Frank Stäbler (* 27. Juni 1989 in Böblingen) ist ein ehemaliger deutscher Ringer. Er wurde im griechisch-römischen Stil Weltmeister 2015, 2017 und 2018, Europameister 2012 und 2020 und Gewinner der Bronzemedaille der Olympischen Spiele 2021 in Tokio.

Werdegang
Frank Stäbler begann 1994 im Alter von fünf Jahren beim TSV Musberg, einem Verein in der Stadt Leinfelden-Echterdingen, südlich von Stuttgart, dem er immer noch angehört, mit dem Ringen, wo er unter anderem auch von seinem Vereinskameraden Andreas Stäbler (* 3. Januar 1968 – auch Stützpunkttrainer des Württembergischen Ringerverbandes) trainiert wurde. Er absolvierte eine Ausbildung zum Bürokaufmann und schloss 2013 eine Ausbildung zum Fachinformatiker ab.

Stäbler gewann in fast allen Altersgruppen, beginnend bei der B-Jugend über die A-Jugend und die Junioren, deutsche Meistertitel. 2005 nahm er an seiner ersten internationalen Meisterschaft teil. Er kam dabei bei den Junioren-Europameisterschaften (Cadets) in Tirana in der Gewichtsklasse bis 60 kg Körpergewicht auf den 7. Platz. 2005 begann auch eine Zusammenarbeit mit dem damaligen deutschen Nachwuchs-Bundestrainer Jannis Zamanduridis. 2006 gewann Stäbler seine erste Medaille bei einer internationalen Meisterschaft: er belegte bei der Junioren-Europameisterschaft (Cadets) in Istanbul in der Gewichtsklasse bis 58 kg den 3. Platz (Bronzemedaille).

Im Jahr 2009 gewann er altersbedingt den letzten deutschen Meistertitel im Nachwuchsbereich. Er wurde deutscher Juniorenmeister im Leichtgewicht vor Fabian Fritz vom TSV Benningen und Timo Badusch vom KSV Köllerbach. Im selben Jahr startete er auch erstmals bei der deutschen Meisterschaft der Aktivenklasse, musste sich aber noch mit einem 10. Platz begnügen. Bei den Junioren-Europameisterschaften in Tiflis als auch bei den Junioren-Weltmeisterschaften in Ankara gewann er 2009 die Bronzemedaille im Leichtgewicht.

2010 kam er bei der Deutschen Meisterschaft hinter Christian Fetzer vom TSV Herbrechtingen, gegen den er im Endkampf mit 1:2 Runden unterlag, auf den 2. Platz. Er wurde dann bei den Europameisterschaften 2010 in Baku im Leichtgewicht eingesetzt. In seinem ersten Kampf besiegte er dort Frederik Ekström aus Dänemark nach Punkten, unterlag aber in seinem nächsten Kampf gegen den Olympiasieger von 2008 Steeve Guénot aus Frankreich nach Punkten und kam in der Endabrechnung auf den 12. Platz.

Bei den Deutschen Meisterschaften des Jahres 2011 kam er hinter Marcus Thätner vom RSV Frankfurt (Oder) und Christian Fetzer auf den 3. Platz, nachdem er im Halbfinale gegen Fetzer wieder eine knappe Punktniederlage hinnehmen musste. Da Thätner bei den Europameisterschaften 2011 nicht überzeugen konnte, bekam Stäbler eine Chance, bei den Weltmeisterschaften 2011 in Istanbul an den Start zu gehen. Er nutzte diese und besiegte in seinem ersten Kampf Ivan de Jesus Duque Arango aus Kolumbien nach Punkten. Im zweiten Kampf unterlag er gegen Saeid Mourad Abdvali aus dem Iran nach Punkten. Da dieser den Endkampf erreichte, konnte er in der Trostrunde weiterringen, in der er Mateusz Wanke aus Polen und Darchan Bajachmedow aus Kasachstan besiegte. Im Kampf um eine WM-Bronzemedaille unterlag er gegen Kim Hyeon-woo aus Südkorea knapp und umstritten nach Punkten. Er belegte damit den 5. Platz. Diese Platzierung brachte ihm schon die Startberechtigung bei den Olympischen Spielen 2012 in London ein.

Zum Höhepunkt seiner bisherigen Laufbahn wurden dann die Europameisterschaften 2012 in Belgrad. Von Bundestrainer Janis Zamanduridis hervorragend eingestellt, besiegte er dort Sergejs Mironovs, Lettland, Ove Günther, Schweden, Hugo Da Silva Passos, Portugal, den Lokalmatadoren Aleksandar Maksimović, Serbien und Georgian Carpen aus Rumänien und wurde damit Europameister. Die letzte Europameisterschaft eines deutschen Ringers war im Jahr 1994 von Thomas Zander vom KSV Aalen gewonnen worden.

Stäbler siegte im Juni 2012 auch beim Grand-Prix von Deutschland in Dortmund und schlug dabei im Finale den Weltmeister von 2010 im Federgewicht, Həsən Əliyev aus Aserbaidschan. Bei den Olympischen Spielen in London unterlag er in seinem ersten Kampf gegen den Ungarn Tamas Lörinz nach Punkten. Da dieser das Finale erreichte, konnte er in der Trostrunde weiterringen. Hier besiegte er den US-Amerikaner Justin Harry Lester überlegen nach Punkten, unterlag aber im Kampf um eine Bronzemedaille gegen den Georgier Manuchar Tschadaia, mit dessen defensiver Ringweise er nicht zurechtkam, knapp nach Punkten. Er erreichte so den 5. Platz.

2013 konnte Stäbler verletzungsbedingt nicht bei den Europameisterschaften an den Start gehen. Wieder genesen, zeigte er aber danach eine hervorragende Form und wurde beim Großen Preis von Deutschland in Dortmund und beim "Ion-Corneanu"-Memorial in Târgoviște (Rumänien) Turniersieger. Auch bei den Weltmeisterschaften dieses Jahres in Budapest konnte er überzeugen. Er gewann dort mit Siegen über Yerbol Konitarow, Kasachstan und Edgaras Venckaitis, Litauen, einer Niederlage gegen Islambek Albijew, Russland und Siegen über Pedro Mulens Herrera, Kuba und Həsən Əliyev, Aserbaidschan eine Bronzemedaille. Er war damit der einzige deutsche Medaillengewinner und errang seit 2005 das erste WM-Edelmetall im griechisch-römischen Stil für die deutsche Mannschaft.

2012, 2013 und 2017 wurde Stäbler zu Deutschlands Ringer des Jahres gewählt.

Auch bei den Europameisterschaften 2014 in Vantaa (Finnland) erkämpfte er sich die Bronzemedaille. Er besiegte dabei Davor Stefanek aus Serbien, verlor dann gegen Həsən Əliyev und sicherte sich danach diese Medaille mit Siegen über Marius Thommesen, Dänemark, Vladimiros Matias, Griechenland und Dawid Karecinski, Polen. Bei den Weltmeisterschaften im gleichen Jahr verlor er in der Vorrunde knapp mit 3:4 gegen den iranischen Olympiasieger in der 60-kg-Klasse Omid Noroozi und im Kampf um die Bronzemedaille mit 0:5 gegen Tamás Lőrincz, womit er den fünften Rang belegte.

Bei den im Rahmen der Europaspiele in Baku ausgetragenen Europameisterschaften erkämpfte sich Stäbler 2015 erneut die Bronzemedaille – dieses Mal in der Gewichtsklasse bis 71 kg. 2015 gewann er in Las Vegas mit einem 5:1-Sieg gegen den Südkoreaner Ryu Han-su den Weltmeistertitel, was seit 1994 im griechisch-römischen Stil keinem Deutschen mehr gelungen war. Vor seinem Sieg im Finale besiegte Stäbler Tarek Aziz Benaissa aus Algerien, Wuleixis de Jesus Riva, Venezuela, Bryce Saddoris aus den Vereinigten Staaten und im Halbfinale den Titelverteidiger Davor Štefanek aus Serbien.

Im Olympiajahr 2016 wurde Stäbler von langwierigen Verletzungen heimgesucht, die eine intensive Vorbereitung auf die Olympischen Spiele in Rio de Janeiro unmöglich machte. Dies zeigte sich schon bei der Europameisterschaft dieses Jahres in Riga, wo er in der Gewichtsklasse bis 71 kg gleich seinen ersten Kampf gegen Dominik Etlinger aus Kroatien knapp nach Punkten verlor (5:5 Punkte) und ausschied, da Etlinger das Finale nicht erreichte. Bei den Olympischen Spielen startete Stäbler nach einem kräftezehrenden Abtrainieren in der Gewichtsklasse bis 66 kg. Trotzdem gewann er seinen ersten Kampf gegen Edgaras Venckaitis aus Litauen, verlor aber dann gegen Davor Štefanek und Tomohiro Inoue aus Japan und kam auf den 7. Platz. Bei der deutschen Einzelmeisterschaft 2016 war er nicht am Start und 2017 gab er nach einer leichten Verletzung vorsichtshalber frühzeitig auf.

Wieder genesen besiegte Stäbler bei den Weltmeisterschaften 2017 in Paris in der Gewichtsklasse bis 71 kg Körpergewicht nacheinander Luis Alfredo de Leon aus der Dominikanischen Republik, den Weltmeister von 2015 Rasul Chunayev aus Aserbaidschan, Pawel Ljach aus Weißrussland, Mohammadali Geraei, Iran, Daniel Cataraga aus Moldawien und im Finale Demeu Schadyrajew aus Kasachstan, den er klar mit 8:3-Punkten schlug. Er wurde damit zum zweitenmal in seiner Karriere Weltmeister. 2018 wurde Stäbler in Budapest in der neuen Gewichtsklasse bis 72 kg Körpergewicht erneut Weltmeister. Im Finale besiegte er den Lokalmatadoren Bálint Korpási mit 2:1 Punkten.

Im August 2019 startete Stäbler beim Großen Preis von Deutschland in Dortmund erstmals nach fünf Jahren wieder in der olympischen Gewichtsklasse bis 67 kg Körpergewicht. Trotz des kräftezehrenden Abtrainierens konnte er dort voll überzeugen und gewann mit Siegen über Mate Krasznai, Ungarn, Aleksandrs Jurkans, Lettland, Saur Kabalojew, Russland (10:1 techn. Punkte) und den amtierenden Weltmeister in dieser Gewichtsklasse Artjom Olegowitsch Surkow, Russland (7:1 techn. Punkte), dieses Turnier. Bei der Weltmeisterschaft 2019 in Nur-Sultan (Kasachstan) startete er ebenfalls in der Gewichtsklasse bis 67 kg. Er siegte dort über Mirsobek Rachmatow, Usbekistan und Morten Thoresen, Norwegen, unterlag dann gegen den kubanischen Olympiasieger von 2016 Ismael Borrero Molina, der ihn gleich zu Kampfbeginn mit einem Griff überraschte, von dem sich Stäbler nicht mehr befreien konnte und deshalb schon nach 1:38 Minuten mit 0:11 technischen Punkten unterlag. Da der Kubaner das Finale erreichte, konnte Stäbler in der Trostrunde weiterringen und erkämpfte sich dort mit Siegen über Mihai Radu Mihut, Rumänien, Ryu Hansu, Südkorea und Mohamed Ibrahim Elsayed Ibrahi Elsayed, Ägypten, noch eine Bronzemedaille.

Im Februar 2020 startete Stäbler bei der Europameisterschaft in Rom in der Gewichtsklasse bis 72 kg. Er stellte sich dort in hervorragender Form vor und besiegte seine ersten drei Gegner, Anatolie Popow aus Mazedonien (8:0), Ulvu Ganizade aus Aserbaidschan (8:0) und Adam Kurak aus Russland (11:1) durch technische Überlegenheit vorzeitig. Im Finale siegte er über Juri Lomadse aus Georgien mit 6:2 Punkten. Im Oktober 2020 infizierte sich Stäbler mit COVID-19, als es noch keine Impfung gab. Die Infektion verlief laut eigenen Angaben nicht schwer, Stäbler litt aber monatelang an Long Covid. Seine körperliche Leistungsfähigkeit sank um mindestens 20 Prozent und er wurde als Belastungsasthmatiker diagnostiziert. Er trainierte trotzdem weiter für die (wegen der COVID-Pandemie um ein Jahr verschobenen) Olympischen Spiele, nach denen er seine Ringer-Karriere beenden wollte. Bei den Spielen in Tokio errang Stäbler 2021 in seinem letzten internationalen Kampf die Bronzemedaille.
Er ist weiter in der Bundesliga West für die Red Devils Heilbronn aktiv; sein offizielles Karriere-Ende plant er mit einem Event am 18. Juni 2022 zu begehen.

Stäbler ist Sportsoldat im Rang eines Stabsgefreiten.

Internationale Erfolge

Deutsche Meisterschaften
(nur Seniorenbereich)

 Erläuterungen
 alle Wettbewerbe im griechisch-römischen Stil
 OS = Olympische Spiele, WM = Weltmeisterschaft, EM = Europameisterschaft
 Leichtgewicht, Gewichtsklasse bis 66 kg Körpergewicht (auch nach der Neueinteilung der Gewichtsklassen durch den Ringer-Weltverband FILA)

Weblinks

 Website von Frank Stäbler

 Siegerehrung Europameisterschaft 2012 Leichtgewicht und einige Szenen vom Endkampf Stäbler gegen Carpen

Einzelnachweise

Ringer (Deutschland)
Weltmeister (Ringen)
Europameister (Ringen)
Deutscher Meister (Ringen)
Olympiateilnehmer (Deutschland)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2012
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2016
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2020
Teilnehmer an den Europaspielen (Deutschland)
Teilnehmer der Europaspiele 2015
Träger des Silbernen Lorbeerblattes
Träger des Verdienstordens des Landes Baden-Württemberg
Sportsoldat (Bundeswehr)
Person (Leinfelden-Echterdingen)
Teilnehmer an Promi Big Brother
Deutscher
Geboren 1989
Mann

Frank Stäbler


Safe (titulada El código del miedo en Hispanoamérica) es una película de acción de 2012 escrita y dirigida por Boaz Yakin y protagonizada por Jason Statham.

Sinopsis

Un exagente de la policía de Nueva York que ahora vive como luchador de jaula, Luke Wright (Jason Statham), vive una vida de altos y bajos dentro del podrido mundo de las peleas callejeras, hasta que un día echa a perder una pelea arreglada.

Queriendo avergonzarle por ello, la mafia rusa asesina a Annie, su esposa embarazada, y lo chantajean con matar a todo aquel que entable algún tipo de vínculo con él, haciendo a Luke vagar por las calles de Nueva York, atormentado por la culpa y por la certeza de que siempre va estar vigilado. Pero cuando ve a Mei (Catherine Chan), una asustada niña china de 11 años, ser perseguida por los mismos gángsters que mataron a su esposa, eso lo impulsa a la acción, regresar para solucionar todo y a caer en medio de una mortal guerra sin cuartel por las apuestas y ganancias del crimen organizado en la ciudad.

Luke descubre que Mei no es una niña ordinaria, sino que es una huérfana prodigio en matemáticas que ha sido forzada por la Tríada china a desempeñarse como «contadora» de los negocios en el Barrio Chino. Luego también descubre que ella guarda en su memoria un código numérico de cajas fuertes que contienen 30 millones de dólares y un secreto muy importante por el cual la Tríada, la mafia rusa y una facción corrupta del Departamento de Policía de Nueva York son capaces de matar.

Dándose cuenta de que es la única persona en la que Mei puede confiar, debe luchar contra la tríada, la mafia rusa y el alto nivel de corrupción de políticos en Nueva York, como también de la policía, para salvar una vida inocente... y redimir la suya si puede.

Reparto

Referencias

Safe


نظرية التلقي المزدوج  هي نظرية في علم الإدراك وضع أسسها ألان بايفو  من جامعة University of Western Ontario. وتفرض النظرية أن إدراك المعلومة المرئية يتم بشكل مختلف عن إدراك المعلومة اللفظية وبواسطة قناتي إدراك مختلفتين ومنفصلتين. وبالتالي، يقوم الفرد بتمثيل المعلومة بشكل مختلف في كل حالة. وعند تنظيم أي معلومة «جديدة المعلومة» (أي معلومة تحتوي على معلومة جديدة)، فإن التمثيلين يُسْتَعْمَلان معا لتحويل المعلومة إلى معرفة يمكن تطبيقها وحفظها للاستعمالات المستقبلية.

وهناك محدوديات لكل من القناتين. فمثلا، يستصعب الإنسان أن يدرك في نفس الوقت معلومتين مختلفتين واحدة مرئية وأخرى لفظية. ونسبة الصعوبة تعتمد على درجة الخبرة أو المعرفة المسبقة عن الموضوع. لنأخذ وثائقي تلفزيوني كمثال فالإنسان سيستهل فهم الموضوع إن كانت الصور والتعليق يتحدثان عن نفس الموضوع. إذ في هذه الحالة، تكون القناتين متممتين لبعضهما.

بالمقابل، فإن العرض المتعددة الوسائط التي تعتمد على العديد من المرئيات مثل شرائح صور مع عرض نصوص المحاضرة بالإضافة لوجود المتحدث قد تربك المشاهد وتقلل من إدراكه إذ عليه أن يتعامل مع أكثر من صورة.

بالنسبة لبايفو، فإن الصور الذهنية هي تشفير تناظري (analogue codes)، بينما تمثيل الصور اللفظية هي تشفير رمزي (symbolic codes). فالتشفير التناظري يمثل المؤثرات المادية التي نشاهدها في محيطاتنا مثل الأشجار والأنهر وتبقى على أشكالها في الذاكرة الذهنية. بينما التشفير الرمزي يمثل معلومة بشكل اعتباطي.

مراجع

علم النفس التربوي
علوم استعرافية
فرضيات لغوية
نظريات التعلم والتعليم

نظرية التلقي المزدوج


Diogo de Paiva de Andrade (Coimbra,  — Lisbonne, ) est un théologien portugais.

Biographie
Diogo de Paiva de Andrade naquit en 1528, à Coimbra. Il était fils du grand trésorier du roi Jean. Son goût le porta d'abord vers les missions ; il avait même commencé à s'y livrer, lorsque le roi don Sébastien l'envoya au Concile de Trente, où il parut avec distinction. De retour en Portugal, il y mourut, en 1575.

Œuvres

 Orthdoxarum Quæstionum libri decem, etc., contra Kemnitii petulantem audaciam, Venise, 1564, in-4°, édition rare, et plus correcte que celle de Cologne, in-8°, de la même année. Le premier livre, qui est une apologie des jésuites, fut imprimé l'année suivante, à Lyon.
 Defensio Trid. fidei libri sex, adversus hæreticor. detestabiles calumnias, Lisbonne, 1578, in-4°, rare et recherchée ; Cologne, 1580, in-8°. Le sixième livre, qui traite de la concupiscence et de la Immaculée Conception de la sainte Vierge, est le plus curieux, à cause de la diversité des nombreux sentiments que l'auteur y rapporte.
 De conciliorum Auctoritate. Cet ouvrage fut bien reçu à Rome, parce qu'Andrada y donne une grande extension à l'autorité du pape.
 Sept volumes de sermons, et quelques autres écrits. Andrada était un homme d'esprit et d'une grande application ; il a su éviter la sécheresse scolastique, par la vivacité et l'élégance de ses ouvrages. Ce qu'il dit dans les deux premiers en faveur des sages du paganisme, auxquels il attribue la foi qui fait vivre les justes, et, par conséquent, le salut, a été souvent cité par les apologistes de Zwingli, sur cet article. Leibniz ne manque pas non plus de s'en prévaloir.

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Sermoes do Doutor Diogo de Payva d'Andrade..., Lisboa, 1603-1615, à la Bibliothèque Nationale du Portugal
Defensio tridentinae fidei catholicae et integerrimae..., Olysippone, 1578, à la Bibliothèque Nationale du Portugal

Naissance en juillet 1528
Naissance à Coimbra
Théologien portugais
Décès en décembre 1575
Décès à Lisbonne
Décès à 47 ans

Diogo de Paiva de Andrade


El pasaje del Mar Rojo es una pintura al fresco realizada por el artista italiano Agnolo di Cosimo, conocido como Bronzino, terminada en 1541-1542. Se encuentra en Palazzo Vecchio, Florencia.

El fresco ocupa toda la pared izquierda de la capilla llamada "de Eleonora de Toledo", en el segundo piso del palacio, residencia de Leonor de Toledo.

La escena bíblica se representa con el uso de figuras de gran tamaño y  colores vivos. Algunas de las figuras están claramente inspiradas en Miguel Ángel o su maestro Pontormo, así como por la escultura de la Antigüedad clásica. En particular, el hombre en primer plano a la izquierda es una reproducción de la medalla de bronce denominada Idolino (ahora en el Museo Arqueológico de Florencia).

Véase también
 Pintura renacentista

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Palazzo Vecchio
Cuadros de 1542
Obras de arte en Florencia
Pinturas representando a Moisés
Arte equino

El pasaje del Mar Rojo


The one-drop rule was a legal principle of racial classification that was prominent in the 20th-century United States. It asserted that any person with even one ancestor of black ancestry ("one drop" of "black blood") is considered black (Negro or colored in historical terms). It is an example of hypodescent, the automatic assignment of children of a mixed union between different socioeconomic or ethnic groups to the group with the lower status, regardless of proportion of ancestry in different groups.

This concept became codified into the law of some U.S. states in the early 20th century. It was associated with the principle of "invisible blackness" that developed after the long history of racial interaction in the South, which had included the hardening of slavery as a racial caste system and later segregation. Before the rule was outlawed by the Supreme Court in the Loving v. Virginia decision of 1967, it was used to prevent interracial marriages and in general to deny rights and equal opportunities and uphold white supremacy.

Antebellum conditions

Before the American Civil War, free individuals of mixed race (free people of color) were considered legally white if they had less than either one-eighth or one-quarter African ancestry (only in Virginia). Many mixed-race people were absorbed into the majority culture based simply on appearance, associations and carrying out community responsibilities. These and community acceptance were the more important factors if a person's racial status were questioned, not their documented ancestry.

Based on late 20th-century DNA analysis and a preponderance of historical evidence, US president Thomas Jefferson is widely believed to have fathered the six mixed-race children with his slave Sally Hemings, who was herself three-quarters white and a paternal half-sister of his wife Martha Wayles Jefferson. Four of them survived to adulthood. Under Virginia law of the time, while their seven-eighths European ancestry would have made them legally white if they'd been free, being born to an enslaved mother made them automatically enslaved from birth. Jefferson allowed the two oldest to escape in 1822 (freeing them legally was a public action he elected to avoid because he would have had to gain permission from the state legislature); the two youngest he freed in his 1826 will. Three of the four entered white society as adults. Subsequently, their descendants identified as white.

Although racial segregation was adopted legally by southern states of the former Confederacy in the late 19th century, legislators resisted defining race by law as part of preventing interracial marriages. In 1895, in South Carolina during discussion, George D. Tillman said,

It is a scientific fact that there is not one full-blooded Caucasian on the floor of this convention. Every member has in him a certain mixture of ... colored blood ... It would be a cruel injustice and the source of endless litigation, of scandal, horror, feud, and bloodshed to undertake to annul or forbid marriage for a remote, perhaps obsolete trace of Negro blood. The doors would be open to scandal, malice, and greed.

The one-drop rule was not formally codified as law until the 20th century, from 1910 in Tennessee to 1930 as one of Virginia's "racial integrity laws", with similar laws in several other states in between.

Native Americans

In the early colonial years, children born of one Indigenous and one non-Native parent usually had a white father and an Indigenous mother. This was largely due to the majority of the early colonists being male. As many Native American tribes had matrilineal kinship systems, they considered the children to be born to the mother's family and clan. If they were raised in the culture, they were considered members of the community, and therefore, fully Native American.

Prior to colonization, and still in traditional communities, the idea of determining belonging by degree of "blood" was, and is, unheard of. Native American tribes did not use blood quantum law until the U.S. government introduced the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, instead determining tribal status on the basis of kinship, lineage and family ties. However, many land cession treaties, particularly during Indian removal in the 19th century, contained provisions for "mixed-blood" descendants of European and native ancestry to receive either parcels of land ceded in the treaty, or a share in a lump sum of money, with specifications as to the degree of tribal ancestry required to qualify. Though these did not typically apply a one-drop rule, determining the ancestry of individual claimants was not straightforward, and the process was often rife with fraud.

Among patrilineal tribes, such as the Omaha, historically a child born to an Omaha mother and a white father could belong officially to the Omaha tribe only if the child were formally adopted into it by a male citizen. In contemporary practice, tribal laws around citizenship and parentage can vary widely between nations.

Between 1904 and 1919, tribal members with any amount of African ancestry were disenrolled from the Chitimacha tribe of Louisiana, and their descendants have since then been denied tribal membership.

20th century and contemporary times
In 20th-century America, the concept of the one-drop rule has been primarily applied by White Americans to those of sub-Saharan Black African ancestry, when some Whites were trying to maintain some degree of overt or covert white supremacy. The poet Langston Hughes wrote in his 1940 memoir:

This rule meant many mixed-race people, of diverse ancestry, were simply seen as African-American, and their more diverse ancestors forgotten and erased, making it difficult to accurately trace ancestry in the present day.

Many descendants of those who were enslaved and trafficked by Europeans and Americans have assumed they have Native American ancestry. Henry Louis Gates Jr.'s 2006 PBS documentary on the genetic makeup of African Americans, African American Lives, focused on these stories of Native American heritage in African-American communities. DNA test results showed, after African, primarily European ancestors for all but two of the celebrities interviewed. However, many critics point to the limitations of DNA testing for ancestry, especially for minority populations.

During World War II, Colonel Karl Bendetsen stated that anyone with "one drop of Japanese blood" was liable for forced internment in camps.

Today there are no enforceable laws in the U.S. in which the one-drop rule is applicable. Sociologically, however, while the concept has in recent years become less acceptable within the Black community, with more people identifying as biracial, research has found that in White society, it is still common to associate biracial children primarily with the individual's non-White ancestry.

Legislation and practice
Both before and after the American Civil War, many people of mixed ancestry who "looked white" and were of mostly white ancestry were legally absorbed into the white majority. State laws established differing standards. For instance, an 1822 Virginia law stated that to be defined as mulatto (that is, multi-racial), a person had to have at least one-quarter (equivalent to one grandparent) African ancestry. Social acceptance and identity were historically the keys to racial identity. Virginia's one-fourth standard remained in place until 1910, when the standard was changed to one sixteenth. In 1930, even the one sixteenth standard was abandoned in favor of a more stringent standard. The act defined a person as legally "colored" (black) for classification and legal purposes if the individual had any African ancestry.

Although the Virginia legislature increased restrictions on free blacks following the Nat Turner Rebellion of 1831, it refrained from establishing a one-drop rule. When a proposal was made by Travis H. Eppes and debated in 1853, representatives realized that such a rule could adversely affect whites, as they were aware of generations of interracial relationships. During the debate, a person wrote to the Charlottesville newspaper:

The state legislators agreed. No such law was passed until 1924, apparently assisted by the fading recollection of such mixed familial histories. In the 21st century, such interracial family histories are being revealed as individuals undergo DNA genetic analysis.

The Melungeons are a group of multiracial families of mostly European and African ancestry whose ancestors were free in colonial Virginia. They migrated to the frontier in Kentucky and Tennessee. Their descendants have been documented over the decades as having tended to marry persons classified as "white". Their descendants became assimilated into the majority culture from the 19th to the 20th centuries.

Pursuant to Reconstruction later in the 19th century, southern states acted to impose racial segregation by law and restrict the liberties of blacks, specifically passing laws to exclude them from politics and voting. From 1890 to 1908, all of the former Confederate states passed such laws, and most preserved disfranchisement until after passage of federal civil rights laws in the 1960s. At the South Carolina constitutional convention in 1895, an anti-miscegenation law and changes that would disfranchise blacks were proposed. Delegates debated a proposal for a one-drop rule to include in these laws. George D. Tillman said the following in opposition:

In 1865, Florida passed an act that both outlawed miscegenation and defined the amount of black ancestry needed to be legally defined as a "person of color". The act stated that "every person who shall have one-eighth or more of negro blood shall be deemed and held to be a person of color." (This was the equivalent of one great-grandparent.) Additionally, the act outlawed fornication, as well as the intermarrying of white females with men of color. However, the act permitted the continuation of marriages between white persons and persons of color that were established before the law was enacted.

The one-drop rule was not made law until the early 20th century. This was decades after the Civil War, emancipation, and the Reconstruction era. It followed restoration of white supremacy in the South and the passage of Jim Crow racial segregation laws. In the 20th century, it was also associated with the rise of eugenics and ideas of racial purity. From the late 1870s on, white Democrats regained political power in the former Confederate states and passed racial segregation laws controlling public facilities, and laws and constitutions from 1890 to 1910 to achieve disfranchisement of most blacks. Many poor whites were also disfranchised in these years, by changes to voter registration rules that worked against them, such as literacy tests, longer residency requirements and poll taxes.

The first challenges to such state laws were overruled by Supreme Court decisions which upheld state constitutions that effectively disfranchised many. White Democratic-dominated legislatures proceeded with passing Jim Crow laws that instituted racial segregation in public places and accommodations, and passed other restrictive voting legislation. In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court allowed racial segregation of public facilities, under the "separate but equal" doctrine.

Jim Crow laws reached their greatest influence during the decades from 1910 to 1930. Among them were hypodescent laws, defining as black anyone with any black ancestry, or with a very small portion of black ancestry. Tennessee adopted such a "one-drop" statute in 1910, and Louisiana soon followed. Then Texas and Arkansas in 1911, Mississippi in 1917, North Carolina in 1923, Alabama and Georgia in 1927, and Virginia in 1930. During this same period, Florida, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and Utah retained their old "blood fraction" statutes de jure, but amended these fractions (one-sixteenth, one-thirty-second) to be equivalent to one-drop de facto.

Before 1930, individuals of visible mixed European and African ancestry were usually classed as mulatto, or sometimes as black and sometimes as white, depending on appearance. Previously, most states had limited trying to define ancestry before "the fourth degree" (great-great-grandparents). But, in 1930, due to lobbying by southern legislators, the Census Bureau stopped using the classification of mulatto. Documentation of the long social recognition of mixed-race people was lost, and they were classified only as black or white.

The binary world of the one-drop rule disregarded the self-identification both of people of mostly European ancestry who grew up in white communities, and of people who were of mixed race and identified as American Indian. In addition, Walter Plecker, Registrar of Statistics, ordered application of the 1924 Virginia law in such a way that vital records were changed or destroyed, family members were split on opposite sides of the color line, and there were losses of the documented continuity of people who identified as American Indian, as all people in Virginia had to be classified as white or black. Over the centuries, many Indian tribes in Virginia had absorbed people of other ethnicities through marriage or adoption, but maintained their cultures. Suspecting blacks of trying to "pass" as Indians, Plecker ordered records changed to classify people only as black or white, and ordered offices to reclassify certain family surnames from Indian to black.

Since the late 20th century, Virginia has officially recognized eight American Indian tribes and their members; the tribes are trying to gain federal recognition. They have had difficulty because decades of birth, marriage, and death records were misclassified under Plecker's application of the law. No one was classified as Indian, although many individuals and families identified that way and were preserving their cultures.

In the case of mixed-race American Indian and European descendants, the one-drop rule in Virginia was extended only so far as those with more than one-sixteenth Indian blood. This was due to what was known as the "Pocahontas exception". Since many influential First Families of Virginia (FFV) claimed descent from the American Indian Pocahontas and her husband John Rolfe of the colonial era, the Virginia General Assembly declared that an individual could be considered white if having no more than one-sixteenth Indian "blood" (the equivalent of one great-great-grandparent).

The eugenist Madison Grant of New York wrote in his book, The Passing of the Great Race (1916): "The cross between a white man and an Indian is an Indian; the cross between a white man and a Negro is a Negro; the cross between a white man and a Hindu is a Hindu; and the cross between any of the three European races and a Jew is a Jew." As noted above, Native American tribes which had patrilineal descent and inheritance, such as the Omaha, classified children of white men and Native American women as white.

Plecker case

Through the 1940s, Walter Plecker of Virginia and Naomi Drake of Louisiana had an outsized influence. As the Registrar of Statistics, Plecker insisted on labeling mixed-race families of European-African ancestry as black. In 1924, Plecker wrote, "Two races as materially divergent as the White and Negro, in morals, mental powers, and cultural fitness, cannot live in close contact without injury to the higher." In the 1930s and 1940s, Plecker directed offices under his authority to change vital records and reclassify certain families as black (or colored) (without notifying them) after Virginia established a binary system under its Racial Integrity Act of 1924. He also classified people as black who had formerly self-identified as Indian. When the United States Supreme Court struck down Virginia's law prohibiting inter-racial marriage in Loving v. Virginia (1967), it also declared Plecker's Virginia Racial Integrity Act and the one-drop rule unconstitutional.

Many people in the U.S., among various ethnic groups, continue to have their own concepts related to the one-drop idea. They may still consider those multiracial individuals with any African ancestry to be black, or at least non-white (if the person has other minority ancestry), unless the person explicitly identifies as white. On the other hand, the Black Power movement and some leaders within the black community also claimed as black those persons with any visible African ancestry, in order to extend their political base and regardless of how those people self-identified.

Other countries of the Americas

Among the colonial slave societies, the United States was nearly unique in developing the one-drop rule; it derived both from the Southern slave culture (shared by other societies) and the aftermath of the American Civil War, emancipation of slaves, and Reconstruction. In the late 19th century, Southern whites regained political power and restored white supremacy, passing Jim Crow laws and establishing racial segregation by law. In the 20th century, during the Black Power movement, black race-based groups claimed all people of any African ancestry as black in a reverse way, to establish political power.

In colonial Spanish America, many soldiers and explorers took indigenous women as wives. Native-born Spanish women were always a minority. The colonists developed an elaborate classification and caste system that identified the mixed-race descendants of blacks, Amerindians, and whites by different names, related to appearance and known ancestry. Racial caste not only depended on ancestry or skin color, but also could be raised or lowered by the person's financial status or class.

The same racial culture shock has come to hundreds of thousands of dark-skinned immigrants to the United States from Brazil, Colombia, Panama, and other Latin American nations. Although many are not considered black in their homelands, they have often been considered black in US society. According to The Washington Post, their refusal to accept the United States' definition of black has left many feeling attacked from all directions. At times, white and black Americans might discriminate against them for their lighter or darker skin tones; African Americans might believe that Afro-Latino immigrants are denying their blackness. At the same time, the immigrants think lighter-skinned Latinos dominate Spanish-language television and media. A majority of Latin Americans possess some African or American Indian ancestry. Many of these immigrants feel it is difficult enough to accept a new language and culture without the additional burden of having to transform from white to black. Yvette Modestin, a dark-skinned native of Panama who worked in Boston, said the situation was overwhelming: "There's not a day that I don't have to explain myself."

Professor J. B. Bird has said that Latin America is not alone in rejecting the historical US notion that any visible African ancestry is enough to make one black:

In most countries of the Caribbean, Colin Powell would be described as a Creole, reflecting his mixed heritage. In Belize, he might further be described as a "High Creole", because of his extremely light complexion.

Brazil

People in many other countries have tended to treat race less rigidly, both in their self-identification and how they regard others. Just as a person with physically recognizable African ancestry can claim to be black in the United States, someone with recognizable European ancestry may be considered white in Brazil, even if mixed race.

In December 2002, The Washington Post ran a story on the one-drop rule and differences in Latin American practices. In the reporter's opinion:

Someone with Sidney Poitier's deep chocolate complexion would be considered white if his hair were straight and he made a living in a profession. That might not seem so odd, Brazilians say, when you consider that the fair-complexioned actresses Rashida Jones of the television show "Boston Public" and Lena Horne are identified as black in the United States.

According to Jose Neinstein, a native white Brazilian and executive director of the Brazilian-American Cultural Institute in Washington, in the United States, "If you are not quite white, then you are black." However, in Brazil, "If you are not quite black, then you are white." Neinstein recalls talking with a man of Poitier's complexion when in Brazil: "We were discussing ethnicity, and I asked him, 'What do you think about this from your perspective as a black man?' He turned his head to me and said, 'I'm not black,' ... It simply paralyzed me. I couldn't ask another question."

Puerto Rico

During the Spanish colonial period, Puerto Rico had laws such as the Regla del Sacar or Gracias al Sacar, by which a person of black ancestry could be considered legally white so long as the individual could prove that at least one person per generation in the last four generations had also been legally white. Thus persons of some black ancestry with known white lineage were classified as white, the opposite of the "one-drop rule" in the United States.

Racial mixtures of blacks and whites in modern America
Given the intense interest in ethnicity, genetic genealogists and other scientists have studied population groups. Henry Louis Gates Jr. publicized such genetic studies on his two series African American Lives, shown on PBS, in which the ancestry of prominent figures was explored. His experts discussed the results of autosomal DNA tests, in contrast to direct-line testing, which survey all the DNA that has been inherited from the parents of an individual. Autosomal tests focus on SNPs.

The specialists on Gates' program summarized the make-up of the United States population by the following:

 58 percent of African Americans have at least 12.5% European ancestry (equivalent of one great-grandparent);
 19.6 percent of African Americans have at least 25% European ancestry (equivalent of one grandparent);
 1 percent of African Americans have at least 50% European ancestry (equivalent of one parent) (Gates is one of these, he discovered, having a total of 51% European ancestry among various distant ancestors); and
 5 percent of African Americans have at least 12.5% Native American ancestry (equivalent to one great-grandparent).

In 2002, Mark D. Shriver, a molecular anthropologist at Penn State University, published results of a study regarding the racial admixture of Americans who identified as white or black: Shriver surveyed a 3,000-person sample from 25 locations in the United States and tested subjects for autosomal genetic make-up:

 Of those persons who identified as white:
 Individuals had an average 0.7% black ancestry, which is the equivalent of having 1 black and 127 white ancestors among one's 128 5×great-grandparents.
 Shriver estimates that 70% of white Americans have no African ancestors (in part because a high proportion of current whites are descended from more recent immigrants from Europe of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, rather than those early migrants to the colonies, who in some areas lived and worked closely with Africans, free, indentured or slave, and formed relations with them).
 Among the 30% of identified whites who have African ancestry, Shriver estimates their black racial admixture is 2.3%; the equivalent of having had three black ancestors among their 128 5×great-grandparents.
 Among those who identified as black:
 The average proportion of white ancestry was 18%, the equivalent of having 22 white ancestors among their 128 5×great-grandparents.
 About 10% have more than 50% white ancestry.

Black people in the United States are more racially mixed than white people, reflecting historical experience here, including the close living and working conditions among the small populations of the early colonies, when indentured servants, both black and white, and slaves, married or formed unions. Mixed-race children of white mothers were born free, and many families of free people of color were started in those years. 80 percent of the free African-American families in the Upper South in the censuses of 1790 to 1810 can be traced as descendants of unions between white women and African men in colonial Virginia, not of slave women and white men. In the early colony, conditions were loose among the working class, who lived and worked closely together. After the American Revolutionary War, their free mixed-race descendants migrated to the frontiers of nearby states along with other primarily European Virginia pioneers. The admixture also reflects later conditions under slavery, when white planters or their sons, or overseers, frequently raped African women. There were also freely chosen relationships among individuals of different or mixed races.

Shriver's 2002 survey found different current admixture rates by region, reflecting historic patterns of settlement and change, both in terms of populations who migrated and their descendants' unions. For example, he found that the black populations with the highest percentage of white ancestry lived in California and Seattle, Washington. These were both majority-white destinations during the Great Migration of 1940–1970 of African Americans from the Deep South of Louisiana, Texas and Mississippi. Blacks sampled in those two locations had more than 25% white European ancestry on average.

As noted by Troy Duster, direct-line testing of the Y-chromosome and mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) fails to pick up the heritage of many other ancestors. DNA testing has limitations and should not be depended on by individuals to answer all questions about heritage. Duster said that neither Shriver's research nor Gates' PBS program adequately acknowledged the limitations of genetic testing.

Similarly, the Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism (IPCB) notes that: "Native American markers" are not found solely among Native Americans. While they occur more frequently among Native Americans, they are also found in people in other parts of the world. Genetic testing has shown three major waves of ancient migration from Asia among Native Americans but cannot distinguish further among most of the various tribes in the Americas. Some critics of testing believe that more markers will be identified as more Native Americans of various tribes are tested, as they believe that the early epidemics due to smallpox and other diseases may have altered genetic representation.

Much effort has been made to discover the ways in which the one-drop rule continues to be socially perpetuated today. For example, in her interview of black/white adults in the South, Nikki Khanna uncovers that one way the one-drop rule is perpetuated is through the mechanism of reflected appraisal. Most respondents identified as black, explaining that this is because both black and white people see them as black as well.

Allusions
Charles W. Chesnutt, who was of mixed race and grew up in the North, wrote stories and novels about the issues of mixed-race people in southern society in the aftermath of the Civil War.

The one-drop rule and its consequences have been the subject of numerous works of popular culture. The American musical Show Boat (1927) opens in 1887 on a Mississippi River boat, after the Reconstruction era and imposition of racial segregation and Jim Crow in the South. Steve, a white man married to a mixed-race woman who passes as white, is pursued by a Southern sheriff. He intends to arrest Steve and charge him with miscegenation for being married to a woman of partly black ancestry. Steve pricks his wife's finger and swallows some of her blood. When the sheriff arrives, Steve asks him whether he would consider a man to be white if he had "negro blood" in him. The sheriff replies that "one drop of Negro blood makes you a Negro in these parts". Steve tells the sheriff that he has "more than a drop of negro blood in me". After being assured by others that Steve is telling the truth, the sheriff leaves without arresting Steve.

See also

Black Indians in the United States
Blood quantum laws
Brown Paper Bag Test
Cherokee freedmen controversy
Chicano (whiteness of Mexican Americans)
Hispanic and Latino Americans
Historical race concepts
Limpieza de sangre
Métis
Mestizo
Miscegenation
Mischling
Mixed Race Day
Passing
Pencil test
Quadroon
Racial hygiene
Pocahontas exception
Elizabeth Warren
"Who is a Jew?"

Notes

Explanatory notes

Quotes

Citations

Further reading
 Daniel, G. Reginald. More Than Black? Multiracial Identity and the New Racial Order. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 2002. .
 Daniel, G. Reginald. Race and Multiraciality in Brazil and the United States: Converging Paths?. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. 2006. .
 Davis, James F., Who Is Black?: One Nation's Definition. University Park PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2001. .
 Guterl, Matthew Press, The Color of Race in America, 1900–1940. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2004. .
 Moran, Rachel F., Interracial Intimacy: The Regulation of Race & Romance, Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press, 2003. .
 Romano, Renee Christine, Race Mixing: Black-White Marriage in Post-War America. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2003. .
 Savy, Pierre, "Transmission, identité, corruption. Réflexions sur trois cas d'hypodescendance", L'homme. Revue française d'anthropologie, 182, 2007 ("Racisme, antiracisme et sociétés"), pp. 53–80.
 Yancey, George, Just Don't Marry One: Interracial Dating, Marriage & Parenting. Judson Press, 2003. .

External links
 New Life for the "One Drop" Rule
 PBS – Brazil in Black and White
 "Battles in Red, Black, and White: Virginia's Racial Integrity Law of 1924", University of Virginia
 Lawrence Wright, "One Drop of Blood", The New Yorker, 24 July 1994
 John Terrence A. Rosenthal, "Batson Revisited in America's 'New Era' of Multiracial Persons", Law Review 33:1, Seton Hall University

African–Native American relations
Anti-black racism in the United States
Dichotomies
History of African-American civil rights
Kinship and descent
Multiracial affairs in the United States
Race and law in the United States
White culture

One-drop rule


FC Flora, oftast þekkt sem Flora Tallinn, eða baraFlora, er eistneskt knattspyrnufélag með aðsetur í Tallinn þeir spila í eistnesku úrvalsdeildinni sem kölluð er Meistriliiga,. Þeir spila heimaleiki sína á A. Le Coq Arena. Teitur Þórðarson þjálfaði liðið um tíma.

Árangur í deild

Titlar
Eistneska Úrvsalsdeildin: 14
1993–94, 1994–95, 1997–98, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2010, 2011, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2020, 2022
Eistneska Bikarkeppnin: 8
1994–95, 1997–98, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2012–13, 2015–16, 2019–20

Tengill
 Heimasíða félagsins

Heimildir

Eistnesk knattspyrnufélög
Tallinn
stofnað 1990

FC Flora Tallinn


Agrilus cibarius é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Fisher, 1944.

Referências

cibarius

Agrilus cibarius


Drongen (en francés: Tronchiennes) es un submunicipio de la ciudad de Gante (Término municipal de Gante, Provincia de Flandes Oriental, Región Flamenca, Bélgica).

Drongen está dividida en tres parroquias: Drongen, Luchteren y Baarle.

Drongen es conocida por su monasterio medieval, fundado en el siglo XVII por el monje Amandus, el Misionero de Leie y Schelde. Destruida por los normandos en el año 853, el monasterio fue vuelto a construirse por los condes de Flanders. El monasterio fue víctima de las guerras religiosas después de la Reforma, y en 1578 fue de nuevo destruida por los Calvinistas. En 1638, la iglesia de la abadía fue reconstruida y entre 1638 y 1698 el monasterio fue restaurado. Después de un incendio en 1727, la torre de la iglesia fue restaurada nuevamente en 1734, con una apariencia distintiva. En 1797, los franceses ocuparon y vendieron la abadía. En 1804, Lieven Bauwens utilizó el monasterio como una planta textil. El actual monasterio y abadía se remonta a 1859 y permanece en uso como un centro espiritual dedicado a las enseñanzas de Ignacio de Loyola.

Referencias
 Oude Abdij ('Antigua Abadía')

Provincia de Flandes Oriental

Drongen


(10801) Luneburg, denumire internațională (10801) Lüneburg, este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
10801 Lüneburg este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Tautenburg de Freimut Börngen. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,54 ua, o excentricitate de 0,16 și o înclinație de 4,5° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 10001-11000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1992
Centura de asteroizi

10801 Lüneburg


Børskrak er en betegnelse som bruges, når børsen falder usædvanligt meget, som regel på grund af få kunder så sælgeren må sænke priserne for at få køberne interesserede og dermed få omsat varen. Børskrak kan føre til finansielle kriser.

Navnet på nedbrudet opstod i forbindelse med det store sammenbrud på børsen i Wien i 1873.

Historisk
Store børskrak i historien:
Amsterdams bankkrise 1763
Børskrakket i Wien 1873
Wall Street-krakket 24 oktober 1929, cirka -40 procent på en måned.
Sort Mandag 19 oktober 1987, DJIA cirka -22 procent på en dag.
IT-boblen marts 2000 - oktober 2002, cirka -73 procent på to år.
Finanskrisen 2007-2009  hvoraf -20 procent på fem dage (6–10 oktober 2008).

Referencer

Finansiel økonomi
Aktiemarked

Børskrak


An Pennisetum sieberianum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Diederich Franz Leonhard von Schlechtendal, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Otto Stapf och Charles Edward Hubbard. An Pennisetum sieberianum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pennisetum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Pennisetum

Pennisetum sieberianum


Beycesultan est un site archéologique de l'ouest de l'Anatolie situé à environ  au sud-ouest de Çivril dans la province de Denizli en Turquie.

Histoire

Beycesultan est occupé à partir du Chalcolithique supérieur. La colonie augmente en taille et en importance au cours du  millénaire, avec des édifices religieux et civils remarquables. Le développement culmine au début du  millénaire avec la construction d'un palais massif et des structures associées. Le palais est abandonné puis détruit vers 1700 av. J-C. Après quelques siècles de semi-abandon, Beycesultan se relève avec une influence marquée des régions hittites d'Anatolie. Le site est plus petit que le précédent. Cette seconde floraison est complètement détruite vers 1200 avant J-C. Le site est également occupé, à une moindre échelle, aux époques byzantine, seldjoukide et ottomane

Description

Le site de Beycesultan se compose de deux monticules, divisés par l'ancienne route commerciale. La hauteur maximale de 25 mètres se situe à la butte ouest et l'ensemble du site a un diamètre d'environ un kilomètre.

Au début des années 1950, James Mellaart découvre des spécimens de poterie de style « verre à champagne ». Une recherche permet d'identifier le höyük (tertre) de Beycesultan en amont de la rivière Menderes.

Avec Mellaart, Seton Lloyd fouille Beycesultan pour le compte de l'Institut britannique d'archéologie d'Ankara pendant six saisons de 1954 à 1959, chaque fouille ayant duré environ deux mois.

Une étude renouvelée du site et de sa région est menée de 2002 à 2007 par Eşref Abay de l'Université de l'Égée. Les travaux se poursuivent de nos jours en collaboration de l'.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Site archéologique en Turquie
Anatolie ottomane

Beycesultan


Kleinkamsdorf ist ein Ortsteil von Kamsdorf in der Gemeinde Unterwellenborn im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt in Thüringen.

Lage
Kleinkamsdorf liegt am Nordostrand des Thüringer Schiefergebirges. Wenige Kilometer südlich entfernt befindet sich das Naherholungsgebiet Hohenwartestausee. Die Bundesstraße 281 führt aus Richtung Saalfeld nach Triptis zur Bundesautobahn 9 und weiter nach Fertigstellung der Ortsumgehung Unterwellenborn nah vorbei.

Geschichte
Wolfgang Kahl weist für Groß- und Kleinkamsdorf  den 6. März 1275 aus dem Urkundenbuch Coburg-Saalfeld II 134 für die urkundliche Ersterwähnung nach. Die Ortschronik berichtet über das Jahr 1349 zu minori Kamsdorf. Die Kamsdörfer wurden dann ein Teil des Amtes Ranis (später Exklaven des kursächsischen Amts Arnshaugk). 1442 gab es zwischen den beiden Dörfern Streitigkeiten. Nach weiteren behördlichen Unterstellungen kamen die Dörfer nach dem Wiener Kongress 1815 als Exklaven zu Preußen (Landkreis Ziegenrück). Mit der Auflösung Preußens kam der Ort 1944 zu Thüringen und nach 1952 zum Bezirk Gera in den Kreis Saalfeld. Am 1. Juli 1950 entstand die Gemeinde Kamsdorf durch den Zusammenschluss der bisherigen Gemeinden Großkamsdorf und Kleinkamsdorf. Seit 1994 gehört der Ort zum Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt. Mit dem Bau neuer Wohnsiedlungen und der Umgestaltung der Maxhütte sind die beiden Orte Großkamsdorf und Kleinkamsdorf vereint worden.
1999 fand die Festwoche 650 Jahre Kleinkamsdorf statt.

Sehenswürdigkeiten
 Kirche St. Martin (Kleinkamsdorf)

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt
Geographie (Unterwellenborn)
Ersterwähnung 1275
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt)
Gemeindeauflösung 1950

Kleinkamsdorf


أصل حميان
إن حميان هم قبائل عربية جاؤوا أثناء الهجرة الكبرى للهلاليين إلى شمال أفريقيا، وهم أسلاف القبائل التي تسكن بمشرية وجنوب تلمسان ومنطقة سيدي بلعباس وجنوب وهران اليوم.وشجرتهم هي: حميان ابن عقبة ابن يزيد ابن عيسى ابن زغبة ابن أبو ربيعة ابن نهيك ابن هلال ابن عامر ابن صعصعة ابن هوازن  ابن قيس ابن عيلان الناس ابن مضر ابن نزار ابن  معد  ابن عدنان  هناك أربعين أبا للوصول إلى سيد نا إسماعيل  ابن إبراهيم

نسب قبيلة بني هلال
تنتسب إلى هلال بن عامر بن صعصعة بن معاوية بن بكر بن هوازن بن منصور بن عكرمة بن خصفة بن قيس عيلان بن مضر بن نزار بن معد بن عدنان. وهي بالتالي تنتمي الي قبيلة بني عامر التي تنتمي بدورها إلى هوازن بن قيس بن عدنان وهي من أكبر القبائل العربية، والمعروف ان قيس بن عيلان هي المناظر للقبائل اليمانية منذ القرن الأول للهجرة وكانت قبائل بني سليم وبني عامر هي السيد الحقيقي لبوادي الجزيرة العربية طيلة العهدين الأموي والعباسي، حميان هي فرع من بني يزيد، ابن عبس ابن الزغبة.

بداية التغريبة الهلالية
في القرن الخامس الهجري/ الحادي عشر الميلادي. كان بنو هلال وبنو سليم يقيمون في المنطقة الممتدة بين الطائف ومكة، وبين المدينة ونجد، وشاركوا في الفتوحات العربية الإسلامية، ثم هاجروا إلى مصر في القرن الهجري الثاني، لينتقلون إلى شمال أفريقيا، وبخاصة في مرحلة الصراع مع الفاطميين.
استقرت هذه القبائل في شمال أفريقيا، واندمجت معها قبائل البرابرة التي تعربت هي أيضا حتى تداخلت أنساب القبائل العربية فيما بينها أو مع البربر. وشاركت هذه القبائل في الحروب والفتوحات والصراعات السياسية والعسكرية التي قامت في المنطقة وفي حوض المتوسط، وكان لها الأثر الحاسم في تعريب شمال أفريقيا.
وكان الفاطميون قبل رحيلهم إلى المشرق باتجاه مصر سنة 361 هـ عينوا على المغرب بلكين بن زيري عاملا لهم على البلاد، وتوارث أبناؤه الحكم، وفي عهد المعز بن باديس أظهر رجوعه للسنة وخروجه على الفاطميين وأعلن مبايعته للخليفة العباسي القائم في بغداد سنة 435 هـ فقام الفاطميون وبعد معارك لم تفلح في زجره ورده إلى البيت الفاطمي بإرسال قبائل بني هلال وبني سليم إلى بلاد المغرب لمعاقبته، فاستقر بهم الحال بمنطقة الهضاب وشمال الصحراء الجزائرية.

سبب استقرار حميان في جنوب تلمسان
سبب وصول حميان إلى المنطقة. أنه كان ليغمراسن بن زيان ملك بني عبد الواد، قبائل من البدو من بني مكيل (أو بني معقل حسب النطق)- جيرانه الجنوبيين-، وباسقرارهم بأراضي أنقاد جنوب مملكته، قد ملؤوا البلاد بالفوضى والاضطرابات. قام هذا الملك باسقدام بني عامر وبني زيد من الصحراء، حتى يشكلوا ذرعا له من هته القبائل وليسلم من شرهم. ومع نزوح بني عامر قام حميان وهم فرع من قبيلة بني يزيد، بالانضمام إليهم، وبقوا في ذلك الإقليم حتى جاء أبو حمو الثاني من ملوك الزينيين، في سنة 760، وأنكل بهم وارسلهم إلى منطقة تسالة بجهة سيدي بلعباس حاليا. إلى أنه ظل مرعاهم يمتد من منطقة جنوب تلمسان حتى جبال الهيدور بالقرب وهران.
جزء من حميان فرع بني يزيد، استقر على هذه الأرض بمنطقة الحفرة والأماكن المحاذية لها (جهة وهران)، ولكن أكبر جزء الكبير تشتت في مختلف أمكن رعيهم وترحالهم ومن لم ينزح مع بني عامر لا زال يستقر بشمال الصحراء حتى يوما هذا.أصول قبائل حميان الحاليين،

فروع حميان

تتكون حميان من العروش الشراقة والغرابة وهم كالتالي: بكاكرة وسرور والسندان والغياترة وبني عقبة والمقان والمغاولية عكرمة ورزاينة وأولاد مبارك وأولاد منصورة وأولاد خليف وبني مطرف
والشراقة منهم الشقعة والجنبة والغرابة فيهم أولاد زياد وبني مطرف.
حسب ابن خلدون: تعطي، لأصل حميان الشجرة العائلة التالية:
 وجدت في مخطوطة من سعيدة لم يعرف أصلها بإن:
شافع تحمل اسم جدها وهو شافع بن عامر أما جنبة (الكلمة تعني الضلع) لأن هته القبيلة كانت دائما بجانب بني عامر ولم تفارقها أبدا.وقارنواشافع بالجمل، وجنبة بأضلاعه.في الأول كانتا كل من قبيلة بني عامر، وحميان تقطنان الصحراء، ثم انتقلوا إلى منطقة البيوض (بين مشرية والبيض)التي كانت تحت مملكة الزيانيين وملكها حمو الأخضر أو حمو الثاني. والذي كما تقدم كان أرسلت قبيلتان إلى تسالة (المكان الذي ما زالوا يسكنوه حتى اليوم)، في عام 762 ه
فأما في الصحراء ضل هناك فروع من بني عامر ومن حميان وبالتالي سمي الفرع من بني عامر بشافع والفرع من حميان بجنبة ما عدا بني مطرف فهم من شافع لأنهم من بني عامر وليسوا من حميان.
وعامر يرتفع نسبه إلى عامر بن زغبة بن علي ربيعة بن نهيك بن هلال
أما عكرمة فلهم أصل مختلف وليسوا بمن أولاد شافع.

انشرت خيام زغبة من بجاية شرقا حتى وجدة غربا.
وأما من كان شرق مدينة بجاية كانوا حميان شافع وغربها كنانت لخيان بني يزيد. أما بالنسبة لجنبة ولسندان ولعكرمة، فإنها هي
حميان.لأن ثلاثة لها نفس الأصل بن عقبة بن يزيد بن عيسى بن زغبة.
وجدها المشترك مع بني عامر هو علي بن ربيعة بن ناهيك بن هلال.
فإن عكرمة هم إخوة جنبة وسندان ليسوا بشافع قبل وصولهم إلى بجاية فإن كانت في حالة حرب مع بني رياح هؤلاء تحالفوا مع بني عامر لمساعدتهم ضد جيانهم حميان
افهزموا حميان وفرضوا عليهم ضريبة سنوية تقدر ب 1000 كيس من الشعير.
ونتيجة للهزيمة غادر حميان مواقعهم مليئين بالحقد والضغينة فيما بينهم.
وحسب روياة بعض شيوخ القبائل لحميان تصبح روية أصل حميان كالآتي:
حميان بن عبس بن عقبة بن الزغبة. اريد شخصا جديرا بالثقة حماة تقاليد البلد، حميان التي أنجبت المجاميد، وبني كرز، لبني موسى، مربعة وخشنة كلهم من بني يزيد. فإن عكرمة، ابن عبس، هم اخوة حميان. القيادة الأولى كانت تهيمن عليها أولاد لاحق آنذاك في يد من ألولاد معافة، وأخيرا توجه إلى عائلة سعد ابن مالك،
خرج رجل يدعى سيدي معمر بن عاليه، شقيق أحد شيوخ تونس، وغادر
واستقر بالمدينة عرباوة، حيث ووري بها. وكان قد جلب معه عبدان اسودان هما عكرمة ورزين ؛ ولد الثالث في الطريق، ولهذا سماه زياد. سيدي معمر ترك ولد اسمه سيدي عيسى والذي توفي عن عمر أربعة وثمانين عاما، وكان ن نسله ما يلي : بوليلة ولد عيسى، بولحية ولد بوليلة، ثم بوسماحة ولد بولحية وسي سليمان ولد بوسماحة، الذي قبره في بني ونيف.

ذهبت فرع منها إلى منطقة الشط ؛
وكان يسمى زعيمهم بأحمد. استقر إبنه بالخيثر ولكن ابن ابنه واسمه خليفة هو من أعطى اسم قبيلة أولاد سيدي خليفة. والذين رحل بعضهم إلى المشرية أين بنوا قصر هناك (قرب عيون الماء والجنان).
كما جاء العديد من القبائل والتحقوا باحد فروع حميان هناك فمن التحق بقبيلة رزين سموا بالرزاينة وعكرم أعطت العكرمة، الذي أقروا بقيادة زياد سموا بأولادزياد.
وسي سليمان بوسمحة أنجب ولدان: سي محمد بن سليمان، ودفن في الشلالة وسي أحمد بن المجدوب.

كل هذه الفروع مكنت أولاد سي أحمد بن مجدوب من طرد بني عامر إلى تسالة في يوم واحد كما يشاع،. سي أحمد بن مجدوب، دفن أولا بعسلة، ثم نقل قبره ناس الشلالة إلى جوار شقيقه ولا يزال مزارا هناك. وابنه محمد سيدي الشيخ، وهو من جد أولاد سيدي الشيخ. أما بالنسبة لبني عامر، وسعوا مناطق انتشارهم حتى وصلوا إلى الشمال

ولم يبقى من عامر في موطنه الأصلي سوى بكار، وكان ذو ثروة كبيرة ع كثير من قطعان المواشي واستقر بالشط الغربي أين عرف بكرمه الكبير حسن وفادة عظيمة ولكي يستميل إليه البدو القاطنين بجواره، زوجهم من بناته
و. وهذه الأسر تشكل اليوم قبيلة البكاكرة.
أما الدواوير اتلي شكلت أولاد سالم جدهم كان يسكن وجدة الموالك وجاؤوا من الساقية احمرة الصحراء الغربية والدعاشة من قرارة في الصحراء والرزازقة من رجلين من وهم علي ورزوق والأولاد رحمة، والعويصات :أولاد عويس
من قبيلة الغنانمة من واد غريس (قرب معسكر)،والروابحة فرع من أولاد سيدي خليفة ؛ وأخيرا، محرات الذين يسكونون بالشمال.
ونظرا لهذه التركيبة يصبح من الخطأ اعتبار حميان كأصل واحد وأعضاء من نفس السلالة. دفعت لأسباب المختلفة هذه المجموعات من
الالتقاء في مكان واحد، البعض تبع زعيمه، وآخر فر لشيء قد اقترفه في مكان ما والبعض الآخر
وسعى للهروب من وحشية أسيادهم، والبعض الآخر، بكيس وحبل، أراد أن يفتح مجال أوسع للسلب وروح المغامرة، أو للعثور على مزيد من الأراضي لمضعافة عدد قطعانه.

وقفة مع التاريخ
لئن تركزت أنظار ابن خلدون على الجوانب السلبية «لمسلكية» قبائل بني هلال وبني سليم، إلا أن الواقع الذي كانت عليه تلك القبائل وخاصة الظروف القاسية التي كانت تمر بها في كل مرحلة من مراحل الهجرة، بالإضافة إلى الحصار الاقتصادي الذي يضرب عليهم من طرف الحكام، ومنها الحصار الذي فرض عليهم في مكة من طرف الشريف بن هاشم أمير مكة الذي طلب الزواج من الجازية فرضيت هذه الأخيرة بالزواج رغم عيوبه في سبيل فك الحصار الاقتصادي الذي يعاني منه أهلها.
إن ظروف الحياة الصعبة تجعل القبائل في تنقل مستمر فبني سليم كانت لهم تنقلات واسعة النطاق مع ماشيتهم في صحاري الحجاز بحثا عن مراعي لأغنامهم وكثيرا ما يصلون إلى حدود العراق والشام. وكانت لسليم وهلال محلات في حواضر العراق، إذ استقر بعضهم في نجد ولم يغادروها فظلوا هناك حتى القرن الرابع الهجري.
وقد عمل الخلفاء العباسيون على التصدي لهذه القبائل بجيشهم النظامي وأسر عدد كبير من أبناء القبائل عقابا على تمردهم وعلميات النهب ضد المسافرين والحجاج وأهل المدينة، وبرغم تشدد بني العباس ضد القبائل إلا أن ذلك لم يمنع أولئك الأعراب من مواصلة العنف والتطاول على الناس طوال القرن الرابع للهجرة.
ثم أن مسألة تدمير العمران التي وصم بها الهلاليون، والتي عمل المؤرخون الأوروبيون على نشرها، تكاد تكون مألوفة بالمغرب والمشرق على السواء، حيث تنتشر هنا وهناك القبائل البدوية بطبيعتها المنافية للعمران. فقد دمر العمران الذي عم المغرب في آخر العهد البيزنطي، من طرف الملكة البربرية الكاهنة في أثناء مقاومتها للفتح العربي. ويروي المؤرخون ان المغرب من طرابلس وحتى طنجة كان ظلا مستمرا بسبب كثافة البساتين، قبل تدمير الكاهنة، ودمر العمران في الحروب المذهبية بين الشيعة والإباضية في نهاية العهد الرستمي، ثم بين الإباضيين والاغالبة، ثم بين الإباضيين والزيريين، وبين الإباضيين والصفريين في طرابلس، وبين الشيعة وصاحب الحمار، والتدمير العمراني بالمشرق الذي نجم عن ثورات الخوارج والقرامطة والزنج والمذاهب الشيعية المختلفة ضد الأمويين والعباسيين والفاطميين، ثم التدمير المرعب الذي نجم عن اكتساح القبائل البدوية بقيادة هولاكو للعالم، كلها تشير بوضوح إلى ان عملية التدمير للعمران ليست من ابتكار الهلاليين، وليست مقصورة تاريخيا على تصرفات هذه القبائل العربية البدوية، وانما هي ظاهرة منتشرة بالعالم.

لمصدر

قبائل جزائرية
قبائل عربية

حميان


قصرنبا بلدة من قرى قضاء بعلبك في محافظة بعلبك الهرمل. تقع في السفح الشرقي لسلسلة جبال لبنان الغربية.

جغرافيتها
تقع البلدة على بعد 65 كلم من بيروت على علو 1190م عن سطح البحر ومساحتها 4كلم2.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قضاء بعلبك

قصرنبا


Bir kayacın litolojisi, kayacın yüzeyinde, el veya çekirdek numunelerinde ya da mikroskop altında görünen fiziksel özelliklerinin tanımıdır. Kayaçların fiziksel özelliklerine örnek olarak renk, doku, tane boyutu ve bileşimi verilebilir. Litoloji, bu özelliklerin ayrıntılı tanımı veya kayacın fiziksel karakterinin kabaca bir özetidir. Kumtaşı, arduvaz, bazalt veya kireçtaşı, litoloji biliminin kayaçların fiziksel karakterinin kabaca özetlemesine verilebilecek bazı örneklerdir.

Haritalama ve alanlar arasındaki korelasyon amacıyla kayaç dizilerini ayrı litostratigrafik birimlere ayırmak için litoloji biliminden yararlanılır. Litololoji, saha araştırmaları gibi belli bazı uygulamalarda tıpkı Avrupa jeoteknik standardı Eurocode 7'deki gibi standart bir terminoloji kullanılarak tanımlanır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Fasiyes

Kaynakça

Kayaçlar
Coğrafya

Litoloji


أسامة الشاذلي، روائي وكاتب صحفي مصري من مواليد 12 ديسمبر 1973. تخرج من الكلية الحربية المصرية عام 1994 وعمل في القوات المسلحة حتى قدّم استقالته وخرج من الخدمة في يناير 2005. عمل في عدة مواقع إخبارية كناقد سينمائي بعد دراسة حرة للنقد السينمائي، وشارك في تأسيس موقع «السينما» وموقع «كسرة»، وله العديد من المقالات التي نشرت في مواقع المصري اليوم والبديل والبداية والتحرير.

صدر له إلى الآن 5 روايات، الأولى «سيد الأحلام» في العام 2009 عن دار نشر الكاتب، والثانية «قهوة الحرية» في العام 2010 عن دار نشر الأندلس، والثالثة «كفر العبيط» في العام 2012 عن دار نهضة مصر، والرابعة «نوستالجيا» عن نفس الدار عام 2013، ثم رواية «سيرة عباد الشمس» التي صدرت في آب/أغسطس 2014 عن دار المصري، ثم رواية أغسطس - أسفار العبث التي صدرت عن دار بيت الياسمين في يناير 2016. شارك في تأسيس إحدى أول الإذاعات الأون لاين في الوطن العربي «تيت راديو» عام 2008، واستمر فيه إلى العام 2010. شارك في إعداد العديد من البرامج التلفزيونية وقدم برنامجا إذاعيا ساخرا على إذاعة «ميجا إف إم» بعنوان: ولاد الحرام عام 2011

انظر أيضًا

 فرح الشاذلي

مراجع

روائيون مصريون
مواليد 1393 هـ
مواليد 1973

أسامة الشاذلي


L'attaque de Madjoari a lieu le  lors de l'insurrection djihadiste au Burkina Faso.

Prélude
Située dans la province de Kompienga, au sud-est du Burkina Faso, la ville de Madjoari est sous blocus des djihadistes depuis plus d'un an. Le , ces derniers mènent notamment une attaque sur la ville et assassinent 17 personnes.

Déroulement
Le , des djihadistes attaquent la base militaire à Madjoari. Dans son communiqué, l'armée burkinabè évoque une  avec des . Des avions de l'armée interviennent cependant et mettent en fuite les djihadistes.

Pertes
Selon le bilan de l'état-major burkinabè des armées, onze militaires sont tués et au moins vingt autres sont blessés lors de l'attaque. Au moins quinze djihadistes sont également  par l'aviation.

Suites
Malgré l'échec de l'assaut, Madjoari reste sous blocus des djihadistes. Sa population ne compte plus que 900 personnes, contre  avant le début du blocus, un an plus tôt.

Le 25 mai, les djihadistes massacrent une cinquantaine de civils qui cherchaient à fuir la ville. D'après les témoignages recueillis par RFI, les femmes et les personnes âgées sont épargnées et toutes les victimes sont des hommes : . Une autre source locale estime que les djihadistes mènent ces tueries en représailles à leur échec du 19 mai : .

Après plus d'un an de blocus, Madjoari finit par être évacuée fin mai. Un élu local déclare alors : .

Notes et références

Bataille de 2022
2022 au Burkina Faso
Bataille impliquant le Burkina Faso
Mai 2022

Attaque de Madjoari


Farmecul adâncurilor este un film românesc din 1957 regizat de Ervin Szekler.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1957 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1957

Farmecul adâncurilor


Ángel Molinari (???? – † Argentina, ????) fue un dirigente del fútbol argentino que en 1932 se desempeñó como presidente del Club Atlético River Plate y en 1936 fue presidente de la Asociación del Fútbol Argentino. En el cementerio de Chacarita justo frente a la administración, hay una bóveda con una placa de color rojo de los años50 como homenaje a él.

Presidencia
Sucesor de Luis Minuto, que terminó su mandato antes que finalice el año, Molinari fue nombrado presidente para los meses que restaban, el 20 de noviembre de 1932, River ganó su primer título en el fútbol profesional.

Palmarés

Como presidente

Presidentes del Club Atlético River Plate

Ángel Molinari


Bezvremenska Adaline, američki romantično-fantastični film iz 2015. godine.

Sažetak
Film o ženi koja je prestala stariti. Adaline Bowman rodila se 1908. godine na Novu godinu. Udala se, rodila djevojčicu. Suprug joj je poginuo u tragičnoj nesreći te je ostala udovicom. Godinama poslije imala je sama prometnu nesreću. Bilo je 1937. godine, kad je poginula u ledenom jezeru. No udario ju je grom i to ju je oživilo. Otad više nije starila i stalno je fizički imala izgled od tog dana, kad je imala 29 godina.

Američki filmovi 2010-ih

Bezvremenska Adaline (2015.)


The Heroin Diaries Soundtrack a menudo llamado solamente The Heroin Diaries, es el álbum debut de la banda Sixx:A.M., un proyecto paralelo del bajista de Mötley Crüe Nikki Sixx. La banda también cuenta con el vocalista James Michael y el exguitarrista de Guns N' Roses DJ Ashba. El álbum fue lanzado el 21 de agosto de 2007, y relanzado una vez más como deluxe edition en el año 2008. El álbum conceptual sirve como soundtrack de compañía del libro autobiográfico de Sixx, The Heroin Diaries: A Year in the Life of a Shattered Rock Star, que es acerca de la adicción de Sixx en 1987. El primer sencillo «Life Is Beautiful» debutó en la posición #26 en las listas del Billboard. El segundo álbum de la banda titulado This Is Gonna Hurt fue lanzado en 2011.

Concepto
Diseñado para ser un acompañamiento de la autobiografía The Heroin Diaries: A Year in the Life of a Shattered Rock Star del bajista Nikki Sixx de Mötley Crüe coescrito por Sixx y Gittens Ian, en el que se detalla su grave adicción a la heroína en 1987, The Heroin Diaries Soundtrack es un álbum conceptual que captura la historia básica de Sixx de su vida durante ese tiempo, aunque el álbum puede estar solo. La historia comienza con las razones de Sixx para comenzar su diario, seguido de su primera (aunque temporal) abstinencia de la heroína, su recaída y mental y física de decadencia, su sobredosis casi fatal y experiencia fuera del cuerpo, y finalmente, su recuperación emocional, lo que llevó finalmente a un largo plazo de sobriedad. Los 13 temas del álbum cada uno corresponde a un mes de su diario, que mantuvo a partir de diciembre de 1986 a diciembre de 1987. Debido a que se cuenta una historia, el álbum se entiende mejor al escuchar las pistas en su orden original.

Lanzamiento
«Life Is Beautiful», el primer sencillo del álbum, fue posteado originalmente por Sixx en su página de MySpace; debutó en la posición #26 en el «Billboard Rock Singles Chart». Alcanzó la posición #2 en la lista Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks. El álbum fue lanzado el 21 de agosto de 2007. Ha vendido 344,000 hasta la fecha en Estados Unidos, desde su lanzamiento hasta mayo de 2011.

Deluxe Edition
Una deluxe edition de The Heroin Diaries Soundtrack fue lanzada el 25 de noviembre de 2008, exclusivamente en venta a través de Best Buy. En la deluxe edition contiene el álbum original y un bonus EP en vivo, titulado Live Is Beautiful. El EP fue grabado de varias actuaciones del Crüe Fest realizado en el verano de 2008. El EP también se puede vender por separado, para quienes ya tienen el álbum original.

Lista de canciones

Recepción

The Heroin Diaries Soundtrack,  señalado por muchos por la exhibición de un sonido más emocional y una salida musical, que la otra banda de Sixx, Mötley Crüe, ha sido recibido muy positivamente. Jim Kaz de IGN alabó las letras emocionales del álbum, lo calificó como "realmente no es un álbum sino un libro de música, es casi imposible recomendar ninguna canción específica sobre los demás".

Personal
James Michael - Voz, guitarra rítmica, teclados, batería, programación
Nikki Sixx - Bajo, coros
DJ Ashba - Guitarra principal, coros

Referencias

Álbumes de Estados Unidos de 2007
Álbumes debut de 2007
Álbumes conceptuales
Álbumes de Sixx:A.M.
Álbumes en inglés

The Heroin Diaries Soundtrack


Isepamicina este un antibiotic din clasa aminoglicozidelor, fiind un analog de gentamicină.

Molecula a fost patentată în anul 1973 și a fost aprobată pentru uz medical în anul 1988.

Note

Vezi și
 Gentamicină
 Sisomicină

Aminoglicozide

Isepamicină


المركز الجغرافي مصطلح جغرافي يعني النقطة المركزية لمنطقة ثنائية البعد على سطح الأرض مثل مركز أوروبا الجغرافي

مقالات ذات صلة

حافظ آبرو

مجموعات مفهرسة

مركز جغرافي


A redução de Mozingo, também conhecida como reação de Mozingo ou redução de tiocetal ou tioacetal, é uma reação química capaz de reduzir totalmente uma cetona ou aldeído ao alcano correspondente. As etapas da reação são as seguintes:

A cetona ou o aldeído é ativado por conversão em tiocetal ou tioacetal cíclico, respectivamente, por reação com um ditiol (substituição nucleofílica) na presença de um ácido doador de H+. A estrutura do tiocetal ou tioacetal cíclico é, então, hidrogenolisada usando níquel de Raney como catalisador. O níquel de Raney é convertido irreversivelmente em sulfeto de níquel. Esse método é mais brando que as reduções de Clemmensen ou Wolff-Kishner, que empregam, respectivamente, condições fortemente ácida e básica que podem interferir em outros grupos funcionais.

Reações orgânicas
Reações de oxirredução

Redução de Mozingo


Suhoy Su-27 (Kiril alfabesinde Су-27) (NATO rapor ismi 'Flanker') Suhoy Tasarım Bürosu (SDB) tarafından tasarlanmış 4.nesil üstün manevra yeteneğine sahip Sovyetler Birliği avcı uçağıdır. Olağanüstü menzili, ağır silah yükü ve çok yüksek irtifada çalışma yeteneği ile Birleşik Devletlerin yeni nesil avcılarına (F-14 Tomcat, F-15 Eagle, F-16 Fighting Falcon ve F/A-18 Hornet olmak üzere) birebir rakip olarak düşünülmüştür.

Su-27 genellikle hava üstünlüğü gerektiren operasyonlarda uçar fakat bütün çatışma durumlarında görev alabilecek durumdadır. Bazıları MiG-29 Fulcrum ile arasındaki benzerlikten dolayı, Su-27'nin Suhoy ile Mikoyan-Gureviç arasındaki rekabetten doğduğunu düşünse de Su-27 uzun menzilli hava üstünlük av-önleme uçağı olarak tasarlanmışken, MiG-29 kısa menzilli taktik destek avcı uçağı olarak tasarlanmıştır.

Su-33 'Flanker-D'  Filo Savunma Av-Önleme uçağı Su-27 tasarımından uçak gemisinde kullanım amacıyla geliştirilmiştir. Başlıca farkları kuyruk kancası ve kanartlarıdır. Bu Av önleme avcısının kullanım amacına göre en yakın muadili, MiG-29K 'Fulcrum-D'un muadili F/A-18 Hornet iken, Su-27'nin muadili F-15 Eagledır.

Su-30 iki koltuklı, çift rollü, bütün hava şartlarına uygun havadan havaya ve derin yasak görevler için uyarlanmış avcı uçağıdır.

Daha ileri versiyonları, Su-34 'Fullback' vurucu avcısı ve  Su-35 'Flanker-E'  geliştirilmiş hava savunma avcısıdır.

Altyapısı

1969 yılında Sovyetler Birliği, Birleşik Devletler Hava Kuvvetlerinin McDonnell Douglas şirketini "Deneysel Avcı" (daha sonra F-15 Eagle oldu) tasarlaması için seçtiğini öğrendi. Yaklaşan tehdite karşı Sovyetler,  yeni Amerikan avcılarına karşı eşleşebilecek ve kendi koşullarına uygun PFI(perspektivnyi frontovoy istrebitel,Modern Cephe Avcısı) programını başlattı.

Bir uçağa daha fazla miktarda ihtiyaç olduğunu meydan okumanın ve masrafların da kanıtlamasıyla PFI özellikleri ikiye bölündü: LPFI(Lyogkyi PFI, Hafif PFI) ve TPFI(Tyajolyi PFI, Ağır PFI), böylece F-16 ve YF-17 Cobra'yı üreten F-15 programı Hafif Avcı programını meydana getirdi. Suhoy OKB, TPFI programını üstlendi.

Suhoy tasarımı,Sovyetlerin F-15'lerin özelliklerinin derece derece farkında olmasını sağlayarak T-10 (Suhoy'un 10. delta kanatlı tasarımı) tasarımını ortaya çıkarttı ve ilk uçuşunu 20 Mayıs 1977 tarihinde yaptı. Uçak geniş bir delta kanata, iki poda ayrılmış motora ve ikiz dik kuyruk kanatlarına sahipti. Motorlar arasındaki tünel, F-14 Tomcatdeki gibi, ekstra taşıma yüzeyine ve donanımın radardan saklanmasına yarıyordu. Geliştirilirken, Ramenskoye yakınlarındaki Jukovskiy uçuş testi merkezinde casus uydu tarafından tespit edildi ve geçici olarak Ram-K kodadını aldı. Ram-K'nin iki versiyon olarak geliştirildiğine inanılıyordu: ok açılı kanatlı Grumman F-14 'e benzer fonksiyonlardaki avcı uçağı ve aslında konuyla alakasız olarak gözüken Mikoyan MiG-31 gibi iki koltuklu av-önleme uçağı.

T-10 batılı gözlemciler tarafından tespit edildi ve 'Flanker-A' Nato rapor ismi verildi. T-10'un geliştirmeleri 7 Mayıs 1978 tarihindeki kazaya da neden olan ciddi problemler yaşadı. Kapsamlı tekrar tasarım takip etti ve ağır revizyonlardan sonra T-10S ilk uçuşunu 20 Nisan 1981 tarihinde gerçekleştirdi. Bu da ciddi problemlere sahipti ve 23 Aralık 1981 de ciddi bir kaza geçirdi.

Su-27  (bazen S27S, NATO tanımlaması ile Flanker-B) üretimi, üretim zorluklarından kaçınılmasına rağmen 1984 yılında başladı ve Sovyet Hava Kuvvetlerinde hizmete girdi. Su-27 hem Sovyet Hava Savunma Kuvvetleri (PVO) hem de Sovyet Hava Kuvvetlerinde hizmet verdi. V-PVO'daki görevi eskimiş Suhoy Su-15 ve Tupolev Tu-28in yerini alarak öncelikli olarak önleme göreviydi. 'Flanker'  havadan karaya silahlarla yüklenebilmesi yeteneğine rağmen başlıca görevi ne  hava desteği ne de savaş alanı üzerinde hava üstünlüğü sağlamaktı—aslında düşmanının (muhtemel olarak NATO) hatlarını geçip tanker uçaklarını ve AWACS uçaklarını vurmak niyetlenmişti.  Sovyet stratejicileri NATO'nun bu birimlerle büyük bir avantaja sahip olduklarını biliyorlardı ve bu birimleri vurmak cephede NATO'ya büyük bir sınırlama getireceğine inanıyorlardı. Su-27 bu görevi Bağımsız Devletler Topluluğunda da sürdürdü ve daha sonra uzun menzilli anti-AWACS füzeleri Novator KS-172 AAM-L'ler ile donatıldı.

1986 yılında özel bir Su-27 tasarlandı: P-42, T-10S-3 prototipinden minimum ağırlığa çekilerek türetilmişti ve tırmanma ve yükseklik derecelerinde birinciliğe oturdu. Uçak 1986 ve 1988 yılları arasında 27 yeni rekor kırdı.

Tasarım

Su-27'nin basitçe tasarımı aerodinamik olarak MiG-29'a benzemekteyse de oldukça daha geniş bir uçaktır. Ağırlığı minimize etmek için yapısında yüksek oranda titanyum kullanılmıştır (yaklaşık %30 ve rakiplerinde daha yüksek oranlısı yoktur) ve kompozit materyale yer verilmemiştir. Ok kanat kenarları gövdenin ön kenarlarında daralmaktadır, uç kısımlar kanat tipi füzeler ve ECM podları için kırpılmış olsa da görünüş olarak delta kanat'a benzemektedir. Su 27 gerçek bir delta değildir, çünkü sahip olduğu geleneksel dikey kuyrukları, motorların her iki dış yanına, uçağa ek yatay denge sağlamak amacıyla yerleştirilmiş olan yatay ve merkezden aşağı yönlü hareketli kanatçıklarla desteklenmiştir.

Su-27'nin Lyulka AL-31F turbofan  motorları hem güvenlik nedeniyle hem kesintisiz hava akımı sübaplarını garantiye almak nedeniyle geniş boşluğa sahiptir. Motorlar arasındaki boşluk, kanat yükünü azaltarak ek kaldırma sağlamaktadır. Giriş sübaplarındaki çıkartılabilir kılavuz pervane kanatları "Mach 2" hıza izin verir ve yüksek hücum acısında ana motora hava akımında yardımcı olur. Her motorun üzerinde bulunan ağ perdeleri kalkış sırasında motorların bitkin hale gelip çökmelerini engeller.

Su-27, Sovyetler Birliğinde Suhoy OKB tarafından Suhoy T-4 bombardıman uçağı projesinden sağlanan deneyimle geliştirilmiş ilk kullanılan "elektronik uçuş" kontrol sistemine sahiptir. Göreceli olarak düşük kanat yükü ve güçlü basit uçuş kontrollerinin birleştirilmesi istisnai çeviklikte bir uçak oluşturmuş düşük hızlarda ve yüksek hücum açılarında bile kontrol edilmeyi sağlamıştır. Hava gösterilerinde manevra kabiliyeti Kobra (Pugaçev Kobra manevrası) ile veya dinamik hız kesme (kısaca 120 derece hücum açısında normal uçuşu muhafaza etmesi) ile gösterilmiştir. Avcıya neredeyse yarı çapsız dönüşler sağlayan ve kademeli hareket ve  sınırlı kaldırılmış burunla hareket ederek dikey taklalarla uyumlu taşıyıcı iticiler ayrıca test edilmiş (daha sonra Su-30MKI ve Su-35 modellerine dahil edilmiştir). Su-27, MiG-29,F-15 ve F-16'nın yanında dünyanın en çevik avcılarından birisidir.

Flanker 'ın donanma versiyonu Su-27K (Su-33), kalkış uzunluğunu kısaltan ek kaldırma için kanardlar içermektedir (Amiral Kuznetsov gibi bazı sovyet uçak gemilerinde katapult olmadığı için bu önemliydi). Bu kanardlar ayrıca Su-30, Su-35 ve Su-37lerde de kullanılmaktadır.

Hatırı sayılır çevikliğine ek olarak, dahili yakıt kapasitesi için kullanılan hatırı sayılır iç hacme sahiptir.  en uzak menzilde bir tam yük köfigirasyonunda bu yükün manevra kabiliyetini sınırlamasında rağmen ve normal yükü 5.270 kg (11.620 lb) iken 9.400 kg (20.700 lb) yakıtla yüklenebilir.

Su-27 tekli Gryazev-Şipunov GSh-30-1 30 mmlik topla kanat kökünden silahlanmıştır ve 10 bağlantı noktasına kadar füze ve diğer silahlarla donatılabilir. Havadan havaya çatışmalar için standart füzeleri Vympel R-73 (AA-11 Archer), Vympel R-27 (AA-10 'Alamo')  karışımı olup sonradan uzatılmış menzile sahip güdümlü IR modelleri dahil edilmiştir. Su-30,-35,-37 gibi daha ileri Flanker modelleri ayrıca Vympel R-77 (AA-12 Adder) füzeleri taşıyabilir.

Su-27 yüksek kontrastlı ayarlanabilir başüstü görüntüleme sistemine sahiptir ve pilot kaskına monte edilmiş görüş kapasitesi ve R-73 füzelerine eşlenebilmesi ile birlikte uçağın süper çevikliği onu dünyanın en iyi it dalaşı avcısı yapar. Orijinal radarı Phazotron N-001 (NATO ismi 'slot Back') tararken izleme yeteneği olan titreşimli doplerdir, fakat kullanılması zor olduğu gibi işlemcisinin nispeten eski olması nedeniyle yanlış alarmlar ve kör noktalar yaratabilmektedir. Su-30 ve Su-35 menzili geliştirilmiş, elektronik kumandalı antene sahip çoklu hedef yetenekli ve duyarlı olan çok daha iyi Phazotron 'Bars' N-011M radarına sahiptir.

Su-27 burnunda hemen kokpitin önünde lazer mesafe bulucu özelliğine sahip kızılötesi izleme ve arama IRST sistemine sahiptir. Bu sistem radara bağlanabilir veya saklanma gerektiren saldırılarda bağımsız olarak kızılötesi füzelerle beraber (R-73 ve R27T/ET gibi) kullanılabilir. Ayrıca radar görüşlü moddan daha etkili bir şekilde gelişmiş olarak topları da kontrol edebilir.

Üretim ve kullanıcıları

Sovyetler Birliği tarafından 680 Su-27 üretildi, bunlardan 400 tanesi Rusya Taktik Hava Kuvvetlerinde kullanılmakta. Bağımsız Devletler Topluluğu üyelerinden, Ukrayna 60 kadar, Belarus muhtemelen 25 adet, Kazakistan yaklaşık 30 (ve gelecek için 12 tane anlaşılmış durumda) ve Özbekistan 25 adet Su-27 ye sahiptir.

Rusya şu anda uçaklarını, cam kokpit içeren ve dijital FBW ye değiştirilmiş Su-27SM modeline yükseltmeyi planlamakta. Radar, yükseltilmiş menzilli, aşamalı düzene (tıpku Pero gibi) sahip olacak şekilde geliştirilecek. Savunma ve seyrüsefer takımları da tıpkı saldırı takımları gibi geliştirilecek ve bunun 2008 yılında bitmesi umuluyor.

Çin 1998 yılında 200 uçağı Shengyang J-11 adı altında üretim lisansını imzalamadan önce 1991 de 26 tane  ve sonrasında 1995 yılında 22 adet Su-27 aldı ve 2004 yılı itibarıyla J-11'lerin 90~100 tanesi üretildi. Vietnam on iki Su-27SK aldı ve 24 tanesi içinde sipariş verdi. Etiyopya sekiz Su-27A ve iki Su-27U alımı yaptı. Malezya Kraliyet Hava Kuvvetleri on sekiz Su-30MKM uçağını 900 milyon dolar karşılığında 2003 yılında sipariş verdi ve 2006 yılında teslimatı bekliyordu. Su-30MKM, güdümlü ve güdümsüz füze ve bombalar içeren havadan yere silahlarla beraber AA-10, AA-12 ve AA-11 füzeleri gibi en yeni füzelerle donatılmıştır. Malezya'nın uçakları kanardlar ve taşıyıcı itici motorlarla donatılmış olarak yüksek çevikliktedir. Endonezya iki Su-27SK ve iki Su-30KI uçağına sahip. Yaklaşık sekiz Su-27/27UB Angola'ya gitti.

Yıllar süren anlaşmazlıktan sonra Hindistan sonunda 50 adet daha güçlü AL-31FP motoruna geliştirilmiş aviyoniklere, kanardlara ve taşıyıcı iticilere sahip Su-30MKI siparişi verdi. Hindistan Aeronautic 2020 yılına kadar 140 ek uçak üretimi lisansına da sahip.

Meksika Donanması sekiz tek kişilik Su-27 ve iki çift koltuklu eğitim uçağı Su-27UB almayı planlıyor.

Ayrıca Venezuela bu uçağı kazanmak için zaten yeni müşteriler listesinde ve Rus yetkililerle bir milyar dolar ücretindeki 24 adet Su-30MK alımı için anlaşmayı tamamlamak üzere(Bu uçağın en son versiyonu ve ekipmanı hala bilinmiyor)

Savaş hizmeti

Rusya
Su-27 uçakları ilk hizmete başladığından beri sınırlı savaş hizmet geçmişi vardır. Bu uçaklar ilk olarak Rus Hava Kuvvetleri tarafından 1992-1993 Abhazya Savaşında kullanılmıştır. Bir tanesinin Gürcü S-75 Dvina füzesiyle vurup düşürldüğü haberi gelmiştir.

2008 Güney Osetya savaşında Rusya Su-27 uçaklarını Güney Osetya'nın başkenti Tşkinvali havasahasında mutlak hakimiyet kurmak için kullanmıştır.

Su-27 uçakları MiG-29'larla birlikte Suhoy beşinci nesil, çift motorlu PAK FA uçağının tasarımı tamamlanıp üretime geçmesiyle, yerini PAK FA uçaklarına bırakacaktır.

Etiyopya

Su-27 etkileyici itdalaşı manevra kapasitesine rağmen kayda değer tek harekâtı Eritre-Etiyopya Savaşı (1998-2000) sırasındadır. Savaşın ikinci yarısı için Etiyopya kuvvetleri için Su-27A'lar MiG-21 ve MiG-23 bombardıman uçaklarına eskortluk ve CAP(Combat Air Patrol-Hava Savaş Devriyesi) görevlerini gerçekleştirdiler. Savaş boyunca Etiyopya Su-27'leri dört Eritre Mig-29'unu düşürdüler, Flankerlardan bazıları Etiyopyalı öğrenciler tarafından kullanılırken bazıları Rus ve Ukraynalı eğitmenler tarafından uçuruldu(bu eğitmenlerin bazıları paralı askerlerdi).

Bu başarılardan biri bir kadın Etiyopya pilotu Aster Tolossa tarafından kazanıldı ve ilk zafer kazanan Afrikalı kadın avcı uçağı pilotu oldu.

Angola
Angola'nın ilk Su-27 uçakları hizmetine 2000 yılının ortasında başlamıştır. Bir tanesi iniş sırasında UNITA kuvvetleri tarafından ateşlenen 9K34 Strela-3 MANPAD füzesiyle düşürldüğü haberi gelmiştir.

Modelleri

Sovyet zamanı Su-27 modelleri ve türevleri

 T10 ("Flanker-A"): İlk prototip konfigürasyonu.
 T10S: Geliştirilmiş prototip konfigiürasyonu, üretim özelliklerine daha fazla benzeyen prototip.
 Su-27S (Su-27 / "Flanker-B"): İlk üretilen tek koltuklu model. "T10P" seçimi bazen Su-27S tek koltuklu için ikincil bir vuruş kapasitesi için değiştirilerek kullanıldı.
 Su-27UB ("Flanker-C"): İlk üretilen çift koltuklu model, eğitim için kullanıldı.
 Su-27SK: tek koltuklu Su-27'den değişitirldi.
 Su-27UBK: Çift koltuklu Su-27UB'den değiştirildi.
 Su-27K (Su-33 / "Flanker-D"): Uçak gemisi baz alınarak yapılan tek koltuklu, katlanır kanatlı, yüksek kalkış aygıtlı, tutucu dişli, az miktarda üretildi. "T10K" prototipini takip etti.

Sovyetler sonrası varyasyonları ve türevleri
 Su-27P: Havada yakıt ikmali probu gibi geliştirilmiş tek koltuklu model.
 Su-27PU (Su-30): uçuş sırasında yakıt ikmali, avcı yönlendirme aviyonikleri yeni uçuş kontrol sistemleri gibi sistemlerle geliştirilmiş iki kişilik sınrılı üretilen model.
 Su-30M / Su-30MK: Yeni jenerasyon çok amaçlı avcı. 1990'ların ortasında birkaç Su-30M Rusya için geliştirildi ama çok fazla bir etki sağlamadı. Su-30MK değişik kapasitelerde iki numunelik bir seri olarak tanıtım amaçlı yapıldı.
 Su-30MKA: Cezayir ihrac versiyonu.
 Su-30MKI: Hindistan Hava Kuvvetleri için kanardlar, taşıyıcı itici motorlar, yeni aviyonikler ile geliştirilmiş Su-30MK tipinin çok amaçlı versiyonu .
 Su-30MKK: Çin Hava Kuveetleri için Rus yapımı aviyoniklerle yükseltilmiş kanard ve itici taşıyıcıların bulunmadığı Su-30MK. Çin Donanması ayrıca anti-gemi saldırı yeteneğine sahip benzer "Su-30MK2" modellerinden de aldı.
 Su-30MKM: Malezya için Su-30MK .
 Su-30KN: Yeni elektroniklerle geliştirilerek çoğunlukla seyrüsefer etrafında geliştirilmiş tek koltuklu versiyonu.
 Su-30KI: "Su-27SMK" nın bir sonraki basamağı olarak Endonezya anlaşmasına uygun 1990'ların ortasında değiştirilmiş
 Su-27M (Su-35, Su-37): Su-27S türevi tek koltuklu yeni çok amaçlı geliştirilmiş gösterim uçağı ayrıca bu seri iki koltuklu "Su-35UB" gösterim uçağını da içerir.
 Su-27SM: Geliştirilmiş Rus Su-27S, daha ileri teknoloji  Su-27M serisinde kullanıldı.
 Su-27UBM: Su-27UB iki koltuklu modeilin kıyaslanabilir bir geliştirilmiş modeli.
 Su-32 (Su-27IB): "platypus" burnunda yan yana biçimde iki koltuklu uzun menzilli vurucu versiyonu.
 Su-27KUB: tam olarak Su-27K uçak gemisi esaslı yana yana iki koltuk kabinli uçak gemileri için eğitim veya çok amaçlı uçak.

Teknik özellikler (Suhoy Su-27)

 Mürettebat=1
 Uzunluk=21.9 m
 Kanat açıklığı=14.7 m
 Yükseklik=5.93 m
 Yüzey alanı=62 m²
 Boş ağırlık=16,380 kg
 Yüklenmiş ağırlık=23,000 kg
 Azami kalkış ağırlığı=33,000 kg
 Motor(jet)=Lyulka AL-31F
 Jet tipi=turbofan
 Jet sayısı=2
 İtme gücü=122.8 kN
 Azami hız=2,500 km/h Mach 2.35
 Menzil=1,340 km deniz seviyesinde çatışma durumunda, 3,530 km yüksek seviyede çatışma durumunda
 Tavan İrtifası=18,500 m (60,700 ft)
 Tırmanma hızı=325 m/s
 Kanat Yüklemesi=371 kg/m²
 İtme/ağırlık=1.085
 Silahlar=
 1x 30 mm GSh-30-1 topu 150 devir
 8,000 kg (17,600 lb)  10 harici yuva
 6 orta menzilli AA füzesi R-27, 4 kısa menzilli ısı güdümlü AA missiles R-73
 Su-27IB  X-31 anti-radyasyon füzesi, havadan karaya X-29L/T füzesi (kasktan izlenebilir lazer/TV güdümlü), KAB-150 ve UAB-500 lazerli bombaları, TV, veya IR güdümü için kullanılabilir

Kaynakça

 Modern Combat Aircraft: Reference guide pp. 50–51 Minsk, "Elida", 1997, ISBN 985-6163-10-2.
 Ayrıntılı Rus Askeri analizi

Video oyunları ve filmler
 Su-27, Su-27 Flanker  ve Flanker 2.0 uçuş simülasyonlarında önemli yer tutar

Battlefield 2'de bir bölümde de F15 uçağına karşı kullanılmaktadır.

Ayrıca Lock-On adlı simülatörde de 2 versiyonu kullanılabilmektedir.

Eurofighter Typhoon adlı oyunda düşman uçağı olarak yer alır.

Dış bağlantılar

 Russkiye Vityazi (Rus Şovalyeleri) Akrobası Takımı
 GlobalSecurity.org
 Sukhoi Amerikan Bilimadamları tarafından oluşturulmuş Su-27 sayfası
 Sukhoi Flanker
 The Su-27SKM
 Su-27SК Sukhoi
 Su-27SК Rus Askeri Analizi
  Asyanın gelişmiş Flankerları

İç bağlantılar

Benzer uçaklar
 F-14 Tomcat
 F-15 Eagle
 Panavia Tornado

Avcı uçakları
Rus savaş uçakları
Suhoy uçakları
Çift motorlu jetler
İlk uçuşunu 1977'de yapan hava araçları
Yüksek kanatlı uçaklar

Suhoy Su-27


දලියෙටෙමිෂි අධිරාජිනිය (මරණය 1368) යනු යුවාන් රාජවංශයේ වල්ලභ අධිරාජිනියකි. ඇය රින්චින්බාල් ඛාන්ගේ (නිංෂොං අධිරාජයා) භාර්යාව වූවා ය.

සටහන්

උපන් වර්ෂ දක්නට නොමැති පුද්ගලයින්
යුවාන් රාජවංශයේ අධිරාජිනියන්
1368 මරණ
14වන සියවසේ කාන්තාවන්

දලියෙටෙමිෂි


Velika nagrada Detroita je bila gradska utrka Formule 1 ulicama Detroita koja se održavala tijekom 80-tih godina kada se vozilo više utrka u Sjedinjenim Državama tijekom jedne sezone. U sedam izdanja utrke su održavane po izrazitim vrućinama te su vozači na kraju utrke bili na rubu snaga.

Pobjednici

Višestruki pobjednici (vozači)

Višestruki pobjednici (konstruktori)

Pobjednici po godinama

Izvor
statsf1.com

Velike nagrade F1
Međunarodna automobilistička natjecanja u SAD-u
Formula 1 u SAD-u

Velika nagrada Detroita


ජියාන් බැටිස්ටාවෝ ජියාන් බැටිස්ටා ටිෆලෝ ලෙස ද හැදින්වෙන මොහු (1696.03.05 – 1770.03.27) වැනිසියානු චිත්‍ර හා මුද්‍රණ ශිල්පියෙක් විය. වැනිසියානු සමුහාණ්ඩුවේ අවසාන ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨ ප්‍රේස්කො චිත්‍ර ශිල්පීන් අතර සැල‍කේ.

1696 උපත්
1770 මරණ

ජියෝවානි බැටිස්ටා ටිෆලෝ


في الهندسة الرياضية، مثلث الدواسة  يتم الحصول عليه بإسقاط نقطة تقع داخل المثلث على أضلاع مثلث ما.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

هندسة المثلث

مثلث مساقط


Die Schlacht bei Ivry vom 14. März 1590 war ein Gefecht im Rahmen des Achten Hugenottenkriegs zwischen den Truppen des neuen Königs Heinrich IV. und denen der Heiligen Liga von 1576 unter dem Herzog von Mayenne. Trotz der zahlenmäßigen Überlegenheit Mayennes wurde die Schlacht zum entscheidenden Sieg des Königs.

Vorgeschichte
Der Herzog von Mayenne, von der Liga in Paris zum Lieutenant-général ernannt, kommandierte die Garnison der Stadt, die seit fast einem Jahr von Heinrich IV. belagert wurde. Obwohl die Stadt nicht vollständig abgeriegelt war, litt Paris unter der Belagerung, da fast das gesamte Umland sich in Hand des Königs befand. Mayenne versuchte daher, die Truppen des Königs aus diesen Gebieten zu vertreiben. Um den Zugang zur Normandie abzuriegeln, belagerte Heinrich auch Évreux, das sich in der Hand der Liga befand, und Mayenne eilte mit Unterstützung spanischer Kontingente zum Entsatz. Als Heinrich über das Vorrücken des Gegners informiert war, entschloss er sich, die Belagerung von Évreux aufzugeben und ließ seine Truppen auf der nahegelegenen Ebene von Saint-André zwischen Nonancourt und Ivry aufmarschieren. Mayenne kam an, bevor der Aufmarsch abgeschlossen war, aber zu spät am Tag, um noch anzugreifen, so dass die Entscheidung auf den folgenden Tag verschoben wurde.

Die Schlacht
Am 14. März 1590 bei Tagesanbruch standen sich die Armeen gegenüber. Heinrich IV. und seine Offiziere Montpensier, d'Aumont, Biron, Conti, La Trémoille, Rosny und Schomberg verfügten nur über 8000 Infanteristen und 3000 Reiter, während Mayenne und seine Offiziere Nemours, Aumale und Egmond 12.000 Infanteristen einschließlich deutscher Söldner und 4000 Reiter, darunter 2000 Spanier, unter Waffen hatten.

Die Schlacht wurde durch sechs Schüsse aus den Kanonen des Königs eröffnet (die Artillerie stand unter dem Kommando von Philibert de La Guiche), gefolgt von den Angriffen der Kavallerie. Den Reitern der Liga gelang es, die Chevaulegers des Königs zu schlagen, dann zerstörten wallonische Soldaten die königliche Artillerie; Aumont konnte dem Angriff von drei Schwadronen der Liga ebenfalls nicht widerstehen. Der Erfolg der Liga wurde jedoch durch das koordinierte Eingreifen von Montpensier und Biron beendet, die Aumont zu Hilfe kamen. Am anderen Ende der Linien gelang es Heinrich IV., die Lanzenreiter der Liga so einzuengen, dass sie keinen Raum hatten, um ihre Waffe einzusetzen. Mayenne entschied daraufhin, die königliche Schwadron anzugreifen, die aus 600 Reitern bestand.

Die Schlacht wurde nun zum allgemeinen Handgemenge, mehrfach glaubte man den König gefallen oder gefangen genommen, so dass die Soldaten der Liga bereits den Sieg sicher sahen. In dieser Situation wurde Heinrich von Charles de Rambures gerettet.

Der König zog sich zurück, sammelte seine Truppen und stürzte sich erneut in die Schlacht. Dieser Angriff brachte die Entscheidung.

Als auf Seiten der Liga Egmond getötet wurde, ergriffen Nemours und Aumale die Flucht. 11.000 von 12.000 Infanteristen der Liga wurden getötet, darunter alle deutschen Landsknechte als Vergeltung für die Schlacht von Arques im September 1589, in der sie die Kapitulation fingiert hatten und dann das Feuer eröffneten. Lediglich die Schweizer Reisläufer unter dem Kommando des Bruders von Ludwig Pfyffer ergaben sich nicht und Biron ließ sie daher auch abziehen.

Ergebnis
Die Armee der Liga wurde vollständig vernichtet. Mayenne floh bis Nantes, die anderen Offiziere fanden in Chartres Unterschlupf. Ein Ende des Kämpfe zwischen König und Liga bedeutete dieser Sieg jedoch nicht.

Gemälde
 Peter Paul Rubens: La Bataille d'Ivry
 Carl von Steuben: La Clémence d'Henri IV après la Bataille d'Ivry (1828/1833)

Literatur
 Pierre Miquel: Les Guerres de religion. Fayard, Paris 1980, ISBN 2-213-00868-X, S. 368–369.

Ivry
Ereignis 1590
Ivry
Département Eure
Französische Geschichte (16. Jahrhundert)

Schlacht bei Ivry


Sigle
EISA peut désigner :
 bus EISA (Extended Industry Standard Architecture), une évolution du bus ISA (de ) vers un bus de  ;
 European Imaging and Sound Association, une association de magazines européens consacrés au multimédia ;
 , une organisation fondée pour  «promouvoir des élections crédibles, la démocratie participative, la culture des droits de l'homme et le renforcement des institutions de gouvernance pour la consolidation de la démocratie en Afrique ».

Patronyme

 Khalid Eisa (1989-), un joueur de football international émirati ;
 Nidal Eisa Abdullah (1967-2017), criminel jordanien.

Eisa


المجموعة الخامسة من تصفيات أوروبا لكأس العالم لكرة القدم 2010 ضمت منتخبات إسبانيا ، تركيا ، بلجيكا ، البوسنة والهرسك ، أرمينيا ، و إستونيا .

احتل منتخب إسبانيا صدارة المجموعة وتأهل مباشرة إلى بطولة كأس العالم بينما تأهل وصيفه منتخب البوسنة والهرسك إلى الملحق الأوروبي .

الترتيب

النتائج
</div id="Armenia v Turkey">
</div id="Belgium v Estonia">
</div id="Spain v Bosnia and Herzegovina">

</div id="Turkey v Belgium">
</div id="Bosnia and Herzegovina v Estonia">
</div id="Spain v Armenia">

</div id="Turkey v Bosnia and Herzegovina">
</div id="Belgium v Armenia">
</div id="Estonia v Spain">

</div id="Bosnia and Herzegovina v Armenia">
</div id="Estonia v Turkey">
</div id="Belgium v Spain">

</div id="Armenia v Estonia">
</div id="Belgium v Bosnia and Herzegovina">
</div id="Spain v Turkey">

</div id="Estonia v Armenia">
</div id="Turkey v Spain">
</div id="Bosnia and Herzegovina v Belgium">

</div id="Armenia v Bosnia and Herzegovina">
</div id="Turkey v Estonia">
</div id="Spain v Belgium">

</div id="Armenia v Belgium">
</div id="Bosnia and Herzegovina v Turkey">
</div id="Spain v Estonia">

</div id="Armenia v Spain">
</div id="Estonia v Bosnia and Herzegovina">
</div id="Belgium v Turkey">

</div id="Bosnia and Herzegovina v Spain">
</div id="Turkey v Armenia">
</div id="Estonia v Belgium">

الهدافون
تم تسجيل 94 هدف في 30 مباراة يمعدل 3.13 هدف لكل مباراة .

1 goal

 روبرت أرزومانيان
 غيفورغ غازاريان
 هوفهانس غوهاريان
 سركيس هوفسيبيان
 فاهاغن ميناسيان
 هنريخ مخيتاريان

 ستيفين ديفور
 موسى ديمبيلي
 مروان فيلايني
 غيل سفيرتس
 دانيل فان بوتين

 زلاتان بايراموفيتش
 وداد إبيشيفيتش
 سانيل ياهيتش
 سجاد صاليحوفيتش
 إمير سباهيتش

 أندريس أوبر
 رايو بييرويا
 ساندر بوري
 فلاديمير فوسكوبوينيكوف

 شابي ألونسو
 خوان كابدفيليا
 سانتي كازورلا
 أندريس إنيستا
 خوانيتو
 كارليس بويول
 ألبيرت رييرا
 ماركوس سينا

 خليل ألتينتوب
 ثروت جيتن
 مولود إردينج
 سيركان يلدريم
|}

الحضور

مصادر

إسبانيا في كأس العالم 2010
تصفيات كأس العالم 2010 (أوروبا)
كرة القدم الأرمنية في 2008
كرة القدم الأرمنية في 2009
كرة القدم الإسبانية في 2008–09
كرة القدم الإستونية في 2008
كرة القدم الإستونية في 2009
كرة القدم البلجيكية في 2008-09
كرة القدم البلجيكية في 2009-10
كرة القدم البوسنية في 2008-09
كرة القدم البوسنية في 2009-10
كرة القدم التركية في 2008-09
كرة القدم التركية في 2009-10

تصفيات أوروبا لكأس العالم 2010 المجموعة الخامسة