Tyrone May, né le  à Blacktown (Australie), est un joueur de rugby à XIII australien d'origine samoane polyvalent puisqu'il a occupé des postes variés au cours de sa carrière - Demi d'ouverture, demi de mêlée, centre ou deuxième ligne - dans les années 2010 et 2020.

Il découvre la National Rugby League lors de la saison 2017 avec les Penrith Panthers et prend part à leur montée en puissance en NRL. Il dispute avec ces derniers la finale en 2020 puis remporte le titre de NRL en 2021 où May dispute à chaque fois à la finale. Toutefois, son comportement extra-sportif l'amène devant les tribunaux dès 2018 où il est condamné pour avoir filmé ses ébats sexuels avec des filles rencontrées sur Tinder et de les avoir mis en ligne sur des sites pornographiques, il est alors suspendu de pratique de rugby  à XIII en NRL. Par la suite, il est contraint en raison de propos provocateurs sur les réseaux sociaux à rejoindre une équipe étrangère, il choisit alors de signer pour les Dragons Catalans en 2022.

Biographie

Tyrone May naît dans l'agglomération de Sydney à Blacktown, issu d'une famille d'origine samoane. Il pratique le rugby à XIII dès son plus jeune à travers le club des  dans la banlieue de Penrith et intègre la formation des Penrith Panthersdont l'équipe senior dispute la National Rugby League. Son jeune frère, Taylan May (né en 2001), pratique également le rugby à XIII au niveau professionnel au sein de Penrith Panthers.

Tyrone May dispute son premier match de National Rugby League le  contre les New Zealand Warriors avec une victoire 34-22, y marquant également son premier essai à cette occasion. Titularisé au poste de demi de mêlée lors de la première saison en 2017, May devient ce qu'on nomme un  c'est-à-dire polyvalent, il n'est pas cantonné dans un poste et peut donc jouer indifférent au poste de demi d'ouverture, de demi de mêlée, de centre ou de deuxième ligne.

Alors qu'il devient un joueur incontournable du club de Penrith qui petit à petit de vient un club à succès de NRL, Tyrone May connaît de nombreux déboires extra-sportifs qui entachent sa progression et nuit à sa carrière. Il rate ainsi toute la saison 2019 à la suite de son inculpation pour avoir filmé et diffusé ses ébats sexuels sans le consentement et l'autorisation d'une partenaire rencontrée sur Tinder, puis d'une seconde fille avec laquelle il a eu des ébats sexuels avec trois autres hommes. Ces vidéos ont notamment été diffusées entre autres sur Pornhub. Plaisant coupable, il évite la prison en début janvier 2020 mais est condamné à 300 heures de travaux d'intérêt général et trois années de mise à l'épreuve, le magistrat déclarant à l'attention de May que . Il reprend pleinement sa place au sein de Penrith en 2020 et participe à la finale de NRL 2020, Penrith perd la rencontre 20-26 contre le Melbourne Storm. Son club de Penrith retrouve la finale en 2021 et remporte cette fois-ci le trophée 14-12 contre South Sydney dont Tyrone May est l'un des acteurs. Ce dernier poste alors des messages sur les réseaux sociaux provocateur amenant de violentes réactions à ces propos et en lui rappelant ses déboires judiciaires. Il efface ses propos mais le club de Penrith décide de licencier le joueur avec effet immédiat.

Il rebondit deux semaines plus tard en signant pour le club français des Dragons Catalans.

Palmarès

 Collectif :
 Vainqueur de la National Rugby League : 2021 (Penrith).
 Vainqueur de la National Rugby League des moins de vingt ans : 2015 (Penrith).
Finaliste de la Coupe du monde : 2021 (Samoa).
 Finaliste de la National Rugby League : 2020 (Penrith).
 Collectif :
 Finaliste de la Super League : 2023 (Dragons Catalans).
 Finaliste de la National Rugby League des moins de vingt ans : 2016 (Penrith).

 Individuel :
 Nommé dans l'équipe type de la National Rugby League des moins de vingt ans : 2016 (Penrith).

Détails en sélection

Détails

En club

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en juin 1992
Naissance en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud
Joueur australien de rugby à XIII
Joueur samoan de rugby à XIII
Joueur des Dragons catalans

Tyrone May


Drum songs er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1973, der er instrueret af Jette Bang.

Handling
Odin (død ml. 1971 og 1975), som bor på bopladsen Sermiligaaq, sidder i sin lille stue og laver en rammetromme (tamburin, quilain). Skindet er tarme fra en isbjørn. Uden på rammerne bliver tarmene holdt på plads af en rem af sælskind. Odins kone, Olga, sidder i sengen og spiser kogt sæl. Han synger to tromme-kamp-sange. Mens Odin spiller og synger, bøjer han i knæene som det hører sig til ved trommesange. Den anden sang forestiller en kamp mellem to fugle. Olga og Odins søster Mona synger og spiller en kampsang. De holder trommen som kvinder, foran brystet. Gæsterne i hytten akkompagnerer.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1973

Film om Grønland
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Drum songs


Babići su naseljeno mjesto u sastavu općine Zenice, Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine, BiH.

Upravna organizacija
Godine 1981. pripojeni su naselju Orahovici (Sl.list NRBiH 28/81 i 33/81)

Stanovništvo
Prema popisu 1981. ovdje su živjeli:

 Muslimani - 425
 ostali i nepoznato - 1
 UKUPNO: 426

Izvor

Naselja u Zeničko-dobojskoj županiji
Zenica

Babići (Zenica, BiH)


was a district located in Ehime Prefecture, Japan.

History
 1878 — Uwa District was split up by Meiji era land reforms. Higashiuwa District was thus born. (1 town, 21 villages)
 January 1, 1914 — Parts of the village of Tanisuji was merged into the village of No.
 January 1, 1922 — The village of No was elevated to town status to become the town of Nomura. (2 towns, 20 villages)
 February 11, 1922 — The village of Kamiuwa was merged into the town of Uwa. (2 towns, 19 villages)
 December 1, 1929 — The villages of Kasagi and Yamada were merged to create the village of Iwaki. (2 towns, 18 villages)
 April 1, 1943, parts of the village of Ukena (from Kamiukena District) was merged into the village of Sōkawa.
 March 31, 1954 — The villages of Yusukawa, Doi, Takagawa and Uonashi were merged to create the village of Kurosegawa. (2 towns, 15 villages)
 March 31, 1954 — The villages of Tada, Nakagawa, Iwaki, Shimouwa and Tanosuji were merged into the town of Uwa. (2 towns, 10 villages)
 February 11, 1955 — The villages of Nakasuji, Tanisuji, Sōkawa, and parts of Kaibuki and Yokobayashi were merged into the town of Nomura. (2 towns, 7 villages)
 February 11, 1955 — Parts of the villages of Kaibuki and Yokobayashi merged into the village of Hijikawa in Kita District (now the city of Ōzu). (2 towns, 5 villages)
 March 31, 1955 — The villages of Tawarazu and Karie were merged to create the village of Toyoumi. (2 towns, 4 villages)
 March 31, 1955 — The village of Tamatsu was merged into the town of Yoshida (from Kitauwa District) (now the city of Uwajima). (2 towns, 3 villages)
 January 1, 1958 — The villages of Toyoumi and Takayama were merged to create the town of Akehama. (3 towns, 1 village)
 August 1, 1958 — parts of the city of Ōzu was merged into the town of Uwa.
 April 1, 1959 — The village of Kurosegawa was renamed and elevated to town status to become the town of Shirokawa. (4 towns)
 April 1, 2004 — The towns of Akehama, Nomura, Shirokawa and Uwa, along with the town of Mikame (from Nishiuwa District) were to create the city of Seiyo. Therefore, Higashiuwa District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

See also
List of dissolved districts of Japan

Higashiuwa District

Higashiuwa District, Ehime


Župna crkva sv. Martina (Dugo Selo), rimokatolička crkva u mjestu i općini Dugo Selo, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Župna crkva sv. Martina biskupa nalazi se u središtu Dugoga Sela, uz glavnu prometnicu koja povezuje gradove Zagreb i Vrbovec. Izgrađena je 1900. godine prema nacrtima arhitekta Hermana Bolléa. To je neogotička trobrodna građevina tlocrtno u obliku latinskoga križa. Bočni zidovi crkve poduprti su kontraforima. Uz glavno pročelje s jugozapadne strane dograđen je pravokutni zvonik zaključen piramidnom kapom, dok se s jugoistočne strane nalazi niži mnogokutni tornjić sa svojstvenom stožastom kapom. Građevina je nadsvođena križno-rebrastim svodom. Cjelokupno uređenje unutrašnjosti (crkveni namještaj i zidni oslik) izveli su zagrebački stolari, kipari i slikari prema nacrtima Hermana Bolléa. S obzirom na izvornu konstrukciju, arhitektonske elemente i stilske detalje, crkva ima kulturno-povijesnu, arhitektonsku i ambijentalnu vrijednost.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-7363 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Dugo Selo
Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Zagrebačkoj županiji
Katoličke crkve u Hrvatskoj
Dugo Selo

Župna crkva sv. Martina (Dugo Selo)


Jiangshi, također poznat kao kineski skačući vampir, ili "kineski zombi", mitsko je biće, vrsta oživljenog leša iz kineskih legendi i folklora.
Slična mitološka bića pojavljuju se i u još nekim mitologijama dalekog istoka.
Kineska riječ "Jiang Shi" znači "ukočeni leš".

Jiangshi se u legendama obično opisuju kao ukočena nemrtva bića, odjevena u službenu odjeću iz dinastije Qing, a kreću se skačući, i pritom držeći ruke ispružene prema naprijed. Ubija živa bića kako bi apsorbirao njihov qi, ili "životnu snagu", obično noću, dok danju počiva u lijesu, ili se skriva na mračnim mjestima kao što su pećine.

Jiangshi legende inspirirale su žanr jiangshi horor filmova i literature u Hong Kongu i istočnoj Aziji.
Iako se izgovor riječi "jiangshi" razlikuje u različitim istočnoazijskim zemljama, svi se odnose na kinesku varijantu "živih mrtvaca".

Izvori

Mitologija
Kina
Kineska mitologija
Folklor
Legenda
Mitološki likovi
Horori

Vanjske poveznice

 Jiangshi - The incredible Chinese zombie
 Chinese vampire
 Jiangshi
 Living dead myths & legends: Chinese hopping vampires
 Jiangshi - Chinese hopping vampires
 Hopping corpses in Chinese folklore
 Jiangshi myths

Jiangshi


De nordeuropæiske mesterskaber i bordtennis er et bordtennisstævne, der afholdes hvert andet år med deltagelse af spillere fra Danmark, Norge, Sverige, Finland, Island, Færøerne, Grønland, Estland, Letland og Litauen. Stævnet arrangeres af North European Table Tennis Union (NETU), og der spilles om holdmesterskaber for hhv. mænd og kvinder samt om individuelle mesterskaber i herresingle, damesingle, herredouble, damedouble og mixed double.

Det første mesterskab blev spillet i 1949, og indtil 1992 var mesterskabet nordiske mesterskaber for de nordiske lande, men siden 1994 har mesterskabet endvidere omfattet de baltiske lande og derfor spillet under navnet nordeuropæiske mesterskaber.

Værtsbyer

Resultater

Medaljevindere for hold

Mænd

Kvinder

Individuelle mestre

Kilder
 North European Table Tennis Championships 2016
 North European Championship 2016
 NETU Championships 2018

Bordtennis
Etableret i 1949

Nordeuropæiske mesterskaber i bordtennis


Natura 2000-område nr. 74 Husby Klit er et habitatområde (H197), ligger langs en ca. 14 km lang strækning ved vestkysten mellem Nissum Fjord og Vest Stadil Fjord. Det udpegede areal er på i alt 493 hektar hvoraf 192 ha er statsejet, men en del er forsvundet på grund af kysterosion.

Husby Klit består dels af hvid klit samt forholdsvis store arealer af grå/grøn klit og klithede. I den nordlige ende af området er der fugtige klitlavninger. Længere mod syd er der desuden registreret et mindre areal med enebærklit i forbindelse med andre klitnaturtyper.

Fredning
I området findes to fredede arealer. Det drejer sig om et areal ved Vedersø Klit , og et areal ved Husby Klit, som er fredet pga. det smukke og uberørte klitlandskab, hvor der er
nem adgang til havet. Fredningen af Husby Klit, der omfatter ca. 559 ha, blev gennemført i 1974 i sammenhæng med fredningen af Vest Stadil Fjord .

Videre forløb
Natura 2000-planen blev vedtaget i 2011, hvorefter kommunalbestyrelserne
og Naturstyrelsen udarbejdede bindende handleplaner for
gennemførelsen af planen. Planen videreføres og videreudvikles i anden planperiode 2016-21. Natura 2000-området ligger i Holstebro- og Ringkøbing-Skjern Kommune, og naturplanen koordineres med vandplanen for Hovedvandopland 1.4 Nissum Fjord og 1.8 Ringkøbing Fjord,
og .

Se også
 Internationale naturbeskyttelsesområder i Danmark
 Naturtyper i Danmark

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger

 Om naturplanen  på Naturstyrelsens websider
 Naturplanen
 Naturplanen 2016-2021
 Basisanalysen 2007
 Basisanalysen 2016-21

Natura 2000-planer
Lokaliteter i Ringkøbing-Skjern Kommune
Lokaliteter i Holstebro Kommune
EU-habitatområder i Danmark
Fredede arealer i Danmark

Natura 2000-område nr. 74 Husby Klit


Melchior ist ein Ortsteil der Gemeinde Tannheim im Landkreis Biberach in Oberschwaben.

Beschreibung

In der Beschreibung des Oberamtes Leutkirch aus dem Jahre 1843 wird Melchior als ein Hof mit sechs Einwohnern beschrieben. Vermutlich geht der Name auf Abt Cölestin Frener zurück, der während seiner Zeit als Pfleger des Klosters Ochsenhausen in Tannheim jedem Haus anstatt einer Hausnummer einen Heiligennamen vergab.

Melchior liegt im Illertal auf einer nahezu ebenen Fläche. Sie kann in der Form eines Dreiecks, ausgehend von der Landesstraße (L) 260 von Tannheim nach Illerbachen, dort auf der K 7577 bis zum Abzweig der K 7583 nach Egelsee und von Egelsee auf der L 300, wieder zurück nach Tannheim beschrieben werden. Einen Kilometer südlich vom Melchior befindet sich der Flugplatz Tannheim. Nördlich von Melchior verbindet asphaltierter, landwirtschaftlicher Weg Haldau mit Egelsee.

Auf Melchior befindet sich ein Wohnhaus, das mit einem größeren landwirtschaftlichen Gebäude über einen Gang verbunden ist. 25 Meter östlich dieses Gebäudes steht ein weiteres landwirtschaftliches Wirtschaftsgebäude.

Wirtschaft
Im Ort befand sich ein konventioneller landwirtschaftlicher Betrieb, der seine Flächen weiterverpachtet hat.

Literatur
 Landesarchivdirektion Baden-Württemberg (Hrsg.): Das Land Baden-Württemberg. Amtliche Beschreibung nach Kreisen und Gemeinden. Band 7: Regierungsbezirk Tübingen. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-17-004807-4.

Weblinks

 Internetpräsenz der Gemeinde Tannheim

Ort im Landkreis Biberach
Ort in Oberschwaben
Geographie (Tannheim, Württemberg)
Ersterwähnung 1843

Melchior (Tannheim)


TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language, Türkçe: Yabancı Dil Olarak İngilizce Sınavı), standart Amerikan İngilizcesini üniversite düzeyinde kullanabilme ve anlayabilme yeteneğini ölçen bir sınavdır. Pek çok Amerikan ve İngilizce eğitim veren üniversite başvuruculardan bu sınavı ister. Dünyanın çoğu ülkesinde yılda birkaç kere verilen bu sınavı ABD'de Educational Testing Services şirketi düzenler.

Sınavın biçimi ve içeriği

Nerede yapıldığına bağlı olarak sınav, aşağıdaki üç biçimden birinde olabilir:

 Bilgisayarlı test (TOEFL® CBT), dört bölümden oluşur. Bu bölümler okuduğunu anlama, gramer bilgisi, dinlediğini anlama ve yazma yeteneklerini değerlendirir. Dinleme ve gramer bilgisi bölümlerindeki soruların güçlüğü, verilen cevapların doğruluğuna bağlı olarak bilgisayar tarafından sınav boyunca ayarlanır. İnternet üzerinde test uygulamasının başlaması ile bilgisayarlı test uygulaması sona ermiştir.
 Yazılı test (TOEFL® PBT), İnternet üzerinden testin verilemediği sınav merkezlerinde ya da İnternet üzerinden testi tercih etmeyenlere seçenek sağlamak amacıyla verilir. Bu test de bilgisayarlı testin sınadığı alanları sınar, ama bilgisayarlı testten daha çok sayıda soru içerir ve yazılı kısmın puanı test kısmından ayrı değerlendirilir.
 İnternet üzerinden test (TOEFL® iBT), 2006 yılından beri uygulanmaktadır. Bu sınav biçiminde dil bilgisi bölümü kaldırılmış; ama yeni olarak bir konuşma yeteneği bölümü eklenmiştir. Dört bölümden oluşur: Okuma, Dinleme, Konuşma ve Yazma.

Ayrıca bakınız
 IELTS
 Yabancı dil olarak İngilizce eğitimi
 DSH

Dış bağlantılar

Kamu kurum sınavları
Yeterlilik sınavları
İngilizce dil sınavları

TOEFL


Skøjteløbning i Fredericia er en film instrueret af Peter Elfelt.

Handling
Kælkende og skøjteløbere. Mand snurrer rundt.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1907
Stumfilm fra Danmark
Dokumentariske optagelser
Kultur i Fredericia

Skøjteløbning i Fredericia


Berard Toshio Oshikawa OFMConv (japonês ベ ラ ル ド 押川 壽夫, Naze (hoje: Amami), Prefeitura de Kagoshima, 25 de março de 1941 [1]) é um clérigo religioso japonês e bispo católico romano emérito de Naha.

Berard Toshio Oshikawa ingressou na Ordem Menorita e foi ordenado sacerdote em 21 de dezembro de 1967.

O Papa João Paulo II o nomeou Bispo de Naha em 24 de janeiro de 1997. O ex-bispo de Naha, Peter Baptist Tadamarō Ishigami OFMCap, o ordenou bispo em 24 de janeiro de 1997 do mesmo ano; Os co-consagradores foram Stephen Fumio Hamao, Bispo de Yokohama, e Paul Shinichi Itonaga, Bispo de Kagoshima.

O Papa Francisco aceitou sua aposentadoria em 9 de dezembro de 2017.

Ver também

Bispos católicos do Japão

Berard Toshio Oshikawa


Moroder-Lusenberg ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Johann Baptist Moroder-Lusenberg (1870–1932), Südtiroler Bildhauer, siehe Johann Baptist Moroder
 Josef Moroder-Lusenberg (1846–1939), Südtiroler akademischer Kunstmaler

Moroder-Lusenberg


Parham Park est une maison élisabéthaine et un domaine dans la paroisse civile de Parham, à l'ouest du village de Cootham, et entre Storrington et Pulborough, Sussex de l'Ouest, Angleterre du Sud-Est. Le domaine appartient à l'origine au monastère de Westminster et est accordé à Robert Palmer par le roi Henri VIII en 1540.

Histoire
La première pierre est posée en 1577 par Thomas Palmer, 2 ans, et Parham est depuis lors une maison familiale. Sir  achète Parham House en 1601. Pendant plus de 300 ans, ses descendants continuent à vivre à Parham House jusqu'en janvier 1922. Puis, en 1922, l'hon. Clive Pearson, fils cadet du vicomte Cowdray, achète Parham à Mary Curzon,  baronne Zouche (1875-1965) et lui et sa femme Alicia ouvrent la maison aux visiteurs en 1948, après la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

M. et Mme Pearson, suivis de leur fille Veronica Mary Tritton (décédée en 1993)  passent plus de 60 ans à restaurer Parham et à le remplir d'une collection de meubles, de peintures et de textiles d'époque, acquérant également des objets ayant appartenu à l'origine à la maison. Il y a une collection particulièrement importante de travaux d'aiguille anciens, notamment des tentures de lit supposées avoir été travaillées par Marie Stuart . Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la maison abrite 30 enfants évacués de Peckham à Londres. En juin 1942, le Département de la guerre réquisitionne la maison et le domaine, déplaçant les évacués pour faire place aux ,  et  divisions d'infanterie canadiennes. Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la maison est ouverte au public.

Lady Emma Barnard, la fille de Benjamin Guinness (3e comte d'Iveagh), hérite de la maison de Mme Tritton, qui est sa grand-tante, et vit dans une aile avec sa famille .

Autour de la maison s'étend l'ancien parc aux cerfs de  dont les daims sont les descendants du troupeau d'origine enregistré pour la première fois en 1628. Parham Park SSSI est un site d'intérêt scientifique particulier. Il présente un intérêt biologique particulier pour sa flore de lichens épiphytes, en tant que zone pour deux coléoptères rares et sa grande héronnière .

Le film de 1995 Haunted du réalisateur britannique Lewis Gilbert est largement tourné à Parham . Il est basé sur un roman du même nom de James Herbert, qui avait des liens étroits avec le Sussex, résidant au moment de sa mort en mars 2013 à Woodmancote, Sussex de l'Ouest.

Références

Liens externes

Monument classé de Grade I dans le Sussex de l'Ouest

Parham Park


Disney Channel es un canal de televisión español de origen estadounidense que emite en abierto, propiedad de The Walt Disney Company Iberia, filial de la internacional The Walt Disney Company. Fue lanzado al aire el 17 de abril de 1998 como un canal de suscripción adicional y basa su programación en los contenidos dirigidos a un público infantil y juvenil de la factoría Disney. En 2001, la plataforma de Sogecable, Digital+ (actualmente Movistar Plus+), lanzó una señal timeshift del canal, que emitía la misma programación de Disney Channel con una hora de retraso.

Da cobertura a en España, Andorra, Guinea Ecuatorial y territorios que pertenecieron a España en el norte de África (Protectorado español de Marruecos y Sahara español).

El 1 de julio de 2008, sustituyó a Fly Music en la televisión digital terrestre, convirtiéndose así en el primer canal de Disney Channel en estar disponible gratuitamente en un país al nivel internacional. Además de la señal principal, también se incluyó a Disney Channel +1 dentro de la oferta de televisión de pago. Sin embargo, más adelante, esta fue reemplazada por Disney Channel HD.

La emisión más vista del canal en toda su historia fue el 5 de mayo de 2010 en el estreno del último episodio de la primera temporada de Patito Feo con 1.187.000 espectadores, batiendo récords de audiencia.

Historia
Disney Channel España nace en 1998, cuando la empresa Disney y Sogecable llegan a un acuerdo para la distribución de una versión en español del canal norteamericano Disney Channel en la plataforma satelital Canal Satélite Digital, operada por esta última. El canal comenzó sus emisiones el 17 de abril de 1998. 3 años después la oferta del canal se diversificó en la misma plataforma de satélite, y ofrecía 3 canales más: un servicio time shifting llamado Disney Channel +1, y los canales temáticos Toon Disney y Playhouse Disney. El primero se dedica exclusivamente a emitir animación de Disney, mientras que el segundo es un canal para niños en edad preescolar y con unos horarios especiales.

Para la puesta en marcha del canal se recurrió, además de al archivo de dibujos animados, series y películas de Disney, a programas de producción propia que acercaran el canal al público español. Así se realizaron espacios como Art Attack, versión española del programa americano presentada por Jordi Cruz, el programa Liga Disney Channel que presentaría Raúl Ruiz, o Zona@Disney entre otros.

En febrero de 2008, Disney decide comprar el 20% de las acciones del grupo de televisión digital terrestre Net TV, y el contrato implicaba la posibilidad de explotar una de las 2 licencias que la empresa tenía en TDT a la fecha.

Finalmente, la filial ibérica de The Walt Disney Company Europe anuncia, a finales de mayo, la puesta de Disney Channel como canal parte de la televisión digital terrestre a partir del 1 de julio de 2008, al reemplazar a Fly Music, el cual era gestionado por Europroducciones. El director de la cadena, José Vila, confirmó en esa fecha que la programación del canal se mantendría intacta, pero aumentaría la tasa de publicidad para sufragar los costes. El lanzamiento incluyó una campaña publicitaria bajo el lema "Disney Channel, por fin para todos".

Con este anuncio, Disney Channel España se convirtió en el primer canal de la franquicia Disney Channel en estar disponible de manera gratuita en el mundo.

El 1 de mayo de 2010, el canal empezó su parte de su programación en 16:9 en fase de pruebas. No fue hasta 2014 que el canal finalmente oficializa su transición de la relación de aspecto 4:3 al 16:9 panorámico.

En 2008, Toon Disney es relanzado como Disney Cinemagic. El 11 de junio de 2011 Playhouse Disney se convirtió en Disney Junior.

El 9 de marzo de 2017 el operador Vodafone TV reestructuró al completo todo su dial con motivo del lanzamiento de su nuevo servicio TIVO 4K, por lo que aprovechó para cesar y retirar a Disney Channel +1 de su oferta en favor del servicio "Últimos 7 días".

La emisión más vista del canal en toda su historia fue el 5 de mayo de 2010 en el estreno del último episodio de la primera temporada de Patito Feo con 1.187.000 espectadores, batiendo récords de audiencia.

Programación
Disney Channel España, al ser parte del sistema de televisión digital terrestre, por normativa está obligada a transmitir parte de la programación de su canal de pago hermano Disney Junior, junto con otras producciones de empresas terceras que solo se encuentran disponibles por canales de suscripción.

Su programación actualmente se basa en programas, series, películas… emitidas con anterioridad en Disney+.

Audiencias
A pesar de que este canal de televisión comenzó sus emisiones el 17 de abril de 1998, sus audiencias comenzaron a ser medidas en 2009:

19 de noviembre de 2016, Disney Channel consiguió un 4% de share en total día, gracias a la emisión del filme El Rey León.
 Máximo histórico. | ** Mínimo histórico.

La audiencia bajó drásticamente desde que apareció en España la plataforma Disney+ y el 99% de lo que emite Disney Channel (España) lo ha emitido anteriormente en España la plataforma Disney+.

Véase también
 Disney Channel
 Disney Cinemagic
 Disney Junior
 Disney XD
Disney+
 The Walt Disney Company Iberia
 Sociedad Gestora de Televisión Net TV
 Vocento

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Cadenas de televisión terrestre de ámbito nacional de España
Disney Channel
SGT Net TV
Disney España
Ganadores del Premio TP de Oro
Canales y estaciones de televisión fundados en 1998

Disney Channel (España)


Abu Nasr Ali ibn Ahmad Asadi Tusi (;  – 1073) was a Persian poet, linguist and author. He was born at the beginning of the 11th century in Tus, Iran, in the province of Khorasan, and died in the late 1080s in Tabriz. Asadi Tusi is considered an important Persian poet of the Iranian national epics. His best-known work is Garshaspnameh, written in the style of the Shahnameh.

Life
Little is known about Asadi's life. Most of the Khorasan province was under violent attack by Turkish groups; many intellectuals fled, and those who remained generally lived in seclusion. Asadi spent his first twenty years in Ṭūs. From about 1018 to 1038 AD, he was a poet at the court of the Daylamite Abū Naṣr Jastān. Here, in 1055–56, Asadi copied Abū Manṣūr Mowaffaq Heravī's Ketāb al-abnīa al-adwīa. He later went to Nakhjavan and completed his seminal work, the Garshāsp-nama (dedicated to Abu Dolaf, ruler of Nakhjavan), in 1065–1066. Asadi then served at the court of the Shaddadid king Manuchehr, who ruled Ani. The poet's tomb is in the city of Tabriz.

Works
Asadi's most significant work is Garshāsp-nama (The Book [or Epic] of Garshāsp). His other important contribution is a lexicon of the modern Persian language (). Five of Asadi's Monāẓarāt () (Debates in the form of poetry between two people or objects or concepts) also still exist.

Garshaspnama (The Epic of Garshāsp)

The Garshaspnama () epic, with 9,000 couplets, is Asadi Tusi's major work. The hero of the poem is Garshasp (father of Kariman and great-grandfather of Šam), identified in the Shahnameh with the ancient Iranian hero Kərəsāspa- (Avestan language). In Avestan he was the son of Θrita- of the Yama clan. The poet adapted the story from a book, The Adventures of Garshāsp, saying that it complements the stories of the Shahnameh; although the poem was part of folklore, it was based on written sources.

The poem begins with Yama (or Jamshid), the father of Garshāsp, who was overthrown by Zahhak and flees to Ghurang, king of Zabulistan (near modern Quetta). In Zabulistan, Jamshid falls in love with the king's daughter and she gives birth to Garshāsp. Jamshid is forced to flee. When Garshāsp's mother poisons herself, he spends much of his life with his grandfather and grows up to be a warrior like Jamshid. After Ghurang's death Zahhak was to become king, although the secret remains until the birth of Kariman.

Zahhak, as king, visits Zābulistān and challenges the young Garshāsp to slay a dragon. Equipped with an antidote to dragon poison and armed with special weapons, Garshāsp kills the monster. Impressed with the child's prowess, Zahhāk sends Garshāsp to India, where the king (a vassal of Zahhāk's) has been replaced by the rebel prince Bahu (who does not acknowledge Zahhāk's rule). Garshāsp defeats the rebel and remains in India to observe its marvels and engage in philosophical discourse. He then goes to Sarandib (Ceylon), where he sees the footprint of the Buddha (in Muslim sources, identified with the footprint of Adam). Asadi then recounts many legends about Adam, the father of mankind. Garshasp then meets a Brahman, whom he questions in detail about philosophy and religion. The words Asadi Tusi attributes to the Brahman relate to his Islamic neo-Platonism. Garshasp later visits Indian islands and sees supernatural wonders, which are described at great length.

The hero returns home and pays homage to Zahak. He woos a princess of Rum, restores her father (Eṯreṭ) to his throne in Zābol after his defeat by the King of Kābol and builds the city of Sistān. He has anachronistic adventures in the Mediterranean, fighting in Kairouan and Córdoba. In the West, he meets a "Greek Brahman" and engages in philosophical discourse with the wise man.

When he returns to Iran his father dies, and Garshāsp becomes king of Zābolestān. Although he has no son of his own, he adopts Narēmān (Rostam's great-grandfather) as his heir. At this time Ferēdūn defeats Zahak and becomes king of Iran, and Garshāsp swears allegiance to him. Garshāsp and his nephew then go to Turan and defeat the Faghfūr of Chin (an Iranian title for the ruler of Central Asia and China, probably of Sogdian origin), bringing him as a captive to Ferēdūn. Garshāsp fights a final battle with the king of Tanger, slaying another dragon before he returns to Sistān in Zābolestān and dies.

Loḡat-e fors (Khorasani Persian dictionary)
The dictionary was written to familiarize the people of Arran and Iranian Azerbaijan with unfamiliar phrases in Eastern Persian (Darī) poetry. It is the oldest existing Persian dictionary based on examples from poetry, and contains fragments of lost literary works such as Kalila and Dimna by Rudaki and Vamiq and 'Adhra by Unsuri. A variety of manuscripts exist in Iran and elsewhere; the oldest (1322) may be at the Malek Library in Tehran, although the one written in Safina-yi Tabriz is also from the same period.

Monāẓarāt (debates)
Five debates survive in the Persian poetic form of qasida. Although qasida is unprecedented in Arabic or New Persian, it is part of the Middle Persian (Pahlavi) tradition. The Pahlavic poetic debate Draxt i Asurik indicates the history of this form of debate. The surviving debates are Arab o 'Ajam (The Arab vs. the Persian), Mogh o Mosalman (The Zoroastrian vs. the Muslim), Shab o Ruz (Night vs. Day), Neyza o Kaman (Spear vs. Bow) and Asman o Zamin (Sky vs. Earth). The Persian wins the Persian-versus-Arab debate, while the Muslim defeats the Zoroastrian.

See also

Persian literature
List of Persian poets and authors
Nozhat al-Majales

References

Further reading

Year of birth missing
1072 deaths
11th-century Iranian people
11th-century Persian-language poets
11th-century writers
People from Tus, Iran
Burials in Maqbaratoshoara

Asadi Tusi


Tomislav Duka (svećenik), hrv. svećenik i saborski zastupnik
Tomislav Duka (nogometaš)

Tomislav Duka


The Wizard of Oz is a 1939 American musical fantasy film produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). An adaptation of L. Frank Baum's 1900 children's fantasy novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the film was primarily directed by Victor Fleming, who left production to take over the troubled Gone with the Wind. It  stars Judy Garland, Frank Morgan, Ray Bolger, Bert Lahr, Jack Haley, Billie Burke, and Margaret Hamilton. Noel Langley, Florence Ryerson, and Edgar Allan Woolf received credit for the screenplay, while others made uncredited contributions. The music was composed by Harold Arlen and adapted by Herbert Stothart, with lyrics by Edgar "Yip" Harburg.

The Wizard of Oz is characterized by its use of Technicolor, fantasy storytelling, musical score, and memorable characters. It was a critical success and was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Picture, winning Best Original Song for "Over the Rainbow" and Best Original Score for Stothart. While the film was sufficiently popular at the box office, it failed to make a profit for MGM until its 1949 re-release, earning only $3 million on a $2.7 million budget, which made it MGM's most expensive production at the time.

The 1956 television broadcast premiere of the film on CBS reintroduced the film to the public. According to the U.S. Library of Congress, it is the most seen film in movie history. In 1989, it was selected by the Library of Congress as one of the first 25 films for preservation in the United States National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant"; it is also one of the few films on UNESCO's Memory of the World Register. The film was ranked second in Varietys inaugural 100 Greatest Movies of All Time list published in 2022. It was among the top ten in the 2005 BFI (British Film Institute) list of "50 films to be seen by the age of 14" and is on the BFI's updated list of "50 films to be seen by the age of 15" released in May 2020. The Wizard of Oz has become the source of many quotes referenced in contemporary popular culture. The film frequently ranks on critics' lists of the greatest films of all time and is the most commercially successful adaptation of Baum's work.

Plot

Teenager Dorothy Gale lives on a farm in Kansas owned by her Uncle Henry and Aunt Em. When Dorothy's Cairn Terrier Toto bites the wealthy Almira Gulch, Miss Gulch obtains a sheriff's order authorizing her to seize the dog to be euthanized. Toto escapes and returns to Dorothy, who runs away to protect him. Professor Marvel, a charlatan fortune-teller, tells Dorothy to go home because Aunt Em is heartbroken, and she returns just as a tornado approaches the farm. Unable to get into the locked storm shelter, Dorothy takes cover in the farmhouse and is knocked unconscious as the tornado lifts the house and drops it into an unknown land.

Dorothy awakens and is greeted by a good witch named Glinda, who floats down in a pink bubble and explains she is in Munchkinland in the land of Oz, and that the Munchkins are celebrating because the house landed on the Wicked Witch of the East. Her sister, the Wicked Witch of the West, appears in a puff of smoke; before she can seize her deceased sister's ruby slippers, Glinda magically transports them onto Dorothy's feet and tells her to keep them on, as they are powerful. Because the Wicked Witch has no power in Munchkinland, she leaves in another puff of smoke, but not before telling Dorothy, "I'll get you, my pretty, and your little dog too!" Glinda directs Dorothy as she floats away in another bubble to follow the yellow brick road that goes to the Emerald City, the home of the Wizard of Oz, as he might know how to help her return home.

Along the way, Dorothy meets the Scarecrow, who wants a brain; the Tin Man, who wants a heart; and the Cowardly Lion, who wants courage. The group reaches the Emerald City, despite the efforts of the Wicked Witch. Dorothy is initially denied an audience with the Wizard by his doorman, but the doorman relents after hearing that they were sent by Glinda, and the four are led into the Wizard's chambers. The Wizard appears as a giant ghostly head and tells them he will grant their wishes if they bring him the Wicked Witch's broomstick.

During their quest, Dorothy and Toto are captured by flying monkeys and taken to the Wicked Witch, but the ruby slippers protect her. The Scarecrow, Tin Man, and Cowardly Lion free Dorothy, but are pursued by the Witch and her guards. They are cornered by the Witch, who sets fire to the Scarecrow, but when Dorothy throws a bucket of water onto the Scarecrow, she inadvertently splashes the Witch, causing her to melt away.

The Witch's guards gratefully give Dorothy her broomstick, and the four return to the Wizard, but he tells them to return tomorrow. When Toto pulls back a curtain, the "Wizard" is revealed to be an ordinary man operating machinery that projects the ghostly image of his face. The four travelers confront the Wizard, who insists that he is a good man at heart, but confesses to being a humbug. He then "grants" the wishes of Dorothy's three friends by giving them tokens that symbolize that they always had the qualities they sought after.

The Wizard reveals that he, like Dorothy, is from Kansas and accidentally arrived in Oz in a hot air balloon. He then offers to take Dorothy back to Kansas with him aboard his balloon, but after Toto jumps off and Dorothy goes after him, the balloon accidentally lifts off with just the Wizard aboard. Glinda reappears and tells Dorothy she always had the power to return to Kansas using the ruby slippers, but had to find that out for herself. After sharing a tearful farewell with her friends, Dorothy heeds Glinda's instructions by tapping her heels three times and repeating the words, "There's no place like home." She is transported back to Kansas, where she awakens in her bed. She is attended to by her aunt, uncle and the farm hands, and Professor Marvel stops by as Dorothy describes Oz, telling the farm hands and the Professor they were there too. Dorothy gratefully exclaims, "There's no place like home!"

Cast

 Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale
 Frank Morgan as Professor Marvel and the Wizard of Oz, the Gatekeeper, the Carriage Driver, and the Guard at the Wizard's door
 Ray Bolger as "Hunk", a farmhand, and the Scarecrow
 Bert Lahr as "Zeke", a farmhand, and the Cowardly Lion
 Jack Haley as "Hickory", a farmhand, and the Tin Man
 Billie Burke as Glinda, the Good Witch of the North
 Margaret Hamilton as Almira Gulch and the Wicked Witch of the West
 Charley Grapewin as Uncle Henry
 Pat Walshe as Nikko
 Clara Blandick as Aunt Em
 Terry as Toto
 The Singer Midgets as The Munchkins (See Munchkin§Actors and actresses)

Uncredited
 Mitchell Lewis as the Winkie Guard Captain
 Adriana Caselotti as the voice of Juliet in the Tin Man's song "If I Only Had a Heart"
 Candy Candido as the voice of the Angry Apple Tree

Production

Development
Production on the film began when Walt Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) showed that films adapted from popular children's stories and fairytales could be successful. In January 1938, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer bought the rights to L. Frank Baum's popular novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz from Samuel Goldwyn. Goldwyn had considered making the film as a vehicle for Eddie Cantor, who was under contract to Samuel Goldwyn Productions and whom Goldwyn wanted to cast as the Scarecrow.

The script went through several writers and revisions. Mervyn LeRoy's assistant, William H. Cannon, had submitted a brief four-page outline. Because recent fantasy films had not fared well, he recommended toning down or removing the magical elements. In his outline, the Scarecrow was a man so stupid that the only employment open to him was scaring crows from cornfields, and the Tin Woodman was a criminal so heartless that he was sentenced to be placed in a tin suit for eternity. This torture softened him into somebody gentler and kinder. Cannon's vision was similar to Larry Semon's 1925 film adaptation, in which the magical elements are absent.

Afterward, LeRoy hired screenwriter Herman J. Mankiewicz, who delivered a 17-page draft of the Kansas scenes. A few weeks later, Mankiewicz delivered a further 56 pages. LeRoy also hired Noel Langley and poet Ogden Nash to write separate versions of the story. None of these three knew about the others, and this was not an uncommon procedure. Nash delivered a four-page outline; Langley turned in a 43-page treatment and a full film script. Langley then turned in three more scripts, this time incorporating the songs written by Harold Arlen and Yip Harburg. Florence Ryerson and Edgar Allan Woolf submitted a script and were brought on board to touch up the writing. They were asked to ensure that the story stayed true to Baum's book. However, producer Arthur Freed was unhappy with their work and reassigned it to Langley. During filming, Victor Fleming and John Lee Mahin revised the script further, adding and cutting some scenes. Haley and Lahr are also known to have written some of their dialogue for the Kansas sequence.

They completed the final draft of the script on October 8, 1938, following numerous rewrites. Others who contributed to the adaptation without credit include Irving Brecher, Herbert Fields, Arthur Freed, Yip Harburg, Samuel Hoffenstein, Jack Mintz, Sid Silvers, Richard Thorpe, George Cukor and King Vidor. Only Langley, Ryerson, and Woolf were credited for the script.

In addition, songwriter Harburg's son (and biographer) Ernie Harburg reported:
So anyhow, Yip also wrote all the dialogue in that time and the setup to the songs and he also wrote the part where they give out the heart, the brains, and the nerve, because he was the final script editor. And he – there was eleven screenwriters on that – and he pulled the whole thing together, wrote his own lines and gave the thing a coherence and unity which made it a work of art. But he doesn't get credit for that. He gets lyrics by E. Y. Harburg, you see. But nevertheless, he put his influence on the thing.

The original producers thought that a 1939 audience was too sophisticated to accept Oz as a straight-ahead fantasy; therefore, it was reconceived as a lengthy, elaborate dream sequence. Because they perceived a need to attract a youthful audience by appealing to modern fads and styles, the score had featured a song called "The Jitterbug", and the script had featured a scene with a series of musical contests. A spoiled, selfish princess in Oz had outlawed all forms of music except classical music and operetta. The princess challenged Dorothy to a singing contest, in which Dorothy's swing style enchanted listeners and won the grand prize. This part was initially written for Betty Jaynes, but was later dropped.

Another scene, which was removed before final script approval and never filmed, was an epilogue scene in Kansas after Dorothy's return. Hunk (the Kansan counterpart to the Scarecrow) is leaving for an agricultural college, and extracts a promise from Dorothy to write to him. The scene implies that romance will eventually develop between the two, which also may have been intended as an explanation for Dorothy's partiality for the Scarecrow over her other two companions. This plot idea was never totally dropped, but is especially noticeable in the final script when Dorothy, just before she is to leave Oz, tells the Scarecrow, "I think I'll miss you most of all."

Much attention was given to the use of color in the production, with the MGM production crew favoring some hues over others. It took the studio's art department almost a week to settle on the shade of yellow used for the Yellow Brick Road.

Casting

Several actresses were reportedly considered for the part of Dorothy, including Shirley Temple from 20th Century Fox, at the time, the most prominent child star; Deanna Durbin, a relative newcomer, with a recognised operatic voice; and Judy Garland, the most experienced of the three. Officially, the decision to cast Garland was attributed to contractual issues.

Ray Bolger was originally cast as the Tin Man and Buddy Ebsen was to play the Scarecrow. Bolger, however, longed to play the Scarecrow, as his childhood idol Fred Stone had done on stage in 1902; with that very performance, Stone had inspired him to become a vaudevillian in the first place. Now unhappy with his role as the Tin Man (reportedly claiming, "I'm not a tin performer; I'm fluid"), Bolger convinced producer Mervyn LeRoy to recast him in the part he so desired. Ebsen did not object; after going over the basics of the Scarecrow's distinctive gait with Bolger (as a professional dancer, Ebsen had been cast because the studio was confident he would be up to the task of replicating the famous "wobbly-walk" of Stone's Scarecrow), he recorded all of his songs, went through all the rehearsals as the Tin Man and began filming with the rest of the cast.

W. C. Fields was originally chosen for the title role of the Wizard (after Ed Wynn turned it down, considering the part "too small"), but the studio couldn't meet Fields' fee. Wallace Beery lobbied for the role, but the studio refused to spare him during the long shooting schedule. Instead, another contract player, Frank Morgan, was cast on September 22.

Veteran vaudeville performer Pat Walshe was best known for his performance as various monkeys in many theater productions and circus shows. He was cast as Nikko, the head Winged Monkey, on September 28, traveling to MGM studios on October 3.

An extensive talent search produced over a hundred little people to play Munchkins; this meant that most of the film's Oz sequences would have to already be shot before work on the Munchkinland sequence could begin. According to Munchkin actor Jerry Maren, the little people were each paid over $125 a week (equivalent to $ today). Meinhardt Raabe, who played the coroner, revealed in the 1990 documentary The Making of the Wizard of Oz that the MGM costume and wardrobe department, under the direction of designer Adrian, had to design over 100 costumes for the Munchkin sequences. They photographed and cataloged each Munchkin in their costume so they could consistently apply the same costume and makeup each day of production.

Gale Sondergaard was originally cast as the Wicked Witch of the West, but withdrew from the role when the witch's persona shifted from sly and glamorous (thought to emulate the Evil Queen in Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs) to the familiar "ugly hag". She was replaced on October 10, 1938, just three days before filming started, by MGM contract player Margaret Hamilton. Sondergaard said in an interview for a bonus feature on the DVD that she had no regrets about turning down the part. Sondergaard would go on to play a glamorous feline villainess in Fox's version of Maurice Maeterlinck's The Blue Bird in 1940. Hamilton played a role remarkably similar to the Wicked Witch in the Judy Garland film Babes in Arms (1939).

According to Aljean Harmetz, the "gone-to-seed" coat worn by Morgan as the Wizard was selected from a rack of coats purchased from a second-hand shop. According to legend, Morgan later discovered a label in the coat indicating it had once belonged to Baum, that Baum's widow confirmed this, and that the coat was eventually presented to her. But Baum biographer Michael Patrick Hearn says the Baum family denies ever seeing the coat or knowing of the story; Hamilton considered it a rumor concocted by the studio.

Filming

Ebsen replaced by Haley
The production faced the challenge of creating the Tin Man's costume. Several tests were done to find the right makeup and clothes for Ebsen. Ten days into the shoot, Ebsen suffered a toxic reaction after repeatedly inhaling the aluminum dust (which his daughter, Kiki Ebsen, has said the studio misrepresented as an "allergic reaction") in the aluminum powder makeup he wore, though he did recall taking a breath one night without suffering any immediate effects. He was hospitalized in critical condition and was subsequently forced to leave the project. In a later interview (included on the 2005 DVD release of The Wizard of Oz), he recalled that the studio heads appreciated the seriousness of his illness only after he was hospitalized. Filming halted while a replacement for him was sought.

No footage of Ebsen as the Tin Man has ever been releasedonly photos taken during filming and makeup tests. His replacement, Jack Haley, assumed Ebsen had been fired. The makeup used for Haley was quietly changed to an aluminum paste, with a layer of clown white greasepaint underneath, in order to protect his skin. Although it did not have the same dire effect on Haley, he did at one point suffer an eye infection from it. To keep down on production costs, Haley only rerecorded "If I Only Had a Heart" and solo lines during "If I Only Had the Nerve" and the scrapped song "The Jitterbug"; as such, Ebsen's voice can still be heard in the remaining songs featuring the Tin Man in group vocals.

George Cukor's brief stint
LeRoy, after reviewing the footage and feeling Thorpe was rushing the production, adversely affecting the actors' performances, had Thorpe replaced. During reorganization on the production, George Cukor temporarily took over under LeRoy's guidance. Initially, the studio had made Garland wear a blonde wig and heavy "baby-doll" makeup, and she played Dorothy in an exaggerated fashion. Cukor changed Garland's and Hamilton's makeup and costumes, and told Garland to "be herself". This meant that all the scenes Garland and Hamilton had already completed had to be reshot. Cukor also suggested the studio cast Jack Haley, on loan from Fox, as the Tin Man.

Victor Fleming, the main director

Cukor did not shoot any scenes for the film, but acted merely as a creative advisor to the troubled production. His prior commitment to direct Gone with the Wind required him to leave on November 3, 1938, when Victor Fleming assumed directorial responsibility. As director, Fleming chose not to shift the film from Cukor's creative realignment, as producer LeRoy had already expressed his satisfaction with the film's new course.

Production on the bulk of the Technicolor sequences was a long and exhausting process that ran for over six months, from October 1938 to March 1939. Most of the cast worked six days a week and had to arrive as early as 4 a.m. to be fitted with makeup and costumes, and often did not leave until 7 pm or later. Cumbersome makeup and costumes were made even more uncomfortable by the daylight-bright lighting the early Technicolor process required, which could heat the set to over 100 °F (38 °C). Bolger later said that the frightening nature of the costumes prevented most of the Oz principals from eating in the studio commissary; and the toxicity of Hamilton's copper-based makeup forced her to eat a liquid diet on shoot days. It took as many as twelve takes to have Toto run alongside the actors as they skipped down the Yellow Brick Road.

All the Oz sequences were filmed in three-strip Technicolor. The opening and closing credits, and the Kansas sequences, were filmed in black and white and colored in a sepia-tone process. Sepia-tone film was also used in the scene where Aunt Em appears in the Wicked Witch's crystal ball. The film was not the first to use Technicolor, which was introduced in The Gulf Between (1917).

In Hamilton's exit from Munchkinland, a concealed elevator was installed to lower her below stage level, as fire and smoke erupted to dramatize and conceal her exit. The first take ran well, but on the second take, the burst of fire came too soon. The flames set fire to her green, copper-based face paint, causing third-degree burns to her hands and face. She spent three months recuperating before returning to work. Her green makeup had usually been removed with acetone due to its toxic copper content. Because of Hamilton's burns, makeup artist Jack Young removed the makeup with alcohol to prevent infection.

King Vidor's finishing work as director
On February 12, 1939, Fleming hastily replaced Cukor in directing Gone with the Wind. The next day, the studio assigned Fleming's friend, King Vidor, to finish directing The Wizard of Oz (mainly the early sepia-toned Kansas sequences, including Garland's singing of "Over the Rainbow" and the tornado). Although the film was a hit on its release, Vidor chose not to take public credit for his contribution until Fleming died in 1949.

On-set treatment and abuse allegations
Since the film has been released, credible stories have come out indicating that Judy Garland endured extensive abuse during and before filming from various parties involved. The studio went to extreme lengths to change her appearance including binding her chest and giving her Benzedrine tablets to keep her weight down, along with uppers and downers that caused giggling fits. There were claims that various members of the cast pointed out her breasts and made other lewd comments. The director Victor Fleming slapped her during the Cowardly Lion's introduction scene when Garland could not stop laughing at Lahr's performance. Once the scene was done, Fleming, reportedly ashamed of himself, ordered the crew to punch him in the face. Garland, however, kissed him instead. She was also forced to wear a cap on her teeth to hide due to the fact some of her teeth were misaligned and also had to wear rubber discs on her nose to change it's shape during filming. Claims have been made in memoirs that the frequently drunk actors portraying the Munchkins propositioned and pinched her. There were also allegations that she was groped by Louis B. Mayer.

Special effects, makeup and costumes
Arnold Gillespie, the film's special effects director, employed several techniques. Developing the tornado scene was especially costly. Gillespie used muslin cloth to make the tornado flexible, after a previous attempt with rubber failed. He hung the  of muslin from a steel gantry and connected the bottom to a rod. By moving the gantry and rod, he was able to create the illusion of a tornado moving across the stage. Fuller's earth was sprayed from both the top and bottom using compressed air hoses to complete the effect. Dorothy's house was recreated using a model. Stock footage of this tornado was later recycled for a climactic scene in the 1943 musical film Cabin in the Sky, directed by Judy Garland's eventual second husband Vincente Minnelli.

The Cowardly Lion and Scarecrow masks were made of foam latex makeup created by makeup artist Jack Dawn. Dawn was one of the first to use this technique. It took an hour each day to slowly peel Bolger's glued-on mask from his face, a process that eventually left permanent lines around his mouth and chin.

The Tin Man's costume was made of leather-covered buckram, and the oil used to grease his joints was made from chocolate syrup. The Cowardly Lion's costume was made from real lion skin and fur. For the "horse of a different color" scene, Jell-O powder was used to color the white horses. Asbestos was used to achieve some of the special effects, such as the witch's burning broomstick and the fake snow that covers Dorothy as she sleeps in the field of poppies.

Music

The Wizard of Oz is famous for its musical selections and soundtrack. Its songs were composed by Harold Arlen, with lyrics by Yip Harburg. They won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for "Over the Rainbow". The song ranks first in the AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs and the Recording Industry Association of America's "365 Songs of the Century".

MGM composer Herbert Stothart, a well-known Hollywood composer and songwriter, won the Academy Award for Best Original Score.

Georgie Stoll was associate conductor, and screen credit was given to George Bassman, Murray Cutter, Ken Darby and Paul Marquardt for orchestral and vocal arrangements. (As usual, Roger Edens was also heavily involved as an unbilled musical associate to Freed.)

The songs were recorded in the studio's scoring stage before filming. Several of the recordings were completed while Ebsen was still with the cast. Although he had to be dropped from the cast because of a dangerous reaction to his aluminum powder makeup, his singing voice remained on the soundtrack (as mentioned in the notes for the CD Deluxe Edition). He can be heard in the group vocals of "We're Off to See the Wizard".

Bolger's original recording of "If I Only Had a Brain" was far more sedate than the version in the film. During filming, Cukor and LeRoy decided a more energetic rendition better suited Dorothy's initial meeting with the Scarecrow, and it was rerecorded. The original version was considered lost until a copy was discovered in 2009.

Songs

Deleted songs

Some musical pieces were filmed and deleted later, in the editing process.

The song "The Jitterbug", written in a swing style, was intended for a sequence where the group journeys to the Witch's castle. Owing to time constraints, it was cut from the final theatrical version. The film footage of the song has been lost, although silent home-film footage of rehearsals has survived. The audio recording of the song was preserved, and was included in the two-CD Rhino Records deluxe edition of the soundtrack, as well as on the film's VHS and DVD editions. A reference to "The Jitterbug" remains in the film: The Witch tells her flying monkeys that they should have no trouble apprehending Dorothy and her friends because "I've sent a little insect on ahead to take the fight out of them."

Another musical number cut before release came right after the Wicked Witch of the West was melted and before Dorothy and her friends returned to the Wizard. This was a reprise of "Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead" (blended with "We're Off to See the Wizard" and "The Merry Old Land of Oz") with the lyrics altered to "Hail! Hail! The witch is dead!" This started with the Witch's guard saying "Hail to Dorothy! The Wicked Witch is dead!" and dissolved to a huge celebration by the citizens of the Emerald City, who sang the song as they accompanied Dorothy and her friends to the Wizard. Today, the film of this scene is also lost, and only a few stills survive, along with a few seconds of footage used on several reissue trailers. The entire audio track was preserved and is included on the two-CD Rhino Record "deluxe" soundtrack edition.

Garland was to sing a brief reprise of "Over the Rainbow" while Dorothy was trapped in the Witch's castle, but it was cut because it was considered too emotionally intense. The original soundtrack recording still exists, and was included as an extra in all home media releases from 1993 onward.

Underscoring
Extensive edits in the film's final cut removed vocals from the last portion of the film. However, the film was fully underscored, with instrumental snippets from the film's various leitmotifs throughout. There was also some recognizable classical and popular music, including:
 Excerpts from Schumann's "The Happy Farmer", at several points early in the film, including the opening scene when Dorothy and Toto hurry home after their encounter with Miss Gulch; when Toto escapes from her; and when the house "rides" the tornado.
 An excerpt of Mendelssohn's "Opus 16, #2", when Toto escapes from the Witch's castle.
 An excerpt of Mussorgsky's "Night on Bald Mountain", when Dorothy, the Scarecrow, the Tin Man and the Cowardly Lion try to escape from the Witch's castle.
 "In the Shade of the Old Apple Tree", when Dorothy and the Scarecrow discover the anthropomorphic apple trees.
 "Gaudeamus Igitur", as the Wizard presents awards to the group.
 "Home! Sweet Home!", in part of the closing scene, at Dorothy's house in Kansas.

(This list is excerpted from the liner notes of the Rhino Records collection.)

Post-production
Principal photography concluded with the Kansas sequences on March 16, 1939. Reshoots and pickup shots were done through April and May and into June, under the direction of producer LeRoy. When the "Over the Rainbow" reprise was removed after subsequent test screenings in early June, Garland had to be brought back to reshoot the "Auntie Em, I'm frightened!" scene without the song. The footage of Blandick's Aunt Em, as shot by Vidor, had already been set aside for rear-projection work, and was reused.

After Hamilton's torturous experience with the Munchkinland elevator, she refused to do the pickups for the scene where she flies on a broomstick that billows smoke, so LeRoy had stunt double Betty Danko perform instead. Danko was severely injured when the smoke mechanism malfunctioned.

At this point, the film began a long, arduous post-production. Herbert Stothart composed the film's background score, while A. Arnold Gillespie perfected the special effects, including many of the rear-projection shots. The MGM art department created matte paintings for many scene backgrounds.

A significant innovation planned for the film was the use of stencil printing for the transition to Technicolor. Each frame was to be hand-tinted to maintain the sepia tone. However, it was abandoned because it was too expensive and labor-intensive, and MGM used a simpler, less expensive technique: During the May reshoots, the inside of the farmhouse was painted sepia, and when Dorothy opens the door, it is not Garland, but her stand-in, Bobbie Koshay, wearing a sepia gingham dress, who then backs out of frame. Once the camera moves through the door, Garland steps back into frame in her bright blue gingham dress (as noted in DVD extras), and the sepia-painted door briefly tints her with the same color before she emerges from the house's shadow, into the bright glare of the Technicolor lighting. This also meant that the reshoots provided the first proper shot of Munchkinland. If one looks carefully, the brief cut to Dorothy looking around outside the house bisects a single long shot, from the inside of the doorway to the pan-around that finally ends in a reverse-angle as the ruins of the house are seen behind Dorothy and she comes to a stop at the foot of the small bridge.

Test screenings of the film began on June 5, 1939. Oz initially ran nearly two hours long. In 1939, the average film ran for about 90 minutes. LeRoy and Fleming knew they needed to cut at least 15 minutes to get the film down to a manageable running time. Three sneak previews in San Bernardino, Pomona and San Luis Obispo, California, guided LeRoy and Fleming in the cutting. Among the many cuts were "The Jitterbug" number, the Scarecrow's elaborate dance sequence following "If I Only Had a Brain", reprises of "Over the Rainbow" and "Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead", and a number of smaller dialogue sequences. This left the final, mostly serious portion of the film with no songs, only the dramatic underscoring.

"Over the Rainbow" was almost deleted. MGM felt that it made the Kansas sequence too long, as well as being far over the heads of the target audience of children. The studio also thought that it was degrading for Garland to sing in a barnyard. LeRoy, uncredited associate producer Arthur Freed and director Fleming fought to keep it in, and they eventually won. The song went on to win the Academy Award for Best Original Song, and came to be identified so strongly with Garland herself that she made it her signature song.

After the preview in San Luis Obispo in early July, the film was officially released in August 1939 at its current 101-minute running time.

Release

Original theatrical run

The film premiered at the Orpheum Theatre in Green Bay, Wisconsin on August 10, 1939. The first sneak preview was held in San Bernardino, California. The film was previewed in three test markets: in Kenosha, Wisconsin and Dennis, Massachusetts on August 11, 1939, and at the Strand Theatre in Oconomowoc, Wisconsin, on August 12.

The Hollywood premiere was on August 15, 1939, at Grauman's Chinese Theatre. The New York City premiere, held at Loew's Capitol Theatre on August 17, 1939, was followed by a live performance with Garland and her frequent film co-star Mickey Rooney. They continued to perform there after each screening for a week. Garland extended her appearance for two more weeks, partnered with Rooney for a second week and with Oz co-stars Ray Bolger and Bert Lahr for the third and final week. The film opened nationwide on August 25, 1939.

Television

MGM sold CBS the rights to televise the film for $225,000 (equivalent to $ in ) per broadcast. It was first shown on television on November 3, 1956, as the last installment of the Ford Star Jubilee. It was a ratings success, with a Nielsen rating of 33.9 and an audience share of 53%.

It was repeated on December 13, 1959, and gained an even larger television audience, with a Nielsen rating of 36.5 and an audience share of 58%. It became an annual television tradition.

Home media
On October 25, 1980, the film was released on videocassette (in both VHS and Betamax format) by MGM/CBS Home Video. All current home video releases are by Warner Home Video (via current rights holder Turner Entertainment).

The film's first LaserDisc release was in 1983. In 1989, there were two releases for the 50th anniversary, one from Turner and one from The Criterion Collection, with a commentary track. LaserDiscs came out in 1991 and 1993, and the final LaserDisc was released September 11, 1996.

The film was released on the CED format once, in 1982, by MGM/UA Home Video. It has also been released multiple times outside of the North American and European markets, in Asia, in the Video CD format.

The first DVD release was on March 26, 1997, by MGM/Turner. It contained no special features or supplements. On October 19, 1999, The Wizard of Oz was re-released by Warner Bros. to celebrate the film's 60th anniversary, with its soundtrack presented in a new 5.1 surround sound mix. The DVD also contained a behind-the-scenes documentary, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz: The Making of a Movie Classic, produced in 1990 and hosted by Angela Lansbury, which was originally shown on television immediately following the 1990 telecast of the film. It had been featured in the 1993 "Ultimate Oz" LaserDisc release. Outtakes, the deleted "Jitterbug" musical number, clips of pre-1939 Oz adaptations, trailers, newsreels, and a portrait gallery were also included, as well as two radio programs of the era publicizing the film.

In 2005, two DVD editions were released, both featuring a newly restored version of the film with an audio commentary and an isolated music and effects track. One of the two DVD releases was a "Two-Disc Special Edition", featuring production documentaries, trailers, outtakes, newsreels, radio shows and still galleries. The other set, a "Three-Disc Collector's Edition", included these features, as well as the digitally restored 80th-anniversary edition of the 1925 feature-length silent film version of The Wizard of Oz, other silent Oz adaptations and a 1933 animated short version.

The film was released on Blu-ray on September 29, 2009, for its 70th anniversary, in a four-disc "Ultimate Collector's Edition", including all the bonus features from the 2005 Collector's Edition DVD, new bonus features about Victor Fleming and the surviving Munchkins, the telefilm The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story, and the miniseries MGM: When the Lion Roars. For this edition, Warner Bros. commissioned a new transfer from the original negatives at 8K resolution. The restoration job was given to Prime Focus World. This restored version also features a lossless 5.1 Dolby TrueHD audio track.

On December 1, 2009, three Blu-ray discs of the Ultimate Collector's Edition were repackaged as a less expensive "Emerald Edition". An Emerald Edition four-disc DVD arrived the following week. A single-disc Blu-ray, containing the restored movie and all the extra features of the two-disc Special Edition DVD, became available on March 16, 2010.

In 2013, the film was re-released on DVD, Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D and UltraViolet for the 90th anniversary of Warner Bros. and the 75th anniversary of the film.

Many special editions were released in 2013 in celebration of the film's 75th anniversary, including one exclusively by Best Buy (a SteelBook of the 3D Blu-ray) and another by Target stores that came with a keepsake lunch bag.

The film was issued on 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray on October 29, 2019, featuring both a Dolby Vision and an HDR10+ grading from an 8K transfer.

Re-releases

Although the 1949 re-issue used sepia tone, as in the original film, beginning with the 1955 re-issue, and continuing until the film's 50th anniversary VHS release in 1989, the opening Kansas sequences were shown in black and white instead of the sepia tone as originally printed. (This includes television showings.)

The MGM "Children's Matinees" series re-released the film twice, in both 1970 and 1971. It was for this release that the film received a G rating from the MPAA.

For the film's 60th anniversary, Warner Bros. released a "Special Edition" on November 6, 1998, digitally restored with remastered audio.

In 2002, the film had a very limited re-release in U.S. theaters, earning only $139,905.

On September 23, 2009, the film was re-released in select theaters for a one-night-only event in honor of its 70th anniversary and as a promotion for various new disc releases later in the month. An encore of this event took place in theaters on November 17, 2009.

An IMAX 3D theatrical re-release played at 300 theaters in North America for one week only beginning September 20, 2013, as part of the film's 75th anniversary. Warner Bros. spent $25 million on advertising. The studio hosted a premiere of the film's first IMAX 3D release on September 15, 2013, in Hollywood at the newly remodeled TCL Chinese Theatre (formerly Grauman's Chinese Theatre, the site of the film's Hollywood premiere). It was the first motion picture to play at the new theater and served as the grand opening of Hollywood's first 3D IMAX screen. It was also shown as a special presentation at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival. This re-release grossed $5.6 million at the North American box office.

In 2013, in preparation for its IMAX 3D release, the film was submitted to the MPAA for re-classification. According to MPAA rules, a film that has been altered in any way from its original version must be submitted for re-classification, and the 3-D conversion fell within that guideline. Surprisingly, the 3D version received a PG rating for "Some scary moments", although no change was made to the film's original story content. The 2D version still retains its G rating.

The film was re-released on January 11 and 14, 2015, as part of the "TCM Presents" series by Turner Classic Movies.

The film was re-released by Fathom Events on January 27, 29, 30, 2019, and February 3 and 5, 2019, as part of its 80th anniversary. It also had a one-week theatrical engagement in Dolby Cinema on October 25, 2019, to commemorate the anniversary.

The film returned to theaters on June 5 and 6, 2022 to celebrate Judy Garland's 100th birthday.

Reception

Critical response
The Wizard of Oz received widespread acclaim upon its release. Writing for The New York Times, Frank Nugent considered the film a "delightful piece of wonder-working which had the youngsters' eyes shining and brought a quietly amused gleam to the wiser ones of the oldsters. Not since Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs has anything quite so fantastic succeeded half so well." Nugent had issues with some of the film's special effects:
with the best of will and ingenuity, they cannot make a Munchkin or a Flying Monkey that will not still suggest, however vaguely, a Singer's Midget in a Jack Dawn masquerade. Nor can they, without a few betraying jolts and split-screen overlappings, bring down from the sky the great soap bubble in which Glinda rides and roll it smoothly into place.
According to Nugent, "Judy Garland's Dorothy is a pert and fresh-faced miss with the wonder-lit eyes of a believer in fairy tales, but the Baum fantasy is at its best when the Scarecrow, the Tin Man, and the Lion are on the move."

Writing in Variety, John C. Flinn predicted that the film was "likely to perform some record-breaking feats of box-office magic," noting, "Some of the scenic passages are so beautiful in design and composition as to stir audiences by their sheer unfoldment." He also called Garland "an appealing figure" and the musical numbers "gay and bright."

Harrison's Reports wrote, "Even though some persons are not interested in pictures of this type, it is possible that they will be eager to see this picture just for its technical treatment. The performances are good, and the incidental music is of considerable aid. Pictures of this caliber bring credit to the industry."

Film Daily wrote:

Some reviews were less positive. Some moviegoers felt that the 16-year-old Garland was slightly too old to play the little girl who Baum intended his Dorothy to be. Russell Maloney of The New Yorker wrote that the film displayed "no trace of imagination, good taste, or ingenuity" and declared it "a stinkeroo", while Otis Ferguson of The New Republic wrote: "It has dwarfs, music, Technicolor, freak characters, and Judy Garland. It can't be expected to have a sense of humor, as well – and as for the light touch of fantasy, it weighs like a pound of fruitcake soaking wet." Still, the film placed seventh on Film Daily year-end nationwide poll of 542 critics naming the best films of 1939.

Box office
According to MGM records, during the film's initial release, it earned $2,048,000 in the U.S. and $969,000 in other countries throughout the world, for total earnings of $3,017,000. However, its high production cost, plus the costs of marketing, distribution, and other services, resulted in a loss of $1,145,000 for the studio. It did not show what MGM considered a profit until a 1949 re-release earned an additional $1.5 million (about $ million in ). Christopher Finch, author of the Judy Garland biography Rainbow: The Stormy Life of Judy Garland, wrote: "Fantasy is always a risk at the box office. The film had been enormously successful as a book, and it had also been a major stage hit, but previous attempts to bring it to the screen had been dismal failures." He also wrote that after the film's success, Garland signed a new contract with MGM giving her a substantial increase in salary, making her one of the top ten box-office stars in the United States.

The film was also re-released domestically in 1955. Subsequent re-releases between 1989 and 2019 have grossed $25,173,032 worldwide, for a total worldwide gross of .

Legacy
Roger Ebert chose it as one of his Great Films, writing that "The Wizard of Oz has a wonderful surface of comedy and music, special effects and excitement, but we still watch it six decades later because its underlying story penetrates straight to the deepest insecurities of childhood, stirs them and then reassures them."

In his 1992 critique of the film for the British Film Institute, author Salman Rushdie acknowledged its effect on him, noting "The Wizard of Oz was my very first literary influence". In "Step Across This Line", he wrote: "When I first saw The Wizard of Oz, it made a writer of me." His first short story, written at the age of 10, was titled "Over the Rainbow".

In a 2009 retrospective article about the film, San Francisco Chronicle film critic and author Mick LaSalle declared:
"...the entire Munchkinland sequence, from Dorothy's arrival in Oz to her departure on the yellow brick road, has to be one of the greatest in cinema history – a masterpiece of set design, costuming, choreography, music, lyrics, storytelling, and sheer imagination."
On the film review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, The Wizard of Oz has a 98% rating based on 160 reviews, with an average score of 9.4/10. Its critical consensus reads, "An absolute masterpiece whose groundbreaking visuals and deft storytelling are still every bit as resonant, The Wizard of Oz is a must-see film for young and old." At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film received a score of 92 out of 100, based on 30 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".

Accolades and honors

Academy Awards

American Film Institute lists
The American Film Institute (AFI) has compiled various lists which include this film or its elements.
 AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – No. 6
 AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – No. 43
 AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains:
 Wicked Witch of the West – No. 4 Villain
 AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:
 "Over the Rainbow" – No. 1
 "Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead" – No. 82
 AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
 "Toto, I've a feeling we're not in Kansas anymore." (Dorothy Gale) – No. 4
 "There's no place like home." (Dorothy) – No. 23
 "I'll get you, my pretty – and your little dog, too!" (Wicked Witch of the West) – No. 99
 AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals – No. 3
 AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – No. 26
 AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – No. 10
 AFI's 10 Top 10 – No. 1 Fantasy film

Other honors
 1989: The film was one of the inaugural group of 25 films added to the National Film Registry list.
 1999: Rolling Stones 100 Maverick Movies – No. 20.
 1999: Entertainment Weeklys 100 Greatest Films – No. 32.
 2000: The Village Voices 100 Best Films of the 20th Century – No. 14.
 2002: Nominated - 1939 Palme d'Or
2002: Sight & Sounds Greatest Film Poll of Directors – No. 41.
 2005: Total Films 100 Greatest Films – No. 83.
 2005: The British Film Institute ranked it second on its list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14, after Spirited Away.
 2006: The film placed 86th on Bravo's 100 Scariest Movie Moments.
 2007: It topped Total Films 23 Weirdest Films.
 2007: The film was listed on UNESCO's Memory of the World Register.
 2007: The Observer ranked the film's songs and music at the top of its list of 50 greatest film soundtracks.
2020: The British Film Institute changed its list to "50 films to see by age 15 – Updated" calling Oz "The most wonderful of musicals"
2022: The film was ranked 2nd in Varietys inaugural list of The 100 Greatest Movies of All Time.
2023: The film was ranked 5th in Parades list of The 100 Best Movies of All Time.
2023: The film was ranked 4th in Comic Book Resources list of The Best Movies of All Time.

Sequels and reinterpretations

An official 1972 sequel, the animated Journey Back to Oz, featuring the voice of Judy Garland's daughter Liza Minnelli was produced to commemorate the original film's 35th anniversary.

The Wiz, a musical based on the novel, opened in 1974 in Baltimore and in 1975 with a new cast on Broadway. It went on to win seven Tony Awards, including Best Musical.

In 1975, a comic book adaptation of the film titled MGM's Marvelous Wizard of Oz was released. It was the first co-production between DC Comics and Marvel Comics. Marvel planned a series of sequels based on the subsequent novels. The first, The Marvelous Land of Oz, was published later that year. The next, The Marvelous Ozma of Oz was expected to be released the following year but never came to be.

In 1985, Walt Disney Productions released the live-action fantasy film Return to Oz, starring Fairuza Balk in her film debut as a young Dorothy Gale and based on The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904) and Ozma of Oz (1907). With a darker story, it fared poorly with critics unfamiliar with the Oz books and was not successful at the box office, although it has since become a popular cult film, with many considering it a more loyal and faithful adaptation of what L. Frank Baum envisioned.

The Broadway musical Wicked premiered in 2003, and is based on the film and original novel. It has since gone on to become the second-highest grossing Broadway musical of all time, and won three Tony Awards, seven Drama Desk Awards, and a Grammy Award. A film adaptation of the musical, directed by Jon M. Chu, has been in development at Universal Pictures since 2004.

Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice produced a stage musical of the same name, which opened in 2011 at the West Ends London Palladium.

An animated film called Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz was released in 2011 by Warner Home Video, incorporating Tom and Jerry into the story as Dorothy's "protectors". A sequel titled Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz was released on DVD on June 21, 2016.

In 2013, Walt Disney Pictures released a "spiritual prequel" titled Oz the Great and Powerful. It was directed by Sam Raimi and starred James Franco, Mila Kunis, Rachel Weisz and Michelle Williams. It was the second film based on Baum's Oz series to be produced by Disney, after Return to Oz. It was a commercial success but received a mixed reception from critics.

In 2014, independent film company Clarius Entertainment released a big-budget animated musical film, Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return, which follows Dorothy's second trip to Oz. The film fared poorly at the box office and was received negatively by critics, largely for its plot and unmemorable musical numbers.

In February 2021, New Line Cinema, Temple Hill Entertainment and Wicked producer Marc Platt announced that a new film version of the original book is in the works with Watchmens Nicole Kassell slated to direct the reimagining, which will have the option to include elements from the 1939 film. In August 2022 it was announced that Kenya Barris would write and direct a modern remake.

Cultural impact
According to the US Library of Congress exhibition The Wizard of Oz: an American Fairy Tale (2010):
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is America's greatest and best-loved home-grown fairytale. The first totally American fantasy for children, it is one of the most-read children's books ... Despite its many particularly American attributes, including a wizard from Omaha, [the 1939 film adaptation] has universal appeal... Because of its many television showings between 1956 and 1974, it has been seen by more viewers than any other movie".

In 1977, Aljean Harmetz wrote The Making of The Wizard of Oz, a detailed description of the creation of the film based on interviews and research; it was updated in 1989.

Ruby slippers

Because of their iconic stature, the ruby slippers worn by Judy Garland in the film are now among the most treasured and valuable film memorabilia in movie history. Dorothy actually wore Silver Shoes in the book series, but the color was changed to ruby to take advantage of the new Technicolor process. Adrian, MGM's chief costume designer, was responsible for the final design. Five known pairs of the slippers exist. Another, differently styled pair, not used in the film, was sold at auction by actress Debbie Reynolds for $510,000 (not including the buyer's premium) in June 2011. One pair of Judy Garland's ruby slippers are located in Washington D.C. at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History.

In 2005, one of the pairs of the ruby slippers was stolen while on loan to the Judy Garland Museum in Garland's hometown.  They were recovered in an FBI sting operation in 2018. At the time they were stolen, the slippers were insured for $1 million. As of 2023, the market value for them is about $3.5 million.  In 2023, the slipper thief was indicted with one count of a major artwork theft. The shoes are one of four authentic pairs that are still intact.

Dorothy's dress and other costumes
In July 2021, Catholic University of America reported that a dress worn by Dorothy, believed to have been given to Rev. Gilbert Hartke by Mercedes McCambridge as a gift in 1973, was found in the university's Hartke Building after being missing for many years. The university said an expert on the movie's memorabilia at the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History said five other dresses apparently worn by Judy Garland were "probably authentic". The dress found at the university had characteristics shared by the other five, including a "secret pocket" for Dorothy's handkerchief, and Garland's name written in a specific style. The university said the dress would be stored in Special Collections.

Another of the dresses sold at auction in 2015 for nearly $1.6 million. Many other costumes have fetched six-figure prices as memorabilia. See List of film memorabilia.

Theme park attractions
The Wizard of Oz has a presence at the Disney Parks and Resorts. The film had its own scene at The Great Movie Ride at Disney Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World Resort, and is also represented in miniature at Disneyland and at Disneyland Paris as part of the Storybook Land Canal Boats attraction in Fantasyland. The Great Movie Ride was shut down in 2017.

On 20 July 2022, it was announced that Warner Bros. Movie World would be adding a new precinct based on the 1939 film The Wizard Of Oz. It is to feature 3 coasters manufactured by Vekoma and will open in 2024.

See also
 The Dark Side of the Rainbow
 Friend of Dorothy
 Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
 Wizard of Oz festival
 The Wiz musical

ReferencesNotesBibliography Bernier, Michelle (2010) Did these stories really happen?. Createspace
 Cox, Stephen (1996) The Munchkins of Oz. Cumberland House
 Green, Stanley (1999) Hollywood Musicals Year by Year (2nd ed.) Hal Leonard Corporation  pages 88–89.
 Raabe, Meinhardt and Kinske, Daniel (2005) Memories of a Munchkin: An Illustrated Walk Down the Yellow Brick Road. Back Stage Books \
 Scarfone, Jay and Stillman, William (2004) The Wizardry of Oz: The Artistry And Magic of the 1939 MGM Classic – Revised and Expanded. Applause Books
 Thomas, Rhys (1989) The Ruby Slippers of Oz. Tale Weaver Further reading'''

External links

 The Wizard of Oz essay by Peter Keough at National Film RegistryThe Wizard of Oz essay by Daniel Eagan in America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry'', A&C Black, 2010 , pp. 292–293 America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry

 The Wizard of Oz on Lux Radio Theater: December 25, 1950
 Character drawings for The Wizard of Oz, Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences

1939 films
1939 adventure films
1939 children's films
1939 fantasy films
1939 musical films
1930s color films
1930s English-language films
1930s fantasy adventure films
1930s musical fantasy films
3D re-releases
American children's adventure films
American children's fantasy films
American children's musical films
American comedy-drama films
American fantasy adventure films
American musical fantasy films
Children's comedy-drama films
Films about dreams
Films about lions
Films about magic and magicians
Films about tornadoes
Films about witchcraft
Films adapted into television shows
Films adapted into plays
Films based on American novels
Films based on children's books
Films based on fantasy novels
Films based on The Wizard of Oz
Films directed by Victor Fleming
Films scored by Herbert Stothart
Films set on farms
Films set in Kansas
Films partially in color
Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award
Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award
Films with screenplays by Edgar Allan Woolf
Films with screenplays by Florence Ryerson
Films with screenplays by Herman J. Mankiewicz
Films with screenplays by Noel Langley
IMAX films
Memory of the World Register
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
United States National Film Registry films
Warner Bros.
1930s American films

The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)


Bezirk Eimsbüttel er et af syv bezirke i den tyske bystat Hamborg. Det er hjemsted for Universität Hamburg samt Universitätsviertel (universitetskvarteret) i bydelen Rotherbaum.

Den sydøstlige del af bezirket er tæt bebygget med ældre etageejendomme. I bydelene Rotherbaum og Hervesterhude, er der villakvarterer i områder beliggende tæt på floden Alster. Bydelene Hoheluft-West og Eimsbüttel er populære urbane beboelsesområder på grund af deres nærhed til den indre by. Mod nordvest tilslutter bydelene Stellingen og Lokstedt sig med forstadsbyggeri, som i det fjerne, afbrudt af grønne områder, går over i byggerier med enfamiliehuse i bydelene Eidelstedt, Schnelsen og Niendorf.

Geografi
Bezirket grænser i øst op til Alster, i syd og sydvest udgøres grænsen af vejene Schröderstiftstraße, Kleiner Schäferkamp og Altonaer Straße, dernæst af Hamburg-Altona-forbindelsesjernbanen og det videre jernbaneforløb i retning mod nord. I nordøst grænses der op til lufthavnen Flughafen Hamburg. I nordvest grænses der op til delstaten Schleswig-Holstein.

Historie
Som bezirk har Eimsbüttel kun en kort historie. Den 21. september 1949 vedtog Hamborgs borgerskab Gesetz über die Bezirksverwaltung in der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg (lov om bezirkforvaltning i Hamborg), som trådte i kraft den 11. maj 1951. Bezirk Eimsbüttel blev oprettet samtidig med de seks andre bezirke i Hamborg, og navngivet efter bydelen Eimsbüttel. Dele af bezirket hørte tidligere til landkommuner i delstaten Schleswig-Holstein og til den tidligere selvstændige by Altona. Dermed har bezirket i modsætning til de tidligere preussiske storbyer Altona, Wandsbek og Harburg ingen samlet forhistorie. Derimod har bydelene, der udgør bezirket, forhistorier.

Bydelen Eimsbüttel, der har givet navn til bezirket, blev nævnt første gang i 1275 som Kerneimsbüttel, men blev først i 1884 overført fra Holstein til Hamborg. Meget senere fulgte de øvrige bydele. Indtil vedtagelsen af loven om Storhamborg fra 1937, var bydelene Stellingen og Eidelstedt således forstæder til Altona/Elbe. Lokstedt, Niendorf og Schnelsen udgjorde fra 1927 den udvidede kommune Gemeinde Lokstedt (tilhørende Kreis Pinneberg).

Natur
Eimsbüttel er et af de få bezirke i Hamborg, som ikke har naturbeskyttelsesområder. Kun i det nordlige Niendorf, ved grænsen til Schleswig-Holstein og direkte op til lufthavnens startbane 2, ligger landskabsbeskyttelsesområdet Ohmoor. På grund af sin beliggenhed uden for Hamborgs centrum, er der dog talrige større og mindre parker i bezirket.

Transport

Bil
Motorvejene A7/E45 og A23 løber gennem den vestlige del af bezirket. I 1960'erne blev motorvejen anlagt i Bezirk Eimsbüttel, som omfartsvej uden om Eidelstedts centrum, hvorigennem nord-syd-trafikken hidtil havde kørt. Efter åbningen af den nye Elbtunnel i 1975 og åbningen i 1978 af forbindelsen til den danske grænse, er den blevet en vigtig nord-syd-trafikforbindelse i Europa.

Tilkørslerne Hamburg-Stellingen, Hamburg-Schnelsen og Hamburg-Schnelsen-Nord til A7/E45, samt tilkørslen Hamburg-Eidelstedt til A23 ligger i bezirket. Motorvejen skal efter en planlagt udvidelse til otte spor, overdækkes i bydelene Stellingen (980 meter) og Schnelsen (560 meter), på grund af støjforurening. Oven på de overdækkede dele af motorvejen, skal der etableres grønne områder.

Jernbane
Bezirkets vigtigste jernbanestation til fjerntrafik er Bahnhof Hamburg Dammtor, der betjenes af Deutsche Bahn.

S-Bahn
Den 1. oktober 1907 blev de første elektriske tog taget i drift i Hamborg. Fra den 29. januar 1908 blev Hamburg-Altonaer Stadt- und Vorortbahn i hele sin længde udelukkende betjent af elektriske tog. Disse datoer anses for begyndelsen på Hamborgs S-Bahn (S-tog). S-Bahn berører hhv. gennemkører nu bezirket med linje S11, S21 og S31 på banegården Dammtor samt S3 og S21 ved stationerne Langenfelde, Stellingen, Eidelstedt og Elbgaustraße.

AKN
Banegården i Eidelstedt er den sydlige endestation for AKN (linje A1, strækningen Hamburg-Altona–Kaltenkirchen–Neumünster) til Kaltenkirchen. I bezirket er der desuden stationerne Eidelstedt Zentrum, Hörgensweg, Schnelsen og Burgwedel. Der er forbindelse med S-Bahn til Altona og til Jungfernstieg (S3) hhv. i retning mod Holstenstraße og Dammtor (S21). Kun få kørsler gennemføres direkte til hovedbanegården. Trafikministeriet i delstaten Schleswig-Holstein, planlægger på et tidspunkt at ombygge strækningen til S-Bahn.

U-Bahn
De første stationer i bezirket i Hamborgs U-Bahn (undergrundsbane) blev bygget i 1912. I 1913 blev forgreningsstrækningen Schlump-Christuskirche anlagt, og den fortsatte i 1914 til Hellkamp. Nu gennemløbes bezirket af linje U1 med stationerne Hallerstraße og Klosterstern, linje U2 fra Schlump til Niendorf Nord, samt linje U3 med stationerne Schlump og Hoheluftbrücke.

Bus
Bustrafikken drives primært af fire metrobuslinjer. Linje M4 forbinder den indre by med universitetet og fortsætter gennem bydelene Eimsbüttel og Stellingen til Eidelstedt. Linje M5 kører på store dele af sin rute i sin egen bane midt på vejene. M5 forbinder den indre by og Universitätsviertel med Lokstedt, Niendorf og Schnelsen. Linje M15 kommer fra Othmarschen og Altona og kører gennem Universitätsviertel til Alsterchaussee. Linje M22 kommer fra Blankenese og forbinder Stellingen og Lokstedt med Eppendorf. Desuden er der et antal bybuslinjer.

Buslinjerne drives af trafikselskaberne Hamburger Hochbahn (HHA) og Verkehrsbetriebe Hamburg-Holstein (VHH), der indgår i trafiksammenslutningen Hamburger Verkehrsverbund (HVV).

Eksterne henvisninger

 Bezirksamt Eimsbüttels hjemmeside

Kilder

Eimsbyttel

Bezirk Eimsbüttel


Broccoli 1994 yılında Japonya'da kurulmuş; manga, anime ve video oyunları üreten bir şirkettir.

2013 verilerine göre, Japonya'daki en büyük 157. şirkettir. Ayrıca, Japonya'daki en büyük 2. oyun şirketidir.

Kaynakça

Japonya merkezli medya şirketleri
Anime şirketleri
1994'te kurulan şirketler
Video oyunu şirketleri

Broccoli


Bocacara es una localidad y entidad local menor española del municipio de Ciudad Rodrigo, en la provincia de Salamanca, comunidad autónoma de Castilla y León. Se integra dentro de la comarca de Ciudad Rodrigo y la subcomarca del Campo de Yeltes. Pertenece al partido judicial de Ciudad Rodrigo.

Historia

La fundación de Bocacara se remonta a la repoblación efectuada por los reyes leoneses en la Edad Media, quedando integrado en la jurisdicción de Ciudad Rodrigo, dentro del Reino de León. Con la creación de las actuales provincias en 1833, Bocacara quedó encuadrado como municipio independiente en la provincia de Salamanca, dentro de la Región Leonesa y el partido judicial de Ciudad Rodrigo.

Así, fue en 1877 cuando Bocacara perdió su condición de municipio para integrarse en el de Ciudad Rodrigo, al que pertenece en la actualidad. En el último censo en que aparecía como un municipio independiente, el de 1860, Bocacara tenía 218 habitantes y 48 hogares.

Demografía
En 2019 Bocacara contaba con una población de 143 habitantes, de los cuales 73 eran varones y 70 mujeres (INE 2019).

Véase también
 Ciudad Rodrigo
 Comarca de Ciudad Rodrigo
 Provincia de Salamanca

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Ayuntamiento de Ciudad Rodrigo
 Bocacara en la página de los Pueblos de España

Bocacara
Bocacara
Bocacara
Ciudad Rodrigo

Bocacara


نادي خيريث (Xerez) هو نادي كرة قدم إسباني مقره في شريش بإقليم أندلسية. يلعب النادي حاليًا في دوري الدرجة الخامسة لكرة القدم الإسبانية.

تأسس النادي في 24 سبتمبر 1947، وكان أكبر نجاح للنادي في عام 2009 ، عندما تمكن من اللعب في الدوري الإسباني للمرة الأولى في موسم 2009-10. لكن خيريث أنهى في المركز الأخير وهبط. بعد عدة مواسم من المشاكل المالية، هبط الفريق في النهاية إلى الدرجة الخامسة بحلول عام 2016.

تشكيلة اللاعبين

أبرز المدربين

 نستور غوروسيتو
 بيرند شوستر
 كارلوس أريوي
 مانويل روز
 ايستيبان فيغو

المراجع

أندية الدوري الإسباني
أندية الدوري الإسباني الدرجة الثانية
خيريث
أندية كرة قدم في منطقة أندلوسيا
خيريث
فرق كرة سلة في منطقة أندلوسيا
فرق كرة السلة أسست في 2016

نادي خيريث


بلدية كولونغا (بالإسبانية: Colunga) هي بلدية تقع في منطقة أستورياس شمال غرب إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
بلغ عدد سكان بلدية كولونغا 3.735 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني للإحصاء الإسباني).

أعلام
 فرنسيسكو غراندي
 خافيير فيلا

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية كولونغا

بلديات أشتورية

كولونغا


An Devogelia intonsa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni André Schuiteman. An Devogelia intonsa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Devogelia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Devogelia

Devogelia intonsa


Roland I. Perusse (May 18, 1921 – July 27, 2007) was the author of Haitian Democracy Restored: 1991–1995, a book about the coup-to-democracy period in Haiti, a political history.

He was a Professor of Political Science at the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico.

References

American political scientists
1921 births
2007 deaths
Historians of Haiti
Writers from Massachusetts
20th-century political scientists

Roland Perusse


O desabamento de prédios na Muzema ocorreu no dia 12 de abril de 2019 na Muzema, no Rio de Janeiro, matando 24 pessoas.

Antecedentes
Três dias antes do evento, a região foi afetada por fortes tempestades, que provocaram diversos danos. A comunidade da Muzema, na zona oeste do Rio de Janeiro, tem uma grande presença de milícias que controlam vários negócios, incluindo construções de moradias ilegais e, usualmente, em condições precárias. Segundo o repórter Genilson Araújo, havia cerca de 60 prédios em construção na região, que é dominada por milícias.

Desabamentos
Dois prédios residenciais de quatro ou cinco andares, com obras incompletas, desabaram às 7h de 12 de abril de 2019 na Muzema. Ao menos quatro famílias moravam nos edifícios. A Prefeitura do Rio informou que as construções eram irregulares e chegaram a ser interditadas duas vezes. A área onde ocorreu o acidente foi isolada. Oito pessoas foram resgatadas com vida e 24 pessoas morreram.

Prédios em risco
O secretário municipal de Infraestrutura e Habitação, Sebastião Bruno, afirmou que três prédios adjacentes aos edifícios que ruíram foram interditados e teriam que ser demolidos. O município derrubou dois prédios, mas suspendeu a derrubada dos demais após prometer aos moradores locais que seria feita uma nova avaliação técnica sobre as construções. Seis meses depois, os prédios irregulares ao redor dos dois edifícios que desabaram continuavam de pé, e apenas no começo de outubro de 2019 a prefeitura do Rio determinou a demolição de seis deles.

Predios Muzema
Desastres em 2019
Desastres no estado do Rio de Janeiro
2019 no Rio de Janeiro

Desabamento de prédios na Muzema


Çevlik, Zonguldak ilinin Karadeniz Ereğli ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Daha önceleri Ramazanlı köyüne bağlı bir mahalle iken, buradan ayrılarak köy statüsü kazandı.

Coğrafya
Köy, Zonguldak il merkezine 75 km, Karadeniz Ereğli ilçe merkezine 27 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Karadeniz Ereğli belde ve köyleri

Çevlik, Karadeniz Ereğli


Bernie West est un scénariste, producteur de télévision et acteur américain né le  à New York et décédé le  à Beverly Hills en Californie.

Biographie

Filmographie

Scénariste
 1971-1975 : All in the Family (71 épisodes)
 1974 : Chico and the Man (1 épisode)
 1975-1985 : The Jeffersons (253 épisodes)
 1976 : The Dumplings (3 épisodes)
 1976-1984 : Vivre à trois (173 épisodes)
 1979-1980 : The Ropers (28 épisodes)
 1984-1985 : Three's a Crowd (22 épisodes)
 1987 : What a Country (1 épisode)
 2019 : Live in Front of a Studio Audience: Norman Lear's 'All in the Family' and 'The Jeffersons'

Producteur
 1974-1975 : All in the Family (24 épisodes)
 1975-1981 : The Jeffersons (135 épisodes)
 1976 : The Dumplings
 1976-1984 : Vivre à trois (172 épisodes)
 1979-1980 : The Ropers (28 épisodes)
 1984-1985 : Three's a Crowd (22 épisodes)

Acteur
 1958 : Comment épouser un millionnaire : Gil Johnson (1 épisode)
 1958 : The Phil Silvers Show : Sherwood (1 épisode)
 1959 : Winterset : The Radical
 1960 : The DuPont Show of the Month (1 épisode)
 1960 : Un numéro du tonnerre :  Joe Kitchell
 1961-1963 : Car 54, Where Are You? : Walter Gander et autres rôles (4 épisodes)
 1962 : Dixon of Dock Green : Terry Spike (1 épisode)
 1963 : The DuPont Show of the Week : Harry Fenn (1 épisode)
 1963 : Calamity Jane : Henry Miller
 1967 : Gomer Pyle: USMC : Wayne Henshaw (1 épisode)
 1969 : Arsenic et vieilles dentelles
 1972 : All in the Family : le réparateur (1 épisode)
 1986 : What's Happening Now! : Bernie (1 épisode)
 1987 : What a Country : Bernie (1 épisode)
 1965 : The Trials of O'Brien : Brody (1 épisode)

Notes et références

Liens externes

Acteur américain
Scénariste américain
Producteur américain de télévision
Naissance en mai 1918
Naissance à New York
Décès en juillet 2010
Décès à 90 ans
Décès à Beverly Hills

Bernie West