Chinatown is a neighborhood in Downtown Los Angeles, California, that became a commercial center for Chinese and other Asian businesses in Central Los Angeles in 1938. The area includes restaurants, shops, and art galleries, but also has a residential neighborhood with a low-income, aging population of about 7,800 residents.

The original Chinatown developed in the late 19th century, and was demolished to make room for Union Station, the city's major ground-transportation center. This neighborhood and commercial center, referred to as "New Chinatown," opened for business in 1938.

Geography and climate
According to Community Redevelopment Agency of the City of Los Angeles (CRA/LA), borders of (the current) Chinatown neighborhood are:
on the north: Stadium Way and Dodger Stadium/Chavez Ravine, which the L.A. Times includes as part of the Elysian Park neighborhood;
in addition, there is a northern sliver along North Broadway between Radio Hill Gardens on the northwest and Los Angeles State Historic Park on the southeast
 to the west and northwest, Beaudry and Figueroa streets and the greater Echo Park neighborhood
 on the east,
 according to CRA/LA: North Main Street, Los Angeles State Historic Park and industrial areas along the west bank of the Los Angeles River
 according to the L.A. Times: the Los Angeles River and Lincoln Heights neighborhood
 on the south, Cesar Chavez Avenue and the Civic Center and Los Angeles Plaza historic districts of Downtown Los Angeles

History

Chinatown can refer to one of three locations near downtown Los Angeles. What is now known as Old Chinatown refers to the original location on Alameda and Macy (1880s–1933). Old Chinatown was displaced by the construction of Union Station, and two competing Chinatowns were built in the late 1930s north of Old Chinatown to replace it: China City (1938–1948) and New Chinatown (1938–present). China City was rebuilt just one year after opening due to a suspicious fire, but another fire in 1948 put it out of business for good.

Old Chinatown

China City

China City was a short-lived China-themed district developed by Christine Sterling in 1938.

Little Italy
The neighborhood that has become Chinatown was formerly Sonoratown and then Little Italy. In the early 20th century, Italian immigrants settled in the area north of the Old Plaza. Many built businesses, including wineries (San Antonio Winery is still in existence). The Italian American Museum of Los Angeles in the El Pueblo de Los Ángeles Historical Monument opened in 2016.

New Chinatown

In the 1930s, under the efforts of Chinese-American community leader Peter Soo Hoo Sr., the design and operational concepts for a New Chinatown evolved through a collective community process, resulting in a blend of Chinese and American architecture. The neighborhood saw major development, especially as a tourist attraction, throughout the 1930s, with the development of the "Central Plaza," a Hollywoodized version of Shanghai, containing names such as Bamboo Lane, Gin Ling Way and Chung King Road (named after the city of Chongqing in mainland China). Chinatown was designed by Hollywood film set designers, and a "Chinese" movie prop was subsequently donated by film director Cecil B. DeMille to give Chinatown an exotic atmosphere.

The Hop Sing Tong Society is situated in Central Plaza, as are several other Chinatown lodges and guilds. Near Broadway, Central Plaza contains a statue honoring Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the Chinese revolutionary leader who is considered the "founder of modern China".  It was erected in the 1960s by the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association.  A 7-foot tall statue of martial artist Bruce Lee was unveiled at Central Plaza on June 15, 2013.

During the 1980s, many buildings were constructed for new shopping centers and mini-malls, especially along Broadway. Metro Plaza Hotel was opened in the southwest corner of Chinatown in the early 1990s.  A large Chinese gateway is found at the intersection of Broadway and Cesar Chavez Avenue, funded by the local Teochew-speaking population.

In 1996, Academy Award-winning (for The Killing Fields in 1985)  Cambodian refugee, physician and actor, Haing S. Ngor, was killed in the Chinatown residential area in a bungled robbery attempt by members of an Asian gang.

By 2000 many people had left the Chinatown for the City of Monterey Park, which is a part of the larger Chinese community in the San Gabriel Valley. In 2000 AsianWeek said that the Los Angeles Chinatown was "troubled."

On June 28, 2008, a celebration of the 1938 founding of New Chinatown was held with the L.A. Chinatown 70th Anniversary Party. "Though lacking the hustle and bustle of San Francisco's Chinatown, Los Angeles' version has charms of its own."

Revitalization with new development
The 2010s and 2020s have seen the completion of several large mixed-use and multifamily residential buildings like other neighborhoods in and around Downtown Los Angeles. Activists and city council members were concerned about rising rents and displacement of long time residents, many of them low-income as these revitalization projects were approved. City officials and housing activists have debated how much affordable housing should be included amidst the market rate apartments and condominiums. Since 2019, the neighborhood has lacked a centrally located grocery store with a large selection, affordable prices and consistently high quality that opens early and closes late.

Demographics
The 2020 U.S. census counted 7,798 residents.  The 2010 U.S. census counted 20,913 residents in the 0.91-square-mile Chinatown neighborhood, excluding the population of the Los Angeles County Jail complex. That made an average of 9,650 people per square mile, which included the empty Cornfield area.

The ethnic breakdown in 2010: Asian,  68.8%; Latino, 14.7%; blacks, 6.7%; whites, 8.7%; mixed race, 0.8%; and others, 2.3%.

The median household income in 2010 dollars ($29,000), was the third-lowest in Los Angeles County, preceded by Watts ($28,200) and Downtown ($24,300). The percentage of households earning $20,000 or less (53.6%) was the third-largest in Los Angeles County, preceded by Downtown (57.4%) and University Park (56.6%). The average household size of 2.8 people was just about the city norm. Renters occupied 91% of the housing units, and home- or apartment owners the rest.

Economy

Retail
Small, specialized grocery stores are important to the aging population but few remain as gentrification impacts the neighborhood. The Chinese-Vietnamese residents own many bazaars. The stores sell products such as soap, toys, clothes, music CDs at low prices. Several restaurants in Chinatown serve mainly Cantonese cuisine but there are also various Asian cuisine restaurants such as Teochew Chinese, Vietnamese, Indonesian, and Thai, which reflects the diverse character of Chinatown. Few boba cafes have opened in Chinatown, but a large number are to be found in the Chinese enclaves in the San Gabriel Valley.

TS Emporium and Tin Bo are stores selling ginseng and herbs as well as other household merchandises are operated within the confinement of this particular Chinatown.

Dynasty Center, Saigon Plaza, and the Chinatown Phuoc Loc Tho Center feature many Vietnamese-style bazaars with people engaged in bargain shopping for items such as clothing, toys, Chinese-language CDs, pets, household items, funerary products, and so on. Its entrepreneurs are ethnic Chinese from Vietnam.

There are over 20 art galleries to see, mostly featuring non-Chinese modern art, with works from up and coming artists in all types of media. Popular galleries include Acuna-Hansen Gallery, Black Dragon Society, China Art Objects, Jancar Gallery and The Gallery at General Lee's. Spaces such as Telic Art Exchange, Betalevel and The Mountain Bar often have readings, performances and lectures.

Restaurants

Chinatown is in the process of becoming an entirely new place. Chinatown at the height of popularity was filled with bustling Chinese restaurants that included barbecue delicatessens with glass displays of roast duck and suckling pig and Cantonese seafood restaurants with dim sum. As the action in Chinese cuisine became centered in the San Gabriel Valley, southeast Asian eating places filled some of the empty spaces and offered Vietnamese pho noodle soup and submarine sandwiches called banh mi. As downtown revives, Chinatown has been sparked into life by cheap rents, the gallery boom in the 2000s and deep-rooted sense of community. Chinese bakeries and other shops continue to serve the area. Traditional Chinese restaurants that have remained are being joined by a variety of new restaurants as the opportunities Chinatown offers is recognized by additional restaurateurs. The area is better served by transit than many areas with Union Station so close by. Even though low-income seniors remain, college graduates can find their first apartment here and condos are becoming available for the affluent. This economic diversity encourages a diversity of places to serve the area.

Two of Chinatown's restaurants highlight the history and diversity of this neighborhood.
 Philippe's has been located on the corner of Alameda Street, at the edge of Chinatown, in the Historical District of Los Angeles since 1951, and is known as one of the creators of the French Dip sandwich.
 Little Joe's, demolished in January 2014, had long stood at the corner of Broadway and College Street. It closed in December 1998 due to the expense of retrofitting the building to meet earthquake standards. The interior was left unchanged and it has been used as a filming location.

Parks and recreation
 Los Angeles State Historic Park, also known as the Cornfield, consists of a long open space between Spring Street and the tracks of the Metro L Line.
 Alpine Recreation Center, at 817 Yale Street, has a combined and multipurpose room with a capacity of 250. Two indoor gymnasiums have capacities of 450 each. There are also basketball courts (lighted/indoor/outdoor), a children's play area and volleyball courts (lighted).

Nomenclature

The words Los Angeles Chinatown are written and pronounced as follows as () in Cantonese, () in Mandarin Chinese or officially known as ().

Events

Events that have been held or are planned in Los Angeles's Chinatown include:

• Chinese New Year Parade

• Lantern festival at the Chinese American Museum

• The Firecracker Run and Fun Walk

• Mid-autumn Moon Festival

• Miss Los Angeles Chinatown Pageant

A midnight firecracker display occurs every Chinese New Year's Eve at Thien Hau Temple and Xuan Wu San Buddhist Association.

Education

According to U.S. Census data, 20.2% of Chinatown residents aged 25 and older possessed a four-year degree in 2023. There are three schools operating within Chinatown. They are:
 Endeavor College Preparatory Charter School, middle, 126 Bloom Street
 Castelar Street Elementary School, LAUSD, 840 Yale Street; second oldest school in the district
 Cathedral High School, a private Catholic boys' school, just down the hill from Dodger Stadium, is located on the north side of Chinatown.
 Evans Community Adult School - largest stand-alone ESL adult school in the nation
Los Angeles Public Library operates the Chinatown Branch.

Transportation

Chinatown is served by the A Line of the city's Metro Rail. The station was formerly serviced by the, now defunct, L Line; parts of Old Chinatown were uncovered during excavation for another portion of the L.A. subway (the Red Line connection to Union Station). The Metro Rail station in Chinatown has been described as a spectacular pagoda-themed facility and as a cliché of neo-pagoda architecture by Christopher Hawthorne, the Los Angeles Times architecture critic.

Filming

Chinatown has served as the setting for many Hollywood films. The conclusion of the film Chinatown was filmed on Spring Street.  The movie Rush Hour was filmed on location in Chinatown.

 Feature films
 Chinatown
 Rush Hour
 I Love You, Man
 Gangster Squad
 Lethal Weapon 4
 Beverly Hills Ninja
 Strange Days
 Hard to Kill
 Balls of Fury
 15 Minutes

Notable people
 Cayetano Apablasa (1847–1889), 19th Century property owner
 Helen Liu Fong (1927-2009), architect
 You Chung Hong (1898–1977), attorney, community leader
 Milton Quon, animator, artist and actor
 Bruce Lee (Chinese: 李小龍) (1940 – 1973), actor, whose statue is located at Central Plaza
 Haing S. Ngor (Chinese: 吳漢潤) (1940–1996), actor
 Yiu Hai Seto Quon (1899–1999), "Mama Quon," chef at Quon Bros. Grand Star Restaurant
 Lisa See, author
 Otto G. Weyse (ca. 1858–1893), liquor and wine dealer, member of the Los Angeles Common Council
 Tyrus Wong (1910–2016), artist
 Wilbur Woo (1915-2012), businessman and leader in the Chinese-American community

See also

 Thien Hau Temple (天后宮) located in Los Angeles's Chinatown
 Chinese American Museum
 Chinese Historical Society of Southern California
 List of Chinatowns
 List of districts and neighborhoods of Los Angeles
 Sonoratown, Los Angeles
 Chinese massacre of 1871

References

Sources
 American Chinatown: A People's History of Five Neighborhoods, Bonnie Tsui, 2009  .
 Ki Longfellow, China Blues, Eio Books 2012, . Contains detailed history of Chinese immigration to California and other historical information relating to Chinatown.  Also, how the Chinese were treated in California.

External links

 Los Angeles Chinese American Museum
 Los Angeles Chinatown Firecracker Run
 Chinese Historical Society of Southern California (Los Angeles Chinatown)
 Chinese Chamber of Commerce of Los Angeles
 Los Angeles Chinatown Business Council Official Website
 KCET Departures interview with Munson Kwok Chinatown community leader
 Chinatown crime map and statistics
 Pictures of Chinatown in 1911, from the UC Berkeley Bancroft Library

Little Italys in the United States
Italian-American culture in Los Angeles

Chinatown, Los Angeles


النادي الأهلي الرياضي المعروف أيضا تحت اسم أهلي ود مدني هو نادي كرة قدم سوداني وهو نادي أساسي في السودان وقد تأسس هذا النادي سنة 1926 م. ويقع مقره في مدينة ود مدني ويلعب مبارياته في ستاد الجزيرة الذي يتسع لنحو 25,000 مشاهد.من لاعبيه بابكر سانتو وسيد مصطفي واحمد حامد واولاد الله جابو وحمد والديبة والدحيش وعمر ملكية وعصام غانا وعمر النقي والسر بدوي وسنطة والجار واخرون.
هبط النادي من الدرجة الممتازة بالدوري السوداني لكرة القدم موسم 2017

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي لفايسبوك

أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1928
أندية كرة قدم في السودان
تأسيسات سنة 1928 في السودان
ولاية الجزيرة

النادي الأهلي (ود مدني)


La liste des ascensions du Tour de France 1935 répertorie les cols empruntés par les coureurs lors de la 29 édition de la course cycliste par étape du Tour de France.

Des points sont décernés aux 10 premiers coureurs franchissant le sommet de quinze cols, surlignés en gras dans le tableau ci-dessous (10 points au 1, 9 au 2, 8 au 3, 7 au 4, 6 au 5, 5 au 6, 4 au 7, 3 au 8, 2 au 9, 1 au 10).

Quatre massifs sont visités : les Vosges, le Jura, les Alpes puis les Pyrénées. Le point culminant de la course est franchi au col du Galibier.

Le coureur Belge Félicien Vervaecke remporte le Grand-Prix de la montagne.

Liste
Des points sont distribués au sommet des cols marqués en gras dans le tableau ci-dessous.

Classement final du Grand Prix de la montagne

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des ascensions du Tour de France
 Grand Prix de la montagne du Tour de France

Liens externes
 Tour de France 1935 sur letour.fr
  Tour de France 1935 sur bikeraceinfo.com

Tour de France 1935
1935

Liste des ascensions du Tour de France 1935


A série GeForce 20 é uma família de unidades de processamento gráfico desenvolvidas pela Nvidia. Servindo como sucessora da série GeForce 10, a linha começou a ser comercializada em 20 de setembro de 2018, e após várias edições, em 2 de julho de 2019, a linha de placas GeForce RTX Super foi anunciada.

A série 20 marcou a introdução da microarquitetura Turing da Nvidia e a primeira geração de placas RTX, a primeira na indústria a implementar ray-tracing de hardware em tempo real em um produto de consumo. Afastando-se da estratégia usual da Nvidia, a série 20 não tem faixa de nível de entrada, deixando para a série 16 cobrir este segmento do mercado.

Essas placas são substituídas pela série GeForce 30, alimentada pela microarquitetura Ampere.

História

Anúncio
Em 14 de agosto de 2018, a Nvidia divulgou o anúncio da primeira placa da série 20, a GeForce RTX 2080, logo após apresentar a arquitetura Turing na SIGGRAPH no início daquele ano. A série GeForce 20 foi finalmente anunciada na Gamescom em 20 de agosto de 2018, tornando-se a primeira linha de placas gráficas "projetadas para lidar com ray tracing em tempo real" graças à "inclusão de tensor dedicado e núcleos RT."

Em agosto de 2018, foi relatado que a Nvidia havia registrado GeForce RTX e Quadro RTX como nomes.

Lançamento
A linha começou a ser comercializada em 20 de setembro de 2018. Servindo como sucessora da série GeForce 10, a série 20 marcou a introdução da microarquitetura Turing da Nvidia e a primeira geração de placas RTX, a primeira na indústria para implementar ray-tracing de hardware em tempo real em um produto de consumo.

Lançado no final de 2018, o RTX 2080 foi comercializado como até 75% mais rápido que o GTX 1080 em vários jogos, também descrevendo o chip como "a atualização geracional mais significativa para suas GPUs desde os primeiros núcleos CUDA em 2006" de acordo com PC Gamer.

Após o lançamento inicial, as versões com overclock de fábrica foram lançadas no final de 2018. A primeira foi a edição "Ti", enquanto as placas Founders Edition eram overclockadas por padrão e tinham uma garantia de três anos. Quando a GeForce RTX 2080 Ti foi lançada, a TechRadar a chamou de "a GPU mais poderosa do mundo no mercado". A GeForce RTX 2080 Founders Edition foi avaliada positivamente quanto ao desempenho pela PC Gamer em 19 de setembro de 2018, mas foi criticada pelo alto custo para os consumidores, observando também que seu recurso de rastreamento de raios era ainda não utilizado por muitos programas ou jogos. Em janeiro de 2019, o Tom's Hardware também afirmou que a GeForce RTX 2080 Ti Xtreme era "a placa de vídeo para jogos mais rápida disponível", embora criticasse o volume da solução de resfriamento, o tamanho e a saída de calor nos gabinetes de PC. Em agosto de 2018, a empresa afirmou que as placas gráficas GeForce RTX foram as "primeiras placas gráficas do mundo a apresentar memória GDDR6 super-rápida, uma nova saída DisplayPort 1.4 que pode conduzir até 8K HDR a 60 Hz em monitores de geração futura com apenas um único cabo e uma saída USB Type-C para headsets de Realidade Virtual da próxima geração."

Em outubro de 2018, a PC Gamer relatou que o fornecimento do cartão 2080 Ti estava "extremamente apertado" depois que a disponibilidade já havia sido adiada. Em novembro de 2018, a MSI estava oferecendo nove placas gráficas baseadas em RTX 2080 diferentes. Lançado em dezembro de 2018, o Titan RTX da linha custava inicialmente $ 2.500, significativamente mais do que os $ 1.300 necessários para uma GeForce RTX 2080 Ti.

Marketing
Em janeiro de 2019, a Nvidia anunciou que as placas gráficas GeForce RTX seriam usadas em 40 novos laptops de várias empresas. Também naquele mês, em resposta às reações negativas ao preço das placas GeForce RTX, o CEO da Nvidia, Jensen Huang, afirmou: "Eles estavam certos. [Nós] estávamos ansiosos para colocar o RTX no mercado convencional... Nós simplesmente não estávamos prontos. Agora estamos prontos e é chamado de 2060", em referência ao RTX 2060. Em maio de 2019, uma análise do TechSpot observou que o recém-lançado Radeon VII da AMD era comparável em velocidades ao GeForce RTX 2080, embora um pouco mais lento em jogos, com preços semelhantes e enquadrados como concorrentes diretos.

Em 2 de julho de 2019, foi anunciada a linha de placas GeForce RTX Super, que compreende versões de especificações mais altas de 2060, 2070 e 2080. Cada um dos modelos Super foi oferecido por um preço semelhante aos modelos mais antigos, mas com especificações aprimoradas. Em julho de 2019, a NVidia declarou que as placas gráficas "SUPER" da série GeForce RTX 20, a serem lançadas, tinham uma vantagem de desempenho de 15% sobre a GeForce RTX 2060. PC World chamou as edições super de uma atualização "modesta" para o preço, e o chip 2080 Super o "segundo GPU mais poderoso já lançado" em termos de velocidade Em novembro de 2019, PC Gamer escreveu "mesmo sem overclock, o 2080 Ti é a melhor placa gráfica para jogos." Em junho de 2020, PC Mag listou a Nvidia GeForce RTX 2070 Super como uma das "melhores [8] placas gráficas para jogos em 4K em 2020". A GeForce RTX 2080 Founders Edition, Super e Ti também foram listadas. Em junho de 2020, placas gráficas incluindo RTX 2060, RTX 2060 Super, RTX 2070 e RTX 2080 Super foram anunciadas com desconto pelos varejistas na expectativa do lançamento da GeForce RTX 3080. Em abril de 2020, a Nvidia anunciou 100 novos laptops licenciados para incluir os modelos GeForce GTX e RTX.

Reintrodução de placas mais antigas
Devido a problemas de produção em torno das placas da série RTX 30 e uma escassez geral de placas gráficas devido a problemas de produção causados pela pandemia de COVID-19 em andamento, que levou a uma escassez global de semicondutores e à demanda geral por placas gráficas aumentando devido a um aumento na mineração de criptomoedas, o RTX 2060 e sua contraparte Super, ao lado do GTX 1050 Ti, foram trazidos de volta à produção em 2021.

Além disso, o RTX 2060 foi relançado em 7 de dezembro de 2021 como uma variante com 12 GB de VRAM. No entanto, a disponibilidade do cartão no lançamento era escassa.

Arquitetura

A série RTX 20 é baseada na microarquitetura Turing e apresenta ray tracing de hardware em tempo real. As placas são fabricadas em um nó otimizado de 14 nm da TSMC, denominado FinFET NVIDIA (FFN) de 12 nm. Novos recursos de exemplo em Turing incluíram shaders de malha, núcleos de ray tracing (RT) (aceleração de hierarquia de volume delimitadora), núcleos tensores (AI), núcleos inteiros (INT) dedicados para execução simultânea de inteiro e operações de ponto flutuante. Na série GeForce 20, esse traçado de raio em tempo real é acelerado pelo uso de novos núcleos RT, que são projetados para processar quadtrees e hierarquias esféricas e acelerar os testes de colisão com triângulos individuais.

O traçado de raios realizado pelos núcleos RT pode ser usado para produzir efeitos como reflexos, refrações, sombras, profundidade de campo, dispersão de luz e cáusticas, substituindo as técnicas raster tradicionais, como mapas de cubos e mapas de profundidade. Notas: Em vez de substituir totalmente a rasterização, no entanto, o ray tracing é oferecido em um modelo híbrido, no qual as informações coletadas do ray tracing podem ser usadas para aumentar o sombreamento rasterizado para obter resultados mais fotorrealistas.

Os Tensor Cores de segunda geração (sucedendo Volta's) trabalham em cooperação com os núcleos RT, e seus recursos de IA são usados principalmente para duas finalidades: primeiro, reduzir o ruído de uma imagem parcialmente traçada por raios preenchendo os espaços em branco entre os raios lançados; também outra aplicação dos núcleos do Tensor é o DLSS (deep learning super-sampling), um novo método para substituir o anti-aliasing, gerando detalhes artificialmente para aumentar a escala da imagem renderizada em uma resolução mais alta. Os núcleos Tensor aplicam modelos de aprendizado profundo (por exemplo, um modelo de aprimoramento de resolução de imagem) que são construídos usando supercomputadores. O problema a ser resolvido é analisado no supercomputador, que é ensinado por exemplo quais os resultados desejados. O supercomputador então gera um modelo que é executado nos núcleos Tensor do consumidor. Esses métodos são entregues aos consumidores como parte dos drivers das placas.

A Nvidia separa as matrizes de GPU para Turing em variantes A e não A, que são anexadas ou excluídas na parte das centenas do nome do código da GPU. As variantes não-A não podem receber overclock de fábrica, enquanto as variantes A, sim.

A série GeForce 20 foi lançada com chips de memória GDDR6 da Micron Technology. No entanto, devido a falhas relatadas nos modelos de lançamento, a Nvidia passou a usar chips de memória GDDR6 da Samsung Electronics em novembro de 2018.

Software

Com a série GeForce 20, a Nvidia introduziu a plataforma de desenvolvimento RTX. RTX usa DXR da Microsoft, OptiX da Nvidia e Vulkan para acesso ao ray tracing. A tecnologia de ray tracing technology usada nas GPUs RTX Turing estava em desenvolvimento na Nvidia há 10 anos. O aplicativo Nsight Visual Studio Edition da Nvidia é usado para inspecionar o estado das GPUs.

Produtos
Todas as placas da série possuem interface PCIe 3.0 x16, que a conecta à CPU, fabricadas com processo FinFET 12 nm da TSMC, e utilizam memória GDDR6 (inicialmente chips Micron no lançamento, e posteriormente chips Samsung a partir de novembro de 2018).

Desktop
 O desempenho de precisão dupla (FP64) dos chips Turing é 1/32 do desempenho de precisão simples (FP32).

Laptop
 Apenas o RTX 2050 está usando o chip Ampere GA107, que é fabricado usando um processo 8N da Samsung.

Ver também
 GeForce 10
 GeForce 16
 GeForce 30
 GeForce 40
 Nvidia Quadro
 Microarquitetura Tesla
 Lista de unidades de processamento gráfico da Nvidia

Ligações externas

 Nvidia Turing GPU Architecture Whitepaper

Nvidia
Placas de vídeo
GeForce

GeForce 20


Hutchinson S.A. es un fabricante de neumáticos con sede en Par'''ís, Francia.
Fue fundada en 1853 por Hiram Hutchinson y comenzó a fabricar neumáticos para bicicletas en 1890. Además de neumáticos de bicicleta, se especializa en sellados, aislamientos, y sistemas de transferencia de fluidos. Cuenta con 27.400 empleados en 117 sitios en 27 países.
Hutchinson presentó neumáticos sin cámara para bicicletas de carretera en el 2006.

Actualmente Hutchinson es el último fabricante francés de neumáticos de bicicleta que fabrica sus productos en Francia.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Sitio web oficial

Empresas fundadas en 1853
Fabricantes de componentes de bicicletas
Fabricantes de neumáticos
Empresas de Francia
TotalEnergies

Hutchinson S.A.


ආලස්‍යය යනු, කායික විද්‍යාත්මක අයුරින් සලකන විට  සත්ත්වයෙකුගේ ක්‍රියාකාරීබව  පහළ මට්ටමක පවතින තත්ත්වයක් වන අතර, සාමාන්‍ය වශයෙන් එවිට ශරීර උෂ්ණත්වය සහ පරිවෘත්තික සීඝ්‍රතාවය අඩු මට්ටමක පවතියි.

ආලස්‍යය


Estarreja  belediyesi, Portekiz'in Centro bölgesine bağlı Baixo Vouga altbölgesinin belediyelerinden biridir.

Bucaklar
Belediyede 7 bucak (Por.: freguesia) yer almaktadır.

 Avanca
 Beduído (Estarreja)
 Canelas
 Fermelã
 Pardilhó
 Salreu
 Veiros

Baixo Vouga'nın belediyeleri

Estarreja


Blue Grass Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Blue Grass Township (Iowa)
 Blue Grass Township (Oklahoma)

Blue Grass Township


Yuji Ono (født 22. december 1992) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Sagan Tosu.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Yuji Ono


Kristoffer Andersen (født 9. december 1985) er en belgisk-dansk tidligere fodboldspiller og nu assistenttræner for Eupen.

Personligt liv
Andersen er en søn af Henrik Andersen og en belgisk mor. Han er født i 1985 i Etterbeek, på et tidspunkt hvor Henrik Andersen spillede for RSC Anderlecht. Da Henrik Andersen i 1990 skiftede til 1. FC Köln, flyttede familien til Eupen, der ligger tæt på grænsen til Tyskland. Familien blev boende i Eupen efter Henrik Andersens karrierestop i 1998.

Fodboldkarriere
Andersen begyndte sin fodboldkarriere i Belgien, men skiftede i 2007 til Borussia Mönchengladbachs andethold. Han spillede derefter i en række tyske klubber, og endte sin karriere i Fortuna Köln.

I juni 2020 blev Andersen ny assistenttræner i Alemannia Aachen. Da cheftræner Stefan Vollmerhausen blev fyret den 10. februar 2021, blev Andersen ny cheftræner for klubben.

I juli 2021 blev Andersen ny assistenttræner i den belgiske klub Eupen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Belgien
Fodboldspillere fra Danmark
Fodboldspillere fra RSC Anderlecht
Fodboldspillere fra Standard Liège
Fodboldspillere fra Borussia Mönchengladbach
Fodboldspillere fra MSV Duisburg
Fodboldspillere fra VfL Osnabrück
Fodboldspillere fra Alemannia Aachen
Fodboldspillere fra Fortuna Köln

Kristoffer Andersen


Rumpole of the Bailey is a British television series created and written by the British writer and barrister John Mortimer. It starred Leo McKern as Horace Rumpole, a middle-aged London barrister who defended a broad variety of clients, often underdogs. The TV series led to the stories being presented in other media, including books and radio.

The "Bailey" of the title is a reference to the Central Criminal Court, the "Old Bailey".

Characters

Horace Rumpole
While certain biographical details differ slightly between the original television series and the subsequent book series, Horace Rumpole has a number of definite character traits that are constant. First and foremost, he loves the courtroom. Despite attempts by his friends and family to get him to move on to a more respectable position for his age, such as a Queen's Counsel (QC) or a Circuit Judge (positions Rumpole sarcastically calls "Queer Customers" and "Circus Judges"), he only enjoys defending his clients (who are often legal aid cases) at the Old Bailey, London's Central Criminal Court: "the honour of being an Old Bailey Hack", as he describes his work. A devotee of Arthur Quiller-Couch's Oxford Book of English Verse, he often quotes Wordsworth (and other poets less frequently, e.g. Shakespeare). He privately calls his wife, Hilda, "She Who Must Be Obeyed", a reference to the fearsome queen in H. Rider Haggard's adventure novel She.

His skill at defending his clients is legendary among the criminal classes. The Timson clan of "minor villains" (primarily thieves) regularly rely on Rumpole to get them out of their latest bit of trouble with the law. Rumpole is proud of his successful handling of the Penge Bungalow Murders "alone and without a leader" (that is, as a "junior" barrister without a QC) early in his career and of his extensive knowledge of bloodstains and typewriters. Cross-examination is one of his favourite activities, and he disdains barristers who lack either the skill or courage to ask the right questions. His courtroom zeal gets him into trouble from time to time. Often, his investigations reveal more than his client wants him to know. Rumpole's chanciest encounters stem from arguing with judges, particularly those who seem to believe that being on trial implies guilt or that the police are infallible.

Rumpole enjoys smoking inexpensive cigars (cheroots), drinking cheap red wine and a diet of fried breakfasts, overboiled vegetables and steak and kidney pudding. Every day he visits "Pomeroy's", a wine bar on Fleet Street within walking distance of the Old Bailey and his chambers at Equity Court, at which he contributes regularly to an ever-increasing bar tab by purchasing glasses of red wine of questionable quality, which he calls variously "Cooking Claret", "Pomeroy's Plonk", "Pomeroy's Very Ordinary", "Chateau Thames Embankment", or "Chateau Fleet Street". (The last two terms are particularly derogatory: the subterranean Fleet river, which flows below Farringdon Street in a culvert and crosses under one end of Fleet Street at Ludgate Circus, served as the main sewer of Victorian London, while the Thames Embankment in central London was a reclamation of marshy land that, until the 1860s, was notably polluted).

His cigar smoking is often the subject of debate within his Chambers. His peers sometimes criticise his attire, noting his old hat (a battered Homburg), imperfectly aligned clothes, cigar ash trailing down his waistcoat and faded barrister's wig, "bought second hand from a former Chief Justice of Tonga" (or the Windward Islands: Rumpole is occasionally an unreliable narrator).

Despite his affection for the criminal classes, Rumpole has firm ethics. He is a staunch believer in the presumption of innocence, the "Golden Thread of British Justice". He often reinforces this by proclaiming that it is better for 10 guilty men to go free than for one innocent to be convicted (basically Blackstone's formulation).

Accordingly, Rumpole's credo is "I never plead guilty", although he has qualified that credo by stating on several occasions that he is morally bound to enter a guilty plea if he knows for a fact that the defendant is guilty of the crime of which he/she is accused. (In fact, he enters a plea of guilty on behalf of his clients in "Rumpole's Last Case".) But if he has any doubt whatsoever about the facts surrounding the commission of the crime, even if the defendant has confessed to the deed (having stated, and proved, on one occasion that "there is no piece of evidence more unreliable than a confession!"), Rumpole feels equally honour-bound to enter a plea of "not guilty" and offer the best defence possible. His "never plead guilty" credo also prevents him from making deals that involve pleading guilty to lesser charges (again, with some exceptions; in "Rumpole and the Tap End" he persuades his client to plead guilty to assault in exchange for the dismissal of a charge of attempted murder).

Rumpole also refuses to prosecute, feeling it more important to defend the accused than to work to imprison them. (There was one exception, when Rumpole took on a private prosecution, working for a private citizen rather than for the crown, but he proved that the defendant was innocent and then reaffirmed, "from now on, Rumpole only defends".)

Some of Rumpole's clients feel that things would have been better for them if they had been found guilty and resent him for getting them off.

Mortimer's 2009 obituary in The Daily Telegraph confirmed that Rumpole was, in part, based on a chance meeting in court with James Burge QC:

Biographical information (television)
In the television series, where Rumpole first appeared, there is some consistency with regard to Rumpole's backstory. The original play is set in 1974, and Rumpole says he is 64 years old, suggesting a birthdate of 1910 (Leo McKern, the actor who played Rumpole, was born in 1920). Rumpole's Oxford Book of English Verse is inscribed "Horace Rumpole, Little Wicks School 1923. Cursed be he who steals this book," (Series 4 – 1987); in Rumpole and the Fascist Beast it is mentioned that he studied at Birkenshaw School, which he calls 'a wind-blasted penal colony on the Norfolk coast'; he bought his barrister's wig in 1932; first appeared in court in 1937; first met Hilda on 14 August 1938; served in the RAF Ground Staff in World War II; married Hilda in approximately 1944; won the Penge Bungalow Murder case in 1947; and had his son Nick in 1951. The series itself takes place between 1967 and 1992, when Rumpole is getting on in years.

Biographical information (books)
Within many short stories and occasional novels, which were written over a 29-year period (1978–2007), Rumpole's biographical details fluctuated. For example, in the first book, published in 1978, Rumpole mentions buying his wig in 1932, and another time to proposing to Hilda in 1938, and his "sixty-eight next birthday". In Rumpole and the Fascist Beast it is mentioned that Rumpole was born sometime before the outbreak of World War I. These last two pieces of information would indicate a birth year of 1911, but later books contradict this. Rumpole and the Primrose Path, for instance, appeared in 2003 and was set in the present day, but Rumpole was in his seventies, not 92. Nonetheless, when in Rumpole and the Primrose Path Erskine-Brown asks Rumpole what he sings to himself when he is alone, Rumpole replies, "A ballad of the war years."

In general, in the book series, it would seem that Rumpole has been frozen at an age of around 70 years, and past events in his life have been retconned to fit each story's time frame. Thus, in the books published in 1996 and before, he proposed to Hilda in 1938, and in books published in 2003 and after, it appears that he neither became a barrister nor met Hilda until after World War II ended in 1945. Rumpole and the Penge Bungalow Murders, containing his first unled case and his engagement to Hilda, takes place in the early 1950s, entirely inconsistent with the early stories. Since 1988, when Phyllida Erskine-Brown became a QC and Soapy Sam Ballard became Head of Chambers, the other characters seem to be similarly frozen in time. In Rumpole and the Reign of Terror, Rumpole was still practising in 2006, and Judge Bullingham was still in post – unless this is a different Bullingham, but that is never stated explicitly. In the 1990 story Rumpole at Sea, Rumpole says of Bullingham: "But now we have lost him." The prior "Mad Bull" was Roger Bullingham, and this Bullingham's name is Leonard.

The son of Reverend Wilfred Rumpole and his wife Alice, and born at Dulwich, Rumpole attended "Linklater's" (a fictional minor public school) and studied law at either Keble College or the fictional "St Joseph's College", Oxford, coming away with "a dubious third" (Oxford then awarded fourths, so a third is equivalent to a 2:2). Rumpole was called to the bar at the "Outer Temple" (a fictional Inn of Court, named on the analogy of the Inner Temple, where John Mortimer was called, and the Middle Temple).

Rumpole's family
Apart from the legal drama in each story, Rumpole also has to deal with his relationships with family and friends. His wife Hilda was proud of her daddy (as she calls him), C. H. Wystan, who was Rumpole's Head of Chambers, and she frequently advocates that Rumpole seek a higher position in the legal world such as Head of Chambers, Queen's Counsel or a judgeship. The Rumpoles reside in a cavernous, underheated mansion flat at 25B Froxbury Mansions (sometimes called Froxbury Court), Gloucester Road, London.

Rumpole raises tensions with his American daughter-in-law Erica (Deborah Fallender) because of their differing views (such as her disapproval of his cross-examining a rape victim he believed to be lying). His associates' dynamic social positions contrast with his relatively static views, which causes feelings between him and the others to shift over time.

Rumpole retired for a short period of time, moving to Florida to be near his son Nick, a sociology professor and now department head at the University of Miami.
Nick is described by Rumpole as "the brains of the family". Nick was educated at public school as a teenager, then studied at Oxford University and Princeton. His academic visit to Baltimore University was determinant for staying in the US. Rumpole often says that Nick is proud of his father's work in criminal law, and enjoyed his accounts of his cases and "harmless legal anecdotes".

Cast
In total, seven series of Rumpole of the Bailey were made from 1978 to 1992, each consisting of six episodes. A special two-hour film, Rumpole's Return, was made and aired in 1980, between the 2nd and 3rd series. The author, John Mortimer, occasionally appeared as an extra.

Rumpole and his family:
 Horace W. Rumpole: Self-described "Old Bailey hack" who defends any and all clients, and never pleads guilty. His strong preference is for criminal cases, but Rumpole has occasionally taken on family law and libel cases. He usually defends clients dependent on legal aid, but sometimes represents paying clients, which he calls "money briefs". He loves quoting poetry, especially works by William Wordsworth and other poems from The Oxford Book of English Verse.
 Hilda Rumpole (Joyce Heron) (Original Play for Today "Pilot"); (Peggy Thorpe-Bates) (Series 1–3 and Special); (Marion Mathie) (Series 4–7): Privately referred to by Rumpole as "She Who Must Be Obeyed" – a reference to the Rider Haggard novel She. She would dearly love to see Rumpole become a QC, Head of Chambers or a judge – none of which is a role to which Rumpole aspires. She is the daughter of Rumpole's late head of chambers, C. H. Wystan.
 Nicholas Rumpole (David Yelland) (Play for Today, plus Series 1–2); (Ian Gelder) (Special only): "The brains of the family", as Rumpole calls him. Nick and his father are especially close. Nick studied PPE at Oxford and then sociology at Princeton. Married to an American, he eventually moves to the United States (first Baltimore, then Miami) to work as a professor of sociology.Members of Rumpole's Chambers at 3 Equity Court, London: Sir Guthrie Featherstone QC (Peter Bowles) (Series 1–2, Special, and as an occasional guest star in series 3–7). The well-connected if occasionally feckless Head of Chambers, he "took silk" (becoming a Queen's Counsel) and was elected to Parliament as a Social Democratic Party member early in the series. Rumpole often mock-reverently calls him "our learned Head of Chambers, Guthrie Featherstone QC, MP". He is an alumnus of Marlborough College. He becomes a High Court judge after the third series and is embroiled in a number of controversies after being promoted to the bench. Although often in some way in opposition to Rumpole, the two get on far better than do Rumpole and Ballard; Featherstone lacks Ballard's piousness, to which Rumpole takes great exception.
 Samuel Ballard QC (Peter Blythe) (Series 3–7): Head of Chambers in later series; a very pious and priggish person, and like his predecessor, a Marlborough alumnus. Rumpole refers to him as "Soapy Sam" which is an allusion to a much parodied nineteenth-century Bishop of Oxford, and generally addresses him as "Bollard". Later became a judge in the ecclesiastical courts, while maintaining his role as Head of Chambers.
 Phyllida (née Trant) Erskine-Brown QC (Patricia Hodge) (Series 1–2, Special, and as an occasional guest star in series 3–7). First appeared in episode four in the first series as Erskine-Brown's (and later Rumpole's) pupil, Phyllida Trant. The "Portia of our Chambers", Phyllida is a strong advocate with definite opinions of her own. Usually, but not always, sides with Rumpole in Chambers matters. She eventually becomes a Q.C., then a Recorder, and then a High Court judge. She is shown to occasionally flirt with extramarital relationships, but considers Claude's positive points and remains in her marriage.
 Claude Leonard Erskine-Brown QC (Julian Curry): Phyllida's husband, "opera buff and hopeless cross-examiner", and sometime would-be philanderer. Although not lacking in personal ambition, he acknowledges his wife's drive and is more than willing to do the lion's share of looking after their children, stating that he'd be happy to move to a more paperwork-based role; he is eventually promoted to Assistant Recorder, and later Q.C., through Phyllida's manoeuvrings. Upon hearing of his promotion, Judge Graves remarked, "They must be handing out silk gowns with pounds of tea nowadays!" He particularly loves the operas of Wagner, and his and Phyllida's children are named Tristan and Isolde. He frowns upon Rumpole's clientele, having a largely civil practice, with only an occasional criminal prosecution. Despite this attitude, Rumpole helps Erskine-Brown out in important personal matters without Erskine-Brown's knowledge, and is displeased when he makes the acquaintance of one of Erskine-Brown's schoolmates, who mentions that since Erskine-Brown was a 'pill' at school he warranted bullying. He attended Bogstead School, Winchester College and New College, Oxford.
 T.C. Rowley, widely known as "Uncle Tom" (Richard Murdoch) (Series 1–6 and Special). "The oldest member of Chambers, who has not had a brief as long as any of us can remember." Rumpole first joined C. H. Wystan's chambers as Uncle Tom's pupil. He is usually seen happily practising his golf putting in the clerk's room, or offering cheerfully inappropriate comments in Chambers' meetings.
 George Frobisher (Moray Watson) (Series 1–2, Special, and as an occasional guest star in Series 3–5). A sensible if somewhat stiff barrister and Rumpole's closest friend in Chambers. At around the time he becomes a Circuit Judge, his love interest meets Rumpole, and fears he recognises her from an arson case years ago; she leaves Frobisher, with no way to get in contact. Although Frobisher admits he will find it hard to forgive Rumpole for this loss of happiness, in his next appearance, as a circuit judge presiding over a statutory rape case in which Rumpole is defending, he remains friendly, but refuses to bow to Rumpole's persuasion and jails the defendant; from this point on, Rumpole clearly has a jaundiced view of Frobisher in spite of the latter's friendly overtures, making barbed comments about what he considers Frobisher's draconian legal views in much the same way as he disdains other judges. A former Army officer, Frobisher becomes a Judge Advocate for the British Army in series 4; to Rumpole's dismay, he is pompously absorbed in the military legal way of doing things, and upbraids Rumpole on numerous occasions for not acting appropriately.
 Percy Hoskins (Norman Ettlinger) (Series 1, Episode 1 only); (Denys Graham) (Series 3–6): A rather minor character, Hoskins seems chiefly concerned with keeping other lawyers from being admitted to Chambers, lest they take away his work. Often prefaces his arguments with the phrase "Speaking as a man with daughters..." Later promoted to a judgeship.
 Fiona Allways (Rosalyn Landor) (Series 3 only): Originally Phyllida Erskine-Brown's pupil, Rumpole took a liking to her, mentored her, and got her admitted to Chambers. A daughter of the landed gentry, the character left Chambers to get married and was replaced by Liz Probert.
 Liz Probert (Samantha Bond) (Series 4); (Abigail McKern, Leo McKern's daughter) (Series 5–7): An outspoken young feminist barrister in Rumpole's chambers, who describes herself as a "young radical" and is referred to by Rumpole as "Miz Liz". Her father "Red Ron" is a prominent trade union official. Rumpole's wife Hilda once suspected him of having an affair with Liz. Introduced in episode 2 in series 4 and becomes Rumpole's pupil.
 Dave Inchcape: (Michael Grandage) (Series 5, Episode 6 only); (Christopher Milburn) (Series 6–7): A young lawyer who has a sometimes stormy relationship with "Miz Liz". He is later revealed to be the Honourable David Luxton.
 Charles Hearthstoke: (Nicholas Gecks) (Series 4, Episodes 4, 6);(Martin Turner) (Series 5, Episode 4): Called "Hearthrug" by Rumpole. Another young lawyer, brought in by Ballard at least in part to streamline the operations of Chambers, a move Rumpole and Henry both opposed for differing reasons. Hearthstoke woos Liz Probert during his stint in Chambers, but is ultimately forced out by Rumpole. After departing, he is later tempted to return by the possibility of a romantic "adventure" with Phyllida. Rumpole's intervention prevents this.Other Staff at 3 Equity Court, London: Albert Handyside (Derek Benfield) (Series 1–2 and Special): The original clerk of Chambers. Fired in the third episode, he remains friendly with Rumpole and gets him the occasional case from the firm of solicitors that he joins as a clerk.
 Henry Trench (Jonathan Coy): Albert's successor as the efficient but harried clerk of Chambers. Unhappily married, Henry is also an amateur dramatics enthusiast, frequently appearing in works by Noël Coward. Henry's wife is active in local politics and serves as a member and later mayor of their local borough council.
 Dianne (Maureen Darbyshire) (Series 1–6 and Special): The oft-seen but rarely heard Chambers secretary, and Henry's flame. She eventually leaves Chambers and marries.
 Dot Clapton (Camille Coduri) (Series 7): The new Chambers secretary after Diane leaves. A friendly chatterbox, especially in contrast to the quiet Diane.Frequent courtroom allies and adversaries: Mr Bernard (Edward de Souza) (Series 1); (Denis Lill) (Series 3–7): An instructing solicitor who frequently presents Rumpole with clients – often a hapless member of the Timson clan. Known to Rumpole as "Bonny Bernard".
 His Honour Judge Roger Bullingham (Bill Fraser) (Series 1–4 and Special): "The Mad Bull", Rumpole's most notorious courtroom enemy. Noted for his intense dislike of defending barristers in general, and of Rumpole in particular.
 Mr Justice Vosper (Donald Eccles) (Series 2): A humourless, elderly judge who does not like Rumpole.
 Detective Inspector Brush (Struan Rodger) (Series 2–5): A police officer intent on seeing accused criminals put away. Rumpole is generally contemptuous of Inspector Brush and his "unreliable notebook".
 Mr Justice Gerald Graves (Robin Bailey) (Series 4–7): Another in a long line of judges who dislikes Rumpole's courtroom theatrics. Privately referred to by Rumpole as "Mr. Justice Gravestone", and once referred to as "Mr. Injustice Death's Head". Originally merely Judge Graves, elevated to high court status in the series 6 episode "Rumpole at Sea."
 Mr Justice Oliver Oliphant (James Grout) (Series 6–7): A judge whose affectations of Northern bluntness and "common sense" drive Rumpole to distraction and disdain.Others in Rumpole's life: Lady Marigold Featherstone (Joanna Van Gyseghem): Guthrie's social-climbing wife.
 Fred Timson (Peter Childs) (Series 1–2); (John Bardon) (Series 4–7): Head of the Timson clan, a family of "minor South London villains". The Timsons, who specialise in non-violent petty theft, often turn to Rumpole to defend them against charges arising from their latest brush with the law. Although many Timsons are seen through the course of the series, only Fred and Dennis (below) are series regulars.
 Dennis Timson (Ron Pember) (Series 4–7): Another member of the Timson clan who frequently requires Rumpole's services, either for himself or for a family member.
 Tony Timson (Phil Davis) (Series 5, Episode 4): Yet another member of the Timson clan, this one features prominently in "Rumpole and the Tap End."
 Peter "Peanuts" Molloy (David Squire) (Series 1, Episode1; Series 4, Episode 6; Series 5, Episode 4): Member of the Molloy family, archrivals of the Timsons. This legume-lover has frequent run-ins with the law. Also known to date April Timson, wife of Tony Timson.
 Jack Pomeroy (Peter Whitaker) (Series 1); (Eric Dodson) (Series 3–5): Owner of Pomeroy's Wine Bar, to which Rumpole often repairs for a glass of "Pomeroy's Plonk".
 Keith (Peter Cartwright) (Series 2 and 5): Almost invariably referred to as "Old Keith from the Lord Chancellor's office". Has the ear of the Lord Chancellor, and is largely responsible (it seems) for determining who will be promoted to Queen's Counsel, or to judgeships.
 Dodo Mackintosh (Ann Way) (Series 3–5): A school friend of Hilda's who is often mentioned. Barely tolerated by Rumpole, she stops by to visit the Rumpoles on several occasions. Her maiden name is Dodo Perkins.
 F. I. G. "Fig" Newton (Full name: Ferdinand Isaac Gerald Newton) (Jim Norton) (Series 3); (Frank Mills) (Series 5–6): Rumpole's favourite private investigator, who is usually battling a cold as he's often called on to tail suspects through the pouring rain. In his first appearance, when played by Norton, he introduces himself as Ferdinand Ian Gilmour Newton. All later appearances were by Mills, and in these appearances Rumpole refers to him as Ferdinand Isaac Gerald Newton.
 Marguerite "Matey" Ballard (Rowena Cooper) (Series 5–7): The matron of the Old Bailey and widow of Mr Plumstead, who later becomes "Soapy Sam" Ballard's incongruously blunt wife.

Production

Origins
The origins of Rumpole of the Bailey lie in "Infidelity Took Place", a one-off television play for the BBC's 1960s television anthology drama series, The Wednesday Play that was written by John Mortimer and broadcast by BBC TV on 18 May 1968. This satirical play, a comment on newly enacted English divorce laws, told the story of a happily married couple who decide to get divorced to take advantage of the more beneficial tax situation they would enjoy if legally separated. The play features a character, Leonard Hoskins (played by John Nettleton), a divorce lawyer with a domineering mother, who can be seen as an early prototype of Rumpole. Mortimer also drew parallels with his 1957 radio play "The Dock Brief", in which elderly and unsuccessful barrister Morganhall (Michael Horden) is called upon to defend a man, Fowle (David Kossoff), accused of murder. Morganhall hopes that a not guilty verdict will bring him the fame that has so far eluded him, but when Fowle is convicted and sentenced to death, he is granted a reprieve on the grounds of Morganhall's desultory performance in court.

In the mid-1970s, Mortimer approached BBC producer Irene Shubik, who had overseen "Infidelity Took Place" and who was now one of the two producers overseeing Play For Today – the successor series to The Wednesday Play as the BBC's strand for contemporary drama. Mortimer presented an idea for a new play, titled "My Darling Prince Peter Kropotkin", that centred on a barrister called Horace Rumbold. Rumbold would have a particular interest in nineteenth-century anarchists, especially the Russian Peter Kropotkin from whom the title of the play was drawn. The character's name was later changed to Horace Rumpole when it was discovered that there was a real barrister called Horace Rumbold. The title of the play was briefly changed to "Jolly Old Jean Jacques Rousseau" before settling on the less esoteric "Rumpole of the Bailey".

Mortimer was keen on Michael Hordern for the role of Rumpole. When Hordern proved unavailable, the part went to Australian-born actor Leo McKern. Mortimer was initially unenthusiastic about McKern's casting but changed his opinion upon seeing him at rehearsal. Cast as Hilda was Joyce Heron, who played the character as a much tougher individual than that later seen in the eventual series. Aside from Rumpole and his family, no other characters who would eventually be series regulars were seen in the Play For Today production of Rumpole of the Bailey—with the possible exception of a fellow lawyer named George, who could be an early version of eventual series character George Frobisher. (Note that in the series, George Frobisher was played in a very different style by a different actor).Rumpole of the Bailey made its television debut on 17 December 1975 to good reviews by the critics.

The series
Aware of the potential for further stories centred on Rumpole, Irene Shubik approached the BBC's Head of Plays, Christopher Morahan, and obtained permission from him to commission a further six Rumpole of the Bailey scripts from John Mortimer. However, Morahan left his post at the BBC a short time later and his successor was not interested in turning Rumpole of the Bailey into a series. At around this time, Shubik was contacted by Verity Lambert, Head of Drama at Thames Television, who was looking for ideas for an up-market drama series. Impressed with Rumpole of the Bailey, Lambert offered Shubik the opportunity to bring the series to Thames. John Mortimer readily agreed, since it would mean more money, and Shubik (and Rumpole) duly left the BBC in late 1976.Rumpole of the Bailey made its Thames Television debut on 3 April 1978 in a series of six episodes. These introduced and established the supporting characters including Guthrie Featherstone (Peter Bowles), Claude Erskine-Browne (Julian Curry) and Phyllida Trant (Patricia Hodge). The role of Hilda was recast, with Peggy Thorpe-Bates taking on the part. Other than McKern, David Yelland (who played Rumpole's son Nick) was the only cast member from the BBC Play For Today who also became a regular in the series.

Rob Page's title sequence, featuring amusing caricatures of Rumpole, was inspired by the nineteenth-century cartoonist George Cruikshank, who had illustrated the works of Charles Dickens. The music was composed by Joseph Horovitz, whose extensive use of the bassoon for Rumpole's theme complemented Leo McKern's portly stature and sonorous voice. Mortimer continued to work as a barrister while writing the series, rising at 5:30am to write scripts before going to work at the Old Bailey. The series was critically acclaimed ("Not to be missed. Leo McKern is superb as the wild and witty barrister Rumpole" – The Times; "I wouldn't say the BBC threw away a pearl richer than all its tribe but it has mislaid a tasty box of kippers" – Nancy Banks-Smith, The Guardian) and Thames quickly commissioned a second series. However, upset to see that her pay had reduced while McKern and Mortimer had received increases for the second series, Shubik's relationship with Verity Lambert deteriorated and, in the end, she quit Thames after commissioning three of the six scripts for the second series. Shubik moved to Granada Television, where she produced an adaptation of Paul Scott's Staying On and set up, but did not produce, The Jewel in the Crown, the follow-up adaptation of Scott's Raj Quartet. Rumpole of the Bailey continued under a new production team.

When Rumpole of the Bailey returned for its fourth series in 1987, Marion Mathie took over as Hilda when Peggy Thorpe-Bates retired because of poor health.

 Locations
"Number 3 Equity Court", Rumpole's chambers, are in King's Bench Walk in the Inner Temple Inns of Court.

Episodes

Home media
The seven series of the programme and the Rumpole's Return special episode are available on DVD and as part of a single DVD box set, published by Fremantle Media. The Play for Today (The Confession of Guilt) is also available on DVD, released separately by Acorn Media.

A&E Home Video released the entire series on DVD in Region 1 between 2004 and 2006. It was initially released in season sets then on 28 February 2006, they released Rumpole of the Bailey a 14-disc box set with all 42 episodes.

In other media
Radio

Since 1980 there were a number of different BBC radio productions derived from the Rumpole stories. Essentially there were two different series and three Christmas specials – yielding a grand total of 40 episodes. Five different actors portrayed Horace Rumpole in these episodes: Leo McKern, Maurice Denham, Timothy West, Benedict Cumberbatch, and Julian Rhind-Tutt.

In 1997, abridged readings of two Rumpole stories from Rumpole for the Defence'' ("Rumpole and the Dearly Departed" and "Rumpole and the Boat People"), abridged by Bob Sinfield and performed by Leo McKern, were broadcast on BBC Radio 2, subsequently rebroadcast on BBC Radio 4 Extra.

Books

John Mortimer adapted his television scripts into a series of short stories and novels starting in 1978. A series of anthologies and omnibus editions were also released.

References

Sources

External links
 "Champagne for Everyone", Scott Rosenberg's interview with John Mortimer, re Rumpole of the Bailey Salon.com (archive from 24 February 2011, accessed 16 September 2018).
 Horace Rumpole at The Thrilling Detective Website (includes comprehensive list of television episodes and books)

1978 British television series debuts
1992 British television series endings
1970s British drama television series
1970s British legal television series
1980s British drama television series
1980s British legal television series
1990s British drama television series
1990s British legal television series
BBC television dramas
English-language television shows
Fictional British lawyers
ITV television dramas
Play for Today
Television series set in the 1960s
Television series set in the 1970s
Television series set in the 1980s
Television series set in the 1990s
Television series by Fremantle (company)
Television shows produced by Thames Television
Television shows adapted into novels
Television shows adapted into radio programs
Television series about prosecutors
Television shows set in London
Television shows shot at Teddington Studios
Works by John Mortimer

Rumpole of the Bailey


Zaharia Muntean (n. 20 decembrie 1881, Merghindeal, comitatul Târnava-Mare - d. 10 februarie 1972, Sibiu) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
S-a născut în localitatea Merghindeal, comitatul Târnava-Mare (actualmente în județul Sibiu), din părinți țărani. Școala primară o face în comuna natală, după care urmează cursurile  Liceului de Stat din Sibiu. A efectuat studii universitare de drept la Sibiu și apoi la Universitatea Franz Joseph din Cluj. Se înscrie în avocatură la Alba Iulia, unde apare, pe data de 1 mai 1910, ca și candidat de avocat.

În 1909 se căsătorește cu Elena, fiica  memorandistului Rubin Patiția, cununia fiind înregistrată în registrul de căsătorii al Bisericii ortodoxe "Buna Vestire" din Alba Iulia, pe acea vreme păstorită de protopopul Nicolae Ivan (viitorul episcop al Clujului, Vadului și Feleacului).

A debutat ca publicist intrând în viața culturală a ASTREI, unde în 1913 este ales secretar al Despărțământului Alba Iulia. A activat în ASTRA până prin anii '40, având diferite funcții: secretar, președinte (1924-1925), membru al comitetului cu sau fără atribuții speciale. În 1925 a ajuns membru corespondent al Secției Juridice a ASTREI de la Sibiu, al cărui președinte era Iuliu Maniu.

În 1916 a fost acuzat și condamnat la moarte prin ștreang în urma activității de spionaj efectuate în favoarea armatei române și în defavoarea armatei austro-ungare. Zaharia Muntean împreună cu alți 15 intelectuali români a fost condamnat de Curtea Marțială din Cluj în urma unui proces care a durat de la 6 decembrie 1916 până la 8 februarie 1917. "Condamnare(a) la moarte prin ștreang" în dreptul lui Zaharia Muntean, a fost motivată  de faptul că inculpatul Zaharie Muntean în colaborare cu alți spioni români a strâns informații complete privind lucrările genistice efectuate pe malul Mureșului, a întocmit schițe ale amplasamentelor executate de armata Austro-Ungară și a predat Armatei Române de peste Carpați întreaga documentație. A scăpat de la moarte datorită contextului politic al vremii, situația politică și militară a devenind nefavorabilă Austro-Ungariei. A fost grațiat de împăratul Carol I, care a acceptat cererea de grațiere a celor 9 condamnați la moarte.

Începând din 1918 Zaharie Muntean a ocupat diverse funcții politice fie în cadrul Marii Adunări de la Alba-Iulia, fie în cadrul altor organizații.

De asemenea, s-a remarcat ca publicist la următoarele publicații: ziarul "Românul", Arad; "Luceafărul", "Societatea de mâine" din Cluj; ziarul "Alba Iulia").

În 1919 a sprijinit inițiativa profesorilor de la liceul "Mihai Viteazul" din Alba Iulia, de a se construi în oraș un monument al Marii Uniri, fiind ales în comitetul pentru "Fondul Monumentului Marii Uniri de la Alba Iulia."

La 10 februarie 1972, în vârstă de 91 de ani, Zaharia Muntean s-a stins din viață la Sibiu, fiind înmormântat la Alba Iulia.

Activitatea politică
În anul 1918, în cadrul Consiliului Național Român(C.N.R.) de la Alba Iulia a fost secretar de ședințe (10-16 noiembrie) și membru al comisiei militare (14-16 noiembrie), iar din data de 16 noiembrie a renunțat la toate responsabilitățile pentru a se ocupa urgent de editarea ziarului "Alba Iulia" ce urma să apară(30 nov. 1918) ca organ de presă al Consiliului Național din Alba Iulia.

La data de 22 noiembrie a fost ales ca delegat la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, în cercul electoral Vințul de Jos, fiind pe aceeași listă cu Iuliu Maniu, dr. Ioan Marciac (membru al C.N.R. Alba Iulia). În această calitate, alături de ceilalți deputați de pretutindeni, a votat unirea tuturor românilor.

Zaharia Muntean, a făcut parte din Marele Sfat Național Român, compus mai întâi din 200, apoi din 250 deputați(la 30 iulie 1919, în ședința Marelui Sfat Național Român de la Sibiu, lista deputaților a fost extinsă cu încă 50 membri), care a jucat rolul de organ provizoriu de conducere a românilor din teritoriile unite cu România, până la realizarea în fapt și sub toate aspectele a unirii. în cadrul Marelui Sfat Național Român și a Consiliului Dirigent (2 decembrie 1918 - 2 aprilie 1920) av. Zaharia Muntean a fost ales secretar general al Resortului Financiar al Consiliului Dirigent și, mai apoi, consilier special al Transilvaniei pe lângă Ministerul Cultelor și Instrucțiunii Publice din București.

Cu ocazia alegerilor parlamentare din noiembrie 1919, a fost ales ca deputat al cercului electoral Aiud reprezentând Partidul Național Român activând până în mai 1920, când alegerile parlamentare au fost câștigate de Partidul Poporului a lui Averescu.

S-a remarcat ca publicist la următoarele publicații: ziarul "Românul", Arad; "Luceafărul", "Societatea de mâine" din Cluj; ziarul "Alba Iulia".

În 1919, a sprijinit inițiativa profesorilor de la liceul "Mihai Viteazul" din Alba Iulia, de a se construi în oraș un monument al Marii Uniri, fiind ales în comitetul pentru "Fondul Monumentului Marii Uniri de la Alba Iulia."

În perioada interbelică, Zaharie Muntean  s-a remarcat ca președinte al Reuniunii Meseriașilor Români din Alba Iulia, ca membru al Comitetului anti-revizionist din orașul Marii Uniri și ca membru în Consiliul Județean Alba.

Note

Bibliografie
 Eugen Hulea, Apulum vol. 11/1973 (897-900)
 Ioan Pleșa, Comemorarea omului Zaharia Muntean, http://www.dacoromania-alba.ro/nr58/comemorarea_omului_zaharia_muntean.html
 Ion Străjan, ZAHARIA MUNTEAN - un mare luptător albaiulian pentru unitatea neamului românesc, http://www.dacoromania-alba.ro/nr57/zaharia_muntean_mare_luptator.htm

Nașteri în 1881
Decese în 1972
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Membri ai Marelui Sfat Național Român
Jurnaliști români
Spioni români
Studenți ai Universității Franz Joseph din Cluj

Zaharie Muntean


Rijkeova cijev pretvara toplinu u zvuk, stvaranjem samoproširavajučeg stojnog vala.  To je interesantna pojava u akustici i dobar primjer rezonancije.

Otkriće

P.L.Rijke bio je profesor fizike na Sveučilištu Leiden u Nizozemskoj, kad je 1859 otkrio način da održi zvuk pomoću topline u cijevi koja je otvorena na oba kraja. Koristio je staklenu cijev, dugačku oko 0,8 m i promjera 3,5 cm. Unutar cijevi, otprilike na 20 cm udaljenosti od jednog otvora, stavio je žičanu gazu kao što je prikazano desno na slici. Trenje sa stjenkom cijevi je dovoljno da bi gaza ostala na mjestu.  Postavio je cijev vertikalno, s gazom u donjoj polovici, te je grijao gazu s plamenom sve dok nije imala crveni sjaj. Dok je maknuo plamen, dobio je glasan zvuk iz cijevi koji je trajao sve dok se gaza nije ohladila (oko 10s).  U modernim stvaranjima ovog eksperimenta sigurnije je koristiti cijev od borosilikatnog stakla ili još bolje od metala.
Umjesto zagrijavanja plamenom Rijke je također pokušao gazu zagrijati električkim grijanjem.  Izrada gaze od elektrootporne žice uzrokuje da gaza zasija crvenom bojom kad kroz nju prolazi dovoljno jaka struja. Sa stalnim dotokom topline, zvuk je također stalan i dosta glasan. Rijke je dobivao pritužbe od svojih sveučilišnih kolega jer navodi da se je zvuk mogao lako čuti tri sobe dalje od njegovog laboratorija. Električna snaga da se to postigne iznosi oko 1 kW.

Lord Rayleigh, koji je napisao konačan udžbenik o zvuku 1877, predlaže to kao vrlo učinkovito demonstracijsko predavanje. Koristio je cijev od lijevanog željeza dužine 1,5 m i promjera 12 cm s dva sloja gaze izrađene od lijevanog željeza umetnute na četvrtini cijevi. Dodatna gaza služi za zadržavanje više topline, te time je zvuk dugotrajniji. U svojoj knjizi govori da zvuk postiže toliki intenzitet da se soba počela tresti.
"Obrnuti" Rijkeov efekt tj. protjecanje vrućeg zraka kroz hladnu mrežu - prvi put je primijećen od Rijkeovog asistenta Johannesa Bosscha i naknadno ispitan od njemačkog fizičara Petera Theophila Rießa.

Mehanizam

Zvuk dolazi od stojnog vala, čija je valna duljina oko dvostruke duljine cijevi, dajući temeljnu frekvenciju. Lord Rayleigh, je u svojoj knjizi, točno objasnio kako nastaje zvuk. Protjecanje zraka kroz gazu je kombinacija dvije kretnje. Postoji jednosmjerno gibanje zraka zbog konvekcijske struje koja nastaje kad gaza zagrijava zrak. S tim se gibanjem preklapa i gibanje zbog zvučnog vala.

Pola ciklusa vibracije zrak ulazi u cijev s obje strane dok tlak ne postane maksimalan. Kod druge polovice ciklusa zrak struji prema van dok se ne postigne minimalan tlak. Svako strujanje zraka kroz gazu se zagrijava na temperaturu gaze, te će se pri prenesenoj toplini zraku povisiti tlak prema jednadžbi plina. Kako zrak teče prema gore kroz gazu većina zraka je već zagrijana jer je došao odozdo gdi se je zagrijao u prijašnjoj polovici ciklusa. Međutim, trenutak prije maksimalnog tlaka mala količina hladnog zraka dolazi u dodir s gazom te se tlak naglo povećava. To povećava maksimum tlaka i time pojačava vibraciju. U drugoj polovici ciklusa u kojem se tlak smanjuje, tlak iznad gaze je prisiljen teći prema dolje i proći kroz gazu. S obzirom na to da je već vruća, ne dolazi do promjene tlaka zbog gaze jer nema predaje topline. Zvučni val se tako pojačava kroz svaki vibracijski ciklus, i brzo postiže vrlo veliku amplitudu.

To objašnjava zašto nema zvuka dok vatra zagrijava gazu: sav zrak koji prolazi kroz cijev se zagrijava pomoću plamena tako da dok dođe do gaze već je vruć i ne dolazi do povećanja tlaka.
Kad se gaza nalazi u gornjem dijelu cijevi nema zvuka. U tom slučaju, hladan zrak doveden odozdo pomoću konvekcijske struje dospijeva do gaze krajem vanjskog vibracijskog gibanja. To je odmah prije minimuma tlaka, tako da naglo povećanje tlaka prilikom izmjene topline poništava zvučni val umjesto da ga pojačava.
Mjesto gaze u cijevi nije kritično sve dok se nalazi u donjem dijelu cijevi. Za rad izvan svoje najbolje pozicije moraju se 2 stvari uzeti u obzir. Najveći dio topline će se prenijeti na zrak tamo gdje je pomak vala najveći tj. na kraju cijevi. Međutim efekt povećanja tlaka je najveći tamo gdje je najveća razlika tlakova tj. u sredini cijevi. Stavljajući gazu između ta 2 mjesta (na četvrtinu cijevi gledajući odozdo) je jednostavan način doći blizu optimalne pozicije.
Rijkeova cijev se smatra oblikom termoakustičnim uređajem sa stojnim valom poznatim kao "toplinski stroj".

Termoakustični sustavi
Akustični oscilacije u medijima su skup vremenski zavisnih varijabli, koje mogu prenositi energiju duž svojeg puta. Na putu akustičkog vala, uz tlak i gustoću, entropija i temperatura su također vremenski zavisne varijable. Temperaturne promjene duž puta mogu biti posložene da odigraju namijenjenu ulogu u termoakustičnom efektu. Međudjelovanje temperature i zvuka je primjenjiva u oba načina pretvorbe. Efekt se može upotrijebiti za proizvodnju akustičkih oscilacija dobavljanjem topline na vruću stranu svežnja i zvučne oscilacije se mogu koristiti da se inducira rashladni učinak dobavom tlačnog vala u rezonator u kojem se nalazi svežanj. U termoakustičnom toplinskom stroju, veliki temperaturni gradijent duž cijevi koja sadrži plin uzrokuje promjene u gustoći. Takve promjene u stalnom volumenu tvari prisiljuje promjenu tlaka. Ciklus termoakustičnih oscilacija je kombinacija prijenosa topline i promjene tlaka u sinusnom obliku. Prema Lordu Raleighu, samoinducirajuće oscilacije mogu biti potaknute pravilnim izmjenama faza prijenosa topline i promjene tlaka.

Soundhaussova cijev
Rijkeova cijev radi tako da su oba kraja cijevi otvorena. Međutim, cijev zatvorena s jedne strane će također proizvoditi zvuk ako je zatvoreni kraj jako vruć. Takav uređaj se zove Soundhaussova cijev. Ova pojava su prvi opazili staklari i prvi put ju je opisao njemački fizičar Karl Friedrich Julius Soundhauss (1815–1886). Lord Rayleigh je prvi opisao način rada Soundhaussove cijevi.
Soundhaussova cijev radi na sličan način kao i Rijkeova cijev: U početku zrak se giba prema toplom, zatvorenom dijelu cijevi gdje se zagrijava tako da se tlak na kraju povećava. Tako zagrijani zrak se zatim giba prema hladnijem, otvorenom dijelu cijevi. Zrak predaje toplinu cijevi i hladi se. Zrak udara malo izvan otvora cijevi, te pri tome kratko kompresira atmosferu; kompresija se širi kroz atmosferu kao zvučni val. Atmosfera zatim gura zrak natrag u cijev i cijeli ciklus se ponavlja. Za razliku od Rijkeove cijevi Soundhaussova cijev ne treba stalan protok zraka kroz cijev, i dok se Rijkeova cijev ponaša kao poluvalni rezonator, Soundhaussova cijev se ponaša kao četvrtvalni rezonator.
Kao i kod Rijkeove cijevi otkriveno je da pri stavljanju poroznog grijača - kao i "svežanj" ("čep" koja je porozan) -  u cijev, uvelike povećava snagu i učinkovitost Soundhaussove cijevi. ( u demonstracijskim modelima, cijev se može zagrijavati izvana, a čelična vuna može poslužiti kao svežanja.)

Izvori

Bibliografija
 John William Strutt, Barun Rayleigh, The Theory of Sound, Drugo izdanje (1896) (New York, New York: Dover Publications, 1945), vol. 2, pages 230-231
 P. Riess (1859) "Das Anblasen offener Röhren durch eine Flamme" (The sounding of open tubes by a flame), Annalen der Physik und Chemie, serija 2, vol. 108, str. 653-656
 P. Riess (1860) "Anhaltendes Tönen einer Röhre durch eine Flamme" (Plamenom podržani tonovi cijevi), Annalen der Physik und Chemie, serija 2, vol. 109, str. 145-147
 Lord Rayleigh spominje Bosschano i Riessovo otkriće u: John Wm. Strutt (Baron Rayleigh), The Theory of Sound, 2nd ed. [London: Macmillan, 1896], vol. 2, str. 233-234
 Swift, G. W. (1988). "Thermoacoustic engines". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.
 Mnogi izvora spominju  "Karla Sondhaussa" kao  "Carla Sondhausa" ili "Carla Sondhaussa"
 Karl Sondhauss (1850) "Über die Schallschwingungen der Luft in erhitzten Glasrohren und in gedeckten Pfeifen von ungleicher Weite" (O akustičnim oscilacijama zraka u zagrijanim staklenim cjevima i zatvorenim cijevima s nejednolikim širinama), Pogendorff's Annalen der Physik und Chemie, vol. 79, str. 1-34
 Robert Leroy Carter, M. White, and A.M. Steele su prvi izmjenivači topline stavli u Soundhaussove cijevi (1962) Private communication, Atomics International Division of North American Aviation, Inc. Prvi objavljeni izvještaj o svežnjevima u Soundhaussovim cijevima je napravio Karl Thomas Feldman, Jr. Pogledaj:
 K. T. Feldman, "A study of heat generated pressure oscillations in a closed end pipe," Ph.D. disertacija, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Missouri (1966).
 K. T. Feldman, Jr., H. Hirsch, and R. L. Carter (June 1966) "Experiments on the Sondhauss thermoacoustical phenomenon," Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 39, br. 6, str. 1236.

Povezani članci

 Termoakustični toplinski stroj
 Termoakustika
 Rijke tube
 Thermoacoustics

Energetika

Rijkeova cijev


Gods of Violence četrnaesti je studijski album njemačkog thrash metal sastava Kreator, objavljen 27. siječnja 2017. godine. Ovo je prvi album sastava nakon skoro pet godina od objave posljednjeg albuma Phantom Antichrist, označavajući time najdulju stanku između objava albuma u karijeri grupe. Videospot za naslovnu pjesmu bio je objavljen 18. studenog 2016. godine. Posebne inačice albuma bile su objavljene zajedno s bonus Blu-rayem/DVD-om s Kreatorovog nastupa na Wackenu 2014. godine.

Kritike i uspjesi
Gods of Violence primio je uglavnom pozitivne kritike nakon objave. U recenziji za All About the Rock, Fraser Wilson je napisao: "Ovim je albumom Kreator uistinu stvorio komadić zvučnog savršenstva. Thrash je možda rođen u zaljevskom području San Francisca, ali je usavršen u Essenu."

Gods of Violence popeo se na prvo mjesto njemačkih ljestvica te je tako postao prvi Kreatorov album kojim je grupa ostvarila taj uspjeh u 32 godine svog postojanja.

Popis pjesama

Zasluge

Kreator
 Mille Petrozza — vokali, gitara
 Sami Yli-Sirniö — gitara
 Christian Giesler — bas-gitara
 Ventor — bubnjevi
Dodatni glazbenici
 Boris Pfeiffer — gajde (na "Hail to the Hordes")
 Tekla-Li Wadensten — harfa (na "Gods of Violence")
 Dagobert Jäger — dodatni vokali (na "Fallen Brother")
 Francesco Paoli — aranžman orkestra
 Francesco Ferrini — aranžman orkestra
 Ronny Milianowicz — zborski vokali, snimanje zborskih vokala
 Björn Kromm — zborski vokali
 Jens Bogren — zborski vokali, produkcija, snimanje, miksanje
 Mattias Lövdahl — zborski vokali
 Henrik "Hea" Andersson — zborski vokali

Ostalo osoblje
 Tony Lindgren — mastering
 Jan Meininghaus — naslovnica, ilustracije
 David Castillo — inženjer zvuka
 Erik Mjörnell — inženjer zvuka
 Linus Corneliusson — miksanje, uređivanje
 Christoffer Wadensten — inženjer zvuka harfe
Studiji
 Fascination Street Studios, Švedska – produkcija, snimanje, miksanje, mastering
 Studio Seven, Örebro, Švedska – snimanje (samo zbor)
 Nemesis Studios, Njemačka – predprodukcija
 Level 3 – predprodukcija
 Hertzwerk, Hamburg, Njemačka – mastering

Izvori

Albumi sastava Kreator
Albumi iz 2017.

Gods of Violence


An Raddiella kaieteurana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Thomas Robert Soderstrom. An Raddiella kaieteurana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Raddiella, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Raddiella

Raddiella kaieteurana


An Jacquiniella equitantifolia in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Oakes Ames, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Robert Louis Dressler. An Jacquiniella equitantifolia in nahilalakip ha genus nga Jacquiniella, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Jacquiniella

Jacquiniella equitantifolia


Le  (Cimetière des chardons, Longueval) est un cimetière militaire de la Première Guerre mondiale, situé sur le territoire de la commune de Longueval, dans le département de la Somme, au nord-est d'Amiens.

Localisation
Ce cimetière militaire est situé à  à l'ouest du village, au lieu-dit Vallée de Bazincourt, près de la  en direction de Contalmaison. Implanté à environ  de la chaussée, il est accessisible par un chemin agricole.

Histoire
Le secteur a été le théâtre des combats de la bataille de la Somme jusqu'à ce qu'il soit conquis par la  division (Londres) le 15 septembre 1916. Il a été perdu lors de l'avance allemande d'avril 1918, mais repris définitivement en août suivant.
Ce cimetière Thistle Dump a été commencé en août 1916 et utilisé comme cimetière de première ligne jusqu'en février 1917. Il a ensuite été agrandi après l'armistice. Il y a maintenant 195 militaires du Commonwealth de la Première Guerre mondiale enterrés ou commémorés dans le cimetière dont 59 des sépultures ne sont pas identifiées. Le cimetière contient également sept sépultures de guerre allemandes, soldat tous non identifiés.

Caractéristique
Ce cimetière a un plan carré de  de côté.
Il est entouré d'un mur de briques.

Sépultures

Galerie

Liens internes

 Cimetière militaire
 Liste des mémoriaux et cimetières militaires de la Somme
 Bataille de la Somme
 Commonwealth War Graves
 Longueval

Notes et références

Cimetière militaire britannique en France
Lieu de mémoire de la Première Guerre mondiale dans la Somme
Cimetière dans la Somme

Cimetière des chardons


Triasicul târziu este cea de-a treia și ultima dintre cele trei epoci ale perioadei Triasice pe scara timpului geologic. Extincția Triasic-Jurasic a început în această epocă, aceasta fiind una dintre cele cinci extincții în masă majore ale Pământului. Din punct de vedere cronologic, Triasicul târziu se întinde de la 237 la 201,3 milioane de ani de ani în urmă. Acesta este împărțit în vârstele: Carnian, Norian și Rhaetian.

Mulți dintre primii dinozauri au evoluat în timpul Triasicului târziu, printre care Plateosaurus, Coelophysis și Eoraptor.

Extincția care a început în timpul Triasicului târziu a dus la dispariția a aproximativ 76% din toate speciile terestre și marine, precum și aproape 20% din familiile taxonomice. Deși Triasicului târziu nu s-a dovedit a fi la fel de distrugător ca și Permianul, care a avut loc acum aproximativ 50 de milioane de ani în urmă și a distrus aproximativ 70% din speciile terestre, 57% din familiile de insecte și 95% din viața marină, totuși, a condus la o scădere semnificativă a numărului de populații ale multor populații de organisme vii.

Mai exact, Triasicul târziu a avut efecte negative asupra grupurilor de conodonți și amoniți. Aceste grupuri au servit odată ca fosile stratigrafice, ceea ce a făcut posibilă identificarea duratei de viață fezabile a straturilor multiple ale Triasicului. Grupurile au fost grav afectate în timpul epocii și au dispărut la scurt timp după aceea. În ciuda populațiilor mari care au dispărut odată cu intrarea în Triasicul târziu, multe familii, cum ar fi pterozauri, crocodili, mamifere și pești, au fost foarte puțin afectate. Totuși, alte familii, cum ar fi bivalvele, gasteropodele, reptilele marine și brachiopoda au fost afectate foarte mult și multe specii au dispărut în acest timp.

Cauzele extincției
Majoritatea dovezilor sugerează că principala cauză a extincției a fost creșterea activității vulcanice. Ca urmare a rupturii supercontinentului Pangeea, a existat o crestere a activitatii vulcanice pe scară largă, care a eliberat cantități mari de dioxid de carbon. La sfârșitul Triasicului, au avut loc erupții masive de-a lungul zonei de ruptură, cunoscută sub numele de Provincia Magmatică a Atlanticului Central, pentru aproximativ 500.000 de ani. Aceste erupții intense au fost clasificate ca erupții de bazalt, care reprezintă un tip de activitate vulcanică la scară largă, ce eliberează un volum enorm de lavă, pe lângă dioxidul de sulf și dioxidul de carbon.

Creșterea bruscă a nivelurilor de dioxid de carbon se consideră că a mărit efectul de seră, care a acidifiat oceanele și a ridicat temperatura medie a aerului. Ca rezultat al schimbării condițiilor biologice din oceane, 22% dintre familiile marine au dispărut. În plus, 53% din genurile marine și 76-86% din toate speciile au dispărut, permițând dinozaurilor să aibă o prezențî dominantă în Jurasic. În timp ce majoritatea cercetătorilor sunt de acord că activitatea vulcanică a fost principala cauză a extincției, alte teorii sugerează că extincția a fost declanșată de impactul unui asteroid, sau de schimbările climatice sau creșterea nivelului mării.

Triasic

Triasic târziu


Murtosa  belediyesi, Portekiz'in Centro bölgesine bağlı Baixo Vouga altbölgesinin belediyelerinden biridir.

Bucaklar
Belediyede 4 bucak (Por.: freguesia) yer almaktadır.

 Bunheiro
 Monte
 Murtosa
 Torreira

Baixo Vouga'nın belediyeleri

Murtosa


is a city located in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 35,631 in 15432 households and a population density of 190 persons per km2. The total area of the city is .

Geography
Awa is located in the northeastern part of Tokushima Prefecture, between the northern bank of the Yoshino River and Kagawa Prefecture. Parts of the city are within the borders of the Okumiyagawa-Uchidani Prefectural Natural Park.

Neighbouring municipalities
Tokushima Prefecture
 Mima
 Yoshinogawa
 Kamiita
Kagawa Prefecture
 Sanuki
 Higashikagawa

Climate
Awa has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall.  The average annual temperature in Awa is 14.9 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1,335 mm with September as the wettest month.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Awa has slowly declined over the past 60 years.

History
As with all of Tokushima Prefecture, the area of Awa was part of ancient Awa Province. The Yoshino River valley was settled since at least the Kofun period, and archaeologists have found many kofun burial mounds.  During the Edo period, the area was part of the holdings of Tokushima Domain ruled by the Hachisuka clan from their seat at Tokushima Castle. Following the Meiji restoration, it was organized into villages within Awa District and Itano District, Tokushima with the creation of the modern municipalities system on October 1, 1889. The villages of Hisakatsu, Isawa and Hayashi were founded within Awa District on October 1, 1889. Hayashi was raised to town status on November 1, 1928, and Hisakatsu on November 3, 1951. Hayashi, Hisakatsu and Isawa merged to form the town of Awa on March 31, 1955. The city of Awa was established on April 1, 2005, from the merger of the former town of Awa, absorbing the town of Ichiba from Awa District, and the towns of Donari and Yoshino (from Itano District).

Government
Awa has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 20 members. Awa contributes two members to the Tokushima Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is part of Tokushima 2nd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The economy of Awa is primarily agricultural.

Education
Awa has ten public elementary schools and four public middle schools operated by the city government and two public middle school and four public high schools operated by the Tokushima Prefectural Department of Education.

Transportation

Railway
Awa has no passenger railway service. Awa-Kawashima Station is closest to the city hall, Awa-Yamakawa Station is close to center of former Awa town, and Kamojima Station is closest to the center of both former Donari and Yoshino towns.

Highways
  Tokushima Expressway

Local attractions
Jūraku-ji, 7th temple on the Shikoku Pilgrimage
Kumadani-ji, 8th temple on the Shikoku Pilgrimage
Hōrin-ji, 9th temple on the Shikoku Pilgrimage
Kirihata-ji, 10th temple on the Shikoku Pilgrimage
Awa-no-dochū. Natural Monument
Okumiyagawa-Uchidani Prefectural Natural Park

Noted people from Awa
Takeo Miki, Prime Minister of Japan
Kazuo Sakamaki, Imperial Japanese Navy officer

References

External links

Awa City official website
Awa Town website

Cities in Tokushima Prefecture

Awa, Tokushima


Bruno Vuletić (Sinj, 5. listopada 1924. – Beograd, 1997.) bio je ratni zapovjednik u Drugome svjetskom ratu, general Jugoslavenske narodne armije i diplomat Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije te dugogodišnji zaslužni vojvoda Sinjske alke.

Životopis
Rođen je u Sinju. Od 1941. godine bio je član Saveza komunističke omladine Jugoslavije, od 15. ožujka 1942. član Komunističke partije . U partizanima je od 15. siječnja 1942. u Srednjedalmatinskom odredu.  U Drugoj dalmatinskoj udarnoj brigadi je bio od 3. listopada 1942. Ratovao je u bitkama na Neretvi i Sutjesci. U travnju 1945. upućen je za komandanta Četvrte dalmatinske brigade.

Poslije rata bio je u diplomaciji. Obnašao je dužnost pomoćnika jugoslavenskog vojnog predstavnika u Washingtonu i Londonu, a vojnim predstavnikom je bio u Pekingu. Bio je član Generalštaba Jugoslavenske narodne armije.

Najviše je od svih alkarskih vojvoda Sinjske alke obnašao tu dužnost, od 1964. do 1979. te od 1981. do 1985. godine. Isposlovao je da se u okviru splitske Vojno-pomorske oblasti osnuje konjička postrojba kako bi alkari jahali prvoklasne konje, donio je odluku o kovanju zlatnika i srebrnjaka Alke. Na jubilarnu Alku 1965. doveo je maršala i predsjednika Josipa Broza Tita te je ishodio televizijske prijenose. U Alci je ostao do 1990. godine kao član časnoga suda. Živio je u Beogradu. Cijeli rat proveo u kućnom pritvoru jer je javno digao glas protiv Slobodana Miloševića i agresije na Hrvatsku. Umro je 1997. godine.

Nosilac je Partizanske spomenice 1941.

Izvori

Životopisi, Sinj
Hrvatski diplomati
Hrvatski generali
JNA
Partizanski zapovjednici
Hrvatski komunisti do 1945.
Hrvatski komunisti u drugoj Jugoslaviji
Hrvati u Srbiji

Bruno Vuletić


El bismuto es un elemento químico de la tabla periódica cuyo símbolo es Bi, su número atómico es 83 y se encuentra en el grupo 15 del sistema periódico.

Ya era conocido en la antigüedad, pero hasta mediados del siglo XVIII era confundido con el plomo, estaño y zinc. Ocupa el lugar 73 en abundancia entre los elementos de la corteza terrestre (representa el 8,5×10−7% del peso de la corteza) y es tan escaso como la plata. Los principales depósitos están en Sudamérica, pero en Estados Unidos se obtiene principalmente como subproducto del refinado de los minerales de cobre y plomo.

Es un metal típico desde el punto de vista químico. En compuestos, tiene valencias de +3 (bismuto (III)) o +5 (bismuto (V)), siendo más estables los compuestos de bismuto trivalente. Existen varios nitratos, especialmente el nitrato de bismuto, Bi(NO3)3, o trinitrato de bismuto, y su pentahidrato, Bi(NO3)3•5H 2O, que se descompone en nitrato de bismuto.

El bismuto se expande al solidificarse; esta propiedad lo convierte en un metal idóneo para fundiciones. Algunas de sus aleaciones tienen puntos de fusión inusualmente bajos. Es una de las sustancias más fuertemente diamagnéticas (dificultad para magnetizarse). Es un mal conductor del calor y la electricidad, y puede incrementarse su resistencia eléctrica en un campo magnético, propiedad que lo hace útil en instrumentos para medir la fuerza de estos campos. Es opaco a los  y puede emplearse en fluoroscopia.

Entre los elementos no radiactivos, el bismuto tiene el número atómico y la masa atómica (208,98) más altos. Tiene un punto de fusión de 271°C, un punto de ebullición de 1560°C y una densidad de 9800kg/m³.

Historia

El bismuto es uno de los primeros diez metales que fueron descubiertos, ya conocido desde la antigüedad, por lo que no se le atribuye su descubrimiento a ninguna persona en concreto. El elemento se confundió en los primeros tiempos con el estaño y el plomo, debido a su parecido con esos elementos. Georgius Agricola, en De Natura Fossilium (ca.1546)  afirma que el bismuto es un metal distinto en una familia de metales que incluía al estaño y al plomo, basándose en la observación de sus propiedades físicas. Los mineros en la edad de la alquimia también dieron al bismuto el nombre de , o «plata haciéndose», en el sentido de que la plata estaría todavía en proceso de formación dentro de la Tierra.

A partir de Johann Heinrich Pott en 1738, Carl Wilhelm Scheele y Torbern Olof Bergman, la distinción entre el plomo y el bismuto se hizo evidente, y Claude François Geoffroy demostró en 1753 que este metal era distinto del plomo y del estaño.

El bismuto también era conocido por los incas y fue utilizado (junto con el habitual cobre y estaño) en una aleación de bronce especial para cuchillos.

El nombre bismuto es de etimología incierta. Aparece en la década de 1660, a partir de los términos obsoletos alemanes, ,  o  (inicios del sigloXVI); tal vez relacionado con el alto alemán antiguo   ('blanco'). El neolatín   (debido a Agricola, que latinizó muchas palabras mineras y técnicas alemanas) es del alemán , tal vez del , 'masa blanca'.

Características del bismuto

Cuando es sólido flota sobre su estado líquido, por tener menor densidad en el estado sólido. Esta característica es compartida con el agua, el galio, el ácido acético, el antimonio y el silicio.

En casi todos los compuestos de bismuto aparece en forma trivalente, no obstante, en ocasiones puede ser pentavalente o monovalente. El bismutato de sodio y el pentafluoruro de bismuto son quizá los compuestos más importantes de Bi(V). El primero es un agente oxidante poderoso y el último un agente fluorante útil para compuestos orgánicos.

El átomo de bismuto se sigue considerando popularmente como el más pesado entre los átomos estables, ya que su tiempo de vida es varios millones la edad total del Universo, además de que, en teoría, todos los elementos químicos a partir del niobio están sujetos a fisión espontánea, es decir, todos los elementos con número superior al número 41 teóricamente pueden ser inestables, si bien en el bismuto la desintegración fue observado por estudios franceses en la última década. Es también el elemento no radiactivo monoatómico más pesado que existe.

El bismuto es uno de los dos peores conductores térmicos que existen entre todos los metales (junto al manganeso); es también el metal más diamagnético y sus aleaciones aprovechan ambas ventajas en situaciones donde se requiera. No existe de manera natural en el cuerpo humano ni en ninguna forma de vida en general. Se utiliza mucho en medicina, siendo parte de los astringentes recetados para problemas relacionados con el sistema digestivo, diarreas fuertes o irritaciones esofágicas, del colon, duodeno o intestinos.

Químicamente recuerda a los metales nobles y preciosos, se oxida con dificultad y se mantiene en algunos ácidos como el clorhídrico. Puede presentarse en estado nativo, hecho que refuerza su nobleza. El metal es gris con un muy ligero toque rosado, muy «vidrioso» y frágil, no soporta un impacto mínimo, su ductilidad y maleabilidad es nula. De no ser por su escasez, podría reemplazar al plomo como escudo antinuclear debido a la gran masa atómica que posee.

El bismuto se considera un metal pesado pero es irónicamente muy poco tóxico, prácticamente no agresivo, pese a estar rodeado de metales venenosos y peligrosos para el medioambiente. Sus cristales pueden ser trabajados hasta conseguir resultados de una increíble belleza. Oxidado en el laboratorio se consiguen maclas de iris fascinantes.

«El metal es muy caro teniendo en cuenta su escasez (igual a la del oro) y dificultad para encontrarlo. No parece demasiado importante en ningún sector de la industria o la medicina, pues se usa muy poco».

El bismuto será el último elemento en desintegrarse en el universo. La vida media del elemento se estima en 20 trillones de años.

Aplicaciones

Sustituto del plomo
La diferencia entre las densidades del plomo (densidad 11,32g·cm−3) y del bismuto (densidad 9,78g·cm−3) es lo suficientemente pequeña para que pueda ser utilizado en lugar del plomo en numerosos usos en balística y como balasto. Por ejemplo, puede reemplazar al plomo como material en plomadas para la pesca. Ha sido utilizado como sustituto del plomo en munición de perdigones, balines y balas para dispersar multitudes. Los Países Bajos, Dinamarca, Inglaterra, Gales y los Estados Unidos y numerosos otros países han prohibido el uso de perdigones de plomo para la caza de aves acuáticas, ya que muchas aves sufrían de envenenamiento por plomo al ingerir material al confundir los perdigones con piedrecillas que ingieren para mejorar el funcionamiento de su sistema digestivo, o incluso han prohibido el uso de plomo en todo tipo de caza como es el caso de los Países Bajos. En estos casos ciertas aleaciones de bismuto-estaño ofrecen una alternativa con propiedades similares al plomo para uso en balística. Sin embargo, dado que el bismuto es muy poco maleable, no es un material adecuado para fabricar balas de caza del tipo expansivas.

Al ser el bismuto un elemento denso con un peso atómico elevado, es utilizado para fabricar escudos de látex impregnados con bismuto para protección de los rayosX durante exámenes médicos, tales como tomografías computarizadas con rayos X, principalmente porque se le considera un elemento no tóxico.

La directiva de la Comunidad Europea sobre la restricción en cuanto al uso de sustancias peligrosas que impulsa la reducción en cuanto al uso del plomo, ha ampliado el uso del bismuto en la industria electrónica como uno de los componentes de las soldaduras con bajo punto de fusión, reemplazando a las soldaduras tradicionales a base de plomo-estaño. Su baja toxicidad es especialmente importante para aquellas soldaduras que se utilizan en la fabricación de equipos para procesamiento de alimentos y tuberías de cobre para agua.

Cosméticos y pigmentos
El oxicloruro de bismuto (BiOCl) a veces es utilizado en cosméticos, como pigmento en pintura para sombra de ojos, espray para el cabello y esmalte para uñas. El compuesto se presenta en la naturaleza como el mineral bismoclita y la forma cristalina contiene capas de átomos que refractan la luz en forma cromática, produciendo un aspecto iridiscente similar al nácar de las perlas. Fue utilizado como cosmético en el antiguo Egipto y en muchas otras civilizaciones desde entonces. El término blanco de bismuto puede hacer referencia al oxicloruro de bismuto o al oxinitrato de bismuto (BiONO3), cuando son utilizados como pigmentos blancos.

Toxicidad
El salicilato de bismuto y el tioglicolato de bismuto utilizados para combatir la lúes y otros tipos de enfermedades infecciosas o parasitarias pueden causar, cuando se administran por vía parenteral, un cuadro de intoxicación por bismuto. El nitrato de bismuto administrado por vía oral puede metabolizarse en nitritos que se absorben en el intestino y son metahemoglobinizantes.
La intoxicación aguda causa cefaleas, gastroenteritis, hepatopatías, anuria y shock. En la intoxicación crónica hay estomatitis, ribete gingival azulado, enteritis, ictericia, nefropatías y dermatitis de tipo exantemático o exfoliativo.

El tratamiento de la intoxicación aguda consiste en administrar dimercaprol e ingerir abundante agua, salvo que haya daño renal, en cuyo caso debe tratarse de la misma forma que el hidroarsenisismo crónico regional endémico.

Estados de oxidación

Bismuto (III)
El catión Bi3+, debido a su moderadamente alta acidez, se encuentra solamente en soluciones altamente ácidas en estado de equilibrio con sus óxidos. El catión Bi3+ es incoloro debido a la estabilidad de su configuración electrónica ([Xe] 6s2) que impide transiciones electrónicas en longitudes de onda del espectro visible.

Comportamiento ácido-base
Al aumentar la alcalinidad del medio, el catión nos  Bi3+ forma principalmente las especies monohidroxo bismuto(III), BiOH2+, y el catión bismutilo, BiO+.

Bi3+ + OH-  Bi(OH)2+
Bi3+ + 2OH-  BiO+ + H2O

A pH altamente alcalino se produce el hidróxido de bismuto(III), Bi(OH)3, que por deshidratación genera el trióxido de dibismuto, Bi2O3, un sólido de color amarillo.

BiO+ + 4OH-  Bi(OH)3↓ +H2O
2Bi(OH)3 (s) → Bi2O3 (s) + 3H2O

En medios extremadamente alcalinos se forma el anión bismutito, BiO2-.

Bi2O3 (s) + 2OH-  2BiO2- + H2O

Presencia en compuestos orgánicos
Puede ser hallado formando uniones covalentes en ciertos compuestos orgánicos.

Bismuto (V)
A diferencia del bismuto (III), no se encuentra libre como catión ni en medios muy ácidos por su alta inestabilidad debida al alto valor de su relación carga/masa.

Algunos de los compuestos en los que se encuentra son:

Bi2O5, pentóxido de dibismuto
BiF5, fluoruro de bismuto(V)
NaBiO3, metabismutato de sodio

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Bismuto en webelements.com.
 Bismuto en environmentalchemistry.com.
 Bismuth breaks half-life record for alpha decay en physicsweb.org.
 https://web.archive.org/web/20110902035918/http://www.qfb.umich.mx/

Bismuto
Nitrogenoideos

Bismuto


محمد الشرقاوي (16 يناير 1954 - 6 مايو 1996) ممثل مصري، ولد في قرية منشية رضوان بمحافظة الشرقية، واسمه الحقيقي «محمد إسماعيل رشوان» ولكنه سمى نفسه محمد الشرقاوي اعترافا منه برد الجميل إلى الفنان جلال الشرقاوي الذي اكتشفه، وكان صاحب فضل عليه في عالم التمثيل.

قدم أكثر من 12 مسرحية، و25 فيلما، ومسلسلات إذاعية وتليفزيونية كثيرة كان أشهرها مسلسل «لا إله إلا الله»، ومسلسل «عمو فؤاد»، ومن أشهر مسرحياته «بختك يا أبو بخيت»، «في انتظار مغاوري»، و«الملياردير»، «افرض»، «المخبر»، ومن أشهر أفلامه «سرقوا أم علي»، «الكداب وصاحبه»، «الأفوكاتو» مع عادل إمام، ومن الفوازير المناسبات.

وفاته
توفى فجأة يوم 6 مايو 1996 عن عمرٍ ناهز ال42 عندما كان في صالون منزله وأصيب بسكتة قلبية أدت إلى وفاته.

أعماله

المسلسلات

أفلام

روابط خارجية

المصادر

أشخاص من محافظة الشرقية
ممثلو أفلام مصريون
ممثلو تلفزيون مصريون
ممثلو مسرح مصريون
ممثلون مصريون في القرن 20
مواليد 1373 هـ
مواليد 1954
مواليد في محافظة الشرقية
وفيات 1416 هـ
وفيات 1996
وفيات بعمر 42
وفيات ناجمة عن الأمراض القلبية الوعائية في مصر

محمد الشرقاوي (ممثل مصري)