1911.

The Dominion of Canada Football Association was formed in 1912. The game's governing body retained that name until it was changed to The Football Association of Canada on June 6, 1952. The Association later changed its name to the Canadian Soccer Football Association in 1958 and then to the Canadian Soccer Association in 1971.

History

Early history

One of the earliest soccer games was played in Toronto in 1859 between the St. George's Society and a team of Irishmen. Games were played in New Westminster in 1862 and in Victoria in 1865. The first game played under modern rules took place in Toronto in 1876, after which the Dominion Football Association, the first recorded football association outside the British Isles, was formed in Toronto in 1877 to foster competition between local sides.

In 1880, the Western Football Association was formed in Berlin (now Kitchener), Ontario and played a major role in the subsequent development of the sport throughout southern Ontario. In the time around 1900, the WFA had teams throughout Western Ontario in various municipalities including Seaforth, Mildmay, Listowel, Woodstock, Ingersoll, Brussels, Dundas, Aylmer, Ayr, Tavistock, Preston, Galt and Berlin.

In 1885 and 1886, the Western Football Association sent teams to New Jersey to play both indoor and outdoor matches against teams representing the American Football Association, then the unofficial governing body of soccer in the United States. In the first unofficial international between the two countries in 1885 Canada defeated the United States 1–0 in East Newark, New Jersey. A year later the American side won 3–2 on the same field. Teams from the two organizations played one another on both sides of the border regularly in the years that followed.

In 1896, the Newfoundland Football League was founded on March 15 in St. John's. The Manitoba Football Association was formed that same year on March 19 in Brandon.

In 1901 the Ontario Football Association was formed in Toronto and competition for the Ontario Cup began. Galt F.C. won the first edition of the tournament that is still running. They represented the WFA at the 1904 Olympic Games in St. Louis, Missouri, winning the gold medal. Only two other teams participated, both American clubs.

In 1905, the Saskatchewan Football Association was formed in the province of Saskatchewan, and by 1911 the Province of Quebec Football Association was formed in Montreal with Frank Calder, first president of the National Hockey League, playing a leading role in the PQFA's formation. The Alberta Football Association was incorporated in the same year.

The first ever professional game was played in Vancouver between the Callies and Rovers in 1910. The "Dominion of Canada Football Association", today known as the "Canadian Soccer Association was founded in Winnipeg, Manitoba in July 1912. "At the meeting, the Manitoba Football Association joined with the provincial associations of Ontario, New Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan and Alberta to form the national association." The organization became a member of FIFA December 31, 1912. In 1926, the National Soccer League was formed with teams in Ontario and Quebec. On June 21, 1926, the DCFA resigned from FIFA and remained outside the world governing body, following the example of British associations in a dispute over broken time payments to amateurs. Hamilton's Whitey McDonald was signed by Scottish club Rangers in the 1920s, who spotted him while on tour in North America.

The Great Depression of the 1930s meant that the DCFA struggled financially and could not afford to hold annual meetings in 1932 and 1933 and from 1935 to 1940.  In those years, business was conducted by mail. At one point, president Len Peto of Montreal loaned the DFA a considerable sum of money to stave off bankruptcy. The money was later repaid in full. Despite the hard times, Montreal-born goalkeeper Joe Kennaway signed for Scottish giants Glasgow Celtic in 1931 and was an immediate success. Toronto Scottish won a North American club championship in 1933 by beating holders and U.S. champions Stix, Baer and Fuller F.C. at Chicago's Soldier Field by a score of 2–1.

1945–1979
In July 1946, the Dominion of Canada Football Association held reorganizational meetings in Winnipeg, Manitoba. On July 24, 1948, the Association again became a member of FIFA. On June 6, 1952, the Association officially changed its name to the Football Association of Canada. In 1958, the Association again changed its name, this time to the Canadian Soccer Football Association. It would change its name one more time in 1971, at that time becoming the Canadian Soccer Association.

In 1957, Canada entered qualifying for the FIFA World Cup for the first time and met the United States and Mexico in qualifying for the finals in Sweden in 1958. Canada won its first World Cup qualifying game 5–1 against the U.S. in Toronto, but played Mexico twice in Mexico City and lost 2–0 and 3–0. In the final group game, Canada beat the U.S. 3–2 in St. Louis, but group winners Mexico advanced to the Finals.

From the 1940s through 1960s, Canada's four major leagues were the Pacific Coast League (re-established in 1939–40), the National League of Ontario/Quebec (re-established in 1947), the Eastern Canada Professional League (established in 1961), and the Western Canada League (established in 1963). Canadian teams also played in the American-based North American Soccer Football League in the late 1940s. The Western Canada League was the first-ever league to feature teams across three and then four provinces, although the league folded in 1971.

During the 1960s there was a concerted effort to push professional soccer in Canada. The Eastern Canada Professional Soccer League was formed in 1961 and featured teams in Toronto, Montreal, Hamilton, and (for one season) Buffalo, New York. One club, Toronto City, even featured some very prominent British soccer stars during its inaugural season, including Northern Ireland international Danny Blanchflower, England internationals Stanley Matthews and Johnny Haynes and Scottish internationals Jackie Mudie and Tommy Younger. This is also notable as the last time that the England, Scotland and Northern Ireland captains all played on the same side together.

Following a rise in the popularity of the game after the global broadcasting of the 1966 World Cup, the North American Soccer League was formed in 1968. The league primarily based in the United States also had clubs in Canada and used many European professionals brought in to supplement domestic talent. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Canada was represented by professional teams playing in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver with short-lived teams in Calgary and Edmonton. The NASL had a stormy relationship with FIFA and the USSF and their clubs did not compete in the CONCACAF Champions' Cup.

The Olympic Summer Games were held in Montreal in 1976, but the soccer tournament featured only 13 teams instead of the normal 16 after the African nations boycotted the games in protest against South Africa's apartheid policies.  Canada opened against the Soviet Union in the Olympic Stadium, losing 2–1. Canada lost its second game in Toronto against North Korea and was eliminated from the tournament. The same year, Toronto Metros-Croatia won the Soccer Bowl, the North American Soccer League championship. The final was held in Seattle, where the Toronto side defeated Minnesota 3–0 with a squad featuring Eusébio, striker Ivan Lukačević, Canadian defender Robert Iarusci and goaltender Željko Bilecki. Vancouver Whitecaps won the 1979 Soccer Bowl, beating Tampa Bay Rowdies 2–1 in the final at Giants Stadium in New Jersey.

1980–1999
In 1983, Toronto Blizzard reached the final at B.C. Place Stadium in Vancouver but lost 2–0 to the Tulsa Roughnecks.  Also in 1983 the Canadian Professional Soccer League played one shortened season after two years of aborted attempts to find enough clubs to play.  Canada also lost the bid to host the 1986 World Cup in 1983 when Mexico was awarded the World Cup. Toronto Blizzard returned to the NASL Finals in 1984, but in losing to the Chicago Sting, came up short for the second consecutive year. The league folded prior to the 1985 season. Canada qualified for the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics soccer tournament played throughout the United States. In the first round, they drew with Iraq, lost to Yugoslavia and beat Cameroon to qualify for the quarter finals. After taking an early lead against Brazil, Canada were defeated on penalty kicks.

The 1985 CONCACAF Championship was the fourth edition that doubled as qualification for the FIFA World Cup. Canada secured qualification for the 1986 World Cup after beating Honduras 2–1 in St John's, Newfoundland on September 14, 1985 at King George V Park in front of over 13,000 people. Canada had bid to host the final tournament, but their application was rejected in favour of Mexico, who qualified automatically as hosts, with Canada earning the remaining CONCACAF spot and winning the CONCACAF Championship (now the Gold Cup) for the first time. At the World Cup, Canada were drawn in group C and lost 1–0 to France and 2–0 to both Hungary and the Soviet Union.

Also in 1986, four Canadian national team players were guilty of taking bribes in a match-fixing scandal at the Merlion Cup in Singapore. The Canadian Soccer Association suspended Chris Cheuden, Hector Marinaro, David Norman and Igor Vrablic for one year each. Marinaro and Norman were reinstated and resumed play for Canada. In the wake of Canada's World Cup appearance, the Canadian Soccer League began operations in 1987 with teams in eight Canadian cities. In 1989 the Canadian Soccer Referees' Association was founded.

The Vancouver 86ers of the CSL won the 1990 North American Club Championship, beating Maryland Bays 3–2 in the final in Burnaby, British Columbia. The same year, Canada's national side took part in the North American Nations Cup, hosting the three-team tournament. Canada won the tournament after a 1–0 win over the United States on May 6 and a 2–1 win over Mexico on May 13, all three goals scored by John Catliff, the tournament's top scorer. In 1991, Canada took part in the championship for the second time as defending champions. Mexico won the 1991 North American Nations Cup with Canada finishing in third place.

After the 1992 season, the CSL was forced to end operations with Vancouver 86ers and Montreal Impact joining the United States' APSL. In January 1993, the Toronto Blizzard also joined the APSL. The Winnipeg Fury, not meeting USSF Division 1 market size standards, and North York Rockets joined the National Soccer League, which changed its name to the Canadian National Soccer League in 1993.

The Canadian women's national team benefited from a surge in youth participation throughout the 1980s, and in 1995 Canada qualified for the FIFA Women's World Cup for the first time. Canada lost to England and Norway and drew with Nigeria at the tournament played in Sweden. Canada again qualified for FIFA Women's World Cup 1999 played in the United States, again going winless after drawing with Japan and losing to Norway and Russia.

2000–present

In 2000, Canada's men's team won the CONCACAF Gold Cup for the first time. Canada had finished in a tie in group play with South Korea, but won the tie-breaking coin toss to advance to the quarter-final, where they beat Mexico 2–1 on an extra-time golden goal. In the semi-final, Canada beat Trinidad and Tobago 1–0, and beat invited side Colombia 2–0 in the final. As a result of being named CONCACAF champions, Canada travelled to the 2001 Confederations Cup in Japan, earning a memorable 0–0 draw with Brazil thanks to a stellar performance from Gold Cup Most Valuable Player, goalkeeper Craig Forrest.

At the next Gold Cup in 2002, Canada reached the semi-final for the second time but lost to the United States, on penalty kicks, who would go on to win the tournament. Despite their success in the Gold Cup, Canada's senior men's side failed to qualify for either the 2002 or 2006 World Cup.

Also in 2002, Canada hosted the first ever FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship with games in Edmonton, Victoria, and Vancouver. The final between Canada and the United States was played at Edmonton's Commonwealth Stadium, with the U.S. winning on a golden goal. Canadian Christine Sinclair received the tournament's Golden Ball as MVP and Golden Boot as leading goal-scorer. Rounding out 2002, Canada's senior women's team, with several players from the U-19 squad, met the United States in the 2002 CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup final, where the U.S. won on yet another golden goal. Still later that year, Sinclair led the U.S. NCAA Division I in goals scored as she helped the University of Portland win the national championship.

The senior women's side again qualified for the 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup. In the group stages they lost to Germany before beating Japan and Argentina for their first wins in World Cup history (men or women). In the quarter-finals, Canada upset China 1–0 before losing to Sweden in the semifinal. They were again beat by old rivals the U.S. in the 3rd place game. The under-19 women's side qualified for the 2004 world championship in Thailand, losing in the quarterfinals to China. For the second straight tournament, a Canadian won the Golden Boot, with Brittany Timko the top-scorer. Sinclair set an NCAA Division I record in 2005 with 39 goals as she led Portland to another NCAA title and earned a second straight Hermann Trophy. In the wake of her record-setting season at Portland, Sinclair won the Honda-Broderick Cup in 2006 as the outstanding female athlete at a U.S. university. Also in 2006, long-serving CSA Chief Operating Officer Kevan Pipe was fired from his duties. The CPSL re-branded as the Canadian Soccer League.

In 2007, Toronto FC began play in Major League Soccer as its first franchise located outside the United States. Canada's national team reached the semi-final at the 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup, losing again to the U.S. who would again win the tournament as in 2002. Dale Mitchell was named coach of Canada's senior men's team, to begin duties after the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup, held in Canada. The host went out without scoring a goal and losing all three matches. The final was held in front of 20,000 people at BMO Field in Toronto, with Argentina beating the Czech Republic 2–1.

In May 2008, the CSA inaugurated the Canadian Championship – a domestic cup competition open to professional clubs in Canada. The Montreal Impact won the inaugural season and qualified for the 2008–09 CONCACAF Champions League season.

In women's soccer, Canada qualified for the Women's Olympic Football Tournament for the first time. The team came within an extra-time goal of knocking off number-one ranked U.S. in the quarter-final. At the youth level, Canada won its second CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship. In March 2011, it was announced Canada would host the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup for the first time, where they reached the quarterfinals.

On January 31, 2013, the Canadian Soccer Association announced they were withdrawing sanctioning of the Canadian Soccer League (CSL) as a division 3 league following the 2013 season as the CSA board of directors adopted a new soccer structure in Canada based on the Easton Report. Prior to being de-sanctioned, the CSL had been involved in a match-fixing scandal and a majority of the teams reportedly did not meet CSA requirements in the 2012 season. The league was founded in 1998 after a merger between the Canadian National Soccer League with the stillborn Ontario Professional Soccer League and previously featured academy clubs of Toronto FC and Montreal Impact. The CSL continued to play following the creation of their own soccer federation in 2014 which was unsanctioned by FIFA.

On May 6, 2017, the creation the Canadian Premier League was unanimously approved and sanctioned by the Canadian Soccer Association as a division 1 league. On December 9, 2017, Toronto FC became the first MLS team to complete a domestic treble with their 2–0 win over the Seattle Sounders FC in the MLS Cup, as well as the first Canadian team to win the MLS Cup.
On June 13, 2018, Canada, Mexico and United States joint bid was chosen to co-host the 2026 FIFA World Cup 69 votes ahead of Morocco 134–65 at the FIFA Congress in Moscow. Canada will host 10 matches in Vancouver and Toronto. The first match of the inaugural season of the Canadian Premier League took place between Forge FC and York9 FC at Tim Hortons Field on April 27, 2019, and resulted in a 1–1 draw.

On August 6, 2021, the women's side won their first Olympic gold medal, at the 2020 Summer Olympics.

On March 27, 2022, the men's side defeated Jamaica 4–0 on Matchday 13 to qualify for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. This ended a 36-year drought since the first time Canada played in the FIFA World Cup, in 1986.

Popularity
As in other English-speaking nations outside the United Kingdom, association football (soccer) has been traditionally overshadowed by a rival code of the game with explicitly local roots. As in Australia, where Australian rules football took hold; and Ireland, where Gaelic football is played; while in New Zealand, rugby holds greater popularity; Canadian football usurped association football. In 1869, the founding of Hamilton Football Club, who played what would become Canadian football, helped make that sport the dominant football code in Canada by the dawn of the twentieth century.

Despite the difference in popularity of their respective professional leagues, soccer overtook ice hockey in the 1980s and 1990s as the sport with the most registered players in the country. In 2008, there were 873,032 soccer players, compared to 584,679 registered hockey players in Canada in 2008–09.

Leagues

The following is a list of fully professional teams in Canada:

Canadian Premier League
The Canadian Premier League (CPL) is the highest level of professional soccer in Canada. The tier 1 soccer league began play in 2019 and includes eight Canadian teams, including Atlético Ottawa (Ottawa, Ontario), Cavalry FC (Foothills County, Alberta), Forge FC (Hamilton, Ontario), HFX Wanderers (Halifax, Nova Scotia), Pacific FC (Langford, British Columbia), Valour FC (Winnipeg, Manitoba), Vancouver FC (Langley, British Columbia), and York United FC (Toronto, Ontario). The CPL has announced conditional expansion clubs to Saskatoon and Windsor. The stated goal of the league is to develop Canadian soccer talent, and as such will have a minimum number of Canadian players on each roster and an annual draft of U Sports players.

Major League Soccer
Major League Soccer (MLS) is the highest level of professional soccer in the United States. There are three MLS teams located in Canada. Toronto FC became the first Canadian club in 2007. An MLS franchise was awarded to Vancouver in 2009 and began play in the 2011 season. An MLS franchise was awarded to Montreal in 2010 and began play in the 2012 season. Both the Vancouver and Montreal clubs were long-time organizations that had played in USSF-sanctioned Division 2 leagues — North American Soccer League and the USL Championship.

MLS Next Pro
In 2022, Toronto FC II and Whitecaps FC 2 began play in MLS Next Pro, a United States Soccer Federation-sanctioned division 3 league and the reserve league of MLS. Toronto FC II had played in the division 2 USL Championship until 2018 and in the division 3 USL League One from 2019 to 2021.

League1 Canada
Semi-professional leagues have been operated by provincial soccer associations since 2012 and have been designated as pro-am by the Canadian Soccer Association. Currently three such leagues exist: Ligue1 Québec, League1 Ontario, and League1 British Columbia — all operating men's and women's competitions. The champions of the three men's leagues are given berths into the Canadian Championship. Starting in 2022, the champions of the three women's leagues, along with a second team from the host league, compete at a single location in an interprovincial championship. In 2022, League1 Canada was launched as an alliance for these division 3 leagues to unify and elevate the sport of soccer at the pro-am level through sharing of resources, best practices, and coordination of national commercial partnerships.

USL League Two
The USL League Two is a U.S.-based, men's amateur league. There are two Canadian clubs in the league: FC Manitoba, based out of Winnipeg, Manitoba and the Thunder Bay Chill, based out of Thunder Bay, Ontario. Four Canadian teams have previously won the league championship:
 2008 – Thunder Bay Chill
 2012 – Forest City London, who has since moved to League1 Ontario
 2015 – K–W United FC, who are now defunct
 2018 – Calgary Foothills FC

United Women's Soccer
United Women's Soccer is a U.S.-based, Division II, women's pro-am league. There are two Canadian clubs playing in the league: Calgary Foothills WFC and SASA Impact FC, based out of St. Albert, Alberta.

Canadian soccer cup competitions
 Canadian Championship (fully pro teams from Canadian Premier League and Major League Soccer and league champions from L1O, PLSQ and L1BC)
 Challenge Trophy (amateur men's nationals)
 Jubilee Trophy (amateur women's nationals)

Many of the provincially sanctioned amateur leagues have league cup competitions. Some such as the ones in British Columbia have significant history.
Vancouver Island Soccer League – Sir John Jackson Cup first contested 1914
Fraser Valley Soccer League – Packenham Cup first contested 1909
Vancouver Metro Soccer League – Imperial Cup first contested 1913
British Columbia Provincial Soccer Championship – Province Cup (formerly McBride Shield and BCFA Challenge Cup) first contested 1892
Pacific Coast Soccer League – Cambridge Cup
Pacific Coast Soccer League – John F. Kennedy Cup (between top amateur teams in BC, Washington State, and Oregon)

Stadiums

Many Canadian football stadiums and multi-use stadiums are utilized for soccer.

With the growth of Major League Soccer, the Canadian Premier League and the three Tier 3 provincially-based soccer leagues, Canada has a number of soccer-specific stadiums.

National team

The men's national soccer team have appeared in three senior FIFA tournaments: the 1986 FIFA World Cup in Mexico, the 2001 FIFA Confederations Cup in Japan and the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar. The women's senior national team have appeared in ten senior FIFA tournaments: seven FIFA Women's World Cups and three Women's Olympic Soccer Tournaments. There is also a recently formed Québec official soccer team which represents the province of Quebec and the French Canadian population in non-FIFA tournaments.

Largest Canadian stadiums used for soccer

Notes

See also

 Canadian soccer pyramid
 Canada men's national soccer team
 Canada women's national soccer team
 Québec official soccer team
 Canadian Soccer Hall of Fame and Museum
 List of soccer clubs in Canada
 Soccer on Canadian television
 Canada men's national beach soccer team
 Canada men's national futsal team

References

External links

CanadaSoccer.com Official Site of the Canadian Soccer Association
Canada Soccer Records & Results 2019
Canada Soccer Hall of Fame
 Regional Canadian Soccer Leagues: An overview of the history of professional soccer leagues and clubs in Canada
cbc.ca profile of soccer in Canada
Canadian Soccer Forum: List of Canadian Players Abroad

Soccer in Canada


La traite sexuelle au Kirghizistan est la traite des êtres humains à des fins d'exploitation sexuelle et d'esclavage qui a lieu au Kirghizistan.

Description du phénomène

Les victimes de la traite à des fins sexuelles, principalement des femmes et des filles, dans le pays, appartiennent à tous les groupes ethniques du Kirghizistan et peuvent aussi être des personnes étrangères. Les victimes sont victimes de la traite au Kirghizistan et vers d'autres pays d'Asie et différents continents. Les enfants, les personnes en situation de pauvreté et les migrants sont particulièrement vulnérables au trafic sexuel. Les victimes sont enlevées, dupées, menacées, et/ou forcées à se prostituer et à se marier. Leurs passeports et autres documents sont souvent confisqués. Elles souffrent d'abus physiques et psychologiques et de traumatismes et sont généralement gardées et/ou enfermées dans de mauvaises conditions. Un certain nombre contractent des maladies sexuellement transmissibles à la suite de viols. Parfois, les membres de leur famille sont menacés.

Le gouvernement du Kirghizistan a été critiqué pour ses efforts de lutte contre le trafic sexuel et ses services de protection des victimes, jugés inadéquats. La corruption est un problème et les fonctionnaires et la police ont été complices de trafic sexuel.

Enlèvements de mariées
Les enlèvements lors desquels les femmes et les filles sont forcées de se marier et de tomber enceintes par la pression de la société, l'intimidation ou la violence, sont considérés comme une forme de trafic sexuel au Kirghizistan. Cette tradition de mariage par enlèvement est nommée « ala Katchuu », ce qui signifie « prendre une jeune femme et fuir ». Ce phénomène concerne 35 à 45% des femmes kirghizes et se produirait environ une fois toutes les 40 minutes. De plus, la pratique de mariage par l'enlèvement se poursuit au fil du temps et faiblit peu. La capitale du pays estime que près de 12 000 femmes sont enlevées par an et plus de 2 000 affirment avoir été violées. Lorsqu'une nouvelle victime est enlevée, l'enlèvement est généralement suivi d'un viol puisque selon les stéréotypes du pays, une femme ou une fille qui n'est plus vierge n'est pas « épousable », elle ne pourrait donc plus être offerte en mariage à quelqu'un d'autre. Au Kirghize, la réputation d'une femme célibataire peut être détruite si elle passe une seule nuit hors de son domicile. Donc, dans le cas d'un enlèvement, sa réputation peut être détruite si elle n'épouse pas son ravisseur, ce qui explique en partie la popularité de cette pratique. En 1994, le parlement a durci la loi dans le but de réduire cette pratique. Les hommes  reconnus coupables de ces crimes risquent 7 ans de prison et si la femme est mineure alors ce sera 10 ans. En réalité, une femme victime sur 700 va rapporter son mariage forcé par enlèvement. Selon le ministre de l'Intérieur kirghize, 64% des policiers du sud du pays pensent que le mariage par enlèvement est normal et 82% d'entre eux pensent que la femme a provoqué l'enlèvement.

Références

Industrie du sexe
Prostitution forcée
Trafic sexuel
Abus sexuel sur mineur
Criminalité au Kirghizistan

Traite sexuelle au Kirghizistan