The British undergraduate degree classification system is a grading structure for undergraduate degrees or bachelor's degrees and integrated master's degrees in the United Kingdom. The system has been applied (sometimes with significant variations) in other countries and regions.

History
The classification system as used in the United Kingdom was developed in 1918. Honours were then a means to recognise individuals who demonstrated depth of knowledge or originality, as opposed to relative achievement in examination conditions.

Concern exists about possible grade inflation. It is claimed that academics are under increasing pressure from administrators to award students good marks and grades with little regard for those students' actual abilities, in order to maintain their league table rankings. The percentage of graduates who receive a first (First Class Honours) has grown from 7% in 1997 to 26% in 2017, with the rate of growth sharply accelerating toward the end of this period. A 2018 study by the UK Standing Committee for Quality Assessment concluded that improvements in faculty skill and student motivation are only two of many factors driving average grades upward, that grade inflation is real, that the British undergraduate degree classifications will become less useful to students and employers, and that inflation will undermine public confidence in the overall value of higher education. Students already believe that a first or upper second, by itself, is no longer sufficient to secure a good job, and that they need to engage in extra-curricular activities to build their CV.

Degree classification
A bachelor's degree can be an honours degree (bachelor's with honours) or an ordinary degree (bachelor's without honours). Honours degrees are classified, usually based on a weighted average (with higher weight given to marks in the later years of the course, and often zero weight to those in the first year) of the marks gained in exams and other assessments. Grade boundaries can vary by institution, but typical values are given below.
 First Class Honours (1st, 1 or I) – typically 70% or higher
 Second Class Honours;
 Upper division (2:1, 2i or II-1) – typically 60–69%
 Lower division (2:2, 2ii or II-2) – typically 50–59%
 Third Class Honours (3rd, 3 or III) – typically 40–49%

Students who do not achieve honours may be awarded an ordinary degree, sometimes known as a "pass". Ordinary degrees, and other exit awards such as the Diploma of Higher Education (DipHE; for completing the first two years of a degree course) and Certificate of Higher Education (CertHE; for completing the first year of a degree course), may be unclassified (pass/fail) or, particularly in Scotland where the ordinary degree is offered as a qualification in its own right, classified into pass, merit and distinction.

Integrated master's degrees are usually classified with honours in the same way as a bachelor's honours degree, although some integrated master's degrees are classified like postgraduate taught master's degrees or foundation degrees into:
 Distinction – typically 70% and higher
 Merit – typically 60–69%
 Pass – typically 50–59%.

At most institutions, the system allows a small amount of discretion. A candidate may be elevated to the next degree class if his or her average marks are close to (or the median of their weighted marks achieves) the higher class, and if they have submitted several pieces of work worthy of the higher class.  However, even students with a high average mark may be unable to take honours if they have failed part of the course and so have insufficient credits.

In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, a bachelor's degree with honours normally takes three years of full-time study and usually requires 360 credits, of which at least 90 are at level 6 (final year of a bachelor's degree) level, while an ordinary bachelor's degree normally requires 300 credits, of which 60 are at level 6. In Scotland, the honours bachelor's degree takes four years and requires 480 credits with a minimum of 90 at level 10 of the Scottish framework (last year of the honours degree) and 90 at level 9 (penultimate year), while the ordinary degree takes three years and requires 360 credits with a minimum of 60 at level 9 (last year of the ordinary degree).

In Scotland, it is possible to start university a year younger than in the rest of the United Kingdom, as the Scottish Higher exams are often taken at age 16 or 17 (as opposed to 18), so Scottish students often end a four-year course at the same age as a student from elsewhere in the UK taking a three-year course , assuming no gap years or students skipping the first year (direct entry to 2nd year).

When a candidate is awarded a degree with honours, "(Hons)" may be suffixed to their designatory letters – e.g. BA (Hons), BSc (Hons), BMus (Hons), MA (Hons). An MA (Hons) would generally indicate a degree award from certain Scottish universities (c.f. Scottish MA) and is at the same level as a bachelor's degree.

Distribution of classes
The Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) has published the number of degrees awarded with different classifications since 1994–1995. The relative proportions of different classes have changed over this period, with increasing numbers of students being awarded higher honours. The table below shows the percentage of classified degrees (i.e., not including fails or unclassified degrees such as MBBS) in each class at five-year intervals; note that HESA stopped giving statistics separately for third class honours and pass degree after 2003 and that a small number of undivided second class honours degrees (shown under "other" along with "unknown", which makes up the bulk of this category) were awarded up to 1996.

First Class Honours

First Class Honours, referred to as a "first", is the highest honours classification and indicates high academic achievement.  Historically, First Class Honours were uncommon, but as of 2019 are awarded to nearly thirty percent of graduates from British universities. The increase is said by some commentators to be due to student-demanded grade inflation rather than the quality of students or improvements to their education.

In the early 1990s, First Class Honours went to about 7% of graduates, or about one student in 15. The percentages of graduates achieving a First vary greatly by university and course studied. Students of law are least likely to gain a first, while students of mathematical sciences are most likely to gain a first.

A first class honours degree is sometimes colloquially known (in rhyming slang) as a Geoff Hurst (First) after the English 1966 World Cup footballer.

Upper Second Class Honours

The upper division is commonly abbreviated to "2:1" or "II.i" (pronounced two-one).  The 2:1 is a minimum requirement for entry to many postgraduate courses in the UK.  It is also required for the award of a research council postgraduate studentship in the UK, although a combination of qualifications and experience equal to a 2:1 is also acceptable. This is often interpreted as possession of a master's degree (sometimes at merit level or above) in addition to a 2:2 undergraduate degree.

The percentage of candidates who achieve Upper Second Class Honours can vary widely by degree subject, as well as by university.

A 2:1 degree ("two-one") is sometimes nicknamed an "Attila the Hun" or "Bren gun" in rhyming slang in the UK.

Lower Second Class honours
This is the lower division of Second Class degrees and is abbreviated as "2:2" or '"II.ii" (pronounced two-two). It is also informally known as a "Desmond", named after Desmond Tutu.

Third Class honours

Third Class Honours, referred to as a "third", is the lowest honours classification in most modern universities. Historically, the University of Oxford awarded Fourth Class Honours degrees and, until the late-1970s, did not distinguish between upper and lower Second Class Honours degrees.

Informally, the Third Class Honours degree is referred to as a "gentleman's degree" (cf. the "gentleman's C" in U.S. parlance) and in the UK as a Douglas Hurd (Third) after the 1980s Conservative politician of that name, who had actually graduated with a First Class Honours degree in history in 1952.

Approximately 7.2% of students graduating in 2006 with an honours degree received a Third Class Honours degree.

Ordinary degree
While most university bachelor's degree courses lead to honours degrees, some universities offer courses leading to ordinary degrees. Some honours courses permit students who do not gain sufficient credits in a year by a small margin to transfer to a parallel ordinary degree course. Ordinary degrees may also sometimes be awarded to honours degree students who do not pass sufficient credits in their final year to gain an honours degree, but pass enough to earn an ordinary degree.

Some Scottish universities offer three-year ordinary degrees as a qualification in their own right, as well as an honours degree over four years. This is in contrast to English universities that have honours degrees with three years of study. An ordinary degree in Scotland is not a failed honours degree, as in certain English universities. Students can decide, usually at the end of their second or third year, whether or not they wish to complete a fourth honours year. Scottish universities may also award their ordinary degrees with distinction if a student achieves a particularly good grade average, usually 70% or above. A common example of a Scottish ordinary degree is the Bachelor of Laws course taken by graduates of other subjects, as this is sufficient (without honours) for entry into the legal profession.

Aegrotat
An aegrotat (; ) degree is an honours or ordinary degree without classification, awarded to a candidate who was unable to undertake their exams due to illness or even death, under the presumption that, had they completed those exams, they would have satisfied the standard required for that degree. Aegrotat degrees are often qualified with an appended "(aegrotat)". Following the introduction of new regulations regarding mitigating circumstances, aegrotat degrees are less commonly awarded.

Inter doctrinae prioris

Degrees may be granted which incorporate prior learning, such as by means of CATS points transfer. Where the substance of incorporated credit exceeds a given threshold, the granting institution may be unable to grade sufficient work to award a degree classification. Any degree granted may then be unclassified.

Variations in classification

At the University of Cambridge, undergraduate Tripos examinations are split into one or more Parts, which span either one or two years. Each student receives a formal classification for each Part (i.e. Class I, II.i, II.ii, or III). Until October 2020, officially a grade simply existed for every Part of the degree, not for the overall degree. For students beginning their course of study from October 2020, a final class is awarded across the course of study, according to an algorithm determined by the Tripos. Attaining First Class Honours in two Parts culminates in graduating with a "double first". It is possible in some Triposes to be awarded a "starred first", for examination scripts that "consistently exhibit the qualities of first class answers to an exceptional degree." Some Cambridge alumni who achieved Firsts in three Parts of the Tripos are described by their colleges and others as having achieved a "triple first".

At the University of Oxford, a formal degree Class is given, and this is typically based on the final examinations. In Oxford, examinations for Prelims or Honour Moderations are also undertaken in first/second year, but these results do not typically affect the final degree classification. Until the 1970s, the four honours divisions in Oxford's moderations and final examinations were named first, second, third and fourth class, but eventually Oxford gave in and adopted the numbering used by other English universities.

Oxford sometimes grants a congratulatory first, which The New York Times described as "a highly unusual honor in which the examining professors ask no questions about the candidate's written work but simply stand and applaud" and Martin Amis described as "the sort where you are called in for a viva and the examiners tell you how much they enjoyed reading your papers". A "double first" at Oxford usually informally refers to First Class Honours in both components of an undergraduate degree, i.e., Moderations/Prelims and the Final Honours School, or in both the bachelor's and master's components of an integrated master's degree.

At University College London, candidates who perform well beyond the requirements of a standard First Class Honours may be nominated to the Dean's List. This is generated once per year and recognises outstanding academic achievement in final examinations. There are no set criteria for nomination to the list, but typically only a small number of students from each faculty are nominated per year. Comparable recognition in other anglophone countries is the award of a University Medal.

Degrees in the UK are mapped to levels of the Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies (FHEQ), which includes the Framework for Qualifications of Higher Education Institutes in Scotland (FQHEIS), which has an alternative numbering of levels corresponding to those of the Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework (SCQF). Bachelor's degrees (including the Scottish MA, but not including medical degrees, dentistry degrees or degrees in veterinary science) attained in the UK are at FHEQ level 6/FQHEIS level 9 (ordinary) or 10 (honours); master's degrees (including integrated master's degrees and first degrees in medicine, dentistry and veterinary science) are at FHEQ level 7/FQHEIS level 11, and doctoral degrees are at FHEQ level 8/FQHEIS level 12. Bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees map to first, second and third cycle qualifications in the Qualifications Framework of the European Higher Education Area.

International comparisons

Greece
The table below depicts the Greek Grading system while illustrates approximately how the Grades are compared with ECTS and UK grades:

France
The University of St Andrews gives equivalencies between French and British grades for its study-abroad programme. Equivalencies for the purposes of initial teacher training have also been derived by the UK NARIC for 1st, 2:1 and 2:2 degrees, which do not align with St Andrews' table.

South Africa
The South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) compares international degrees with local degrees before any international student continues their studies in that country.  While the British degree accreditation and classification system allows students to go straight from a three-year bachelor's degree onto a master's degree (normally requiring a 1st or a 2:1 – those with a 2:2 or a 3rd usually require appropriate professional experience), South Africa does not do so unless the student has proven research capabilities.  South African Honours degrees prepare the students to undertake a research-specific degree (in terms of master's), by spending an in-depth year (up to five modules) creating research proposals and undertaking a research project of limited scope.  This prepares students for the research degrees later in their academic career.

Spain
The UK NARIC has derived equivalencies for the grades of the Spanish grado and licenciatura degrees for purposes of initial teacher training bursaries.

The Netherlands
The Netherlands organisation for international cooperation in higher education (NUFFIC) has compared UK degree classification to Dutch degree grades. Dutch equivalencies have also been calculated by the UK NARIC.

NUFFIC also noted that the grading culture is different in the Netherlands, so that it is very rare for even the best students in the Netherlands to be awarded a 9 or a 10, which represent near perfection and absolute perfection.

United States

US comparison services treat English three-year bachelor's degrees and American four-year bachelor's degrees as equivalent. Some British sources, such as the Dearing Report, consider British honours degrees equivalent to a US master's degree and US bachelor's degrees as equivalent to British pass degrees in terms of the standard reached in the major subject, due to the higher degree of specialisation in the UK. However, British institutions generally accept US bachelor's degrees for admission to postgraduate study (see below).

In comparing US bachelor's degrees to British honours degrees, equivalencies can be expressed in terms of either US grade point averages (GPAs) or letter grades. British institutions normally state equivalence in terms of GPAs. Approximate mappings between British classifications and GPAs can be inferred from the graduate admissions criteria used by British universities, which often give international equivalents. For example, University College London (UCL) equates the minimum classification for entrance to GPAs using 2:1 = 3.3 and 2:2 = 3.0. Different universities convert grades differently: the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) considers a GPA of 3.5 or better as equivalent to gaining a 2:1, while the department of English Language and Literature at Oxford considers a GPA of "about 3.8" equivalent to a first class degree. Similarly, the UK NARIC gives equivalent GPAs for determining eligibility for teacher training bursaries. Durham University's North American Undergraduate Guide gives a conversion table as a guide to understanding British classifications (rather than for admission to postgraduate study) of 1st = 3.8–4.0, 2:1 = 3.3–3.7, 2:2 = 2.8–3.2 and 3rd = 2.3–2.7.
The GPA conversions are summarised in the following table:

Letter grade equivalents are more commonly used by American institutions. World Education Services (WES), a nonprofit organisation which provides qualification conversion services to many universities and employers, gives 1st = A, 2:1 = A−/B+, 2:2 = B, 3rd = B−, Pass = C. The Fulbright Commission has also created "an unofficial chart with approximate grade conversions between UK results and US GPA". The table below summarises these conversions, including GPA equivalents for the WES grades given using the letter grade to GPA conversion of Duke University.

Canada

Canadian academic grades may be given as letters, percentages, 12-point GPAs or 4-point GPAs. The 4-point GPAs are sometimes seen to differ from the US but other sources treat them as equivalent. The Durham conversion specifies GPAs for the US and letter grades/percentages for Canada while the UK NARIC has separate GPA conversions for the four-year bachelor's honours, baccalauréat and professional bachelor's degrees (which differ from their US GPA equivalents by at most 0.1) and the three-year bachelor's degree (which is seen as a lower standard). The British Graduate Admissions Fact Sheet from McGill University uses the conversion 1st = 4.0; 2:1 = 3.0; 2:2 = 2.7; 3rd = 2.0; Pass = 1.0; Fail = 0.0.

Australia

Some universities, such as those in Australia, offer ordinary or pass degrees (for instance, as a three-year B.A. or a three-year BSc) by default.  High-achieving students may be recognised with an honours classification without further coursework or research, as is often the case in engineering (which often contains a research and thesis component) or law. However, other courses (such as humanities, arts, social sciences, and sciences) and other universities may recognise high-achieving students with an honours classification with further coursework or research, undertaken either concurrently with, and as part of or in addition to, a bachelor's course, or after completion of a bachelor's course requirements and attaining adequately competitive grades.

Some graduate degrees have been or are classified; however, under the Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF), no graduate-level degrees (i.e., master's by coursework, master's by research, or higher research degrees) may be classified.  To comply with this standard, some institutions have commenced, or will commence, offering high-achieving graduates with "distinction". Notably, this is consistent with British graduate degree classification.

Progression to postgraduate study

Regulations governing the progression of undergraduate degree graduates to postgraduate programmes vary among universities, and are often flexible.  A candidate for a postgraduate master's degree is usually required to have at least a 2:1 (or 2:2 in some cases) bachelor honours degree, although candidates with firsts are in a considerably stronger position to gain a place in a postgraduate course and to obtain funding, especially in medical and natural sciences.  Some institutions specify a 2:1 minimum for certain types of master's program, such as for a Master of Research course.

Candidates with a Third or an Ordinary degree are sometimes accepted, provided they have acquired satisfactory professional experience subsequent to graduation. A candidate for a doctoral programme is nearly always required to have a first or 2:1 at bachelor's level.

Medical degrees

In the United Kingdom, medicine is usually taught as an undergraduate course, with graduates being awarded a master's level qualification: normally the conjoined degrees of Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS, BM BCh, MB ChB, etc.) although at Queen's University Belfast (and universities in Ireland) Bachelor in the Art of Obstetrics (BAO) is added, and at some universities only the Bachelor of Medicine is awarded – all of these have equal standing. Unlike most undergraduate degrees, the MBBS is not normally considered an honours degree, and thus is not classified into first class honours, etc. Students may be awarded "Merits" and "Distinctions" for parts of the course or the whole course (depending on the institution) and "Honours" may be awarded at some institutions for exceptional performance throughout the course (as a grade above Distinction).

Medical schools split their year groups into 10 deciles.  These deciles are the major factor in the calculation of Educational Performance Measure (EPM) points used as part of medical students' Foundation Programme applications, with the top decile receiving 43 points, decreasing by a point for each decile (so the lowest gets 34 points); 7 points can be awarded for other educational achievements (other degrees and publications), and the EPM points are combined with up to 50 points from the Situational Judgement Test to give a total out of 100.

Grade point average

Following the recommendation of the Burgess report into the honours degree classification system in 2007, the Higher Education Academy ran a pilot in 2013–2014 in collaboration with 21 institutions delivering higher education (ranging from Russell Group universities to Further Education colleges) to investigate how a grade point average (GPA) system would work best in Britain. Two main weighting systems were tested: an American-style average of all marks, weighted only by credit value, and weighting by "exit velocity" in the manner of the honours classification, where modules in the first year are given a low or zero weight and modules in the final year have a higher weight (a third model was only rarely used). Over two-thirds of providers preferred exit-velocity weighting to the straight average.

A GPA scale, tied to percentage marks and letter grades, was recommended for use nationally following the study, to run in parallel with the honours degree classification system.

See also

 Latin honors

References

Bachelor's degrees
Undergraduate Degree Classification
Educational classification systems
Academic honours


نوردوم سيهاموني (14 مايو سنة 1953 -)، ملك كمبوديا. هو الابن الأكبر لنورودوم سيهانوك ونوردوم مونينيث سيهانوك، كان سفير كمبوديا لدى اليونسكو، انتخب مع تسعة أشخاص ليملك العرش بعد وفاة والده نورودوم سيهانوك في عام 2000م، وقبل اعتلاء العرش كان أشهر ماقام به سيهاموني، أصبح سفير الثقافة في أوروبا، وعضو في يونسكو.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من بنوم بنه
أطفال رؤساء وزراء كمبوديا
بوذيون كمبوديون
حاصلون على الصليب الأكبر من وسام جوقة الشرف
حاصلون على النيشان الملكي لكمبوديا
سياسيون كمبوديون
قادة حاليون على سدة الحكم
كمبوديون مغتربون في فرنسا
كمبوديون من أصل إيطالي
كمبوديون من أصل فرنسي
مغتربون في التشيك
ملكيون كمبوديون في القرن 21
مندوبو كمبوديا الدائمون لدى يونسكو
مواليد 1953
كمبوديون مغتربون في تشيكوسلوفاكيا
كمبوديون من أصل كورسيكي

نورودوم سيهاموني


Deckenia, monotipskiu rod palmi smješten u podtribus Oncospermatinae, dio tribusa Areceae, potporodica Arecoideae. Jedina vrsta je D. nobilis, endem sa Sejšela .

Sinonimi
 Deckeria nobilis (H.Wendl. ex Seem.) Schaedtler
 Iriartea nobilis (H.Wendl. ex Seem.) N.E.Br.

Izvori

Areceae

Deckenia (Plantae)


is a village consisting of the islands of the Tokara Islands located in the Satsunan Islands of Kagoshima District, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. The village office is located in the city of Kagoshima, outside the village.

As of 2013, the village has an estimated population of 688 and a density of 6.79 persons per km2. The total area is 101.35 km2.

Geography
The islands of Toshima Village are the exposed peaks of stratovolcanos rising from the ocean floor, and most are volcanically active.

Surrounding municipalities
Mishima
Amami

Climate
Toshima has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with hot summers and mild winters. Precipitation is significant throughout the year, and is heavier in summer, especially the months of June and July. The average annual temperature in Toshima is . The average annual rainfall is  with June as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around , and lowest in January, at around . Its record high is , reached on 18 August 2018, and its record low is , reached on 6 February 2003.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Toshima in 2020 is 740 people. Toshima's population has been declining slowly since the census began in 1950, dropping below 1,000 by 1980, and has since stabilized at around 700. In 2015, Toshima's population briefly rebounded to 756, and in 2020, the population has dropped to 740.

History
Some of the islands have been inhabited since at least the Jōmon period. During historic times, mentioned is made of the islands in the Shoku Nihongi and the Heike Monogatari, and local legend states that at least some of the islands were a refuge for the defeated Heike clan following the Genpei War.  During the Edo period, the islands came under the control of the Shimazu clan of Satsuma Domain.

After the Meiji Restoration, these islands were allotted to Kawanabe District of Satsuma Province, and then transferred to Ōshima District of Ōsumi Province in 1897. In 1908, the islands were grouped together with the Tokara Islands into , of which seven were inhabited. At that time, the ten islands included , , , , , , , ,  and .

After World War II, from 2 February 1946 all of the Japanese islands south of 30th latitude, including the Tokara Islands, were placed under United States military administration as part of the Provisional Government of Northern Ryukyu Islands. However, the three northern inhabited islands in the archipelago, known as the : Iōjima, Kuroshima and Takeshima, remained under the control of Japan, and were placed under the administration of the village of Mishima. The remaining Tokara Islands reverted to Japan on 10 February 1952 and are now administered as the village of Toshima. In 1973, the two villages were transferred to Kagoshima District.

References

External links

Toshima official website

Villages in Kagoshima Prefecture
Populated coastal places in Japan

Toshima, Kagoshima


Dogonkiria (auch: Dogon Kiria, Dogon Kirya) ist eine Landgemeinde im Departement Dogondoutchi in Niger.

Geographie

Lage und Gliederung
Dogonkiria liegt in der südlichen Sahelzone. Die Nachbargemeinden sind Kourfeye Centre im Norden, Bagaroua im Osten, Alléla im Südosten, Dan-Kassari im Süden, Matankari im Südwesten und Soucoucoutane im Westen.

Bei den Siedlungen im Gemeindegebiet handelt es sich um 43 Dörfer, 129 Weiler, 20 Lager und eine Wasserstelle. Davon werden zwei Siedlungen auch von der Nachbargemeinde Matankari und zwei Siedlungen auch von der Nachbargemeinde Soucoucoutane beansprucht. Der Hauptort der Landgemeinde Dogonkiria ist das Dorf Dogonkiria. Es liegt auf einer Höhe von .

Durch den äußersten Norden des Gemeindegebiets verläuft das große, periodisch wasserführende Trockental Dallol Maouri.

Klima
In Dogonkiria herrscht trockenes Wüstenklima vor. Die Niederschlagsmessstation im Hauptort liegt auf  Höhe und wurde 1959 in Betrieb genommen.

Geschichte
Die Landgemeinde Dogonkiria ging als Verwaltungseinheit 2002 im Zuge einer landesweiten Verwaltungsreform aus dem nordöstlichen Teil des Kantons Dogondoutchi hervor. Im Juni 2008 zerstörten Überschwemmungen 92 Häuser und über drei Tonnen an Lebensmittelvorräten. Über 500 Einwohner galten als unmittelbar geschädigt.

Bevölkerung
Bei der Volkszählung 2012 hatte die Landgemeinde 65.990 Einwohner, die in 8531 Haushalten lebten. Bei der Volkszählung 2001 betrug die Einwohnerzahl 46.012 in 5624 Haushalten.

Im Hauptort lebten bei der Volkszählung 2012 3064 Einwohner in 396 Haushalten und bei der Volkszählung 1988 2775 in 374 Haushalten.

In ethnischer Hinsicht ist die Gemeinde ein Siedlungsgebiet von Goubawa und Arawa.

Politik
Der Gemeinderat (conseil municipal) hat 18 gewählte Mitglieder. Mit den Kommunalwahlen 2020 sind die Sitze im Gemeinderat wie folgt verteilt: 11 MPN-Kiishin Kassa und 7 PNDS-Tarayya.

Jeweils ein traditioneller Ortsvorsteher (chef traditionnel) steht an der Spitze der 43 Dörfer in der Gemeinde, darunter dem Hauptort.

Wirtschaft und Infrastruktur
Die Gemeinde liegt am Übergang der Zone des Regenfeldbaus des Südens zur Zone des Agropastoralismus des Nordens. Dogonkiria ist der Ausgangspunkt einer Transhumanz-Route, die über Bankali, Soubéra und Sanam nach Andéramboukane in Mali führt. Im Hauptort wird ein Markt abgehalten. Im Dorf Maïmakaïné gibt es einen Viehmarkt. Der Markttag ist Donnerstag.

Gesundheitszentren des Typs Centre de Santé Intégré (CSI) sind im Hauptort und in der Siedlung Makourdi vorhanden. Der CEG Dogonkiria und der in der Siedlung Karchabou gelegene CEG Karchabou sind allgemein bildende Schulen der Sekundarstufe des Typs Collège d'Enseignement Général (CEG). Beim Centre de Formation aux Métiers de Dogonkiria (CFM Dogonkiria) handelt es sich um ein Berufsausbildungszentrum.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Niger
Dosso (Region)
Ort in Afrika

Dogonkiria


An Paepalanthus gardnerianus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Wilhelm Gerhard Walpers. An Paepalanthus gardnerianus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Paepalanthus, ngan familia nga Eriocaulaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Paepalanthus

Paepalanthus gardnerianus


Die Maxi 68 ist ein kleines, schwedisches Familienboot.

Die Maxi 68 wurde nach einem Entwurf von Pelle Petterson erstmals 1976 auf der Werft Erje Produkter, Mariestad gebaut und in den Vertrieb gebracht. Aus ihrer Länge über alles ergab sich die Zusatzbezeichnung "68" in der Klassenbezeichnung. Der Rumpf besteht aus Spritzlaminat bis 15 mm, das Deck wurde in Sandwichbauweise mit einem Kern aus Divinycell gefertigt. Die Kajüte von ca. 4 m² beherbergt zwei Kojen, zusätzlich befindet sich eine größere im Vorschiff. Bei einem Kielgewicht von 650 kg und einer benetzten Fläche von 16 m² hat sie eine Verdrängung von 1350 kg. Sie kann mit einem Aussenborder von max. 7 kW ausgestattet werden.  Die Rumpfgeschwindigkeit beträgt 5,9 Knoten. Das Boot ist nach dem Svenska Sjöfartsverket klassifiziert.

Ab 1978 wurde das Boot konstruktiv etwas verändert, der Pflichtboden wurde angehoben und es gab einen neuen silberfarbenen Mast von Seldén. Das Boot lässt sich auch bei mehr Wind (ab Windstärke 5) sicher beherrschen. Mit der Maxi lässt sich eine maximale Höhe am Wind von ungefähr 35 Grad segeln.

Von der Maxi 68 wurden von 1976 bis 1981 1295 Exemplare gebaut.

Weblinks
 Maxisidorna
 http://www.sailguide.com/batfakta/info.php?id=907
 http://www.maxi68.dk/

Einzelnachweise

Kielboot

Maxi 68


Jia Xiuquan (født 9. november 1963) er en tidligere kinesisk fodboldspiller.

Kinas fodboldlandshold

|-
|1983||1||0
|-
|1984||14||4
|-
|1985||8||1
|-
|1986||11||0
|-
|1987||1||1
|-
|1988||1||0
|-
|1989||11||1
|-
|1990||0||0
|-
|1991||0||0
|-
|1992||3||0
|-
!Total||50||7
|}

Eksterne henvisninger
 National Football Teams

Fodboldspillere fra Kina

Jia Xiuquan


ترايدنت  يعرف أيضاً بـ MSHTML هو اسم محرك التصميم الخاص بإنترنت إكسبلورر لنسخ مايكروسوفت ويندوز. تم تقديمه لأول مرة في الإصدارة 4.0 من إنترنت إكسبلورر في أكتوبر 1997، وما زال يستعمل حتى الآن. في النسخة 8 من إنترنت إكسبلورر قامت مايكروسوفت بعمل تعديلات هامة في لترايدنت لتحسين التعامل مع معايير الويب ولدعم التقنيات الجديدة لقد قامت مايكروسوفت بتطويره لمواكبة تطور الويب.

مراجع

إنترنت إكسبلورر
محركات تصميم

ترايدنت


San Julián de Banzo (en aragonés San Chulián de Banzo) es una localidad de la comarca Hoya de Huesca, que pertenece al municipio de Loporzano en la provincia de Huesca, España, su distancia a Huesca es de 22 km.

Demografía

Referencias

Localidades de la provincia de Huesca
Hoya de Huesca
Loporzano

San Julián de Banzo


«Hometown Glory» —en español: «Gloria a la ciudad natal»— es una canción interpretada por la cantautora británica Adele, incluida en su álbum debut, 19, de 2008. La intérprete la compuso, mientras que su producción quedó a cargo de Jim Abbiss. Es una canción de géneros pop y soul influenciada por los estilos pop y rock alternativo. Se lanzó oficialmente como el primer sencillo de 19 el 22 de octubre de 2007, a través de la compañía discográfica XL Recordings, y se relanzó el 21 de julio de 2008 como sencillo posterior a «Cold Shoulder».

La pista obtuvo un desempeño comercial menor, aun así logró entrar en las listas musicales de los países de Bélgica, Francia, los Países Bajos y el Reino Unido. Además, entró en la quincuagésima octava posición del ranking European Hot 100. En 2010, logró obtener una nominación en la categoría de mejor interpretación vocal pop femenina en la 52.ª edición de los Premios Grammy.

Antecedentes y composición

«Hometown Glory» fue relanzada el 21 de julio de 2008 como sucesor de «Cold Shoulder». La canción fue introducida en la lista B de BBC Radio 1 el 18 de junio de 2008, y cambió a la lista A de BBC Radio 1 el 2 de julio de 2008. En su lado B ahora aparece una nueva versión de «Fool That I Am», canción perteneciente a Etta James, interpretada por Adele, que fue grabada durante una actuación en vivo en Cambridge. La canción fue después lanzada a finales de 2008 como sencillo debut de Adele en el mercado estadounidense. Debido a la popularidad de la canción en el Reino Unido, que resultó en la doble inclusión de canción dentro del top 40 del Reino Unido en la lista de venta por descarga, la canción fue relanzada como tercer sencillo (cuarto incluyendo el sencillo original) del álbum el 21 de julio de 2008. A partir de julio de 2008, la pista se ha convertido en el tercer sencillo consecutivo en el top 20 en Reino Unido para Adele. La canción se toca en clave de B♭ menor a un ritmo de 60bpm. El rango vocal es D♭3-A5.

Video
La primera edición limitada en vinilo de «Hometown Glory» no tiene un video promocional. Se filmó un vídeo para el relanzamiento del sencillo en Hayes, al oeste de Londres, en la parte superior del aparcamiento Iceland/Wilkinson. El video muestra a Adele cantando mientras a su alrededor se desplazan carteles de ciudades.

Listas de canciones

Versión original
Vinilo de 7"

 «Hometown Glory» – 3:35

 «Best for Last» – 4:17

Relanzamiento
CD sencillo

 «Hometown Glory» – 4:30

 «Fool That I Am» (en vivo) – 3:46

Vinilo de 7"

 «Hometown Glory»

 «Fool That I Am» (en vivo)

Digital EP
«Hometown Glory» – 3:40
«Hometown Glory»  – 3:35
«Hometown Glory»  – 5:11
«Hometown Glory»  – 5:55
«Hometown Glory»  – 6:36
«Hometown Glory»  – 6:35

Posicionamiento en listas

Semanales

Anuales

Créditos y personal
 Adele: voz y composición
 Jim Abbiss: producción, mezcla y glockenspiel
 Wil Malone: arreglos
 Neil Cowley: piano
 Richard Wilkinson: grabación y mezcla
 Steve Price: grabación

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Hometown Glory en Discogs

Sencillos debut de 2007
Sencillos de 2008
Canciones de 2007
Sencillos de Adele
Sencillos de pop
Sencillos de rhythm and blues
Canciones de Adele
Canciones en inglés

Hometown Glory


Acanthopsis, biljni rod bodljikavih listova iz porodice primogovki. Sastoji se od dvadeast vrsta iz Namibije i Južnoafričke Republike.

Vrste

 Acanthopsis adamanticola H.M.Steyn
 Acanthopsis carduifolia (L.f.) Schinz
 Acanthopsis disperma Nees
 Acanthopsis dispermoides H.M.Steyn
 Acanthopsis dregeana H.M.Steyn
 Acanthopsis erosa H.M.Steyn
 Acanthopsis glabra  (Nees) H.M.Steyn
 Acanthopsis glandulopalmata  H.M.Steyn
 Acanthopsis glauca (Nees) Schinz
 Acanthopsis hoffmannseggiana (Nees) C.B.Clarke
 Acanthopsis horrida (Nees) Nees
 Acanthopsis insueta  H.M.Steyn
 Acanthopsis ludoviciana H.M.Steyn
 Acanthopsis nitida  H.M.Steyn
 Acanthopsis scullyi (S.Moore) Oberm.
 Acanthopsis spathularis (Nees) Schinz
 Acanthopsis tetragona H.M.Steyn
 Acanthopsis trispina C. B. Cl.
 Acanthopsis tuba H.M.Steyn
 Acanthopsis villosa H.M.Steyn

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Taxonomic notes on Acanthopsis
Acantheae

Acanthopsis


Rivenesfjorden, lokalt af og til kaldt Oksefjorden, er en fjord i Søgne kommune i Agder fylke i Norge. Den ligger mellem Torvefjorden i øst og Trysfjorden i vest. Den har indløb nord for Songvårfjorden, mellem en række holme som ligger mellem disse fjorde. Fjorden ligger vest for øerne Borøya og Okse og går videre mod nord på vestsiden af Rivenes, sydvest for selve Søgne. Fjorden er omkring 3,5 kilometer lang.

Kilder og henvisninger

Fjorde i Agder
Søgne

Rivenesfjorden


Primorski Hrvat je hrvatska udruga iz grada Rijeke za promicanje baštine. Udruga je nastala da bi promicala primorsku, a time i hrvatsku baštinu. Misija udruge je - očuvanje i promicanje hrvatske tradicijske kulture, posebice u Rijeci, Hrvatskom primorju i Gorskom kotaru te prezentacija i popularizacija hrvatske baštine u domaćim, ali i europskim okvirima.

Povijest udruge
Osnovana je na osnivačkoj skupštini 17. prosinca 2018. u Hrvatskoj čitaonici na Trsatu. Razlog osnivanja udruge je dugogodišnja potreba da se grad Rijeka probudi iz 'besvijesti' i 'nesvijesti', odnosno procesa kulturocida i memoricida koji je nastao od polovice 20. stoljeća. Lokacija osnivanja je izabrana jer nosi tradiciju i simboliku, zato što je na tom mjestu djelovalo istoimeno društvo od 1895. do 1935. godine. Ime je budućem muškom pjevačkom zbor i cjelokupnom Društvu nadjenuo 1895. godine hrvatski pisac, pjesnik, učitelj, prognanik i uznik Rikard Katalinić Jeretov (Volosko, 1869. - Split, 1954). Točnije, proizišlo je iz istoimene koračnice Rikarda Katalinića Jeretova iz 1895., koju su članovi današnje udruge nedavno pronašli u Zagrebu sakupljajući građu za knjigu o Matku Brajši Rašanu koji ju je uglazbio.

Osnivačkoj svečanoj skupštini nazočili su brojne Riječanke i Riječani. Udrugu su došli podržati i Josip Jurčević, Berislav Valušek, Davor Ivo Stier, Goran Crnković, Maja Polić. Nikica Maravić, Marino Grbac, Daina Glavočić, mons. Nikola Radić i krčki knez Mikula IV. (Petar Kopanica u frankopanskoj odori. U glazbenom programu nastupio je i legendarni lokalni glazbenik Duško Jeličić (Bonaca) te muška klapa Gardelini.
Pokretački odbor Primorskog Hrvata dobio od Ministarstva kulture pravo uporabe znaka 2018. Europska godina kulturne baštine. Za prvog predsjednika udruge odabran je kipar Zvonimir Kamenar (najznačajniji riječki akademski kipar 20. stoljeća bez monografije) a dopredsjednik je dr. Bernardin Mrak, oftalmolog, izvršna voditeljica Vedrana Spadoni Štefanić, dipl. politolog i rizničar Ivan Andrijević, inž. elektrotehnike. Za počasne članove izabrani su Radojka Šverko, Vlasta Juretić Knezova i Rado Žic Mikulin.

Petra Abramović Rukavina grafički je oblikovala znak Udruge. Krilatica udruge su riječi Petra Preradovića: "Tuđe poštuj, svojim se diči". Mirjana Kajdi Žužić skladala je glazbu svečane pjesme Primorski Hrvat na tekst koji je napisala Ljubica Kolarić Dumić. Skladba je snimljena u Studiju Maraton Olje Dešića.

Na osnivanju je napomenuto i da će udruga osnovati skupinu hrvatskoga plesnog folklora te osnivanje povijesne garde znamenitoga riječkog kapetana Nikole Jurišića.

Rad i entuzijazam članova udruge polučio je rezultate u manje od godinu dana. Među značajnije pothvate spada rješavanje jednog dugogodišnjeg nedostatka grada Rijeke. Pokrenuli su početkom listopada 2019. folklorni ansambl čime su ispunili staru želju mnogih Riječana, a Rijeka napokon više nije jedini veći hrvatski grad bez folklornog ansambla. Ansambl vodi Sanja Čaval. Probe se održavaju svakog ponedjeljka i četvrtka u župnoj dvorani župe Uznesenja BDM u Rijeci.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Primorski Hrvat
YouTube
Facebook

Hrvatske udruge
Kultura u Rijeci

Primorski Hrvat


An Cryptochloa soderstromii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Gerrit Davidse. An Cryptochloa soderstromii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cryptochloa, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Panamá. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cryptochloa

Cryptochloa soderstromii


Deneb, Kuğu Takımyıldızı'nda yer alan en parlak yıldız.

Deneb, 1.25 görünür büyüklüğüyle gökyüzünün en parlak 19. yıldızıdır. Aynı zamanda, Samanyolu'daki en parlak yıldızlardan biridir. Kuğu Takımyıldızı'nda yer alan Deneb, Lir Takımyıldızı'ndaki Vega ve Kartal Takımyıldızı'ndaki Altair'le birlikte yaz üçgeninin köşelerini oluşturan yıldızlardan biridir. Adı Arapça "kuyruk" anlamına gelen Deneb, Kuğu'nun kuyruğunda yer almaktadır. En iyi görüldüğü zamanlar, Kuğu Takımyıldızı'nın Eylül ayı başlarında akşam göğünde en yüksek konumu aldığı günlerdir.

Deneb, Samanyolu'nun en büyük yıldızlarından biridir; eğer Güneş'in yerinde olsaydı, yıldızın yuvarlağı Dünya'nın yörüngesini içine alırdı. Deneb'in kütlesi, Güneş'in kütlesinin 20-25 katı ve çapı Güneş'in çapının 100-200 katıdır. Güneş'ten 265.000 kat parlak olan Deneb, son derece parlak, beyaz renkte bir dev yıldızdır. Spektrum türü A olan beyaz yıldızlar, evrendeki yıldızların yaklaşık %1'ini oluştururlar. Deneb benzeri dev yıldızların parlaklıkları, Güneş'ten ortalama 10.000 kat, kütleleri 10 ile 100 kat, çapları ise 20 ile 1.000 daha fazladır.

Deneb'in bizden çok uzakta olmasından ötürü, yıldızın gerçek parlaklığı ve evrimsel durumu kesin olarak bilinmemektedir. Ancak, önümüzdeki birkaç milyon yıl içinde patlayacağı (bkz. süpernova) neredeyse kesindir.

Deneb, Mars gezegeninin kuzey kutup yıldızıdır.

Kaynakça

 The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy and Spaceflight
 Microsoft Encarta96 Encyclopedia
 Software Toolworks Encyclopedia, 1992
 "Stars and Star of the Week", Prof. Jim Kaler

A-tipi süperdevler
Alfa Cygni değişenleri
Salma-çizgileri yıldızları
Kuzey kutup yıldızları
Kuğu takımyıldızı
Cygni, Alfa
BD+44 3541
Cygni, 50
197345
102098
7924
Navigasyon yıldızı

Deneb


Die Badminton-Ozeanienmeisterschaft 2010 fand vom 24. bis zum 27. Februar 2010 in Invercargill (Neuseeland) statt. Es war die 7. Austragung dieser Kontinentalkämpfe im Badminton in Ozeanien.

Medaillengewinner

Weblinks
 tournamentsoftware.com

2010
Ozeanienmeisterschaft 2010
Ozeanienmeisterschaft 2010

Badminton-Ozeanienmeisterschaft 2010


Uluslararası ticaret sermaye, mal ve hizmetler'in uluslararası sınırlar veya bölgeler arasında değişimidir çünkü bu mallara veya hizmetlere ihtiyaç veya istek vardır.

Çoğu ülkelerde bu tür ticaret, gayri safi yurtiçi hasılanın (GSYİH) önemli bir kısmıdır. Uluslararası ticaret tarih boyunca var olsa da (örneğin İpek Yolu, Kehribar Yolu, Afrika Talanı, Atlantik köle ticareti, Tuz yolları, Uttarapatha), ekonomik, sosyal ve politik önemi son yüzyıllarda gittikçe artmaktadır.

Uluslararası düzeyde ticaret yapmak, iç ticaretle kıyaslandığında daha karmaşık bir süreçtir. Ticaret iki veya daha fazla devlet arasında gerçekleştiğinde para birimi, hükûmet politikaları, ekonomi, yargı sistemi, yasalar ve piyasalar gibi pek çok faktör ticareti etkiler.

Modern çağda farklı ekonomik konumdaki ülkeler arasındaki ticaret sürecini kolaylaştırmak ve ayarlamak çıkarmak için Dünya Ticaret Örgütü gibi bazı uluslararası ekonomik kuruluşlar kuruldu. Bu kuruluşlar, uluslararası ticaretin kolaylaştırılması ve büyümesi için çalışır. Hükûmetler arası ve uluslar üstü organizasyonların ve hükûmet istatistik ajanslarının istatistik servisleri, uluslararası ticaret hakkında resmi istatistikler yayınlar.

Uluslararası ticaret bir iktisât dalıdır ve uluslararası finans ile birlikte bir üst dal olan uluslararası iktisatı oluşturur.

Küresel ticaretin özellikleri
Bir ülkedeki bir taraftan başka bir ülkedeki bir tarafa devredilen veya satılan bir ürün menşe ülkeden ihracat ve ülkeye o ürünü almak ithalat'tır. İthalat ve ihracat, ödemeler dengesi'nde bir ülkenin cari hesabında muhasebeleştirilir.

Küresel ticaret, tüketicilere ve ülkelere yeni pazarlara ve ürünlere maruz kalma fırsatı verebilir. Uluslararası pazarda hemen hemen her tür ürün bulunabilir, örneğin: yiyecek, giysi, yedek parça, yağ, mücevher, şarap, hisse senedi, dövizler ve su. Turizm, bankacılık, danışmanlık ve ulaşım gibi hizmetlerinde ticareti yapılır.

Gelişmiş teknoloji (ulaşım dahil), küreselleşme, sanayileşme, dış kaynak kullanımı ve çok uluslu şirketlerin uluslararası ticaret sistem üzerinde büyük etkileri vardır.

Toplam uluslararası ticarete göre en büyük ülkeler

Aşağıdaki tablo, Dünya Ticaret Örgütü'ne göre en büyük 21 ticaret ülkesinin bir listesidir.

Değerine göre en çok ticareti yapılan emtialar (ihracat)

Kaynak: Uluslararası Ticaret Merkezi

Gözlemler
ABD Başkanları şirketleri mal ve hizmet dış ticaretine daha fazla odaklanmalarını teşvik için törenler düzenledi. Başkan George W. Bush 18 Mayıs 2001 ve 17 Mayıs 2002'de Dünya Ticaret Haftasını gözlemledi. 13 Mayıs 2016'da Başkan Barack Obama 15 Mayıs - 21 Mayıs 2016 arası düzenlenen 2016 Dünya Ticaret Haftasını, 19 Mayıs 2017'de Başkan Donald Trump 21 Mayıs - 27 Mayıs 2017 tarihleri arasında düzenlenen 2017 Dünya Ticaret Haftasını ilan etti. Başkan her yıl Mayıs ayının üçüncü haftasını Dünya Ticaret Haftası ilan eder.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Birleşmiş Milletler Ticaret ve Kalkınma Konferansı (UNCTAD)

Listeler
 Ülkelere göre ithalat rakamları listesi
 Ülkelere göre ihracat rakamları listesi

Kaynakça

Resmi istatistikler

Uluslararası ticaret


Judith Anna Roberts est une actrice américaine née le  à New York. Elle est principalement connue pour son rôle de Mary Shaw dans le film d'horreur Dead Silence (2007) de James Wan, et pour son rôle de Taslitz dans la série dramatique Orange Is the New Black de Netflix.

Biographie

Carrière
Son premier rôle au cinéma remonte à 1977 dans Eraserhead. Les années suivantes, elle tient d'autres petits rôles dans des films et des séries télévisées, notamment New York, police judiciaire () et New York, section criminelle (). Son rôle le plus notable est celui de Mary Shaw dans le film d'horreur Dead Silence de James Wan en 2007. La même année, Roberts collabore à nouveau avec le réalisateur avec le film d'action Death Sentence, où elle tient le rôle de la juge Shaw.

En 2013, Roberts apparaît dans le clip de Justin Timberlake pour Mirrors. En 2014, elle tient un rôle récurrent dans la série de Netflix Orange Is the New Black. Roberts reçoit pour le rôle le Screen Actors Guild Award de la meilleure distribution pour une série télévisée comique. En 2015, elle s'est produite à Broadway dans la pièce .

Vie privée
Judith Roberts a été mariée à l'acteur Pernell Roberts de 1962 à 1971.

Filmographie

Cinéma
 1971 : Minnie et Moskowitz ou Ainsi va l'amour () de John Cassavetes : la femme de l'Irlandais
 1975 :  de Gus Trikonis : Sally
 1976 :  de Gus Trikonis : Fran
 1976 :  de Gus Trikonis : Madame Blalock
 1977 : Eraserhead de David Lynch : la voisine de palier
 1978 :  de Robert Amram et Rolf Forsberg : la grande prostituée
 1980 : Stardust Memories de Woody Allen : une chanteuse
 1992 : Mac de John Turturro : la femme dans le bus
 1994 : Mother's Boys d'Yves Simoneau : le narrateur
 1998 :  de Simon Aeby : Nora Littman
 2000 : Fast Food, Fast Women d'Amos Kollek : la mère de Bella
 2006 :  : Marge Garacci (court-métrage)
 2007 : Dead Silence de James Wan : Mary Shaw
 2007 : Death Sentence de James Wan : la juge Shaw
 2007 : Le Journal d'une baby-sitter () de  Shari Springer Berman et Robert Pulcini
 2008 : Choke de Clark Gregg : une femme élégante
 2010 :  de Mariana Hellmund : Juliana Bordereau
 2011 :  : Margaret (court-métrage)
 2012 :  de  : Susan
 2013 :  : la mère (court-métrage)
 2015 :  : Miss Larson (court-métrage)
 2017 : A Beautiful Day () de Lynne Ramsay : la mère de Joe
 2020 :  d'Edoardo Vitaletti : Constance

Télévision
 1983 : Les Enquêtes de Remington Steele () : Rina Casselas (saison 1, épisode 17 : )
 1991 : New York, police judiciaire () : Harriet Dutton (saison 2, épisode 2 : )
 2000 : New York, police judiciaire () : la juge Schepps (saison 11, épisode 1 : )
 2000 : New York, section criminelle () : Nan Turner (saison 2, épisode 12 : )
 2008 : New Amsterdam : Julia (saison 1, épisode 1 : )
 2011-2014 :  : Meemaw (18 épisodes)
 2014 : Orange Is the New Black : Taslitz (8 épisodes)
 2016 : 2 Broke Girls : Astrid (saison 5, épisode 7 : )
 2017 : Very Bad Nanny () : la grand-mère Rita (saison 2, épisode 6 : )
 2017 : Great News : Grammy (saison 2, épisode 9 : )
 2018 :  : Mrs. Washington (saison 1, épisode 1 : )
 2019 : Des amis d'université () : Gummy (saison 2, épisode 5 : )
 2019 : NOS4A2  : Jolene (saison 1, épisode 3 :  ; saison 1, épisode 6 : )

Voix françaises

 Frédérique Cantrel dans NOS4A2 (2019)

Références

Liens externes

Actrice américaine de cinéma
Actrice américaine de télévision
Naissance en décembre 1934
Naissance à New York

Judith Roberts


أورشوفا, مدينة جنوبي غربي رومانيا (بالرومانية: Orşova, بالألمانية: Orschowa, بالصربية: Оршава) تقع في محافظة مهيدينتس . تقع على البحيرة الاصطناعية المتشكلة خلف السد الحديدي (بوابة حديدية) على نهر الدانوب . حيث تعتبر أيضا نقطة حدودية بين رومانيا و صربيا

تبعد عن دروبيتا تورنو سيفيرين (مركز المحافظة) 26 كم، وعن بوخارست 363 كم. عدد السكان 13.000 نسمة (2002).

معرض صور

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة على ضفاف الدانوب
أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة ميهيدينتي
بلدات رومانيا
مدن رومانيا
مدن وبلدات ساحلية في رومانيا
معابر الحدود الرومانية الصربية

أورشوفا


Helen Gray Edmonds (3 de dezembro de 1911 - 9 de maio de 1995) foi uma historiadora, acadêmica e líder cívica americana. Ela foi a primeira mulher afro-americana a obter um doutorado na Ohio State University, a se tornar uma reitora de uma escola de pós-graduação e a primeira a ganhar a indicação de um candidato presidencial dos Estados Unidos.

Infância e educação
Edmonds nasceu em 3 de dezembro de 1911 em Lawrenceville, Virgínia, filho de John Edward e Ann Williams Edmonds. Ela tinha uma irmã, Lucille, e um irmão, Harry. Edmonds frequentou a Saint Paul's High School e a Junior College em Lawrenceville.

Edmonds frequentou o Morgan State College em Baltimore, graduando-se em 1933 com um BA em História. Ela passou a receber um mestrado em História na Ohio State University em 1938, seguido por um Ph.D. em 1946. Ela foi a primeira mulher negra a obter um Ph.D. naquela instituição. Sua dissertação, The Negro and Fusion Politics in North Carolina, 1894-1901, foi publicada como seu primeiro livro em 1951. De 1954 a 1955, Edmonds realizou pesquisas de pós -doutorado na Universidade de Heidelberg, na Alemanha Ocidental.

Carreira
De 1934 a 1935, Edmonds ensinou história, latim e grego no Seminário e Faculdade Teológica da Virgínia em Lynchburg, Virgínia. Edmonds se juntou ao corpo docente do North Carolina College (agora North Carolina Central University ) em 1941, ensinando lá até sua aposentadoria em 1977. Ela ocupou muitos cargos nessa instituição, incluindo professor de história (1941-1977), presidente do Departamento de História (1963-1964) e reitor da Escola de Pós-Graduação em Artes e Ciências (1964-1971). Em 1989, um prédio de salas de aula no campus foi nomeado em sua homenagem.

Durante sua carreira, Edmonds lecionou em mais de 100 faculdades e universidades nos Estados Unidos e no exterior. Ela atuou no Conselho de Curadores de várias instituições, incluindo North Carolina Central University (após sua aposentadoria), Saint Paul's College e Voorhees College. Ela recebeu oito títulos honorários durante sua vida.

De 1970 a 1974, Edmonds atuou como presidente da The Links, Inc., uma organização principalmente para mulheres afro-americanas. Ela atuou no conselho de administração de várias organizações, incluindo o United Negro College Fund e o NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund.

Serviço cívico e atividades políticas
Edmonds era ativa no Partido Republicano . Na Convenção Nacional Republicana de 1956, ela apoiou a indicação de Dwight D. Eisenhower, tornando-se a primeira mulher negra a apoiar a indicação de um candidato presidencial dos EUA.

Em 1970, Edmonds serviu como delegada suplente na Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas. Ela presidiu a delegação dos Estados Unidos ao Terceiro Comitê das Nações Unidas e foi nomeada para o Conselho Consultivo Nacional do Corpo da Paz pelo presidente Richard Nixon. Nixon citou Edmonds por seu serviço.

Morte
Edmonds morreu no Duke University Hospital em Durham, Carolina do Norte, em 9 de maio de 1995, aos 83 anos.

Publicações selecionadas

Prêmios e reconhecimentos selecionados

 Professora Ilustre da Universidade, North Carolina Central University
 Prêmio de Distinção Acadêmica, American Historical Association
 Distinta mulher da Carolina do Norte
 1975 – Prêmio O. Max Gardner pela "maior contribuição para o bem-estar da raça humana"
 1977 – Helen G. Edmonds Graduate Colloquium of History – conferência anual estabelecida por seus ex-alunos
 1982 – Prêmio Candace, História

Referências

Ligações externas

!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Negres)
Alunos da Universidade Estadual de Ohio
Historiadoras dos Estados Unidos
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mais Pretas)

Helen G. Edmonds


Sommerfugledalen: Et requiem er en dansk digtsamling af Inger Christensen udgivet i 1991 på Brøndums Forlag.

Samlingen består af 15 digte på den klassiske sonetform, det vil sige med 14 linjer fordelt på to strofer à fire linjer og to strofer à tre linjer. Sonetterne er rimede, og sidste linje i en sonet gentages som første linje i den næste. Dette gælder for de første 14 af digtene, mens det femtende består af førstelinjerne fra de øvrige 14 - denne betegnes som mestersonetten.

Med sommerfuglene som et gennemgående element reflekterer subjektet over sit forhold til naturen og livets forløb, især dødens komme. Geografisk kommer digtet til den makedonske dal Brajčino samt Vejle og Skagen.

Komponisten Svend Nielsen har skrevet et vokalværk til digtene, som er indspillet af Ars Nova-koret dirigeret af Tamás Vető.

Sommerfugledalen er optaget i Kulturkanonen i 2006.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Sommerfugledalen - sangtekst , dr.dk

Litteratur i 1991
Digte fra Danmark
Kulturkanonen

Sommerfugledalen


Ante Kronja "Čenčo" (Šibenik, 5. svibnja 1915. – Beograd, 2. srpnja 1985.), kontraadmiral JRM i nositelj naslova narodnog heroja

Rodom je Arbanas. Godine 1941. pristupio je NOVJ i KPJ. U ratu je bio politički komesar bataljuna, pomoćnik političkog komesara Četvrte operativne zone, politički komesar 1. dalmatinske proleterske brigade i dr. Poslije rata završio je Višu vojno-pomorsku akademiju JNA i bio među ostalim načelnik Vojno-pomorskog školskoga centra JNA.

Napisao s Mirkom Novovićem, Bogdanom Stuparom i Vasom Đapićem Prva dalmatinska proleterska NOU brigada, Beograd. Član uredničkog odbora zbornika Spomenici revolucije - zbornik spomenika revolucija 1945. godine povodom 35. godišnjice oslobođenja zemlje, 36. godišnjice oslobođenja Šibenika i šibenske komune, Šibenik 1980.

Izvori

Hrvatski admirali u Jugoslavenskoj ratnoj mornarici
Narodni heroji Jugoslavije
Hrvatski komunisti do 1945.
Životopisi, Šibenik

Ante Kronja


Ronald Alfred Shiner (* 8. Juni 1903 in London, Großbritannien; † 29. Juni 1966 ebenda) war ein britischer Schauspieler und Bühnenregisseur, der sich beim Film einen Namen als Charakterkomiker gemacht hat.

Leben
Ronald Alfred Shiner besuchte in seiner Heimatstadt London das Cathcart College und St. Aloysius. Von 1920 bis 1922 diente er bei der Northwest Mounted Police, von 1924 bis 1927 dem Royal Corps of Signal.

Im Jahre 1928 wechselte er zur Bühne und trat am Hippodrome Theatre in London-Margate in dem Stück Dr. Syn erstmals auf. Von 1929 bis 1931 versuchte sich Shiner mehrmals als Regisseur, u. a. bei den Stücken Down Our Street, The Way to Treat a Woman und Duke of York's. Zwischen 1931 und 1934 konnte man ihn am Whitehall Theatre sehen, 1935 am Cambridge Theatre. Zu dieser Zeit unternahm Ronald Shiner seine ersten Gehversuche beim Film; zunächst mit winzigen Nebenrollen. Obwohl während des Zweiten Weltkriegs eingezogen – er sprach u. a. in Rundfunksendungen für die britischen Truppen auf dem Mittelmeerstützpunkt Malta –, war Shiner in der ersten Hälfte der 40er Jahre überaus filmaktiv. 1943 nahm er auch seine längere Zeit vernachlässigte Theatertätigkeit (Stück Something in the Air) wieder auf. Von 1945 bis 1950 kehrte Shiner ans Whitehall Theatre zurück, ging dann für drei Jahre an das Apollo Theatre (1950–1953) und trat schließlich am Adelphi Theatre und dem Coliseum Theatre auf.

Mit Beginn der 50er Jahre wurden ihm erstmals Filmhauptrollen angeboten. Shiner war Star einiger B-Komödien der Regisseure Jack Raymond und John Paddy Carstairs. 1952 galt er als Top-Verdiener unter Großbritanniens Filmschauspielern, in den Jahren 1953 und 1954 befand er sich unter den bestverdienenden Zehn. Gelegentlich konnte man Ronald Shiner auch in Fernsehfilmen (z. B. in Seagulls Over Sorrento) sehen.

Filmografie
 1934: My Old Dutch
 1934: Royal Cavalcade
 1935: Once a Thief
 1935: Squibs
 1935: Invitation to the Waltz
 1935: Excuse My Glove
 1936: King of Hearts
 1936: The Black Tulip
 1936: Träumende Augen (Dreaming Lips)
 1937: Silver Blaze
 1937: …heute Abend – Hotel Ritz (Dinner at the Ritz)
 1938: Der Lausbub aus Amerika (A Yank at Oxford)
 1938: St. Martin's Lane
 1938: Prison Without Bars
 1939: I Killed the Count
 1939: Discoveries
 1939: The Lion Has Wings
 1939: Bravo George! (Come on George)
 1940: Der Schrecken von Marks Priory (The Case of the Frightened Lady)
 1940: Old Bill and Son
 1940: Major Barbara (Major Barbara)
 1941: South American George
 1942: The Young Mr. Pitt
 1942: Die Blockade (The Big Blockade)
 1942: Squadron Leader X
 1943: Get Cracking
 1943: My Learned Friend
 1943: Bees in Paradise
 1944: I Live in Grosvenor Square
 1945: The Way to the Stars
 1945: Cäsar und Cleopatra
 1946: George in Civvy Street
 1946: Piratenliebe (The Man Within)
 1947: Brighton Rock (Brighton Rock)
 1950: Worm's Eye View
 1951: Der wunderbare Flimmerkasten (The Magic Box)
 1952: Reluctant Heroes
 1952: Little Big Shot
 1952: Top of the Form
 1953: Innocents in Paris
 1953: Anna von Singapur (Laughing Anne)
 1954: Up to His Neck
 1954: Die Erbschaft der Tante Clara (Aunt Clara)
 1955: Keep it Clean
 1956: Dry Rot
 1956: My Wife's Family
 1957: Not Wanted on Voyage
 1957: Girls at Sea
 1958: Operation Bullshine
 1959: The Navy Lark
 1960: The Night We Got the Bird

Literatur
 International Motion Picture Almanac 1965, New York 1964, S. 265

Weblinks

Filmschauspieler
Theaterschauspieler
Theaterregisseur
Brite
Geboren 1903
Gestorben 1966
Mann

Ronald Shiner


Ticul de Morales Municipality is one of the 106 municipalities in Yucatán State, Mexico.  It is located in the western part of the state at () 100 km south of the state capital city of Mérida. The municipality, which has an area of 355.12 km² (137.11 sq mi), in the 2005 census reported 25,621 inhabitants.  The city of Ticul which is the municipal seat had a population of 21,147, the ninth-largest community in the state in population.  The majority are ethnically Maya. Its largest other towns are Pustunich and Yotholín.

Climate

Communities

The municipality is made up of 32 communities the most important are as follows:

Ticul (Municipal Seat)
Pustunich
Yotholín
Plan Chac Número Cinco
Unidades de Riego

Important people

Francisco Ché Cacique de Ticul who ruled from 1562-1569.

Picture gallery

References

Municipalities of Yucatán

Ticul Municipality


كاميرا الفيديو هي آلة إلكترونية تستخدم لالتقاط المشاهد وتخزينها على هيئة صور متحركة. مبدئياً تم تطوير كاميرات الفيديو للاستخدام التلفزيوني (الصناعة التلفزيونية) لكنها الآن تستخدم لتطبيقات أخرى.

كاميرات الفيديو تستخدم حالياً (بشكل رئيسي) بطريقتين: البث الحي، مثل البث التلفزيوني للأحداث المختلفة، وكاميرات المراقبة الأمنية.
الطريقة الثانية هي التسجيل على وسائط التخزين، مثل البرامج التلفزيونية والأفلام، أو لأغراض الأرشفة أو الاستخدام اللاحق.

من أنواع كاميرات الفيديو
 كاميرات الفيديو الاحترافية وتستخدم في القطاع التلفزيوني أو قطاع الأفلام، وتكون متحركة (متنقلة) أو ثابتة في الاستوديو، وتوفر تحكماً كبيرا لعملية التصوير.
 الكامكوردر: والتي تجمع بين كاميرا الفيديو وجهاز الفيديو، وتكون صغيرة وسهلة الحمل والاستخدام وتستخدم في الأعمال التلفزيونية والاستخدام المنزلي، وغيرها من الاستخدامات المشابهة الأخرى.
 كاميرات الدوائر التلفزيونية المغلقة وتستخدم عموماً للأغراض الأمنية وأغراض المراقبة، وتتميز بأنها صغيرة، سهلة الإخفاء، تعمل بصورة أوتوماتيكية، أو بالتحكم عن بعد، وتتحمل الظروف البيئية كالحرارة/البرودة العالية أو مناطق الإشعاع. يمكن اعتبار كاميرات الويب جزءًا من هذا النوع.
 كاميرات الفيديو الرقمية وهي التي تحول الفيديو المسجل إلى إشارة رقمية وتخزنه وفقاً لذلك على وسائط التخزين، وتتميز هذه الكاميرات بصغر حجمها، مثل تلك الموجودة في الهواتف والحواسيب المحمولة وغيرها من المنتجات الإلكترونية، وتستخدم أيضاً في أعمال المراقبة والأمن.
 كاميرات الأنظمة المتخصصة مثل تلك الأنواع التي تستخدم في أغراض البحث العلمي، مثل الأقمار الصناعية ومركبات مراقبة الفضاء أو في مجالات الذكاء الصناعي، أو مجالات أبحاث الإنسان الآلي، ومثل هذه الآلات تستخدم الضوء غير المرئي، مثل الأشعة تحت الحمراء (لأجهزة الرؤية الليلية أو أجهزة تحسس الحرارة) أو الأشعة السينية (للأغراض الطبية والتشريحية).

انظر أيضاً
 الفيديو
 كاميرا التلفاز

مراجع

أجهزة بصرية
تسجيل
آلات تصوير

كاميرا فيديو


Die Durchbiegung von Linsen (englisch lens sag) ist eine optische Verformung bei Linsen. Die Linsendurchbiegung ist eine Folge des hohen Gewichts großer Fernrohrobjektive und verändert die berechnete Idealform der zusammengesetzten Linsen (Achromate).

Der Effekt begrenzt die maximale Größe eines Linsenfernrohrs. Durch die veränderte Idealform fallen die Beugungsscheibchen der Sterne nicht mehr genau symmetrisch aus. Ist das Fernrohr zum Zenit gerichtet, ist die Verformung symmetrisch, doch bei geneigtem Fernrohr werden die Objektivlinsen am Unterrand dicker als am Oberrand, was einen Abbildungsfehler ähnlich dem Astigmatismus erzeugt.

Eine große Linse ist zwar thermisch stabiler als ein Spiegel, ihre Durchbiegung ist aber wesentlich stärker als die eines gleich großen Hohlspiegels. Denn eine Linse kann von ihrer Fassung nur am Rand gestützt werden, während ein Spiegel auf seiner ganzen Fläche aufliegt.

Geschichte
Theoretisch war das Problem schon im 18. Jahrhundert bekannt, war aber für die damaligen Objektiv-Durchmesser von maximal 30 cm noch zu vernachlässigen. Als in Europa die ersten Riesenteleskope gebaut wurden, beschränkten sich die 1875/80 die Universitätssternwarten von Wien und von Pulkowo (überwiegend freilich aus Kostengründen) auf 28 bzw. 30 Zoll Apertur.

Deutlich merkbar wurde die Linsenbiegung in den 1890er-Jahren, als der Trend in den USA zum Bau von Fernrohren mit über 35 Zoll führte. Beim 1897 gebauten Yerkes-Refraktor (102 cm) erschwerte die Verformung die geplanten Doppelstern-Projekte, beeinträchtigte aber die sehr erfolgreiche Astrofotografie nicht. In der Folge wurden daher keine größeren Linsenteleskope mehr gebaut, sondern stattdessen neuartige Spiegelteleskope konstruiert.

Literatur
 J. Flügge: Leitfaden der geometrischen Optik und des Optikrechnens (205 p., Kapitel 4.2), Göttingen 1956
 J. Bennett, M. Donahue, N. Schneider, M. Voith: Astronomie (1170 p., Kapitel 6.2), Hrsg.: Harald Lesch, 5. Auflage (Pearson-Studienverlag, München-Boston-Harlow-Sydney-Madrid 2010

Astronomisches Instrument

Linsendurchbiegung


James Earl Feldeine Padilla (nacido el 26 de junio de 1988 en Nueva York) es un jugador de baloncesto dominico-estadounidense que actualmente pertenece a la plantilla del Fortitudo Bologna de la Lega Basket Serie A italiana. También participa en las competiciones internacionales con la Selección nacional de baloncesto de la República Dominicana. Con 1,93 metros de estatura, juega en la posición de escolta.

Trayectoria

Universidad
Feldeine jugó cuatro temporadas con los Bobcats de la Universidad Quinnipiac, en las que promedió 12,6 puntos, 4,7 rebotes, 2,0 asistencias y 1,2 robos por partido. En 105 partidos, Feldeine anotó un total de 1.320 puntos y atrapó un total de 496 rebotes en su carrera universitaria. En su tercera temporada, ganó el premio jugador más mejorado de la Northeast Conference y fue nombrado en el mejor quinteto de la conferencia después de liderar la misma en anotación con 17 puntos por partido. En su cuarta y última temporada, fue nombrado en el mejor quinteto de la Northeast Conference por segundo año consecutivo. También lideró la conferencia con más partidos anotando 20 o más puntos con un total de 13 partidos.

Profesional
En 2010, comenzó su carrera profesional en España, en el Breogán Lugo de la LEB Oro, donde jugó durante dos temporadas convirtiéndose en uno de los mejores anotadores de la LEB Oro, ya que en la temporada 2011-12 finalizó como máximo anotador de la liga regular con un total de 609 puntos (17,9 por partido).

A finales de mayo de 2012, firmó con el MadCroc Fuenlabrada de la liga Endesa, club con el que se comprometió hasta 2015. En su primera temporada en la Liga ACB, Feldeine promedió 15,9 puntos, 2,7 rebotes, 2,6 asistencias y 1,2 robos por partido en un total de 34 encuentros. En la temporada 2013-14, promedió 13,9 puntos, 3,0 rebotes, 3,2 asistencias y 1,9 robos por partido.

En agosto de 2014, Feldeine firmó un contrato con el Acqua Vitasnella Cantù de la liga italiana.

En el 2015, luego de jugar para el Acqua Vitasnella Cantù (Lega I de Italia) y Los Vaqueros de Bayamon (BSN Puerto Rico) y recolectar números de 15 pts y 3 asistencias por partido y 23 puntos y 4 asistencias por partido respectivamente, recibió contrato garantizado por un año garantizado con el Panathinaikos BC de la liga de Grecia y la Euroliga.

Tras jugar en el Estrella Roja de Belgrado en la temporada 2017-18, en la temporada 2018/2019, el escolta dominicano firmó por el Hapoel Jerusalem B.C., con el que ganó la liga del país israelí las dos temporadas consecutivas jugando de media 30 partidos en ambas temporadas y con un promedio de 16,7 puntos en su primer año y 13,4 en la segunda.

En agosto de 2020, se confirma su fichaje por el Real Betis Baloncesto de la Liga Endesa, con el que promedia 14.9 puntos por encuentro.

El 19 de julio de 2021, firma por el Kuwait Sporting Club.

El 30 de noviembre de 2021, firma por el Fortitudo Bologna de la Lega Basket Serie A italiana.

Internacional
En 2013, Feldeine hizo su debut con la Selección nacional de baloncesto de la República Dominicana en el Campeonato FIBA Américas de 2013 en Caracas, Venezuela. En el evento, Feldeine promedió 14,0 puntos, 3,0 rebotes y 2,2 asistencias por partido, a pesar de sus esfuerzos la selección dirigida por John Calipari no logró una medalla pero clasificó para el Campeonato Mundial de Baloncesto de 2014 por primera vez desde 1978.

En 2014, participó con la selección en la Copa Mundial de Baloncesto de 2014 en España. En la copa, la selección dominicana avanzó hasta la segundo ronda del evento donde fueron eliminados por la Selección de Eslovenia. En la derrota contra Eslovenia, Feldeine aportó 18 puntos, 8 rebotes, 3 asistencias y 2 robos con un 57,1% de acierto en tiros de campo. En 6 partidos, promedió 9,7 puntos, 4,3 rebotes, 3,0 asistencias y 1,2 robos en 28,0 minutos por partido.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Ficha en sports-reference
 Ficha en ACB.COM
 Ficha en FIBA.com
 Ficha en LEGA BASKET SERIE A

Baloncestistas de Nueva York
Baloncestistas de la selección de la República Dominicana
Baloncestistas de República Dominicana
Baloncestistas de la Liga LEB
Baloncestistas de la Liga ACB
Baloncestistas de la Lega Basket Serie A
Baloncestistas de los Quinnipiac Bobcats
Baloncestistas del Club Baloncesto Breogán
Baloncestistas del Baloncesto Fuenlabrada
Baloncestistas del Pallacanestro Cantú
Baloncestistas de los Vaqueros de Bayamón
Baloncestistas del Panathinaikos Atenas
Baloncestistas del Estrella Roja de Belgrado
Baloncestistas del Hapoel Jerusalem
Baloncestistas del Club Baloncesto Sevilla
Baloncestistas del Fortitudo Bologna

James Feldeine


Macfarlandia arachnoides, es una especie de coleóptero adéfago de la familia Carabidae. Es el único miembro del género monotípico Macfarlandia.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus

Cicindelina

Macfarlandia


غوي داردين ، من مواليد 19 أكتوبر 1954 ، لاعب كرة قدم بلجيكي سابق.

لعب مع منتخب بلجيكا لكرة القدم.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية بلجيكيون
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
لاعبو الدوري البلجيكي للمحترفين
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1980
لاعبو ستاندارد لييج
لاعبو كرة قدم بلجيكيون
لاعبو كلوب بروج
لاعبو منتخب بلجيكا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي لوكيرين
مواليد 1954
أشخاص من مقاطعة نامور
لاعبو نادي لوفيرواز
لاعبو ريسنغ وايت ديرنغ مولنبيك
لاعبو كرة قدم من مقاطعة نامور

غوي داردين


Jorge Del Río Redondo, de nombre artístico Jorge Del Río es un actor español nacido el 27 de noviembre de 1975 en Oviedo, Asturias. Sobrino nieto de la también actriz Aurora Redondo, empezó su carrera a los 13 años en su ciudad natal, para más adelante afincarse en Madrid donde desarrollaría su carrera profesional.

Trayectoria

Películas
Cosa de brujas (2002)

Televisión
Lalola (2008)
Amar en tiempos revueltos (2005)
Diez en Ibiza (2004)
Periodistas (2001)
Investigación policial (2001)
Policías, en el corazón de la calle (2000)
Al salir de clase (2000)

Teatro
 Antílopes de Henning Mankell - Producciones Off Madrid (2012)
 Suite de Carles Batlle - Producciones Off Madrid (2010)
 Los últimos días de Emmanuel Kant - dir. Dolores Garayalde (2009)
 Mutatis Mutandis de Azucena Álvarez García - Primera Emoción (2006)

Referencias

 Blog de Jorge Del Río

Enlaces externos

 Sitio oficial.

Actores de cine de España
Actores de Asturias
Actores de Madrid
Actores de televisión de España
Directores de cine de España
Guionistas de cine de España
Nacidos en Oviedo

Jorge Del Río (actor)


Die Poona Open 1988 im Badminton fanden vom 17. bis zum 21. Februar 1988 in Mortsel in Belgien statt. Mit einem Preisgeld von 40.000 US-Dollar wurde das Turnier als 2-Sterne-Turnier in der Grand-Prix-Wertung eingestuft.

Finalresultate

Referenzen
 World Badminton 16 (1988) (2), S. 34
https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=x8G803Bi31IC&dat=19880223&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

World Badminton Grand Prix 1988
1988

Poona Open 1988


Yu Yonehara (født 18. august 1994) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub SC Sagamihara.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Yu Yonehara


Cartwheel or Cartwheels  may refer to:

Transport
A cart wheel, usually spelled "cartwheel"

Gymnastics
Cartwheel (gymnastics), an acrobatic maneuver
Aerial cartwheel, an acrobatic move in which a cartwheel is executed without touching hands to the floor

Business
Cartwheel Books, an imprint of Scholastic Corporation
Cartwheel Records, a former record label based in Nashville, Tennessee
Target Cartwheel, a savings app from Target Corporation

Currency
Cartwheel, nickname for some Hanoverian-era British coins
Cartwheel, slang term for a silver dollar coin (United States)

Music
 Cartwheels, a 1995 album by Anthony Thistlethwaite
 Cartwheels, a 2014 EP by Frenchy and the Punk
 Cartwheels, a 2016 album by Ward Thomas

Other uses
Cartwheel cell, a type of neuron
Cartwheel Galaxy
Cartwheel hat, worn by women
Operation Cartwheel, a major military strategy for the Allies in the Pacific theater of World War II

See also
 Cart
 Wheel

Cartwheel


සියෙරා ලියෝන් , නිල වශයෙන් සියෙරා ලියෝන් ජනරජය, යනු ඊසාන දෙසින් ගිනියාවට,ගිනිකොන දෙසින් ලයිබෙරියාවට සහ නිරිත දෙසින් අත්ලන්තික් සාගරයට මායිම් වු බටහිර අප්‍රිකානු රටකි.ඝර්ම කලාපීය දේශගුණයක් ඈති රටක් වන සියරා ලියෝනයේ පරිසරය වැසි වානාන්තර වල සිට සැවානා බිම් දක්වා වෙනස් වේ.වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 71,740 නැතහොත් වර්ග සැතපුම් 27,699  පුරා පැතිරුනු මුලු භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් සහිත මෙම රට භූගෝලීය කලාප හතරකට බෙදා ඇත.උතුරු පළාත,නැගෙනහිර පළාත,දකුණු පළාත සහ බටහිර ප්‍රදේශය ඒවා වන අතර මෙම කළාප නැවත දිස්ත්‍රික්ක 14 කට බෙදා ඇත.

මූලාශ්‍ර

සියෙරා ලියෝන්


In mathematics, a Cohen–Macaulay ring is a commutative ring with some of the algebro-geometric properties of a smooth variety, such as local equidimensionality. Under mild assumptions, a local ring is Cohen–Macaulay exactly when it is a finitely generated free module over a regular local subring. Cohen–Macaulay rings play a central role in commutative algebra: they form a very broad class, and yet they are well understood in many ways.

They are named for , who proved the unmixedness theorem for polynomial rings, and for , who proved the unmixedness theorem for formal power series rings. All Cohen–Macaulay rings have the unmixedness property.

For Noetherian local rings, there is the following chain of inclusions.

Definition
For a commutative Noetherian local ring R, a finite (i.e. finitely generated) R-module  is a Cohen-Macaulay module if  (in general we have: , see Auslander–Buchsbaum formula for the relation between depth and dim of a certain kind of modules). On the other hand,  is a module on itself, so we call  a Cohen-Macaulay ring if it is a Cohen-Macaulay module as an -module. A maximal Cohen-Macaulay module is a Cohen-Macaulay module M such that .

The above definition was for a Noetherian local rings. But we can expand the definition for a more general Noetherian ring: If  is a commutative Noetherian ring, then an R-module M is called Cohen–Macaulay module if  is a Cohen-Macaulay module for all maximal ideals . (This is a kind of circular definition unless we define zero modules as Cohen-Macaulay. So we define zero modules as Cohen-Macaulay modules in this definition.) Now, to define maximal Cohen-Macaulay modules for these rings, we require that  to be such an -module for each maximal ideal  of R. As in the local case, R is a Cohen-Macaulay ring if it is a Cohen-Macaulay module (as an -module on itself).

Examples
Noetherian rings of the following types are Cohen–Macaulay.
 Any regular local ring. This leads to various examples of Cohen–Macaulay rings, such as the integers , or a polynomial ring  over a field K, or a power series ring  .  In geometric terms, every regular scheme, for example a smooth variety over a field, is Cohen–Macaulay.
 Any 0-dimensional ring (or equivalently, any Artinian ring).
 Any 1-dimensional reduced ring, for example any 1-dimensional domain.
 Any 2-dimensional normal ring.
 Any Gorenstein ring.  In particular, any complete intersection ring.
 The ring of invariants  when R is a Cohen–Macaulay algebra over a field of characteristic zero and G is a finite group (or more generally, a linear algebraic group whose identity component is reductive). This is the Hochster–Roberts theorem.
 Any determinantal ring. That is, let R be the quotient of a regular local ring S by the ideal I generated by the r × r minors of some p × q matrix of elements of S. If the codimension (or height) of I is equal to the "expected" codimension (p−r+1)(q−r+1), R is called a determinantal ring. In that case, R is Cohen−Macaulay. Similarly, coordinate rings of determinantal varieties are Cohen-Macaulay.

Some more examples:
 The ring K[x]/(x²) has dimension 0 and hence is Cohen–Macaulay, but it is not reduced and therefore not regular.
 The subring K[t2, t3] of the polynomial ring K[t], or its localization or completion at t=0, is a 1-dimensional domain which is Gorenstein, and hence Cohen–Macaulay, but not regular. This ring can also be described as the coordinate ring of the cuspidal cubic curve y2 = x3 over K.
 The subring K[t3, t4, t5] of the polynomial ring K[t], or its localization or completion at t=0, is a 1-dimensional domain which is Cohen–Macaulay but not Gorenstein.

Rational singularities over a field of characteristic zero are Cohen–Macaulay. Toric varieties over any field are Cohen–Macaulay. The minimal model program makes prominent use of varieties with klt (Kawamata log terminal) singularities; in characteristic zero, these are rational singularities and hence are Cohen–Macaulay, One successful analog of rational singularities in positive characteristic is the notion of F-rational singularities; again, such singularities are Cohen–Macaulay.

Let X be a projective variety of dimension n ≥ 1 over a field, and let L be an ample line bundle on X. Then the section ring of L

is Cohen–Macaulay if and only if the cohomology group Hi(X, Lj) is zero for all 1 ≤ i ≤ n−1 and all integers j. It follows, for example, that the affine cone Spec R over an abelian variety X is Cohen–Macaulay when X has dimension 1, but not when X has dimension at least 2 (because H1(X, O) is not zero). See also Generalized Cohen–Macaulay ring.

Cohen–Macaulay schemes
We say that a locally Noetherian scheme  is Cohen–Macaulay if at each point  the local ring  is Cohen–Macaulay.

Cohen–Macaulay curves
Cohen–Macaulay curves are a special case of Cohen–Macaulay schemes, but are useful for compactifying moduli spaces of curves where the boundary of the smooth locus  is of Cohen–Macaulay curves. There is a useful criterion for deciding whether or not curves are Cohen–Macaulay. Schemes of dimension  are Cohen–Macaulay if and only if they have no embedded primes. The singularities present in Cohen–Macaulay curves can be classified completely by looking at the plane curve case.

Non-examples
Using the criterion, there are easy examples of non-Cohen–Macaulay curves from constructing curves with embedded points. For example, the scheme

has the decomposition into prime ideals . Geometrically it is the -axis with an embedded point at the origin, which can be thought of as a fat point. Given a smooth projective plane curve , a curve with an embedded point can be constructed using the same technique: find the ideal  of a point in  and multiply it with the ideal  of . Then

is a curve with an embedded point at .

Intersection theory
Cohen–Macaulay schemes have a special relation with intersection theory. Precisely, let X be a smooth variety and V, W closed subschemes of pure dimension. Let Z be a proper component of the scheme-theoretic intersection , that is, an irreducible component of expected dimension. If the local ring A of  at the generic point of Z is Cohen-Macaulay, then the intersection multiplicity of V and W along Z is given as the length of A:

.

In general, that multiplicity is given as a length essentially characterizes Cohen–Macaulay ring; see #Properties. Multiplicity one criterion, on the other hand, roughly characterizes a regular local ring as a local ring of multiplicity one.

Example
For a simple example, if we take the intersection of a parabola with a line tangent to it, the local ring at the intersection point is isomorphic to

which is Cohen–Macaulay of length two, hence the intersection multiplicity is two, as expected.

Miracle flatness or Hironaka's criterion
There is a remarkable characterization of Cohen–Macaulay rings, sometimes called miracle flatness or Hironaka's criterion. Let R be a local ring which is finitely generated as a module over some regular local ring A contained in R. Such a subring exists for any localization R at a prime ideal of a finitely generated algebra over a field, by the Noether normalization lemma; it also exists when R is complete and contains a field, or when R is a complete domain. Then R is Cohen–Macaulay if and only if it is flat as an A-module; it is also equivalent to say that R is free as an A-module.

A geometric reformulation is as follows. Let X be a connected affine scheme of finite type over a field K (for example, an affine variety). Let n be the dimension of X. By Noether normalization, there is a finite morphism f from X to affine space An over K. Then X is Cohen–Macaulay if and only if all fibers of f have the same degree. It is striking that this property is independent of the choice of f.

Finally, there is a version of Miracle Flatness for graded rings. Let R be a finitely generated commutative graded algebra over a field K,

There is always a graded polynomial subring A ⊂ R (with generators in various degrees) such that R is finitely generated as an A-module. Then R is Cohen–Macaulay if and only if R is free as a graded A-module. Again, it follows that this freeness is independent of the choice of the polynomial subring A.

Properties
A Noetherian local ring is Cohen–Macaulay if and only if its completion is Cohen–Macaulay.
If R is a Cohen–Macaulay ring, then the polynomial ring R[x] and the power series ring R[[x]] are Cohen–Macaulay.
For a non-zero-divisor u in the maximal ideal of a Noetherian local ring R, R is Cohen–Macaulay if and only if R/(u) is Cohen–Macaulay.
The quotient of a Cohen–Macaulay ring by any ideal is universally catenary.
If R is a quotient of a Cohen–Macaulay ring, then the locus { p ∈ Spec R | Rp is Cohen–Macaulay } is an open subset of Spec R.
Let (R, m, k) be a Noetherian local ring of embedding codimension c, meaning that c = dimk(m/m2) − dim(R). In geometric terms, this holds for a local ring of a subscheme of codimension c in a regular scheme. For c=1, R is Cohen–Macaulay if and only if it is a hypersurface ring. There is also a structure theorem for Cohen–Macaulay rings of codimension 2, the Hilbert–Burch theorem: they are all determinantal rings, defined by the r × r minors of an (r+1) × r matrix for some r.
For a Noetherian local ring (R, m), the following are equivalent:
R is Cohen–Macaulay.
For every parameter ideal Q (an ideal generated by a system of parameters),
 := the Hilbert–Samuel multiplicity of Q.
For some parameter ideal Q, .
(See Generalized Cohen–Macaulay ring as well as Buchsbaum ring for rings that generalize this characterization.)

The unmixedness theorem
An ideal I of a Noetherian ring A is called unmixed in height if the height of I is equal to the height of every associated prime P of A/I. (This is stronger than saying that A/I is equidimensional; see below.)

The unmixedness theorem is said to hold for the ring A if every ideal I generated by a number of elements equal to its height is unmixed.  A Noetherian ring is Cohen–Macaulay if and only if the unmixedness theorem holds for it.

The unmixed theorem applies in particular to the zero ideal (an ideal generated by zero elements) and thus it says a Cohen–Macaulay ring is an equidimensional ring; in fact, in the strong sense: there is no embedded component and each component has the same codimension.

See also: quasi-unmixed ring (a ring in which the unmixed theorem holds for integral closure of an ideal).

Counterexamples
 If K is a field, then the ring R = K[x,y]/(x2,xy) (the coordinate ring of a line with an embedded point) is not Cohen–Macaulay. This follows, for example, by Miracle Flatness: R is finite over the polynomial ring A = K[y], with degree 1 over points of the affine line Spec A with y ≠ 0, but with degree 2 over the point y = 0 (because the K-vector space K[x]/(x2) has dimension 2).
 If K is a field, then the ring K[x,y,z]/(xy,xz) (the coordinate ring of the union of a line and a plane) is reduced, but not equidimensional, and hence not Cohen–Macaulay. Taking the quotient by the non-zero-divisor x−z gives the previous example.
 If K is a field, then the ring R = K[w,x,y,z]/(wy,wz,xy,xz) (the coordinate ring of the union of two planes meeting in a point) is reduced and equidimensional, but not Cohen–Macaulay. To prove that, one can use Hartshorne's connectedness theorem: if R is a Cohen–Macaulay local ring of dimension at least 2, then Spec R minus its closed point is connected.

The Segre product of two Cohen-Macaulay rings need not be Cohen-Macaulay.

Grothendieck duality
One  meaning of the Cohen–Macaulay condition can be seen in coherent duality theory. A variety or scheme X is Cohen–Macaulay if the "dualizing complex", which a priori lies in the derived category of sheaves on X, is represented by a single sheaf. The stronger property of being Gorenstein means that this sheaf is a line bundle. In particular, every regular scheme is Gorenstein. Thus the statements of duality theorems such as Serre duality or Grothendieck local duality for Gorenstein or Cohen–Macaulay schemes retain some of the simplicity of what happens for regular schemes or smooth varieties.

Notes

References

 Cohen's paper was written when "local ring" meant what is now called a "Noetherian local ring".

External links
Examples of Cohen-Macaulay integral domains
Examples of Cohen-Macaulay rings

See also
 Ring theory
 Local rings
 Gorenstein local rings
 Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem

Algebraic geometry
Commutative algebra

Cohen–Macaulay ring


La Royal Air Force Cranwell ou RAF Cranwell (ICAO : EGYD) est une base aérienne de la Royal Air Force à Cranwell, dans le Lincolnshire, en Angleterre.

Entre autres fonctions, il abrite le  (RAFC), qui forme les nouveaux officiers et équipages de la RAF. La devise, Altium Altrix, signifiant "Nourrir le plus haut", apparaît au-dessus des portes principales du mess des officiers.

Origine
L'histoire de l'aviation militaire à Cranwell remonte à novembre 1915,[6] lorsque l'Amirauté a réquisitionné  de terres du domaine du marquis de Bristol. Le , le Royal Naval Air Service Training Establishment, Cranwell est officiellement créé.

En 1917, une gare dédiée a été établie pour desservir la RAF Cranwell sur une nouvelle ligne secondaire à voie unique depuis Sleaford, le train étant connu sous le nom de Cranwell Flyer.

Avec la création de la Royal Air Force en tant que service indépendant en 1918, le RNAS Training Establishment est devenu RAF Cranwell. Le Royal Air Force College Cranwell a été formé le  sous le nom de RAF (Cadet) College.
 Historique

 Unités présentes
Les unités volantes et non volantes notables suivantes sont basées à RAF Cranwell.
 Royal Air Force

RAF College  Cranwell

Académie de formation des officiers de la Royal Air Force (RAF OTA)
Recrutement et sélection
Tedder Académy
 (DCAE)
Siège du Central Flying School (CFS)
 Quartier général du No. 3 Flying Training School RAF - Embraer Phenom T1
 - Préfet Grob T1Quartier général du No. 6 Flying Training School RAF - Grob Tutor T1
 - Grob Tutor T1Quartier général du Royal Air Force Air Cadets'
No. 2 Group RAF (soutien au combat aérien)

 (SIB)
 (soutien du service de combat aérien)
Services de musique de la RAF
La Musique du Royal Air Force College
La Musique de la Royal Auxiliary Air Force
Centre de guerre aérienne de la RAF
École de guerre aérienne
Autres unités de la RAF
Divulgations de la RAF

Civil
Aéroclub de la RAF Cranwell
Club de vol à voile de Cranwell

Voir aussi

Notes et références

Liens externes
  645 VGS au RAF Topcliffe - Site RAF Air Cadets
 RAF Cranwell - Official Website
 History of RAF Cranwell

Liens internes
 Bases aériennes de la Royal Air Force

Base de la Royal Air Force en Angleterre
Aéroport en Angleterre
Unité ou formation militaire créée en 1918
Base aérienne de la Royal Air Force durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale au Royaume-Uni

RAF Cranwell


Camino al crimen es una película argentina del género policial filmada en blanco y negro dirigida por Don Napy sobre su guion escrito en colaboración con Antonio Corma según el libro de Francisco Tesifon Oliver que se estrenó el 22 de marzo de 1951 y que tuvo como protagonistas a Tito Alonso y Juan Carlos Altavista

Sinopsis
Filme sobre la delincuencia juvenil, con la historia de cuatro jóvenes asaltantes de bancos.

Reparto

 Tito Alonso
 Juan Carlos Altavista
 Máximo Berrondo
 Juan Carlos Bettini	... 	Director
 Tato Bores              ... Jorge
 Paula Darlán       ... Susana
 Zema de Gasperi        ... Madre de Jorge
 José Canosa
 Paula Darlan
 Horacio Delfino
 Julio Heredia
 David Lederman
 Diego Marcote	... 	Guarda de tranvía
 Justo Martínez
 José Maurer
 Enrique de Pedro
 Pedro Prevosti
 Walter Reyna
 Eduardo Rudy

Críticas
Para Manrupe y Portela es un semidocumental interesante en su desarrollo, bien contada pero risible en su moraleja del inocente arrastrado al delito. De visión obligada para amantes del policial argentino.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Información sobre Camino al crimen en Internet Movie Data Base

Películas en blanco y negro de Argentina

Camino al crimen


Deraeocoris punctum est une espèce de punaises (Hémiptères) du sous-ordre des Hétéroptères et de la famille des Miridae.

Description
Cette punaise de  est de couleur orangée ou rougeâtre à pattes noires annelées de clair aux tibias. On la reconnaît au nombre et à la disposition de ses taches noires : une à la base de la jointure des deux hémélytres et deux sur chaque hémélytre. De plus le scutellum possède une tache noire d'étendue variable.

Répartition
En France elle est présente dans tous les départements méditerranéens ainsi que dans le Vaucluse, l'Ariège, la Haute-Garonne et la Corse.

Comportement
Cette punaise se rencontre de mai-octobre sur diverses plantes dont les chardons et souvent sur les végétaux envahis par des pucerons dont elle pourrait se nourrir. La femelle pond ses œufs dans les plantes et l'espèce hiberne au stade d'œuf.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Espèce d'Hétéroptères (nom scientifique)
Miridae
Espèce décrite en 1839

Deraeocoris punctum


Martin Mapisa, né le  à Harare, est un footballeur international zimbabwéen. Il joue au poste de gardien de but à Zamora FC.

Carrière

En club

En sélection
Il fait ses débuts en sélection le 29 mars 2021 contre la Namibie lors des qualifications à la Coupe d'Afrique des nations 2021.

Liens externes

Footballeur international zimbabwéen
Naissance en mai 1998
Naissance à Harare

Martin Mapisa


Étienne Émile Marie Boutroux (; 28 July 1845 – 22 November 1921) was an eminent 19th-century French philosopher of science and religion, and a historian of philosophy. He was a firm opponent of materialism in science. He was a spiritual philosopher who defended the idea that religion and science are compatible at a time when the power of science was rising inexorably. His work is overshadowed in the English-speaking world by that of the more celebrated Henri Bergson. He was elected membership of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences in 1898 and in 1912 to the Académie française.

Biography
Émile Boutroux was born at Montrouge, now in the Hauts-de-Seine département, near Paris. He attended the lycée Napoléon (now lycée Henri IV), and graduated in 1865 to the École Normale Supérieure. He then continued his education at Heidelberg University between 1869 and 1870 where he was taught by Hermann von Helmholtz and encountered German philosophy.

His first employment was the post of philosophy professor at the lycée in Caen. In 1874 he published his book on which he based his doctoral thesis. The Contingency of the Laws of Nature was an analysis of the implications of Kantian philosophy for science.

Between 1874 and 1876 Boutroux taught at the Faculty of Letters at the University of Nancy and while there he fell in love with and married Aline Poincaré the sister of the scientist and mathematician Henri Poincaré. In 1880 his son, Pierre, was born. Pierre Boutroux was himself to become a distinguished mathematician and historian of science.

In 1888 Boutroux was made professor of history of modern philosophy at the Sorbonne in Paris.

He was elected a member of Academy of the Moral and Political Sciences in 1898 and in 1902 he became Director of the Thiers Foundation, a residency for France's brightest students. He was elected to the Académie Française in 1912.

Boutroux died in November 1921.

Works
 De la Contingence des Lois de la Nature (1874).
 De Veritatibus Æternis apud Cartesium (1874; translated into French by G. Canguilhem, Des Vérités Éternelles Chez Descartes, Paris: Alcan, 1927; Paris: Vrin-Reprise, 1985).
 La Grèce Vaincue et les Premiers Stoïciens (1875).
 La Monadologie de Leibnitz (1881).
 Socrate, Fondateur de la Science Morale (1883).
 Les Nouveaux Essais, de Leibnitz (1886).
 Questions de Morale et d'Éducation (1895).
 De l'Idée de Loi Naturelle dans la Science et la Philosophie Contemporaines (1895).
 Études d'Histoire de la Philosophie (1897).
 Du Devoir Militaire à Travers les Âges (1899).
 Pascal (1900).
 Essais d'Histoire de la Philosophie (1901).
 La Philosophie de Fichte. Psychologie du Mysticisme (1902).
 Science et Religion dans la Philosophie Contemporaine (1908).
 William James (1911).

Translations
 La Philosophie des Grecs, by Eduard Zeller (1877–1884).

Posthumous
 La Nature et l'Esprit (1925).
 Études d'Histoire de la Philosophie Allemande (1926).
 La Philosophie de Kant (1926).
 Nouvelles Études d'Histoire de la Philosophie (1927).
 Leçons sur Aristote (1990).

Works in English translation
 Pascal (1902, trans. by Ellen Margaret Creak).
 William James (1911, trans. by Archibald & Barbara Henderson).
 Science and Religion in Contemporary Philosophy (1911, trans. by Jonathan Nield).
 Historical Studies in Philosophy (1912, trans. by Fred Rothwell).
 Education and Ethics (1913, trans. by Fred Rothwell).
 Science and Culture (1914, lecture).
 Natural Law in Science and Philosophy (1914, trans. by Fred Rothwell).
 The Contingency of the Laws of Nature (1916, trans. by Fred Rothwell).
 Philosophy and War (1916, trans. by Fred Rothwell).
 The Relation Between Thought and Action (1918, lecture).

Selected articles
 "War and Sophistry," The New England Magazine, Vol. LV, June 1916.
 "A Frenchman on America," The Open Court, Vol. XXXII, No. 749, 1918.

See also
 Conventionalism

References

Further reading
 Crawford, Lucy Shepard (1923). "Émile Boutroux," The Harvard Theological Review, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 63–80.
 Crawford, Lucy Shepard (1924). The Philosophy of Émile Boutroux as Representative of French Idealism in the Nineteenth Century. New York: Longmans, Green & Co.
 Gunn, J. Alexander (1922). "The Philosophy of Émile Boutroux," The Monist, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 164–179.
 Lenoir, Raymond (1923). "Emile Boutroux and the Modern Conscience," The Philosophical Review, Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 491–511.
 Nye, Mary Jo (1979). "The Boutroux Circle and Poincaré's Conventionalism," Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 107–120.
 Rothwell, Fred (1922). "Émile Boutroux," The Monist, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 161–163.

External links

 Works by Émile Boutroux, at Hathi Trust
 Works by Émile Boutroux, at JSTOR
 Chronology of Boutroux' life and longer Bibliography from the University of Nancy, in French
 The Academie Francaise biography of Émile Boutroux in French.

1845 births
1921 deaths
People from Montrouge
Heidelberg University alumni
Academic staff of the University of Paris
Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery
French philosophers
French Roman Catholics
Members of the Académie Française
École Normale Supérieure alumni
French historians of philosophy
Lycée Henri-IV alumni
Academic staff of Nancy-Université
French male non-fiction writers
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy
French expatriates in Germany

Émile Boutroux


Premiul criticilor de film din New York pentru cel mai bun film este unul dintre premiile acordate anual de către criticii din New York în onoarea celui mai bun film.

Câștigători

Anii 1930

Anii 1940

Anii 1950

Anii 1960

Anii 1970

Anii 1980

Anii 1990

Anii 2000

Anii 2010

Vezi și
 Premiul criticilor de film din New York
 Premiul criticilor de film din New York pentru cel mai bun actor
 Premiul criticilor de film din New York pentru cea mai bună actriță
 Premiul criticilor de film din New York pentru cel mai bun regizor
 Premiul criticilor de film din New York pentru cel mai bun scenariu
 Premiul criticilor de film din New York pentru cel mai bun actor în rol secundar
 Premiul criticilor de film din New York pentru cea mai bună actriță în rol secundar

Premii pentru cel mai bun film


Nicolai Esmit (f. før 1649, d. efter 1682) var guvernør på Sankt Thomas i Dansk Vestindien fra 4. juli 1680 til november 1682.

Han blev født i Hertugdømmet Holsten og var stået til søs i ung alder. Ved hjemkomsten til København i 1679 henvendte han sig til bestyrelsen for Dansk vestindisk Kompagni og anbefalede sig selv som ny guvernør med sin erfaring fra 30 år i Vestindien, hvor han havde gjort sig fortjent hos englænderne ved sin medvirken ved deres kolonisation af Jamaica og Tortuga. På daværende tidspunkt var omtrent halvdelen af Jamaicas indbyggere tobaksplantere mens resten var sørøvere, mens Tortuga, som både England og Frankrig gjorde krav på, var base for datidens mest hårdkogte sørøvere. Under Esmits tid blev øen forvaltet af først guvernør Elias Watt, i hvis guvernørtid fra 1655 til 1660 der var foregået angreb på Cuba, og efterfølgende af Rausset, som i 1665 blev afhentet af franskmændene og ført direkte til Bastillen i Paris. På det tidspunkt, hvor Esmit anbefalede sig som guvernør, var sørøveriet imidlertid kommet i vanskeligheder, da England havde sluttet fred med Spanien og sørøvere blev jagtet af engelske fregatter.

Til trods for sin baggrund, som ledelsen i Dansk vestindisk Kompagni næppe har forstået til fulde, blev Esmit udnævnt til guvernør. Han udmærkede sig i denne egenskab ved at sove længe om morgenen, stoltsere rundt med handsker og stok og slynge om sig med de mest umulige ordrer. Desuden snød han kompagniet og drak som en svamp.

Efterhånden gik der rygter om, at han modtog fremmede skibe og gav dem danske skibspapirer, det vil sige reelt lod sine game sørøverkammerater sejle under dansk flag. Dette fik den engelske guvernør på Jamaica til at protestere, men inden kompagniet eller englænderne nåede at reagere, blev Esmit afsat af sin egen lillebroder, Adolph Esmit, som købte plyndringsgods af sørøvere.

Kort efter blev imidlertid begge brødre kaldt til København for at blive stillet til regnskab for deres gerninger. Da det kom til stykket fandt man dog, at ingen af dem var hjemfalden til straf. Nikolai Esmit endte sin tilværelse som en stakkel, der spiste nådsens brød i Danmark.

Litteratur
 Erik Kjersgaard: "Sørøverkrønikens sidste kapitel" (kronik i Skalk 1974 Nr. 5; s. 18-28, heraf om Esmit s. 25-26)
 John P. Knox: A historical account of St. Thomas, W.I.; New York 1852
 Fr. Krarup: "Esmit, Nicolas" (i: Dansk Biografisk Lexikon, 1. udgave, bind IV, s. 599-600)

Dansk Vestindiens guvernører

Nicolai Esmit