A penalty kick (commonly known as a penalty or a spot kick) is a method of restarting play in association football, in which a player is allowed to take a single shot at the goal while it is defended only by the opposing team's goalkeeper. It is awarded when an offence punishable by a direct free kick is committed by a player in their own penalty area. The shot is taken from the penalty spot, which is 11 m (12 yards) from the goal line and centred between the touch lines.

Procedure
The ball is placed on the penalty spot, regardless of where in the penalty area the foul occurred. The player taking the kick must be identified to the referee. Only the kicker and the defending team's goalkeeper are allowed to be within the penalty area; all other players must be within the field of play, outside the penalty area, behind the penalty mark, and a minimum of 9.15 m (10 yd) from the penalty mark (this distance is denoted by the penalty arc). The goalkeeper is allowed to move before the ball is kicked, but must remain on the goal-line between the goal-posts, facing the kicker, without touching the goalposts, crossbar, or goal net.  At the moment the kick is taken, the goalkeeper must have at least part of one foot touching, or in line with, the goal line. The assistant referee responsible for the goal line where the penalty kick is being taken is positioned at the intersection of the penalty area and goal line, and assists the referee in looking for infringements and/or whether a goal is scored.

The referee blows the whistle to indicate that the penalty kick may be taken. The kicker may make feinting (deceptive or distracting) movements during the run-up to the ball, but may not do so once the run-up is completed. The kick and the last step the kicker takes must be in motion. The ball must be stationary before the kick, and it must be kicked forward. The ball is in play once it is kicked and moves, and at that time other players may enter the penalty area and the penalty arc. The kicker may not touch the ball a second time until it has been touched by another player of either team or goes out of play (including into the goal).

Infringements

In case of an infringement of the laws of the game during a penalty kick, most commonly entering the penalty area illegally, the referee must consider both whether the ball entered the goal, and which team(s) committed the offence. If both teams commit an offence, a rekick is taken.

The following infringements committed by the kicking team result in an indirect free kick for the defending team, regardless of the outcome of the kick:
 a teammate of the identified kicker kicks the ball instead (the player who took the kick is cautioned)
 kicker feints kicking the ball at the end of the run-up (the kicker is cautioned)
 kick does not go forward
 kicker touches the ball a second time before it touches another player (includes rebounds off the goal posts or crossbar)

In the case of a player repeatedly infringing the laws during the penalty kick, the referee may caution the player for persistent infringement. All offences that occur before kick may be dealt with in this manner, regardless of the location of the offence.

If the ball touches an outside agent (i.e., an object foreign to the playing field) as it moves forward from the kick, the kick is retaken.

Tap penalty
A two-man penalty, or "tap" penalty, occurs when the kicker, instead of shooting for goal, taps the ball slightly forward so that a teammate can run on to it and shoot or pass. If properly executed, it is a legal play since the kicker is not required to shoot for goal and need only kick the ball forward. This strategy relies heavily on the element of surprise, as it first requires the goalkeeper to believe the kicker will actually shoot, then dive or move to one side in response. It then requires the goalkeeper to remain out of position long enough for the kicker's teammate to reach the ball before any defenders, and for that teammate to place a shot on the undefended side of the goal.

The first recorded tap penalty was taken by Jimmy McIlroy and Danny Blanchflower of Northern Ireland against Portugal on 1 May 1957. Another was taken by Rik Coppens and André Piters in the World Cup Qualifying match Belgium v Iceland on 5 June 1957. Another attempt was made by Mike Trebilcock and John Newman, playing for Plymouth Argyle in 1964. In 1982, Johan Cruyff passed to his Ajax team-mate Jesper Olsen, who then passed back, allowing Cruyff to tap in for a goal.

Arsenal players Thierry Henry and Robert Pires failed in an attempt at a similar penalty in 2005, during a Premier League match against Manchester City at Highbury. Pires ran in to take the kick, attempted to pass to the onrushing Henry, but miskicked and the ball hardly moved; as he had slightly touched the ball, he could not touch it again, and City defender Sylvain Distin cleared the ball before Henry could shoot.

Lionel Messi tapped a penalty for Luis Suárez as Suárez completed his hat-trick on 14 February 2016 against league opponents Celta de Vigo.

Saving tactics

"Reading" the kicker

Defending against a penalty kick is one of the most difficult tasks a goalkeeper can face. Owing to the short distance between the penalty spot and the goal, there is very little time to react to the shot. Because of this, the goalkeeper will usually start their dive before the ball is actually struck. In effect, the goalkeeper must act on their best prediction about where the shot will be aimed. Some goalkeepers decide which way they will dive beforehand, thus giving themselves a good chance of diving in time. Others try to read the kicker's motion pattern. On the other side, kickers often feign and prefer a relatively slow shot in an attempt to foil the goalkeeper. The potentially most fruitful approach, shooting high and centre, i.e., in the space that the goalkeeper will evacuate, also carries the highest risk of shooting above the bar.

As the shooter makes their approach to the ball, the goalkeeper has only a fraction of a second to "read" the shooter's motions and decide where the ball will go. If their guess is correct, this may result in a missed penalty. Helmuth Duckadam, Steaua București's goalkeeper, saved a record four consecutive penalties in the 1986 European Cup Final against Barcelona. He dived three times to the right and a fourth time to his left to save all penalties taken, securing victory for his team.

Use of knowledge of kicker's history
A goalkeeper may also rely on knowledge of the shooter's past behaviour to inform their decision. An example of this would be by former Netherlands national team goalkeeper Hans van Breukelen, who always had a box with cards with all the information about the opponent's penalty specialist. Ecuadorian goalkeeper Marcelo Elizaga saving a penalty from Carlos Tevez in a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier between Ecuador and Argentina, revealed that he had studied some penalty kicks from Tevez and suspected he was going to shoot to the goalkeeper's left side. Two other examples occurred during the 2006 FIFA World Cup:

 Portugal national team goalkeeper Ricardo in a quarter-final match against England, where he saved three penalties out of four.
 The quarter-final match between Argentina and Germany also came down to penalties, and German goalkeeper Jens Lehmann was seen looking at a piece of paper kept in his sock before each Argentinian player would come forward for a penalty kick. Lehmann had researched the penalty taking habits of seven players on the Argentinian team. However, only two players on his list ended up taking a penalty that day. On the attempts by those two players, Lehmann saved one and came close to saving the other. He then had to guess on Esteban Cambiasso's kick since he did not have any information written on his list about Cambiasso. However, he derived an educated guess from the videos he had studied and pretended to read the piece of paper and nodded his head before putting it away, implying to Cambiasso that he did in fact have information on the kicker. Lehmann guessed correctly and saved the penalty, thus winning the shootout for Germany. "Lehmann's list" became so popular in the annals of German football history that it is now in the Haus der Geschichte museum.

This approach may not always be successful; the player may intentionally switch from their favoured spot after witnessing the goalkeeper obtaining knowledge of their kicks. Most times, especially in amateur football, the goalkeeper is often forced to guess. Game theoretic research shows that both the penalty taker and also the goalkeeper must randomize their strategies in precise ways to avoid having the opponent take advantage of their predictability.

Distraction
The goalkeeper also may try to distract the penalty taker, as the expectation is on the penalty taker to succeed, hence more pressure on the penalty taker, making them more vulnerable to mistakes. For example, in the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final between Manchester United and Chelsea, United goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar pointed to his left side when Nicolas Anelka stepped up to take a shot in the penalty shoot out. This was because all of Chelsea's penalties went to the left. Anelka's shot instead went to Van der Sar's right, which was saved. Liverpool goalkeeper Bruce Grobbelaar used a method of distracting the players called the "spaghetti legs" trick to help his club defeat Roma to win the 1984 European Cup. This tactic was emulated in the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final, which Liverpool also won, by Liverpool goalkeeper Jerzy Dudek, helping his team defeat Milan.

An illegal method of saving penalties is for the goalkeeper to make a quick and short jump forward just before the penalty taker connects with the ball. This not only shuts down the angle of the shot, but also distracts the penalty taker. The method was used by Brazilian goalkeeper Cláudio Taffarel. FIFA was less strict on the rule during that time. In more recent times, FIFA has advised all referees to strictly obey the rule book.

Similarly, a goalkeeper may also attempt to delay a penalty by cleaning their boots, asking the referee to see if the ball is placed properly and other delaying tactics. This method builds more pressure on the penalty taker, but the goalkeeper may risk punishments, most likely a yellow card.

A goalkeeper can also try to distract the taker by talking to them prior to the penalty being taken. Netherlands national team goalkeeper Tim Krul used this technique during the penalty shootout in the quarter-final match of the 2014 FIFA World Cup against Costa Rica. As the Costa Rican players were preparing to take the kick, Krul told them that he "knew where they were going to put their penalty" in order to "get in their heads". This resulted in him saving two penalties and the Netherlands winning the shootout 4–3.

Argentine goalkeeper Emiliano Martínez is known for using mind games in shootouts, most notably when he talked to the Colombian players as they went to take their penalties in the 2021 Copa América semifinal, and throwing the ball away when Aurélien Tchouaméni was about to kick in the 2022 FIFA World Cup final.

Scoring statistics
Even if the goalkeeper succeeds in blocking the shot, the ball may rebound back to the penalty taker or one of their teammates for another shot, with the goalkeeper often in a poor position to make a second save. This makes saving penalty kicks more difficult. This is not a concern in penalty shoot-outs, where only a single shot is permitted.

While penalty kicks are considerably more often successful than not, missed penalty kicks are not uncommon: for instance, of the 78 penalty kicks taken during the 2005–06 English Premier League season, 57 resulted in a goal, thus almost 30% of the penalties were unsuccessful.

A German professor who has been studying penalty statistics in the German Bundesliga for 16 years found 76% of all the penalties during those 16 years went in, and 99% of the shots in the higher half of the goal went in, although the higher half of the goal is a more difficult target to aim at. During his career, Italian striker Roberto Baggio had two occurrences where his shot hit the upper bar, bounced downwards, rebounded off the keeper and passed the goal line for a goal.

Saving statistics

Some goalkeepers have become well known for their ability to save penalty kicks. One such goalkeeper is Diego Alves, who boasts a 49 per cent save success rate. Other goalkeepers with high save rates include Claudio Bravo, Kevin Trapp, Samir Handanović, Gianluigi Buffon, Tim Krul, Danijel Subašić, Sergio Goycochea, Sergio Romero, and Manuel Neuer.

Offences for which the penalty kick is awarded

A penalty kick is awarded whenever one of the following offences is committed by a player within that player's own penalty area while the ball is in play (the ball must be in play at the time of the offence, but it does not need to be within the penalty area at that time).

 handball (excluding handling offences committed by the goalkeeper)
 any of the following offences against an opponent, if committed in a manner considered by the referee to be careless, reckless or using excessive force:
 charges
 jumps at
 kicks or attempts to kick
 pushes
 strikes or attempts to strike (including head-butt)
 tackles or challenges
 trips or attempts to trip
 holding an opponent
 impeding an opponent with contact
 biting or spitting at someone
 throwing an object at the ball, an opponent or a match official, or making contact with the ball with a held object (the location of the offence is considered to be the position where the object struck or would have struck the person or the ball, or the nearest boundary line if this is off the field of play).
 any physical offence against a team-mate, substitute, substituted or sent-off player, team official or a match official
 a player who requires the referee's permission to re-enter the field of play, substitute, substituted player, sent-off player, or team official enters the field of play without the referee's permission, and interferes with play (A rare example of this offence occurred in an October 2019 match between Holstein Kiel and VfL Bochum: Kiel substitute Michael Eberwein, warming up behind his own team's goal-line, kicked the ball before it had gone out of play.  The referee awarded a penalty to Bochum after VAR review.)
 a player who requires the referee's permission to re-enter the field of play, substitute, substituted player, sent-off player or team official is on the field of play without the referee's permission while that person's team scores a goal (the goal is disallowed; the location of the offence is considered to be the location of the offender at the time the disallowed goal was scored).
 a player temporarily off the field of play, substitute, substituted player, sent-off player or team official throws or kicks an object onto the field of play, and the object interferes with play, an opponent, or a match official (the location of the offence is considered to be the place where the thrown or kicked object interfered with play, or struck or would have struck the opponent, match official or the ball).
A penalty kick is also awarded if, while the ball is in play, a player, substitute, substituted player, sent-off player or team official commits any direct free-kick offence against a match official or against an opposing player, substitute, substituted player, sent-off player, or team official outside the field of play, provided that the closest boundary line to the location of the offence is within the offending team's own penalty area.

History

Early proposals
The original laws of the game, in 1863, had no defined punishments for infringements of the rules. In 1872, the indirect free kick was introduced as a punishment for illegal handling of the ball; it was later extended to other offences. This indirect free-kick was thought to be an inadequate remedy for a handball which prevented an otherwise-certain goal. As a result of this, in 1882 a law was introduced to award a goal to a team prevented from scoring by an opponent's handball.  This law lasted only one season before being abolished in 1883.

Introduction of the penalty-kick

The invention of the penalty kick is credited to the goalkeeper and businessman William McCrum in 1890 in Milford, County Armagh. The Irish Football Association presented the idea to the International Football Association Board's 1890 meeting, where it was deferred until the next meeting in 1891.

Two incidents in the 1890–1 season lent additional force to the argument for the penalty kick.  On 20 December 1890, in the Scottish Cup quarter-final between East Stirlingshire and Heart of Midlothian Jimmy Adams fisted the ball out from under the bar, and on 14 February 1891, there was a blatant goal-line handball by a Notts County player in the FA Cup quarter-final against Stoke City

Finally after much debate, the International Football Association Board approved the idea on 2 June 1891. The penalty-kick law ran:
Some notable differences between this original 1891 law and today's penalty-kick are listed below:
 It was awarded for an offence committed within  of the goal-line (the penalty area was not introduced until 1902).
 It could be taken from any point along a line  from the goal-line (the penalty spot was likewise not introduced until 1902).
 It was awarded only after an appeal.
 There was no restriction on dribbling.
 The ball could be kicked in any direction.
 The goalkeeper was allowed to advance up to  from the goal-line.

The world's first penalty kick was awarded just 5 days after the change had been approved and introduced to the rules of the game by the Scottish Football Association. It was awarded to Airdrieonians against Royal Albert in the final of the Airdrie Charity Cup on 6 June 1891 at Airdrieonians' then home ground of Mavisbank Park. 15 minutes into the match. With the eventual spot-kick being buried past the Albert keeper. The first penalty kick in the Football League was awarded to Wolverhampton Wanderers in their match against Accrington at Molineux Stadium on 14 September 1891. The penalty was taken and scored by Billy Heath as Wolves went on to win the game 5–0.

Subsequent developments

In 1892, the player taking the penalty-kick was forbidden to kick the ball again before the ball had touched another player.  A provision was also added that "[i]f necessary, time of play shall be extended to admit of the penalty kick being taken".

In 1896, the ball was required to be kicked forward, and the requirement for an appeal was removed.

In 1902, the penalty area was introduced with its current dimensions (a rectangle extending  from the goal-posts).  The penalty spot was also introduced,  from the goal.  All other players were required to be outside the penalty area.

In 1905, the goalkeeper was required to remain on the goal-line.

In 1923, all other players were required to be at least  from the penalty-spot (in addition to being outside the penalty-area). This change was made in order to stop defenders from lining up on the edge of the penalty area to impede the player taking the kick.

In 1930, a footnote was appended to the laws, stating that "the goal-keeper must not move his feet until the penalty kick has been taken".

In 1937, an arc (colloquially known as the "D") was added to the pitch markings, to assist in the enforcement of the  restriction. The goalkeeper was required to stand between the goal-posts.

In 1939, it was specified that the ball must travel the distance of its circumference before being in play. In 1997, this requirement was eliminated: the ball became in play as soon as it was kicked and moved forward. In 2016, it was specified that the ball must "clearly" move.

In 1995, all other players were required to remain behind the penalty spot.  The Scottish Football Association claimed that this new provision would "eliminate various problems which have arisen regarding the position of players who stand in front of the penalty-mark at the taking of a penalty-kick as is presently permitted".

In 1997, the goalkeeper was once again allowed to move the feet, and was also required to face the kicker.

The question of "feinting" during the run-up to a penalty was popularized by Pelé in the 1970s and it was called paradinha, which in Portuguese means "little stop". It has occupied the International FA Board since 1982, when it was decided that "if a player stops in his run-up it is an offence for which he shall be cautioned (for ungentlemanly conduct) by the referee". However, in 1985 the same body reversed itself, deciding that the "assumption that feigning was an offence" was "wrong", and that it was up to the Referee to decide whether any instance should be penalized as ungentlemanly conduct. From 2000 to 2006, documents produced by IFAB specified that feinting during the run-up to a penalty-kick was permitted. In 2007, this guidance emphasized that "if in the opinion of the referee the feinting is considered an act of unsporting behaviour, the player shall be cautioned". In 2010, because of concern over "an increasing trend in players feinting a penalty kick to deceive the goalkeeper", a proposal was adopted to specify that while "feinting in the run-up to take a penalty kick to confuse opponents is permitted as part of football", "feinting to kick the ball once the player has completed his run-up is considered an infringement of Law 14 and an act of unsporting behaviour for which the player must be cautioned".

Summary

Offences for which a penalty kick was awarded
Since its introduction in 1891, a penalty kick has been awarded for two broad categories of offences:

 handball
 serious offences involving physical contact

The number of offences eligible for punishment by a penalty-kick, small when initially introduced in 1891, expanded rapidly thereafter. This led to some confusion: for example, in September 1891, a referee awarded a penalty kick against a goalkeeper who "[lost] his temper and [kicked] an opponent", even though under the 1891 laws this offence was punishable only by an indirect free-kick.

The table below shows the punishments specified by the laws for offences involving handling the ball or physical contact, between 1890 and 1903:

Since 1903, the offences for which a penalty kick is awarded within the defending team's penalty area have been identical to those for which a direct free kick is awarded outside the defending team's penalty area.  These consisted of handball (excluding technical handling offences by the goalkeeper), and foul play, with the following exceptions (which were punished instead by an indirect free kick in the penalty area):

 Dangerous play (since 1903)
 Obstructing / impeding the progress of an opponent (1951–2016) and impeding an opponent without contact (from 2016)
 Charging when not attempting to play the ball (1948-1997)

See also
 Penalty shoot-out (association football)
 Panenka (penalty kick)

References

External links

History of Laws of the Game – From 1863 to the Present Day
Penalty Kick Games
2014 Irish Examiner article by Dr R Hume

Laws of association football
Kick (association football)
Association football skills
Association football terminology
Articles containing video clips
Sports penalties

Penalty kick (association football)


Wormanium, Institut for kulturhistorisk oplysning er en selvejende institution, der blandt andet udgiver tidsskriftet Skalk men tillige har stået for udgivelse af bøger og salg af kopier af genstande m.m. Wormanium blev stiftet i 1966.

Wormanium havde oprindeligt til huse i Forhistorisk Museum i Århus, men i 1969 flyttede institutionen ud til et nybygget hus på Jelshøjvej i Højbjerg ved Skåde.

Litteratur
 Harald Andersen: "Skalkenes Skalk" (Skalk 1981 Nr. 6; s. 26-29)

Kulturhistorie
Forlag fra Danmark
Etableret i 1966

Wormianum


Naoki Kuriyama (født 8. december 1990) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Montedio Yamagata.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Naoki Kuriyama


Gouviães Portekiz'de Tarouca belediyesine bağlı olan, 2,62 km2; yüzölçümüne sahip, 481 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

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•	භෞතික විද්‍යාවේ දී ශක්ති සංස්ථිති නියමයෙන් ප්‍රකාශ කරනුයේ ඒකලිත පද්ධතියක සම්පුර්ණ ශක්තිය නියතයක් බවත්    පුණර්ජනනය කළ නොහැකි බවත් ,  නමුත් වෙනත් ශක්ති ප්‍රභේදයකට පරිවර්තනය කළ හැකි බවත්ය. (උදා :- ඝර්ෂණය චාලක ශක්තිය තාප ශක්තිය බවට හරවයි.) තාප ගති විද්‍යාවේ පළමු නියමයෙන්ද ප්‍රකාශ වන්නේ ශක්ති සංස්ථිතියයි. වඩාත් කෙටියෙන් ශක්ති සංස්ථිති නියමය ප්‍රකා‍ශ කරන්නේ ශක්තිය මැවීමට හෝ විනාශ කිරීමට නොහැකි බවත් වෙනත් ප්‍රභේද බවට පරිවර්තනය කිරීම පමණක් කළ හැකි බවත්ය.

ඉතිහාසය

මිලේටස් හි තේල්ස් (Thales of Miletus ) වැනි ආදි කාලීන දාර්ශනිකයන්ට ද සියලු දේ සෑදී ඇති යම් නොදන්නා ද්‍රවයක සංස්ථිතිකතාව පිළිබද සැක ඇතිවී තිබිණි. කෙසේ නමුත් අද අප 'ස්කන්ධ - ශක්තිය' ලෙස හදුනාගෙන ඇති මෙය හදුනාගැනීමට තරම් සාධක නොමැත. (උදාහරණ ලෙස තේල්ස් Thales සිතුවේ එය ජලය යයි කියාය.) 1638 දී ගැලීලියෝ විසින් විභව ශක්තිය චාලක ශක්තිය බවටත් නැවත විභව ශක්තිය බවටත් සංස්ථිතිකව පත්වන බව විස්තර කරමින් පැහැදිලි කළ හැකි අවලම්භය ඇතුළු සිද්ධි ගණනාවක විශ්ලේෂණ ඉදිරිපත් කළේය. කෙසේ නමුත් ගැලීලියෝ නුතන ආකාරයෙන් එය ප්‍රකාශ නොකළ නිසා පැසසුම් ලැබිය නොහැකි විය. 1676 – 1689 කාලයේ දී ගොට්ෆ්‍රයිඩ් විල්හෙල්ම් ලිබ්නිස් (Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz) මුල්වරට චලිතය හා බැදුණු ශක්තිය (චාලක ශක්තිය) ගණිතමය සුත්‍රයක් ආධාරයෙන් ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලදී. බෙ‍ාහෝමයක් යාන්ත්‍රික පද්ධති සදහා (Vi  ප්‍රවේගයෙන් යුත් විවිධ ස්කන්ධ mi )

ස්කන්ධ අන්තර්ක්‍රියා නොකරනතාක් සංස්ථිතික බව නිරීක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. ඔහු මෙම සංරචකය පද්ධතිය ජීව බලය හෙවත්  Vis Viva ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී. මෙම නියමය ඝර්ෂණය නැතිවිට ශක්තිය බොහෝ දුරට සංස්ථිතිය යන නිවැරදි අරුත ගෙන හැර දැක්වීය. බොහෝමයක් භෞතිකඥ විද්‍යාඥයන්  ඝර්ෂණයක් ඇති පද්ධතියක වුවද ගම්‍යතාව සංස්ථිතික බව,

යන්න සංස්ථිතික බව මගින් අර්ථ දැක්වූහ. සුදුසු තත්ව යටතේ දී  අංශ දෙකම වෙන වෙනම සංස්ථිතිකවන බව පසුව සොයාගන්නා ලදී. (ප්‍රත්‍යාස්ථ ගැටුම් වැනි)

Leibniz's  භාවිතා කරන John Smeaton , Peter Ewart , Karl Hotzmann ,Gustave Adolphe Hirn හා  Marc Seguin  වැනි විද්‍යාඥයින් ගම්‍යතා සංස්ථිතිය පමණක් ප්‍රායෝගික ගණනය කිරීම්වලට ප්‍රමාණවත් නොවන බව පෙන්වා දුන්හ. මෙය නියමය William Hyde Wallaston   වැනි රසායනඥයින් ද භාවිතා කළහ. ජෝන් ප්ලේෆෙයාර් වැනි විද්වතුන් චාලක ශක්තිය සංස්ථිතික නොවන බව මුලින්ම පැවසූ අය අතර වෙති.  තාපගති විද්‍යාවේ දෙවන නියමය මත පදනම් වූ නවීන විශ්ලේෂණයක් මගින් මෙය වඩාත් පැහැදිලි විය. නමුත් 18 හා 19 වන සියවස් වන විටත් හානිවන ස්කන්ධයට සිදුවන දෙය රහසක්ව පැවතුණි. ඝර්ෂණය යටතේ චලිතයේ දී හටගන්නා තාපය Vis Viva  හි තවත් ආකාරයක් බවට ක්‍රමයෙන් සැක මතු විය.  1783 දී ඇන්ටොයින් ලැවෝෂියර් හා පියරේ සයිමන් ලප්ලාස්  Vis Viva හි තරගකාරී සිද්ධාන්ත දෙක සහ ක්ලැරික් (Caloric) සිද්ධාන්තය නැවත ඉදිරිපත් කළහ. 1798 දී කවුන්ට් රම්ෆර්ඩ් කාලතුවක්කු ක්‍රියාත්මක වීමේදී තාපය ජනනය වන බව නිරීක්ෂණය යාන්ත්‍රික ශක්තිය තාපය බවට පරිවර්තනය කළ හැකි බවත් එය ප්‍රමාණාත්මක හා අනුමාන කළ හැකි බවත් යන අදහස වඩාත් තහවුරු කරලීය.(චාලක ශක්තිය හා තාපය අතර සාර්වත්‍ර ස්ථිතික නියතයට මග පාදමින්) 1807 දී තොමස් යන්ග් විසින් ශක්තිය යන වචනය මුලින්ම යොදා පසු ගැනීමෙන් පසු දැන් Vis Viva ශක්තිය ලෙස හැදින්වේ.

Vis Viva

ලෙස  වෙනස් වන්නේ 1819 – 1839 කාලයේදී  Gaspard – Gustave Coriolis හා  Jean - Victor Poncelet  විසින් සිදුකළ කාර්යන්ගේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙසය. පළමු වැන්නා  කාර්ය auantité de travail (කාර්යය ප්‍රමාණය)  හා දෙවැන්නා travail mécanique   (යාන්ත්‍රික කාර්යය) ප්‍රකාශයට පත්කළ අතර දෙදෙනාම ඉංජිනේරුමය ගණනය කිරීම්වල දී ඒවායේ භාවිතා ඉතා හොදින් සිදු කරන ලදී.

1837 දී Zeitschrit fürPhysik දී ප්‍රකාශිත Über die Natur der Wärme,  පුවත්පතකින් කාල් ෆෙඩ්රික්  මෝ ශක්ති සංස්ථිති සිද්ධාන්තය පිළිබද මුල්ම වාචික ප්‍රකාශනය සිදු කිළේය. 'දන්නා රසායනික මුලද්‍රව්‍ය 54 හැරුණු කොට භෞතික ලොකයේ තවත් එක් කාරකයක් ඇති අතර එය ක්‍රාෆ්ට් (Kraft) ලෙස හදුන්වනු ලබයි. (ශක්තිය හෝ කාර්යය) එය චලිතය, රසායනික බන්ධන , සංශක්තිය , විදුලිය , ආලෝකය හා චුම්භකත්වය ලෙස පැවතිය හැකි අතර මේ ඕනෑම ප්‍රභේදයක් අනෙක් ප්‍රභේදයක් බවට පරිවර්තනය විය හැකිය'.

නුතන සංස්ථිතික නියමය දියුණු වීමට ප්‍රධාන හේතුවක් වූයේ තා‍පයේ යාන්ත්‍රික සමකය විදහා දැක්වීමය. තාපය මැවීමට හෝ විනාශ කිරීමට නොහැකි බව caloric සිද්ධාන්තය මගින් කියා සිටියත් ශක්ති සංස්ථිතියට තාපය හා යාන්ත්‍රික කාර්ය අන්තර් හුවමාරු කළ හැකිය යන විරුද්ධ න්‍යාය අයත් වෙයි.

යාන්ත්‍රික සමකතා න්‍යාය ප්‍රථමවරට එහි නූතන ආකාරයෙන් ඉදිරිපත් කළේ ජර්මන් ජාතික ශල්‍ය වෛද්‍යවරයෙකු වූ ජුලියස් රොබර්ට් වොන් මේයර් ඔහුගේ තීරණයට පැමි‍ණියේ නැගෙනහිර මිලනද දුපත්වලට යන සංචාරයක් අතරය. ඔහුගේ රෝගියාගේ  රුධිරය තද රතු පැහැ බව ඔහු සොයා ගත්තේය. එසේ වී ඇත්තේ උණුසුම් පරිසර තුළ ඔවුන්ගේ ශරීර උෂ්ණත්වය පවත්වා ගැනීමට අඩු ඔක්සිජන් ප්‍රමාණයක් පරිභෝජනයයි. එමගින් අඩු ශක්ති පරි‍භෝජනය. තාපය හා යාන්ත්‍රික කාර්ය යන දෙකම ශක්ති විශේෂ බව  සොයාගත් ඔහු පසුව භෞතික විද්‍යාව පිළිබඳ ඔහුගේ දැණුම වැඩි කරගත් පසු එම දෙක අතර ප්‍රමාණාත්මක සම්බන්ධතාවක් ගොඩ නැංවීය.

ඒ අතරතුර 1843 දී ජේම්ස් ප්‍රෙස්කොට් ජූල් පර්යේෂණ පෙළක් හරහා තනිවම යාන්ත්‍රික සමකය  සොයාගන්නා ලදී. මෙයින් වඩාත්ම ප්‍රසිද්ධ දැන් ජූල්  උපකරණය ලෙස හදුන්වන දෙයයි. තන්තුවකට ඈදා ඇති පහළට චලනයවන ස්කන්ධයක් ජලය තුළ ඇති පැඩලයක් භ්‍රමණයට සලස්වයි. පහළට චලනයවන ස්කන්ධ නිසා හානිවන ගුරුත්වාකාර්ෂණ විභව ශක්තිය පැඩලය සමග ඝර්ෂණය නිසා ජලය මගින් ලබා ගන්නා තාප ශක්තියට සමාන  බව ඔහු පෙන්වා දෙන ලදී.

1840 – 1843 කාලය තුළ ලඩ්විග් ඒ. කෝල්ඩින්ග් විසින් මේ හා සමාන කර්තව්‍යයක්  සිදු කළත් ඔහුගේ උපන් රට වූ ඩෙන්මාර්කයෙන් පිට ඒවා එතරම් ප්‍රචලිත නොවීය.

ජූල්ගේ හා මේයර්ගේ වැඩ කටයුතු බාධක හා නොසලකා හැරීම්වලින් පහර කෑමට ලක් වුවද , සමහර විටෙක අසාධාරණව වඩා පළිගැනීම ලැබු‍ණේ ජූල්ටය.

ප්‍රමුඛතාව සදහා මේයර් හා ජූල් අතර තරගය සදහා තාපයේ යාන්ත්‍රික සමකය ප්‍රමුඛතාව බලන්න.

1844 දී විලියම් රොබර්ට් ගෘව් යාන්ත්‍රිකය ,තාපය , ආලෝකය , විදුලිය හා චුම්භකත්වය එකම තනි බලයක් (නුතන වචන වලින් ශක්තිය) විදහා දැක්වීම් සේ ප්‍රකාශ කර ඒවා අතර සම්බන්ධයක් ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. ගෘව් ඔහුගේ  සිද්ධාන්ත  'The Correlation of Physical force'  නැමැති කෘතිය හරහා එලි  දැක්වීය. 1847 දී ජූල්ගේ ක්‍රියාමත පදනම්ව Sadi Carnot හා එමලි ක්ලැපෙයිරන් ,  Hermann Von Helmholtz  ගෘව්ගේ   අදහසට සමාන නිගමනයකට පැමිණි එම සිද්ධාන්ත Über die Erha….ung   නැමැති කෘතිය හරහා එලි දැක්වීය. (1847 දී බලය පිළිබද සාකච්චා මත) නියමයේ නුතන පිළිගැනීම ශක්තිමත් වුණේ මෙම ප්‍රකාශනය හරහාය.

1877 දී පීටර් ගුත්‍රී ටෙයිට් , සර් අයිසැක් නිවුටන් විසින් Philosophiae Naturalis Pricipia Mathematica   හි 40 හා 41 වන වාක්‍යය මත පදනම්ව නියමය මුලින්ම ඉදිරිපත් කළ බව පැවසීය. වර්තමානයේ දී මෙය සලකනු ලබන්නේ 'විග්` (1688 ව්‍යවස්ථා සංශෝධන කාණ්ඩය) ඉතිහාසයක උදාහරණයක් ලෙසයි.

ආශ්‍රිත

 Energy quality
 Energy transformation
 Lagrangian mechanics
 Laws of thermodynamics
 Zero-energy universe

මූලාශ්‍ර

Energy (physics)
Laws of thermodynamics
සංස්ථිති නියම
භෞතික විද්‍යාව

ශක්ති සංස්ථිති නියමය


Robert I. Veličanstveni (Robert the Magnificent, Robert le Magnifique) (22. lipnja 1000. – 1.-3. srpnja 1035.), vojvoda od Normandije (1027. – 1035.).

Mlađi sin Rikarda II. i otac Vilima I.

Nakon smrti oca (1026.), Robert se borio za vojvodstvo sa svojim starijim bratom i legalnim nasljednikom Rikardom III. Nakon Rikardove smrti, Robert je posato jak vladar. Uspio je dobiti poslušnost svojih podanika, iako je proširio koncesije lena sa svojih vojvodskih posjeda i uzurpiranu crkvenu imovinu dao novim i nižim redovima nemirnih plemića. Nakon smrti kralja Roberta II. Pobožnog (1031.), nastala je kriza nasljeđivanja u Francuskoj. Robert je dao svoju podršku Henriku I. protiv njegovog mlađeg brata. Kao nagradu zahtijevao je i dobio je, navodno s Henrikovim dopuštenjem, Vexin Français, područje nedaleko sjeverno od Pariza. Kao zaštitnik pokreta reforme samostana, umro je vraćajući se s hodočašća iz Jeruzalema, 1. – 3. srpnja 1035. kod Niceje.

Poveznice
 Normani
 Normanska dinastija
 Vojvodstvo Normandija

Izvori
Britanicca.com - Robert I duke of Normandy

Normanska dinastija

Robert I., vojvoda Normandije


UFT may stand for:

 Upper fibers of trapezius
 Unified field theory, a theory in physics
 United Faculty of Theology in Melbourne, Victoria
 United Federation of Teachers, a New York union
 Universidade Federal do Tocantins, a Brazilian university
 Finis Terrae University (Universidad Finis Terrae), a Chilean university
 Tegafur/uracil, a chemotherapy drug used in the treatment of cancer
 Ultimate Family Tree, a discontinued genealogy program from Ancestry.com
 Micro Focus Unified Functional Testing, a testing and quality assurance software solution

UFT


Jean-Pierre Papin (d. 5 Kasım 1963, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Fransa), Fransız eski millî futbolcudur.

Club Brugge, Marseille, Milan, Bayern Münih, Bordeaux ve Guingamp formaları giymiştir.

Marseille takımında gösterdiği performans ile kulübün efsanevi oyuncuları arasına girmiş ve Joueur du Siècle (asrın futbolcusu) olarak adlandırılmıştır. Marseille formasını 254 kez giymiş ve 157 gol atmıştır. 1988 ve 1992 yılları arasında 5 kez üst üste Fransa Ligi Ligue 1'in gol kralı olmuştur.

1991 yılında Avrupa Yılın Futbolcu Ödülü'nü kazandı. Bu sayede Fransa Ligi'nde oynarken bu unvanı alan tek oyuncu olmuştur.

Papin, Fransa millî futbol takımı ile 1986-1995 yılları arasında 54 kez millî olmuş ve 30 gol atmıştır. 38 gol ile hâlen Avrupa kupalarında en çok gol atmış Fransız futbolcudur. Yine 28 gol ile Fransa'da UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi'nin en çok atan oyuncudur.

Aktif futbolu bıraktıktan sonra teknik direktörlük yapmaya başlamıştır.

Başarılar

 UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi : 1994 AC Milan
 UEFA Kupası : 1996 Bayern Münih
 Ligue 1 : 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992 Marseille
 Serie A : 1993, 1994 AC Milan
 Supercoppa Italiana 1992 AC Milan
 Beker van België : 1986 Bruges
 Coupe de France : 1989 Marseille
 Kirin Kupası : 1994
 Olimpiyat Oyunları: 1984 Altın madalya
 Fransız'da yılın golcüsü: 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992
 Fransa'da yılın futbolcusu : 1989, 1991
 Ballon d'Or : 1991
 Onze d'or : 1991
 FIFA 100 oyuncu ödülü

1963 doğumlular
Fransız futbolcular
Fransa millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
1986 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
1992 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası futbolcuları
Papin, Jean-Pierre
Club Brugge KV futbolcuları
Olympique de Marseille futbolcuları
Valenciennes FC futbolcuları
AC Milan futbolcuları
FC Bayern München futbolcuları
FC Girondins de Bordeaux futbolcuları
En Avant de Guingamp futbolcuları
Almanya'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
İtalya'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
Belçika'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
Fransız teknik direktörler
RC Strasbourg teknik direktörleri
Yaşayan insanlar
RC Lens teknik direktörleri
Ligue 1 futbolcuları
Avrupa'da Yılın Futbolcusu Ödülü sahipleri
Ligue 1 teknik direktörleri
Forvet futbolcular
Serie A futbolcuları
Bundesliga futbolcuları
UEFA Kupası'nı kazanan futbolcular
World Soccer Dergisi Dünya'da Yılın Futbolcusu Ödülü sahipleri
Pro League futbolcuları
Légion d'honneur şövalyeleri
LB Châteauroux teknik direktörleri
Ligue 2 futbolcuları
UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi'ni kazanan futbolcular

Jean-Pierre Papin


En bande er en gruppe af personer med et identificerbart formål, ledelse og intern organisation, som identificerer sig med eller hævder kontrol over et territorium i et fællesskab, og kan indeholde individuelt eller kollektivt ulovlig eller voldelig adfærd. Blandt de forskellige typer af bander kan nævnes rockerbander og indvandrerbander.

Bande


João Luiz Almeida da Silva (Rio de Janeiro, 29 de junho de 1972) é um político brasileiro filiado ao Republicanos. Atualmente, cumpre seu segundo mandato como deputado estadual do Amazonas.

Trajetória política
Em 2 de outubro de 2016, João foi eleito vereador da cidade de Manaus pelo então Partido Republicano Brasileiro (PRB). Com 100% das urnas eletrônicas apuradas, ele recebeu 13.978 votos ou 1,36% dos votos válidos, sendo o mais votado do pleito.

Em 7 de outubro de 2018, foi eleito deputado estadual do Amazonas pelo PRB. Após a apuração, ele recebeu 25.858 votos ou 1,46% dos votos válidos, sendo o 13º candidato com maior número de votos do Amazonas.

Em 2 de outubro de 2022, João Luiz foi reeleito deputado estadual do Amazonas pelo Republicanos. Ao fim da eleição, ele recebeu 44.940 votos ficando em 6º lugar.

História

João Luiz Almeida da Silva é apresentador, radialista, palestrante e graduado em gestão pública. Foi eleito como vereador de Manaus mais votado para a 17ª legislatura da Câmara Municipal de Manaus (CMM), com 13.978 votos, em 2016. Em sua primeira eleição para a Assembleia Legislativa do Estado do Amazonas (Aleam) obteve 25.858 votos. Nas eleições de 2022, João Luiz obteve 44.940 votos nas urnas da capital e do interior do Estado.

Câmara Municipal

Em seu primeiro ano no parlamento municipal, foi presidente da Comissão de Esporte (Comesp), da Câmara Municipal de Manaus, criou o projeto de resolução para a criação da Frente Parlamentar de Enfrentamento às Fakes News, instituiu o Dia do Ciclista (25 de Agosto), entre outros projetos de lei em tramitação voltados para a valorização das pessoas, visando o bem-estar e qualidade de vida da população.

Secretário Municipal

No Executivo Municipal, foi titular da Secretaria Municipal de Juventude, Esporte e Lazer (Semjel) por dez meses, tendo reativado a Corrida Cidade de Manaus, Jogos Amistosos Indígenas, Olimpíada da Terceira Idade, entre outros eventos.

Título de Cidadão

Amazonense de carteirinha, João Luiz recebeu o título de Cidadão do Amazonas, concedido pela Assembleia Legislativa do Amazonas (Aleam) e o Diploma de Cidadão de Manaus, pela Câmara Municipal de Manaus (CMM).

Oriundo de família humilde e criado na periferia, aprendeu desde cedo a superar os desafios da vida e sentir na pele a dor e a necessidade das pessoas carentes. Desempenhou importante atividade social dentro de penitenciárias e hospitais, levando possibilidade de mudança de vida e esperança à população carcerária.

Defesa do Consumidor

Na Assembleia Legislativa do Estado do Amazonas, durante a 19ª Legislatura foi presidente da Comissão de Defesa do Consumidor e da Frente Parlamentar Cristã.

João Luiz também é criador da lei que proíbe as concessionárias de serviços públicos de água e energia elétrica de efetuar o corte do fornecimento residencial dos serviços, por falta de pagamento, em período pandêmico no Amazonas.

Criou o Núcleo de Apoio ao Superendividado na CDC/ALEAM, que conta com uma cooperação técnica com o Tribunal de Justiça do Amazonas (TJAM), e outros órgãos do Estado.

Também criou a "Nova Lei das Filas", que ganhou destaque nacional; a lei que proíbe as instituições de ofertar empréstimos por telefone aos aposentados; a que dispõe sobre a obrigatoriedade de as operadoras de serviços de telefonia fixa e móvel e as operadoras de TV por assinatura a manterem estabelecimento físico nas regiões do Estado do Amazonas, além de fazer indicação para redução do Imposto sobre Circulação de Mercadorias e Serviços (ICMS) aos combustíveis, que foi acatado pelo Governo do Estado.

Leis para mulheres

Como parlamentar, criou leis importantes para o Estado do Amazonas voltadas às mulheres entre elas, a que veda, no estado a nomeação para cargos em comissão de pessoas que tenham sido condenadas com base na Lei Maria da Penha; a que prioriza a inclusão da mulher vítima de violência doméstica nos programas de geração de emprego e renda gerenciados ou financiados pelo Governo do Estado do Amazonas; a que cria a semana estadual de conscientização, prevenção e proteção dos direitos das pessoas vítimas de escalpelamento e a que dispõe sobre a obrigatoriedade de bares, restaurantes e casas noturnas adotarem medidas de auxílio à mulher que se sinta em situação de risco.

O parlamentar sugeriu ainda a criação do site Maria da Penha Online no combate a violência contra as mulheres no Amazonas, que foi aprovada no plenário Ruy Araújo em 2023 e está esperando sanção do Governo do Amazonas.

Esportes

Em maio de 2022, o Governo do Amazonas lançou o Programa  Bolsa Esporte Estadual, por meio da indicação do deputado estadual João Luiz, onde dispõe o anteprojeto de lei sobre o programa Bolsa Esporte (Bolsa atleta) para dar condições necessárias para que atletas do Amazonas possam se dedicar ao treinamento esportivo e participar de competições que permitam o desenvolvimento de suas carreiras.

O parlamentar destinou diversas emendas para melhoria de campos de futebol, quadra poliesportivas, cobertura de arquibancadas, construção de campo de futebol e dentre outros projetos esportivos.

Entre o destaque está o Projeto Esporte e Lazer na Capital e Interior (Pelci) indicativo do deputado João Luiz ao governador Wilson Lima.

Respirar

João Luiz indicou o anteprojeto ao Governo Amazonas sobre o RespirAR para que o programa vire uma política pública permanente no estado. O programa foi um marco para o Estado do Amazonas durante a pandemia de Covid-19, e é uma política pública importante para o tratamento de pessoas que tiveram sequelas da Covid-19. O programa, que também é indicativo do deputado João Luiz virou referência nacional e internacional para a comunidade científica, sendo debatido na Universidade Coimbra, em Portugal, citado em painel da da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) e recebendo a visita de representantes da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e Ministério da Saúde.

Educação

O deputado João Luiz modernizou escolas na capital e interior do estado, através de emenda parlamentar. Também por internação dele conseguiu inaugurar com o governador Wilson Lima a Escola Estadual Terezinha de Almeida, no bairro Alvorada, zona centro-Oeste de Manaus, uma unidade ensino moderna para a região Norte. Destinou emendas para a reconstrução de quadras poliesportivas, computadores de informática, televisões e ar-condicionados, além de encaminhar diversos requerimentos para melhoria de unidades de ensino.

Saúde

O parlamentar conseguiu por meio de emenda destinar um tomógrafo para Humaitá, fábrica e cilindros de oxigênio durante o período crítico da pandemia na capital e interior do estado. Conseguiu equipar unidades de saúde: policlínicas, Serviços de Pronto Atendimento, Caics e dentre outros.

Agricultura

Fortificou a agricultura no estado do Amazonas, principalmente a cafeeira no município de Silves. O deputado João Luiz destinou materiais: kits pesca e agricultura, casa de farinha, motor de polpa e dentre outros para diversos municípios.

Reabertura de templos

É criador e da lei que autoriza a reabertura de igrejas e templos no Amazonas em período de pandemia.

Assistência Social

João Luiz é autor da Lei Nº 5.894, de 19 de maio de 2022, que institui a Força Estadual do Sistema Único de Assistência Social (FESUAS), que consiste na cooperação entre os poderes Executivos do Estado e Federal, além de entes federados e organizações da sociedade civil, que são voltados à execução de ação de prevenção, mitigação, preparação, resposta e recuperação às situações de agravos sociais.

Dados

Ao longo da 19ª Legislatura, o deputado estadual João Luiz, por meio da Frente Parlamentar Cristã, realizou mais de 10 mil atendimentos, através do Basta: Autolesão, Depressão e Suicídio, fez mais de 5 mil atendimentos com a Comissão de Defesa do Consumidor da Aleam, na Casa Legislativa também produziu 1975, 115 Projetos de Lei, sendo que 77 viraram Leis no Estado do Amazonas, fez 242 Indicações ao Governo e diversos trabalhos em prol da população amazonense.

Política Nacional

Em 2022, João Luiz foi conduzido à presidência da Secretaria de Cuidado, Prevenção à Depressão, Suicídio e Drogas da União Nacional dos Legisladores e Legislativos (Unale), que em 2023 mudou de nome para Comissão de Prevenção à Depressão e Drogas da Unale.

Em Brasília, em janeiro de 2023, o deputado João Luiz foi reconduzido à Comissão de Prevenção à Depressão e Drogas da Unale e foi conduzido na 20ª Legislatura para ser o novo Secretário-Geral da Assembleia Legislativa do Estado do Amazonas, além de ser o atual presidente da Comissão de Promoção ao Desporto e Defesa dos Direitos das Crianças, Adolescentes e Jovens do Poder Legislativo do Estado do Amazonas.

Por meio da Comissão de Prevenção à Depressão e Drogas da União Nacional dos Legisladores e Legislativos Estaduais (Unale), o deputado João Luiz  realizou em conjunto com o secretário da comissão, deputado do Rio Grande do Sul, Elizandro Sabino e o vice-presidente de Assuntos Sociais da comissão, deputado do Paraná, Alexandre Amaro, o 2º Simpósio Prevenção é Solução, na Câmara Municipal de Santa Cruz do Sul (RS). O parlamentar levou a ação Basta: Autolesão, Depressão e Suicídio para o município de Venâncio Aires (RS), local que tem a maior taxa de suicídios do Brasil entre todas as cidades com mais de 50 mil habitantes, de acordo com dados do Ministério da Saúde.

Política Internacional

O deputado estadual João Luiz (Republicanos), em 2022, reuniu-se com o cônsul-geral do Japão em Manaus, Masahiro Ogino, onde conversou sobre políticas públicas que fortalecem cada vez mais o Estado do Amazonas, beneficiando as áreas da economia, educação e tecnologia.

João Luiz também tem buscado propostas para as áreas da educação e tecnologia ao Estado do Amazonas com a Coreia do Sul, o indicativo do parlamentar ao Governo do Amazonas, o Projeto RespirAR foi destaque na Universidade de Coimbra, em Portugal, no 31º Encontro Internacional da Associação das Universidades de Língua Portuguesa (AULP), além de receber reconhecimento da Organização Mundial de Saúde.

Em 2022, o deputado estadual João Luiz foi citado no painel da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS): Webinário "Cuidando de pacientes com condição pós-COVID-19". também por causa do Projeto RespirAR ao Governo do Amazonas.

Em janeiro de 2023, João Luiz foi agraciado com a Medalha e Certificado da Cruz do Mérito da Fraterna Integração Brasil e a China nesta quinta-feira (26), durante a Cerimônia Solene Mérito Sino-Brasileiro, que aconteceu no auditório Nereu Ramos, no Anexo II, da Câmara dos Deputados, em Brasília.

O deputado estadual João Luiz foi conduzido, em fevereiro de 2023, à Coordenadoria Regional do Amazonas no Bloco Brasileiro da União de Parlamentares Sul Americanos e do Mercosul (UPM). Em maio deste ano, o parlamentar amazonense compôs uma comitiva de parlamentares para fortalecer a relação bilateral Brasil/Uruguai, onde foi discutido sobre sustentabilidade e a preservação da região Amazônica.

Em junho, João Luiz criou a Frente Parlamentar Brasil/Amazonas/China da Assembleia Legislativa, por meio dela assinou uma carta de intenções para cooperação internacional com a Zhejiang University International Business School (ZIBS).

Desempenho em eleições

Naturais da cidade do Rio de Janeiro
Membros do Republicanos (partido político)
Vereadores de Manaus
Deputados estaduais do Amazonas

João Luiz (político)


An Agrostis perennans in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Thomas Walter, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Edward Tuckerman. An Agrostis perennans in nahilalakip ha genus nga Agrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Agrostis

Agrostis perennans


Vulkanski krater je kružno udubljenje (geološka depresija) nastala kao posljedica vulkanske aktivnosti. U kružnome udubljenju javljaju se otvori iz kojih magma izbija u obliku plinova, lave i drugih materijala. Krater može biti velikih dimenzija i ponekad velike dubine. Njegova širina može iznositi od nekoliko desetina metara do više kilometara, a dubina od nekoliko desetina metara do jednoga kilometra. Eksplozijom razoren vulkanski krater naziva se kaldera. Kaldere su obično široke i do 20 km i na njihovom dnu se obično nalaze mlade vulkanske kupe (Tarso Yega na planinskome masivu Tibesti u Sahari).

Na dnu kratera je grotlo kroz koje rastopljena materija iz astenosfere stiže do vulkanskoga kratera. Grotlo ima izgled vertikalnoga kanala u obliku dimnjaka koji silazi do vulkanskoga rezervoara. U vulkanskome rezervoaru smještena je magma. Vulkanska ognjišta nalaze se na znatnim dubinama u Zemljinoj kori. Sovjetski vulkanolog Georgi Stepanovič Gorškov ustanovio je da se vulkansko ognjište Ključevske Sopke nalazi na dubini 50 – 70 km, da ima promjer od 25 do 35 km, a volumen usijane magme od 20.000 km3.

Vulkansko grotlo može biti ispunjeno stvrdnutom lavom u obliku čepa ili žitkom lavom u obliku lavskoga jezera. Grotlo ispunjeno žitkom lavom imaju vulkani Kilauea na Havajima, Nyiragongo i Nyamuragira u Africi. Položaj grotla je često ekscentričan, odnosno nalazi se uz okomiti zid kratera, a ne u središnjem dijelu dna.

Etimologija
Riječ krater dolazi iz grčkoga jezika, od riječi κρατήρ koja označava keramičku posudu.

Geomorfologija
Kod vulkana se krater obično nalazi na vrhu planine formirane od vulkanskih naslaga koje su izbile na površinu poput lave. Vulkani kod kojih je krater na vrhu obično su stožastoga oblika. Postoje i vulkani kod kojih je krater na bočnim stranama vulkana. U nekim vulkanskim kraterima može doći do stvaranja kraterskih jezera, kada kiša ispuni krater, ili poslije otapanja snijega.

Probijeni krateri imaju nižu perifernu stranu na jednoj strani, jer je prilikom erupcije došlo do izlijevanja lave, ili je kasnije došlo do erozije.

Neki vulkani, poput maarova, sastoje se samo od kratera koji nemaju vulkansku kupe. Također postoje i vulkani koji ne ostavljaju krater poslije erupcije.

Vidi još
 Vulkan
 Vulkanska kupa
 Krater
 Kaldera

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Volcanic Features and Landforms: Craters by US National Park Service

Vulkanski reljef

Vulkanski krater


O tragopã-sátiro ou faisão-de-chifre-vermelho (Tragopan satyra) é uma espécie de ave galiforme da família dos fasianídeos. Nativo da Ásia Meridional, onde pode ser encontrada na Índia, Tibete, Nepal e Butão. É reconhecido por seu cortejo exuberante. Residem em florestas úmidas de carvalho e rododendro com vegetação densa e touceiras de bambu. Ocorte de 2.400 a 4.200 metros de altitude no verão e 1.800 metros no inverno. O macho tem cerca de 70 cm de comprimento.

Quando é época de acasalamento, os machos dessa espécie desenvolvem chifres azuis e uma carúncula gular. Quando estiverem prontos para serem exibidos, eles inflarão seus chifres e se esconderão atrás de uma pedra, esperando que as fêmeas passem.  Quando isso acontecer, eles farão uma exibição de cortejo elaborada na frente das fêmeas. No final da exibição, o macho se esticará até sua altura máxima e exibirá todos as suas penas e ornamentos.

As fêmeas são marrons pintadas. Os machos são geralmente vermelhos com manchas e pintas azuis, pretas e brancas, com face azul e fronte negra.

Embora sejam os menos ameaçados dos tragopãs, os tragopãs-sátiros ainda enfrentam muitas ameaças. Acredita-se que a espécie tenha uma população moderadamente pequena que está sujeita à caça e à perda de habitat na maior parte de sua distribuição.

Espécies descritas por Lineu
Aves descritas em 1758
Aves da Ásia
Aves da Índia

Tragopã-sátiro


Chelyabinsk meteorite (රුසියානු බසින්: Челябинск හෝ Челябинский метеорит) යනු Chelyabinsk meteor නම් වූ විශාල උල්කාපාතයේ ඉතිරි වූ කැබැල්ලකි.

මූලාශ්‍ර

Chelyabinsk meteorite


Kuglački klub "Kutina" (KK Kutina; Kutina), je muški kuglački klub iz Kutine, Sisačko-moslavačka županija.
U sezoni 2023./24. klub se natječe u  3. hrvatskoj ligi – Sjever, ligi četvrtog stupnja hrvatske u kuglanju.

O klubu
Klub je osnovan 1954. godine. Do 2019. godine je djelovao pod imenom "Zanatlija".

Povijest

Sezona 2023./24.
U redovnom prijelaznom roku prije početka sezone, klub je bio aktivan te se pojačao. Igrač koji je prošle sezone došao na dvojnu registraciju, Daniel Novalić, sad je promjenio klub i prešao iz KK Jedinstvo Sisak u KK Kutinu. Dres kluba od ove sezone nosit će i Vlado Lavrnja, koji je u KK Kutinu došao iz KK Siscia.

Sezona 2022./23.
U redovnom prijelaznom roku prije početka sezone klub su napustila 2 igrača. Bivši tajnik i kapetan Tomislav Pleše prešao je u ŠGKK Zanatliju iz Siska. Vladimir Podvalej otišao je u KK Novska. U klub su došli Antonio i Luka Fijačko iz KK Slavonija Novska. Ekipa je u sezonu ušla sa pobjedom, ali nakon remija u drugom kolu, do kraja polusezone nanizala je 7 poraza te bila na posljednjem mjestu lige. Na zimskom mini prijelaznom roku klub su napustili Antonio i Luka Fijačko koji su se vratili u KK Slavonija Novska. U klub je došao Stjepan Šprajc iz KK Poštar iz Bjelovara. Na dvojnu registraciju došao je i Daniel Novalić, član KK Jedinstvo Sisak. Za proljetni dio sezone ekipa se budi te počinje i pobjeđivati, no na kraju 5 pobjeda i 1 nerješena utakmica nije bilo dosta za ostanak u ligi te ekipa završava sezonu na posljednjem mjestu i ispada u niži rang natjecanja.

Rekordi

Ekipni
 3505 14. studenoga 2020. SRC Kutina
Josip Batković, Robert De Villa, Stjepan Strnadica, Tomislav Pleše, Vladimir Podvalej, Vlado Čustonja
 3476 24. listopada 2020. SRC Kutina
Lovro Crnojević, Vladimir Podvalej, Vlado Čustonja, Robert De Villa, Tomislav Pleše, Stjepan Strnadica

Uspjesi

Ekipno
 2. HKL – Sjever
 2. mjesto (1): 2018./19.
 3. mjesto (1): 2006./07.

 3. HKL – Sjever – zona Bjelovar
 1. mjesto (1): 2000./01.

 Kup Sisačko-moslavačke županije
 1. mjesto (1): 2015./16.
 3. mjesto (1): 2012./13.

Parovno
 Prvenstvo Sisačko-moslavačke županije
 Seniori
 2. mjesto (1):
 2015./16. Ivica Brozović, Tomislav Pleše – 1114
 3. mjesto (2):
 2015./16. Stjepan Strnadica, Adriano De Bona – 1081
 2019./20. Vladimir Podvalej, Vlado Čustonja – 1162

Pojedinačno
 Prvenstvo Sisačko-moslavačke županije
 Seniori
 2. mjesto (1):
 2011./12. Ivica Brozović – 1139
 U14
 3. mjesto (1):
 2022./23. Vili Munko – 404
 U10
 2. mjesto (1):
 2022./23. Šimun Dado – 362

Igrač lige
 2. HKL – Sjever
 1.mjesto (1):
 2018./19. Vladimir Podvalej – 554,41
 2.mjesto (1):
 2018./19. Josip Batković – 550,00

Pregled plasmana po sezonama

Povezani članci

Vanjske poveznice
 Kuglački klub "Kutina" Kutina, facebook stranica
 kuglackiklub.kutina, instagram stranica
 kuglanje.hr, Kutina
 kuglanje.hr, Zanatlija KT
 aplikacija.kuglanje.hr, Kuglački klub Kutina – 810147
 sportilus.com, KUGLAČKI KLUB ZANATLIJA KUTINA
 kssmz.hr, KK "Zanatlija", Kutina
 kssmz.hr – Kuglački savez Sisačko-moslavačke županije

Izvori
 poslovna.hr,  KUGLAČKI KLUB "KUTINA" KUTINA
 bisnode.hr, KUGLAČKI KLUB "KUTINA"  KUTINA
 fininfo.hr, KK "KUTINA"

Kuglački klubovi u Sisačko-moslavačkoj županiji
Šport u Kutini

Kuglački klub Kutina


يشير مصطلح التفرد الثقالي (بالإنجليزية:Gravitational Singularity) إلى موقع في الزمكان يصبح فيه مجال جاذبية الأجرام الفلكية لانهائي بطريقة لا تعتمد على نظام الإحداثيات. والمقصود هو وزن لا نهائي لحجم معين في ظروف هذا الموقع، عندما يكون الضغط على الذرات من جميع الجهات في جسم معين داخل ثقب أسود مثلا، لا نهائي يؤدي إلى تفتت الذرات وانطوائها على نفسها مختزلة المسافات الشاسعة بين سطح الذرة وأنويتها وبالتالي تكسير لنوى الذرات وتحطمها مع مكوناتها الذرية (الكواركات)، تحت ضغط هائل لا نهائي في قلب ثقب أسود (اقرأ نصف قطر شفارتزشيلد).والقيم المستخدمة لقياس شدة مجال الجاذبية هي القيم العددية للانحناءات الثابتة للزمكان والذي يتضمن قياس كثافة المادة. وبما أن هذه القيم تصبح لانهائية في إطار التفرد، فإن قوانين الزمكان الطبيعية لا يمكن أن تتواجد حينذاك .

اقرأ أيضا
 ثقب أسود نجمي
 ثقب أسود 1655-40
 ثقب أسود فائق الضخامة
 قائمة أكبر النجوم كتلة
 نصف قطر شفارتزشيلد
 حد شاندراسيخار
 مغناطيسية الجاذبية
 تفرد مجرد

مراجع

النسبية العامة
ثقوب سوداء
ظاهرة فيزيائية
مفارقات فيزيائية
مفاهيم فيزيائية

تفرد جذبوي


Sven Clausen er navnet på flere personer:

 Sven Clausen (forfatter og jurist) (1893-1961)
 Sven Clausen (tv-producer) (født 1943)

Sven Clausen


En wardialer er en variant af en dialer, et computerprogram, der ringer op via et telefonmodem. Begrebet en wardialer blev skabt og populariseret i filmen Wargames, hvor et sådan program benyttes til at finde interessante computere. Før filmen benyttedes udtryk som hammer dialing og demon dialing.

En wardialer sættes til systematisk at afsøge et interval af telefonnumre. Hvert nummer ringes op efter tur. Hvis der ikke svares efter to ring eller der ikke høres klartonen fra et modem, afbryder programmet forbindelsen og går videre til det næste nummer. Er der derimod et modem, der svarer, noterer programmet det pågældende nummer på en liste, der så senere kan bearbejdes af den hacker, der har startet programmet.

Da telefonmodemmer er sjældne i dag, er den klassiske wardialer formodentlig gået af brug. I stedet scannes systematisk på intervaller af ip-adresser, der derpå kan udsættes for en portskanning. Ligeledes kan man fra f.eks. et køretøj systematisk undersøge forekomsten af trådløse netværk (WiFi) og deres evt. sårbarheder.

Elektronik
Malware

Wardialer


Shelby Young (n. 1 de abril de 1992) es una actriz estadounidense conocida por sus papeles en The Social Network y Wild Child. También hace la voz de los comerciales de Lucky Charms, Trix y Coco Puffs e interpreta el papel de Kinsey en Days of Our Lives.

Carrera
Young trabaja en cine y televisión, con apariciones notables en Everybody Hates Chris y Ghost Whisperer, como también un papel en la película Waltzing Anna. Young fue la primera en interpretar a Stephanie en el piloto de LazyTown. Young hace trabajos de voces para películas, y es una cantante adolescente. Interpretó a Ruby en Wild Child. Interpretó el papel de Kinsey en Wild Child. El 27 de julio de 2011, se reportó que Young se había ido de Days of Our Lives, donde interpretó a Kinsey desde 2009. En 2011 Apareció en American Horror Story: Murder House. Interpretando a Leah En 2013 participó en la serie estadounidense de SyFy Summer Camp interpretando a Adriy y luego en 2014 regresó de nuevo a la serie estadounidense

Young protagonizó la película de terror de metraje encontrado Nightlight ;  la película se estrenó en versión limitada y a través de video on demand el 27 de marzo de 2015. Ese mismo año, apareció en la película The House Sitter junto a Kate Ashfield . También protagonizó la película de terror y suspenso A Haunting in Cawdor, que se estrenó en el Reino Unido el 9 de octubre de 2015 y en los Estados Unidos en marzo de 2016.

Actriz de doblaje

Young actualmente interpreta a la princesa Leia Organa en la serie de Disney Channel Star Wars Forces of Destiny . Young también grabó la voz y la captura de movimiento para el papel principal de Annie en Dead Rising 3 , Becca en Battlefield 1 y Minnie Smith/Supervisora de guiones en Wolfenstein II: The New Colossus .

Young también prestó su voz a varios personajes en el contenido descargable Final Fantasy XV Assassin's Festival. Previamente, Young prestó su voz a muchos de los comerciales de Toys R Us , Trix , Lucky Charms y Coco Puffs.

Filmografía
 Everybody Hates Chris.
 Ghost Whisperer.
 LazyTown ..... Stephanie (piloto)
 Wild Child ..... Ruby
 Days of Our Lives ..... Kinsey
 American Horror Story: Murder House..... Leah

Referencias

Actores de televisión de Estados Unidos
Actores infantiles de Estados Unidos

Shelby Young


Dioscorea trifida, l'igname cousse-couche, est une espèce de plantes monocotylédones de la famille des Dioscoreaceae, originaire d'Amérique centrale et d'Amérique du Sud.

L'igname cousse-couche est une plante herbacée dioïque, vivace, grimpante,  qui produit un tubercule souterrain comestible.

Les feuilles alternes sont grandes, jusqu'à 25 cm de long,  au limbe  profondément  divisé en trois à sept segments pointus. Les fruits non comestibles sont des capsules à trois ailes, contenant une graine dans chaque aile.

Taxinomie
L'espèce a été décrite par Carl von Linné le Jeune et publiée en 1782 dans Suppl. Pl.

Synonymes

Selon   :

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Racines et tubercules comestibles

Liens externes

Dioscoreaceae
Espèce de Dioscoreales (nom scientifique)
Plante à fleurs d'Amérique centrale
Plante à fleurs d'Amérique du Sud
Plante alimentaire

Dioscorea trifida


Tantes Fødselsdag er en stumfilm fra 1907 instrueret af Viggo Larsen.

Handling

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Stumfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1907

Tantes Fødselsdag


Felix Koslowski (* 18. März 1984 in Schwerin) ist ein deutscher Volleyballtrainer. Er trainiert seit 2013 den Schweriner SC sowie seit 2023 die niederländische Frauen-Nationalmannschaft. Von 2015 bis 2021 war er auch Trainer der deutschen Frauen-Nationalmannschaft.

Karriere
Felix Koslowski begann 1995 mit dem Volleyball beim heimischen Schweriner SC, wo er fünfmal Deutscher Jugendmeister wurde. Später spielte er bei den VolleyTigers Ludwigslust. Auch im Beachvolleyball spielte Koslowski bis 2005 auf zahlreichen nationalen Turnieren. Seit 2003 war er Co-Trainer beim Bundesligisten Schweriner SC, wo er mit Tore Aleksandersen zusammenarbeitete. Mit Schwerin wurde Koslowski 2006 Deutscher Meister und DVV-Pokalsieger. 2007 wurde er Deutscher Vizemeister und erneut DVV-Pokalsieger. 2008 ging Koslowski nach Italien und arbeitete auch hier als Co-Trainer in Chieri und ab 2009 beim Champions-League-Sieger Volley Bergamo. Von 2010 bis 2013 war Felix Koslowski als Nachfolger von Jean-Pierre Staelens Cheftrainer der Bundesligamannschaft vom VfB 91 Suhl. Parallel zu seiner Vereinsarbeit holte ihn 2006 der Bundestrainer Giovanni Guidetti als Co-Trainer in den Stab der deutschen Frauen-Nationalmannschaft, mit der er bei der EM 2011 und EM 2013 Vizeeuropameister wurde.

2013 wurde Koslowski vom Deutschen Meister Schweriner SC als Nachfolger des Niederländers Teun Buijs als Cheftrainer verpflichtet. Nach drei Jahren ohne Titelgewinn, gelang Koslowski mit den Schwerinerinnen 2017 und 2018 zweimal der Gewinn der Deutschen Meisterschaft. Hinzu kamen zwei DVV-Pokalsiege 2019 und 2021 sowie viermal der Gewinn des VBL-Supercups 2017, 2018, 2019 und 2020.

Vom 9. November 2015 bis zum 5. Dezember 2021 war Koslowski zusätzlich Trainer der deutschen Frauen-Nationalmannschaft. Seit dem 24. Januar 2023 ist er ebenfalls als Trainer der niederländischen Nationalmannschaft der Frauen tätig.

Weblinks

 Profil beim DVV
 Profil beim VfB 91 Suhl
 Profil beim Schweriner SC
 Profil Beach

Einzelnachweise

Volleyballspieler (Schweriner SC)
Volleyballnationaltrainer (Deutschland)
Volleyballnationaltrainer (Niederlande)
Volleyballtrainer (VfB 91 Suhl)
Volleyballtrainer (Schweriner SC)
Deutscher
DDR-Bürger
Geboren 1984
Mann

Felix Koslowski


New River may refer to:

Waterways

Caribbean
 Nuevo River (Puerto Rico)
 Rio Nuevo (Jamaica)

Europe
 New River (Fens), a man-made watercourse in the English Fenlands
 New River (London), a man-made watercourse in Hertfordshire and London

North America
 New River (Mexico–United States) (Rio Nuevo in Spanish), which flows from the Mexicali Valley in Baja California into the Salton Sea in California

 New River (Trinity River tributary), a tributary of the Trinity River in northern California
 New River (Broward County, Florida), a channel which drains the Everglades through Fort Lauderdale in South Florida
 New River (Carrabelle River tributary), a tributary of the Carrabelle River in Florida
 New River (Santa Fe River tributary), a tributary of the Santa Fe River in northern Florida
 New River (Hillsborough River tributary), a tributary of the Hillsborough River (Florida) in Hillsborough and Pasco Counties in Florida
 New River (Chattahoochee River tributary), in Georgia
 New River (Withlacoochee River tributary), in Georgia
 New River (Louisiana), in Ascension Parish
 New River (Michigan)
 New River (New Hampshire), a tributary of the Ellis River on Mount Washington
 New River (North Carolina), which flows into the Atlantic Ocean in southeastern North Carolina
 New River (Kanawha River tributary), a tributary of the Ohio River via the Kanawha River, in North Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia
 New River (Oregon), in southwestern Oregon, parallels the Pacific Ocean between Coos Bay and Port Orford
 New River (South Carolina), which flows through Bluffton, South Carolina into the Atlantic Ocean
 New River (Tennessee), a tributary of the Cumberland River in Tennessee

Oceania
 New River / Kaimata in the West Coast region of New Zealand
 An alternative name for the Ōreti River in New Zealand, most commonly used for its estuary

South and Central America
 New River (Belize), a river that flows north into Chetumal Bay
 New River (South America), claimed by Suriname and Guyana
 New River Triangle, the area of dispute

Other uses
 New River, Arizona, a census-designated place in the Phoenix, Arizona metropolitan area
 Bradford County, Florida, named New River County from 1858 through 1861
 New River Tunnel, in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
 Marine Corps Air Station New River, near Jacksonville, North Carolina
 New River Valley, in Virginia
 New River Community College, in Virginia
 New River Coalfield, in West Virginia
 New River Gorge Bridge, in West Virginia
 New River Gorge National River, protecting a portion of the river in West Virginia
 New River Trail State Park, in Virginia
 New River (ward), London Borough of Hackney
 New River (album)

See also

 Rio Nuevo (disambiguation), Spanish for 'New River'
 Xinhe (disambiguation), Chinese for 'New River' (新河)

New River


Staal er en dokumentarfilm instrueret af Ingolf Boisen efter manuskript af Ingolf Boisen.

Handling
Om fremstilling af dansk stål.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1943

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Staal (film)


جيركو أو أريحا  هو مسلسل درامي أمريكي من إنتاج شبكة باراماونت سي بي إس. المسلسل يحكي قصة سكان بلدة أمريكية تدعى جيركو بعد تعرض عدد من المدن الأمريكية لهجمات نووية.

الموسم الأول
يتحدث عن سكان بلدة جيركو بعد هجوم نووي على 23 مدينة أمريكية كبري مما ادي لفقدان الطاقة ووسائل الاتصال وعزل جريكو.
الشخصية الأساسية بالمسلسل هو جاك جرين -32 عام-ابن جونستون جرين عمدة جريكو فبعد أن جاء لجريكو لزيارة عائلته أصبح شخصية بالغة الاهمية بها خاصة بد وفاة والده أثناء صراعهم مع بلدة نيو بيرن -التي توشك على اجتياح جريكو لحاجتها للطعام والمؤن-ومن ناحية اخري يتضح من خلال المسلسل ان روربرت هوكينز والذي انتقل للبلدة قبل يومين من التفجيرات ليس من يدعي وانه عبارة عن عميل للمخابرات الأمريكية وكان ضمن فريق مكلف بمهمة ايقاف القنابل النووية قبل أنفجارها إلا أن مهمتهم فشلت بسبب خيانة بعض افراد الفريق.
معا انة يعتبر من المسلسلات الأشهر عالميا.

الموسم الثاني
يتضح بالجزء الثاني ان الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية قد تم تقسيمها لثلاث دول مختلفة بعد التفجيرات وهم  الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية  وتضم الولايات الشرقية و الولايات المتحالفة الأمريكية وتضم باقي الولايات عدا تكساس وجمهورية تكساس المستقلة.

وتدور أحداث الجزء الثاني حول جيش الولايات المتحالفة بعد أن قام بانهاء الصراع بين جريكو ونيو بيرن وفرض السيطرة على المنطقة، وقام سكان جريكو بالترحيب بالجنود في البداية الا انه بعد أن قامت الحكومة بوضع جريكو تحت الحكم العسكري المتعسف وبعد أن مات أحد سكان جريكو بسبب أعمال المرتزقة تقف جريكو على حافة الثورة.
ومن ناحية اخري يواصل هوكينز البحث عن المسئولين عن التفجيرات والذي يتضح انهم ليسوا ارهابيين من دول خارجية بل مسئولين بمناصب رفيعة بالدولة. فيبدا هوكينز بمحاولات الإيقاع بهم قبل أن ينجحوا في الافلات بفعلتهم.

الشخصيات
 جاك جرين ابن عمدة جريكو ولعب دوره سكيت الريتش.
 روبرت هوكينز عميل المخابرات الأمريكية ولعب دوره ليني جيمس.
 جراي اندرسون مترشح لعمدة جريكو ولعب دوره ميشيل جاستن.
 ميمي كلارك مندوبة ضرائب ولعب دورها اليسيا كوبولا.
 ايريك جرين ابن عمدة جريكو ولعب دوره كينيث ميتشيل.
 جونستون جرين عمدة جريكو ولعب دوره جيرالد مكراني.
 غايل جرين زوجة جونستون جرين ولعبت دورها باميلا ريد.
 ستانلي ريتشموند مزارع ولعب دوره براد بيير.
 بوني ريتشموند اخت ستانلي الصغري ولعبت دورها شوشاشنه ستيرن.
 هيثر ليسينسكي مدرسة ولعبت دورها سبراجو جرايدين.
 دايل تيرنر مراهق يعمل بمحل غرايس ولعب دوره إريك فريدريكسون.
 اميلي سيوليفان صديقة قديمة لجاك جرين ولعبت دورها اشلي سكوت.

المدن المستهدفة
 اطلنطا بجورجيا.
 بالتيمور بميريلاند.
 بوسطن بماساشوستس.
 شارلوت بكارولينا الشمالية.
 شيكاغو بالينوي.
 دالاس بتكساس.
 دنفر بكولورادو.
 ديترويت بميشيغان.
 هيوستن بتكساس.
 لورانس بكنساس.
 لوس انجلوس بكاليفورنيا.
 ميامي بفلوريدا.
 مينابوليس بمينيسوتا.
 نورفولك بفيرجينيا.
 فيلادلفيا ببنسيلفانيا.
 هارتفورد بكونتيكت.
 سان دييجو بكاليفورنيا.
 سان فرانسيسكو بكاليفورنيا.
 سياتل بواشنطن.
 واشنطن العاصمة.
 بيتسبرغ ببنسلفانيا.
 فينيكس باريزونا.
 مدينة سيدار يوتا.
وكانت هناك قنبلتان لنيويورك وكولومبوس، إلا أن قنبلة نيويورك تم اعتراضها عن طريق سلطات الأمن كنتيحة لتشديد الاجراءات الأمنية بعد هجمات 11 سبتمبر، اما قنبلة كولومبوس فقد كان هوكينز هو المكلف بها ولكنه بدلا من تفجيرها ذهب بها الي جريكو.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أماكن خيالية مأهولة في كانساس
برامج تلفزيونية باللغة الإنجليزية
برامج سي بي إس
عروض تلفزيونية تقع أحداثها في كانساس
مسلسلات أكشن أمريكية
مسلسلات أمريكية انتهت في 2008
مسلسلات تلفزيونية أمريكية أعيدت بعد إلغائها
مسلسلات تلفزيونية أمريكية بدأ عرضها في 2006
مسلسلات تلفزيونية درامية أمريكية في عقد 2000
مسلسلات تلفزيونية كوارثية
مسلسلات تلفزيونية من إنتاج تلفزيون سي بي إس
مسلسلات دراما متسلسلة
مسلسلات غموض تلفزيونية أمريكية في عقد 2000
مسلسلات نهاية الحضارة

جيريكو (مسلسل)


الحويش هي قرية لبنانية من قرى قضاء عكار في محافظة الشمال. تقع في تجمع للقرى يسمى جرد عكار.

المراجع

مسلط

أماكن مأهولة في قضاء عكار
أماكن مأهولة في لبنان
القيطع
تجمعات سنية في لبنان
مدن لبنان

الحويش


Listopadska pobožnost, kršćanska pobožnost. To je marijanska pobonost nastala kao znak zahvalnosti Majci Božjoj koja je pomogla kršćanskoj mornarici u bitci kod Lepanta u Korintskom zaljevu 1571. godine. Papa Pio V. uputio je naime poziv svim vjernicima da mole Gospinu krunicu za pobjedu kršćana protiv osmanlijske vojske. Osmanska najezda zaprijetila je Zapadu zbog čega je papa pozvao kršćane moliti krunicu da se po njezinome zagovoru otkloni opasnost turske invazije. Narod je velikodušno pristao na papin poziv kako svjedoče povijesni dokumenti, narod je velikodušno odgovorio na Papin poziv. Pobjeda je značila odbijanje osmanske najezde. Papa je molitvi krunice pripisao posredovanje Blažene Djevice u tom otklanjanju od nasrtača na kršćanski svijet. Sama pak pobožnost krunice nastala je iz potrebe srca da razmišlja o otajstvima Kristova života.

Riječ "pobožnost" znači osobnu pažnju, sabranost i predanje Bogu u osobnoj molitvi. Osim toga značenje joj je zajednički oblik molitve. Naglašenija je pučka strana i nije strogo liturgijska. Okupljeni vjernici jednostavnim molitvama i vježbama kao što su klečanje, naklon i ponavljanje nekih molitava kroz neko vrijeme i sl iskazuju poštovanje (časte) pojedina Božja svojstva ili Isusa Krista, Duha Svetoga, Majku Božju Mariji ili pojednog svetca. Pobožnost poput listopadske, svibanjske i druge nisu obvezne kao nedjeljna misa. Ostavljene su vjernicima na slobodnu volju i dragovoljno sudjelovanje znak je većeg štovanja Blažene Djevice Marije. Listopadska pobožnost traje stoljećima te ju preporučuju danas mnogi crkveni dokumenti. Zato je mjesec listopad mjesec svete krunice i 7. listopada se slavi blagdan Blažene Djevica Marija od Krunice.
Danas se u pobožnosti kroz svaki tjedan u listopadu moli na pet različitih nakana, svaki tjedan za jednu. Primjerice prvi tjedan moli se na nakanu za duhovna zvanja, drugi na nakanu za duhovnu obnovu naših obitelji te
za borbu protiv ubojstava nerođene djece, treći na nakanu za misionare i njihovo djelovanje, četvrti na nakanu za Mir u svijetu a peti na nakanu nakana za pokojne i nestale iz Domovinskog rata, ali i za duše u čistilištu i one koje se nema tko spomenuti.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Međugorje info Što je listopadska pobožnost i kakvo je značenje moljenja krunice?, rubrika Pitajte svećenika na Radiopostaji MIR Međugorje. Odgovorio: fra Goran Azinović
Konzervativac.com Luka Ilić: Zašto čitati Sveto Pismo? 8. srpnja 2019.

Kršćanske molitve

Listopadska pobožnost


Evelyn Opela, née le  à Varnsdorf, est une actrice allemande.

Biographie
Après avoir obtenu son diplôme d'études secondaires en Tchécoslovaquie, Evelyn Opela a suivi une formation d'actrice à l'Académie des arts de la scène de Prague. À partir de 1959, elle est actrice dans la ČSSR de l'époque. Elle a participé à une dizaine de films et a également été vue sur scène, plus récemment au Théâtre national de Prague. En 1967, elle s'installe en République fédérale d'Allemagne et obtient rapidement des rôles à la télévision, en particulier dans des séries policières telles que Der Kommissar, Derrick et Le Renard.

En 1970, Bernhard Wicki l'engage aux côtés d'Helmut Qualtinger et d'Agnes Fink pour son adaptation cinématographique de Joseph Roth « Das  falsche Gewicht ». Dans le thriller Night Train to Venice, elle joue aux côtés de Hugh Grant.

Evelyn Opela a été mariée au producteur de télévision Helmut Ringelmann (producteur de Derrick), de 1986 jusqu'à sa mort en 2011. Ils s'étaient rencontrés pendant le tournage de la série, et avaient une relation harmonieuse.

Filmographie partielle

Cinéma

 1971 : Morgen fällt die Schule aus : La femme du  Lang
 1971 : Das falsche Gewicht : Euphemia Nikitsch
 1972 : Betragen ungenügend! : Helena Kersten
 1973 : Château de Saint-Hubert de Harald Reinl : Anna Herwegh
 1976 : Das Blaue Palais : Sibilla Jacopescu
 1976 : Das Schweigen im Walde : La Baronne Edith von Prankha
 1993 : Night Train to Venice : Tatjana

Télévision

 1973 : Der Kommissar (épisode Die Nacht, in der Basseck starb)
 1973 : Dem Täter auf der Spur (épisode Stellwerk 3)
 1973 : Im Schillingshof : Mercedes, la fille du mari divorcé de Majorin
 1974 : Der Kommissar (épisode Drei Brüder)
 1979 : Tatort (épisode Der King) :  Schermann
 1982 : Unheimliche Geschichten
 1983 : Das Traumschiff (épisode Karibik) : Susanne Kullmann
 1984 : Derrick (épisode Les règles du jeu) : Ruth Balthaus
 1985 : Dans la tourmente : Olga Vesela
 1986 : Derrick (épisode Le charme des Bahamas) : Carina Müller-Brode
 1986 : Le Renard (épisode Sein erster Fall)
 1987 : Le Renard (épisode Tod vor Schalterschluss)
 1987 : Le Renard (épisode Alibi Mozart)
 1988 : Le Renard (épisode Ein unaufhaltsames Ende)
 1989 : Le Renard (épisode Doppelmord)
 1989 : Derrick (épisode L'assassin de Kissler) : Irene Stubach
 1990 : Derrick (épisode Judith) : Judith Loska
 1990 : Derrick (épisode Relation rompue) :  Ilona Reichel
 1991 : Derrick (épisode Le sourire du Docteur Bloch) : Andrea Bloch
 1991 : Le Renard (épisode Der Geburtstag der alten Dame)
 1992 : Le Renard (épisode Tödliche Beziehungen)
 1993 : Le Renard (épisode Kurzer Prozess)
 1993 : Le Renard (épisode Nächstenliebe)
 1994 : Derrick (épisode Le visage derrière la vitre) : Hanna Zeller
 1994 : Blankenese : Caroline von Greifenstein
 1996 : Der Mann ohne Schatten : Irina Kuhlin
 1999 : Soko brigade des stups (épisode Abgestürzt)
 2002 : Brigade du crime (épisode Der Musenkuss)

Liens externes

Notes et références

Naissance en février 1945
Naissance à Varnsdorf
Actrice allemande de cinéma
Actrice allemande de télévision

Evelyn Opela


Thayetmyo Türk Şehitliği, I. Dünya Savaşı'nda Birleşik Krallık askeri birliklerine esir düşerek, o dönemde Birleşik Krallık sömürgesi olan ve Burma veya Birmanya adı ile tanınan Myanmar'a sevk edilen 12 bin kadar Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'na bağlı asker arasında, yıllar süren esaret dönemi boyunca salgın hastalıklar, ağır çalışma ve esaret şartları altında ölen 1500 kadar Osmanlı askerinden 222'sinin gömülü bulunduğu bir anıt mezarlık.

Şehitlikte gömü alanının yerini belirten, Türkçe ve Burmaca bir kitabe ve çoğu 1916 tarihli mezar taşları bulunmaktadır.

Şehitlik kitabesinin Türkçe (Latin harfleri ile) kısmında, "Birinci Dünya Savaşı'nda Irak, Suriye, Filistin ve Arabistan cephelerinde Osmanlı ve İngiliz Orduları arasındaki çarpışmalar sırasında İngilizlere tutsak düşerek Burma'ya getirilen ve burada şehit düşen aziz Türk askerlerinin anısına" ifadeleri yer almaktadır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Meiktila Türk Şehitliği
 Müslüman - Türk katliamları
 Seydibeşir Kuveysna Osmani Useray-i Harbiye Kampı
 Sina ve Filistin Cephesi
 Thayet Myo Esir Kampı
 Türkiye'deki mezarlıklar listesi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Myanmar'daki Osmanlı şehitliğinin hazin öyküsü, Timeturk
 Aralık '06 Arşivi, Türkiye Arkeolojik Yerleşmeleri (TAY) Projesi
 Kültür Envanteri Atlası

Myanmar
Türk Şehitlikleri
Savaş suçları
Türk savaş tutsakları
I. Dünya Savaşı'nda savaş tutsakları
Müslüman-Türk katliamları

Thayetmyo Türk Şehitliği


القنطرةهي قرية لبنانية من قرى قضاء عكار في محافظة الشمال. تقع في تجمع للقرى يسمى نجد عكار.

معلومات عامة عن بلدة القنطرة
القنطرة مميزة بقرب المسجد من الكنيسة أهل البلدة يتشاركون الحزن كما الفرح أجمالا لا يوجد فيها أي تمييز عنصري.
تقع القنطرة على كتف نهر عرقة البلدة صغيرة نسبيا عدد سكانها المقيمين لا يتعدى ال 500 نسمة من المسلمين والمسيحيين, من العائلات: آل محفوظ آل عبيد آل شعبان آل مصطفى آل سليمان آل المير آل جرمش آل العلي آل غنوم آل إسرائيل آل طنوس آل حنا
أهم الزراعات: أراضي شاسعة مشجرة زيتون من مئات السنين كما تعتمد على زراعة الحمضيات
والكرمة وغيرها الخ.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قضاء عكار
أماكن مأهولة في لبنان
الشفت
تجمعات سنية في لبنان
تجمعات مارونية في لبنان
قرى لبنان

القنطرة (عكار)


École nationale supérieure de chimie de Lille (ou Chimie Lille ou ENSCL) fundada em 1894,  é uma escola de engenharia, instituição de ensino superior público localizada na cidade do Villeneuve-d'Ascq, França.

A ENSCL está entre as mais prestigiadas grandes écoles de
Engenharia da França.

Professores famosos
 Georges Chaudron, um químico francês;
 Paul Pascal, um químico, mineralogista e metalurgista francês.

Ligações externas

 ENSCL

Ecole nationale superieure de chimie de Lille
Grandes escolas da França
Villeneuve-d'Ascq
Fundações na França em 1884


Rodolfo de Fulda, Rudolf de Funda (nacido antes del año 800 y fallecido el 865 en Fulda), monje benedictino, hagiógrafo y teólogo alemán.

Biografía
Alumno de Rabano Mauro, Rodolfo se convierte en biblitecario de la Abadía de Fulda en 812 y colabora en la redacción de los Anales de Fulda, de los que escribe la segunda parte. Además Rodolfo falsifica presuntamente varios documentos para justificar las posesiones de la abadía.

Hacia 822, el abad Rabano Mauro lo nombra subdiácono de las escuelas de la Abadía, puesto por el que se granjea la admiración de sus alumnos. Es ordenado sacerdote en 827 y se encarga de la edición de varios textos.

Cuando en 847 su maestro Rabano Mauro es elegido  Obispo de Maguncia en Renania, lo acompaña, aunque vuelve enseguida a Fulda, donde parece que entonces se interesa por la poesía.

De 863 a 865 redacta una introducción de Translatio Sancti Alexandri, obra esencial del monje Meginhard consagrada a la traslación de Waltbraht, un sobrino de Viduquindo, de los restos del mártir Alejandro de Roma a Wildeshausen. La introducción describe la sociedad pagana sajona y se inspira en la Germania de Tácito.

Rodolfo acompañó a muchos sitios al rey de los Francos Ludovico Pío.

Obra
Annales Fuldenses, comenzados por Einhard y continuados por Rudolfo (838–863).
Vita Leobae Abbatissae Biscofesheimensis, biografía de Santa Leoba de Tauberbischofsheim (escrita casi toda en 836). Primera biografía femenina de la literatura sajona.
Miracula sanctorum in Fuldenses ecclesias translatorum (843–847)
'Translatio sancti Alexandri Wildeshusam anno 851, se cree que tras el fallecimiento de Rofolfo terminó esta obra Meginhart.
Comentarios del Evangelio de San Juan que se creen perdidos.
 Enlaces externos y fuentes

 Translatio S[ancti] Alexandri: Niedersächs. Landesbibliothek Hannover Ms. I, 186 auctoribus Rudolfo et Meginharto Fuldensis.'' Mit e. Einf. von Helmar Härtel, Faksimile-Druck.  Hildesheim: Gerstenberg 1979 (Facsimilia textuum manuscriptorum; 5) ISBN 3-8067-0829-0

Benedictinos de Alemania

Teólogos del siglo IX
Escritores católicos
Escritores en latín del siglo IX
Literatura medieval de Alemania
Monjes cristianos del siglo IX

Rodolfo de Fulda


Mile Starčević (Gospić, 15. rujna 1904. – Buenos Aires, 9. ožujka 1953.), bio je hrvatski, publicist, političar i ministar u vladi NDH.

Životopis
Mile Starčević rođen je u Gospiću 1904. godine. Studirao je na Filozofskom fakultetu u Zagrebu, na kojemu je postigao i doktorat obranom disertacije "Postanak Hrvatske stranke prava 1861. godine". 1928. godine bio je vlasnikom, nakladnikom i urednikom mjesečnika Hrvatska mladica: omladinski list za sve nacionalne probleme. Kao hrvatski rodoljub bio je uhićen i pritvoren za vrijeme Kraljevine Jugoslavije, a 1930. godine u zatvoru bio izložen surovim postupcima i mučenju, od čega je do kraja života trpio teške posljedice. Tridesetih je godina upravitelj Gradske knjižnice u Zagrebu. Agilni je djelatnik, član uprave a poslije i gospodarski djelatnik Matice hrvatske. Između ostalog, organizirao je pododbore Matice hrvatske, koji su u danima diktature bili kulturno i političko okupljalište. Uređivao je i časopise Nastavni vjesnik i Omladina, te je objavljivao članke kulturnog i političkog sadržaja. 1934. godine uredio je i popratio napomenama pjesničku zbirku deset mladih pjesnika, Lirika grude. Posebno je vrijedna njegova politička rasprava Dr. Ante Starčević i Srbi (Matica hrvatska, Zagreb, 1936.). Član je Hrvatske federalističke stranke, a zatim pristupa ustaškom pokretu.<ref name="tko je tko">Tko je tko u NDH, Minerva, Zagreb, 1997., str. 365–366.</ref>

Poslije proglašenja NDH bio je tajnik Matice hrvatske, u kolovozu 1941. godine imenovan je za odjelnog pročelnika u Ministarstvu nastave za promicanje prosvjete. Istodobno od veljače 1942. godine privremeni savezničar za Hrvatski savez uljudbenih i prosvjetnih društava. Ministar je narodne prosvjete od listopada 1942. do listopada 1943. godine. Na tu je dužnost podnio ostavku u rujnu 1943. godine zbog neslaganja s Pavelićevom odlukom da predsjednik Vlade bude Nikola Mandić. S Mladenom Lorkovićem u ljeto 1943. godine, (po ovlaštenju Poglavnika) pregovara s predstavnicima HSS-a o eventualnom njihovom ulasku u Vladu. U jesen 1943. godine, po Pavelićevu zadatku, nastoji nagovoriti Miroslava Krležu da se uključi u kulturni život. Kao ministar prosvjete izvršio je brojne personalne promjene na Sveučilištu: dio profesora prisilno umirovio, dio mladih ljudi imenovao za profesore. U studenome 1943. godine umirovljen. Bio je ravnatelj i urednik tjednika "Seljačko ognjište" (1942. – 1945.), te pisao za mjesečnik Suradnja, Zagreb/Berlin, Prosvjetni život i dr. Nakon sloma NDH, povlači se u Austriju i Italiju gdje godinu i pol boravi u izbjegličkim logorima, u veljači 1947. godine zajedno s obitelji odlazi u Argentinu. Tamo sudjeluje u prvim pokušajima i organiziranju hrvatske političke emigracije.

Umro je u Buenos Airesu, 1953. godine.

 Bilješke
To su pjesnici Ivo Balentović, Gabrijel Cvitan, Danilo Čović, Stjepan Hrastovec, Jeronim Korner, Kamilo Križanić, Zvonimir Kuhar, Ivo Lendić, Zlatko Majtin i Vinko Nikolić.Mikulaco, Daniel. O pjesništvu Vinka Kosa (iz nepoznate rukopisne ostavštine) // Bogoslovska smotra, sv. 81., br. 2, (2011.), str. 317–350. , str. 326.

 Izvori

 Literatura
 Dizdar, Grčić, Ravlić i Stuparić. Tko je tko u NDH, Minerva, Zagreb, 1997.''

Hrvatski publicisti
Dužnosnici NDH
Hrvatski oporbeni političari u iseljeništvu (1945. – 1989.)

Mile Starčević (1904. – 1953.)


Amlodipinul sau amlodipina (cu denumirea comercială Norvasc) este un medicament folosit în tratamentul hipertensiunii arteriale și a bolii arteriale coronariene (cardiopatiei ischemice). Face parte din categoria blocantelor selective ale canalelor de calciu, fiind un tip de dihidropiridină. Amlodipina se administrează oral, iar efectul ei durează cel puțin o zi (în jur de 30 de ore).

Printre cele mai comune reacții adverse ale amlodipinei se numără: formarea edemelor, senzație de oboseală, dureri abdominale și greață.

Referințe

Blocante ale canalelor de calciu
Esteri metilici
Eteri
Medicamente esențiale listate de OMS
Dihidropiridine

Amlodipină


Roman Chwalek (né le  à Woinowitz, mort le  à Berlin-Est) est un syndicaliste allemand et ministre est-allemand.

Biographie
Ce fils de cheminot et chef d'une petite gare de Haute-Silésie complète sa formation de serrurier dans une usine de machines de 1912 à 1914. De 1915 à 1918, il est soldat pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, à la fin en tant que sous-officier. De 1919 à 1930, il travaille comme serrurier dans l'atelier de réparation de la Reichsbahn à Oppeln, où il devient membre de l'Association unifiée des cheminots allemands et est élu membre du comité d'entreprise d'Oppeln et le président en 1926. En même temps, il était membre de l'Confédération générale des syndicats allemands locale à Oppeln.

En 1918, Chwalek rejoint l'Parti social-démocrate indépendant d'Allemagne (USPD) son aile la plus à gauche puis le parti communiste de Haute-Silésie en 1920 et le Parti communiste d'Allemagne (KPD) en 1922. Chwalek assume diverses fonctions pour le KPD, notamment en tant que membre du groupe local et de la direction du district de Haute-Silésie. Pendant un certain temps, il est employé du département syndical du Comité central du KPD. De 1924 à 1930, il est également conseiller municipal du KPD à Oppeln. Au début de l', Chwalek reprend le poste de Reichsleiter du groupe de l'industrie ferroviaire de la Revolutionäre Gewerkschafts Opposition (RGO) de 1929 à fin 1932. De 1930 à 1933, Chwalek est aussi député du Reichstag pour le KPD.

Le , il épouse Martha Wende.

Après l'arrivée des nazis en 1933, Chwalek prend une part active à des postes de direction dans la résistance communiste. Surtout, il développe de nombreuses activités illégales pour la RGO dans les premiers mois et assume le poste de directeur de l'organisation. Le , il est arrêté à Berlin. Chwalek est d'abord emprisonné dans le camp de concentration de Columbia. Le , la Volksgerichtshof (un tribunal spécial) le condamne à trois ans de prison pour . Chwalek purge sa peine au pénitencier de Luckau jusqu'au . La Gestapo le place alors en détention, c'est pourquoi il est transféré au camp de concentration d'Oranienbourg-Sachsenhausen, où Chwalek est emprisonné jusqu'en . En , il est de nouveau brièvement emprisonné en relation avec le déclenchement de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Il travaille ensuite comme serrurier à Berlin-Neukölln jusqu'en 1945. Début 1945, la Gestapo arrête de nouveau Chwalek pour activité politique prétendument illégale, mais comme la fin de la guerre approche, il n'est pas jugé.

Après la fin de la guerre, Chwalek aide à fonder la Confédération des syndicats libres allemands (FDGB) à Berlin à partir de . Il devient le premier président du conseil d'administration du district de Berlin de la FDGB et dirige l'IG Eisenbahn dans la Zone d'occupation soviétique et la RDA entre 1949 et 1951. En 1946, il rejoint le SED, au sein duquel il occupe plusieurs postes. Chwalek est membre du conseil municipal du Grand Berlin de 1946 à 1948 et membre de la Chambre du peuple de 1949 à 1954.

En , il est nommé ministre du Travail dans le gouvernement Grotewohl (succédant à Luitpold Steidle). En , il est chargé de créer un ministère des Chemins de fer et en devient le ministre le  jusqu'en . Jusqu'à sa retraite en 1968, il siège au conseil d'administration de la Verband deutscher Konsumgenossenschaften, plus récemment à partir de 1957 en tant que premier vice-président.

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Liste de résistants allemands au nazisme

Liens externes

Personnalité du Parti communiste d'Allemagne
Député du Reichstag (république de Weimar)
Résistant allemand au nazisme
Déporté au camp de concentration d'Oranienbourg-Sachsenhausen
Personnalité du Parti socialiste unifié d'Allemagne
Député de la Chambre du peuple
Ministre de la République démocratique allemande
Député de l'assemblée de la ville de Berlin
Récipiendaire de l'ordre de Karl-Marx
Récipiendaire de l'ordre du mérite patriotique (fermoir honorifique)
Personnalité du Parti social-démocrate indépendant d'Allemagne
Récipiendaire de la Bannière du Travail
Naissance en juillet 1898
Naissance dans la voïvodie de Silésie
Naissance dans la province de Silésie
Décès en novembre 1974
Décès à 76 ans
Décès à Berlin-Est

Roman Chwalek


This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 2001.

Events
 U.S. state of Maryland bans sexual orientation discrimination in the private sector.
 Indiana governor Frank O'Bannon issues an executive order banning sexual orientation discrimination in the public sector.

January
 26 – Italy abolishes the ban on gay and bisexual men donating blood.

February
 14 – Jerrold Nadler, U.S. congressman from New York, reintroduces the Permanent Partners Immigration Act (H.R 690) in the U.S. Congress.

April
 1 – In the Netherlands, legislation allowing same-sex marriage goes into effect, making it the first country to extend full marriage rights to same-sex couples.
 16 – Oscar-winning filmmaker Steven Spielberg steps down from an advisory board of the Boy Scouts of America, citing the organization's discriminatory practices in regards to religious belief and sexual orientation.
 17 – The Alaska Supreme Court dismisses Brause v. Alaska. The lawsuit was filed by a same-sex couple seeking the rights reserved to married couples despite a state constitutional ban on same-sex marriage. The Court rules that the couples' claim of discrimination had not ripened under state law.
 20 – The Chinese Society of Psychiatry declares homosexuality no longer an illness. The new Chinese Classification and Diagnostic Criteria of Mental Disorders removed homosexuality from its list of mental illnesses.
 30 – The San Francisco Board of Supervisors approves a measure allowing city employees to claim reimbursement for up to $50,000 of costs associated with sex reassignment surgery.

June
 30 – Football hooligans, clerics, ultranationalist youth and far right skinheads storm the first Pride march in Belgrade (at the time Yugoslavia, now Serbia), attacking and seriously injuring several participants and stopping the event from taking place. The police were too poorly equipped to suppress riots or protect the Pride marchers.

July
 17 - US state of Rhode Island bans gender identity discrimination in the private sector.
 23 – Eight British Columbia same-sex couples begin to petition the Supreme Court of British Columbia that the definition of marriage as between a man and a woman is unconstitutional.

August
 1 – In Germany, the Civil Union Bill goes into effect.

September
 5 – The first couples sign the Greater London Authority's partnership register. The partnership register is a way of recognising the partnership status of couples, both same-sex and opposite-sex.

November
 13 – In the U.S., the city council of Fort Wayne, Indiana, passes an ordinance which adds sexual orientation  to its municipal anti-discrimination law.
 17 – Vancouver, British Columbia resident Aaron Webster is killed in what many believe to be a gay bashing attack. The Canadian court system is reluctant to prosecute the case as a hate crime, believing this would be too difficult to prove, and subsequently charges four youths with manslaughter.

Deaths
September 11 – Mark Bingham, one of 37 fatalities on United Airlines flight 93 and 2,998 fatalities in the September 11 attacks on the United States. Bingham, 31, was a member of the Log Cabin Republicans.
December 22 – Lance Loud, reality television participant (An American Family), musician (Mumps), journalist (The Advocate).

See also

Timeline of LGBT history – timeline of events from 12,000 BCE to present
LGBT rights by country or territory – current legal status around the world
LGBT social movements

References

LGBT rights by year

2001 in LGBT rights


The year 1934 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.

Events
 The Architects (Registration) Act, 1934, is passed in the United Kingdom; the legislation is eventually superseded by a new Act in 1997.
 Narkomtiazhprom stage a design contest for construction of a People's Commissariat of Construction of Heavy Industry in Red Square, Moscow in the Soviet Union.

Buildings and structures

Buildings opened
 May – Penguin Pool, London Zoo, designed by Berthold Lubetkin and Ove Arup.
 July 9 – Isokon building (Lawn Road flats), Hampstead, London, designed by Wells Coates.
 July 17 – Circular Manchester Central Library, England, designed by Vincent Harris; foundation stone for same architect's adjacent Manchester Town Hall Extension is laid on same day.
 October 23 – Guildhall, Swansea, Wales, designed by Percy Thomas.
 October 24 – Palazzo delle Poste, Palermo, Sicily, Italy, designed by Angiolo Mazzoni.
 November 24 – ANZAC War Memorial in Sydney, Australia, designed by Bruce Dellit.

Buildings completed

 Gothenburg City Theatre, Sweden.
 64 Heath Drive, Gidea Park, London, designed by Francis Skinner of Tecton Group.
 Cholmeley Lodge (apartments), Highgate, London, designed by Guy Morgan.
 Samuel Goldwyn Estate, Beverly Hills, California, by Douglas Honnold and George Vernon Russell
 Drapacz Chmur ("Silesian Skyscraper") apartment building, Katowice, Poland, designed by architect Tadeusz Kozłowski and structural engineer Stefan Bryła.
 Helsingborg Concert Hall, designed by Sven Markelius.
 Synagogue (Agudat Achim) at Skořepka 13, Brno, designed by Otto Eisler.
 New Cambridge University Library (October 22) and Memorial Court for Clare College, Cambridge, designed as an ensemble, and buildings in North Court, Trinity Hall, Cambridge, England, all by Giles Gilbert Scott.
 Tongland Generating Station, Galloway hydro-electric power scheme, Scotland, designed by Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners.
 Palacio de Bellas Artes, Mexico City, designed by .
 Fronton Recoletos, Madrid, designed by Eduardo Torroja.
 Joyería J. Roca (modern-day Tous) at 18, Paseo de Gracia, and Ciutat de Repòs i de Vacances, both in Barcelona and designed by Josep Lluís Sert.
 57 Ahad Ha'am Street, White City (Tel Aviv), Mandatory Palestine, designed by Genia Averbuch.

Publication
 Steen Eiler Rasmussen – London, the Unique City

Awards
 RIBA Royal Gold Medal – Henry Vaughan Lanchester.
 Grand Prix de Rome, architecture: André Hilt.

Births

 January 4 – Zurab Tsereteli, Georgian-Russian painter, sculptor and architect, President of the Russian Academy of Arts
 March 30 – Hans Hollein, Austrian architect and designer
 April 8 – Kisho Kurokawa, Japanese architect and one of the founders of the Metabolist Movement (died 2007)
 June 21 – John Outram, English architect
 July 9 – Michael Graves, US architect, one of The New York Five
 September 11 – Cedric Price, English architect (died 2003)
 September 30 – Marco Dezzi Bardeschi, Italian architect (died 2018)
 October 12 – Richard Meier, US Rationalist architect
 November 6 – Barton Myers, US-Canadian architect and teacher
 Nari Gandhi, Indian architect (died 1993)

Deaths
 March 7 – Henry Wilson, English Arts and Crafts architect and metalwork designer (born 1864)
 May 17 – Cass Gilbert, US Beaux Arts architect (born 1859)
 August 12 – Hendrik Petrus Berlage, Dutch architect (born 1856)
 August 14 – Raymond Hood, US Art Deco architect (born 1881)
 August 18 – Sir John Sulman, Australian architect (born 1849)
 October 4 – Henry Sproatt, Canadian architect (born 1866)
 November 27 – Arthur Beresford Pite, English architect (born 1861)

References

1934 in architecture