A mental calculator or human calculator is a person with a prodigious ability in some area of mental calculation (such as adding, subtracting, multiplying or dividing large numbers).

The world's best mental calculators are invited every two years to compete for the Mental Calculation World Cup. On July 17, 2022, at Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum in Paderborn city of Germany, 12-year-old Indian mental calculator Aaryan Nitin Shukla clinched the title to become the new World Champion. Aaryan ended the dominance of Japanese mental calculators who won the competitions during 2018-Tomohiro Iseda and 2016-Yuki Kimura. Tomohiro Iseda (2018) was the third Japanese person to win the Cup, after Naofumi Ogasawara (2012) and Yuki Kimura (2016). Shakuntala Devi from India has been often mentioned on the Guinness World Records. Neelakantha Bhanu Prakash from India has been often mentioned on the Limca Book of Records for racing past the speed of a calculator in addition. Srilankan-Malaysian performer Yaashwin Sarawanan was the runner-up in 2019 Asia's Got Talent.

In 2005, a group of researchers led by Michael W. O'Boyle, an American psychologist previously working in Australia and now at Texas Tech University, has used MRI scanning of blood flow during mental operation in computational prodigies. These math prodigies have shown increases in blood flow to parts of the brain responsible for mathematical operations during a mental rotation task that are greater than the typical increases.

Mental calculators were in great demand in research centers such as CERN before the advent of modern electronic calculators and computers. See, for instance, Steven B. Smith's 1983 book The Great Mental Calculators, or the 2016 book Hidden Figures and the film adapted from it.

Champion mental calculators

Every two years the world's best mental calculators are invited to participate in The Mental Calculation World Cup, an international competition that attempts to find the world's best mental calculator, and also the best at specific types of mental calculation, such as multiplication or calendar reckoning. The top three final placings from each of the world cups that have been staged to date are shown below.

First Mental Calculation World Cup (Annaberg-Buchholz, 2004)

Second Mental Calculation World Cup (Gießen, 2006)

Third Mental Calculation World Cup (Leipzig, 2008)

Fourth Mental Calculation World Cup (Magdeburg, 2010)

Fifth Mental Calculation World Cup (Gießen, 2012)

Sixth Mental Calculation World Cup (Dresden, 2014)

Seventh Mental Calculation World Cup (Bielefeld, 2016)

Eighth Mental Calculation World Cup (Wolfsburg, 2018)

Ninth Mental Calculation World Cup (Paderborn, 2022)

The Mind Sports Olympiad has staged an annual world championships since 1998.

MSO mental calculation gold medal winners

The Mind Sports Organisation recognizes five grandmasters of mental calculation: Robert Fountain (1999), George Lane (2001), Gert Mittring (2005), Chris Bryant (2017) and Wenzel Grüß  (2019), and one international master, Andy Robertshaw (2008). In 2021, Aaryan Nitin Shukla  became the youngest champion ever at an age of just 11 years.

Mental calculators (deceased)

 Aitken, Alexander Craig (1895–1967), New Zealand mathematician
 Ampère, André-Marie (1775–1836)
 Bidder, George Parker (1806–1878)
 Buxton, Jedediah (1707–1772)
 Colburn, Zerah (1804–1839)
 Dase, Johann Zacharias (1824–1861)
 Devi, Shakuntala (1929–2013)
 Dysart, Willis (1923–2011), a.k.a. Willie the Wizard
 Eberstark, Hans (1929–2001)
 Euler, Leonhard (1707–1783)
 Finkelstein, Salo (born –unknown)
 Fuller, Thomas (1710–1790) a.k.a "Virginia Calculator"
 Gauss, Carl Friedrich (1777–1855), German mathematician and physicist
 Griffith, Arthur F. (1880–1911)
 Hamilton, William Rowan (1805–1865)
 Inaudi, Jacques (1867–1950)
 Klein, Wim (1912–1986), a.k.a. Willem Klein
 McCartney, Daniel (1817–1887)
 Neumann, John von (1903–1957)
 Ramanujan, Srinivasa (1887–1920)
 Riemann, Bernhard (1826–1866)
 Safford, Truman Henry (1836–1901)
 Shelushkov, Igor (born  – ?)
 Wallis, John (1616–1703)

Mental calculators in fiction

Dune

In Frank Herbert's novel Dune, specially trained mental calculators known as Mentats have replaced mechanical computers completely. Several important supporting characters in the novel, namely Piter De Vries and Thufir Hawat, are Mentats. Paul Atreides was originally trained as one without his knowledge. However, these Mentats do not specialize in mathematical calculations, but in total recall of many different kinds of data. For example, Thufir Hawat is able to recite various details of a mining operation, including the number of various pieces of equipment, the people to work them, the profits and costs involved, etc. In the novel he is never depicted as doing actual academic mathematical calculations. Mentats were valued for their capacity as humans to store data, because "thinking machines" are outlawed.

Matilda
In Roald Dahl's novel Matilda, the lead character is portrayed having exceptional computational skills as she computes her father's profit without the need for paper computations. During class (she is a first-year elementary school student), she does large-number multiplication problems in her head almost instantly.

Other
In the 1988 movie Rain Man, Raymond Babbitt, who has savant syndrome, can mentally calculate large numbers, amongst other abilities.

Andrew Jackson "Slipstick" Libby is a calculating prodigy in Robert A. Heinlein's Sci-Fi story Methuselah's Children.

In the USA Network legal drama Suits, the main character, Mike Ross, is asked to multiply considerably large numbers in his head to impress two girls, and subsequently does so.

In Haruki Murakami's novel Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World, a class of mental calculators known as Calcutecs perform cryptography in a sealed-off portion of their brains, the results of which they are unable to access from their normal waking consciousness.

In the Fox television show Malcolm in the Middle, Malcolm Wilkerson displays astounding feats of automatic mental calculation, which causes him to fear his family will see him as a "freak", and causes his brother to ask, "Is Malcolm a robot?".

In the 1991 movie Little Man Tate, Fred Tate in the audience blurts out the answer during a mental calculation contest.

In the 1990s NBC TV sitcom NewsRadio, reporter/producer Lisa Miller can mentally calculate products, quotients, and square roots effortlessly and almost instantly, on demand.

In the 1997 Sci-Fi thriller Cube, one of the prisoners, Kazan, appears to be mentally disabled, but is revealed later in the film to be an autistic savant who is able to calculate prime factors in his head.

In 1998 Darren Aronofsky's film Pi, Maximillian Cohen is asked a few times by a young child with a calculator to do large multiplications and divisions in his head, which he promptly does, correctly.

In 1998 film Mercury Rising, a 9-year-old autistic savant with prodigious math abilities cracks a top secret government code.

In the 2006 film Stranger than Fiction, the main character, Harold Crick, is able to perform rapid arithmetic at the request of his co-workers.

In the 2007 sitcom The Big Bang Theory, the main character, Sheldon Cooper, calculates numbers and solutions in his head for his theoretical physics research.

In the 2008 show Breaking Bad, the main character, Walter White, is shown to calculate most of the numbers to his deals, such as profit and production costs, purely within his head.

In the 2009 Japanese animated film Summer Wars, the main character, mathematical genius Kenji Koiso, is able to mentally break purely mathematical encryption codes generated by the OZ virtual world's security system. He can also mentally calculate the day of the week a person was born, based on their birthday.

In another Fox television show, Fringe, in the third episode of the third season, Olivia and her fellow Fringe Division members encounter an individual with severe cognitive impairment who has been given experimental nootropics and as a result has become a mathematical genius. The individual is able to calculate hundreds of equations simultaneously, which he leverages to avoid being returned to his original state of cognitive impairment.

In the 2012 film Safe, a female child math genius is kidnapped to be used by the Chinese Triad.

In the 2014 Sci-Fi novel Double Bill by S. Ayoade, Devi Singh, a mental calculator, is one of the 70 lucky children who win a trip to the moon.

In the 2014 TV series Scorpion, Sylvester Dodd, a gifted mathematician and statistician with an IQ of 175; he is described as a "human calculator".

Shameless Season 7 Episode 1

In the 2016 film The Accountant, Christian Wolff is a high-functioning autistic man who tracks insider financial deceptions for numerous criminal organizations.

In the 2017 film Gifted, an intellectually gifted seven-year-old, Mary Adler, becomes the subject of a custody battle between her uncle and grandmother.

In 2020, an eponymous film Shakuntala Devi on the life of Indian mathematician, writer, astrologer and mental calculator Shakuntala Devi.

See also
Child prodigy
Human computer
Hypercalculia
Mental Calculation World Cup
Mnemonist
Genius

References

Further reading
Frank D. Mitchell, "Mathematical Prodigies", The American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 18, No. 1 (Jan., 1907), pp. 61-143  (free access)

External links
Mental Calculation World Cup site
Memoriad site
Prodigy Calculators by Viktor Pekelis
Willem Klein
Thought and machine processes
Methods and Relevance to Brain efficiency of Neelakantha Bhanu
Tricks and techniques
MSO Results
Lightning Calculators is a three-part essay that discusses these individuals, their methods, and the media coverage of them.

Giftedness

Mental calculator


Jean Baseilhac, bekendt under navnet Frère Côme, (født 1703 i Pouyastruc nær Tarbes, død 1781) var en fransk læge.

Baseilhac, der var livkirurg hos ærkebispen af Bayeux, indtrådte under navnet Jean de Saint-Côme 1729 i bernhardinernes orden i Paris. Foruden andre instrumenter opfandt han den krummede troikart til blærestik og 1743 en kniv til stensnit. Han skrev: Recueil de pièces importantes sur l'opération de la taille faite par le lithotome caché (1751) og Nouvelle méthode d'extraire la pierre de la vessie urinaire par dessus le pubis (1779).

Kilder

Ordensfolk fra Frankrig
Læger fra Frankrig
Faglitterære forfattere fra Frankrig
Fransksprogede forfattere
Franskmænd i 1700-tallet

Jean Baseilhac


William J. Wylie ou Bill Wylie est un technicien des effets sonores américain.

Biographie

William J. Wylie est né en 1930 et commence sa carrière cinématographique avec l'Air Force. En 1953, il retourne dans le civil et travaille dans les effets sonores. Au début des années 1960, il est engagé par les studios Disney et son premier crédit est Monte là-d'ssus (1961) sur lequel il participe au son distinctif du Flubber.

Il travaille ensuite sur la plupart des productions de Disney jusqu'au Trou noir (1979) sur lequel il est assisté de Stephen Katz.

Filmographie

 1962 : Les Aventuriers du Far West
 1961 : Monte là-d'ssus
 1962 :
 1968 : Un amour de Coccinelle
 1971 : Un singulier directeur
 1974 : Le Nouvel Amour de Coccinelle
 1977 : La Coccinelle à Monte-Carlo
 1977 : Peter et Elliott le dragon
 1979 : Le Trou noir
 1980 : La Coccinelle à Mexico
 1980 : Raging Bull
 1981 : Sanglantes Confessions
 1982 : Rocky 3
 1982 : La Valse des pantins
 1984 : Iceman
 1984 : Une défense canon
 1984 : Falling in Love
 1985 : St. Elmo's Fire
 1985 : Rocky 4
 1986 : Le flic était presque parfait
 1987 : Over the Top : Le Bras de fer
 1987 : Roxanne
 1987 : Baby Boom
 1988 : Arthur 2 : Dans la dèche
 1988 : Hot to Trot
 1988 : Everybody's All-American
 1989 : La Nuit du sérail
 1989 : Black Rain

Références

Liens externes

Artiste Disney
Naissance en 1930

William J. Wylie


Famille von Heland, famille de la noblesse suédoise ;
 Martin Rudolf Heland (1765-1814), graveur suédois chalcographe.

Heland


ثلاثية الأسد أو مجموعة مجرات مسييه 66 هي عبارة عن مجموعة صغيرة من المجرات تقع في كوكبة الأسد. تتألف مجموعة المجرات هذه من ثلاث مجرات كلها حلزونية وهي: م65 وم66 وإن جي سي 3628. وتقع قرب هذه المجموعة مجموعة مجرات م96، وربما تكون هاتان المجموعتان هما جزئين من مجموعة مجرات أكبر.

م65 هي مجرة حلزونية تبعد عن كوكبة الأسد 22 مليون سنة ضوئية، ويبلغ قدرها الظاهري 10,25. أما م66 فهي تبعد عن كوكبة الأسد 36 سنة ضوئية ويبلغ قدرها 8,9. أما NGC 3628 فهي تبعد 35 سنة ضوئية عن كوكبة الأسد.

مراجع

ثلاثية الأسد
أجرام أرب
كوكبة الأسد

ثلاثية الأسد


Føroya Kommunufelag forkortet FKF (Færøernes Kommuneforening) var en interesseorganisation for de mindre og mellemstore bygdekommuner på Færøerne. Foreningen organiserede alle de kommuner, der ikke var medlemmer af Kommunusamskipan Føroya (KFS). Det drejede sig i foreningens sidste tid om 23 kommuner. Den 1. januar 2014 slog FKF og KFS sig sammen til  Kommunufelagið, der dermed omfatter alle Færøernes 30 kommuner.

Foreningen drev det fælleskommunale miljøkontor Agenda 21 stovan.

Formænd
Ufuldstændig liste
 Asbjørn Djurhuus 2008–2014
 Rósa Samuelsen 2005–2008
 Jacob Vestergaard 2001–2003
 Heini O. Heinesen 1983–1985
 Vilhelm Johannesen 1977–1979
 Asbjørn Joensen 1966–1972

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger
Officielt websted

Organisationer fra Færøerne
Ophørt i 2014
Arbejdsgiverforeninger fra Færøerne

Føroya Kommunufelag


Todos los días un poco… es el segundo álbum de estudio del cantante folclórico argentino Abel Pintos. Fue grabado en 1999 bajo el sello discográfico de Sony Music.

Lista de canciones

Artistas invitados:
 Rubén Mono Izurralde (Flautas)
 Luis Gurevich (Piano)

Álbumes de 1999

Todos los días un poco


Thomas Ivory henviser til:

 Thomas Ivory (britisk arkitekt) (1709-1779) – britisk arkitekt
 Thomas Ivory (irsk arkitekt) (død 1786) – irsk arkitekt

Thomas Ivory


Gama (majuscula: Γ, minuscula: γ; în greacă: γάμμα gámma), sau gamma, este a treia literă a alfabetului grec. În numerația greacă are valoare 3. În greaca antică, litera reprezenta consoana oclusivă velară sonoră /g/. În greaca modernă, ea reprezintă /ɣ/ sau /ʝ/

Alfabetul grec
Litere

Gama (literă)


Whiskysauce eller whiskysovs er en sovs med whisky fra det britiske køkken. Den er blevet populær over hele verden.

Sovsen fremstilles ved at hælde whisky på en stegepande og sætte ild til den, så sovsen ikke bliver bitter, hvorefter der tilsættes fløde og krydderier (normalt kun salt og peber.).

På trods af at flere typer alkohol har været brugt i sauce i flere hundrede år, kunne manglende dokumentation for brugen af whisky indikere, at det er en nyere opfindelse. Whisky i mad findes i victoriatiden (i 1800-tallet), hvor Isabella Beeton havde opskrifter på whiskysauce i sin berømte kogebog Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management.

I moderne tid er whiskysauce og barbequesauce blevet kombineret for at lave whiskey-barbeque-sauce af bl.a. mærkerne Jim Beam og Jack Daniel's. Mange opskrifter på skotsk whiskysovs er populære til  Burnsmiddag til den traditionelle hovedret haggis.

Referencer

Sovse
Mad fra Storbritannien
Sauce

Whiskysauce


The American Council of Christian Churches(ACCC) is a fundamentalist organization set up in opposition to the Federal Council of Churches (now National Council of Churches).

The council's motto is Jude 3, "Earnestly contending for the Faith".

History
ACCC was founded in 1941 under the leadership of Carl McIntire.

Membership in the American Council of Christian Churches is available to denominations and individual Christians, who are admitted by a 3/4 majority vote. Agreement with the purposes and doctrinal statement are required and membership is specifically denied to those who have affiliations with

The ACCC has remained small in comparison to the National Association of Evangelicals and the National Council of Churches. This is due in part to its strong separatist stance, and in part because separatist denominations will often not participate in "cross-denominational" organizations.

Ralph Colas currently serves as Executive Secretary. Offices are in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. The ACCC is the national equivalent of the International Council of Christian Churches.

In July 2007, the leadership of the ACCC issued a statement criticizing a recent declaration by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith on the meaning of the phrase subsistit in which re-emphasized the role of the Catholic Church as the subsisting Church of Christ.

Members – April 2019
 Appalachian Independent Minister's Fellowship
 Association of Ministers of the Reformed Faith
 Faith Presbytery, Bible Presbyterian Church
 Evangelical Methodist Church of America
 Fellowship of Fundamental Bible Churches
 Free Presbyterian Church of North America
 Fundamental Methodist Church
 Independent Baptist Fellowship of North America
 Independent Churches Affiliated

Presidents
 Clyde J. Kennedy (1958–1961)

References

External links

Christian fundamentalism
United States
Christian organizations established in 1941

American Council of Christian Churches


O USS New Jersey foi um couraçado pré-dreadnought operado pela Marinha dos Estados Unidos e a quarta embarcação da Classe Virginia, depois do ,  e , e seguido pelo . Construído a partir de maio de 1902 no Fore River Shipyard e lançado ao mar em novembro de 1904, foi comissionado em maio de 1906. Era armado com uma bateria principal composta por quatro canhões de 305 milímetros montados em duas torres de artilharia duplas, tinha um deslocamento carregado de mais de dezesseis mil toneladas e alcançava uma velocidade máxima de dezenove nós (35 quilômetros por hora).

O New Jersey serviu durante a maior parte de sua carreira na Frota do Atlântico, na qual suas principais atividades foram exercícios e treinamentos de rotina. Entre 1907 e 1909 fez parte da Grande Frota Branca durante sua viagem ao redor do mundo, enquanto em 1914 foi enviado para o México participar da ocupação de Veracruz durante a Revolução Mexicana. Foi usado como navio-escola após a entrada dos Estados Unidos na Primeira Guerra Mundial em 1917. Ao final do conflito foi empregado como navio de transporte de tropas. A embarcação foi descomissionada em 1920 e afundada em setembro de 1923 como alvo de tiro em uma série de testes de bombardeios aéreos.

Projeto
O trabalho de design na classe Virginia começou em 1899, após a vitória dos Estados Unidos na Guerra Hispano-Americana, que havia demonstrado a necessidade de encouraçados adequados para operações no exterior, resolvendo finalmente o debate entre os proponentes desse tipo e aqueles que favoreciam encouraçados de borda livre baixa com uso na defesa costeira. Os projetistas incluíram um arranjo sobreposto dos canhões principais e alguns dos canhões secundários, o que provou ser uma decepção significativa em serviço, já que o disparo de qualquer conjunto de canhões interferia nos outros, diminuindo a cadência de tiro.

O New Jersey tinha 134,49 metros de comprimento total e tinha uma boca de 23 metros e um calado de sete metros. Ele deslocava 15 188 toneladas conforme projetado e até 16 352 toneladas em plena carga. O navio era movido por motores a vapor de expansão tripla de dois eixos avaliados em 19 mil cavalos de potência, com vapor fornecido por vinte e quatro caldeiras Niclausse movidas a carvão. O sistema de propulsão lhe proporcionava uma velocidade máxima de dezenove nós (35 quilômetros por hora). Como construído, ele foi equipado com mastros militares pesados, mas estes foram rapidamente substituídos por equivalentes treliçados em 1909. Ele tinha uma tripulação de 812 oficiais e praças.

O navio estava armado com uma bateria principal de quatro canhões Mark IV de 305 milímetros, com 40 calibres de comprimento, em duas torres gêmeas na linha central, uma à frente e uma à ré. A bateria secundária consistia em oito canhões de 203 milímetros, com 45 calibres de comprimento, e doze canhões de 152 milímetros, com 50 calibres de comprimento. Os canhões de 203 milímetros foram montados em quatro torres gêmeas; duas delas foram sobrepostas no topo das torres da bateria principal, com as outras duas torres lado a lado com o funil dianteiro. Os canhões de 152 milímetros foram colocados em casamatas no casco. Para defesa de curto alcance contra barcos torpedeiros, ele carregava doze canhões de 76 milímetros, com 50 calibres de comprimento, em casamatas ao longo da lateral do casco e doze canhões de 3 libras. Como era padrão para os navios capitais da época, o New Jersey carregava quatro tubos de torpedos de 533 milímetros, submersos em seu casco na lateral.

O cinturão blindado do New Jersey tinha 279 milímetros de espessura sobre os paióis e espaços de máquinas e 152 milímetros em outros lugares. As faces das torres de canhão da bateria principal (e das torres secundárias em cima delas) possuíam 305 milímetros de espessura. Cada torre repousava sobre uma barbeta de apoio que tinha 254 milímetros de blindagem. A torre de comando tinha 229 milímetros em seus lados.

Histórico de serviço

Início de carreira e Grande Frota Branca

A quilha do New Jersey foi batida no Fore River Shipyard em 3 de maio de 1902. Ela foi lançado em 10 de novembro de 1904; a filha de Franklin Murphy, então governador de Nova Jersey, batizou o navio. Ele foi comissionado na frota dos Estados Unidos em 12 de maio de 1906, com o capitão William Kimball no comando. O New Jersey começou seu treinamento inicial no Atlântico e no Caribe, que foi interrompido por uma revista naval para o presidente Theodore Roosevelt em Oyster Bay em setembro. Em 21 de setembro, o navio foi enviado a Cuba para participar da Segunda Ocupação de Cuba; ele permaneceu lá até 13 de outubro. O New Jersey participou da Exposição de Jamestown de 15 de abril a 14 de maio de 1907, que comemorou o 300.º aniversário da fundação da colônia de Jamestown. Uma frota internacional que incluía navios de guerra britânicos, franceses, alemães, japoneses e austro-húngaros juntou-se à Marinha dos Estados Unidos no evento.

O New Jersey juntou-se à Grande Frota Branca em 16 de dezembro de 1907, quando partiram de Hampton Roads para iniciar a circum-navegação do globo. O cruzeiro da Grande Frota Branca foi concebido como uma forma de demonstrar o poder militar americano, particularmente para o Japão. As tensões começaram a aumentar entre os Estados Unidos e o Japão após a vitória deste último na Guerra Russo-Japonesa em 1905, particularmente sobre a oposição racista à imigração japonesa para os Estados Unidos. A imprensa de ambos os países começou a clamar pela guerra, e Roosevelt esperava usar a demonstração de poderio naval para deter a agressão japonesa. A frota navegou para o sul até o Caribe e depois para a América do Sul, fazendo escalas em Port of Spain, Rio de Janeiro, Punta Arenas e Valparaíso, entre outras cidades. Depois de chegar ao México em março de 1908, a frota passou três semanas praticando artilharia. A frota então retomou sua viagem pela costa do Pacífico das Américas, parando em São Francisco e Seattle antes de cruzar o Pacífico para a Austrália, parando no Havaí no caminho. As paradas no Pacífico Sul incluíram Melbourne, Sydney e Auckland.

Após deixar a Austrália, a frota virou para o norte em direção às Filipinas, parando em Manila, antes de seguir para o Japão onde foi realizada uma cerimônia de boas-vindas em Yokohama, que ajudou a diminuir as tensões entre os dois países. Seguiram-se três semanas de exercícios na Baía de Subic, nas Filipinas, em novembro. Os navios passaram por Cingapura em 6 de dezembro e entraram no Oceano Índico; eles carvoaram em Colombo antes de prosseguir para o Canal de Suez e carvoar novamente em Porto Saíde, Egito. A frota fez escala em vários portos do Mediterrâneo antes de parar em Gibraltar, onde uma frota internacional de navios de guerra britânicos, russos, franceses e holandeses saudou os americanos. Os navios então cruzaram o Atlântico para retornar a Hampton Roads em 22 de fevereiro de 1909, tendo percorrido 86 542 quilômetros. Lá, eles realizaram mais uma revista naval para Theodore Roosevelt.

1910–1923

O New Jersey passou os próximos anos na rotina de tempos de paz da Frota do Atlântico, com várias manobras de treinamento e prática de artilharia no Atlântico e no Caribe. Durante este período, ele passou um ano fora de serviço em Boston, de 2 de maio de 1910 a 15 de julho de 1911, e nos verões de 1912 e 1913, conduziu cruzeiros de treinamento para aspirantes da Academia Naval dos Estados Unidos. O navio foi empregado no Caribe para proteger os interesses americanos à medida que a Revolução Mexicana piorava no final de 1913. Em 21 de abril de 1914, os Estados Unidos ocuparam Veracruz após o Caso Tampico. Em 13 de agosto, o New Jersey deixou as águas mexicanas e navegou para São Domingos, onde a agitação tomou conta da República Dominicana e do Haiti. Após observar as condições dos dois países, o navio seguiu viagem, chegando a Hampton Roads no dia 9 de outubro. Ele passou os três anos seguintes conduzindo sua rotina normal de treinamento.

Em 6 de abril de 1917, os Estados Unidos declararam guerra à Alemanha devido à campanha de guerra submarina irrestrita que a Alemanha iniciou no início daquele ano. O New Jersey foi empregado como um navio de treinamento para recrutas navais, com base na Baía de Chesapeake. Em novembro de 1918, a Alemanha assinou o armistício que pôs fim à guerra; o New Jersey foi posteriormente usada para transportar soldados americanos de volta da Europa. Ao longo de quatro viagens entre o final de 1918 e 9 de junho de 1919, ele transportou cerca de 5 mil soldados. O New Jersey foi desativado em 6 de agosto de 1920 no Estaleiro Naval de Boston e deveria ser descartado sob os termos do Tratado Naval de Washington assinado em 1922. O New Jersey, junto com seu companheiro de classe  e o encouraçado , foram alocados como navios-alvo em testes conduzidos pelo Serviço Aéreo do Exército dos Estados Unidos, sob a supervisão do General Billy Mitchell.

Os testes de bombardeio contra o New Jersey foram conduzidos em 5 de setembro de 1923 no Oceano Atlântico ao largo de Diamond Shoals, Carolina do Norte, por bombardeiros Martin NBS-1 do 2.º Grupo de Bombardeio. Observadores estavam a bordo do navio de transporte do Exército St. Mihiel. Quatro dos NBS-1s atacaram o New Jersey com bombas de 270 kg a uma altitude de 3 mil metros, marcando quatro acertos e vários quase-acertos, que causaram inundações significativas. Outro ataque foi feito, desta vez com bombas de 910 kg a 1 800 metros, das quais sete quase acertaram o navio. A essa altura, as inundações haviam aumentado a ponto de as portas dos canhões da casamata ficarem submersas. Mais dois NBS-1s então atacaram com duas bombas de 500 kg cada; os dois primeiros erraram, mas o terceiro foi um acerto direto. Isso causou uma grande explosão e o New Jersey virou e afundou 24 minutos depois.

Bibliografia

Ligações externas

Classe Virginia (couraçados)
Navios de 1904
Navios construídos em Massachusetts
Couraçados da Marinha dos Estados Unidos
Naufrágios na costa da Carolina
Navios afundados como alvos

USS New Jersey (BB-16)


Die Präsidentschaftswahl  in Kiribati 2012 fand am 13. Januar 2012 anschließend an die am  21. Oktober und 28. Oktober 2011 durchgeführte Parlamentswahl in Kiribati 2011 zum zehnten Maneaba ni Maungatabu für die Amtszeit von 2012 bis 2015 statt.

Der amtierende Präsident Anote Tong suchte dabei die Wiederwahl zu seiner dritten Amtsperiode und beendete eine längere Zeit der Spekulation über seine erneute Kandidaturentscheidung.

Kandidaten

Am 25. November 2011 wurde in der ersten Parlamentssitzung Taomati T. Luta von der Regierungspartei BTK zum Sprecher wiedergewählt. Am gleichen Tag wurden vom Parlament drei Präsidentschaftskandidaten nominiert: der seit 2003 amtierende Anote Tong von der BTK, der Arzt und Politiker Tetaua Taitai und der ehemalige Führer der Partei Karikirakean Tei-Kiribati Rimeta Beniamina, Sohn des früheren Vizepräsidenten Beniamina Tiinga.

Wahldatum

Der ursprüngliche auf den 30. Dezember 2011 angesetzte Wahltag wurde auf den 13. Januar 2012 verschoben, um den Wählern die Reisen von und zu den Heimatinseln anlässlich des Jahreswechsels zu ermöglichen.

Wahlbeteiligung

Die Wahlbeteiligung in den 23 Wahlbezirken lag bei ungefähr 68 % der rund 40.000 registrierten Wähler. Sie lag somit höher als die ungefähr 50 % Wahlbeteiligung der Präsidentschaftswahl in Kiribati 2007, zu deren Boykott die damalige Opposition, darunter Tongs Bruder Harry Tong, aufgerufen hatte.

Wahlergebnis

Präsident Tong wurde mit 42 % der Stimmen in seine dritte Amtsperiode von 2012 bis 2015 wiedergewählt und schlug damit Tetaua Taitai und Rimeta Beniamina, den Oppositionsführer des vorherigen Parlaments.

Wahlergebnis nach Wahlbezirk

Weblinks

 East West Center: Parliament Nominates 3 Candidates for Kiribati President
 Teweiariki Teaero: Open race for the presidency in Kiribati. In: Islands Business, 15. November 2011, englisch, abgerufen am 2. April 2012

Einzelnachweise

2012
Kiribati

Präsidentschaftswahl in Kiribati 2012


هايدي(باليابانية: アルプスの少女ハイジ) مسلسل رسوم متحركة (أنمي) أنتج عام 1974 بواسطة شركة زويو إيزو  اليابانية (التي أصبحت لاحقا نيبون أنيميشن). مخرج المسلسل هو إيزاو تاكاهاتا ومصمم الرسوم هو هاياو ميازاكي.

القصة
قصة المسلسل مقتبسة من رواية هايدي للكاتبة السويسرية يوهانا شبيري،و تدور أحداثها حول تلك الطفلة التي كانت تعيش مع عمتها والتي كانت تريد التركيز على مهنتها، فأخذتها إلى جدها الذي يعيش في جبال الألب وكان رجلا عجوزا يعيش في كوخ ألبي بعيد عن القرية، والذي بدوره رفض إرسال هايدي للمدرسة وبدلا من ذلك قام بإرسالها مع بيتر الراعي الصغير لتقوم بالرعي، إلى أن أتت عمتها مرة أخرى وأخبروها نساء القرية أن الجد لم يرسل هايدي إلى المدرسة للتعلم وبهذا أخذت هايدي وأرسلتها إلى فرانكفورت للبقاء مع أسرة ثرية وقدمت عمة هايدي إلى الآنسة لوتينماير للتعرف عليها لكن الآنسة لم تقتنع ببقاء هايدي مع كلير لأن كلير أكبر من هايدي بأربع سنوات حينها ودعت العمة الآنسة تاركة هايدي في القصر على الرغم من رفض الآنسة ابقاء هايدي في القصر وبقت هايدي مع كليرا الطفلة المشلولة.

بدأت هايدي بالتعلم شيئا فشيئا بمساعدة جدة الطفلة المشلولة كلير، لم تستطع هايدي الانضباط نظرا لصرامة الآنسة لوتينماير لأن الآنسة تنتمي إلى الطبقة البرجوازية التي كانت تعيش معهم، إلى أن بدأت هايدي بالشعور بالحنين إلى الوطن وغلبها الإعياء إلى أن عادت أدراجها إلى الوطن بفضل والد كلير الذي أجبر الآنسة لوتينماير على مغادرة هايدي والرجوع إلى الجبال، وبعد مدة أرسلت كلير رسالة إلى هايدي تخبرها بأنها ستزور جبال الألب قريباً لكن بشرط أن يزور طبيب كلير أولاً إلى الجبال للتأكد من ملائمة المكان لكنه رفض بسبب طبيعة الجبال الوعرة لكن هايدي غضبت وبعد عدة محاولات أستطاعت أن تقنع الطبيب بزيارة كلير إلى الجبال بسبب وجود الطبيعة الجميلة والمراعي وبالتالي زارت كلير ومعها الآنسة لوتينماير إلى الجبال وأقاموا في بيت الجد الشتوي أسفل الجبل بالقرب من القرية لكن الآنسة لوتينماير لم تستطع البقاء طويلاً وغادرت مبكراً إلى فرانكفورت وبالتالي زارت جدة كلير القرية وكانت هايدي وكلير سعيدتان بزيارة الجدة وقبل مغادرتها القرية نصحت كلير بالقيام بالتمارين للتمكن من المشي وبعد مدة استطاعت كلير المشي بفضل مساعدة هايدي وبيتر على تجاوزها هذه المحنة وبعد ذلك زارت الجدة ووالد كلير واندهشا من شفاء كلير وتمكنها من المشي ثم ودعا هايدي والجد وبيتر ورجعا إلى فرانكفورت.

الشخصيات
 هايدي الشخصية الرئيسيّة في المسلسل.
 بيتر راعي الماعز
 الجد مؤدي صوته غسان المشيني ووالد كلار وشخصيات أخرى كما قام بإخراج المسلسل.
 كلارا سميرة شامية قامت بدور كلير وجدة بيتر وعمة هايدي وأدوار أخرى
 العمة

 الجدة
 زهير حداد قام بدور الخادم سيبستيان وطبيب كلير وصاحب العنزة يوكي وشخصيات أخرى.
 قامت بدور الراوية في مسلسل هايدي فريال قاسم، وقد قامت أيضاً بدور الآنسة روتن ماير ووالدة بيتر بريجيت

انظر أيضا
 هايدي
 قائمة مسلسلات كرتون

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي
 معرض فنون هايدي الذي أقيم عام 2005 بمتحف جيبلي

استوديو غيبلي
أفلام أنمي 1979
أنمي ومانغا تاريخية
أنمي ومانغا تقع أحداثها في ألمانيا
أنمي ومانغا درامية
إيزاو تاكاهاتا
برامج تلفزيونية مبنية على كتب أطفال
سلسلة مسرح تحف العالم
عروض تلفزيونية تقع أحداثها في سويسرا
عروض تلفزيونية تقع أحداثها في فرانكفورت
مسلسلات أنمي متلفزة 1974
مسلسلات أنمي مدبلجة للعربية
مسلسلات تلفزيونية انتهت في 1974
مسلسلات تلفزيونية أمريكية 1974
مسلسلات تلفزيونية أمريكية بدأ عرضها في 1974
مسلسلات تلفزيونية بدأ عرضها في 1974
مسلسلات تلفزيونية تقع أحداثها في القرن 19
مسلسلات تلفزيونية يابانية انتهت في 1974
مسلسلات تلفزيونية يابانية بدأ عرضها في 1974
مسلسلات رسوم متحركة تلفزيونية عن الأيتام

هايدي (أنمي)


Louis Auguste Moreau né le  à Paris et mort le  à Montgeron est un sculpteur français.

Il expose au Salon des artistes français à partir de 1875 où ses œuvres sont régulièrement primées. Il obtient une médaille d'honneur de  en 1880, une médaille de bronze à l'Exposition universelle de Paris de 1889 et une autre médaille de bronze à l'Exposition universelle de 1900. Ses objets d'art et de décoration académiques ou Art nouveau, souvent signés avec son frère François « L & F Moreau », seront largement tirés en régule.

Biographie

Louis Auguste Moreau appartient à la famille Moreau, une dynastie de sculpteurs réputés originaires de Dijon et installés à Paris. Il est le fils d'Auguste Moreau (1834-1917).

Louis Auguste Moreau est formé à la sculpture par son père et son oncle Mathurin Moreau. Il étudie aux Beaux-Arts de Paris où il est élève d'Aimé Millet, d'Auguste Dumont et de Gabriel-Jules Thomas.

Les sujets de ses sculptures sont des groupes allégoriques et classiques ainsi que des personnages célèbres. Il produit également des sculptures dans le style Art nouveau représentant principalement des jeunes femmes ou de jeunes enfants, des héroïnes fictives (Salammbô, bronze) ou historiques, ornés de motifs floraux et d'ornements. Il influencera d'autres sculpteurs de la Belle Époque comme Lucien Alliot (1877-1967), qui fut son élève.

Il expose régulièrement ses sculptures au Salon des artistes français à partir de 1875 et devient, en 1878, membre de la Société des artistes français. Ses œuvres sont régulièrement primées et il devient membre du jury du Salon en 1888. Il obtient une médaille d'honneur de  en 1880, une médaille de bronze à l'Exposition universelle de Paris de 1889 et une autre médaille de bronze à l'Exposition universelle de 1900.

L'atelier de Louis Auguste Moreau est situé rue Pelleport à Paris, ville qui devient, à la fin du , la capitale de la sculpture Art nouveau. Sculpteur renommé et commerçant avisé, à l'instar d'autres membres de la famille Moreau, ses nombreuses créations exposées aux Salons sont reprises et éditées en marbre et en bronze destinés à la bourgeoisie, en régule plus accessible, ou d'autres matières (étain, biscuit) ; ce qui correspond d'ailleurs bien à la volonté de diffusion de l'art, dans tout et pour tous, revendiquée par l'Art nouveau. Les œuvres sont signées « Louis Moreau »  en écriture cursive.

En association avec son frère, le sculpteur Hippolyte François Moreau dit François Moreau (1857-1930), il crée également un atelier dont la production artistique porte la signature « L & F Moreau » (en écriture cursive), le « L » signifiant Louis Auguste et le « F » François. Sous cette dénomination, les deux frères commercialiseront quelques sculptures en bronze ou biscuit, similaires à la production signée Louis Moreau, de nombreux objets mobiliers comme des horloges très ornées ainsi que des ensembles de garnitures en régule.

Louis Auguste Moreau meurt à Montgeron le .

Ses œuvres sont conservées dans de nombreux musées, notamment à la  à New York,  à Southport,  à Édimbourg, musée d'Art et d'Histoire de Rochefort, musée Salies à Bagnères-de-Bigorre, La Piscine à Roubaix, musée historique de Strasbourg, musée d'Art et d'Archéologie du Périgord à Périgueux.

Œuvres

 Giotto, Salon de 1880, statue en plâtre, Bagnères-de-Bigorre, musée Salies.
 Psyché surprenant l'Amour endormi, Salon de 1882, statue en plâtre, localisation inconnue.
 Esclave, Salon de 1884, buste en bronze, acquis par l'État, localisation inconnue.
 Calliope, la muse de la poésie épique, statue en bronze, Southport, .
 Génie des Arts et des Sciences, régule polychrome, Roubaix, La Piscine.
 Nuit d'été, Salon de 1894, édité en bronze, localisation inconnue.
 Le Triomphe, 1900, bronze, localisation inconnue.
 Mutualité, 1900, édité en régule, localisation inconnue.
 Salammbô, buste en bronze doré serti de pierres, localisation inconnue.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Sculpteur français du XIXe siècle
Sculpteur français du XXe siècle
Sculpteur parisien
Élève de l'École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts au XIXe siècle
Art nouveau en France
Naissance en avril 1855
Naissance à Paris
Décès en octobre 1919
Décès à Montgeron
Décès à 64 ans

Louis Auguste Moreau


Eteobalea dohrnii ist ein Schmetterling (Nachtfalter) aus der Familie der Prachtfalter (Cosmopterigidae). Die Art wurde nach Carl August Dohrn, dem Präsidenten des Stettiner entomologischen Vereins benannt.

Merkmale
Die Falter erreichen eine Flügelspannweite von 10 bis 16 Millimeter. Der Kopf ist gelblich weiß. Die Fühler sind dunkelgrau, im letzten Drittel befinden sich fünf weiße Ringe. Der Thorax glänzt ockerfarben. Die Vorderflügel glänzen ockerfarben und sind – besonders in der apikalen Hälfte – braun gesprenkelt. Ein weißer Fleck liegt in der Nähe der Vorderflügelbasis am Flügelinnenrand. Zur Zeichnung gehören drei weiße Costalflecke. Der erste befindet sich bei 1/6 der Vorderflügellänge. Er ist lang und verläuft schräg nach außen bis zur Analfalte. Der zweite Fleck befindet sich bei 2/5 und der dritte Fleck bei 3/4 der Vorderflügellänge. Letzterer ist mehr oder weniger dreieckig. Am Apex befindet sich ein weißer Fleck, der bis in die Fransenschuppen hinein reicht. Insgesamt sind fünf erhabene, graubraune, golden schimmernde Flecke angelegt. Der erste ist klein und außen mit dem ersten Costalfleck verbunden. Der zweite befindet sich direkt unter der Analfalte zwischen dem ersten und dem zweiten Costalfleck. Der dritte Fleck ist außen mit dem zweiten Costalfleck verbunden. Der vierte Fleck liegt vor dem Flügelinnenrand etwas außerhalb des dritten Flecks. Der fünfte Fleck ist am größten. Er befindet sich am Innenwinkel und berührt häufig den dritten Costalfleck. Zwischen dem Fleck am Innenwinkel und dem Apikalfleck sind einige weiße Striche angelegt. Die Hinterflügel sind an der Basis glänzend weiß und in Richtung des Apex mehr gelblich grau. Das Abdomen ist ockergelb bis dunkelgrau. Die Grundfärbung der Vorderflügel ist variabel und reicht einem fahlen ockergelb bis braun.

Bei den Männchen ist das Tegumen lang. Es verjüngt sich distal leicht und hat am hinteren Rand eine "V"-förmige Ausbuchtung. Das rechte Brachium ist gebogen und ungefähr zweimal so lang wie das linke. Es ist apikal geweitet und stark sklerotisiert. Das linke Brachium ist leicht gekrümmt und hat eine rechteckige Spitze. Die Valven sind gestutzt stiefelförmig. Die rechte Valvella ist schmal, sie verjüngt sich allmählich und hat einen rundlichen Apex. Der Aedeagus ist gebogen und hat eine sehr scharfe Spitze. Der bauchige Teil ist oval, der röhrenförmige Teil ist parallelwandig.

Bei den Weibchen ist das achte Segment länger als breit. Das Ostium ist halbrund. Das Sterigma ist kelchförmig, der ventrale Rand ist stark sklerotisiert. Der Ductus bursae ist etwa anderthalb mal so lang wie das Corpus bursae. Das Corpus bursae ist oval und hat hinten einen langen knollenförmigen, sich allmählich verjüngenden Fortsatz. Es sind zwei große, sichelförmige Signa unterschiedlicher Größe ausgebildet.

Ähnliche Arten
Eteobalea dohrnii ähnelt Eteobalea siciliae, unterscheidet sich aber durch das Fehlen der Linien auf den Fransenschuppen am Apex der Vorderflügel.

Verbreitung
Eteobalea dohrnii ist im Mittelmeerraum beheimatet. Das Verbreitungsgebiet erstreckt sich vom Portugal im Westen bis Syrien im Osten.

Biologie
Die Raupen entwickeln sich in den Wurzeln des Weißlichen Wegerichs (Plantago albicans). Die Falter fliegen von Mai bis Anfang Oktober. Die Art bildet vermutlich zwei Generationen im Jahr.

Systematik
Aus der Literatur sind folgende Synonyme bekannt:
 Elachista dohrnii , 1847
 Stagmatophora dohrni Falschschreibung von Elachista dohrnii , 1847

Belege

Weblinks

  Taxonomie, Fotos, Erstbeschreibung

Cosmopterigidae
Prachtfalter

Eteobalea dohrnii


Lalo de Almeda est un photojournaliste, photographe documentaire et vidéaste indépendant brésilien né à São Paulo en 1970.

Il est désigné « Photographe de l'année 2022 » dans la catégorie "projet à long terme" au World Press Photo.

Biographie
Lalo de Almeda a étudié la photographie à l'Instituto Europeo di Design de Milan, où il a commencé sa carrière en travaillant pour l'agence Grazia Neri.

Il retourne ensuite au Brésil et devient photographe du quotidien Folha de São Paulo.

Il a travaillé alors sur des projets documentaires à long terme tels que « El hombre y la tierra » sur les populations traditionnelles et leur relation avec l'environnement au Brésil.

À partir de 2010, il commence à produire des documentaires en format court et des récits multimédias et créé une série de projets primés tels que « A World of Walls », « Climate Crisis », « Global Inequality », entre autres.

Lalo de Almeda est basé à São Paulo au Brésil et son travail est diffusé par l'agence Panos Picture.

Prix et distinctions
Liste non exhaustive
2017 : World Press Photo, « Contemporary Issues,  prix » pour son essai sur les victimes du virus Zika
2017 : Photo of the Year Latam pour son essai sur les victimes du virus Zika
2017 : Prix du roi d'Espagne pour son projet « Un monde de murs »
2017 : Prix de la couverture humanitaire du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge.
2019 : Finaliste du Eugene Smith Fund Grant pour sa série « Amazonian Dystopia »
2021 : POY Latam Ibero-American Photographer of the Year
2021 : World Press Photo, catégorie «Environnement »,  prix, pour sa série sur les incendies de forêt dans la région du Pantanal au Brésil
2022 : World Press Photo of the Year dans la catégorie projet à long terme, pour sa série « Amazonian Dystopia »

Notes et références

Liens externes

Photographe brésilien
Naissance en 1970
Naissance à São Paulo

Lalo de Almeida


Tana Orma (također Warra Daaya, Warrdeh i Warday), skupina iz naroda Oromaca. Žive zapadno od rijeke Tane u upravnoj regiji Obala u Keniji. Broj pripadnika kreće se oko deset tisuća.

Orma je općeniti oblik riječi "Oromo" u južnim narječjima oromskog jezika. Dodatak "Tana" služi radi razlikovanja od drugih južnih Oroma kao Borana.

Warra Daaya prvi put spominje se u arapskom vrelu iz 15. stoljeća i susjedni Somalci su ga koristili kao oznaku za Orme. Orme taj naziv primjenjuju samo za povratnike koji su bili robovi odnosno njihovi potomci koji su živjeli u nekom statusu ovisnosti kod Somalaca. U povijesnom smislu, rabit će se sveobuhvatno za Oromce u Keniji i Somaliji koji ne pripadaju Borana Oromcima.

Literatura
 Günther Schlee: Identities on the move: Clanship and pastoralism in northern Kenya. Manchester University Press 1989,  (s. 35–38)
 Günther Schlee: Who are the Orma? The problem of their identification in a wider Oromo framework. In: Bielefeld University: Sociology of Development Research Centre, Working Paper No. 170, 1992 (PDF; 1,3 MB)

Etničke grupe Kenije

Tana Orma


The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature is a book in the series of Oxford Companions produced by Oxford University Press.  It is compiled and edited by Sir Paul Harvey, Fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford and lecturer in Classical Languages at the University of Oxford.

The book provides an alphabetically arranged reference to classical literature. The second edition was published in 1989, the third in 2011.

.

External links

 OUP information

Oxford Companion to Classical Literature
Oxford University Press reference books
Books of literary criticism
Classics publications


Tetanos ya da kazıklı humma, gram-pozitif, anaerobik bir basil olan Clostridium tetani bakterisinden ileri gelen ve çizgili kaslarda uzun süreli sertleşme ve kasılmayla belirginleşen toksik ve ölümcül bir enfeksiyon hastalığıdır.

Bakteri, toprakta spor şeklinde bulunur. Ne zaman ki anaerob bir yara içine girebilirse germinasyon oluşturur. Basilin klasik görünümü davul tokmağını andıran basil şeklindedir. Terminal sporu,  basile tipik " davul tokmağı" görünümü verir. Toprakta yaşayan Clostridium tetani sporları, derideki bir yara, çizik vb (portantre) aracılığıyla organizmaya girmesinden kaynaklanan hastalıkta, giriş noktasında üreyen basilin çıkardığı toksinlerin organizmanın her yanına dağılması sonucunda 2-12 gün süren kuluçka döneminin ardından, önce çene kaslarında görülen ağrılı kas kasılmaları (çene kilitlenmesi) bütün vücuda yayılır. Tedavi edilmezse çok ağrılı kasılma nöbetleriyle sürer ve ölümle sonuçlanır.

Clostridial etkenlerin oluşturdukları hastalık tablosuna göre tetanos nörotoksik tipte bir infeksiyondur.

Belirtilere yönelik (semptomatik) tedavi
Yeniden canlandırma ortamında, kasılmaları ve nöbetleri önlemek için yüksek dozda uyuşturucu verilmesine, hastanın tedavi komasına sokulup solunumunun yeniden canladırılmasına dayanır.

Temel tedavisi
Koruyucu önlemler alınması, yani kısa süre içinde insan kökenli tetanos anti serumu verilmesidir; bebeklik döneminde ya da 15 yaşlarında da uzun süreli koruyucu önlem olarak da, tetanos aşısı yapılmalıdır.

Korunma

 Paslı yüzeylere temas etmeme.
 Yaraların antiseptik solüsyonlarla temizlenmesi.
 Kapalı ortam oluşturabilecek yaraların hidrojen peroksit (oksijenli su) ile dezenfeksiyonu.
 Tetanos aşısı olmak.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Tetanoz, Medline Plus
 Tetanus Surveillance -- United States, 1998-2000 (Data and Analysis)
 Video: Generalized tetanus in a 70-year-old woman (Neurology)  (video)
 Video: Tetanus in dogs  (video)

Bakteriyel hastalıklar

Tetanos


Trindermarsk (på tysk Trindermarsch) er navnet på en kog og et sogn på den sydlige kant af den forhenværende ø Strand, som gik under i stormfloden 1634. Sognet var 780 hektar stor og hørte administrativt under Edoms Herred. Sognet blev under stormfloden i 1362 adskilt fra hovedøen og blev først i 1456 igen forbundet med det øvrige Strand.

Trindermarsk blev første gang nævnt 1450. Før 1634 boede der i Trindermarsk henimod 300 menesker. Midtpunkt var Nikolajkirken fra 1322. Under den anden store manddrukning druknede over 100 indbyggere, kun 190 mennesker blev tilbage, 33 bygninger blev ødelagt. I 1639 blev menigheden lagt under Odebøl Sogn, kirken blev endelig nedbrudt i 1651, kirkens alter blev allerede i 1644 flyttet til det nybyggede Frederiksstad. I 1663 lykkedes det at genvinde en del af den tidligere Trindermarsk samt Evensbøl, det nuværende Trendermarskkog.

Stednavnet er frisisk og beytder den runde marsk (gammelfrisisk trind ≈ rund).

Noter

Strand (ø)
Ophørt i 1634

Trindermarsk


Şimonoseki ( Shimonoseki-shi), Japonya'nın Yamaguchi prefektörlüğünde bulunan bir şehridir. Şehir, Honshū ile Kyūshū adaları arasındaki Kanmon Boğazı kıyısında yer almaktadır. Yüzölçümü 716.14 km² olan şehrin nüfusu 1 Ekim 2010 tarihi itibarı ile 280,386 olup Yamaguchi'nin en büyük şehridr.

Şehrin sembolleri kâfur ağacı ile crinum asiaticum çiçeğidir.

İklim

Ekonomi
Balıkçılık ve deniz ürünleri (özellikle kirpi balığı, denizkestanesi, balina)

Turizm
 Kaikyokan Akvaryumu
 Akama Tapınağı
 Kaikyo Messe kulesi
 Şimonoseki Sanat Müzesi
 Kozanji Tapınağı
 Hinoyama Türk Lale Bahçesi
 Karato Balık Hali

Kardeş şehirler
Şimonoseki'nin aşağıdaki şehirler ile kardeş şehir anlaşması bulunmaktadır.
  Santos, Brezilya (1971'den beri)
  İstanbul, Türkiye (1972'den beri)
  Busan, Güney Kore (1976'dan beri)
  Qingdao, Çin (1979'dan beri)
  Cidde, Suudi Arabistan (1995'ten beri)
  Pittsburg, ABD (1998'den beri)
  Kikugawa, Japonya

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Şimonoseki


Kadir şu anlamlara gelebilir:

Kadir ile başlayanlar
 A. Kadir (1917-1985), Türk şair
 A. Kadir Paksoy (d. 1954), Türk şair
 Abdül Kadir Dagarwal (1944-2014), Afgan komünist
 Abdül Kadir Han (1955-2019), Pakistanlı kriketçi
 Haci Kadir Koyi (1815-1897), Kürt şair
 Kadir (947-1031), Abbâsî halifesi
 Kadir Akbulut (d. 1960), Türk futbolcu
 Kadir Albayrak (d. 1949), Türk bürokrat ve siyasetçi
 Kadir Arslan (d. 1977), Türk voleybolcu
 Kadir Arı (d. 1994), Türk futbolcu
 Kadir Atkın (d. 1989), Türk futbolcu
 Kadir Aydemir (d. 1977), Türk şair
 Kadir Aydın (d. 1971) Türk siyasetçi
 Kadir Bayram (d. 1996) Türk basketbolcu
 Kadir Bekmezci (d. 1985), Türk futbolcu
 Kadir Bey (1452-1490), Osmanlı komutanı
 Kadir Bozkurt (d. 1958-2003), Türk siyasetçi
 Kadir Boğaç Kunt (d. 1972), Türk araknolog ve taksonomist
 Kadir Cangızbay (d. 1947), Türk sosyolog
 Kadir Çalışıcı (d. 1945), Türk bürokrat
 Kadir Çelik (d. 1960), Türk gazeteci
 Kadir Çermik (d. 1977), Türk oyuncu
 Kadir Çetin (d. 1928), Türk siyasetçi
 Kadir Çöpdemir (d. 1967), Türk oyuncu
 Kadir Demir (d. 1952), Türk siyasetçi
 Kadir Doğulu (d. 1982), Türk oyuncu
 Kadir Ekinci (d. 1974), Türk bürokrat
 Kadir Giderler, Türk teknik direktör
 Kadir Gökmen Öğüt (d. 1959), Türk siyasetçi
 Kadir Güntepe (d. 1984), Türk bürokrat
 Kadir Gırdoğlu (d. 1975), Türk güreşçi
 Kadir Has (1921-2007), Türk iş insanı
 Kadir Hüseynov (d. 1986), Azerbaycanlı satranç oyuncusu
 Kadir İnanır (d. 1949), Türk oyuncu
 Kadir Keleş (d. 1988), Türk futbolcu
 Kadir Koçdemir (d. 1964), Türk bürokrat ve siyasetçi
 Kadir Manga (1947-1971), Türk politik aktivist
 Kadir Mizbani (d. 1975), İranlı bisikletçi
 Kadir Mısıroğlu (1933-2019), Türk yazar
 Kadir Özbek (d. 1948), Türk hukukçu
 Kadir Özcan (1952-2013), Türk futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 Kadir Özkaya (d. 1963), Türk hukukçu
 Kadir Ramazan Coşkun (d. 1957), Türk siyasetçi
 Kadir Sarmusak (d. 1973), Türk asker
 Kadir Savun (1926-1995), Türk oyuncu
 Kadir Sertel Otcu (d. 1972), Türk bürokrat
 Kadir Topbaş (1945-2021), Türk siyasetçi
 Kadir Tıngıroğlu (d. 1966), Türk siyasetçi
 Roland Selim Kadir Osmanoğlu (d. 1949), Osmanlı soyundan kişi
 Yusuf Kadir Han (ö. 1032), Karahanlı hükümdarı

Kadir ile bitenler
 Elishay Kadir (d. 1987), İsrailli basketbolcu
 Foued Kadir (1983), Cezayirli futbolcu
 Rabia Kadir (d. 1948), Uygur politik aktivist

Diğerler
 Kadir, dinî terim
 Kadir, gök cisimlerinin nisbî parlaklıklarını belirliyen bir astronomi terimi
 Kadir Suresi, Kur'an'da bir sure
 Kadir Gecesi, İslam'da kutsal gece
 Kadir-110, İran yapımı balistik füze

Ayrıca bakınız

Dış bağlantılar
 Türk Dil Kurumu' nda kelime arama

Kadir


පුෂ්පයක්  යනු විකරණය වූ ප්‍රරෝහයකි .එනම් අංකුරයක් වැඩී ප්‍රරෝහයක් ඇති කරනු වෙනුවට එය විකරණය වී මලක් සාදයි.පුෂ්පය ශාක කඳට සවි වන්නේ වෘන්තය හෙවත් නැතුව මගිනි.වෘන්තයේ පුෂ්පයට සවිවන අග්‍රය තරමක් විශාල වී ඇත.මෙය ග්‍රාහකය ලෙස හදුන්වනු ලැබේ.පුෂ්පයෙහි සියලු කොටස් ග්‍රාහක මත වලයාකාරව පිහිටයි.

කොටස් වර්ග  හතරක් වලයන් හතරක පිහිටා ඇති අයුරු හඳුනා ගත හැකිය.ඒවා නම් මනිය,මුකුටය,පුමන්ගය හා ජායාන්ගය වේ.

ශාක

පුෂ්පය


Wescher ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Carle Wescher (1832–1904), französischer Klassischer Philologe und Bibliothekar
 Herta Wescher (1899–1971), deutsch-französische Kunsthistorikerin, Kunstjournalistin und Kritikerin
 Paul Wescher (1896–1974), deutsch-amerikanischer Kunsthistoriker

Siehe auch:
 Wäscher

Wescher


60. godina prije Krista je bila godina predjulijanskog rimskog kalendara. U tom vremenu je bila poznata kao Godina konzulata Metella Celera i Afraniusa (ili, rjeđe, 694. godine Ab urbe condita ). Oznaka 60. pr. Kr. se za ovu godinu koristi od ranosrednjovjekovnog razdoblja, kada je kalendarska era Anno Domini postala prevladavajuća metoda u Europi za imenovanje godina.

Događaji

Po mjestu

Rimska Republika

 Gaj Julije Cezar guši ustanak i osvaja cijelu Luzitaniju za Rim .
 Stvaranje Prvog trijumvirata, neformalnog političkog saveza između Julija Cezara, Pompeja Velikog i Marka Licinija Krasa (ili 59. pr. Kr.).

Sirija

 Seleukidsko carstvo završava s ubojstvom posljednja dva cara po naredbi iz Rima.

Kina

 Vlada dinastije Han uspostavlja Protektorat zapadnih regija, najviše vojno mjesto vojnog zapovjednika na zapadnoj granici (Tarimska zavala).

Rođenja
 (oko 60. pr. Kr.) - Curia, supruga Kvinta Lukrecija Vespila
 Ptolomej XIV., kralj (faraon) Egipta (ili 59. pr. Kr.), Kleopatrin brat
 (oko 60. pr. Kr.) - Trifun, grčki gramatičar

Smrti

 Aretas III Philhellen, kralj Nabateje (približni datum)
 Su Wu, kineski diplomat i državnik (* 140. pr. Kr.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

60. pr. Kr.


{{Kişi bilgi kutusu
| isim           = Giordano Bruno
| resim          = Giordano Bruno Campo dei Fiori.jpg
| resim_boyutu   = 200px
| başlık         = Giordano Bruno, İtalyan filozof, gökbilimci, rahip, okültist.
| doğum_tarihi   = 1548
| uyruk          =
| doğum_adı      =
| doğum_yeri     = Campania, Nola, Napoli Krallığı
| ölüm_tarihi    =
| ölüm_yeri      = Roma, İtalya
| ikamet         =
| çocukları      =
| diğer_isimleri =
| eğitim         =
| meslek         =
| imza           =
| ödülleri       =
| website        =
| dipnotlar      =
}}Giordano Bruno' (1548; Nola, Napoli Krallığı - 17 Şubat 1600; Roma, Papalık Devleti), İtalyan filozof, rahip, gökbilimci ve okültist. Rönesans felsefesini biçimlendiren filozofların en önemlilerinden biridir ve şair yönüyle de edebiyata en yakın duranıdır. Ona doğacı coşkunluğun düşünürü de denilebilir. Aristotelesçi kapalı evren görüşünden ilk sıyrılanlar arasında yer alan İtalyan filozof, Kopernik'in tezini savundu. Evrenin sonsuz ve eş dağılımlı olduğunu ve evrende, dünyadan başka birçok gezegenin bulunduğunu söyledi. Aykırı görüşler beslediği için 1600 yılında Roma Katolik Kilisesi'nin Engizisyon mahkemesinde yargılanıp sapkın ilan edildi ve Roma'da konuşamaması için yüzüne demir maske geçirilerek diri diri yakılarak idam edildi.

 Yaşamı
Soylu bir ailenin çocuğu olarak 1548 yılında İtalya'nın Nola kasabasında dünyaya geldi. On dört yaşındayken Dominiken tarikatına girdi. Kopernikus sistemi ile tanışınca, Bruno tarikat mensubu bir kişi olmaktan sıyrıldı ve buna bağlı olarak Hristiyan inancıyla arasındaki bütün bağları koparttı. Kiliseye karşı bir sistem içinde yer aldığından din sapkınlığı ile suçlandı. Engizisyon baskısından kurtulmak için Roma'ya ve ardından Kuzey İtalya'ya kaçtı.

Dinsizlik ile suçlandığı için hiçbir yerde kalıcı olarak yaşayamadı, sürekli gezdi. Cenevre'ye geçti, ardından Güney Fransa, Paris ve Londra'da devam etti yaşamına. 1582 yılında Sorbonne Üniversitesi'nde bir kürsü elde etti. Londra'da yapıtlarının bir bölümünü bastırdı. Londra'dan kısa bir süreliğine yine Paris'e geçen Bruno, bu defa da Almanya'ya gitti ve eserlerini yayımlatma çabalarını sürdürdü. Daha sonra Zürih'e geçen Bruno, bir İtalyan aristokrat tarafından Venedik'e davet edilince bu daveti kabul etti. Burada Galileo Galilei ile tanıştı. Ama Mocenigo adlı bir aristokratla çatışınca, onun tarafından Engizisyon'a teslim edildi. Ona, düşüncelerinden vazgeçmesi ve sonsuz evren görüşünün din sapkınlığı olduğunu kabul etmesi durumunda kilise tarafından affedileceği söylendi. Ama o, gördüğü bütün işkencelere karşın, görüşlerinden taviz vermedi ve ölüme mahkûm edildi.

Giordano Bruno, "Tanrı, iradesini hâkim kılmak için yeryüzündeki iyi insanları kullanır; yeryüzündeki kötü insanlar ise kendi iradelerini hâkim kılmak için Tanrı'yı kullanırlar." demiştir…

 Ölümü

Ölüm kararını Bruno'ya bildiren yargıç, ondan şu cevabı almıştır: "Ölümümü bildirirken benden daha çok korkuyorsunuz". Kilisenin bu kararı, 1600 yılının Şubat ayında, Roma'da Campo de' Fiori meydanında Bruno'nun diri diri yakılması ile yerine getirildi.

Bruno evrenin sonsuzluğu yanında evrenin birliği ilkesini de benimser. Buna göre Orta Çağ felsefesinde temel alınan gök ile yer ayrılığını reddeder. Bruno, Tanrı'nın ve evrenin birbirinden farklı iki töz olmadığı, ama aynı gerçekliğin iki sonsuz görünümü olduğunu kabul eder. Ona göre her şey Tanrısal kuvvetin görünüşüdür:"Ne gördüğüm hakikati gizlemekten hoşlanırım, ne de bunu açıkça ifade etmekten korkarım. Aydınlık ve karanlık arasındaki, bilim ve cehalet arasındaki savaşa her yerde katıldım. Bundan dolayı her yerde zorlukla karşılaştım ve cehaletin babaları olan resmi akademisyenlerin yanı sıra kalın kafalı çoğunluğun öfkesinde hedef olarak yaşadım."Düşüncelerinin açıklanmasının kendisi için çok tehlikeli olduğunu bildiği halde, yukarıdaki cümlesinden de anlaşılacağı gibi, yazı ve konuşmalarında düşüncelerini hep böyle açıkça ifade etmiştir.

 Eserleri
 De umbris idearum (The Shadows of Ideas, Paris, 1582)
 Cantus Circaeus (The Incantation of Circe, 1582)[98]
 De compendiosa architectura et complento artis Lulli (A Compendium of Architecture and Lulli's Art, 1582)[99]
 Candelaio (The Torchbearer or The Candle Bearer, 1582; play)
 Ars reminiscendi (The Art of Memory, 1583)
 Explicatio triginta sigillorum (Explanation of Thirty Seals, 1583)[100]
 Sigillus sigillorum (The Seal of Seals, 1583)[101]
 La Cena de le Ceneri (The Ash Wednesday Supper, 1584)
 De la causa, principio, et uno (Concerning Cause, Principle, and Unity, 1584)
 De l'infinito universo et mondi (On the Infinite Universe and Worlds, 1584)
 Spaccio de la Bestia Trionfante (The Expulsion of the Triumphant Beast, London, 1584)
 Cabala del cavallo Pegaseo (Cabal of the Horse Pegasus, 1585)
 De gli heroici furori (The Heroic Frenzies, 1585)[102]
 Figuratio Aristotelici Physici auditus (Figures From Aristotle's Physics, 1585)
 Dialogi duo de Fabricii Mordentis Salernitani (Two Dialogues of Fabricii Mordentis Salernitani, 1586)
 Idiota triumphans (The Triumphant Idiot, 1586)
 De somni interpretatione (Dream Interpretation, 1586)[103]
 Animadversiones circa lampadem lullianam (Amendments regarding Lull's Lantern, 1586)[103]
 Lampas triginta statuarum (The Lantern of Thirty Statues, 1586)[104]
 Centum et viginti articuli de natura et mundo adversus peripateticos (One Hundred and Twenty Articles on Nature and the World Against the Peripatetics, 1586)[105]
 De Lampade combinatoria Lulliana (The Lamp of Combinations according to Lull, 1587)[106]
 De progressu et lampade venatoria logicorum (Progress and the Hunter's Lamp of Logical Methods, 1587)[107]
 Oratio valedictoria (Valedictory Oration, 1588)[108]
 Camoeracensis Acrotismus (The Pleasure of Dispute, 1588)[109]
 De specierum scrutinio (1588)[110][failed verification]
 Articuli centum et sexaginta adversus huius tempestatis mathematicos atque Philosophos (One Hundred and Sixty Theses Against Mathematicians and Philosophers, 1588)[111]
 Oratio consolatoria (Consolation Oration, 1589)[111]
 De vinculis in genere (Of Bonds in General, 1591)[110]
 De triplici minimo et mensura (On the Threefold Minimum and Measure, 1591)[14]
 De monade numero et figura (On the Monad, Number, and Figure, Frankfurt, 1591)[112]
 De innumerabilibus, immenso, et infigurabili (Of Innumerable Things, Vastness and the Unrepresentable, 1591)
 De imaginum, signorum et idearum compositione (On the Composition of Images, Signs and Ideas, 1591)
 Summa terminorum metaphysicorum (Handbook of Metaphysical Terms, 1595)[113][114]
 Artificium perorandi (The Art of Communicating'', 1612)

Ayrıca bakınız

 Ettore Ferrari
 Panteizm

Kaynakça

1548 doğumlular
Nola doğumlular
1600 yılında ölenler
Roma'da ölenler
Panteistler
Engizisyon kurbanları
İdam edilmiş yazarlar
Yakılarak idam edilmiş kişiler
Kozmologlar
İdam edilmiş İtalyanlar
İdam edilmiş filozoflar
İtalyan astrologlar
Mistikler
Helmstedt Üniversitesi öğretim üyeleri
Atomcular
Galileo olayı
İtalyanca eser veren şairler
Okült yazarlar
Dalalet gerekçesiyle idam edilmiş kişiler

Giordano Bruno


Lidija Skoblikova (Zlatoust, 8. ožujka 1939.), sovjetska brza klizačica, šesterostruka olimpijska prvakinja i dvostruka svjetska prvakinja u raznim disciplinama. Sa šest olimpijskih zlata najuspješnija je brza klizačica u povijesti Zimskih olimpijskih igara te je bila pojedinačno najuspješnija športašica Zimskih olimpijskih igara u Squaw Valleyu 1960. (2 zlata) i Innsbrucku 1964. (4 zlata). Držala je tri svjetska i četiri sovjetska rekorda.

Bila je članicom Sovjeskog olimpijskog odbora i predsjednica Ruskog klizačkog saveza 12 godina. Predsjednik MOO-a Juan Antonio Samaranch odlikovao ju je Olimpijskim ordenom. Tijekom 1990-ih trenirala je rusku klizačku momčad. Primljena je u Dvoranu slavnih športašica.

Izvori

Sovjetski športaši
Olimpijski pobjednici u brzom klizanju
Treneri

Lidija Skoblikova


Hrvatski ženski rukometni klub Posušje je bosanskohercegovački rukometni klub iz Posušja. Član Rukometnog saveza Herceg Bosne.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Facebook

Hrvatski ženski rukometni klubovi u Bosni i Hercegovini
Šport u Posušju

HŽRK Posušje


In mathematics, the Poincaré lemma gives a sufficient condition for a closed differential form to be exact (while an exact form is necessarily closed). Precisely, it states that every closed p-form on an open ball in Rn is exact for p with . The lemma was introduced by Henri Poincaré in 1886.

Especially in calculus, the Poincaré lemma also says that every closed 1-form on a simply connected open subset in  is exact.

In the language of cohomology, the Poincaré lemma says that the k-th de Rham cohomology group of a contractible open subset of a manifold M (e.g., ) vanishes for . In particular, it implies that the de Rham complex yields a resolution of the constant sheaf  on M. The singular cohomology of a contractible space vanishes in positive degree, but the Poincaré lemma does not follow from this, since the fact that the singular cohomology of a manifold can be computed as the de Rham cohomology of it, that is, the de Rham theorem, relies on the Poincaré lemma. It does, however, mean that it is enough to prove the Poincaré lemma for open balls; the version for contractible manifolds then follows from the topological consideration.

The Poincaré lemma is also a special case of the homotopy invariance of de Rham cohomology; in fact, it is common to establish the lemma by showing the homotopy invariance or at least a version of it.

Proofs

Direct proof
We shall prove the lemma for an open subset  that is star-shaped or a cone over ; i.e., if  is in , then  is in  for . This case in particular covers the open ball case, since an open ball can be assumed to centered at the origin without loss of generality.

The trick is to consider differential forms on  (we use  for the coordinate on ). First define the operator  (called the fiber integration) for k-forms on  by

where ,  and similarly for  and . Now, for , since , using the differentiation under the integral sign, we have:

where  denote the restrictions of  to the hyperplanes  and they are zero since  is zero there. If , then a similar computation gives
.
Thus, the above formula holds for any -form  on . Finally, let  and then set . Then, with the notation , we get: for any -form  on ,

the formula known as the homotopy formula. The operator  is called the homotopy operator (also called a chain homotopy). Now, if  is closed, . On the other hand,  and . Hence,

which proves the Poincaré lemma.

The same proof in fact shows the Poincaré lemma for any contractible open subset U of a manifold. Indeed, given such a U, we have the homotopy  with  the identity and  a point. Approximating such , we can assume  is in fact smooth. The fiber integration  is also defined for . Hence, the same argument goes through.

Proof using Lie derivatives
Cartan's magic formula for Lie derivatives can be used to give a short proof of the Poincaré lemma. The formula states that the Lie derivative along a vector field  is given as:

where  denotes the interior product; i.e., .

Let  be a smooth family of smooth maps for some open subset U of  such that  is defined for t in some closed interval I and  is a diffeomorphism for t in the interior of I. Let  denote the tangent vectors to the curve ; i.e., . For a fixed t in the interior of I, let . Then . Thus, by the definition of a Lie derivative,
.
That is,

Assume . Then, integrating both sides of the above and then using Cartan's formula and the differentiation under the integral sign, we get: for ,

where the integration means the integration of each coefficient in a differential form. Letting , we then have:

with the notation

Now, assume  is an open ball with center ; then we can take . Then the above formula becomes:
,
which proves the Poincaré lemma when  is closed.

A standard proof of the Poincaré lemma uses the homotopy invariance formula and can be found here, in the above section (cf. Integration along fibers#Example), , ,  and . The local form of the homotopy operator is described in  and the connection of the lemma with the Maurer-Cartan form is explained in .

Proof in the two-dimensional case
In two dimensions the Poincaré lemma can be proved directly for closed 1-forms and 2-forms as follows.

If  is a closed 1-form on , then . If  then  and . Set

so that .  Then  must satisfy  and . The right hand side here is independent of x since its partial derivative with respect to x is 0. So

and hence

Similarly, if  then  with . Thus a solution is given by  and

Implication to de Rham cohomology
By definition, the k-th de Rham cohomology group  of an open subset U of a manifold M is defined as the quotient vector space

Hence, the conclusion of the Poincaré lemma is precisely that  for . Now, differential forms determine a cochain complex called the de Rham complex:

where n = the dimension of M and  denotes the sheaf of differential k-forms; i.e.,  consists of k-forms on U for each open subset U of M. It then gives rise to the complex (the augmented complex)

where  is the constant sheaf with values in ; i.e., it is the sheaf of locally constant real-valued functions and  the inclusion.

The kernel of  is , since the smooth functions with zero derivatives are locally constant. Also, a sequence of sheaves is exact if and only if is so locally.  The Poincaré lemma thus says the rest of the sequence is exact too (since each point has an open ball as a neighborhood). In the language of homological algebra, it means that the de Rham complex determines a resolution of the constant sheaf . This then implies the de Rham theorem; i.e., the de Rham cohomology of a manifold coincides with the singular cohomology of it (in short, because the singular cohomology can be viewed as a sheaf cohomology.)

Once one knows the de Rham theorem, the conclusion of the Poincaré lemma can then be obtained purely topologically. For example, it implies a version of the Poincaré lemma for simply connected open sets (see §Simply connected case).

Simply connected case
Especially in calculus, the Poincaré lemma is stated for a simply connected open subset . In that case, the lemma says that each closed 1-form on U is exact. This version can be seen using algebraic topology as follows. The rational Hurewicz theorem (or rather the real analog of that) says that  since U is simply connected. Since  is a field, the k-th cohomology  is the dual vector space of the k-th homology . In particular,  By the de Rham theorem (which follows from the Poincaré lemma for open balls),  is the same as the first de Rham cohomology group (see §Implication to de Rham cohomology). Hence, each closed 1-form on U is exact.

Complex-geometry analog
On complex manifolds, the use of the Dolbeault operators  and  for complex differential forms, which refine the exterior derivative by the formula , lead to the notion of -closed and -exact differential forms. The local exactness result for such closed forms is known as the Dolbeault–Grothendieck lemma (or -Poincaré lemma). Importantly, the geometry of the domain on which a -closed differential form is -exact is more restricted than for the Poincaré lemma, since the proof of the Dolbeault–Grothendieck lemma holds on a polydisk (a product of disks in the complex plane, on which the multidimensional Cauchy's integral formula may be applied) and there exist counterexamples to the lemma even on contractible domains. The -Poincaré lemma holds in more generality for pseudoconvex domains.

Using both the Poincaré lemma and the -Poincaré lemma, a refined local -Poincaré lemma can be proven, which is valid on domains upon which both the aforementioned lemmas are applicable. This lemma states that -closed complex differential forms are actually locally -exact (rather than just  or -exact, as implied by the above lemmas).

Relative Poincaré lemma
The relative Poincaré lemma generalizes Poincaré lemma from a point to a submanifold (or some more general locally closed subset). It states: let V be a submanifold of a manifold M and U a tubular neighborhood of V. If  is a closed k-form on U, k ≥ 1, that vanishes on V, then there exists a (k-1)-form  on U such that  and  vanishes on V.

The relative Poincaré lemma can be proved in the same way the original Poincaré lemma is proved. Indeed, since U is a tubular neighborhood, there is a smooth strong deformation retract from U to V; i.e., there is a smooth homotopy  from the projection  to the identity such that  is the identity on V. Then we have the homotopy formula on U:

where  is the homotopy operator given by either Lie derivatives or integration along fibers. Now,  and so . Since  and , we get ; take . That  vanishes on V follows from the definition of J and the fact . (So the proof actually goes through if U is not a tubular neighborhood but if U deformation-retracts to V with homotopy relative to V.)

On singular spaces
The Poincaré lemma generally fails for singular spaces. For example, if one considers algebraic differential forms on a complex algebraic variety (in the Zariski topology), the lemma is not true for those differential forms.

However, the variants of the lemma still likely hold for some singular spaces (precise formulation and proof depend on the definitions of such spaces and non-smooth differential forms on them.) For example, Kontsevich and Soibelman claim the lemma holds for certain variants of different forms (called PA forms) on their piecewise algebraic spaces.

Notes

References
Luc Illusie, Around the Poincaré lemma, after Beilinson, talk notes 2012

Further reading
https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/Poincaré+lemma
https://mathoverflow.net/questions/287385/p-adic-poincaré-lemma

Differential forms
Lemmas in analysis
Henri Poincaré

Poincaré lemma


An Panicum amoenum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Benedict Balansa. An Panicum amoenum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Panicum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Panicum

Panicum amoenum


Georges Pierre Andrieu, né à Thiers (Puy-de-Dôme) le  et mort dans la même ville le , est un juriste, magistrat et historien français, connu sous son prénom d'usage Hermose Andrieu.

Biographie

Famille
Georges Pierre Andrieu naît à Thiers (Puy-de-Dôme) le  du mariage de Pierre Andrieu (1762-1849), fabricant au sein des papeteries de Thiers, maire de Thiers en 1791, président du tribunal civil de Thiers, et de Clauda-Marie Cognord (1772-1830).

Il est issu de l'une des familles les plus anciennes de la Basse-Auvergne, originellement fixée à Maringues (Puy-de-Dôme) dans la plaine de la Limagne, connue pour ses nombreux juristes et blasonnant de  (armorial de 1697). En langage héraldique, le sautoir représente une croix de saint André.

Dans la première moitié du , la famille Andrieu se divise en deux branches principales : celle de Jean Andrieu (1680-1752) appelée la branche des Papetiers qui fera souche à Thiers ; et celle de Pierre Andrieu (1686-1741), notaire royal, qui reste à Maringues et est appelée la branche des Parlementaires en raison du député du Tiers état en 1789 César-Pierre Andrieu et du député du Puy-de-Dôme en 1863, Maurice Andrieu.

Georges Pierre Andrieu est issu de la branche des papetiers. Bien que diversifiée dans l'activité industrielle de fabrication du papier, la branche thiernoise des Andrieu reste fidèle à la formation juridique de ses membres. Son beau-frère Jean-Baptiste Darrot-Andrieu (1797-1870), est maire de Thiers, conseiller général, député du Puy-de-Dôme de 1847 à 1848, siégeant dans la majorité soutenant les ministères de la Monarchie de Juillet,

Le  à Thiers, il épouse Anne Dufour (1817-1884). De ce mariage, naît une fille, Marguerite Andrieu (1839-1926) qui épouse le  à Thiers, Camille Dumas (1831-1909), frère de l'homme politique Arthur Dumas.

Carrière professionnelle
Hermose Andrieu est avocat à Thiers de 1829 à 1845, juge d'instruction en 1845, président du tribunal d'Ambert en 1862, conseiller près la cour d'appel de Riom en 1867.

Il est secrétaire de la chambre d'agriculture du Puy-de-Dôme de 1854 à 1856. Dans le cadre de ses fonctions, il est l'un des fondateurs du comice agricole de cette ville, de 1845 à 1862, il assure les comptes rendus des travaux du comice. Lors du concours départemental ouvert à Riom (Puy-de-Dôme) en 1874, il est nommé président de la commission d'industrie et l'un des rapporteurs du concours.

En 1855, il est l'un des onze membres du « Comité du Puy-de-Dôme à l'Exposition universelle de 1855 » créé par le préfet

Mort
Déjà affaibli lors de sa remise des insignes de la Légion d'honneur en octobre 1875, il meurt rapidement deux mois plus tard à Thiers le . On peut lire dans le journal local de Riom : , il est inhumé au cimetière Saint-Jean de Thiers dans le caveau familial des Andrieu de Thiers.

Œuvres

Photographie du plan de Thiers

Érudit passionné, chercheur, documentaliste et historiographe sans relâche de sa ville, Hermose Andrieu photographie vers 1866 un plan ancien de Thiers au  et conserve ainsi un plan qui aurait été levé en 1750, puis qui aurait disparu par la suite en 1871 dans l'incendie de l'hôtel de ville de Paris, où un autre thiernois, Gustave Saint-Joanis, alors archiviste de la Seine l'avait conservé. C'est grâce à cette photographie que nous avons aujourd'hui accès à une reproduction du plan. Ce document est un témoignage précieux de l'aspect de la ville de Thiers au milieu du , en particulier grâce à la précision de son dessin.

Ouvrage Histoire de la ville et de la baronnie de Thiers
Hermose Andrieu est l'auteur de l'ouvrage Histoire de la ville et de la baronnie de Thiers que sa famille confie à Ambroise Tardieu, historiographe de l'Auvergne, pour une publication posthume publiée en  en 1878.

Edition en petit in-folio, relié demi-basane verte, dos lisse, filets et fleurons à froid. (Compagnon, à Moulins). Édition originale fort rare publié trois ans après la disparition d'Hermose Andrieu : elle n'a été tirée qu'à 150 exemplaires hors commerce sur un beau papier vergé, avec une élégante typographie, des lettrines et des ornements néo-gothiques gravés sur bois par l'imprimeur moulinois Charles Desrosiers, successeur de son père Pierre Antoine. L'un des bois est d'ailleurs dû à Achille Allier. L'ouvrage débute par une biographie d'Andrieu par Tardieu, imprimée en italique, suivie de cinq gravures hors-texte : portraits du bandit Mandrin (le célèbre chef de bande a pris la ville de Thiers en 1754), de saint Étienne de Grandmont et de l'auteur gravés par  et tirés en bistre ; vue de Thiers d'après un manuscrit ancien, et les armes de la ville, gravées à pleine page et tirées en rouge et argent.  L'ouvrage contient plusieurs chapitres : Histoire ancienne ; époque féodale ; topographie ; histoire ecclésiastique ; routes, chemins de fer ; industrie ; usages anciens ; personnages célèbres ; etc. Liste des consuls in-fine. En , cet ouvrage fait l'objet d'une nouvelle parution aux éditions de Beauvoir .

Distinctions
Georges Pierre Andrieu est nommé chevalier dans l'ordre de la Légion d'honneur par décret du . La décoration lui est remise le  à Riom par le premier président de la cour d'appel. Une notice est publiée à ce sujet dans le Riom-Journal précisant notamment .

Le Journal de Thiers dans son  en date du  fait un compte rendu de la cérémonie de décoration d'Hermose Andrieu, compte rendu qui fait l'objet d'une impression affichée dans toute la ville sur instruction du maire de Thiers.

Notes et références

Notes relatives aux prénoms de Georges Pierre Andrieu

Références

Naissance en juin 1804
Naissance à Thiers
Décès en décembre 1875
Décès à Thiers
Décès à 71 ans
Historien de l'Auvergne

Hermose Andrieu


واكاتسوكي ريجيرو  (21 مارس 1866 - 20 نوفمبر 1949) كان سياسيا يابانيا شغل منصب رئيس الوزراء الياباني الخامس والعشرين.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

انظر أيضا
 حادثة أكتوبر

أشخاص في فترة مييجي
أشخاص من شيمانه
خريجو جامعة طوكيو
رؤساء وزراء اليابان
رؤساء وزراء اليابان القرن 20
سياسيون يابانيون في القرن 20
كازوكو
مواليد 1866
مواليد في ماتسوا (شيمانه)
وزراء حكومة اليابان
وزراء مالية يابانيون
وفيات 1949

سياسيون من محافظة شيمانه

واكاتسوكي ريجيرو


Alice Blom (* 7. April 1980 in Oudeschild, Niederlande) ist eine niederländische Volleyballspielerin.

Karriere
Alice Blom begann mit dem Volleyball in ihrer Heimat bei Tevoko Texel. 1996 kam sie zum niederländischen Erstligisten Olympus Sneek. 2000 wechselte sie zum Ligakonkurrenten VV Pollux Oldenzaal, mit dem sie in den Folgejahren dreimal niederländischer Meister wurde und zweimal den Pokal gewann. 2003 ging Alice Blom in die deutsche Bundesliga zum Meister SSV Ulm Aliud Pharma. Nach dessen Rückzug wechselte sie zum Ligakonkurrenten USC Münster, mit dem sie 2005 deutscher Meister wurde und den DVV-Pokal gewann. 2005/06 spielte sie in Italien bei Yamamay Busto Arsizio. Danach kehrte sie für zwei Jahre in ihr Heimatland zurück, wo sie mit Martinus Amstelveen 2007 und 2008 Meister und Pokalsieger wurde. Danach zog es Alice Blom wieder nach Italien, diesmal zu MC-Carnaghi Villa Cortese. 2009 ging sie in die Türkei zu Fenerbahçe Istanbul, mit dem sie türkischer Meister und Pokalsieger wurde und auch im Finale der Champions League stand. Von 2010 bis 2012 spielte sie in Aserbaidschan für Igtisadchi Baku. Nach einer Erkrankung ihres Vaters kehrte sie in die Niederlande zurück. Hüftprobleme verhinderten zunächst ein Comeback im Profisport. Zum Januar 2016 erhielt sie einen Vertrag beim Schweriner SC. Zur Saison 2016/17 wechselte Blom nach Istanbul zu Yeşilyurt Spor Kulübü.

Alice Blom spielte 315 Mal in der niederländischen A-Nationalmannschaft. Sie nahm an vier Europameisterschaften und an drei Weltmeisterschaften teil. Mit den Niederlanden gewann Blom den Grand Prix 2007. Bei der EM 2009 stand sie im Finale.

Weblinks

 Profil bei Nevobo
 Profil bei der FIVB
 Rangliste 2004 (pdf; 170 kB)
 Rangliste 2005 (pdf; 80 kB)

Einzelnachweise

Volleyballnationalspieler (Niederlande)
Volleyballspieler (SSV Ulm 1846)
Volleyballspieler (USC Münster)
Volleyballspieler (Yamamay Busto Arsizio)
Volleyballspieler (Schweriner SC)
Niederländischer Meister (Volleyball)
Niederländischer Pokalsieger (Volleyball)
Deutscher Meister (Volleyball)
Deutscher Pokalsieger (Volleyball)
Türkischer Meister (Volleyball)
Türkischer Pokalsieger (Volleyball)
Niederländer
Geboren 1980
Frau

Alice Blom


Schistostephium, biljni rod iz porodice glavočika, dio podtribusa Cotulinae. Sastoji se od desetak vrsta trajnica i manjih grmova rasprostranjenih po tropskoj i južnoj Africi

Vrste
 Schistostephium artemisiifolium Baker
 Schistostephium crataegifolium (DC.) Fenzl ex Harv.
 Schistostephium dactyliferum Hutch.
 Schistostephium flabelliforme Less.
 Schistostephium griseum Hutch.
 Schistostephium heptalobum Oliv. & Hiern
 Schistostephium hippiifolium Hutch.
 Schistostephium mollissimum Hutch.
 Schistostephium oxylobum S.Moore
 Schistostephium radicale Killick & Claassen
 Schistostephium rogersii Hutch.
 Schistostephium rotundifolium Fenzl ex Harv.
 Schistostephium umbellatum (L.f.) K.Bremer & Humphries

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Cotulinae

Schistostephium


نادي وحدة عدن الرياضي الثقافي هو نادٍ رياضي يمني من مدينة الشيخ عثمان، عدن.

تأسيس ونشأة النادي
يعتبر نادي وحدة عدن من أقدم الأندية في الجمهورية اليمنية والوطن العربي وهو ثاني نادٍ تأسس في اليمن بعد نادي التلال حيث تأسس في 15 أكتوبر 1929. حيث تكون النادي من دمج الأندية الرياضية في الشيخ عثمان، وهذه الأندية هي:
 نادي الشبيبة المتحدة (الـ واي سي سي)
 نادي الهلال الرياضي
 نادي الفيحاء الرياضي

جرت عملية الدمج تلك على مرحلتين، المرحلة الأولى عام 1973م والمرحلة الثانية عام 1975م.

بطولات النادي

بطولات نادي وحدة عدن - كرة القدم :

1- بطولة الدوري ( ثلاث مرات )

1975\1976

1987\1988

1988\ 1989

2 - كأس الجمهورية ( ثلاث مرات )

1984/1983

1986/1987

1988/1989

3-حصول نادي وحدة عدن على كأس التفوق الرياضي موسم 88-89 حينما أحرز كل البطولات الرياضية على مستوى جمهورية اليمن الجنوبي آنذاك .

4- بطل بطولة المريسي ( سبع مرات )

5- بطولات النادي في الفئات العمرية

بطولة الدوري للناشئين 2006/2007 في عدن

وبطولة دوري عدن للشباب 2007/2008

6- أبطال بطولة كأس الرئيس هادي 2017

7- أبطال دوري عدن الممتاز لأندية عدن 2021-2022 دون خسارة

8- أبطال كأس العاصمة عدن 2023

وآخر إنجازات الفريق تحقيقه للمركز الثاني في بطولة الدوري التنشيطي 2019-2020 والذي حققها نادي شعب حضرموت وبركلات الترجيح من أمام فريق وحدة عدن في المباراة الذي جمعتهم في الاستاد الأولمبي في مدينة سيئون - حضرموت وسط حضور أكثر من 40000 ألف متفرج.

المراجع

أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1929
أندية كرة قدم في اليمن
تأسيسات القرن 20 في محمية عدن
تأسيسات سنة 1929 في آسيا
تأسيسات سنة 1929 في الإمبراطورية البريطانية
تأسيسات سنة 1929 في الهند
تأسيسات سنة 1929 في اليمن

نادي الوحدة (عدن)


A valet or varlet is a male servant who serves as personal attendant to his employer. In the Middle Ages and Ancien Régime, valet de chambre was a role for junior courtiers and specialists such as artists in a royal court, but the term "valet" by itself most often refers to a normal servant responsible for the clothes and personal belongings of an employer, and making minor arrangements. In the United States, the term most often refers to a parking valet, and the role is often confused with a butler.

Word origins
In English, valet as "personal man-servant" is recorded since 1567, though use of the term in the French-speaking English medieval court is older, and the variant form varlet is cited from 1456 (OED). Both are French importations of valet or varlet (the "t" being silent in modern French), Old French variants of vaslet "man's servant", originally "squire, young man", assumed to be from Gallo-Romance Vulgar Latin *vassellittus "young nobleman, squire, page", diminutive of Medieval Latin vassallus, from vassus "servant", possibly cognate to an Old Celtic root wasso- "young man, squire" (source of Welsh gwas "youth, servant", Breton goaz "servant, vassal, man", Irish foss "servant"). See yeoman, possibly derived from yonge man, a related term.

The modern use is usually short for the valet de chambre (French for "room valet", in modern terms the bedroom, though not originally so), described in the following section.

Since the 16th century, the word has traditionally been pronounced as rhyming with pallet, though an alternative pronunciation, rhyming with array and allay, as in French, is now common, particularly in the United States. The Oxford English Dictionary lists both pronunciations.

Domestic valet

A valet or "gentleman's gentleman" is a gentleman's male servant; the closest female equivalent is a lady's maid. The valet performs personal services such as maintaining his employer's clothes, running his bath and perhaps (especially in the past) shaving his employer.

In a great house, the master of the house had his own valet, and in the very grandest great houses, other adult members of the employing family (e.g. master's sons) would also have their own valets.

At a court, even minor princes and high officials may be assigned one, but in a smaller household the butler – the majordomo in charge of the household staff – might have to double as his employer's valet. In a bachelor's household the valet might perform light housekeeping duties as well.

Valets learned the skills for their role in various ways. Some began as footmen, learning some relevant skills as part of that job, and picking up others when deputising for their master's valet, or by performing valeting tasks for his sons before they had a valet of their own, or for male guests who did not travel with a valet. Others started out as soldier-servants to army officers (batmen) or stewards to naval officers.

Traditionally, a valet did much more than merely lay out clothes and take care of personal items. He was also responsible for making travel arrangements, dealing with any bills and handling all money matters concerning his master or his master's household.

Alexandre Bontemps, the most senior of the thirty-six valets to Louis XIV of France, was a powerful figure, who ran the Château de Versailles. In courts, valet de chambre was a position of some status, often given to artists, musicians, poets and others, who generally spent most of their time on their specialized work. The role was also, at least during the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance, a common first step or training period in a nobleman's career at court.

Valets, like butlers and most specialized domestic staff, have become relatively rare. A more common, though still infrequent, arrangement is the general servant performing combined roles.

A notable 20th century domestic valet was Sydney Johnson who served as personal valet to the Duke of Windsor and later to the businessman Mohamed Al-Fayed.

Another notable person is Walt Nauta, a former military valet, who worked at the White House and later at Mar-a-Lago as Donald Trump's personal valet. On July 6, 2023, he pleaded not guilty for allegedly moving boxes of classified materials at Mar-a-Lago.

Famous fictional valets

 Figaro, the Count of Almaviva's valet from Beaumarchais' play The Marriage of Figaro (1786), as well as the Mozart and Rossini operas based on it
 Leporello, valet of Don Giovanni in the 1787 opera by Mozart
 Sam Weller, valet to Samuel Pickwick in The Pickwick Papers (1836) by Charles Dickens
 , valet to D'Artagnan of The Three Musketeers (1844)
 Baptistin, in The Count of Monte Cristo (1844) by Alexandre Dumas
 Passepartout, in the 1873 novel Around the World in Eighty Days by Jules Verne
 Smerdyakov, the valet to Fyodor Pavlovitch in The Brothers Karamazov (1879) by Fyodor Dostoyevsky
 Jeeves, created in 1915 by P. G. Wodehouse, starred in a series of stories until Wodehouse's death in 1975
 Mervyn Bunter, created in 1923 by Dorothy L. Sayers in the Lord Peter Wimsey series
 George (or Georges), created by Agatha Christie in 1926, in the Hercule Poirot novels
 Edward Henry Masterman, the victim's valet and a suspect in Agatha Christie's Murder on the Orient Express (1934)
 Kato, fictional sidekick/valet of The Green Hornet, created in 1936
 Pork, Gerald O'Hara's valet in the 1936 novel Gone With the Wind
 Rochester van Jones (Eddie Anderson), the valet of Jack Benny on Benny's radio and television shows, introduced in 1937
 Sisk, created in Harry Segall's 1938 play, Heaven Can Wait, which was adapted into a 1941 film, Here Comes Mr. Jordan, and other films
 Alfred Pennyworth, valet to Bruce Wayne (Batman), created by Don Cameron and Bob Kane in 1943
 The character "Valet" from No Exit (1944) by Jean-Paul Sartre
 Hugo Barrett, in the 1948 Robin Maugham novella, 1958 play and 1963 Joseph Losey film The Servant
 Kato, Inspector Clouseau's valet and martial arts partner in the Pink Panther movies, introduced in A Shot in the Dark (1964)
 Giles French (Sebastian Cabot) in the sitcom Family Affair (1966–1971)
 Hobson (Sir John Gielgud), from the 1981 comedy film Arthur
 "Spicer" Lovejoy (David Warner), millionaire Caledon Hockley's (Billy Zane) English valet in the 1997 film Titanic
 Probert (Derek Jacobi), in the 2001 film Gosford Park, directed by Robert Altman
 John Bates (Brendan Coyle), in the Julian Fellowes period drama Downton Abbey (2010–2015)<ref>

Other valets
Valet is also used for people performing specific services:
 hotel valet: an employee who performs personal services for guests.
 parking valet: a service employee who parks cars for guests, only from 1960.
 car valet: an employee who is paid to clean people's cars professionally.
 valet: a professional wrestling term for a person who accompanies a wrestler to the ring.
 Jockey's valet: an employee who maintains a jockey's wardrobe and ensures the proper uniform is worn for each horse the jockey races.

Other forms of valet-like personnel include:

 Batman
 Bedder
 Dresser

Clothes valet

Clothes valets are a piece of furniture also referred to as a men's valet. A majority are free standing and made out of wood.

Varlet
While in French this word remained restricted to the feudal use for a (knight's) squire, in modern English it came to be used for the various other male servants originally called va(r)let other than the gentleman's gentleman, when in livery usually called lackey, such as the valet de pied ('foot varlet', compare footman). In archaic English, varlet also could mean an unprincipled man; a rogue.

See also
 Chauffeur
 Footman
 Housekeeper
 Jack
 Maid
 Majordomo
 Personal assistant
 Valet boy

References
Notes

Sources
 EtymologyOnLine
 Nouveau Petit Larousse Illustré (in French, 1952)

External links

Domestic work
Personal care and service occupations

Valet