The Las Vegas Strip is a stretch of Las Vegas Boulevard in Clark County, Nevada, that is known for its concentration of resort hotels and casinos. The Strip, as it is known, is about  long, and is immediately south of the Las Vegas city limits in the unincorporated towns of Paradise and Winchester, but is often referred to simply as "Las Vegas".

Many of the largest hotel, casino, and resort properties in the world are on the Strip, known for its contemporary architecture, lights, and wide variety of attractions. Its hotels, casinos, restaurants, residential high-rises, entertainment offerings, and skyline have established the Strip as one of the most popular and iconic tourist destinations in the world and is one of the driving forces for Las Vegas's economy. Most of the Strip has been designated as an All-American Road, and the North and South Las Vegas Strip routes are classified as Nevada Scenic Byways and National Scenic Byways.

Boundaries

Historically, casinos that were not in Downtown Las Vegas along Fremont Street sat outside the city limits on Las Vegas Boulevard. In 1959, the Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign was built exactly  outside the city limits. The sign is currently located in the median just south of Russell Road, across from the location of the now-demolished Klondike Hotel and Casino and about  south of the southernmost entrance to Mandalay Bay, which is the Strip's southernmost casino.

In the strictest sense, "the Strip" refers only to the stretch of Las Vegas Boulevard that is roughly between Sahara Avenue and Russell Road, a distance of .  Clark County uses the phrase Resort Corridor to describe the area including Las Vegas Boulevard between 215 Beltway and Sahara Avenue and surrounding areas.

The Sahara is widely considered the Strip's northern terminus, though travel guides typically extend it to the Strat  to the north. Mandalay Bay, just north of Russell Road, is the southernmost resort considered to be on the Strip (the Klondike was the southernmost until 2006, when it was closed, although it was not included in the Strip on some definitions and travel guides). The Strip includes the "Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas" sign.

History

Early years (1930s–1990s)
The first casino to be built on Highway 91 was the Pair-o-Dice Club in 1931, but the first full service casino-resort on what is currently called "The Strip" was the El Rancho Vegas, which opened with 63 bungalow hotel rooms on April 3, 1941. (The El Rancho Vegas showroom and casino were destroyed by a fire in 1960. The El Rancho Vegas bungalows were not damaged, and were rented out until the early 1980s). Its success spawned a second nearby hotel, the Hotel Last Frontier in 1942. Organized crime figures such as Bugsy Siegel, originally from New York, later residing in California, took an intense interest in the growing Las Vegas gaming center, and funded another resort-mob financing for the finishing of the Flamingo construction. The Flamingo construction was started by famed Hollywood publisher Billy Wilkerson. The Flamingo casino opened in December 1946, and the hotel opened in March 1947. Wilbur Clark's Desert Inn resort  opened in 1950. The funding for many Las Vegas projects was provided through the American National Insurance Company, which was based in the then-notorious gambling empire of Galveston, Texas.

Las Vegas Boulevard South was previously called Hwy 91, or the Arrowhead Highway, or Los Angeles Highway. The Strip was named by Los Angeles police officer and businessman Guy McAfee, after his hometown's Sunset Strip in Hollywood.

Unincorporated town
In 1950, Mayor Ernie Cragin of the City of Las Vegas sought to annex the Las Vegas Strip, which was unincorporated Clark County territory, in order to expand the city's tax base to fund his ambitious building agenda and pay down the city's rising debt. Instead, Gus Greenbaum of the Flamingo led a group of casino executives to lobby the Clark County commissioners for town status. Two unincorporated towns were eventually created, Paradise and Winchester. More than two decades later, the Supreme Court of Nevada struck down a 1975 Nevada state law that would have folded the Strip and the rest of the urban areas of Clark County into the City of Las Vegas.

Caesars Palace was established in 1966. In 1968, Kirk Kerkorian purchased the Flamingo and hired Sahara Hotels Vice President Alex Shoofey as president. Alex Shoofey brought along 33 of Sahara's top executives. The Flamingo was used to train future employees of the International Hotel, which was under construction. Opening in 1969, the International Hotel, with 1,512 rooms, began the era of mega-resorts. The International is known as Westgate Las Vegas today.

The first MGM Grand Hotel and Casino, also a Kerkorian property, opened in 1973 with 2,084 rooms. At the time, this was one of the largest hotels in the world by number of rooms. The Rossiya Hotel built in 1967 in Moscow, for instance, had 3,200 rooms; however, most of the rooms in the Rossiya Hotel were single rooms of , roughly a quarter the size of a standard room at the MGM Grand Resort. On November 21, 1980, MGM Grand suffered the worst resort fire in the history of Las Vegas as a result of electrical problems, killing 87 people. It reopened eight months later. In 1986, Kerkorian sold the MGM Grand to Bally Manufacturing, and it was renamed Bally's.

Mega-resorts
The opening of The Mirage in 1989 set a new level to the Las Vegas experience, as smaller hotels and casinos made way for the larger mega-resorts.  Some of the key features of The Mirage included tropical landscapes with waterfalls, an erupting volcano, restaurants with world-class chefs, and a show with illusionists Siegfried & Roy.  In the 1990s, more than 12 new hotels opened, including themed hotels like the Luxor, Excalibur, and Mandalay Bay.   At $1.7B, the most expensive hotel in the world at the time, The Bellagio, was built in the 1990s.  These huge facilities offer entertainment and dining options, as well as gambling and lodging. This change affected the smaller, well-known and now historic hotels and casinos, like the Dunes, the Sands, and the Stardust.  In 1993, the launch of the Mystère show at the new Treasure Island hotel by Cirque du Soleil marked a key point in transforming Las Vegas Strip entertainment.

In an effort to attract families, resorts offered more attractions geared toward youth, but had limited success.  The Wet 'n Wild water park opened in 1985 and was located on the south side of the Sahara hotel. It closed at the end of the 2004 season and was later demolished.  The current MGM Grand opened in 1993 with MGM Grand Adventures Theme Park, but the park closed in 2000 due to lack of interest. Similarly, in 2003 Treasure Island closed its own video arcade and abandoned the previous pirate theme, adopting the new ti name.

In addition to the large hotels, casinos and resorts, the Strip is home to many attractions, such as M&M's World, Adventuredome and the Fashion Show Mall. Starting in the mid-1990s, the Strip became a popular New Year's Eve celebration destination.

2000–present

With the opening of Bellagio, Venetian, Palazzo, Wynn and Encore resorts, the strip trended towards the luxurious high end segment through most of the 2000s, while some older resorts added major expansions and renovations, including some de-theming of the earlier themed hotels. High end dining, specialty retail, spas and nightclubs increasingly became options for visitors in addition to gambling at most Strip resorts. There was also a trend towards expensive residential condo units on the strip.

In 2004, MGM Mirage announced plans for CityCenter, a , $7 billion multi-use project on the site of the Boardwalk hotel and adjoining land. It consists of hotel, casino, condo, retail, art, business and other uses on the site. CityCenter is currently the largest such complex in the world. Construction began in April 2006, with most elements of the project opened in late 2009. Also in 2006, the Las Vegas Strip lost its longtime status as the world's highest-grossing gambling center, falling to second place behind Macau.

In 2012, the High Roller Ferris wheel and a retail district called The Linq Promenade broke ground in an attempt to diversify attractions beyond that of casino resorts. Renovations and rebrandings such as The Cromwell Las Vegas and the SLS Las Vegas continued to transform the Strip in 2014. The Las Vegas Festival Grounds opened in 2015. In 2016, T-Mobile Arena, The Park, and the Park Theater (now known as Dolby Live) opened.

On October 1, 2017, a mass shooting occurred on the Strip at the Route 91 Harvest country music festival, adjacent to the Mandalay Bay hotel. 60 people were killed, and 867 were injured. The murderer was a well known Las Vegas high roller named Stephen Paddock. Paddock's motive was never determined, and he committed suicide after the murders were committed. Paddock used several rifles to shoot guests at the Route 91 Festival. These murders became the deadliest mass shootings in modern United States history.

In 2018, the Monte Carlo Resort and Casino was renamed the Park MGM and in 2019, the SLS changed its name back to Sahara Las Vegas.

In 2021, the Pinball Hall of Fame moved near the "Fabulous Las Vegas" sign at the south end of the Strip. Later that year, Resorts World Las Vegas, the first new hotel-casino built in a decade, opened on the site of the former Stardust Resort and Casino. Resorts World incorporates portions of a previously planned resort known as Echelon Place, which was canceled in 2008.

In 2022, Bally's was renamed the Horseshoe Las Vegas.

In September 2023, the Sphere venue opened.

Future developments

The Fontainebleau Las Vegas (formerly the JW Marriott Las Vegas Blvd/The Drew Las Vegas) is expected to open in December 2023.

Dream Las Vegas, a casino and 20-story boutique hotel next to Harry Reid International Airport (formerly McCarran International Airport) began construction in 2022 for an opening originally scheduled for 2024. Its construction was halted in March 2023 due to its stalled funding plans. It could resume construction in January 2024 and the opening has been rescheduled to the end of 2025.

Astral Hotels planned to start building Astral, a 34-story, 620-room hotel and casino on the southern Las Vegas Strip, but the project is delayed.

In 2022, businessman Tilman Fertitta received approval to eventually build a 43-story resort at the southeast corner of Harmon Avenue.

The All Net Resort & Arena is expected to open in late 2026. It will include a 23,000 seat retractable roof arena, two hotels and a theatre. It has yet to begin construction as of October 2023 following numerous delays.

Transportation

Buses
RTC Transit (previously Citizens Area Transit, or CAT) provides bus service on the Strip with double decker buses known as The Deuce. The Deuce runs between Mandalay Bay at the southern end of the Strip (and to the Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign and South Strip Transfer Terminal after midnight) to the Bonneville Transit Center (BTC) and the Fremont Street Experience in Downtown Las Vegas, with stops near every casino. RTC also operates an express bus called the Strip and Downtown Express (SDX). This route connects the Strip to the Las Vegas Convention Center and Downtown Las Vegas to the north, with stops at selected hotels and shopping attractions (Las Vegas Premium Outlets North & South).

Trams
Several free trams operate between properties on the west side of the Strip:

Monorail
While not on the Strip itself, the Las Vegas Monorail runs a 3.9 mile route on the east side of the Strip corridor from Tropicana Avenue to Sahara Avenue, with stops every 4 to 8 minutes at several on-Strip properties including the MGM Grand and the Sahara at each end of the route.  The stations include:

 SAHARA Las Vegas Station
 Westgate Station
 Las Vegas Convention Center Station
 Harrah's/The LINQ Station
 Flamingo/Caesars Palace Station
 Horseshoe/Paris Station
 MGM Grand Station

The monorail began operations in 1995 and originally used two trains from Walt Disney World.  In 2020, the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority (LVCVA) acquired the Las Vegas Monorail.

Pedestrian traffic

On a daily basis, there are tens of thousands of pedestrians walking along the Strip at any one time. As of 2019, the daily number of pedestrians on the Strip is approximately 50,000.

Concerning pedestrian safety and to help alleviate traffic congestion at popular intersections, several pedestrian footbridges were erected in 1990s and the first was the Tropicana – Las Vegas Boulevard footbridge. Some feature designs that match the theme of the nearby resorts.  Additional footbridges have been built on Las Vegas Boulevard.  The footbridges include:

 Veer Towers:. Connects Veer Towers, Waldorf Astoria, and Crystals Shopping Center
 Park MGM and T-Mobile Arena Park: Connects MGM and Showcase Mall
 Planet Hollywood: Connects Planet Hollywood, CityCenter, Crystals Shopping Center, and The Cosmopolitan.
 Spring Mountain Road and Las Vegas Blvd. Corner: Connects Treasure Island, the Wynn, Fashion Show Mall, and The Venetian
 Flamingo Road and Las Vegas Blvd. Corner: Connects Bally's, Flamingo, Bellagio, and Caesars Palace
 Las Vegas Blvd and Tropicana Ave Corner. Connects the MGM Grand, New York-New York, Excalibur, and Tropicana

There has been negative feedback from pedestrians about the elevated crosswalks due to need to walk as much as a quarter-mile to reach an intersection to cross the street and to then walk back some distance on the other side of the street to get to their desired destinations.

After a driver drove into pedestrians on the sidewalk in front of Paris Las Vegas and Planet Hollywood in December 2015, 800 bollards began to be installed on Las Vegas Blvd. starting in 2017.  The construction of the bollards resulted in the removal of 49 of the 82 stars of the Las Vegas Walk of Stars.  In 2019, the bollards on Las Vegas Blvd. were shortened due to feedback from drivers that the bollards were obstructing street views.  283 of the 4,500 bollards will be shortened from 54 inches to 36 inches.  The shortened bollards line 20 different driveways.

Studies conducted by Clark County in 2012 and 2015 identified issues with congestion.  The studies resulted in $5 million of improvements, including LED lights, ADA ramps, containment fencing, widening sidewalks, and removing permanent obstructions, such as signs, signposts, trash cans, and fire hydrants.  The studies also identified non-permanent obstructions causing congestion, such as street performers, vendors, handbillers, signholders, and illegal street gambling.  Modifications to non-obstruction zones and increased enforcement were implemented in order to reduce congestion.

Taxis

Taxis are available at resorts, shopping centers, attractions, and for scheduled pickups.  The Nevada Taxicab Authority provides information about taxi fares and fare zones.  In 2021, there has been an increase in taxi passengers due to declines in rideshare drivers and rideshare surge pricing.

Rideshares
Rideshare services, including Uber and Lyft, are available on the Strip.  In 2021, there have been reports of a lack of rideshare drivers and longer wait times due to job changes, concerns about the pandemic, and the pause in surge pricing due to the state of emergency declared by the State of Nevada.

Attractions on the Strip

Gambling

In 2019, about eight in ten (81%) visitors said they gambled while in Las Vegas, the highest proportion in the past five years. The average time spent gambling, 2.7 hours, represents an increase over the past three years. Also, the average trip gambling budget, $591.06, was increased from 2018. About nine in ten (89%) visitors who gambled did so on the Strip Corridor.  UNLV reported that in 2019, Big Las Vegas Strip Casinos (defined as Strip casinos with more than $72M in annual gaming revenues) had more than $6B in annual gaming revenues, corresponding to about 26% of total annual revenues.

From the time period spanning 1985 to 2019, there have been some changes in the mix of table games in casinos on the Strip:

 Blackjack: The number of tables decreased from 77% in 1985 to 50% in 2019.  Revenue decreased from 50% in 1985 to 11% in 2019.
 Craps: Revenue decreased from 28% in 1985 to 11% in 2019.
 Roulette: Both the number of tables and revenue increased by 50%.
 Baccarat: About 2% of tables and 13% revenue in 1985 to 13% of tables and 37% of revenue in 2019.
 Additional games: Games such as pai gow poker, three-card poker, and mini-baccarat have increased in popularity, number of tables, and revenue.
Casino operators have been expanding sports betting facilities and products, as well as renovating and upgrading equipment and facilities.  Although sports betting has a relatively low margin, the high-end sportsbooks can generate significant amounts of revenue in other areas, such as food and drink.  As a result, sportsbooks have been expanding and upgrading food and drink offerings.  High-end sportsbooks include features such as single-seat stadium-style seating, large high-definition screens, a dedicated broadcast booth, and the ability to watch up to 15 sporting events at once.  The sports network ESPN is broadcasting sports betting shows from a dedicated studio at The Linq.  Some sportsbooks are now offering self-service betting kiosks.

Entertainment
The Las Vegas Strip is well known for its lounges, showrooms, theaters and nightclubs; most of the attractions and shows on the Strip are located on the hotel casino properties. Some of the more popular free attractions visible from the Strip include the water fountains at  Bellagio, the volcano at The Mirage, and the Fall of Atlantis and Festival Fountain at Caesars Palace. There are several Cirque du Soleil shows, such as Kà at the MGM Grand, O at Bellagio, Mystère at Treasure Island, and Michael Jackson: One at Mandalay Bay.

Many notable artists have performed in Las Vegas, including Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra, Wayne Newton, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis Jr. and Liberace, and in more recent years Celine Dion, Britney Spears, Barry Manilow, Cher, Elton John, Bette Midler, Diana Ross, Donny and Marie Osmond, Garth Brooks, Jennifer Lopez, Reba McEntire, Mariah Carey, Janet Jackson, Kylie Minogue, Shania Twain, Criss Angel, Olivia Newton-John, Queen + Adam Lambert, Lady Gaga, and Gwen Stefani have had residencies in the various resorts on the Strip. The only movie theatre directly on the Strip was the 10-screen Regal Showcase Theatre in the Showcase Mall. The theater opened in 1997 and was operated by Regal Entertainment Group, until its closure in 2018.
During 2019, 51% of visitors attended shows, which was down from 2015, 2017, and 2018.  Among visitors who saw shows, relatively more went to Broadway/production shows than in past years, while relatively fewer saw lounge acts, comedy shows, or celebrity DJs.

Venues
The Strip is home to many entertainment venues. Most of the resorts have a showroom, nightclub and/or live music venue on the property and a few have large multipurpose arenas. Major venues include:

All Net Resort & Arena
The Colosseum at Caesars Palace
Las Vegas Festival Grounds
Michelob Ultra Arena
MGM Grand Garden Arena
Sphere
T-Mobile Arena
Bakkt Theater
Allegiant Stadium
New Las Vegas Stadium

Restaurants and dining

The Strip is home to many restaurants and fine dining establishments, many of which are inside the casinos and resorts.  In recent years, many celebrity chefs have opened restaurants along the strip including Wolfgang Puck, Michael Mina, Gordon Ramsay, Guy Savoy, and Joël Robuchon.

Shopping

Bonanza Gift Shop is billed as the "World's Largest Gift Shop", with over  of shopping space.
Fashion Show Mall is adjacent to Treasure Island and opposite Wynn Las Vegas.
Grand Canal Shoppes is a luxury mall connected to the Venetian and Palazzo resorts. It features canals, gondolas and singing gondoliers.
The Linq Promenade is an open-air retail, dining, and entertainment district located between The Linq and Flamingo resorts that began a soft open in January 2014. It leads from a Strip-side entrance to the High Roller.
Miracle Mile Shops is part of the Planet Hollywood resort.
The Forum Shops at Caesars is a luxury mall connected to Caesars Palace, with more than 160 shops and 11 restaurants.
The Shops at Crystals is a luxury high-fashion mall at CityCenter.
Harmon Corner is a three-story retail center located next to Planet Hollywood with shops and restaurants.
Showcase Mall is next to MGM Grand, and displays a 100-foot Coca-Cola bottle.
 The Park, a short east–west street between the Park MGM and New York-New York resorts is a park-like boulevard lined with retail shops and restaurants, leading to T-Mobile Arena.
The Shoppes at Mandalay Place has shops and restaurants located on a sky bridge in between Mandalay Bay and Luxor.

Live sports

Professional sports are found at venues on or near the Strip, including:

 National Football League: Las Vegas Raiders at Allegiant Stadium
 National Hockey League: Vegas Golden Knights at T-Mobile Arena
 Mixed Martial Arts: Ultimate Fighting Championship at T-Mobile Arena
 Boxing: MGM Grand Garden Arena
 Women's National Basketball Association: Las Vegas Aces at the Michelob Ultra Arena

The Strip will also become the home of the upcoming Las Vegas Grand Prix and will be part of the 2023 Formula One World Championship. It will also house the New Las Vegas Stadium for the Oakland Athletics in 2028 when the team relocates to the Las Vegas Valley.

Golf

The Aladdin had a nine-hole golf course in the 1960s.  As land values on the Strip have increased over the years, the resort-affiliated golf courses have been removed to make way for building projects. The Tropicana Country Club closed in 1990 and the Dunes golf course in the mid-90s. Steve Wynn, founder of previously owned Mirage Resorts, purchased the Desert Inn and golf course for his new company Wynn Resorts and redeveloped the course as the Wynn Golf Club. This course closed in 2017, but the development planned for the course was cancelled and the course will be renovated and re-opened in late 2019.  In 2000, Bali Hai Golf Club opened just south of Mandalay Bay and the Strip.  In 2016, a TopGolf opened near the Strip.

Amusement parks and rides
The Strip is home to the Adventuredome indoor amusement park at Circus Circus.  The Adventuredome is glass-enclosed with a carousel, mini-golf, two roller coasters, bowling, spinning rides, arcade, virtual reality rides, carnival midway, and clown shows.

The Stratosphere tower has several rides:
Big Shot
X-Scream
SkyJump Las Vegas
Insanity

Other rides on the Strip include:
Big Apple Coaster (formerly known as Manhattan Express 1997-2006 & The Roller Coaster 2007-2015)
High Roller
Fly Linq

Sustainability

Although the Strip has elaborate displays, fountains, and large buffet restaurants, many of the hotel resort properties are renowned for their sustainability efforts, including:

 Water conservation: Approaches include reclaiming water and placing it back into Lake Mead, using minimal outdoor landscaping, upgrading toilets, using low-flow showerheads, and setting goals for water conservation.
 Recycling: In 2017, the recycling rate in Clark County was about 20%, while the recycling rate for major hotels on the Strip was about 40%.
 Food handling: Leftover food is composted or sent to agricultural farms.  Untouched, undisturbed food is donated to local food banks.
Energy efficiency: Hotels have updated appliances in rooms, installed LED lighting, and installed wireless lighting control systems.

Renewable energy is generated and used on the Strip. MGM initiated solar power when it built a solar array on top of the Mandalay Bay in 2014 and expanded it in 2016.  The solar array at the Mandalay Bay, a 28-acre system capable of powering 1,300 homes, is one of the largest commercial rooftop solar arrays in the United States.  The solar array includes more than 26,000 solar panels capable of providing a total of 8.3 megawatts DC (6.5 megawatts AC), sufficient for powering 25% of the Mandalay Bay campus.

Energy-efficient buildings are also being implemented and the Strip has one of the highest concentrations of LEED-certified buildings in the world.  Some examples of LEED-certified buildings are the Octavius Tower at Caesars Palace and the Linq Promenade, both of which are certified LEED Silver.

Locations of major landmarks

Current landmarks

Former hotel/casino locations

Demolished or closed Strip casinos and hotels

 Aladdin: Opened in 1962 as the Tallyho, became the King's Crown Tallyho in 1963, the Aladdin in 1966, and was demolished in 1998. A new Aladdin resort opened on the property in 2000, and was renamed Planet Hollywood in 2007.
 Big Red's Casino: Opened in 1981 and closed in 1982. Property developed for CBS Sports World Casino in 1997. Changed name to Sports World Casino after CBS threatened to sue. Closed in 2001, now a shopping center.
 Barbary Coast: Opened in 1978-closed in 2007, and became Bill's Gamblin' Hall until 2010. Now The Cromwell.
 Boardwalk Hotel and Casino: Closed on January 6, 2006, demolished May 9, 2006 to make way for CityCenter.
 Castaways: Opened in 1955 as the Sans Souci Hotel and became the Castaways in 1963 and was demolished in 1987. Now The Mirage.
 Desert Inn: Closed on August 28, 2000, demolished in 2004, now Wynn Las Vegas and Encore Las Vegas; Desert Inn golf course was retained and improved.
 Dunes: Closed on January 26, 1993, demolished in 1993, now Bellagio. The Dunes golf course is now occupied by parts of Park MGM, CityCenter, and T-Mobile Arena.
 El Rancho (formerly Thunderbird/Silverbird): Closed in 1992 and demolished in 2000. Now the unfinished Fontainebleau Las Vegas.
 El Rancho Vegas: Burned down in 1960. The Hilton Grand Vacations Club timeshare now exists on the south edge of the site where the resort once stood; the remainder is now the Las Vegas Festival Grounds.
 Hacienda: Closed and demolished in 1996, now Mandalay Bay. Until 2015, a separate Hacienda operated outside Boulder City, formerly the Gold Strike Inn.
 Holy Cow Casino and Brewery: First micro brewery in Las Vegas. Closed in 2002, now a Walgreens store.
 Jackpot Casino: Closed in 1977, now part of Bonanza Gift Shop.
 Klondike Hotel and Casino: Closed in 2006, demolished in 2008.
 Little Caesars Casino: Opened in 1970 and closed in 1994. Paris Las Vegas now occupies the area.
 Money Tree Casino: Closed in 1979, now Bonanza Gift Shop.
 Marina Hotel and Casino: Closed, adapted into MGM Grand, now the West Wing of the MGM Grand.
 New Frontier: Closed July 16, 2007, demolished November 13, 2007. Currently being redeveloped as Wynn West.
 Nob Hill Casino: Opened in 1979, and closed in 1990. Now Casino Royale.
 Riviera Hotel and Casino: Opened in 1955; Closed in May 2015 to make way for the Las Vegas Global Business District.
 Royal Nevada: Opened in 1955; became part of the Stardust in 1959.
 Sands Hotel and Casino: Closed on June 30, 1996, demolished in 1996, now The Venetian.
 Silver City Casino: Closed in 1999, now the Silver City Plaza Shopping Center.
 Silver Slipper Casino: Opened in 1950 and closed and demolished in 1988. It became the parking lot for the New Frontier until its closure and demolition in 2007.
 Stardust Resort and Casino: Closed on November 1, 2006, demolished on March 13, 2007, now Resorts World.
 Vegas World: Opened in 1979, and closed in 1995. Now The Strat.
 Westward Ho Hotel and Casino: Closed in 2005, demolished in 2006. Now a McDonald's.

Gallery

See also

Las Vegas
Las Vegas Boulevard
Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign

References

Further reading
 Al, Stefan. The Strip: Las Vegas and the architecture of the American dream (MIT Press, 2017).

 Moehring, Eugene P. Reno, Las Vegas, and the Strip: A Tale of Three Cities (University of Nevada Press, 2014).

 Lukas, Scott A. "Theming as a sensory phenomenon: Discovering the senses on the Las Vegas strip." in The themed space: Locating culture, nation, and self (2007): 75-95.
 Song, Yang, et al. "Investigating sense of place of the Las Vegas Strip using online reviews and machine learning approaches." Landscape and Urban Planning 205 (2021): 103956.

External links

 Official Website of Las Vegas
 Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority

All-American Roads
Landmarks in Nevada
Nevada Scenic Byways
Paradise, Nevada
Streets in the Las Vegas Valley
U.S. Route 91
Shopping districts and streets in the United States
Entertainment districts in the United States
Red-light districts in Nevada

Las Vegas Strip


Hampton station or Hampton Road station is a DART Light Rail station Dallas, Texas. It is located in the Oak Cliff neighborhood at Hampton Road and Wright Street. It opened on June 14, 1996 and is a station on the , serving the nearby YWCA and Sunset High School.

References

External links
 Dallas Area Rapid Transit - Hampton Station

Dallas Area Rapid Transit light rail stations in Dallas
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1996
1996 establishments in Texas
Railway stations in Dallas County, Texas

Hampton station (DART)


جماعة أولاد ستوت جماعة قروية تابعة لقبيلة اولاد ستوت في جنوب شرق إقليم الناظور في شمال المغرب. تحد شمالا بالجماعة الحضرية زايو وبجماعة اولاد داوود زخانين وجماعة أركمان وكلا هاتين الجماعتين تابعتين لقبيلة كبدانة، وشرقا تحد بواد ملوية. أما غربا فتحد بجماعة بوعرك وجماعة سلوان التابعتين لقبيلة قلعية، وأيضا بالجماعة الحضرية العروي، أما من الجنوب فتحد بجماعة بني وكيل اولاد امحند وجماعة حاسي بركان التابعتين لقبيلة آيت بويحيي. يبلغ عدد سكان الجماعة حوالي 22173 نسمة حسب إحصاء سنة 2004.

التقسيم الإداري
من بين القرى والدواوير المكونة لجماعة أولاد ستوت نجد:
دوار عين الذيب

مراجع

جماعات قروية في الجهة الشرقية
أماكن مأهولة في إقليم الناظور
الريف
جماعات قروية في المغرب

أولاد ستوت


Les Ahl Tinmel (gens de Tinmel) sont une ancienne confédération tribale berbère du Moyen Âge. C'étaient des montagnards d'origine masmoudienne. Ils étaient établis dans la vallée du N'Fiss, avec pour centre le ribât de Tinmel, dans la partie occidentale du Haut Atlas marocain. La présence des Ahl Tinmel ne se limitaient pas qu'à la vallée du N'Fiss. Elle s'étendait aussi très largement au sud où ils avaient leur pâturages d'hiver et de printemps.

Ils faisaient partie des « tribus almohades » fondatrices du mouvement, avec les Hargha, Hintata, Gadmiwa, Ganfisa, Haskoura, Sanhadja et Ahl Qabail.

Les Ahl Tinmel comptaient le nombre de plus important de représentant au sein du Conseil des Cinquante, ainsi que plusieurs représentants au sein du Conseil des Dix, dont notamment Omar ben Abdallah al-Sanhaji, et les frères Abdallah ben Sulayman et Yusuf ben Sulayman.

La majeure partie des cheikh almohade provenaient des Hintata et Ahl Tinmel, sur lesquels Abd al-Mumin avait pris l'habitude de s'appuyer, ce qui démontre l'importance de ces derniers dans la hiérarchie almohade.

Histoire

Les Ahl Tinmel participent notamment à la prise de Marrakech par les Almohades en 1147. Selon l'ouvrage historique d'Al-Baydaq, après avoir ordonné la fabrication d'échelles pour les adosser aux remparts de la ville, Abd al-Mumin les partagea entre les différentes tribus. Pour l'assaut final, les Hintata et Ahl Tinmel entrent dans la ville du côté de Bab Doukkala, les Sanhadja et Abid Makhzen pénètrent du côté de Bab-al-Dabbagin, puis enfin les Haskoura et Ahl Qabail du côté de Bab Yintan.

Personnalités marquantes
 Omar ben Abdallah al-Sanhaji
 Abdallah ben Sulayman al-Tinmali
 Yusuf ben Sulayman al-Tinmali
 Mousa ben Sulayman al-Tinmali

Sources

Notes

Sources bibliographiques

Références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Francophone

Tribu du Maroc
Almohades
Masmouda

Ahl Tinmel


NGC 7296 (NGC 7295) je otvoreni skup u zviježđu Gušterici. Naknadno je utvrđeno da je NGC 7295 isti skup.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 7296
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 7296 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 7296 DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 7250 - 7299

7296

NGC 7296


NGC 5934 est une vaste galaxie spirale située dans la constellation du Bouvier. Sa vitesse par rapport au fond diffus cosmologique est de , ce qui correspond à une distance de Hubble de . NGC 5934 a été découverte par l'astronome français Édouard Stephan en 1880.

Selon la base de données Simbad, NGC 5934 est une galaxie LINER, c'est-à-dire une galaxie dont le noyau présente un spectre d'émission caractérisé par de larges raies d'atomes faiblement ionisés.

Groupe d'IC 4562
Selon Abraham Mahtessian, NGC 5934 fait partie du groupe d'IC 4562, la galaxie la plus brillante de ce groupe. Ce groupe de galaxies compte au moins six membres. Les cinq autres galaxies du groupe sont NGC 5945, IC 4562, IC 4564, IC 4566 et IC 4567.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des objets du New General Catalogue

Liens externes

 NGC 5934 sur le site du professeur C. Seligman

5934
Constellation du Bouvier
Galaxie spirale
Galaxie LINER
Objet céleste découvert en 1880
Objet céleste découvert par Édouard Stephan

NGC 5934


37720 Kawanishi este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
37720 Kawanishi este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Nanyo de Tomimaru Okuni. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,38 ua, o excentricitate de 0,22 și o înclinație de 2,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 37001-38000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1996
Centura de asteroizi

37720 Kawanishi


This is a list of cities, towns, and villages in Papua New Guinea.

List
Papua New Guinea's three cities are Lae, Mount Hagen, and Port Moresby. The other settlements in the following list are towns and villages.

See also
 Districts of Papua New Guinea
 List of cities and towns in Papua New Guinea by population
 List of cities in Oceania by population
 Local-level governments of Papua New Guinea
 Provinces of Papua New Guinea
 Regions of Papua New Guinea

References

Citations

External links

Papua New Guinea, List of cities in
Cities


Zygnemataceae, porodica biljaka parožina (Charophyta) u redu Zygnematales. Preko 1100 vrsta u 22 roda. Po broju vrsta najveći rodovi su Spirogyra (537), Zygnema (211) i Mougeotia (174)

Rodovi

 Debarya Wittrock
 Ghosella Randhawa
 Hallasia Rosenvinge
 Lloydina A.Ahmad & M.Goldstein
 Mesocarpus Hassall
 Mougeotia C.Agardh
 Mougeotiella Yamagishi
 Mougeotiopsis Palla
 Neozygnema Yamagishi
 Ovoidites Potonié
 Sangirellum A.K.Mahato & P.Mahato
 Sirocladium Randhawa
 Sirogonium Kützing
 Spirogyra Link
 Staurospermum Kützing
 Temnogametum West & G.S.West
 Temnogyra I.F.Lewis
 Transeauina Guiry
 Trigonum A.K.Mahato & P.Mahato
 Zygnema C.Agardh
 Zygnemopsis (Skuja) Transeau
 Zygogonium Kützing

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Zygnematales

Zygnemataceae


Kimanis ist eine Kleinstadt im Westen des malaysischen Bundesstaats Sabah. Kimanis liegt in der West Coast Division, etwa 45 Kilometer südlich der Landeshauptstadt Kota Kinabalu und ist Namensgeber der Kimanis Bay. Verwaltungstechnisch gehört sie zum Distrikt Papar.

Geschichte
Lange bevor Sabah in den Fokus der Briten rückte, hatte es bereits einen amerikanischen Versuch gegeben, das Land zu besiedeln. Der amerikanische Konsul Charles Lee Moses hatte im August 1865 je einen 10-Jahres-Pachtvertrag mit dem Sultan von Brunei Abdul Mumin und mit dessen Thronfolger Pengiran Temenggung geschlossen, der ihm Landrechte in verschiedenen Gebieten von Sabah garantierte. Auf schnellen Gewinn bedacht, veräußerte der Konsul seine Konzessionen bereits am 9. September 1865 wieder. Die neuen Pächter, zwei amerikanische Kaufleute namens Joseph William Torrey und Thomas Bradley Harris sowie der Chinese Wo Hang gründeten daraufhin die American Trading Company of Borneo und beschlossen, eine Kolonie in Kimanis aufzubauen. Im Dezember 1865 gründete Torrey mit 12 Amerikanern und 60 Chinesen die Siedlung "Ellena". Der Plan, die Kolonie durch den Anbau von Zuckerrohr, Tabak und Reis für weitere Siedler attraktiv zu machen, scheiterte jedoch bereits nach kurzer Zeit. Schon 1866 wurde Ellena aufgrund fehlenden Kapitals, Mangel an Arbeitskräften, Aufständen unter den Arbeitern und schweren Krankheiten wieder aufgegeben. Harris starb 1866 und Torrey kehrte 1883 nach Amerika zurück, wo er 1884 in Boston, Massachusetts starb. Noch vor Ablauf des Pachtvertrags gelang es Torrey im Januar 1875, seine Rechte an Nordborneo an den Konsul von Österreich-Ungarn in Hong Kong, den deutschstämmigen Baron Gustav Overbeck zu verkaufen.

Bis heute ist die genaue Lage von Ellena unbekannt, sicher ist jedoch, dass sich die Kolonie auf dem Gebiet des heutigen Kimanis befand. Es wird auch angenommen, dass die hölzernen Ladenhäuser auf diejenigen Chinesen zurückgehen, die nach Aufgabe von Ellena in der Region geblieben waren.

Historische Architektur
Kimanis gehört zu den Städten entlang der Westküste, von dessen historischer Bebauung nur noch wenig zu sehen ist. Lediglich ein einziges Ladenhaus mit Anbau aus der Zeit vor dem Zweiten Weltkrieg ist erhalten geblieben. Da Kimanis zu den wirtschaftlich schwächsten Städten der Westküste gehört, ist der Erhalt dieses shophouse fraglich; schon jetzt befindet sich der Bau in einem Zustand der Verwahrlosung.

Demographie
Die Bevölkerung beträgt laut der letzten Volkszählung 1.759 Einwohner und setzt sich überwiegend aus Malaien und Kadazan-Dusun zusammen. Es wird erwartet, dass durch die Ansiedlung des Sabah Öl- und Gasterminals (SOGT) die demographische Entwicklung von Kimanis in den kommenden Jahren stark gefördert wird.

Infrastruktur
Kimanis liegt an der Fernstraße A2 (Pan Borneo Highway)  und ist mit einem Haltepunkt an die Eisenbahnstrecke Kota Kinabalu—Tenom der Sabah State Railway angebunden.

Sabah-Sarawak Integrated Oil and Gas Project

Das von Petronas initiierte Sabah-Sarawak Integrated Oil and Gas Project hat die Nutzbarmachung der Öl- und Gasreserven in den Offshore-Fördergebieten vor Sabah und Sarawak zum Ziel. Einer der Hauptstandorte des Projektes wird zurzeit in Kimanis errichtet: Das Sabah Öl- und Gasterminal (SOGT) in Kimanis dient als Empfangs-, Speicher- und Exportstation für Öl und Erdgas aus den Offshore-Feldern Sabahs. Von Kimanis aus wird das Erdgas über die zukünftige Sabah-Sarawak Gaspipeline über 522 Kilometer nach Bintulu, Sarawak transportiert.

Anmerkungen

Literatur
 K. G. Tregonning: A History Of Modern Sabah (North Borneo 1881–1963). 2. Ausgabe. University of Malaya Press, Kuala Lumpur 1965, Reprint 1967.
 Owen Rutter: British North Borneo – An Account of its History, Ressources and Native Tribes. Constable & Company, London 1922; .
 W. H. Treacher: British Borneo – Sketches of Brunai, Sarawak, Labuan and North Borneo. Government print department, Singapore 1891; .

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Distrikt Papar
Ort auf Borneo

Kimanis


Perry Rhodan – SOS aus dem Weltall (Spanisch: Órbita mortal, Italienisch: …4 …3 …2 …1 …morte) ist ein italienisch-spanisch-deutscher Science-Fiction-Film aus dem Jahre 1967. Er ist der einzige Kinospielfilm, in dessen Mittelpunkt der Heftroman-Held Perry Rhodan steht. Die deutsche Fassung ist gegenüber der angloamerikanischen (Mission Stardust) um ca. 15 Minuten gekürzt.

Handlung
Perry Rhodan, Major der "U.S. Space Force", wird mit drei Kollegen – seinem Kumpel Captain Burley (internationale Version: Mike Bull, in der Romanversion Reginald Bull genannt "Bully"), Captain Flipper und dem Bordarzt Dr. Paulsen (internationale Version: Dr. Manoli, in der Romanversion Dr. Eric Manoli) – auf geheime Weltraummission zum Mond geschickt. Als die Chefs von Interkosmos Details besprechen, werden sie dabei vom Gangsterboss Arkin abgehört. So erfährt dieser, wozu die Mission dient. Ein zuvor auf den Mond entsandte Sonde hatte unter dem 'Nubischen Meer' ein Metall geortet, das ein weitaus größeres Atomgewicht als Uran hat und damit wertvoller ist "als alles Silber, Gold und Platin zusammen". Die Mondmission endet unerwartet. Das Viererteam stößt auf ein außerirdisches Raumschiff, das hier unlängst wegen Maschinenschadens notlanden musste. Sie werden vom Wissenschaftler Crest und der blonden, ebenso schönen wie überheblichen Raumschiffkommandantin Thora empfangen. Sie und ihre Kampfroboter, die mit ihren Blicken Menschen wie Gegenstände im Nu auflösen können, stammen vom Planeten Arkon, 114 Lichtjahre entfernt. Die Arkoniden sind nicht imstande, ihr Raumschiff für den Heimflug zu reparieren, und so bietet Perry Rhodan seine Hilfe an. Dr. Paulsen stellt fest, dass Crest sehr krank ist: er hat Leukämie. Um ihm zu helfen, müssten alle zurück auf die Erde fliegen, um den Spezialisten Dr. Haggard aufzusuchen. Man nimmt das kleine Arkoniden-Raumschiff, das sich im havarierten Mutterschiff befindet, und kehrt auf den Blauen Planeten zurück.

Bei der Landung in Afrika wird die bunte Truppe von einheimischen Soldaten unfreundlich empfangen. Das Raumschiff wird beschossen, doch Thoras Abwehrwaffen halten sämtlichen Feuerstößen leicht stand. Auf der Suche nach Dr. Haggard geraten Rhodan und Burley in Arkins Hinterhalt. Doch mit Hilfe einer von Thora mitgegebenen Waffe und ihren schwingenden Fäusten können Perry und sein Kumpel die Schurken niederringen. Schließlich erreichen die beiden Haggard, der sich bereiterklärt, mit seinen beiden medizinischen Mitarbeiterinnen, Dr. Sheridan und der Krankenschwester Silva, zu Crest zu fahren und ihn zu behandeln. Der Wagen wird von schießwütigen Militärs und Arkins Gangstern verfolgt. Dabei gerät Perry Rhodan in die Hand der Gangster. Während Haggard Crest behandelt, stellt sich heraus, dass Dr. Sheridan und Silva wie auch Haggard selber zu Arkins Leuten gehören. Gemeinsam mit dem Verräter Captain Flipper versuchen sie, die Behandlung zu torpedieren. Man setzt Gas ein, so dass das Behandlungsteam ohnmächtig wird. Was bislang niemand weiß: der echte Haggard existiert, sieht genauso aus wie der falsche und wird von Arkin auf seiner festungsartigen Insel festgehalten. Bei dem Gasangriff hat sich Flipper, ein Büttel Arkins, Thora geschnappt und sie verschleppt. Doch Thora kann zuvor noch ihre Kampfroboter aktivieren, die Arkins Leute erledigen sollen. Es kommt zu einer wilden Schießerei. Während Flipper mit Thora als Geisel flieht, lösen die aus den Augen der Roboter entweichenden Strahlen den falschen Haggard sowie Dr. Sheridan und Silva in Luft auf.

Auf Arkins Insel angekommen, versucht dessen Bande Thora zu zwingen, ihnen die Funktion des Raumschiffs zu erklären. Derweil nehmen die Militärs das kleine Raumschiff unter Granatbeschuss. Doch es ist durch einen Schutzschirm vor den Attacken sicher. Perry hat sich indessen mit einem beherzten Sprung aus einem fliegenden Hubschrauber aus der Gefangenschaft Arkins befreit und rennt durch die Wüste zum Raumschiff zurück. Dort sagt ihm der wieder genesene Crest, wie man die entführte Thora orten könne. Perry und Burley ziehen sich die arkonidischen Schutzanzüge an, stürmen Arkins Insel und befreien Thora. Bei der Flucht vor den eintreffenden Astronauten kommt Flipper ums Leben, als er von einer Sicherheitstür zerquetscht wird. Arkin gelingt die Flucht. Thora kehrt mit ihren beiden Rettern zu Crest aufs Raumschiff zurück und zerstört mit einem Knopfdruck die gesamte Insel. Auch Gangsterboss Arkin stirbt. Gemeinsam mit dem echten Dr. Haggard fliegen alle zurück zum Mond. Dort kommt es endlich, wie Crest stets gehofft hat, zur Vereinigung beider Rassen, der Arkoniden und der Menschen, als sich Thora und Perry Rhodan in den Armen liegen.

Produktionsnotizen
Der im Herbst 1966 in Rom, Spanien und auf der spanischen Insel Teneriffa gedrehte Film ist ein klassisches europäisches Trashprodukt der 1960er Jahre – poppiges Design, primitive Spezialeffekte und schnoddrige (deutsche) Dialoge inklusive. Kombiniert wurden Elemente des Science-Fiction-Genres und des schießwütigen Gangster- und Agentenfilms. Wie bei europäischen Trashfilmen jener Zeit üblich wurde auch in diesem Film die Rolle des Titelhelden mit einem nordamerikanischen Filmschauspieler der zweiten Garnitur (Lang Jeffries) besetzt. Von italienischer Seite war am Drehbuch Federico d´Urutia beteiligt.

Der Film basiert lose auf den ersten drei Perry-Rhodan-Romanen Unternehmen Stardust, Die dritte Macht und Die strahlende Kuppel von 1961. Er erlebte seine Erstaufführung in Italien am 4. August 1967. Die deutsche Premiere fand am 20. Oktober 1967 statt. Clark Darlton verfasste parallel ein gleichnamiges Taschenbuch, das 1967 im Moewig-Verlag erschien und 2014 im Pabel-Moewig-Verlag eine Neuauflage erfuhr. Am Drehbuch war auch der Standfotograf Karl-Heinz Vogelmann (1927–2011) beteiligt, der bereits das Drehbuch für Fünf vor 12 in Caracas verfasst hatte.

Für die 25-jährige Schwedin Essy Persson bedeutete dieser Film den Beginn einer kurzen internationalen Filmkarriere. Unmittelbar nach Ende der Dreharbeiten wurde sie nach Deutschland geholt und spielte zum Jahresbeginn 1967 die weibliche Hauptrolle in dem Exploitationfilm Das Rasthaus der grausamen Puppen.

Perry-Rhodan-Stammleser zeigten sich von diesem Film sehr enttäuscht. Zu stark hatten die Filmemacher die (1961 noch relativ glaubwürdig erscheinende) Originalgeschichte in Richtung Actionfilm geändert, ohne dass die Handlung, die visuellen Effekte oder die akustischen Effekte überzeugend wirkten. So gab es in der Vorlage weder eine Dr. Sheridan (im Film verkörpert von Ann Smyrner) noch den Gangsterboss Homer Arkin (gespielt von Pinkas Braun). Die wenig glaubwürdig erscheinende Gangstergeschichte wurde für den Film erfunden. Auch die Umarmung zwischen Thora und Perry Rhodan, die ein an sich nettes Happy End darstellt, war ein Zugeständnis an den Zeitgeist des Jahres 1966. Die Wüste Gobi wurde im Film zu einer afrikanischen Savanne, somit auch die Asiatische Föderation zur Afrikanischen Föderation.

Weitere technische Daten
 Produktionsfirmen: P.E.A. Cinematografica, Rom, Tefi Filmproduktion Ernst Ritter von Theumer, München, Attor-Film S.A., Madrid.
 Verleih: Constantin Film, München
 Produktionsleiter: Renato Caldonazzo, Thomas Sagone, Averoe Stefani, Julio Parra
 Regieassistenz: Renato Moretti
 Szenenbild: Giorgio Giovannini
 Bauten: Jaíme Pérez Cubero
 Maske: Raul Ranieri
 Frisuren: Anna Christofani
 Set-Einrichter: Massimo Travazzi
 Kostüme: Tina Grani
 Ton: Alessandro Sarandrea
 Filmformat: 35-mm-Film.
 Farbe: Technicolor
 Zensur: FSK-Prüfung vom 29. September 1967, frei ab 12 Jahre.

Kritik

Am 13. September 2013 wurde der Film im Rahmen der Tele-5-Reihe Die schlechtesten Filme aller Zeiten gezeigt.

Überlieferung
Die erste deutsche Fernsehausstrahlung erfolgte am Samstag, dem 16. Oktober 1971. Spätestens seit 1982 existiert eine deutschsprachig synchronisierte Version auf Super 8. Eine VHS-Edition erschien 1995 durch Studiocanal. 1994 erschien die deutschsprachige Laserdisc bei TaurusVideo. Eine vollständige englischsprachige Fassung des Originals wurde 2008 durch Sinister Cinema auf DVD ediert. Bis heute (Stand: Juli 2019) wurde keine deutschsprachige DVD ediert.

Weblinks

 Dokumentaraufnahmen zu den Trickaufnahmen des Films in Schwarzweiß auf youtube.com, Länge ca. 6 min.
 Titelmelodie "Seli" von Marcello Giombini auf youtube.com
 Ausführliche Inhaltsangabe bei wiki.badmovies.de

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1967
Italienischer Film
Spanischer Film
Deutscher Film
Science-Fiction-Film
Perry Rhodan
Außerirdische im Film
Mond im Film
Roboter im Film

Perry Rhodan – SOS aus dem Weltall


La fossette supraméatique (ou  du temporal ou zone criblée du temporal ou zone criblée rétroméatique) est une surface légèrement déprimée située entre la paroi postérieure du conduit auditif externe et la racine postérieure du processus zygomatique de l'os temporal, en arrière de l'épine supraméatique.

Elle est criblée de petits orifices vasculaires.

C'est un point d'accès à l'antre mastoïdien.

Notes et références

Crâne

Fossette supraméatique


Podul Waterloo (en. - Waterloo Bridge) este un film american dramatic din anul 1931, lansat de Universal Pictures cu un scenariu bazat pe piesa de teatru cu același nume de Robert E. Sherwood. În rolurile principale apar Mae Clarke - care în același an a apărut în alte două filme de succes, Frankenstein și The Public Enemy - și Douglass Montgomery, sub pseudonimul Kent Douglas. În rolurile secundare apar Doris Lloyd și Bette Davis. Recenziile au fost mixte, criticii considerându-l "matur", dar nu suficient de "sofisticat".

Filmul a avut un remake în anul 1940, avându-i în rolurile principale pe Vivien Leigh și Robert Taylor și un al doilea în 1956 sub numele Gaby, ambele variante fiind realizate de MGM. Toate variantele se află în prezent sub tutela Warner Bros..

Note

Legături externe

Filme din 1931
Drame
Filme americane
Filme dramatice
Filme alb-negru
Filme Universal Pictures

Podul Waterloo (film din 1931)


Los colores de la bandera de Sergipe representan la integración de los estados de Brasil. Las estrellas representan los cinco principales ríos: Sergipe, Vaza-Barris, São Francisco, Poxim y Cotinguiba.

La bandera fue oficializada por la Ley No. 795 del 19 de octubre de 1920, modificada en 1951, y restablecida la versión original por la Ley No. 458 del 3 de diciembre de 1952.

Su composición, como se señala en la ley, es la siguiente:

 Rectángulo, con cuatro rayas, de colores verde y amarillo, alternativamente, tomando el color verde en la parte superior y, a ambos lados del ángulo recto superior de la izquierda, un rectángulo en un fondo azul cobalto, en dimensión proporcional al rectángulo en total, con cinco estrellas blancas de cinco rayos cada una, colocadas en cada uno de los ángulos del rectángulo azul, en el lugar geométrico en donde se cruzan dos líneas diagonales.

Colores

Los colores utilizados en la bandera no tienen sus matices especificados en la ley. Sin embargo, el manual de identidad visual del gobierno del estado de Sergipe específica los siguientes colores para la confección de marca de gobierno (que cuenta con una versión estilizada de la bandera).

Otras banderas

Referencias

Sergipe
Estado de Sergipe
Sergipe

Bandera de Sergipe


Alejandro Paleo Mosquera é um ciclista profissional espanhol, nascido em Vivero (província de Lugo) a 10 de outubro de 1981.

Como amador se impôs na Volta à Corunha de 2007.

Estreiou como profissional com a equipa Xacobeo Galiza em 2008.

Para a temporada de 2010 se recalificó amador na equipa Cidade Lugo.

Palmarés
Não tem conseguido vitórias como profissional.

Equipas
 Xacobeo Galiza (2008-2009)
 Cidade de Lugo  (2009-2010)

Referências

Ligações externas

Ciclistas da Espanha

Alejandro Paleo


الشكلة أو التشكيل، وهي علامة صوتية تضاف للحروف.

 شكلة أو شوكولاتة، مستخلصة من نبتة الكاكاو وهي من الحلويات.
  شِكْلَة أو شكلي، وهي جزيرة تقع وسط بحيرة تونس.

شكلة (توضيح)


Killip ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Chris Killip (1946–2020), britischer Fotograf
 Ellsworth Paine Killip (1890–1968), US-amerikanischer Botaniker

Siehe auch:
 Killip-Klassifikation dient zur Risikoabschätzung bei Patienten mit akutem Herzinfarkt
 McKillip

Killip


Ein Tiburio (italienisch) ist ein selbsttragendes Bauteil der Kirchenarchitektur. Er entspricht etwa einem Vierungsturm, ist jedoch auch bei Kirchen ohne Querhaus anzutreffen.

Der Begriff stammt vom mittelalterlich-lat. tiburium, möglicherweise einer Alteration des Begriffs ciborium, also einem kunstvoll verzierten, auf Säulen ruhenden und mit Figuren geschmückten Überbau über einem Altar in Form eines Baldachins (Ziborium).

In Anlehnung an den französischen Begriff Tour-lanterne kann der Tiburio auch einen turmartigen Vierungsaufbau meinen, der den Luftraum in den Bereich dieses Turms erweitert und es somit erst mit der Decke des Turms zum Raumabschluss kommt.

Bauweise
Der Tiburio umfasst beziehungsweise umfängt eine Kuppelwölbung des Innenraums von außen, um diese zu schützen. Allerdings geht seine Funktion über eine bloße Ummantelung oder Eindeckung hinaus. Vielmehr ist er ein konstruktiv eigenständiger Aufbau, der sich nicht auf der Kuppel abstützt.

Im Grundriss kann er sowohl rund als auch polygonal oder viereckig sein; als Baukörper zylindrisch, kubisch oder prismatisch. Gewöhnlich ist der Tiburio mit einem geneigten Dach gedeckt und mit einer Laterne bekrönt.

Geschichte
Seinen Ursprung hat der tiburio in der frühchristlichen und byzantinischen Architektur und findet von der Romanik bis zur Renaissance Verwendung. Am meisten verbreitet ist diese Form des Kuppelüberbaus in der lombardischen Romanik und den von ihr inspirierten Kirchenbauten des 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhunderts. Vermutlich geht seine Entwicklung auf den Versuch zurück, das städtebauliche Erscheinen einer Kirche unabhängig von der Größe der Kuppel zu gestalten. Anders als beispielsweise im römischen Kirchenbau, wo die Kuppel von großer bautechnischer und architektonischer Bedeutung ist, wird durch den Bau eines Tiburios zwischen Außenwirkung und Innenwirkung stärker geschieden. Der Tiburio ermöglicht es, der Kirche auch dann einen städtebaulich wirkungsvollen Aufbau über der Vierung zu verleihen, wenn die jeweiligen Wölbungstechniken oder anderweitige Rahmenbedingungen, wie zum Beispiel die Proportionen des Innenraums, eine kleinere Kuppel bedingen. Ein weiterer Grund für die Verwendung des Tiburio könnte in der Variation der Kuppelkonstruktionen an sich liegen. Diese wurden in vielen Fällen zweischalig konstruiert, auch um Außen- und Innenwirkung unterschiedlich behandeln zu können. Durch das Auseinanderschieben beider Schalen, um ggf. zusätzliche Belichtungsmöglichkeiten zu erhalten, könnte der Tiburio dabei auch konstruktive Aufgaben bei der Vermittlung zwischen den beiden Schalen übernommen haben.

Beispiele
 Kloster Chiaravalle Milanese, Mailand
 Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza, Rom
 Santa Maria delle Grazie, Mailand
 Santa Maria presso San Celso, Mailand
 Sant'Ambrogio, Mailand
 Albertis SS. Annunziata, Florenz
 San Vitale, Ravenna
 Santo Spirito in Sassia, Rom
 Santa Costanza, Rom.

Literatur
 Rolf Toman (Hrsg.): Die Kunst der italienischen Renaissance. Architektur, Skulptur, Malerei, Zeichnung. Ullmann, Potsdam 2007, ISBN 978-3-8331-5581-9, S. 450 (Stichwort 'Vierung').

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Kirche (Architektur)

Tiburio


6754 Burdenko este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
6754 Burdenko este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul de Astrofizică din Crimeea de Liudmila Juravliova. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,44 ua, o excentricitate de 0,18 și o înclinație de 2,5° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 6001-7000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1976
Centura de asteroizi

6754 Burdenko


الأمير نواف بن سعد بن عبد الله بن عبد الرحمن آل سعود (1971-) رئيس نادي الهلال السعودي في الفترة ما بين يونيو 2015 حتى أبريل 2018.

دراسته

هو الابن الثاني من الذكور للأمير سعد بن عبد الله بن عبد الرحمن آل سعود والأميرة نورة بنت سعد بن عبد العزيز آل سعود. ولد عام 1391 هـ درس المرحلة الابتدائية والمتوسطة والثانوية في مدارس الرياض الأهلية. ثم التحق بعد ذلك بكلية الملك عبد العزيز الحربية لعام واحد فقط. ثم أكمل دراسته الجامعية في جامعة الملك سعود كلية الآداب قسم الإعلام تخرج عام 1991 بدرجة البكالوريوس ثم زاول الأعمال الحرة.

مشاركات وأعمال

 عضو شرف في نادي الهلال السعودي ونائب الرئيس سابقًا.
 عضو في الاتحاد السعودي لكرة القدم والمشرف على المنتخبات السنية.
 رأس الوفد السعودي لأكثر من مرة للمنتخب السعودي الأول في مباريات رسمية خارجية.
 رئيس نادي الهلال السعودي سابقًا.

البطولات مع الهلال
خمس بطولات وهي:

 كأس السوبر السعودي 2015

 كأس ولي العهد 2016
 كأس الملك 2017
 الدوري السعودي 2017
 الدوري السعودي 2018

إخوته
له من الإخوة:
 الأمير فيصل.
 الأمير بندر.
 الأمير محمد.

وله من الأخوات:
 الأميرة منال.
 الأميرة مضاوي.
 الأميرة لولوة.

الأسرة
 متزوج من الأميرة نورة بنت مشعل بن عبد العزيز آل سعود، وأنجبا:
 الأمير سعد.
 الأمير مشعل.
 الأميرة علياء.
 الأميرة منيرة.
 الأميرة سلمى.

مصادر

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أمراء سعوديون
خريجو جامعة الملك سعود
رؤساء نادي الهلال (السعودية)
مواليد 1971
رؤساء أندية سعوديون

نواف بن سعد آل سعود


ෂේන් කීත් වෝන් (ඉපදුනේ 1969 සැප්තැම්බර් 13) යනු ඕස්ට්‍රේලියානු ක්‍රිකට් විස්තර විචාරකයෙක් සහ හිටපු ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍ර්‍රිඩකයෙකි. ඔහු ඕස්ට්‍රේලියානු ජාතික ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායමේ එක් දින ජාත්‍යන්තර (ODI) තරඟ වල නායකත්වයද දැරුවේය. ක්‍රිකට් ඉතිහාසයේ විශිෂ්ටතම පන්දු යවන්නෙකු ලෙස සැළකෙන වෝන්, 1994 විස්ඩන් සඟරාවේ වසරේ ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයින් ලැයිස්තුවේ ද ඇතුලත් විය. 2003 දී තහනම් ද්‍රවයක් භාවිත කිරීමේ චෝදනා මත වෝන් හට වසරක තරඟ තහනමක් පණවනු ලැබීය. ෂේන් වෝන් 2007 ජනවාරියේ ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් පිටියෙන්ද, 2013 ජුලි මස සියලුම ක්‍රිකට් ආකෘති වලින්ද විශ්‍රාම ගත්තේය.

මූලාශ්‍ර

ෂේන් වෝන්


The Road to Romance é um filme de ação mudo americano de 1927 dirigido por John S. Robertson, baseado no romance de Joseph Conrad-Ford Madox Ford de 1903 Romance.

Status de preservação
Uma cópia do filme sobrevive no Arquivo de Filmes da Nova Zelândia.

Enredo
Serafina (Marceline Day) é capturada pelos piratas de Don Balthasar (Roy D'Arcy) em uma ilha caribenha, quando José Armando (Ramon Novarro) chega da Espanha para resgatá-la.

Elenco

Ligações externas

Filmes mudos dos Estados Unidos
Filmes de ação dos Estados Unidos
Filmes de romance dos Estados Unidos
Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 1927

The Road to Romance


Das Museo de Arte Contemporáneo Eduardo Westerdahl (MACEW) ist ein Museum für Zeitgenössische Kunst in Puerto de la Cruz (Teneriffa). Träger des Museums ist das Instituto de Estudios Hispánicos de Canarias. Der Name Museo de Arte Contemporáneo (Museum für Zeitgenössische Kunst) ergibt sich aus der Entstehungsgeschichte des Museums. Es sind auch Arbeiten von Künstlern zu sehen, die zu ihrer Zeit zur europäischen Avantgarde zählten, aber bereits vor mehr als 50 Jahren verstorben sind.

Entwicklungsgeschichte
Die Vorgängerinstitution des Museums wurde als Sala Eduardo Westerdahl am 28. März 1953 in einem Raum des neuen Gebäudes des Instituto de Estudios Hispánicos de Canarias eröffnet.
Diese erste Dauerausstellung zeitgenössischer Kunst in Spanien hatte einen Anfangsbestand von 26 Arbeiten von zwölf Künstlern aus sechs Ländern.

Die Ausstellung war täglich von 17.00 bis 19.00 Uhr zugänglich. Ein Teil der Exponate stammte aus den Beständen der Ausstellung Arte surrealista die im Mai 1935 im Ateneo in Santa Cruz de Tenerife stattfand. Weitere Bilder waren Eduardo Westerdahl seit 1949 von den Schöpfern der Kunstwerke geschenkt worden um sie in einem Museum auf den Kanarischen Inseln auszustellen. Eine dritte Gruppe von Bildern steuerten Freunde Westerdahls, insbesondere ehemalige Mitarbeiter der Redaktion der Gaceta de Arte bei.

Im Lauf der folgenden Jahre konnte der Bestand durch weitere Schenkungen erweitert werden. In erster Linie waren dies Werke von Künstlern, die Teneriffa besuchten, zeitweise dort arbeiteten oder in Einzelausstellungen vorgestellt wurden. Bis 1958 war die Sammlung Westerdahl auf 43 Arbeiten von 32 Künstlern aus elf Nationen Europas, Nord- und Südamerikas angewachsen.

Im Jahr 1958 kam es im Rahmen einer Umgestaltung und Änderung der Nutzung des Gebäudes des Instituto de Estudios Hispánicos de Canarias zu Problemen bei der fachgerechten Lagerung der Bilder. Das veranlasste Eduardo Westerdahl einen Teil der Bilder zurück an seinen Wohnort, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, zu holen und dort zusammen mit anderen Werken aus seiner Sammlung zu zeigen. Das geschah in einer zeitlich befristeten Ausstellung im Museo Municipal de Bellas Artes de Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Danach wurden die Kunstwerke vorerst nicht mehr öffentlich gezeigt.

Nach einem zwei Jahre währenden Umbau sollte das Museum in Puerto de la Cruz 1960 neu eröffnet werden. Es fehlten allerdings die Grundvoraussetzungen dessen, was die Beleuchtung betraf.  Selbst die unabdingbaren konservierenden Voraussetzungen für eine Kunstausstellung, die man zu dieser Zeit ansah, waren nicht gegeben. Darüber hinaus fehlte es an Personal, um die Ausstellung einem größeren Publikum zugänglich zu machen. Trotzdem fanden in den folgenden Jahren immer wieder auch befristete Einzelausstellungen in den Räumen statt. An der Organisation dieser Ausstellungen beteiligte sich Eduardo Westerdahl nur in Einzelfällen. Das geschah meist dadurch, dass er die Verbindung zu den Künstlern herstellte, die Texte für die Ausstellungskataloge schrieb oder bei der Eröffnung der Ausstellung eine Ansprache hielt.

Im Jahr 1968 wurde der Ausstellungssaal definitiv geschlossen. Es fanden vorerst auch keine zeitlich befristeten Ausstellungen statt. Im Jahr 1984 fertigten Ana Luisa González Reimers und Federico Castro Morales einen Katalog der Kunstbestände des Instituto de Estudios Hispánicos de Canarias an. Sie kamen zu dem Ergebnis, dass sich ein großer Teil der Bilder in einen bedauernswerten Zustand befand.

Erst am 11. Oktober 2001 konnte das Instituto de Estudios Hispánicos de Canarias die komplette Sammlung Westerdahl in Puerto de La Cruz an drei unterschiedlichen Ausstellungsorten in Puerto de la Cruz neu präsentieren. Es fanden drei Ausstellungen an unterschiedlichen Orten statt. In der Casa de la Real Aduana (dem historischen Zollhaus, das der neue Standort der Dauerausstellung werden sollte) waren Arbeiten zu sehen, die bereits in der Zeit zwischen 1953 und 1965 ausgestellt waren. Im Ausstellungssaal des Instituto de Estudios Hispánicos de Canarias wurden unter dem Titel Figura y paisaje. Puerto de la Cruz, sede y destino de artistas (1965–1975) (Gestalt und Landschaft. Puerto de la Cruz, Wohnort und Ziel von Künstlern) Arbeiten gezeigt, die von auswärtigen Künstlern in Puerto de la Cruz angefertigt und dem Museum überlassen worden waren. An einem dritten Ausstellungsort, im Kunstsaal der Caja Canarias (Kanarische Sparkasse) waren neue Arbeiten zu sehen, die seit den 50er Jahren in die Sammlung aufgenommen worden waren.

Schließlich konnte am 28. Juni 2007 das heutige Museo de Arte Contemporáneo Eduardo Westerdahl im 1. Obergeschoss der Casa de la Real Aduana direkt am Hafen der Stadt Puerto de la Cruz in seiner heutigen Form eröffnet werden. Der Standort im Zentrum der vom Tourismus geprägten Stadt, in einem denkmalgeschützten Gebäude aus dem 17. Jahrhundert, ist geeignet auch ausländische – besonders deutsche – Besucher für die Ausstellung zu interessieren. In demselben Gebäude befindet sich auch das Tourismusinformationsbüro der Stadt. Die Vorschriften des Denkmalschutzes, die den Einbau einer Klimaanlage verhindern, und die Lage des Gebäudes direkt am Meer führen dazu, dass die Bilder unter der feuchten, salzhaltigen Luft leiden. Es ist daher geplant, im Rahmen des Baues eines neuen Kulturzentrums im Inneren der Stadt, neue Räume für das Museum und einen internationalen Treffpunkt mit Ateliers für auswärtige Künstler zu schaffen.

Heute ausgestellter Bestand
Das Museum gliedert sich heute (im Jahr 2012) in vier Abteilungen:
 El Surrealismo (Surrealismus) mit Arbeiten von Óscar Domínguez, Wolfgang Paalen, Marie-Laure de Noailles, Eileen Agar und Maud Bonneaud.
 Arte internacional de 1935–1964 (Internationale Kunst der Zeit von 1935–1964)
 Arte Español de postguerra (Spanische Kunst der Zeit nach dem Bürgerkrieg 1936)
 Canarias, años 50 y 60 (Kanarische Kunst der 50er und 60er Jahre)

In dieser Gliederung spiegeln sich auch die verschiedenen Ziele des Museums. Das vom Tourismus geprägte Teneriffa pflegte immer enge – meist sehr persönliche – Verbindungen zur Kunst Europas und Amerikas. Diese Verbindungen zeigen sich in der Ausstellung einerseits in den Werken der kanarischen Künstler, andererseits in denen der europäischen und amerikanischen Künstler, die diese z. T. anlässlich ihrer Aufenthalte auf den Kanarischen Inseln schufen und die sie der Sammlung Westerdahl überlassen haben.
Das Museum veranstaltete auch verschiedentlich Ausstellungen der Sammlung Eduardo Westerdahl in anderen Museen.

Weblinks
 Internetpräsenz des Museo de Arte Contemporáneo Eduardo Westerdahl
 Internetpräsenz des Instituto de Estudios Hispánicos de Canarias

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Kunstmuseum (zeitgenössisch)
Puerto
Kunstmuseum in Spanien
Museum auf Teneriffa
Puerto de la Cruz
Gegründet 1953


.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
لاعبو كرة مضرب فرنسيون
مواليد 1980
رياضيون من بولون-بيانكور
رياضيون من لاند (إقليم فرنسي)
أشخاص من آش (فرنسا)

نيكولاس ديفايلدر


Raúl de Anda (Ciudad de México; 1 de julio de 1908 - 2 de febrero de 1997) fue un actor, productor, director y guionista cinematográfico mexicano, conocido popularmente como "El charro negro", personaje que interpretó en varias cintas de gran éxito.

Biografía

Raúl de Anda Gutiérrez nace en la Ciudad de México el 1 de julio de 1908, miembro de una dinastía de charros, desde niño mostró gusto por la tradición familiar, a los 17 años, ya como profesional viajó con su espectáculo en el circo Ringling Brothers & Barnum & Bailey por la República Mexicana, Centroamérica, España y los Estados Unidos. En 1930 se instala por un tiempo en Los Ángeles y participa como extra en varias cintas de producción estadounidense. A su regreso a México se convierte en pionero del cine sonoro mexicano al participar como actor en Santa (1931) y Águilas frente al sol (1931), las primeras dos cintas sonoras mexicanas. Poco a poco fue interpretando pequeños roles hasta que adquirió nombre como actor; de esta primera etapa sobresalen sus trabajos en El prisionero 13 (1933) y ¡Vámonos con Pancho Villa! (1935), donde protagoniza una de las escenas más memorables de la historia del cine mexicano cuando su personaje arrebata al enemigo una ametralladora, ayudado por su habilidad como jinete.

En 1937 fundó Producciones Raúl de Anda con la cual filmó Almas rebeldes, debut de Alejandro Galindo como director y Víctor Manuel Mendoza como actor. Al año siguiente debutaría él mismo como director  con La tierra del mariachi. En 1940 interpretaría, produciría y dirigiría un guion, que se convirtió en su primer gran éxito en todas sus facetas: El charro negro, mote con el cual fue conocido el resto de su vida, con este personaje hizo todavía tres cintas más, todas ellas exitosas.

Como productor fue responsable de varias filmes importantes, entre ellos: Campeón sin corona (1946), La reina del trópico (1946), Yo maté a Rosita Alvírez  (1947), El muchacho alegre (1947), El gallo giro (1948), Río Escondido (1948), El suavecito (1951), El águila negra (1953) y Los desarraigados (1960). A finales de los cincuenta presidió la Asociación de Productores y Distribuidores de Películas Mexicanas. Actores como David Silva, Fernando Casanova, Luis Aguilar, Yolanda Varela,  Víctor Parra, Carmelita González y Rosa de Castilla debieron en parte su éxito al apoyo de De Anda.

Raúl de Anda fue padre de cinco hijos. Agustín (que muere asesinado en 1960), nacido de una relación previa al matrimonio que contrajo con Otilia Serrano en 1936 y del que nacieron Raúl (1940), Rodolfo (1943 - 2010), Antonio (1949) y Gilberto (1955). Todos se dedicarían de alguna u otra forma al cine como actores, realizadores, guionistas, productores y fotógrafos. En 1991 recibe el  Ariel de oro por trayectoria. Fallece en la ciudad de México el 2 de febrero de 1997.

Reconocimientos

Premios Ariel

Referencias

Bibliografía

 CIUK, Perla. (2000). Diccionario de directores del cine mexicano. México: Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes (CONACULTA) y Cineteca Nacional. ISBN 970-18-5590-6
 PÉREZ Medina, Edmundo (1999). Charros del cine nacional. En Cine Confidencial. México: Mina Editores.
 VEGA Alfaro, Eduardo de la (1989). Raúl de Anda. México: Universidad de Guadalajara (CIEC). ISBN 968-895-058-0

Enlaces externos

Nacidos en Ciudad de México
Fallecidos en Ciudad de México
Directores de cine de México
Directores de la Época de oro del cine mexicano
Actores de cine de México
Actores de la Época de oro del cine mexicano
Guionistas de cine de México

Raúl de Anda


Juan Leonardo Santillia Rojas (උපත ඔක්තෝබර් 18, 1984) යනු ඉක්වදෝරියානු සංගීතඥයෙකි. ඔහු Britain's Got Talent හි ජර්මානු අනුවාදය වන Das Supertalent රූපවාහිනී වැඩසටහනේ පස්වන වාරය ජයග්‍රහණය කළේය.ඔහුගේ පවුල ඉක්වදෝරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී රොජාස් 2000 දී ඔහුගේ මව් රටෙන් ස්පාඤ්ඤයට පැමිණියේය. එතැන් සිට ඔහු නැවත නැවතත් සංචාරක වීසා ලබාගෙන ජර්මනියට ගියේය. ඔහු තම පෝලන්ත බිරිඳ සමඟ බර්ලිනයේ ජීවත් වන අතර එහිදී ඔහු වීදි රංගන ශිල්පියෙකු ලෙස මුදල් ඉපැයීය. Das Supertalent දක්ෂතා සංදර්ශනය ගැන මඟියෙක් ඔහුට දැනුම් දුන්නා.[1] ඔහු 2011 වසරේ පස්වන වාරය සඳහා අයදුම් කළ අතර අවසන් වටයට සුදුසුකම් ලැබීමට සමත් විය. Panflute සහ අනෙකුත් දකුණු ඇමරිකානු සුළං උපකරණ සමඟ "El condor pasa" අර්ථකථනය කිරීමත් සමඟ ඔහු අවසන් පූර්ව වටයට පැමිණියේය. මෙහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස සංගීතඥයා ඉක්වදෝරයේ සිට ඔහුගේ මව සමඟ නැවත එක්වීම චිත්තවේගීය රංගනයක් ඇති කළේය. 2011 දෙසැම්බර් 17 වන දින අවසන් මහා තරඟයේදී, ජේම්ස් ලාස්ට් විසින් රචිත "ද ලෝන්ලි ෂෙපර්ඩ්" සංගීත ඛණ්ඩය රෝජාස් වාදනය කරන ලදී, එය 1977 දී ලාස්ට් සහ ගියෝර්ජ් සැම්ෆීර් විසින් ඉදිරිපත් කරන ලද අතර එය ජනප්‍රිය විය. රොජාස් තරඟය ජයග්‍රහණය කළේ සුවිශේෂී ඉදිරියෙන් [3]

ඔහුගේ ජයග්‍රාහී ගීතය තරඟයෙන් පසුව නිකුත් කරන ලද අතර නත්තල් සතියේ ජර්මානු විකුණුම් ප්‍රස්ථාරයේ #48 ස්ථානයට පත්විය. 2012 ජනවාරි 27 වන දින, ඔහුගේ ප්‍රසිද්ධ සංගීත භාණ්ඩවල පළමු ඇල්බමය "Spirit of the Hawk" නමින් නිකුත් විය. Dieter Bohlen විසින් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද මෙම ඇල්බමය ජර්මානු භාෂාව කතා කරන රටවල ප්‍රස්ථාරවල ඉහළම 5 වෙත ළඟා වූ අතර පෙබරවාරි අග වන විට ජර්මනියේ රන් තත්ත්වය අත්කර ගෙන ඇත.

Leo rojas


Biyolüminesans, bazı canlı organizmaların gerçekleştirdiği, kimyasal reaksiyonlar sırasında kimyasal enerjinin ışık enerjisine dönüştürülmesi ile ışık üretilmesi ve yayılması olayına verilen isimdir.

Biyolüminesans terimi, etimolojik olarak Yunanca "bios" (yaşam) ve Latince "lumen" (ışık) kelimelerinin birleşiminden meydana gelmektedir.

Bu kimyasal reaksiyon, büyük organizmalar üzerinde yaşayan ortak yaşar organizmalar tarafından da gerçekleştirilebilir. Reaksiyonun temelindeki kimyasal bileşiğe verilen isim ise Lüsiferin'dir. Lüsiferin, Lüsiferaz enzimi tarafından oksitlendiğinde ışık üretilir ve yayılır. Bu kimyasal reaksiyon hücre içinde veya dışında meydana gelebilir. Bakterilerde ise, biyolüminesansın meydana gelmesini sağlayan genler Lux Operon isimli operon tarafından kontrol edilir.

Biyolüminesans'ın özellikleri
Biyolüminesans, soğuk ışık yayılımı olarak da adlandırılan bir çeşit lüminesanstır. Işığın %20'den azı termal radyasyona neden olur. Bu doğa olayı floresans, fosforesans veya ışıgın geri yansıtılması ile karıştırılmamalıdır.

Büyük oranda derin deniz canlıları biyolüminesans özelliğine sahiptir. Bu deniz canlıları genellikle suda en kolay yayılan dalga boyları olan mavi ve yeşil dalga boylarında ışık yayar. Daha nadir rastlanmakla beraber, kırmızı ve kızılötesi dalga boylarında ışık yayabilen deniz canlıları da gözlemlenmiştir.

Deniz canlıları dışında biyolüminesans olayı nadir bulunmakla beraber daha çeşitli renk yelpazesinde gerçekleşir. Kara biyolüminesansının en bilinen örnekleri Ateşböceği ve Yeni Zelanda parlak kurtlarıdır. Çeşitli diğer böcekler, larvalar, kurtlar, eklem bacaklılar ve mantarlarda da biyolüminesans olayı gözlemlenmiştir.

Biyolüminesans adaptasyonu
Biyolüminesans olayının dört ana evrim teorisi olduğu kabul edilir:

Kamuflaj
Bazı balık türleri ve Euprymna scolopes cinsi kalamar, biyolüminesansı kamuflaj amacıyla kullanır. Orta derinlikteki sularda predatörler, avlarının gölgelerini suyun derinliklerinden bakarak tespit ederler. Bazı balıklar ise, karın bölgelerinde biyolüminesans olayı oluşturarak gölgelerini kamufle ederler.

Çekicilik
Kimi derin deniz balıkları, avlarının dikkatini çekmek için biyolüminesans kullanırlar. Örneğin Fener balığı, başından sarkan uzantı ile küçük balıkları saldırabileceği yakınlığa çeker.

Bazı canlılar ise üreme süreci için biyolüminesans kullanır. Örneğin Saint-Malo, Korsikaveya Porquerolles bölgelerinde bulunan bir çeşit plankton, balıklar tarafından daha kolay görünür hale gelmek için ışık yayar. Bu ışığı tespit eden avcı balıklar tarafından yutulan planktonlar daha kolay üreyebilecekleri bir ortam olan karın bölgesine ulaşmış olurlar.

Çifleşme döneminde ateş böcekleri, karınlarından periyodik olarak yaydıkları ışık sayesinde eş bulurlar.

Uzaklaştırma
Mürekkep püskürterek kendilerini avcılardan koruyan kalamar çeşitlerine benzer bir şekilde bazı mürekkep balıkları ve kabuklular biyolüminesansı bir savunma mekanizması olarak kullanırlar. Bu canlılar tehdit altında oldukları zaman yaydıkları kimyasal bir biyolüminesans karışımı sayesinde avcıları uzaklaştırarak güvenli bir şekilde kaçmayı başarırlar.

İletişim
Biyolüminesans bakteriler arası iletişimde (quorum algılama) önemli role sahiptir. Bakteriler ve simbiyoz gerçekleştirdikleri diğer canlılar arasında iletişim sağlamak için kullanılmakla beraber, bakteri kolonilerinde de kullanıldığı düşünülmektedir.

Aydınlatma
Özellikle abisal bölgelerde yaşayan deniz canlıları tarafından kullanılır. Güneş ışığının neredeyse hiç erişemediği derinliklerde görüş alanının genişletilmesi çok önemlidir. Bu canlılar biyolüminesans olayını hem alıcı hem de verici niteliğinde kullanırlar.

Dış bağlantılar
 Edith Widder: Biyoluminesansın tuhaf ve harika dünyası  - TED
 Biyolüminesans: Işıldayan Canlılar, Biyolojik Işıldama  - Bilim ve Teknik
 Yaşayan, Biyolojik Işık: Biyolüminesans  - Açık Bilim

Biyolüminesans


Die europäische Formel-3-Meisterschaft 2012 (offiziell FIA European Formula 3 Championship) war die elfte Saison der europäischen Formel-3-Meisterschaft und die erste seit 1984. Sie begann am 28. April auf dem Hockenheimring Baden-Württemberg und endete dort am 21. Oktober. Es wurden zehn Veranstaltungen mit je zwei Rennen veranstaltet.

Hintergrund
Die einmalig ausgetragene FIA-Formel-3-Trophäe wurde zur Saison 2012 eingestellt und durch die europäische Formel-3-Meisterschaft ersetzt. Sämtliche Veranstaltungen der europäischen Formel-3-Meisterschaft gehörten entweder zur Formel-3-Euroserie oder der britischen Formel-3-Meisterschaft. Der Europameister erhielt als Prämie eine Testfahrt beim Formel-1-Rennstall Ferrari. Der zweite und dritte erhielt eine Testmöglichkeit in der DTM.

Punkteberechtigt waren alle Fahrer, die ein Formel-3-Fahrzeug der aktuellen Generation fuhren und in der Formel-3-Euroserie als reguläre Piloten antraten.

Teams und Fahrer
Alle Teams und Fahrer verwendeten Reifen von Hankook.

Änderungen bei den Fahrern
Die folgende Auflistung enthält alle punkteberechtigten Fahrer, die an der Saison 2012 teilgenommen haben.

Fahrer, die in die europäische Formel-3-Meisterschaft einstiegen bzw. zurückkehrten:
 Emil Bernstorff: Motopark Academy → ma-con Motorsport
 Tom Blomqvist: Deutscher Formel-3-Cup (Performance Racing) → ma-con Motorsport
 William Buller: Britische Formel-3-Meisterschaft (Fortec Motorsport) → Carlin
 Philip Ellis: Formel Lista junior (GU-Racing) → GU-Racing
 Daniel Juncadella: Formel-3-Euroserie (Prema Powerteam) → Prema Powerteam
 Michael Lewis: Italienische Formel-3-Meisterschaft (Prema Powerteam) → Prema Powerteam
 Raffaele Marciello: Italienische Formel-3-Meisterschaft (Prema Powerteam) → Prema Powerteam
 Sven Müller: ADAC-Formel-Masters (ma-con Motorsport) → Prema Powerteam
 Andrea Roda: Italienische Formel-3-Meisterschaft (Prema Powerteam) → Jo Zeller Racing
 Felix Rosenqvist: Formel-3-Euroserie (Mücke Motorsport) → Mücke Motorsport
 Carlos Sainz jr.: Formel Renault 2.0 Eurocup (Koiranen Motorsport) → Carlin
 Luís Sá Silva: Formula Pilota China Series (Asia Racing Team) → Angola Racing Team
 Pascal Wehrlein: ADAC-Formel-Masters (Mücke Motorsport) → Mücke Motorsport
 Lucas Wolf: ADAC-Formel-Masters (URD Rennsport) → URD Rennsport

Rennkalender
Der Rennkalender umfasste zehn Veranstaltungen mit je zwei Rennen. Die Veranstaltung auf dem Norisring gehörte zur Formel-3-Euroserie und zur britischen Formel-3-Meisterschaft. Sie wurde ihm Rahmenprogramm der DTM ausgetragen. Darüber hinaus gehörten sieben Veranstaltungen zur Formel-3-Euroserie, die im Rahmenprogramm der DTM waren. Die Veranstaltungen in Pau und Spa-Francorchamps, wo der Grand Prix de Pau bzw. die Blancpain Endurance Series die Hauptveranstaltungen waren, gehörten zur britischen Formel-3-Meisterschaft.

Anmerkungen

Wertung

Punktesystem
Bei jedem Rennen bekamen die ersten zehn des Rennens 25, 18, 15, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2 bzw. 1 Punkt(e).

Fahrerwertung

 Beim zweiten Rennen auf dem Norisring wurden nur halbe Punkte vergeben, da das Rennen vorzeitig abgebrochen wurde und nicht die zur vollen Punktzahl notwendige Distanz absolviert worden war.

Einzelnachweise

Motorsportsaison 2012

Europäische Formel-3-Meisterschaft 2012


Aosta Vadisi (İtalyanca: Valle d'Aosta, Fransızca: Vallée d'Aoste, Arpitanca: Val d'Outa), Kuzeybatı İtalya'da özerk bir bölgedir. Aosta Vadisi Özerk Bölgesi diğer İtalyan bölgeleri gibi illere bölünmemiştir ve tek bir il olduğu kabul edilmektedir. İsviçre, Fransa ve Piyemonte ile sınıra sahip bölgenin başkenti Aosta şehridir.

3.263 km²'lik yüz ölçümüne sahip bölge, İtalya'nın en küçük ve aynı zamanda tek Frankofon bölgesidir, resmî dili İtalyanca ve Fransızca olmasına rağmen bölgede Arpitanca ya da Valdôtain denen bir Franko-Provensal dili konuşulur. Gressoney adlı bir kasabada ise Almanca'nın bir lehçesi konuşulmaktadır. Bölgenin nüfusu 2010 tahmini olarak 127.836'dir.

Bölgenin Başbakanlığını Erik Lavévaz yapmaktadır.

Önemli beldeler
Aosta Vadisi illere bölünmemiştir. Yerel idare birimleri olarak  komünler bulunmaktadır. Aosta Vadisi'nde 74 tane komün vardır ama bunlardan bazıları nüfusça çok küçüktürler. Tek bir komün, Aosta, büyük nüfusludur ve nüfus göre diğer beş sırayı alan önemli beldeler ise yine küçük nüfusludur.

Resimler

Kaynakça

 Italyanca Wikipedi "Valle d'Aosta" maddesi

Dış bağlantılar

  Valle d'Aosta Bölgesi resmi websitesi    (Erişme:28.1.2009)

 VMV - Valle d'Aosta Sanal Muzesi

Aosta Vadisi


WRAL may refer to:

 WRAL-TV, a television station (channel 17, virtual 5) licensed to Raleigh, North Carolina
 WRAL (FM), a radio station (101.5 FM) licensed to Raleigh, North Carolina
 WPJL, a radio station (1240 AM) licensed to Raleigh, North Carolina, and once called WRAL

WRAL


Ben-Hur, 1959 tarihli sinema filmi. Yönetmeni William Wyler olan film, bugün Lewis Wallace'nin romanı Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christin en ünlü sinema uyarlamasıdır. Başrollerde, Judah Ben-Hur rolüyle Charlton Heston ve Messala rolüyle Stephen Boyd vardır.

Filmin galası New York'ta, 18 Kasım 1959 tarihinde Loews Theater'da yapılmıştır.

Film sürpriz bir şekilde 11 Akademi Ödülü kazanmıştır; 2011 yılı itibarıyla bu sayıyı sadece 1997'de Titanic ve 2003'te The Lord of the Rings:The Return of the King filmleri yenileyebilmiştir

Tarihi bir film olmasına karşın bir karede kırmızı bir arabanın gözüktüğü söylentisi asılsızdır.

Film MGM65mm ismi verilen bir kamera ile 2.76:1 sinemaskop formatında çekilmiştir

Filmin uyarlandığı romanın yazarı Lewis Wallace ABD İç Savaşı'nda Kuzey Orduları generaliydi ve II. Abdülhamid zamanında, 1882 yılında ABD'nin İstanbul'daki Osmanlı İmparatorluğu elçiliğine getirilmişti ("Memaliki Müctemian Amerikan Devleti Sefiri Kebiri").

Ben-Hur, 2004 yılında Kongre Kütüphanesi tarafından "kültürel, tarihi ve estetik olarak önemli" filmler arasına seçilerek ABD Ulusal Film Arşivi'nde muhafaza edilmesine karar verilmiştir.

Konusu
Ben Hur, Kudüs'te yaşayan zengin bir prenstir. Yıllardır görüşemediği çocukluk arkadaşı Messela ise zaman içinde Roma ordusunun komutanı olmuş ve Kudüs'e geri dönmüştür. Ben Hur, Yahudiler'in özgürlüğü için mücadele veren bir liderdir. Messela, bunu bilmesine rağmen Ben Hur'dan Romalılar'ı eleştiren Yahudileri ele vermesini istediğinde bu konuda çizgisinden ödün vermeyecek olan eski dostuyla karşı karşıya gelmeye göze alacaktır.

Oyuncular

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer filmleri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Ulusal Film Arşivi filmleri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri romanlarından uyarlanan filmler
70 mm filmler
En İyi Film Akademi Ödülü sahipleri
Miklós Rózsa'nın müziğini yaptığı filmler
William Wyler'ın yönettiği filmler
Robert Surtees'in görüntülediği filmler
Hristiyanlık ile ilgili filmler
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri epik filmleri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Noel filmleri
1. yüzyılda geçen filmler
Tarihî epik filmler
Konusu Roma İmparatorluğu'nda geçen filmler
BAFTA En İyi Film Ödülü kazananlar
1950'lerde İngilizce filmler
1959 çıkışlı dramatik filmler
Uyarlama filmler
En İyi Film New York Film Eleştirmenleri Birliği Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Drama Filmi Altın Küre Ödülü sahipleri
David di Donatello Yabancı Dilde En İyi Film Ödülü sahipleri

Ben-Hur (film, 1959)


Kisshomaru Ueshiba (植芝 吉祥丸; Ayabe, 27. lipnja 1921. – Tokyo, 4. siječnja 1999.),  drugi po redu doshu. Sin je utemeljitelja aikida, Moriheija Ueshibe.

Životopis

Mladost

Kisshomaru Ueshiba je rođen 27. lipnja 1921. godine u Ayabeu, u Kyoto Prefekturi, u Japanu. Bio je treće dijete od četvero djece Moriheija i Hatsu Ueshibe. U to vrijeme je obitelj Ueshiba živjela u gradu Ayabe u sklopu vjerske zajednice Omoto-kyo, u kojoj je Morihei Ueshiba uživao veliki ugled. Godine 1927. obitelj Ueshiba preselila se u Tokio. Živjeli su u iznajmljenoj kući. Središnja soba od 18 tatamija služila je svako jutro kao prostor za vježbanje. Kisshomaru u to vrijeme nije sudjelovao redovito u vježbanju, ali je još uvijek neformalno učio osnovne tehnike kao što su ikkyo ili nikyo.

Veći dio svog djetinjstva proveo je u japanskom ratnom periodu (od invazije na Mandžuriju 1930. do kapitulacije 1945.). S obzirom na povlaštene kontakte O-Senseija s političkom i vojnim čelnicima, Kisshomaru je svjedočio japanskim ratnim naporima. To iskustvo i poteškoće u poslijeratnim životnim uvjetima imali su vrlo važan utjecaj na njegove poglede kao odrasle osobe.

U travnju 1931. godine započinje izgradnja Kobukan dojoa. To je bio dojo veličine 80 tatamija, smješten u kvartu Wakamatsu-cho u Ushigome (danas Shinjuku). Zgrada je bila dojo, ali i rezidencija obitelji Ueshiba. Kasnije je u tim prostorijama je živjelo 16 uchi-deshija. Većina učenika su bili visokog ranga u judu i kendu. Zbog intenzivnog vježbanja dojo je ubrzo stekao naslov "Pakleni dođo iz Ushigome".

Upravo je u ovom doju, oko 1936. godine, Kisshomaru je počeo vježbati aikido. Tijekom djetinjstva je proučavao kendo, kao i kashima shinto-ryu. Njegova sposobnost rukovanja katanom učinila je da ga otac u početku koristi kao ukea (asistenta), tijekom mnogih demonstracija koje je davao vojnoj i političkoj eliti tadašnjeg Japana. Većina tehnika s oružjem koje je Kisshomaru tada naučio, naučio je od O-Senseija.

Unatoč povlaštenom mjestu uz O-Senseija, Morihei Kisshomarua nije odmah smatrao svojim nasljednikom. To je trebao biti njegov zet Kiyoshi Nakakura. Bio je poznati kendoka, bez iskustva u aikidu. Morihei ga je usvojio 1932. godine, dao mu ime Morihiro Ueshiba (relativno česta praksa u Japanu gdje zakoni dozvoljavaju usvajajanje supružnika). Međutim, brak između Moriheijeve kćeri i Nakakure nije potrajao. Godine 1937. godine Nakakura se razveo i vratio se svojim aktivnostima u kendu. O-Sensei je morao naći drugog nasljednika. Od trenutka kada Kisshomaru počne intenzivno vježbati, postepeno se počinje smatrati budućim vođom aikido svijeta.

Tijekom tog razdoblja, 1939. i 1940., Koichi Tohei i Kisaburo Osawa došli su u Kobukan dojo. Obojica su vrlo brzo zauzeli administrativne i učiteljske položaje u dojou. Dana 30. travnja 1940. Kobukan dojo je preregistriran na nagovor Moriheijevih političkih pristaša. Postao je neprofitna zaklada, Zaidan Hojin Kobukai. Prvi predsjednik je bio utjecajni admiral Takeshita Isamu. Upravni odbor su činile važne ličnosti tadašnje političke i vojnog staleža. Kisshomaru u tom periodu studira na Šestom tokijskom prefekturnom fakultetu (sada srednja škola Shinjuku). Potom je započeo studirati na Sveučilište Waseda, ali je bio zadužen i za administrativne poslove dojoa. U dužnostima mu pomaže Minoru Hirai. Hirai je igrao vodeću ulogu u prepoznavanju O-Senseijeve vještine 1942. godine od Dai Nihon Butokukaija, državne organizacije koja regulira praksu borilačkih vještina. Ona je velikim dijelom odgovorna za polaganje naziva "aikido". Prema Hiraiju, ime "aikido" predložile su zapravo vlasti Butokukaija. Prema njima, ono bolje odražava ideju "puta" od one aiki-budo.

U tom peiodu O-Sensei se odlučuje povući u Iwama dojo, koji se nalazi u prefekturi Ibaraki. Prepušta Kisshomaru upravljanjem sjedištem u Tokyu. Potonji je tim činom postao de facto Kobukanski dojo-cho 1942. godine.

Čuvar dojoa

Kada mu je povjereno upravljenje dojom, Kisshomaru je imao 21 godinu. Iako je američko bombardiranje započelo 1944. godine, rat sa Sjedinjenim Državama najavljen je nekoliko mjeseci nakon napada na Pearl Harbor. Poruka O-Senseija je bila, da za dojo ako treba riskira svoj život. Bitno je bilo sačuvati aikido.

Kako se rat intenzivirao, većina učenika je bila ratno angažirana, pa su aktivnosti u Kobukanu svedene na mininum. Kisshomaru, još uvijek kao student, ostaje na svom mjestu kako je i samom ocu obećao. Pred kraj rata morao je nekoliko puta gasiti požare u dojou, koji su bili uzrokovani američkim bombardiranjem. Dojo je rat preživio, kada je većina kuća u okrugu Wakamatsu-cho uništena. Krov na dojou je bio najviše oštećen. Tada se u Kobukan dojo useljavaju izbjeglice, tridesetak obitelji koje su izgubile svoje domove. Kisshomaru ih ne izbacuje, pa one tu nastavljaju živjeti. Posljednja izbjeglica je napustila dojo 1955. godine.

Kapitulacija Japana 15. kolovoza 1945. i pustoš koji je uslijedio duboko su pogodili Kisshomarua. Nastavio je studij najbolje što je mogao i u rujnu 1946. stekao diplomu ekonomskih i političkih znanosti na sveučilištu Waseda. Tada shvata svoju ulogu i što aikido može ponuditi Japanu i svijetu. Napušta Tokyo i seli se u Iwamu, u kojoj provodi tri godine. Iz tog mjesta upravlja administrativnim poslovima. Većinu vremena provodi vježbajući s ocem.

Zaklada Kobukan mijenja ime u Aikikai. Ministarstvo obrazovanja 9. veljače 1948. godine zakladi Zaidan Hojin Aikikai službeno odobrava mogućnost daljnjeg djelovanja i širenja aikida na području Japana. Kisshomaru tada zamjenjuje O-Senseija na mjestu glavnog administratora Hombu dojoa nove Aikikai zaklade. Sljedeće godine se odlučuje vratiti u Tokyo i ponovno započeti aktivnosti u Hombu dojou.

U tom su razdoblju veliki poslijeratni majstori započeli svoje vježbanje pod nadzorom Kisshomaru Ueshibe. Neki od njih su bili Sadateru Arikawa 1948., Hiroshi Tada 1950., Seigo Yamaguchi 1951., Shoji Noshio 1952., Nobuyoshi Tamura 1953. Zahvaljujući financijskoj podršci svoje tvrtke, Kisshomaru obnavlja krov Hombu dojoa. Godine 1955. napustio je firmu Osaku Shoji u kojoj je radio oko sedam godina. Htio je cjelodnevno raditi u dojou. Godine 1956. postaje direktor svjetskog sjedišta aikida. Iste godine je promaknut je u izvršnog ravnatelja.

Širenja aikida

Kisshomaru Ueshiba ubrzo radi na osnivanju prvih podružnice Hombu dojoa. Prva je bila Kuwamori dojo, otvorena u siječnju 1955. u Sakuradai. Sam Kisshomaru otvorio je nekoliko podružnica unutar japanskih sveučilišta, što je 1961. godine kulminiralo osnivanjem Kanto aikido studentske federacije. Od 1955. O-Sensei počinje češće dolaziti u Tokyo, kako bi učenicima držao intenzivne treninge. Klubovi su do tada otvoreni u većini velikih uprava i korporacija Japana, uključujući Ministarstvo obrane.

Kisshomaru otvara vrata dojoa i ljudima koji nisu Japanci. Godine 1955. Hombu dojo je dočekao Andréa Nocqueta, svog prvog stranog uchi-deshija. Kisshomaru se žestoko bori s ocem kako bi ga uvjerio da prihvati strance. Morihei nije otvoreno neprijateljski raspoložen prema strancima, ali još uvijek ne ostvaruje bliskost. Drugi strani učenik je bio Amerikanac Terry Dobson, potom Kanađanin Henry Kono, te Irac Alan Ruddock.

Kisshomaru želi intenzivirati vještinu svoga oca. Da bi to učinio, mora je pokazati javnosti. Odlučuje organizirati javne demonstracije aikida. Zbog toga se mora svađati s ocem, jer je do tada samo on bio odgovoran za demonstriranje vještine. Demonstracije su se do tada održavale samo pred malim skupinama odabranih pojedinaca. Prva javna demonstracija desila se 1956. godine na krovu trgovačkog centra Takashimaya u Nihonbashiju. Druga važna demonstracija održana se na krovu Ministarstva obrane u Akasaki.

Prvi majstor koji je aikido demonstrirao u inozemstvu je Minoru Mochizuki, učenik Jigora Kana i Moriheija Ueshibe, koji je otputovao u Europu kako bi predavao džudo, ali koji je isto tako podučavao i demonstrirao druge vještine. Abe Tadashi je stigao u Francusku 1952. kako bi studirao na Sorbonne. Također je iskoristio priliku da podučava aikido. Kisshomaru ubrzo potiče vlastite učenike da idu u inozemstvo kako bi prošili i uspostavili aikido u tim zemljama, kao službeni predstavnici Hombu dojoa. Koichi Tohei je otišao na Havaje 1961. godine kao prvi shihan kojeg je Aikikai službeno poslao u inozemstvo. Slijede Hiroshi Tada, Yamaguchi Seigo, Masamichi Noro, Nobuyoshi Tamura, Yoshimitsu Yamada, Katsuaki Asai, Kazuo Chiba i mnogi drugi. Treba napomenuti da je većina učenika koje Kisshomaru Ueshiba vježbao u Tokiju službeno širila aikido u inozemstvu.

Tek se 1963. godine Kisshomaru odlučuje putovati po svijetu. Prvo službeno putovanje odvelo ga je na Havaje, zatim u Los Angeles i San Francisco, na put od oko tri mjeseca. Od tog datuma do kraja svog života redovito je svijetom putovao.

Međutim, Kobukan dojo postaje mali za veliki broj posjetioca. Godine 1967. pala je odluka za izgradnju nove zgrade dojoa. Stari drveni dojo je porušen. Na njegovom mjestu je podignut novi dojo i rezidencija obitelji Ueshiba. Novi Hombu dojo je u tom momentu bila trokatna betonska građevina (dogradnja se uslijedit kasnije). Otvorena je 2. siječnja 1968. godine. Pokrivala je površinu od preko 200 tatamija. Ova građevina i danas služi kao globalno središte aikida u svijetu.

Doshu
Nekoliko dana prije smrti, Morihei Ueshiba pozvao je svoje najvažnije učenike do svog kreveta i rekao im: "Držite sve zajedno i podržite Kisshomarua." O-Sensei je nakon toga osobno pitao Kisshomarua namjerava li nastaviti, a kad mu je ovaj potonji odgovorio potvrdno, Morihei se smirio. O-sensei je umro je 26. travnja 1969., a Kisshomaru ga je naslijedio kao doshu nakon prijema, održanog u hotelu Akasaka Prince u Tokiju, 8. svibnja 1970. godine.

U travnju 1970. Kisshomaru je postao član upravnog odbora Nippon Budokana, organizacije koja nadgleda gendai budo u Japanu. Međunarodna aikido federacija (IAF) osnovana je 1975. godine i Kisshomaru je postao njezin prvi predsjednik. Prvi međunarodni kongres održan je u Tokyu 1976. Godine 1984. broj aikidoka širom svijeta dostigao je milijun.

Jedna od najzvučnijih kontroverzi koja je pogodila Kisshomarua na dužnosti doshua je ostavka Koichija Toheija na mjestu tehničkog direktora Hombu dojoa. Pored nekih osobnih nesuglasica između njih dvojice, Kisshomaru je vjerovao da Tohei previše naglašava Ki u svom nastavnom planu i programu, kada i sam smatra da Ki ne bi trebao biti odvojen od Aikija. Suočen s Kisshomaruovim odbijanjem promjene nastavnog plana i programa, Tohei je 1974. godine napustio Aikikai.

Reformatorski rad

Kisshomaru Ueshiba i njegovi učenici su u velikoj mjeri zaslužni za širenje aikida nakon Drugog svjetskog rata. Malo je prijeratnih O-Senseijevih učenika ostalo aktivno. Većina poslijeratnih učenika zapravo su učenici Kisshomarua, Toheija i Osawe, a ne Moriheija.

Što se tiče forme, sve do 1942., čak i znatnije razdoblje nakon toga, otac i sin su strogo prakticirali istu vještinu. Međutim, Kisshomaru je kasnije favorizirao kružne tehnike. Jednom prilikom je rekao, da "krug" simbolizira bit aikido tehnike. Unatoč određenoj sposobnosti za aikido oružje, Kisshomaru je odlučio da ih ne podučava u Tokyu. To je bilo u skladu s voljom O-Senseija koji je preferirao da početnici vježbaju Tachi-wazu. Morihei je smatrao da dojo u Tokyu nije prikladno mjesto za podučavanje oružju.

Kisshomaruov cilj je bio, jasno širiti univerzalnu poruku koju je O-Sensei razvio nakon rata, na što je moguće više ljudi. Kritičarima koji se protive argumentu kvalitete nad kvantitetom, on odgovara da je pozitivni potencijal aikida takav da zahtijeva da se poruka širi u velikoj mjeri i da veliki broj ljudi imaju pristup njoj. Riješio je razvijati praksu, tako da ona ostane relevantna u sadašnjem vremenu. Zahvaljujući Kisshomaruovom izboru danas većina ljudi vježba aikido.

Kad se postavi pitanje Kisshomaruovog utjecaja na aikido curriculum, moramo shvatiti da O-Senseijeve tehnike nisu bile standardizirane. Većina njih nije imala ni ime. Glavni dio tehničkog curriculuma potječe iz daito-ryu aiki-jujutsu. Poznato je, da je Tokimune Takeda, sin Sokakua Takede morao učiniti mnogo na standardizaciji tehnika, da bi kasnije vještinu mogao podučavati vlastitim učenicima. Kisshomaru Ueshiba je to u aikidu također morao uraditi.

Kisshomaru je eliminirao većinu religioznih aspekta (šinto) aikida, posebno Kotodamu. Htio je aikidu dati univerzalnu dimenziju. O-Sensei je sam objasnio da nije potrebno mijenjati svoju religiju, da biste shvatili aikido. Kisshomaru je bio pragmatičan i racionalan majstor koji je i sam priznavao da ne mora nužno vjerovati u ono u što je vjerovao njegov otac. Kisshomaru nije krio svoje zanimanje za katoličku religiju. On i O-Sensei dobili su 30. listopada 1968. grofovsku titulu iz ruku nadbiskupa katoličke crkve u Brazilu za njihov rad u stvaranju i širenju poruke aikida. Kasnije, na putovanju u Rim 1994. godine, Kisshomaru je upoznao papu Ivana Pavla II.

Prema Okumura Shingenobuu, predratnom učeniku O-Senseija, Kisshomaruova tri glavna doprinosa aikidu su: organizacija, prijenos i teoretizacija. Shirata Rinjiro, također prijeratni učenik Moriheija Ueshibe je jednom prilikom rekao da je Kisshomaru "poboljšao (aikido) tehnike".

Smrt
Kisshomaru Ueshibi se zdravlje pogoršavalo od 1979. godine, pa je većinu domaćih i međunarodnih obveza ostavio sinu Moriteru. U bolnicu je primljen u prosincu 1998., a umro je 4. siječnja 1999. u dobi od 77 godina zbog zatajenja disanja. Pogreb je održan 7. siječnja, nakon čega je održana javna služba u pogrebnom domu Aoyama 17. siječnja 1999. Iza sebe je ostavio 1,2 milijuna aikidoka.

Priznanja
 Za doprinos javnom dobru kroz razvoj i rast aikida, od japanske vlade dobio Medalju s plavom vrpcom časti (1986)
 Za doprinos kulturnoj razmjeni između Francuske i Japana, dobio je Zlatnu medalju francuske vlade (1990)
 Počasni doktorat Politehničko sveučilišta u Valenciji (1992)
 Priznanje zaklade Nippon Budokan za doprinos razvoju i rastu borilačkih vještina (1994)
 Priznanje japanske vlade Orden Trećeg reda svete riznice (1995)
 Postumno priznanje japanske vlade Sudski čin petog razreda (1999)

 Djela
 Aikido (1985.)
  The Spirit of Aikido (1987.)
 Best Aikido: The Fundamentals (2002.)
 The Art of Aikido: Principles and Essential Techniques (2004.)
 A Life in Aikido: The Biography of Founder Morihei Ueshiba'' (2008.)

Vidi još
 Doshu Moriteru Ueshiba

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Sestrinski projekti

Mrežna sjedišta
 Biografija Doshua Kisshomaru Ueshibe

Životopisi, Tokyo
Japanske aikidoke
Japanske kendoke

Kisshomaru Ueshiba


Devil May Care est une série d'animation pour adultes créée par  et diffusée sur la chaîne américaine Syfy.

Cette série faisant partie du nouveau bloc d'animation hebdomadaires pour adultes de fin de soirée de 90 minutes de Syfy s'intitulant "TZGZ" et lancé au mois de novembre 2019. Cette série parmi d'autres étant initialement diffusée sur des plateformes peu connues – sont ancrés par les répétitions de Futurama.

L'intrigue de la série suit le personnage Beans, un jeune appartenant à la Génération Z qui se retrouve à mener une vie en Enfer dirigé par Devil, la manifestation du diable.

Références

 https://deadline.com/2020/01/syfy-ramps-up-animation-push-first-original-series-pilot-orders-tzgz-block-1202830104/

Série d'animation américaine
Série télévisée de Syfy
Série télévisée créée en 2021
Série télévisée américaine des années 2020

Devil May Care (série télévisée)


The Mercy  é um filme de 2017 dirigido por James Marsh. É baseado na história verídica da tentativa desastrosa do marinheiro amador Donald Crowhurst de completar a Corrida do Globo de Ouro do Sunday Times em 1968 e suas tentativas subsequentes de encobrir seu fracasso.

Elenco

Recepção
No agregador de críticas dos Estados Unidos, o Rotten Tomatoes, na pontuação onde a equipe do site categoriza as opiniões da  grande mídia e da mídia independente apenas como positivas ou negativas, o filme tem um índice de aprovação de 74% calculado com base em 81 comentários dos críticos. Por comparação, com as mesmas opiniões sendo calculadas usando uma média aritmética ponderada, a nota alcançada é 6.24/10 que é seguida do consenso: "The Mercy navega na performance central em camadas de Colin Firth, que adiciona profundidade e nuance necessárias que a história às vezes não tem".

Em outro agregador de críticas também dos Estados Unidos, o Metacritic, que calcula as notas usando somente uma média aritmética ponderada de críticos que escrevem em maioria apenas para a grande mídia, o filme tem 19 avaliações da imprensa anexadas no site e uma pontuação de 60 entre 100, com a indicação de "revisões mistas ou neutras".

Filmes do Reino Unido de 2017
Filmes de drama do Reino Unido
Filmes em língua inglesa
Filmes de drama da década de 2010

The Mercy


Notoscopelus kroyeri je vrsta riba iz porodice Myctophidae. Endemična je za sjeverni Atlantski ocean gdje živi u velikim dubinama. Dan provodi na velikim dubinama, a noć u blizini površine. Neke su znanstvenici ranije smatrali da je N. kroyeri podvrsta od Notoscopelus elongatus, ali postoje razlike: N. elongatus ima 25 ili manje škržnih lukova dok ih N. kroyeri ima 26 ili više.

Opis
Notoscopelus kroyeri je riba u obliku torpeda koja naraste do maksimalne duljine od 143 mm. Leđna peraja ima 21 ili 22 meke zrake, analna peraja ima 18 do 20 mekih zraka, a prsna peraja 12 do 13. Kao i drugi pripadnici roda, ima mnogo malih fotofora na stranama i bokovima ribe, poredanih na način koji je karakterističan za ovu vrstu. Zreli mužjaci imaju žlijezdu koja se sastoji od osam ili devet svjetlosnih segmenata
, ali im nedostaju bioluminescentne mrlje na obrazu i iznad oka koji su karakteristični za neke članove roda.

Rasprostranjenost
N. kroyeri je endemičan u sjevernom Atlantakom oceanu, a njegov raspon leži između 40° do 60° južne g.š. na zapadnoj strani i između 37° i 70° sjeverne g.š. na istočnoj strani. Danju se javlja na dubinama između oko 325 i 1.000 m ili više, a noću vrši vertikalnu migraciju i podiže se na dubinu između 0 i 125 m, s najvećom koncentracijom u najviših 40 m mora.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Žaboglavke

Notoscopelus kroyeri