Artenara es un grupo artístico canario de carácter multidisciplinar fundado por Enrique Mateu en el año 1996, con el objetivo de actualizar los sonidos, las imágenes y las tradiciones del folclore canario y crear un Nuevo Paisaje Sonoro y Visual de Canarias.

Trayectoria
Su primer trabajo discográfico, titulado Artenara y publicado en mayo de 1998 contó con la participación de más de un centenar de profesionales no solo del mundo de la música - creadores e intérpretes - sino también escritores, diseñadores, fotógrafos, etc y obtuvo dos nominaciones a los Premios de la Música

Su primer concierto tuvo lugar en el auditorio Alfredo Kraus de Gran Canaria en el mismo año 1998 con un impactante espectáculo multimedia en el que participaron 60 artistas de diversas disciplinas. En el año 1999, coincidiendo con el décimo aniversario de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño, se recogió este espectáculo en una edición especial de 90 minutos de duración denominado Artenara especial Unicef

En el año 2000 llevó a cabo en el Círculo de Bellas Artes de Madrid un concierto conjunto con el guitarrista norteamericano William Ackerman, lo que supuso para el equipo su apadrinamiento internacional.

En el verano del 2004, comisionado por la International Society of Music Education, se presentó en el auditorio de Tenerife el espectáculo Mundos sonoros por descubrir vertebrado en torno a la paz, la juventud y la música tradicional y utilizando para ello elementos claramente reconocibles de la música y la cultura canarias. En la puesta en escena se subieron al escenario más de un centenar de profesionales entre actores, especialistas informáticos, técnicos y, por supuesto, músicos.

En el año 2006 por encargo del Gobierno de Canarias y para la celebración del Día de Canarias produjo el espectáculo Tewiza, "Trabajo colectivo" en lengua aborigen, con la participación de 23 músicos: tres por cada una de las siete islas canarias y dos hijos de emigrantes canarios, combinando las leyendas vivas de la música canaria con los nuevos valores y rodeándolos de un cuerpo de baile y una creación videográfica en directo.

Para la celebración de su décimo aniversario, en el año 2006 Artenara pone música a Sueños lunarios, un programa multimedia de Jacinto Quevedo con pinturas de Néstor Martín-Fernández de la Torre, poemas de Tomás Morales e infografía de Luis Ocaña, producido para ser exhibido en el Planetario de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.

El año 2007, dentro de la campaña institucional Canarias lee Canarias, Artenara lanza una innovadora propuesta orientada a difundir la literatura canaria entre los más jóvenes, combinando la música con el cómic y las nuevas tecnologías: Anya Tesawit, su trabajo más electrónico desde el punto de vista musical.

Sus espectáculos multimedia 10º Aniversario en el año 2008 y Una voz en el año 2009 fueron seleccionados para los actos institucionales de celebración del Día de Canarias

En el año 2007 Artenara decidió liberar toda su música grabada, permitiendo su distribución bajo licencias Creative Commons.

Discografía
 1998 - Artenara
 1998 - Artenara Remix by Big Toxic
 1999 - Artenara Especial Unicef
 2001 - Mayé
 2003 - Junonia Minor
 2006 - Mundos sonoros por descubrir
 2006 - Tewiza
 2006 - Sueños lunarios
 2007 - Anya Tesawit
 2008 - 10º Aniversario
 2009 - Una voz
 2010 - 10
 2011 - Planetarium

Componentes
En sus diferentes espectáculos han participado como creadores:

 Enrique Mateu (fundador)
 Daniel Roca
 Manuel Bonino
 Diego Barber
 Gara Guerra
 Vanesa Medina
 Gabriela Gómez
 Samuel Déniz
 Juan Manuel Marrero
 Michel Ortega
 Juan Carlos León "Mosco"
 Juan León Ortega
 gabigsi
 Domingo "El Colorao"
 María Mérida
 Luis Lozano
 Antonio Miranda
 Sindo Saavedra
 Miguel Herrero
 Orlando Ortega
 Germán García
 José Antonio Ramos
 Fabiola Socas
 Roberto Fernández

Además, a lo largo de su historia Artenara ha contado con la colaboración de numerosos artistas, técnicos de diferentes disciplinas y agrupaciones musicales

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Web oficial
Anya Tesawit
Tewiza

Grupos de música de Canarias
Grupos de world music

Artenara (banda)


Alphonse Mayer von Rothschild (Beč, Austro-Ugarska, 15. veljače 1878. – Bar Harbor, SAD, 1. rujna 1942.), austrijski barun, bankar, pravnik, filantrop i sakupljač umjetnina iz austrijske loze bogate židovske obitelji Rothschild.

Životopis

Rodio se kao drugo od sedmero djece i drugorođeni sin u obitelji baruna Alberta Salomona von Rothschilda (1844. – 1911.) i barunice Bettine Caroline de Rothschild (1858. – 1892.). Studirao je pravo na Sveučilištu u Beču, doktorirao je 1903. godine, ali se nije nikada aktivno bavio pravom. Obožavao je klasičnu književnost i filateliju. Njegova kolekcija poštanskih maraka bila je jedna od najboljih na svijetu.

Nakon što su nacisti proveli Anschluss Austrije 1938. godine i konfiscirali obiteljsku banku S M von Rothschild, Alphonse Mayer je emigrirao sa suprugom u Englesku, a uskoro su se ujedinili s kćerima u Švicarskoj i otputovali u Englesku, a odatle su emigrirali u SAD.

Privatni život

Oženio je Engleskinju Clarice Sebag-Montefiore (1894. – 1967.) dana 20. studenog 1912. godine i s njom je imao troje djece:
 Albert Anselm Salomon Nimrod von Rothschild (1922. – 1938.)
 Bettina Jemima von Rothschild (1924. – 2012.)
 Gwendoline Charlotte Frances Joan von Rothschild (1927. – 1972.)

Bilješke

Vanjske poveznice

 Alphonse Mayer von Rothschild (1878.-1942.) - family.rothschildarchive.org

Bankari iz obitelji Rothschild (Austrija)

Alphonse Mayer von Rothschild


El Torneo de Santiago es un torneo de tenis que se jugó en arcilla. Se disputó en la ciudad de Santiago. Fue la 4° edición oficial del torneo. Se realizó entre el 4 y el 10 de noviembre.

Campeones

Individuales Masculino

 Hernán Gumy venció a  Marcelo Ríos por 6-4 y 7-5

Dobles Masculino

 Gustavo Kuerten /  Fernando Meligeni vencieron a  Albert Portas /  Dinu Pescariu por 6-4 y 6-2

Véase también
 Torneos ATP en 1996

Enlaces externos
 ATP Tennis

Torneo de Santiago 1996

Torneo de Santiago 1996


Sitamarhi (en hindi: सीतामढी ) es una ciudad de la India, centro administrativo del distrito de Sitamarhi, en el estado de Bihar.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 70  a 169 km de la capital estatal, Patna, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2011 contaba con una población de 56 658 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Bihar

Sitamarhi


حبة المنفل أو جوزء القيء  عبارة عن نوع من الحبوب المستخدمة في علاج السحر المشروب والمأكول، لونها بني وهي بيضوية الشكل وحجمها بحجم بذر الزيتون، وهي تسبب القيء أو الاسهال ،وتعتبر من الحبوب ذات المفعول القوي حيث لايجوز استخدامها بدون استشاره وتستخدم على فترات متباعدة.

مراجع

سحر

المنفل


L'étang du Dragon noir (en chinois simplifié : 黑龙潭 ; en chinois traditionnel : 黑龍潭 ; en pinyin : Hēilóngtán) est un étang situé dans le parc de la source de Jade (Yu Quan Gong Yuan) au nord de la vieille ville de Lijiang dans la province du Yunnan, en Chine. Il a été construit en 1737 pendant la dynastie Qing et offre une vue sur la plus haute montagne de la région, la montagne enneigée du Dragon de Jade, au-dessus de son pont de marbre blanc.

Lac dans la province du Yunnan
Patrimoine mondial en Chine

Étang du Dragon noir


En selvvandende plantebeholder (fx selvvandende urtepotte, selvvandingskrukke eller kapillærkasse) er et generisk navn for en speciel type af plantebeholdere (fx urtepotte eller plantekasse), som anvendes til indendørsplanter fx hjemme eller på kontorer - og til udendørsplanter i fx haver og gårdhaver. En selvvandende urtepotte er enhver plantevandingsmetode hvor vand tilføres til planten fra et mindre vandbeholder; fx nedefra, hvilket muliggør at planten (og/eller jorden) suger vandet op via kapillærkraft. Der findes også gør-det-selv selvvandende urtepotte, som tilfører vandet oppefra via en omvendt flaske med vand trykket ned i jorden.

En selvvandende urtepotte muliggør automatisering af plantevanding. Der findes mange færdige selvvandende urtepotteprodukter i forskellige prisklasser, under mærker som fx Lechuza, EarthBox, Ollie Plant Sipper, Octopot, The Refuge Garden - eller som gør-det-selv projekter lavet af plastspande og plastkasser.

En af ulemperne ved lukkede systemer som selvvandende plantebeholder er, at opløselige salte ikke bliver skyllet ud af det nederste af jordprofilen og derfor opkoncentreres.

Se også
 Undervanding

Kilder/referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 AlboPepper: SIPs (Sub-Irrigated Planters)
 Global Buckets: A nonprofit organization using sub-irrigated planters to reduce global hunger.
Blake Whisenant, Inventor of the Earthbox, demonstrates how it works
 How to make a DIY Two Bucket Sub-Irrigated Planter

Vand
Plantedyrkning
Møbler

Selvvandende plantebeholder


An Arthrostylidium judziewiczii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Gerrit Davidse. An Arthrostylidium judziewiczii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Arthrostylidium, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Arthrostylidium

Arthrostylidium judziewiczii


Patrick Dujany, alias Duja, né le  à Montreux, est un animateur de radio, notamment connu pour ses micros-trottoirs et ses émissions pour Couleur 3, et le chanteur du groupe de métal industriel MXD.

Biographie
Patrick Dujany naît le  à Montreux. Il est fils unique. Son père, Oscar, restaurateur, tenancier du Las Vegas à Moutier, vient du Val d'Aoste et sa mère, Yvonne, de Moutier. Il est, tout comme sa famille, autonomiste jurassien convaincu.

En 1976, sa famille s'installe à Moutier, dans le Jura bernois. Une fois sa scolarité achevée, il étudie au gymnase, à Bienne, mais le quitte en 1992 en raison de ses mauvais résultats. Il suit ensuite une école socioculturelle.

Parallèlement à ses activités à la radio, il travaille brièvement à ses débuts dans une entreprise de réintégration professionnelle et sociale à Tramelan, puis comme animateur socioculturel pour le centre de jeunesse de Moutier.

Il joue dans sa jeunesse au football, au FC Moutier, jusqu'à ce qu'il décide de se consacrer à la musique.

Après avoir quitté Moutier, il vit quinze ans à Lausanne puis déménage en 2015 à Saint-Saphorin.

En , il est élu en dernière position (216 suffrages pour un corps électoral de 4 400 citoyens) au Conseil de Ville (législatif) de Moutier, où il a encore son domicile officiel, lors d'une élection complémentaire libre (sans dépôt de liste) provoquée par la démission de treize parlementaires anti-séparatistes. Le journal satirique La Torche 2.0 avait appelé à voter pour lui. Il doit cependant renoncer à son siège, son employeur (la RTS) jugeant son mandat incompatible avec son émission politique.

Musique
Avant de fonder le groupe de métal industriel MXD en 1995, dont il est le chanteur, il joue de 1991 à 1993 dans un groupe de heavy metal du nom de D-Fender, puis dans un groupe de fusion-crossover, Difficult to Cure, jusqu'en 1995.

Radio et télévision
Il entre à la Radio suisse romande, plus précisément à Couleur 3, le , après avoir été repêché du concours d'entrée (il termine septième sur 600 candidats pour trois postes) par le directeur de la chaîne. Il y fait dès le début de nombreux micros-trottoirs, d'abord dans l'émission La Route du rock puis dans Sub Circus à partir de 1998. Il coanime notamment l'émission nocturne Les Dégradés et l'émission de métal Krakoukass.

En 2012, il quitte Couleur 3 pour rejoindre La Première et y coanimer jusqu'en  l'émission Bille en tête, puis Gare à vous.

À la télévision, il commente plusieurs matchs de football avec Jean-Jacques Tillmann, puis collabore à l'émission humoristique de la RTS 26 minutes.

En 2022, il lance une nouvelle émission politique quotidienne sur Couleur 3, intitulée La Chose publique.

Publications

Notes et références

Animateur suisse de radio
Naissance en octobre 1972
Naissance à Montreux

Duja


Jeff Sarwer (14. svibnja 1978. u Kingstonu) – kanadski šahist, svjetski prvak za igrače do 10 godina starosti (1986. u Portoriku).

Rana karijera
Jeff se naučio igrati šah kada je imao 4 godine, a u tome mu je pomogla njegova dvije godine starija sestra. Kada je imao 6 godina počeo je igrati u šahovskom klubu na Manhattanu u New Yorku (Manhattan Chess Club), koji je u to vrijeme bio jedan od najprestižnijih na svijetu. Predsjednik kluba Bruce Pandolfini bio je zadivljen vještinama Sarwera i njegove sestre, stoga im je osigurao doživotno članstvo u klubu koje je obično rezervirano za šahovske velemajstore.

Svake godine na Dan Kanade (državni praznik) na Parliament Hillu u Ottawi, Jeff je zabavljao okupljene igrajući tzv. "simultanke" s 40 šahista u isto vrijeme. Bio je aktivan i u Parku Washingtona u New Yorku gdje je igrao brzopotezni šah i tako privlačio pozornost gledatelja.

Jeff Sarwer je kao predstavnik Kanade osvojio naslov juniorskog svjetskog prvaka u U-10 konkurenciji u Portoriku 1986. godine. Allen Kaufman, šef Američkog šahovskog saveza, izjavio je: "Jeff je kao devetogodišnjak bolji nego Bobby (Fischer) kad je imao 11 godina". Bruce Pandolfini je pak rekao: "Među mnogim učenicima koje sam učio igrati šah Jeff je zasigurno najposebniji igrač kojeg sam vidio.".

Medijski život
U dobi od 8 godina, Jeffov entuzijazam prema šahu privukao je pažnju šahovskog velemajstora Edmara Mednisa koji ga je pozvao na PBS (američka TV kuća) kako bi analizirao partiju Svjetskog prvenstva 1986 u kojoj su nastupali Gari Kasparov i Anatolij Karpov. Jeff i njegova sestra Julia (također U-10 svjetska prvakinja) opet su se pojavili na televiziji godinu dana kasnije, kada su komentirali revanš. Ubrzo nakon toga postali su medijski eksponirani te su se počeli pojavljivati u raznim televizijskim programima, a također su postali i temom dokumentarnog filma.

Neki časopisi kao GQ ili Sports Illustrated pisali su članke o Jeffu i njegovoj obitelji, često naglašavajući njihov čudan životni stil, ispitivajući sigurnost i razvoj karijere Jeffove šahovske karijere pod vodstvom svog oca.

Kada je Jeffov otac vidio da neće biti u stanju u potpunosti kontrolirati život svog sina, zabranio je Jeffu nastavak šahovske karijere. Preselio je cijelu obitelj iz New Yorka i upao u probleme s društvom za pomoć djeci u Ontariju. Članak u Vanity Fairu novinara Johna Colapinta opisao je zlostavljanje Jeffa i Julije, što je dovelo do reakcije socijalne službe koja je ocu oduzela skrbništvo te dodijelila djecu udomiteljskoj obitelji. Jeff i Julia su pobjegli te su se vratili ocu. Od tada se obitelj Sarwer sakrivala od službi i živjela u raznim državama što možemo opisati kao netipičan stil života.

"Searching for Bobby Fischer"
1993. godine objavljen je film "Searching for Bobby Fischer" u kojim je Jeff predstavljen kao "Jonathan Poe". Pred sami kraj filma, u posljednjoj partiji, Jonathanu Poeu je predložen remi, što je on odbio i na kraju izgubio partiju. U stvarnosti su Jeff Sarwer i njegov protivnik Joshua Waitzkin remizirali i podijelili 1. mjesto. Tada je Jeff imao 7 a Josh 9 godina. Osim te, Jeff i Joshua odigrali su još jednu partiju, u prosincu 1985. godine, u kojoj je slavio Jeff.

Povratak nakon duge pauze
U rujnu 2007. Jeff je sudjelovao na X Međunarodnom turniru brzopoteznog šaha u poljskom Malborku. S obzirom na to da nije posjedovao međunarodni ranking dodijeljen mu je Elo rating od 2250 bodova. Jeff je turnir završio na trećem mjestu sa 7 bodova u 9 partija. Na turniru je sudjelovalo 86 šahista, od čega 4 velemajstora.

Poker
Od prosinca 2008. Jeff sudjeluje u European Poker Touru. Dva puta je sjeo za finalni stol i zaradio oko 500.000 dolara. U veljači 2010. godine časopis Bluff Europe napisao je članak o njemu i njegovoj novoj pokeraškoj karijeri. Predstavlja ga agencija Poker Icons.

Bibliografija
 Canadian Chess - Biographies
 The Hendon Mob Poker Database
 EPT Warsaw pokerstars blog
 EPT Warsaw Jeff's profile

Vanjske poveznice
 Lost and Found: An Interview with Jeff Sarwer
 Sva lica Jeffa Sarwera

Poker
Šahisti
Kanadski športaši

Jeff Sarwer


Bean es una parroquia civil y un pueblo del distrito de Dartford, en el condado de Kent (Inglaterra).

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Bean tiene una superficie de 3,38 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Bean tenía 1709 habitantes (48,62% varones, 51,38% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 505,62 hab/km². El 22,29% eran menores de 16 años, el 74,49% tenían entre 16 y 74 y el 3,22% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 36,53 años. Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 27,41% estaban solteros, el 57,38% casados y el 15,21% divorciados o viudos.

El 96,02% de los habitantes eran originarios del Reino Unido. El resto de países europeos englobaban al 1,29% de la población, mientras que el 2,69% había nacido en cualquier otro lugar. Según su grupo étnico, el 96,84% eran blancos, el 1,17% mestizos, el 0,82% asiáticos, el 0,53% negros, el 0,47% chinos y el 0,18% de cualquier otro. El cristianismo era profesado por el 77,92%, el budismo por el 0,18%, el hinduismo por el 0,29%, el judaísmo por el 0,18%, el islam por el 0,47% y cualquier otra religión, salvo el sijismo, por el 0,18%. El 14,25% no eran religiosos y el 6,54% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

885 habitantes eran económicamente activos, 852 de ellos (96,27%) empleados y 33 (3,73%) desempleados. Había 648 hogares con residentes y 8 vacíos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Kent
Parroquias civiles de Kent

Bean (Kent)


تعثرت الدورة الرياضية العربية في نسختها الخامسة، بعد أن وقع الاختيار على ليبيا لتنظيمها في موعدها في عام 1969... فإن ليبيا طلبت تأجيل الدورة لعام واحد نظرا لعدم اكتمال منشآتها الرياضية.. غير أنها عادت واعتذرت نهائيا عن تنظيم الدورة بعد قيام ثورة الفاتح في أواخر عام 1969... ! فعرضت السودان تنظيم الدورة أو تعويض ليبيا.. والتي تقرر أن تجري في الخرطوم في عام 1971... غير أن السودان اعتذرت أيضا... ليتقرر أن تقوم سوريا باستضافة الدورة وتنظيمها في عام 1974 في دمشق... لكن قيام حرب تشرين أكتوبر عام 1973 أجّل انطلاق الدورة الخامسة حتى عام 1976.. وللفترة من 6 وحتى 21 أكتوبر تشرين الأول ! في حقبة السبعينات نالت دول عربية عديدة استقلالها.. وبالتالي تمكنت من المشاركة في الدورة.. حيث تواجد رياضيو (11) دولة عربية... منهم البحرين والإمارات وموريتانيا واليمن الجنوبي الذين سجّلوا تواجدهم لأول مرة.. فيما غابت كل من مصر والعراق ولبنان وتونس والجزائر وليبيا واليمن الشمالي وقطر... ! سيطر رياضيو البلد المستضيف سوريا على فعاليات الدورة وتصدروا ترتيب الأوسمة في الدورة التي شهدت مشاركة (2174) رياضيا.. تنافسو في فعاليات (18) لعبة رياضية.. حيث شهد منهاج الدورة إضافة ألعاب كرة الطاولة والجودو والكاراتيه ! واحتلت المغرب المركز الثاني.. فيما حقق السودان أبرز نتائجه في كل الدورات باحتلاله المركز الثالث في الترتيب العام للأوسمة !

كان نجم دورة الألعاب العربية الخامسة لاعب الجمباز الدولي عصام زركلي الذي قدّم مستوى وصفته لجنة التحكيم بالمستوى العالمي لأول مرة يقدمه لاعب عربي في تاريخ الدورات والبطولات العربية: فلقد قدم عصام زركلي (حركة جمبازية) أو ما يسمى بالتمريين الجمبازي على جهاز الثابت وكانت هذه الحركة من إبداعه وتصميمه حيث أنها سجلت باسمه عالميا باعتراف الجنة الدولية للجمباز ودخولها سجل أو كتاب تمرينات الجمباز العالمي تحت اسم اللاعب السوري (ZARKALA) والذي تقدم بطلب تسجيله الفوري في السجل الدولي المدرب السوفيتي هرانت شاهنيان •

الدول المشاركة

  سوريا
  المغرب
  الأردن
  فلسطين

  الكويت
  السعودية
  السودان
  اليمن الجنوبي

  البحرين
  الإمارات
  موريتانيا

الألعاب المشاركة

 ألعاب القوى
 كرة السلة
 كرة القدم
 رفع الأثقال
 السباحة
 الجمباز

 المصارعة
 الملاكمة
 الكرة الطائرة
 الدراجات
 الفروسية
 كرة الماء

 الرماية
 كرة اليد
 كرة المضرب
 كرة الطاولة
 الجودو
 الكاراتيه

توزيع الأوسمة

المصادر

 (الموسوعة الموجزة للاولمبياد العربي) د ضياء المنشئ -بغداد- 1989
 (عرب ورياضة) شبلي الشطرات - عمان -1999
 (دورة الحسين لكل العرب) عثمان القريني وتيسير العميري -عمان -1999

الألعاب العربية

أحداث أكتوبر 1976 الرياضية في آسيا
أحداث رياضية متعددة في سوريا
ألعاب رياضية متعددة في 1976
الرياضة في دمشق
دمشق في القرن 20
1976
رياضة سورية في 1976
منافسات رياضية دولية تستضيفها سوريا

دورة الألعاب العربية 1976


Abū Muḥammad Mūsā ibn al-Mahdī al-Hādī (; 26 April 764 CE 14 September 786 CE) better known by his laqab al-Hādī (الهادي) was the fourth Arab Abbasid caliph who succeeded his father al-Mahdi and ruled from 169 AH (785 CE) until his death in 170 AH (786 CE). His short reign ended with internal chaos and power struggles with his mother.

Early life
Al-Hadi was born in 764. His father was al-Mahdi and al-Khayzuran bint Atta was the mother of both caliphs Musa al-Hadi and Harun al-Rashid. She had another son named Isa ibn al-Mahdi, and a daughter named Banuqah or Banujah. His mother, al-Khayzuran was born in Mecca and brought up in Jurash. She had two sisters, Salsal bint Atta and Asma bint Atta, and a brother Ghitrif ibn Atta. She was al-Mahdi's favourite wife. Al-Mahdi consulted her on important matters of defense and administration, and officers and clerics went to her door day and night to get what they wanted from the caliph through her, and the petitioners lined up outside her door and it was crowded like a market. Khayzuran's influence in public and political life increased gradually from interferer and decisive incursions during the reign of her husband to more powerful and wider ones during the reigns of her two sons. Al-Hadi also had several half-brothers; Ubaydallah, Ibrahim, Mansur, Ali, Abdallah. He also had half-sisters; Abbasa was his elder half-sister, others were Ulayya and Aliyah.

Al-Hadi was the eldest son of al-Mahdi and al-Khayzuran and the older brother of Harun al-Rashid. He was very dear to his father and was appointed as the first crown prince by his father at the age of 16 and was chosen as the leader of the army.  Prior to his death, al-Mahdi supposedly favored his second son, Harun al-Rashid, as his successor, taking him on multiple military expeditions in 779 and 781 to train him to be the next caliph, as his own father prepared him, but died before the formal transfer of the crown prince title could occur.  Not to mention, their mother, Khayzuran played a driver in these thoughts of al-Mahdi and was a partner. Alternatively, al-Rashid was a general and may have accompanied his father to war to train for and carry out his profession.

Caliphate
Regardless of the intent, in 785, Al-Mahdi died during an expedition with his son Harun, who rushed back to Baghdad to inform his mother. At al-Mahdi's untimely death, Khayzuran took control of the situation. She ensured a smooth transition of power and to secure the succession for her son, she called upon the viziers and ordered them to pay the wages of the army to secure order, and then had them swear allegiance to her son as their new caliph in his absence, and held everything together until al-Hadi, returned to Baghdad. al-Hadi became the caliph at the age of 25. The youngest caliph to yet rule the Abbasids. His brother Harun al-Rashid became his crown prince at 22. This was a point of insecurity for al-Hadi as he spent the majority of his rule attempting to wrest the title of crown prince from al-Rashid - whether he was granted it before or after his father's death - and install his 7-year-old son Ja'far in his place. As Ja'far was very young and it went against law and wisdom to install him as crown prince, al-Hadi tried to put pressure on Harun and convince him to resign himself. So, Harun escaped from the capital and did not return there until the end of his brother's life. However, al-Hadi's attempt to depose his brother caused further conflict between him and his mother Khayzuran.  Both defended their sons for succession, al-Hadi from Ja'far and Khayzuran from Harun.

He was considered an "enlightened ruler" by his constituents and continued the "progressive" moves of his Abbasids predecessor. Like his father he was very open to the people of his empire and allowed citizens to visit him in the palace at Baghdad to address him. He was physically strong and famous for his bravery and talent in government and generosity. However, he was cruel, daring and zealous. Al-Hadi was especially malevolent to non-Muslim citizens and continued father's unfair policies and persecutions and quashed multiple internal uprisings. He crushed a Kharijite rebellion, repelled a Byzantine invasion and seized some territory in the process.

Al-Hadi was also notorious for his cruelty and persecution of the Sayyids and the Shia, he imposed further restrictions on the Alids and the remaining descendants of the Umayyad caliphate, and treated them cruelly. He cut all the allowances al-Mahdi previously assigned them due to fear of an Alid uprising. He ordered his agents to watch all 'Alids' activities and place some spies among them  and ordered them to register their presence daily with local authority. In 786, the Alids of Hijaz led by Ali ibn Husayn staged an uprising in response to these conditions. They gained control of Medina, released prisoners, imprisoned Abbasid agents, and made Masjid al-Nabi his command center. Then, the set out to Makkah, were denied entry by its people and forced to confront the Abbasid army led by al-Hadi in the valley of Fakhkh, whereupon Ali ibn Husayn and his companions were defeated and killed at the Battle of Fakhkh. This event became famous, and ibn Husayn became known as Shahid Fakhkh (the martyr of Fakhkh). However, ibn Husayn's cousin, Idris bin Abdallah, escaped to Morocco aided by Wadih, an Egyptian postal manager, where he founded the Idrisi state. After the event of Fakh, al-Hadi accused Imam al-Kazim, one of his brother's advocates, of provoking the revolutionaries. He arrested the Imam and sentenced him to execution, but died before he could implement his decision.

There was no wanting for internal conflicts as well. At al-Mahdi's untimely death, Al-Khayzuran, his mother, reportedly wished to continue to engage in politics as she had become accustomed to during al-Mahdi's reign: "Khayzuran wanted to dominate her son. She continued to give audiences in her chambers and discuss state affairs:
"She continued to monopolize decision-making without consulting him (al-Hadi), she behaved as she had before, during the reign of al-Mahdi, people came and went through her door. She used to exercise her authority over him in all his affairs without consulting him at all, assuming sole control over matters of ordaining and forbidding, just as she had done previously with his father."
In the first months of al-Hadi's short reign as caliph, he allowed his mother to implement the same political freedoms his father allowed and al-Hadi was in full submission to his mother, Khayzuran. He responded positively to all the requests and demands coming to her, and when she talked to officials and other audiences and made decisions and only reported her decisions to him, he did not object and approved them. Al-Khayzuran took advantage of the fact that al-Hadi never rejected her personal request, and disguised her friends desires and the supplicants who come to her as her own in order to obtain what they wanted. It eventually came to the point in which petitioners lined up at Khayzuran's gate in order to attain their own goals and even letters from all the provinces were sent to her court to report the affairs to her and ask her for favors for themselves, and al- Hadi heard of how his officers and governors used to go to his mother Khayzuran in hopes that what they wanted from him would be done through her words. However, al-Hadi, began to oppose her participation in state affairs; he felt she overreached, and over time he retaliated against his mother's political power. He was not inclined to allow her displays of authority and attempted to exclude her from politics. After a serious incident, he told her:
"Do not overstep the essential limits of womanly modesty and overdo in person the role of the generous donor. It is not dignified for women to enter upon affairs of state. It is not in the power of women to intervene ... in matters of sovereignty. Look to your prayers and your prayer beads."
The harem system first became fully institutionalized in the Islamic World under the Abbasid caliphate, when the Abbasid harem was established. At this point, however, Muslim women had not yet been fully secluded from society in a harem.

The growing seclusion of women and decline of women's rights that would permeate the Abbasid Caliphate and the region's latter nations were illustrated by the power struggle between the Caliph al-Hadi and his mother al-Khayzuran, who refused to live in seclusion but instead challenged the power of the Caliph by giving her own audiences to male supplicants and officials and thus mixing with men. Her son considered this improper, and he publicly addressed the issue of his mothers public life by assembling his generals and asked them:
'Who is the better among us, you or me?' asked Caliph al-Hadi of his audience.
'Obviously you are the better, Commander of the Faithful,' the assembly replied.
'And whose mother is the better, mine or yours?' continued the caliph.
'Your mother is the better, Commander of the Faithful.'
'Who among you', continued al-Hadi, 'would like to have men spreading news about your mother?'
'No one likes to have his mother talked about,' responded those present.
'Then why do men go to my mother to speak to her?'

Al-Khayzuran would not be oppressed or silenced, much to al-Hadi's chagrin. The conflict was finally exposed in public when she interceded in favor of a supplicant, Abdallah ibn Malik, and publicly demanded a reply from her son, who lost his temper and openly yelled at her and they both discussed:

Khayzuran: You must meet my request.

al-Hadi: I will not do it.

Khayzuran: I already assured the chief of police that it will be done.

al-Hadi: He is a son of a harlot. I will not do it for him.

Khayzuran: Then I will never ask you for any more favours.

al-Hadi: I do not care.

al-Hadi continued:"Wait a moment and listen well to my words.. Whoever from among my entourage - my generals, my servants - comes to you with a petition will have his head cut off and his property confiscated. What is the meaning of those retinues that throng around your door every day? Don't you have a spindle to keep you busy, a Koran for praying, a residence in which to hide from those besieging you? Watch yourself, and woe to you if you open your mouth in favour of anyone at all."
Khayzuran departed in absolute anger, and never had any words with him again, sweet or bitter. This situation between the royal mother and her son was never resolved and it remained an open wound. Al-Tabari says others refer to al-Hadi's overtures to Harun. One account al-Tabari cites has al-Hadi attempting to poison his mother:
"Yahya b. al-Hasan related that his father transmitted the information to him, saying: I heard Kalisah telling al-'Abbas b. al-Fadl b. al-Rabi that Musa sent to his mother al-Khayzuran a dish of rice, saying, "I found this tasty and accordingly ate some of it, so you have some too!" Khalisah related: But I said to her, "Don't touch it until you investigate further, for I am afraid that it might contain something to your detriment." So they brought in a dog; it ate some and fell down dead. Musa sent to al-Khayzuran afterwards and said, "How did you like the dish of rice?" She replied, "I enjoyed it very much." He said, "You can't have eaten it, because if you had, I would have been rid of you. When was any Caliph happy who had a mother (still alive)?" (v. 30 pp. 43–44)

Al-Hadi moved his capital from Baghdad to Haditha shortly before his death.

Al-Hadi died in Baghdad at the age of 26 in 786, after ruling for only a year and two months. His brother, Harun al-Rashid, performed his funeral prayer. He was buried in 'Isa Abad. Al-Tabari notes varying accounts of this death, e.g. an abdominal ulcer or assassination prompted by al-Hadi's own mother. The note on p. 42 of volume 30 of the SUNY translation of al-Tabari cites pp. 288–289 of the Kitab al-'Uyun for the possibility that al-Khayzuran feared al-Hadi would recover from his illness and thus had slave girls suffocate him. Al-Tabari (v. 30 pp. 42f) notes al-Hadi's assertion of independence from his mother, his forbidding her further involvement in public affairs and his threatening Harun's succession. This note continues, "Certainly, his death appears as too opportune for so many people concerned that it should have been a natural one." The famous Muslim historian Ibn Khaldun discredited this claim.

Military activities
His short reign was fraught with numerous military conflicts. The revolt of Husayn ibn Ali ibn Hasan broke out when Husayn declared himself caliph in Medina.

Shortly after caliph al-Mahdi died in July 785, Husayn and his followers rose in revolt at Medina, hoping to take advantage of the as yet unstable position of al-Mahdi's successor, al-Hadi. Probably on 16 May 786, Husayn and his fellow conspirators  tried to seize control of Medina. At the Mosque of the Prophet, Husayn took the pulpit, symbolically dressed in white and wearing a white turban, and received the allegiance of is followers, with the laqab of , 'the One pleasing to God from the house of Muhammad'.

The rebels failed to rally the ordinary people to their cause, however, and were quickly confronted by the local garrison. Over the following days, the partisans of the Alids (, the 'wearers of white') and the Abbasids (, the 'wearers of black') clashed repeatedly, but the latter emerged victorious, confining the Alids and their partisans to the precinct of the Great Mosque. With his uprising clearly a failure, Husayn left the city for Mecca on 28 May, with some 300 followers.

On 11 June 786, at the wadi of , some  northwest of Mecca, Husayn's small force encountered the Abbasid army, under the command of a number of Abbasid princes who had been present in the city with their armed retinues for the Hajj. In the ensuing battle, Husayn and over a hundred of his followers were killed, and many taken prisoner. Many Alids managed to escape the battle by mingling with the Hajj pilgrims. Among them were Idris and Yahya, the brothers of Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya.

Al-Hadi crushed the rebellion and killed Husayn and many of his followers but Idris bin Abdallah, a cousin of Husayn, escaped and aided by Wadih, the Egyptian postal manager, reached coastal Maghreb. where he later founded the Idrisi state in 788.

Al-Hadi also crushed a Kharijite rebellion and repelled a Byzantine invasion. The Abbasid armies actually seized some territory from the latter.

Family
Al-Hadi had two wives. One was Lubabah, the daughter of Ja'far, son of Caliph al-Mansur. The second was Ubaidah, daughter of Ghitrif ibn Atta and thus the niece of Al-Khayzuran bint Atta (Ghitrif ibn Atta's sister). One of his concubines was Amat al-Aziz, who had belonged to Rabi ibn Yunus, the powerful and ambitious chamberlain of caliphs al-Mansur and al-Mahdi. She was first presented to al-Mahdi, who, inturn presented her to al-Hadi. She was his favourite concubine, and bore him his two oldest sons. After al-Hadi's death Harun al-Rashid married her. Another concubine was Rahim, who was the mother of his son, Ja'far. His other sons were al-Abbas, Abdallah, Ishaq, Isma'il, Sulayman and Musa. Of the two daughters, one was Umm Isa, who married Caliph al-Mamun, and the other was Umm al-Abbas, who was nicknamed Nunah. All of them were born of concubines. His two sons, Isma'il and Ja'far married Harun-Rashid's daughters, Hamdunah and Fatimah respectively.

Succession
Al-Tabari notes varying accounts of al-Hadi's death, e.g. an abdominal ulcer or assassination prompted by al-Hadi's own mother.

Al-Hadi was succeeded by his younger brother, Harun al-Rashid. Upon his accession, Harun led Friday prayers in Baghdad's Great Mosque and then sat publicly as officials and the layman alike lined up to swear allegiance and declare their happiness at his ascent to Amir al-Mu'minin. He began his reign by appointing very able ministers, who carried on the work of the government so well that they greatly improved the condition of the people.

See also
 Al-Fadl ibn Salih
 Ibrahim ibn Salih, brother-in-law of al-Hadi

References

Bibliography

al-Masudi, The Meadows of Gold, The Abbasids, transl. Paul Lunde and Caroline Stone, Kegan Paul, London and New York, 1989

764 births
786 deaths
Arab Muslims
8th-century Abbasid caliphs
One Thousand and One Nights characters
Sons of Abbasid caliphs

Al-Hadi


بلدية أومبرياس (بالإسبانية: Umbrías) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة آبلة التابعة لمنطقة قشتالة وليون وسط إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
بلغ عدد سكان بلدية أومبرياس 127 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني للإحصاء الإسباني).

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية أومبرياس

أماكن مأهولة في آبلة
بلديات آبلة

أومبرياس


Le Gobemouche mésange (Myioparus plumbeus) est une espèce d'oiseaux de la famille des Muscicapidae. Il est largement répandu à travers l'Afrique subsaharienne mais inégalement distribué.

Distribution et habitat

On peut le trouver en Angola, au Bénin, au Botswana, au Burkina Faso, au Cameroun, en République centrafricaine, au Tchad, en République du Congo, en République démocratique du Congo, en Côte d'Ivoire, en Eswatini, en Éthiopie, au Gabon, en Gambie, au Ghana, en Guinée, en Guinée-Bissau, au Kenya, au Liberia, au Malawi, au Mali, au Mozambique, en Namibie, au Niger, au Nigéria, au Rwanda, au Sénégal, au Sierra Leone, en Afrique du Sud, au Soudan du Sud, en Tanzanie, au Togo, en Ouganda, en Zambie, et au Zimbabwé.

Son habitat naturel est à la fois la forêt tropophile et la forêt tropicale.

Description
L'oiseau est un gobemouche de couleur grise, reconnaissable à sa queue noire à rectrices externes blanches.

Mode de vie
Contrairement aux gobemouches qui effectuent de courtes envolées pour attraper des mouches, le Gobemouche mésange se nourrit à la manière d'une fauvette préférant voleter à travers le feuillage à la recherche d'insectes. On peut l'apercevoir se pencher vers l'avant avec la queue relevée et déployée en éventail : ce comportement pourrait avoir pour effet de lever les insectes les plus proches.

Chant
On le détecte dans les taillis et les lisières forestières en le repérant grâce à son chant caractéristique, un « ouiiili ouiirr » triste.

Liste des sous-espèces
Selon  :
 Myioparus plumbeus catoleucus (Reichenow, 1900)
 Myioparus plumbeus orientalis (Reichenow & Neumann, 1895)
 Myioparus plumbeus plumbeus (Hartlaub, 1858)

Systématique
Le nom valide complet (avec auteur) de ce taxon est Myioparus plumbeus (Hartlaub, 1858).

Ce taxon porte en français le nom vernaculaire ou normalisé suivant : Gobemouche mésange.

Myioparus plumbeus a pour synonymes :
 Fraseria plumbea catoleuca
 Fraseria plumbea orientalis
 Fraseria plumbea plumbea
 Fraseria plumbea (Hartlaub, 1858)

Liens externes

Notes et références

Muscicapidae

Gobemouche mésange


Romanizarea McCune-Reischauer () este unul dintre cele două cele mai folosite sisteme de romanizare a limbii coreene. O versiune modificată a McCune-Reischauer a fost sistemul oficial de romanizare în Coreea de Sud până în 2000, când a fost înlocuit de Romanizarea revizuită a limbii coreene. O altă variantă de McCune-Reischauer se folosește oficial în Coreea de Nord.

Sistemul a fost creat în 1937 de George M. McCune și Edwin O. Reischauer. Cu câteva excepții, sistemul încearcă nu să translitereze hangul, ci să reprezinte fonetic pronunția cuvintelor.

Trăsături și critici
Fonologic, limba coreeană nu distinge între consoane sonore și surde; această distincție are loc la nivel fonetic. Consoanele aspirate, precum p', k'  și t', se disting de omoloagele lor neaspirate printr-un apostrof, care poate fi interpretat eronat ca separator între silabe (în 뒤차기 → twich'agi, silabele sunt twi, ch'a și gi). Apostroful este folosit și pentru a distinge între ㄴㄱ (n'g) și ㅇㅇ (ng): 잔금 → chan'gŭm vs. 장음 → changŭm.

Criticii sistemului McCune-Reischauer susțin că utilizatorii neexperimentați omit brevele ( ˘ ) de peste o pentru 어 și cele de peste u pentru 으, fiindcă sunt mai simplu de tastat astfel. Acest lucru poate crea confuzie: o ar putea însemna 오 sau 어, iar u poate însemna 우 sau 으. Deseori, acești utilizatori omit și apostrofurile care disting între consoanele aspirate (ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ, ㅊ) și omoloagele lor neaspirate (ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, ㅈ), întețind confuzia.

Apărătorii sistemului McCune-Reischauer sunt de părere că, deși cel mai bine este să se includă brevele și apostrofurile, chiar și atunci când sunt omise, un utilizator neexperimentat și nefamilarizat cu limba coreeană ar putea aproxima cu ușurință pronunția unui cuvânt.

Aceste omisiuni frecvente au fost motivul principal pentru care guvernul din Coreea de Sud a adoptat un sistem revizuit în 2000. Criticii sistemului revizuit susțin că acesta nu reușește să reprezinte 어 și 으 într-o manieră intuitivă și că reprezentarea consoanelor neaspirate nu corespunde cu adevărata lor pronunție.

Între timp, în ciuda adoptării oficiale a noului sistem în Coreea de Sud, sistemul McCune-Reischauer încă este folosit de multe persoane (dinăuntrul și din afara Coreei de Sud) care se ocupă cu studiul Coreei, de convențiile geografice și cartografice internaționale și de Coreea de Nord.

Nici în Coreea de Sud uzul noului sistem nu este universal, cum fusese McCune-Reischauer înaintea lui.

Ghid
Acesta este un ghid simplificat pentru sistemul McCune-Reischauer. Este deseori folosit pentru transliterarea de denumiri, însă nu convertește corect fiecare cuvânt, fiindcă multe litere coreene sunt pronunțate diferit în funcție de poziția lor.

Vocale

 ㅔ se scrie ë când e precedat de ㅏ sau ㅗ. Acest lucru se face pentr a distinge ㅐ (ae) de ㅏ에 (aë) și ㅚ (oe) de ㅗ에 (oë). Combinațiile ㅏ에 (aë) și ㅗ에 (oë) sunt foarte rar întâlnite în afara propozițiilor în care un substantiv este urmat de o postpoziție: 회사에서 hoesaësŏ ("la o companie"), 차고에 ch'agoë ("într-un garaj").
 Numele de familie 이 (李) și 이 (異) se transcriu Yi, nu I, iar 리 (李) se transcrie Ri: 이순신 Yi Sunsin, 리세광 Ri Segwang.

Consoane

 Digramele consonantice (ㄳ, ㄵ, ㄶ, ㄺ, ㄻ, ㄼ, ㄽ, ㄾ, ㄿ, ㅀ, ㅄ) apar numai în poziție finală și sunt transcrise după pronunția lor.

 ㅇ este folosit în poziție inițială pentru a indica lipsa unei consoane; în poziție finală, acesta reprezintă ng.
 쉬 se transcrie shwi.
 În cuvinte sino-coreene, se folosesc lt și lch respectiv.

Pentru ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ și ㅈ, se folosesc g, d, b și j dacă sunt sonore; altfel se folosesc k, t, p și ch. Astfel de pronunții au prioritate față de tabelul de mai sus.

Exemple
 Consoane surde/sonore
 가구 kagu
 등대 tŭngdae
 반복 panbok
 주장 chujang
 Evident, ㅇ inițial este neglijat în romanizare, fiindcă el doar indică absența unui sunet.
 국어 (pronunțat 구거) kugŏ (nu kukŏ)
 믿음 (pronunțat 미듬) midŭm (nu mitŭm)
 법인 (pronunțat 버빈) pŏbin (nu pŏpin)
 필요 (pronunțat 피료) p'iryo (nu p'ilyo)
 r vs. l
 r
 Între două vocale: 가로 karo, 필요 p'iryo
 Înainte de ㅎ h inițial: 발해 Parhae, 실험 sirhŏm
 l
 Înainte de o consoană (mai puțin înainte de ㅎ h inițial), sau la final de cuvânt: 날개 nalgae, 구별 kubyŏl, 결말 kyŏlmal
 ㄹㄹ se scrie ll: 빨리 ppalli, 저절로 chŏjŏllo
 Asimilări de consoane
 연락 (pronunțat 열락) yŏllak
 독립 (pronunțat 동닙) tongnip
 법률 (pronunțat 범뉼) pŏmnyul
 않다 (pronunțat 안타) ant'a
 맞히다 (pronunțat 마치다) mach'ida
 Palatalizări
 미닫이 (pronunțat 미다지) midaji
 같이 (pronunțat 가치) kach'i
 굳히다 (pronunțat 구치다) kuch'ida

Excepții care nu folosesc tocmai pronunția
 Secvențele -ㄱㅎ-, -ㄷㅎ- (doar când nu are loc palatalizarea)/-ㅅㅎ-, -ㅂㅎ- se scriu, respectiv, kh, th, ph, deși se pronunță exact la fel ca ㅋ (k'), ㅌ (t'), ㅍ (p').
 속히 sokhi (pronunțat 소키)
 못하다 mothada (pronunțat 모타다)
 곱하기 kophagi (pronunțat 고파기)
 Când o consoană neaspirată simplă (ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, ㅅ, ㅈ) devine tare (ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅆ, ㅉ) în mijlocul unui cuvânt, se scrie, respectiv, k, t, p, s, ch, deși se pronunță la fel ca ㄲ (kk), ㄸ (tt), ㅃ (pp), ㅆ (ss), or ㅉ (tch).
 태권도 (pronunțat 태꿘도) t'aekwŏndo
 손등 (pronunțat 손뜽) sontŭng
 문법 (pronunțat 문뻡) munpŏp
 국수 (pronunțat 국쑤) kuksu
 한자 (漢字, pronunțat 한짜) hancha

Varianta nord-coreeană
În varianta nord-coreeană de McCune-Reischauer, consoanele aspirate sunt reprezentate nu prin adăugarea unui apostrof, ci prin adăugarea unui h. De exemplu, 평안 este redat astfel: Phyŏngan. În sistemul original, acesta ar fi devenit P'yŏngan.

Varianta sud-coreeană
O variantă de McCune-Reischauer a fost folosită oficial în Coreea de Sud între 1984 și 2000. Mai jos urmează diferențele față de McCune-Reischauer original:
 시 se scria shi în loc de si. Când ㅅ e urmat de ㅣ, el e pronunțat  (similar cu ș din română), în loc de . Sistemul original folosește sh doar în combinația 쉬 shwi; în Coreea de Sud, se transcria swi.
 ㅝ se scria wo în loc de wŏ. Diftongul w (ㅗ sau ㅜ semivocalic) + o (ㅗ) nu există în fonologia coreeană, așa că guvernul sud-coreean a omis breva din wŏ.
 Se foloseau cratime în loc de apostrofuri și treme pentru dezambiguizare între ㄴㄱ și ㅇㅇ, între ㅏ에 și ㅐ, și între ㅗ에 și ㅚ. Astfel, apostrofurile se foloseau doar pentru a indica aspirația, iar ë nu se folosea deloc.
 ㄹㅎ se transcria lh în loc de rh.
 Se indica aspirația indusă de asimilarea unui ㅎ inițial. Astfel, ㄱㅎ se scria k'  în loc de kh.

Următorul tabel ilustrează aceste diferențe:

Alte sisteme
Un al treilea sistem, sistemul de Romanizare de la Yale (un sistem de transliterare), există, însă se folosește numai în literatura academică, în special în lingvistică.

Sistemul Konțevici, bazat pe sistemul Holodovici, se folosește pentru transliterarea limbii coreene în alfabetul chirilic. La fel ca romanizarea McCune-Reischauer, acesta încearcă mai degrabă să reprezinte pronunția unui cuvânt, decât să stabilească o corespondență 1:1 între litere.

Vezi și
 Hangul
 Romanizarea revizuită a limbii coreene

Note

Legături externe
 Un ghid practic pentru romanizarea McCune-Reischauer : Reguli, recomandări și font
 Tabel de comparație al diferitelor sisteme de romanizare, Organizația Națiunilor Unite
 http://www.nla.gov.au/librariesaustralia/cjk/download/ras_1939.pdf
 http://faculty.washington.edu/sangok/JSISA448/ras_1961.pdf

 Unealtă online pentru romanizare McCune-Reischauer (cu modificări BGN)

Romanizare (lingvistică)

McCune-Reischauer


UTC+5:45 er en tidszone som er 5 timer og 45 minutter foran standardtiden UTC.

UTC+5:45 bruges året rundt af:
 Nepal

Tidszoner

UTC+5:45


General Richard Savage, 4th Earl Rivers PC (ca. 1654 – 18 August 1712) was an English nobleman and soldier who was a senior Army officer in the English and then British Army. The second son of Thomas Savage, 3rd Earl Rivers and his first wife Elizabeth Scrope, Savage was styled Viscount Colchester after the death of his elder brother Thomas in 1680, he was designated by that title until he succeeded to the peerage upon the death of his father, the 3rd Earl, in 1694. Savage served as Master-General of the Ordnance and Constable of the Tower, and was briefly commander-in-chief of the forces in lieu of James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde until his death in 1712.

Early life and career
A member of the Savage family, Richard Savage was the second son of Thomas Savage, 3rd Earl Rivers. Early in life, Richard acquired notoriety as a rake and he would carry this reputation throughout his life, fathering several bastard children and being noted for his 'dare-devilry and dissipation'. After becoming Viscount Colchester on his brother's death he entered Parliament as member for Wigan in 1681 and procured a commission in the Horseguards under Sarsfield in 1686. Savage served as MP for Wigan until 1685. He was the first nobleman and one of the first persons who joined the Prince of Orange on his landing in England in November 1688, and he accompanied William to London. Savage later became the MP for Liverpool in 1689.

Obtaining promotion in the army, he served with distinction in the Williamite war in Ireland and in the Netherlands and was made Major-General in 1698 and Lieutenant-General in 1702. In 1694 he succeeded his father as 4th Earl Rivers and could no longer continue as a Member of Parliament, instead taking his father's seat in the House of Lords. He served abroad in 1702 under Marlborough, who formed a high opinion of his military capacity and who recommended him for the command of a force for an invasion of France in 1706. The expedition was eventually diverted to Portugal, and Rivers, finding himself superseded before anything was accomplished, returned to England, where Marlborough procured for him a command in the cavalry.

The favour shown him by Marlborough did not deter Rivers from paying court to the Tories when it became evident that the Whig ascendancy was waning, and his appointment as constable of the Tower in 1710 on the recommendation of Harley and without Marlborough's knowledge was the first unmistakable intimation to the Whigs of their impending fall. Rivers now met with marked favour at court, being entrusted with a delicate mission to the Elector of Hanover in 1710, which was followed by his appointment in 1711 as Master-General of the Ordnance, a post hitherto held by Marlborough himself.

In 1708, he became one of the first members to be sworn in as a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom following the Acts of Union under Queen Anne.

Personal life
Jonathan Swift, who was intimate with Earl Rivers, speaks of him as an 'arrant knave'; but the dean may have been disappointed at being unmentioned in Rivers's will, for he made a fierce comment on the earl's bequests to his mistresses and his neglect of his friends. In June 1712 Rivers was promoted to the rank of general, and became commander-in-chief in England; he died a few weeks later, on 18 August 1712.

He married in 1679 Penelope, daughter of Roger Downes, by whom he had a daughter Elizabeth, who married the 4th Earl of Barrymore. He also left several illegitimate children, two of whom were by Anne, Countess of Macclesfield. Rivers' intrigue with Lady Macclesfield was the cause of that lady's divorce from her husband Charles Gerard, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield in 1701. Richard Savage, the poet, claimed identity with Lady Macclesfield's son by Lord Rivers, but though his story was accepted by Dr Johnson and was generally believed, the evidence in its support is faulty in several respects. As Rivers left no legitimate son the earldom passed on his death to his cousin, John Savage, grandson of the 2nd earl, and a priest in the Roman Catholic Church, on whose death, about 1735, all the family titles became extinct.

See also
List of deserters from James II to William of Orange

References

Notes

Sources

William Coxe, Memoirs of Marlborough (3 vols., London, 1818);
Letters and Despatches of Marlborough, 1702-1712, vol. v., edited by Sir George Murray (5 vols., London, 1845);
Gilbert Burnet, History of his own Time (6 vols., Oxford, 1833);
FW Wyon, History of Great Britain during the Reign of Queen Anne (2 vols., London, 1876); vol. 1, vol. 2;
George E. Cokayne, The Complete Peerage, 1st edition, vol. vi. (London, 1895).

|-

|-

1650s births
1712 deaths
Earls Rivers
British Army generals
British Life Guards officers
Lord-Lieutenants of Cheshire
Lord-Lieutenants of Lancashire
Lord-Lieutenants of Essex
Lord-Lieutenants of the Tower Hamlets
British military personnel of the War of the Spanish Succession
Savage
Royal Horse Guards officers
English MPs 1681
English MPs 1689–1690
English MPs 1690–1695
Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for Liverpool
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Savage family

Richard Savage, 4th Earl Rivers


Yuan Jinyun (Nanquim, 22 de maio de 1957) é um matemático, pesquisador e professor universitário brasileiro.

Comendador e Grande Oficial da Ordem Nacional do Mérito Científico, membro da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, Yuan é professor titular do Departamento de Matemática da Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR).

Biografia
Yuan nasceu na área rural de Nanquim, na China, em 1957. Seguir carreira na matemática não era sua opção. Segundo as leis do governo, se ele apontasse que um aluno tinha aptidão para uma área, ele precisava seguir. Era a primeira turma depois da Revolução Cultural e o acesso às informações era bastante limitado na época.

Orientado por seu professor de matemática no ensino médio, Yuan prestou o vestibular tendo como opção quatro cursos: arquitetura, indústria de alimento, medicina chinesa, e licenciatura em matemática. Aprovado em matemática, ingressou no Instituto Tecnológico de Nanjing (hoje a Southeast University), uma das melhores universidades de tecnologia na China.

Carreira
O governo chinês o designou para trabalhar na área de engenharia elétrica, pois a matemática é tida como elemento importante para o desenvolvimento do país. Em 1982, começou a trabalhar com campos eletromagnéticos computacionais ao ingressar no Laboratório de Microondas e Antenas do Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica do Instituto Tecnológico de Nanjing. O interesse pela pesquisa científica também tinha um viés econômico, pois a pós-graduação era uma maneira de melhorar a renda da família.

Em 1986, ingressou no mestrado em engenharia elétrica, mas teve problemas com seu orientador que explorava seu trabalho. Outros professores do departamento de matemática reconheceram seu trabalho e o aceitaram como aluno na área de matemática aplicada. Concluiu o mestrado em 1988.

Brasil
Após trabalhar como professor no Departamento de Matemática, no Instituto Tecnológico de Nanjing, Yuan decidiu fazer o doutorado. Em contato com o matemático Alfredo Noel Iusem do Instituto de Matemática Pura e Aplicada (IMPA), ele propôs fazer o doutorado em conjunto com o Brasil. Porém sua instituição na China não permitiu sua liberação. O IMPA então lhe deu uma carta de aceitação permanente e após um ano Yuan conseguiu a liberação para sair da China com um passaporte especial apenas de saída do país e não de retorno.

Após defender o doutorado em 1993, Yuan começou a trabalhar na UFPR como professor visitante e, em 1996, como professor titular no Departamento de Matemática. Em conjunto com um grupo de professores, Alexandre Trovon, Carlos Henrique dos Santos, e Décio Kraus, implementou o curso de Matemática Industrial na UFPR.

É editor de várias revistas especializadas, além de ser editor-chefe da Coleção de Matemática Aplicada e Computacional da Sociedade Brasileira de Matemática (SBM). Foi secretário regional da Sociedade Brasileira de Matemática; coordenador regional do Instituto Nacional de Matemática Pura e Aplicada (IMPA), e coordenador de projeto de pesquisa da Companhia Paranaense de Energia (COPEL).

Em 15 de agosto de 2017, Yuan recebeu o título de Cidadão Honorário de Curitiba.

Naturais de Nanquim
Matemáticos da China
Matemáticos do Brasil
Cientistas da China
Cientistas do Brasil
Professores da Universidade Federal do Paraná
Membros da Academia Brasileira de Ciências
Chineses expatriados no Brasil

Yuan Jinyun


Diogo Correa de Oliveira (født 8. april 1983, død 9. juni 2021) var en brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Diogo Correa de Oliveira


Marcus Sergius was a Roman general during the Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC).  He is famed in prosthetics circles as the first documented user of a prosthetic hand. The metal hand was constructed to allow him to hold his shield in battle.

A description of Marcus Sergius is found in the seventh book of Pliny's Natural History, published in AD 77:

Nobody - at least in my opinion - can rightly rank any man above Marcus Sergius, although his great-grandson Catiline shames his name. In his second campaign Sergius lost his right hand. In two campaigns he was wounded twenty-three times, with the result that he had no use in either hand or either foot: only his spirit remained intact. Although disabled, Sergius served in many subsequent campaigns. He was twice captured by Hannibal - no ordinary foe- from whom twice he escaped, although kept in chains and shackles every day for twenty months. He fought four times with only his left hand, while two horses he was riding were stabbed beneath him.

He had a right hand made of iron for him and, going into battle with this bound to his arm, raised the siege of Cremona, saved Placentia and captured twelve enemy camps in Gaul - all of which exploits were confirmed by the speech he made as praetor when his colleagues tried to debar him as infirm from the sacrifices. What piles of wreaths he would have amassed in the face of a different enemy!

References
Pliny

Sergii
Roman Republican praetors
Ancient Roman generals
Roman commanders of the Second Punic War
Amputees
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing

Marcus Sergius Silus


"Losing My Religion" er en sang af det alternative rockband R.E.M. Sangen blev udgivet som den første single fra gruppens album Out of Time (1991). Den bygger på et mandolinriff og "Losing My Religion" blev et usandsynligt hit for gruppen, der skaffede dem stor spilletid på alverdens radioer samt på MTV som følge af dens kritikerroste musikvideo. Sangen blev den højeste placerede i på de amerikanske hitlister, blandt gruppens udgivelser, hvor den nåede nummer 4 på Billboard Hot 100. "Losing My Religion" var med til at øge gruppens popularitet voldsomt og udbrede kendskabet til R.E.M., og sangen er fortsat blandt gruppens mest kendte numre. Den blev nomineret til syv Grammy Awards, og vandt to for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and Bedste korte musikvideo.

Hitlister

Certificeringer

Referencer

Sange fra 1991
R.E.M. sange

Losing My Religion


Warnau este un nume german care poate însemna:
o comună din landul german Schleswig-Holstein - v. articolul Warnau (Holstein).
un cartier al orașului Havelberg din landul german Saxonia-Anhalt - v. Warnau (Havelberg).
un afluent al râului Böhme din landul german Saxonia Inferioară - v. Warnau (râu).
râul Warna din voievodatul Varmia și Mazuria din Polonia - v. Warna (râu).

Warnau


Olivo e Pasquale (título original en italiano; en español, Olivo y Pasquale) es una ópera bufa en dos actos con música de Gaetano Donizetti y libreto en italiano de Jacopo Ferretti, basado en la comedia Olivo e Pasquale, de Antonio Simone Sografi (1794). Se estrenó el 7 de enero de 1827 en el Teatro Valle de Roma, Italia.

Notas

Óperas basadas en piezas de teatro
Óperas de Gaetano Donizetti
Óperas de 1827
Óperas en italiano
Óperas ambientadas en España
Óperas estrenadas en Roma

Olivo e Pasquale


منطقة  السويداء منطقة سورية إدارية تتبع محافظة السويداء  ومركزها مدينة السويداء، بلغ تعداد سكان المنطقة 180,907 نسمة حسب التعداد السكاني لعام 2004.

نواحي منطقة  السويداء
ناحية مركز السويداء
ناحية المزرعة
ناحية المشنف
ناحية الثعلة

المراجع

انظر أيضاً
 تجمعات محافظة السويداء السكانية

منطقة مركز السويداء
مناطق محافظة السويداء

منطقة مركز السويداء


Marc VDS Racing Team es un equipo de automovilismo de velocidad, motociclismo de velocidad y rally raid con sede en Gosselies, Bélgica fundado por Marc van der Straten.

Gran turismos

Hasta 2008, el equipo participó entre otros torneos en el Belcar y el Campeonato FIA GT bajo la denominación Belgian Racing, donde corrió de manera oficial con el Gillet Vertigo.

En 2009, el equipo adoptó el nombre actual y pasó a competir con un Ford GT de la clase GT1 fabricado por Matech en el Campeonato FIA GT, luego renombrado Campeonato Mundial de GT1. En 2009, finalizó octavo en el campeonato de equipos sin poder robarle ningún podio a las Maserati MC12 y los Chevrolet Corvette rivales, en tanto que sus pilotos Bas Leinders y Renaud Kuppens quedaron 21º en el campeonato de pilotos. En 2010, la dupla Bas Leinders / Maxime Martin resultó 18º en el campeonato de pilotos con dos podios y la Markus Palttala / Renaud Kuppens (luego Matteo Bobbi) sólo puntuó en dos pruebas; Marc VDS volvió a quedar octavo en el campeonato de equipos.

En 2011, Maxime Martin venció en cuatro carreras y finalizó 11º en el campeonato de pilotos, o bien sexta mejor dupla si hubiera tenido un mismo compañero de butaca a lo largo del año. Todos sus triunfos los logró junto a Frédéric Makowiecki, otro podio en pareja con Bertrand Baguette, y disputó otras carreras con Yann Clairay. La otra pareja la formaron Bas Leinders y Marc Hennerici, excepto la última fecha donde Ricardo Risatti sustituyó al segundo. Marc VDS quedó sexto en el campeonato de equipos. También mantuvo una segunda estructura, llamada nuevamente Belgian Racing, que puso en pista otros dos Ford GT y finalizó séptima en el campeonato sin podios. Diez pilotos corrieron para el equipo, entre ellos Yann Clairay y Vanina Ickx. Tanto Marc VDS como Belgian Racing no participarán en el Campeonato Mundial de GT 2012.

Simultáneamente, Marc VDS también disputó otros certámenes internacionales de gran turismos. En 2010, participó en cuatro fechas del Campeonato Europeo de GT3 con Ford GT y Ford Mustang; llegó segundo en la clase GT3 y octavo absoluto en las 24 Horas de Spa con un Ford GT; y disputó los 1000 km de Spa-Francorchamps y las 24 Horas de Le Mans con un Ford GT de la clase GT1, donde llegó primero en la clase y segundo entre gran turismos en Spa y abandonó en Le Mans. En 2011, disputó las 24 Horas de Le Mans en la clase LMP1 con un Lola-Aston Martin tripulado por Leinders, Martin e Ickx, que llegó séptimo absoluto y segundo entre los gasolina. Asimismo, disputó todas las fechas de la Blancpain Endurance Series con distintos automóviles: Ford GT, BMW Z4, Alpina B6 y Ford Mustang. Ganaron dos carreras, ambas con Leinders, Martin y Palttala a los mandos de un BMW Z4, y llegaron 11º en las 24 Horas de Spa en un Ford GT tripulado por Palttala, Antoine Leclerc y Jonathan Hirschi.

Marc VDS se dedicará de lleno a competir en la Blancpain Endurance Series en 2012, con BMW Z4 asistidos técnicamente por BMW M.

Motociclismo de velocidad

Marc VDS comenzó a competir en el Campeonato Mundial de Motociclismo en 2010, en concreto en la clase Moto2 con los pilotos Scott Redding y Héctor Faubel en una Suter. El británico terminó octavo con dos podios y el español 26º. En 2011, Redding pasó a tener como compañero de escuadra al veterano Mika Kallio. Quedaron 15º y 16º respectivamente, con tres quintos lugares para el británico y un segundo para el finlandés. Ambos continuarán en Moto2 en 2012, pero ahora en una Kalex. Marc VDS también pondrá en pista una motocicleta de la clase mayor, MotoGP.

Rally raid

Marc VDS compitió en las ediciones 2009 y 2010 del Rally Dakar con un Volkswagen Touareg.

Resultados del equipo en Moto2
(Carreras en negro indican pole position, carreras en italics indican vuelta rápida)

 * Temporada en curso

Resultados del equipo en MotoGP
A diferencia de la clasificación de constructores, los puntos y el resultado final son la suma de los puntos obtenidos por el piloto (en este caso solo uno) de la escudería y el resultado final se refiere al equipo, no al constructor.

(Carreras en negro indican pole position, carreras en italics indican vuelta rápida)

 * Temporada en curso

Resultados del equipo en MotoE
(Carreras en negro indican pole position, carreras en italics indican vuelta rápida)

Enlaces externos
 Sitio oficial de Marc VDS

Equipos de automovilismo de Bélgica

Marc VDS Racing Team


Élie Baussart (* 16. Dezember 1887 in Couillet, Hennegau; † 30. Dezember 1965 in Loverval, Gerpinnes, Hennegau) war ein belgischer Schriftsteller, Politiker und christdemokratischer Gewerkschaftsfunktionär, der insbesondere durch seinen Einsatz in der Mouvement Wallon bekannt wurde, einer Bewegung, die sich für eine Stärkung der eigenen Identität Walloniens und der Wallonen einsetzte.

Leben
Baussart besuchte die Jesuitenschule in Charleroi und unterbrach seine Ausbildung zur Durchführung von Reisen. Während dieser Zeit vervollständige er seine Ausbildung als Autodidakt, wobei er sich insbesondere in Literatur und Sprachwissenschaft weiterbildete. 1909 kehrte er als Lehrer für Französisch und Geschichte an die Jesuitenschule von Charleroi zurück und unterrichtete dort bis zu seinem Eintritt in den Ruhestand 1954.

Während dieser engagierte sich der Katholik Baussart für soziale Belange sowie die Förderung der geistigen Freiheit innerhalb der christdemokratischen Bewegungen und gehörte mit Hubert Dewez das Institut für Arbeiterkultur (Institut de Culture ouvrière). In seinen literarischen Werken und Essays setzte sich Baussart für die Verteidigung der Wallonischen Region und die Berücksichtigung sozialer Belange ein.

Auf der 1911 in Charleroi von Jules Destrée organisierten wallonischen Kunstausstellung trat er massiv für die Rechte von Wallonien für die Wallonen ein, und gründete zur Förderung dieser Ziele 1919 die Zeitschrift La Terre wallonne, in der er seine vom katholischen Glauiben geprägten Ansichten für Wallonien entwickelte, wobei er innerhalb des belgischen Zentralstaats den Dialog zwischen den Volksbewegungen in Flandern und Wallonien ablehnte. Zugleich trat er in seinen Artikeln für Ideen wie Regionalismus, Pazifismus und Demokratie ein.

1921 wurde Baussart zum Mitglied der Wallonischen Versammlung gewählt, und setzte sich in dieser massiv gegen die Ziele von Unionisten und Antiseparatisten ein, die insbesondere durch den von Joris Helleputte geführten flämischen Boerenbond eine Ausweitung des flämischen Einflusses in Belgien forderten. Nach 1929 und der Einführung der regionalen Einsprachigkeit bekannte er sich zum Föderalismus in Belgien. In den 1930er Jahren setzte er sich – geprägt durch den Humanismus – innerhalb der wallonischen Bewegung gegen den Faschismus ein sowie für die Verteidigung der demokratischen Freiheitsrechte ein und verfasste dazu Essays wie Essai d'Initiation à la révolution anticapitaliste (1938).

Nach der Besetzung Belgiens durch die deutsche Wehrmacht im Fall Gelb genannten Teil des Westfeldzugs 1940 wurde die weitere Veröffentlichung seiner Zeitschrift La Terre Wallonne verboten. Nach Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges war er als Chronist für die Zeitschrift Forces nouvelles, le Vieux Wallon wallonisant tätig sowie aktives Mitglied der 1946 aufgelösten Partei Union démocratique belge (UDB). Darüber hinaus engagierte er sich in den Organisationen Rénovation wallonne und Congrès national wallon.

Weblinks
 Biografie in Cent Wallons du siècle, Institut Jules Destrée, Charleroi, 1995

Publizist
Politiker (Wallonien)
Autor
Schullehrer
Gewerkschafter (Belgien)
Belgier
Geboren 1887
Gestorben 1965
Mann

Élie Baussart


The UNIVAC LARC, short for the Livermore Advanced Research Computer, is a mainframe computer designed to a requirement published by Edward Teller in order to run hydrodynamic simulations for nuclear weapon design. It was one of the earliest supercomputers.

LARC supported multiprocessing with two CPUs (called Computers) and an input/output (I/O) Processor (called the Processor). Two LARC machines were built, the first delivered to Livermore in June 1960, and the second to the Navy's David Taylor Model Basin. Both examples had only one Computer, so no multiprocessor LARCs were ever built.

The LARC CPUs were able to perform addition in about 4 microseconds, corresponding to about 250 kIPS speed. This made it the fastest computer in the world until 1962 when the IBM 7030 took the title. The 7030 started as IBM's entry to the LARC contest, but Teller chose the simpler Univac over the more risky IBM design.

Description
The LARC was a decimal mainframe computer with 60 bits per word. It used bi-quinary coded decimal arithmetic with five bits per digit (see below), allowing for 11-digit signed numbers. Instructions were 60 bits long, one per word. The basic configuration had 26 general-purpose registers, which could be expanded to 99. The general-purpose registers had an access time of one microsecond.

LARC weighed about .

The basic configuration had one Computer and LARC could be expanded to a multiprocessor with a second Computer.

The Processor is an independent CPU (with a different instruction set from the Computers) and provides control for 12 to 24 magnetic drum storage units, four to forty UNISERVO II tape drives, two electronic page recorders (a 35mm film camera facing a cathode-ray tube), one or two high-speed printers, and a high-speed punched card reader.

The LARC used core memory banks of 2500 words each, housed four banks per memory cabinet. The basic configuration had eight banks of core (two cabinets), 20,000 words. The memory could be expanded to a maximum of 39 banks of core (ten cabinets with one empty bank), 97,500 words. The core memory had one parity bit on each digit for error checking, resulting in 60 bits per memory word. The core memory had an access time of 8 microseconds and a cycle time of 4 microseconds. Each bank operated independently and could begin a new access in any 4-microsecond cycle when it was not already busy. By properly interleaving accesses to different banks the memory could sustain an effective access time of 4 microseconds on each access (e.g., instruction access in one bank data in another).

The data transfer bus connecting the two Computers and the Processor to the core memory was multiplexed to maximize throughput; every 4-microsecond bus cycle was divided into eight 500-nanosecond time slots:

Processor - instructions and data
Computer 1 - instructions
Computer 2 - data
I/O DMA Synchronizer - data
Not Used
Computer 2 - instructions
Computer 1 - data
I/O DMA Synchronizer - data

The core memory system enforces a system of interlocks and priorities to avoid simultaneous access of the same memory bank by multiple sections of the system (the Computers, Processor, and I/O DMA Synchronizers) without conflicts or deadlocks. A memory bank is unavailable for one 4-microsecond cycle after being addressed by any section of the system. If another section attempts to address the same memory bank during this time it is locked out and must wait then try again in the next 4-microsecond cycle. To prevent deadlocks and timeouts in the I/O system the following priorities are enforced:

I/O DMA Synchronizer - highest
Processor
Computers - lowest

If a higher-priority section is locked out in one 4-microsecond cycle, when it tries again in the next 4-microsecond cycle, all lower-priority sections are prevented from beginning a new cycle on that memory bank until the higher-priority section has completed its access.

The LARC's Computers wrote lists of Summary Orders in memory for the Processor to read and interpret by the Processor Control Program (written and supplied by UNIVAC with each system), to request needed I/O.

The LARC was built using surface-barrier transistors, which were already obsolete by the time the first system was delivered.  The LARC was a very fast computer for its time.  Its addition time was 4 microseconds, multiplication time was 8 microseconds, and the division time was 28 microseconds.  It was the fastest computer in 196061, until the IBM 7030 took the title.

LARC one-digit numeric code
In the basic five-bit biquinary code of the UNIVAC-LARC, 15 combinations are allowed, any one of which may be stored may be stored in any digit position in storage.

See also
 List of UNIVAC products
 History of computing hardware
 LARC BCD code

References

Further reading

External links
Margaret R. Fox Papers, 1935–1976, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.  collection contains reports, including the original report on the ENIAC, UNIVAC, and many early in-house National Bureau of Standards (NBS) activity reports; memoranda on and histories of SEAC, SWAC, and DYSEAC; programming instructions for the UNIVAC, LARC, and MIDAC; patent evaluations and disclosures relevant to computers; system descriptions; speeches and articles written by Margaret Fox's colleagues.
Universal Automatic Computer Model LARC
LARC Manuals and documentation

LARC
Decimal computers
Supercomputers
Transistorized computers
Computer-related introductions in 1960

UNIVAC LARC


Primeira Cruz es un municipio brasileño del estado del Maranhão. Su población estimada en 2004 era de 12.078 habitantes.

Referencias

Véase también
 Fortín de la isla de Periá

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Maranhão

Primeira Cruz


Goskino Sovyetler Birliği Sinema Yarkurulu (Rusça:Госкино, Государственный комитет по кинематографии СССР), sinemadan sorumlu en yüksek devlet organıdır. 1992'den sonra Rusya Sinema Yarkurulu olarak devam etmiştir.

Tarih

1953 yılında Sovyetler Birliği Kültür Bakanlığı'na bağlanmıştır ancak 1963 yılında tekrar özerkleştirilmiştir. Sovyet Sineması'nın genel idaresi ve sansür işlemleri bu kurum tarafından gerçekleştirilmekte idi. Yeni Goskino 2006 yılında Borat aslı filmi, filmin ırkçı yönleri nedeni ile sinemalara yayınlama tavsiyesinde bulunmuştu. Film Rusya'da bu tür muamele gören ilk pornografig olmayan filmdir.

Goskino Başkanları
 1963 - 1962 Aleksey Romanov
 1972 - 1986 Filip TimofeyeviçErmaş
 1992 - 1999 Armen NikolayviçMedvedev
 1999 - Aleksandr Alekseviç Golutva

Kaynakça

Sovyetler Birliği merkezli film yapım şirketleri
Sovyetler Birliği hükûmeti

Goskino


Steinenbach ist ein Weiler der Gemeinde Ruppertshofen im Ostalbkreis im östlichen Baden-Württemberg. Mit 15 Einwohnern ist er der kleinste der Ruppertshofener Teilorte.

Geographie

Steinenberg liegt etwa anderthalb Kilometer nördlich des namengebenden Dorfes und Gemeindesitzes Ruppertshofen wie dieses am Westrand des sich von Seifertshofen im Norden bis nach Täferrot im Tal der diese Flüsse sammelnden Lein nach Süden ziehenden Teilbergrückens der Frickenhofer Höhe, der auf dieser Seite vom Talzug aus Auerbach und unterer "Gschwender" Rot, im Osten vom Taleinschnitt des Götzenbachs begrenzt wird. Am Ortsrand entspringt der Brühlbach, der sich in kurzem Westlauf zum Auerbach eine steile Klinge eingegraben hat, dessen steilere Hänge wie die des Auerbachtales bewaldet sind. Auf dem Hochebenenrücken passiert die in dessen Richtung laufende K 3328 den Ostrand des Weilers, dessen knappes Dutzend an Hausstellen auf Höhen von 510 bis  stehen. In der offenen Flur rund um Steinenbach liegen auf der flachen Hochebene fast nur Äcker, im Weichbild um den Ort Obstwiesen und an den noch unbewaldeten oberen Talhängen Wiesen.

Geschichte
Um 800 n. Chr. siedelten sich um Steinenbach freie Bauern an. Ihnen folgten im 12. Jahrhundert weibelhubige Bauern. Die freien Bauern begaben sich in die Lehnsabhängigkeit der Stadt Gmünd und bis 1414 in die der Schenken von Limpurg.

Ende 1944, zu Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs, richtete die NS-Bautruppe Organisation Todt auf der Ebene zwischen Seifertshofen, Steinenbach, Helpertshofen und Kemnaten eine Großbaustelle ein, mit dem Ziel, eine rund 2,5 km lange Betonpiste für Düsenjäger des Typs Messerschmitt Me 262 zu errichten. Rund 600 Arbeiter, überwiegend Kriegsgefangene, wurden eingesetzt, Baracken wurden in umliegenden Ortschaften errichtet und Waldstücke abgeholzt. Aufgrund des Vormarsches der US-Armee wurden die Bauarbeiten am 18. April 1945 abgebrochen.

Wirtschaft und Infrastruktur
Außer der Landwirtschaft gibt es im Weiler kein Gewerbe.

Verkehr
Auf dem Hochebenenrücken passiert die von der L 1080 im Norden bei Seifertshofen über zuvor die Ziegelhütte und danach Ruppertshofen nach Täferrot im Süden laufende K 3328 den Ostrand des Weilers und erschließt diesen; über sie ist der Hauptort der Gemeinde weniger als 2,5 km entfernt. Eine Linie der OstalbMobil verbindet den Ort mit Schwäbisch Gmünd, über Frickenhofen besteht Anschluss an Gaildorf.

Quellen

Ort im Ostalbkreis
Geographie (Ruppertshofen, Ostalbkreis)

Steinenbach (Ruppertshofen)


Köroğlu, Ruhi Su'nun bir albümü.

Şarkı listesi
 Prolog
 Dinle Sözlerimi Han Oğlum
 Mert Dayanır Namert Kaçar
 Aldı Koca Bey
 Hoylu'nun Ölümü Üzerine Ağıt
 Karlı Dağların Ardından
 Aman Kırat Canım Kırat
 Kırat'a Binince Kuskun Bulunmaz
 Bir At Gördüm Silistre'nin İlinde
 Felek Aldı Devranımı, Demimi
 Sonsöz

Ruhi Su albümleri
1975 albümleri

Köroğlu (albüm)


Die isländische Fußballmeisterschaft 1914 war die dritte Spielzeit der höchsten isländischen Fußballliga. Wie bereits im Vorjahr war Fram Reykjavík einziger Teilnehmer der Liga, und damit definitionsgemäß isländischer Meister.

Durch den zweiten Titel avancierte Fram zum isländischen Rekordmeister, und sollte dies bis inklusive 1951 (zuletzt gemeinsam mit KR Reykjavík) bleiben.

Tabelle

Weblinks und Referenzen

Fußballsaison 1914
1914
pl:Úrvalsdeild#Mistrzowie Islandii i medaliści

Isländische Fußballmeisterschaft 1914


Le temple protestant de Vabre est un lieu de culte situé rue de la Chambrette dans la commune de Vabre, dans le Tarn. Construit en 1804, il est classé monument historique. La paroisse est membre de l'Église protestante unie de France.

Histoire

À la Renaissance, Vabre adhère très tôt aux idées de la Réforme protestante. Sous l'Ancien Régime, les Huguenots sont persécutés, condamnés aux galères et mis à mort lors des persécutions menées par l'Intendant du Languedoc pour faits d'assemblée et autres pratiques de la , jusqu'aux dragonnades après la révocation de l'édit de Nantes.

La liberté de culte est rétablie à la Révolution française, avec la Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789. Un premier temple est reconstruit en 1801, un an avant la promulgation des Articles organiques organisant les Consistoires réformés dans le cadre du Régime concordataire français. En 1804, les pierres du château de Vabre, racheté par la communauté, permettent de rebâtir un temple massif, un des plus grands de France.

Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les protestants et leur pasteur, marqués par leur histoire, accueillent et protègent les réfugiés, notamment les réfugiés juifs, et rejoignent la Résistance organisée autour du protestant Guy de Rouville.

Il est inscrit au titre des monuments historiques par arrêté du 20 mai 2015.

Paroissiens notables

 Le pasteur Frank Christol, qui a exercé dans la paroisse avant d'être à l'Église protestante française de Londres pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale ;
 Le pasteur et théologien Jean Cadier (1898-1981), né à Vabre, fils du pasteur Gustave Cadier ;
 Le pasteur Robert Cook (1907-2003), Juste parmi les nations, y a exercé  ;
 Le pasteur Daniel Sens (1913 - 2005), Juste parmi les nations , y séjourna pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale ;
 Guy de Rouville (1915-2017), résistant protestant ;
 Simone Iff (1924-2014), militante française du droit à l'avortement, fille du pasteur Frantz Balfet.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Guerre des Cévennes
 Maquis de Vabre
 Protestantisme en France

Liens externes

Vabre
Monument historique dans le Tarn
Monument historique inscrit en 2015
Vabre
Vabre

Temple protestant de Vabre


Der Begriff Straßenterror wurde und wird meist im Zusammenhang mit nationalsozialistischem Terror verwendet. Ein Element des Straßenterrors war, dass er von uniformierten Gruppen ausgeübt wurde. Sie demonstrierten damit ihre Zahl, mit der sie in einem öffentlichen Raum (Straße, Versammlungssaal o. ä.) auftraten. Die Uniform erleichterte es auch, bei Straßenschlachten oder Massenschlägereien 'Freund und Feind' auseinanderzuhalten.

In anderen europäischen Ländern, z. B. in Italien und Frankreich, gab es SA-ähnliche Vereinigungen; auch bei diesen spricht man von Straßenterror:
 Jeunesses patriotes (sinngemäß etwa: Junge Patrioten oder Vaterländische Jugend) nannte sich eine französische politische Organisation, die im Dezember 1924 gegründet wurde. Im militarisiert-hierarchischen Habitus, uniformierten Auftreten und auf Straßenterror gegen die sozialistische und kommunistische Linke ausgerichteten Agieren ähnelten die Jeunesses patriotes stark den italienischen.

 Fasci di combattimento, von denen sie auch den "Römischen Gruß" übernahmen. Mit ihrer äußeren Erscheinung – blaue Regenjacke und Baskenmütze (béret) – etablierten sie ein Muster, das von rechtsextremen Gruppen in Frankreich in den folgenden zwei Jahrzehnten wiederholt adaptiert wurde (bis hin zur Milice française). Die Organisation soll 1929 fast 300.000, 1934 90.000 und 1935 noch 60.000 Mitglieder gehabt haben.

Definition 'Terrorismus'
Eine Terroristische Vereinigung (deutscher Rechtsbegriff seit 1976) oder terroristische Organisation (laut Vereinter Nationen) ist eine auf eine längere Dauer angelegte Organisation mehrerer Personen (Terroristen), deren Ziel es ist durch Handlungen, die unter rechtsstaatlichen Voraussetzungen als Straftaten bewertet werden, vor allem politische Ziele zu erreichen. Terroristische Vereinigungen versuchen durch Gewaltaktionen Schrecken () zu erzeugen, um ihre Ziele zu erreichen. Die Mitgliedschaft in einer terroristischen Vereinigung oder die Bildung einer solchen Organisation ist in Deutschland und vielen anderen Staaten strafbar.

Beispiele
 SA-Aufmarsch in Braunschweig – am 17. und 18. Oktober 1931 in Anwesenheit Adolf Hitlers war der größte Aufmarsch paramilitärischer Verbände während der Weimarer Republik. An der nationalsozialistischen Machtdemonstration nahmen mehrere zehntausend SA- und SS-Männer aus ganz Deutschland teil. Einige zeitgenössische Berichte nennen bis zu 104.000 Teilnehmer. Parallel verlaufende Straßenkämpfe zwischen SA-Leuten und Kommunisten forderten zwei Todesopfer und 61 Verletzte.

 offener Straßenterror der SA gegen den in München stattfindenden Gesellentag des Kolpingwerks am 11. Juni 1933 begünstigten das Reichskonkordat, den am 20. Juli 1933 zwischen dem Heiligen Stuhl und dem Deutschen Reich geschlossenen Staatskirchenvertrag.

 Die SA-Gruppe Berlin-Brandenburg. Am Straßenterror der SA in Berlin war in den späten 1920er und frühen 1930er Jahren maßgeblich Hans Georg Gewehr beteiligt.

 Bozner Blutsonntag am 24. April 1921 in Bozen. Er war ein erster Höhepunkt faschistischer Gewalt im nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg an Italien gefallenen, mehrheitlich deutschsprachigen Südtirol.
Am Morgen des Tages trafen etwa 280 Faschisten aus dem übrigen Italien am Bozner Bahnhof ein und vereinigten sich mit etwa 120 Anhängern der Bewegung aus Bozen. Während eines Trachtenumzugs griffen die Faschisten Teilnehmer und Zuschauer mit Knüppeln, Pistolen und Handgranaten an. Etwa fünfzig Südtiroler wurden teils schwer verletzt; ein Lehrer starb beim Versuch, einen Jungen zu beschützen.

Das einschreitende Militär beschränkte sich darauf, die Aggressoren zum Bahnhof zu eskortieren, wo sie unbehelligt abreisen konnten. Die Aufforderung des italienischen Ministerpräsidenten Giovanni Giolitti, die Täter unverzüglich festzunehmen und der Gerichtsbarkeit zuzuführen, hatte die Verhaftung zweier Bozner Faschisten zur Folge. Nachdem Benito Mussolini damit gedroht hatte, am 1. Mai in Bozen mit 2000 Faschisten die Befreiung seiner Genossen zu erzwingen, wurden die beiden wieder freigelassen.

Siehe auch
 Landfriedensbruch

Einzelnachweise

Terrorismus

Straßenterror


Me Me Me fue una superbanda de britpop de corta duración, solo en 1996, integrados por músicos de Britpop.

La banda cuenta con la colaboración del ex Duran Duran, miembro de Lilac Time y artista solista de Stephen Duffy (voz, guitarra), Alex James de Blur (voz, bajo), Justin Welch de Elastica (batería), y amigo de Alex James Charlie Bloor (acreditado como "músico"). El primero, y único sencillo, "Hanging Around", fue lanzado el 5 de agosto de 1996 y alcanzó el número 19 en la lista de singles del Reino Unido.

"Hanging Around", fue lanzado como vinilo de 7" (DUFF005) y cassette (DUFF005C), también con un lado b, "Hollywood Wives", y en CD-single cuenta con una tercera pista, "Tabitha's Island" (DUFF005CD). También hubo versiones de promoción lanzada en julio de 1996, de 12 pulgadas (DOLE041) y CD sencillo (DOLE044).

Los temas fueron grabados originalmente como una banda sonora para la película de Damien Hirst, "Hanging Around".
El tema principal fue producido por la banda. Las otras pistas fueron producidas por Stephen Street.

Discografía

Singles

Enlaces externos
 (en inglés) Discografía
 (en inglés) detalles del sencillo

Grupos de britpop
Grupos de pop de Inglaterra
Grupos de rock de Inglaterra

Me Me Me


Ein Pendelwagen () ist ein selbstentladendes Gleislosfahrzeug, das im Untertagebergbau zur Förderung der gewonnenen Erze, Kohle oder Salze eingesetzt wird. Die Pendelwagen zählen zu den Unstetig- bzw. Pendelförderern.

Geschichte
Entwickelt wurden die shuttle cars in den 1930er Jahren in den USA. Die ersten Fahrzeuge wurden im Jahr 1938 in einem Kohlenbergwerk eingeführt, 1954 waren bereits 5000 Pendelwagen allein im nordamerikanischen Steinkohlenbergbau in der Abbauförderung im Einsatz. Durch den Einsatz dieser Fahrzeuge war es nicht mehr erforderlich, Gleise zu verlegen. Bei den ersten eingesetzten Pendelwagen handelte es sich um akkumulatorgetriebene Fahrzeuge. Später wurden dann auch Pendelwagen mit Kabelversorgung entwickelt und Untertage eingesetzt. Die Akkumulatorfahrzeuge wurden ab etwa 1950 ausrangiert.

Aufbau
Ein Pendelwagen besteht aus einem Grundrahmen, in dessen Mitte die Last getragen wird. In der Mitte des Grundrahmens befindet sich ein Kratzkettenförderer, mit dem das Fördergut bewegt wird. An den Seiten des Fahrzeuges befindet sich dessen Antriebsmechanismus. Zur Fortbewegung wird das Fahrzeug entweder mit gummibereiften Rädern oder mit Raupenketten ausgestattet. Der Antrieb erfolgt mittels Diesel- oder Elektromotor. Elektrisch angetriebene Fahrzeuge werden entweder durch Akkumulatoren oder über ein Schleppkabel mit Strom versorgt. Aufgrund ihrer begrenzten Kapazität werden Akkumulatorfahrzeuge heute kaum noch eingesetzt. Dieselfahrzeuge werden hauptsächlich außerhalb des Kohlebergbaus eingesetzt. In Kohlebergwerken kommen überwiegend Fahrzeuge mit Kabeltrommel zum Einsatz. Auf der Kabeltrommel können zwischen 152 und 244 Meter Kabel aufgewickelt werden. Die Kabellänge  bestimmt die maximale Reichweite des Fahrzeugs. Es gibt Fahrzeuge mit Gleich- und Drehstromantrieb. Der Sitz des Fahrers befindet sich seitlich am Fahrzeug. Es gibt unterschiedlich konstruierte Führerhäuser. Die meisten Fahrzeuge besitzen Führerhäuser mit zwei hintereinander, in umgekehrter Richtung angebrachten Sitzen. Allerdings haben diese Fahrzeuge nur ein Lenkrad. Zum Fahrtrichtungswechsel muss der Fahrer den Sitzplatz wechseln. Dadurch schaut er immer in Fahrtrichtung und kann nach dem Ladevorgang vorwärts fahren, ohne wenden zu müssen. Zum Bewegen des Fahrzeugs hat der Fahrer ein Fahrpedal und ein Bremspedal. Die Fahrzeuge sind zwischen 8 und 31,8 Tonnen schwer und bis 7 Meter lang. Durch den Einbau verschieden hoher Bracken können die Fahrzeuge unterschiedlich hohe Ladekapazitäten erreichen. Ihre Ladekapazität beträgt je nach Fahrzeug zwischen 4 und 15 m³, was bis zu 35 Tonnen entspricht.

Einsatz
Bei ebenen Strecken werden eher Fahrzeuge mit Gleichstromantrieb verwendet. Bei Strecken mit einer Steigung von über 15 Gon bevorzugt man Fahrzeuge mit Wechselstromantrieb. Die Fahrzeuge pendeln zwischen dem Continuous Miner und der Band-Übergabestelle hin und her. Da die Abbaumaschine die hereingewonnenen Kohlen nur begrenzt speichern kann, sind mehrere Fahrzeuge pro Betrieb erforderlich. In der Regel pendeln zwei bis drei Fahrzeuge zwischen einer Abbaumaschine und der Bandaufgabestation. Um die Kohle auf die Ladefläche zu laden, fährt der Pendelwagen von einer Seite hinter den Continuous Miner. Dort wird die Kohle auf den internen Kettenförderer aufgebracht und mit dem Kettenförderer bis zum anderen Ende des Fahrzeugs gefördert. Um eine gleichmäßige Beladung zu erreichen, wird der Förderer mit einer langsamen Geschwindigkeit beladen. Nachdem das Fahrzeug beladen ist, wird es zur Bandaufgabestation gefahren und mittels des Kettenförderers entladen. Beim Entladen wird der Kettenförderer dann mit einer hohen Geschwindigkeit betrieben. Dadurch wird die Entladezeit minimiert.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Grubenfahrzeug

Pendelwagen


Marvel Comics, ABD merkezli çizgi roman yayımcısı şirkettir. Yayımlamış olduğu çizgi romanlar arasında Örümcek Adam, X-Men, Hulk, Fantastik Dörtlü, Demir Adam, Thor, Daredevil ve Kaptan America adında serileri vardır.

1960'lı yıllardan bu yana DC Comics'in yanında ABD'nin en büyük iki çizgi roman şirketinden biri olma özelliğini sürdürmüştür.

31 Ağustos 2009 tarihinde The Walt Disney Company tarafından $4.000.000.000'a satın alındığı duyurulmuştur.

Tarihi

Timely Comics Dönemi

Aralık 1939'da Timely Comics adı altında kuruldu. Şirketin kurucusu yayıncı Martin Goodman genel çizgi roman akımının aksine süper kahraman öyküleri yayınlamak istiyordu. Çizgi roman tarihinde altın çağ olarak adlandırılan dönem Superman'in ev sahipliğini yaptığı Action Comics (Macera Çizgi romanı) dizisi ile başlar. Superman karakteri ile büyük başarı sağlayan National Comics isimli yayınevi (daha sonra adını DC Comics olarak değiştirecektir) başarısını 1939 yayına soktuğu bir diğer süper kahraman Batman ile devam ettirir. 1939 yılında Timely Comics ilk süper kahraman dizisi olan Namor'u yayınlar. Namor'un özelliği mitolojide sular altında kalan Atlantis'ten gelmesi ve insanlardan nefret etmesidir. Bir anlamda Namor çizgi roman tarihinin ilk anti-kahramanıdır. Namor ile başlayan atak Human-Torch (Alev Adam) ile devam eder. Bu iki kahraman ayrı öykülerde yer almasına rağmen aralarındaki sürtüşme ve kavgalar onlara belli bir popülerlik sağlar.

Amerika'nın II. Dünya Savaşına girmesine Timely evreni de kayıtsız kalmaz. Namor ve Human Torch güçlerini Nazilere karşı kullanmaya başlar. Bunun yanında 30'lu yılların çizgi roman anlayışı ile günümüz anlayışı arasındaki en temel fark öykülerde süper kötülere yer olmamasıdır. Kahramanlar ya çılgın bilim adamlarıyla ya da bildiğimiz suçlular ile karşılaşır. Amerika'nın savaşa girişinden altı ay sonra Joe Simon ve Jack Kirby Marvel evreninin en önemli karakterlerinden Kaptan Amerika'yı yaratır. (Stan Lee'nin ilk Marvel macerası Kaptan Amerika için diyalog yazmak olmuştur.)

Savaşın ardında süper kahraman çizgi romanları ilgi çekmemeye başlamış, piyasanın merkezine western, melodram ve en çok korku öykülerine dayalı çizgi romanlar oturmuştu. Bu yıllarda Timely Comics'in yaptığı bir diğer yenilik de adını Atlas Comics'e çevirmesidir. Kid Colt ve Two Gun Kid bu dönemin en önemli karakterlerindendir. (İlginç detaylardan bir tanesi zaman atlaması sonucu vahşi batıdan günümüze gelen Two-Gun Kid'in İntikamcılar'a katılmasıdır)

Atlas Comics
Savaş sonrası Amerikan çizgi roman pazarı süper kahraman modasının düşmesini görüldü. Goodman'ın çizgi roman hattı daha büyük bir kısmı onları düştü ve hatta zamanında yayınlamıştı daha türlerinin daha geniş bir genişletilir, korku, Batılıların, mizah, komik hayvan, erkekler macera-dram, dev canavar, suç ve savaş çizgi roman sahip olan ve ormanda kitap, romantizm başlıkları, casusluk ve hatta Orta Çağ macera, İncil'den hikâyeler ve spor ekledi.

Goodman, Atlas Haberler Şirket, onun sahip kafe-dağıtım şirketinin dünya logosunu kullanmaya başladı, çizgi roman üzerine başka bir şirket, Kable Haberler, Ağustos 1952 konularda onun çizgi roman dağıtmaya devam etti rağmen Kasım 1951-tarihli kapsayacak. Bu dünyanın marka birleşik bir hat Zenith Yayınlara Animirth Comics, 59 kabuk şirketler aracılığıyla aynı yayınevi, personel ve serbest çalışanlar tarafından söndürüldü.

Yerine yenilik daha Atlas, bir süre televizyon ve film-Batılıların ve hakim savaş dramına popüler trendleri takip kanıtlanmış bir yol aldı, drive-in film canavarları başka bir zaman-ve özellikle hatta diğer çizgi roman, AK korku hattı. Atlas başarısız Human Torch (Syd Shores ve çeşitli şekillerde Dick Ayers, sanat), Sub-Mariner (çizilmiş ve en çok okunan haber Bill Everett tarafından yazılmış) ile, geç 1953 ortalarında 1954 süper kahramanları canlandırmaya çalıştı ve Captain America (yazar Stan Lee, sanatçı John Romita Sr).

Çizgi romanda gümüş çağ

1956 yılında DC Comics şasırtıcı bir hamle ile Altın Çağ kahramanlarından Flash'ı Shadowcase isimli öykü içinde tekrar yayınlamaya başlar. Aynı formülü Hawkman ve Green Lantern için uygulayan ve sıra dışı başarı sağlayan DC Comics çizgi romancılıkta gümüş çağı başlatır. Dikkat tekrar süper kahramanların üzerine çekilmiştir.Superman, Batman ,Wonder Woman, Green Arrow, Flash, Martian Manhunter ve Aquaman'in katılımı ile Amerika Adalet Birliği oluşur. Çizgi roman tarihinin ilk süper kahraman ekibini kuran DC 50'li yıllara damgasını vurur.

1961 yılında yayınevi sahibi Martin Goodman'ın talimatı ile Stan Lee ve Jack Kirby DC'nin Adalet Birliğine rakip olacak bir süper kahraman takımı yaratmak için kolları sıvar. Ortaya çıkan eser Fantastik Dörtlü'dür. Fantastik Dörtlü'nün sıra dışı başarısı sayesinde Marvel Comics parasal darboğazı aşıp rahat bir nefes alır. Bünyesini Steve Ditko ve Don Heck gibi genç yazar çizerler ile güçlendiren Marvel iki yıl içinde müthiş bir atağa başlar:

Yeşil Dev Hulk, Şimsek tanrısı Thor, Örümcek Adam, İntikamcılar ve X-Men. Bu yayınların başarısı ile Marvel Pazar payını genişletir ve piyasada lider konumuna gelir.
Yunan mitolojisinden Herkül de Thor'la beraber Marvel kahramanlarına katılan mitolojik karakterlerdendir.Korku edebiyatından Dracula ve Frankenstein canavarı da Marvel Comics'in serilerine katılmıştır.(Blade karakteri de ilk kez Dracula'nın serisinde görünmüştür.)

Stan Lee'nin hikâye yazarken izlediği ve daha sonra ''Marvel Metodu'' olarak isimlendirilen yolu şu şekildedir. Konuyu kabaca yazarlara özetler ve onlarının yaratıcı özgürlüklerini sergilemesini bekler, çizim ve renklendirme faslı bittikten sonra öykü ve diyaloglar son haline getirilir.Konuşma balonları bu işlemden sonra yazılır. Marvel Metoduna ve Steve Ditko, Jack Kirby gibi başarılı çizelerin varlığına rağmen Marvel'ın esas sırrı kahramanlarına kişilik ve karakter katmasıdır. Her Marvel kahramanı günlük hayatta rastlayabileceğimiz problemler ile boğuşur.Bu sayede okur eserdeki kahraman ile kendini rahatça özdeşleştirebilir.

Çizgi roman tarihinde Gümüş Çağ olarak adlandırılan dönem Jack Kirby'nin Fantastik Dörtlü'nün 104. sayısının ardından ayrılıp DC Comics'e geçmesi ile sona erer. DC için Yeni Tanrılar adı altında bir dizi hazırlayan Jack Kirby daha çok yaratıcı özgürlüğe sahip olmak ve Stan Lee'nin gölgesinden kurtulmak için bu yolu seçmiştir. Kirby'nin ayrılışından kısa bir süre sonra Stan Lee yazarlığı bırakır ve editör koltuğuna oturur. O günden beri basılan her Marvel çizgi romanı "Stan Lee Sunar" etiketi taşımaktadır.

1970'li yıllar

1970'li yıllarda özellikle X-Men yazarı Chris Claremont ve Daredevil yazarı Frank Miller'ın çalışmaları ile Marvel pazarda liderliğini sürdürür.  Chric Claremont kapatılması gündemde olan X-Men serisini John Byrne ile beraber zirveye taşır. Yepyeni bir ekip ile okuyucunun karşısına çıkan Claremont daha yazdığı ilk öyküde ekipten bir karakteri öldürmekten çekinmez -hem de sonsuza kadar, bilirsiniz genelde çizgi romanda ölen karakter defalarca dirilir- diğer süper kahraman takımlarının aksine onun yazdığı öykülerde ekip içinde devamlı sürtüşme vardır. "Dark Phoneix Saga", "Days of Future Past" gibi yenilikçi ve en klasik X-men öyküleri hep Claremont zamanında yazılmıştır. Öyle ki kapatılması düşünülen X-Men serisi onlarca başka seriye ev sahipliği yapmıştır. (X-Factor, X-Force, Excalibur, Gen-X gibi). Hatta son dönem Marvel editörlerinden Bob Harras: Yeni bir çizgi romanı yayına sokmanın en kolay yolu onu X-Men içinden başlatmak  demiştir.

Şu an yönetmen koltuğunda oturduğu Sin-City ile kendinden bahsettiren Frank Miller ilk çıkışını Marvel için Daredevil'ı yazarken yapmıştır. Okuyucuyu ilk şok eden hareketi kör avukatın bir suikastçı Elektra'ya aşık olması ile başlar. Bir yanda kendi adalet yargıları, bir yanda ise suçlu sevgilisine aşkı arasında kalan Matt Murdock/Daredevil'in altüst olan psikolojisi hiçbir çizgi romanda olmadığı kadar derine inilerek ve olabildiğince gerçekçi bir şekilde verilmiştir. Bunun yanında standart bir kötü karakter olan Kingpin'i adeta baştan yaratmıştır. Çizgi roman janrına aykırı olarak mafya ve suç dünyası ilk kez bu kadar gerçekçi olarak bir çizgi romanda yer alır.

1990'lı yıllar

1960'lı yıllarda Steve Ditko, John Buscema gibi dikkat çekici çizerleri bünyesinde toplayan Marvel aynı hamleyi 80'lerin sonunda da başarı ile uygular. Jim Lee, Mark Silvestri, Erik Larse, Rob Liefeld ve Todd Mc Farlane çizim teknikleri ile çıtayı üst seviyeye taşırlar. Özellikle Mc Farlane tarafından yeniden düzenlene Örümcek Adam ve unutulmaz düşmanı Venom'un maceraları Marvel'ı satışlarda zirveye fırlatır. Nitekim 90'lı yılların başında Gümüş Çağı kapatan olay tekrar yaşanır. Yoğun editör baskısından bunalan bu ekip Marvel'dan ayrılıp Image Comics'i kurarlar ve sıra dışı başarı kazanırlar.

1990'lı yıllarda yeni nesil okuyucuların öykülere yabancı kalması ve takip etmekte zorlanmasını yüksek sesle dile getirmesinin ardından Marvel Ultimate serilerini yayına koyar. MTV gençliğine hitâp eden-lakin yer yer çok sert politik mesajlar vermekten çekinmeyen- bilgisayar oyunu tadında ve akıcılığında bu seriler ile Marvel yeni nesli de yakalamış olur. Şu günlerde sinema uyarlamaları ile adından çokça bahsettiren şirket her şeye rağmen 77 yıldır yoluna devam ediyor.

Dış bağlantılar
 Marvel.com

Kaynakça

New York merkezli yayınevleri
Çizgi roman yayın şirketleri
Şirketlerine göre markalar
1939'da New York eyaletinde kurulan oluşumlar
1939'da kurulan yayınevleri

Marvel Comics


Time Freak ist ein US-amerikanischer Kurzfilm von Andrew Bowler aus dem Jahr 2011. Der Film wurde für einen Oscar 2012 in der Kategorie Bester Kurzfilm nominiert.

Handlung
Stillman und Evan sind Zimmerkollegen, jedoch war Stillman seit drei Tagen nicht zu Hause, also sucht Evan ihn in seinem Labor. Stillman hat gerade eine Zeitmaschine fertiggestellt, an der er arbeitete, jedoch verhält sich die Zeitmaschine komisch. Es stellt sich heraus, dass er die Ereignisse des Vortages wiederholt hat, um sein Verhalten gegenüber einer Frau und in einer Wäscherei zu perfektionieren.

Hintergrund
Die Zeitreise-Komödie wurde von Filmen wie Primer und Zurück in die Zukunft inspiriert.

Andrew Bowler und Gigi Causey entschieden sich, den Film zu produzieren, nachdem sie heirateten. Dazu verwendeten sie 25.000 US-Dollar, die sie eigentlich zum Kauf eines Appartements in New York gespart hatten. Der Film wurde von mehreren Filmfestivals abgelehnt, beispielsweise vom Sundance Film Festival, vom Telluride Film Festival und vom Tribeca Film Festival. Die Einreichung bei der Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences führte jedoch zu einer Nominierung für einen Oscar 2012.

Neuverfilmung
Andrew Bowler verfilmte die Idee erneut in Spielfilmlänge. Die Umsetzung mit Sophie Turner und Asa Butterfield in den Hauptrollen erschien in Deutschland 2018 unter dem Titel Zurück zu dir – Eine zweite Chance für die Liebe.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 2011
US-amerikanischer Film
Kurzfilm
Science-Fiction-Film
Zeitreisen im Film

Time Freak (2011)