Premiul Bram Stoker pentru cel mai bun roman grafic (Bram Stoker Award for Best Graphic Novel) este un premiu anual acordat de Horror Writers Association (HWA) pentru cel mai bun roman grafic de fantezie întunecată și literatură de groază.

Câștigători și nominalizări
Următoarea este o listă de câștigători și nominalizări ale premiului Bram Stoker pentru cel mai bun roman grafic.

 2011: Neonomicon de Alan Moore
 Anya's Ghost de Vera Brosgol
 Locke & Key Volume 4 de Joe Hill
 Green River Killer de Jeff Jensen
 Marvel Universe vs. Wolverine de Jonathan Maberry
 Baltimore Volume I: The Plague Ships de Mike Mignola și Christopher Golden

 2012: Witch Hunts: A Graphic History of the Burning Times de Rocky Wood și Lisa Morton
 The Sixth Gun Volume 3: Bound de Cullen Bunn
 Rachel Rising Vol. 1: The Shadow of Death de Terry Moore
 The Tale of Brin and Bent and Minno Marylebone de Ravi Thornton
 Behind These Eyes de Peter J. Wacks și Guy Anthony De Marco

 2013: Alabaster: Wolves de Caitlin R. Kiernan
 Fatale Book Three: West of Hell de Ed Brubaker
 Witch Doctor, Vol. 2: Mal Practice de Brandon Seifert
 Sin Titulo de Cameron Stewart
 Colder de Paul Tobin

 2014: Bad Blood de Jonathan Maberry & Tyler Crook
 Through the Woods de Emily Carroll
 Locke and Key: Vol. 6: Alpha and Omega de Joe Hill & Gabrielle Rodriguez
 I Tell You It's Love de Joe R. Lansdale & Daniele Serra
 The Witcher de Paul Tobin
 2015: Shadow Show: Stories in Celebration of Ray Bradbury de Sam Weller, Mort Castle, Chris Ryall și Carlos Guzman
 Harrow County, Vol. 1: Countless Haints de Cullen Bunn
 Hellbound de Victor Gischler
 Outcast, Vol. 1: A Darkness Surrounds Him de Robert Kirkman
 Wytches, Vol. 1 de Scott Snyder

Referințe și note

Legături externe
 Stoker Award on the HWA web page
 Graphical listing of all Bram Stoker award winners and nominees

Roman grafic


NGC 51 este o galaxie lenticulară din constelația Andromeda. A fost descoperită în 7 septembrie 1885 de către Lewis Swift.

Note

Vezi și
 NGC 7243
 NGC 247

Galaxii lenticulare
Obiecte NGC
Constelația Andromeda
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1885
Obiecte astronomice descoperite de Lewis Swift

NGC 51


An Brachiaria arizonica in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Frank Lamson Scribner ngan Elmer Drew Merrill, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Stanley Thatcher Blake. An Brachiaria arizonica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Brachiaria, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Brachiaria

Brachiaria arizonica


القبعة هي غطاء للرأس. وقد تلبس من أجل الحماية من أشياء معينة، أو لأسباب دينية، أو للسلامة، أو كملحقات الملابس للموضة. وفي الماضي، كانت القبعات مؤشرًا على الوضع الاجتماعي. وفي المجال العسكري، تدل القبعة على الرتبة والنظام العسكري. وهناك قبعات للرجال وقبعات للنساء، وكذلك قبعات يرتديها كلا الجنسين.

أصل الكلمة بالعربية
جاء في لسان العرب القبعة هي خِرقةٌ تخاط كالبُرْنُسِ يلبسها الصبيان.
أتت هذه الكلمة من سلوك القنفذ عندما يكور القنفذ نفسه ويخبئ رأسه نقول:
قبع القنفذ رأسه (أي خبأه) و(قبع فلان رأسه) أي أخفاه تحت قبعة أو ما شابه
ومن هنا تأتي كلمة قبعة وهي الأداة أو الوسيلة المستخدمة من الفعل قبع.

قياس القبعة
يتحدد قياس القبعة بقياس محيط الرأس في موضع فوق الأذن بنحو 0,5 بوصة أو 1.3 سم. ثم تقسيمه على بي. في المملكة المتحدة، يكون قياس القبعة أصغر بثمن البوصة من القياس في الولايات المتحدة وقد تستخدم البوصة أو السنتيمتر للتعبير عن القياس وذلك يتوقف على الصانع. والقبعات اللبادية يمكن أن تمط لتناسب قياس الزبون. وتأتي القبعات الأرخص بمقاسات معيارية، مثل صغيرة، متوسطة، كبيرة. وتكون بعض القبعات مثل قبعات كرة القاعدة، قابلة للتعديل.

أجزاء القبعة
 التاج
 الحواف
 المنقار
 البطانة

أنماط القبعات

مراجع

زينة ملحقة
تاريخ الموضة
قبعات
ملابس

قبعة


Santiago Esteban de la Mora (Valladolid de 1902-Madrid en 1987) fue un arquitecto y urbanista español. Miembro de la GATEPAC, se exilió tras la Guerra Civil Española, primero a la URSS y después a Colombia donde diseñó el Edificio Henry Faux y la Plaza de Toros de Santamaría.

Biografía

De la Mora nació en Valladolid en 1902. Se graduó como arquitecto en 1926 y entró al grupo GATEPAC en 1930. Durante 1934 con Luis Lacasa y Jesús Martí Martín participó en el concurso de proyectos para la construcción de poblados en las zonas regables del Guadalquivir y Guadalmellato.

En el año 1934 viajó becado a Londres donde tradujo al español algunas obras del urbanista británico Patrick Abercrombie. A su regreso a España ganó el concurso del Plan de Extensión de Logroño. Colaboró con Ignacio Cárdenas en el diseño del edificio Telefónica (ubicado en la Gran Vía de Madrid), en el edificio Telefónica de Valencia y en la Central Telefónica de El Grao en Valencia.

La Mora frecuentó círculos artísticos de su época; de ellos nació su amistad con el pintor Luis Quintanilla y el escultor Emiliano Barral con los que ganó en abril de 1933 el concurso para el monumento a Pablo Iglesias, que se inauguró en La Moncloa de Madrid en 1936. La obra fue destruida al concluir la Guerra Civil.

En 1939 partió hacia el exilio junto con su mujer Nina, primero en la Unión Soviética donde colaboró con Mercadal, con el que conservaría una estrecha amistad. Tras un periplo por Francia e Inglaterra viajó el mismo año a América para establecerse en Bogotá. Junto con Germán Tejero de la Torre, José de Rescasens, Ricardo Rivas Seba, y Alfredo Rodríguez Orgaz fue uno de los arquitectos españoles que se exilió en Colombia debido a la Guerra Civil. En 1942 y dentro de la política de depuración del magisterio fue inhabilitado en España por el correspondiente Consejo Superior de los Colegios de Arquitectos de España.

La reseña bibliográfica publicada en la solapa del libro Planeamiento versus Arquitectura (1951) afirma que "Desde 1939 reside en Bogotá (Colombia) donde proyecta, como trabajos oficiales: la revisión de los planos del Palacio de Comunicaciones; la restauración de la iglesia de Santo Domingo, y las nuevas vías de acceso a la Plaza de Toros. Se dedica al ejercicio profesional construyendo principalmente vivienda, unifamiliar y departamentos. Dicta duranta cinco años la clase de Urbanismo en la Facultad de Arquitectura de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia.

De la Mora regresó a España en 1971 y murió en 1987.

Obra

Es conocido por haber diseñado en los años cuarenta el Edificio Henry Faux y la Plaza de Toros de Santamaría de Bogotá, en el tradicional estilo de arquitectura neomudéjar. Durante su estancia en Colombia desempeñó cargos como profesor de Urbanismo de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia y dictó esta cátedra a los primeros arquitectos colombianos. En los años cincuenta escribió un libro titulado Planeamiento versus arquitectura.

Referencias

Arquitectos de España del siglo XX
Arquitectos del Movimiento Moderno
Urbanistas de España del siglo XX
Exiliados del franquismo en la Unión Soviética
Exiliados del franquismo en Colombia
Arquitectos de Valladolid
Víctimas de la depuración del magisterio español durante la dictadura franquista
GATEPAC
Nacidos en Valladolid
Fallecidos en Madrid

Santiago Esteban de la Mora


Albert Dyrlund Jensen, kendt som Albert Dyrlund, (født 10. oktober 1998, Helsingør, Nordsjælland, Danmark; død 28. juli 2021, Val Gardena, Italien) var en dansk sanger, sangskriver, musiker, filmskuespiller, tegnefilmsdubber/stemmeskuespiller, skuespiller og YouTuber indenfor vlogs, musik, sketches og komik. I 2014 var Albert Dyrlund og 10 andre YouTubere med til at starte aktiviteterne for det nordiske YouTube-reklamefirma Splay op i Danmark.

I 2018 producerede Regner Grasten Film en autofiktiv film, Team Albert, med Dyrlund i hovedrollen. Fra filmens premiere d. 4. oktober 2018 og tre uger frem solgte den 53.190 billetter, på trods af filmproducer Regner Grastens ambition om at sælge ligeså mange billetter som publikumssuccesen Anja og Victor fra 1999, der solgte 300.000 biletter de første tre uger. Derudover har Albert Dyrlund lagt stemme til animationsfilm, heriblandt Emoji Filmen fra 2017.

Den 28. juli 2021 omkom Dyrlund i en nedstyrtningsulykke fra en 200 meter høj klippeskrænt i Italien i forbindelse med en videooptagelse.

Opvækst
Albert Dyrlund gik på lilleskolen i Helsingør og gik til spejder i Helsingør. Han gik på Stubbekøbing Efterskole i Stubbekøbing. og han gik på Helsingør Gymnasium i Helsingør.

YouTube

Albert Dyrlund begyndte på YouTube med sin ven Anton Cornelius i 2012 med kanalen Novopleco drengene. Kanalen skiftede kort efter navn til Novopleco. Kanalen har i august 2021 over 172.000 abonnenter. I 2014 blev Novopleco også en del af Splay. Den 5. juni 2016 startede Dyrlund med at lave egne videoer, primært vlogs og sketcher, på sin egen kanal, Albert Dyrlund. Kanalen har i august 2021 over 175.000 abonnenter.

I 2019 lavede han en engelsksproget kanal, Albert Soap, primært indeholdende sketcher og vlogs. Kanalen har i august 2021 over 126.000 abonnenter.

I Januar 2020 blev han fremhævet af den verdensberømte, engelske YouTuber KSI, der reagerede på hans video, hvor han spiller KSI's sang foran amerikanske Logan Pauls hus. Dyrlunds video fik 1,8 millioner visninger, og KSI's video fik 5,5 millioner visninger.

Mediestunt

I 2019 udgav Albert Dyrlund sangen "Vafler" sammen med Sidney Lee og Jesu Brødre. I musikvideoen opførte Dyrlund sig psykotisk og havde ændret udseende. Det efterfulgte også i en række opslag på sociale medier. Ifølge flere medier var flere af Dyrlunds seere og disses mødre blevet bange for Albert Dyrlunds optræden, og folk spekulerede i, om Dyrlund var på stoffer eller blevet sindssyg. Han endte med delvist at trække videoen tilbage i juni 2019.

Mere end ét år efter, i november 2020, forklarer Dyrlund i en video, at han gjorde det, fordi det gik op for ham, hvor unge hans seere var. Han sagde, at han bare ønskede, at folk, der var ældre, så hans videoer, så han kunne gå ud og spille på klubber og på Roskilde Festival. Dyrlund valgte at spille sindssyg, for at maksimere omtalen. Det gjorde han så i Vafler og i Instagram-opslag hvor han bl.a. kyssede med Fie Laursen, og hvor han samlede en hundelort op med hånden. Ifølge Albert Dyrlund selv virkede det, da folk troede, at han var blevet sindssyg, og "det står jeg ved" sagde han i en video på YouTube.

Albert Dyrlund gik aldrig tilbage til sit gamle indhold på sin danske kanal, men valgte efter mediestuntet at oprette sin engelske kanal, Albert Soap. Han nåede imidlertid at udgive 3 sange, Marabou, Drik Ud og SOMMER på den danske kanal efter mediestuntet. Albert Dyrlund omkom lidt over en måned efter at have udgivet sin seneste sang, SOMMER.

Død

Onsdag d. 28. juli 2021 var Albert Dyrlund på vandretur med nogle venner - en dansker og to amerikanere - på ruten Forcella Pana, cirka 50 kilometer øst for Bolzano i det nordlige Italien.

Ifølge Dyrlunds amerikanske ven og YouTuber Tucker Doss indtraf ulykken, da gruppen en eftermiddag ville se landskabet væk fra de turistede områder. Gruppen spredte sig for at optage videoer hver for sig, og Doss befandt sig omtrent 60 meter fra Dyrlund. Dyrlund sad på et blødt græsstykke tæt på skrænten og optog sig selv med et kamera monteret på et stativ. Pludselig glider Dyrlund ukontrolleret og kalder på Doss, der vender sig om og ser ham falde ud over skrænten. Doss var i chok over ulykken og ringede umiddelbart efter ulykken til redningsberedskabet, der - ifølge Doss - dukkede op efter 10 minutter med en redningshelikopter.

Dyrlund faldt 200 meter ned af bjerget og omkom på stedet. Grundet tæt tåge havde redningshelikopteren svært ved at lokalisere Dyrlund, men da han endelig blev fundet, blev han erklæret død på stedet af en læge og bjergredder.

Hans lig blev fløjet til et nærliggende hospital.

Dyrlunds pludselige død blev en omtalt historie i de danske medier, og adskillige kendte danskere kondolerede i kølvandet på nyhederne om dødsfaldet, heriblandt Johnni Gade, Julia Sofia, Anders Hemmingsen, Faustix og filmproducent Regner Grasten.

Internationalt blev Dyrlunds død også omtalt. Den 5. august 2021 uploadede den verdensberømte, engelske YouTuber KSI en video på sin kanal, hvor han kondolerede dødsfaldet og delte gamle videoer af Dyrlund med sine seere.

Albert Dyrlund blev begravet ved Egebæksvang Kirke i Egebæksvang Sogn i Espergærde 17. august 2021.

Filmografi
 Angry Birds Filmen (2016) - Burt og andre biroller, (Bunkegris, Forvirret fugl, Svinitar, Tillidsgris, Tjenerfugl), (Danske stemme)
 LEGO Batman Filmen (2017) - Robin/Dick Grayson, (Danske stemme)
 Emoji Filmen (2017) - Travis, (Danske stemme)
 Escaping the Dead (2017) - Zombie
 Team Albert (2018) - Albert
 Baseboys sæson 1 (2018) - YouTuber
 Danmarks Største Youtuber (2018) - YouTuber
 Aftenshowet (2018) - Ham selv

Tv-serier

Web, video, film & kortfilm
{| class="wikitable"
!År
!Title
!Rolle/Job
!Note(r)
|-
|2016
|Angry Birds Filmen
|Burt og andre biroller
|Film, dansk stemme
|-
|2017
|Escaping the Dead|Zombie
|Film  https://www.themoviedb.org/movie/416362-escaping-the-dead https://m.imdb.com/title/tt3334746/mediaviewer/rm2417301504/
|-
|2017
|LEGO Batman Filmen|Robin/Dick Grayson,
|Film, dansk stemme
|-
|2017
|Emoji Filmen
|Travis/Travis jr.
|Film, dansk stemme
|-
|2018
|Team Albert
|Albert
|Film
|}

 Musik

Dyrlund udgav sin første single, Bamboo, under eget navn i oktober 2014. Han udgav sin anden single, Hellerup-dreng, under eget navn i november 2016. Hellerup-dreng var på hitlisten i 4 uger og peakede på en 15. plads. Sangen har 2,4 millioner aflytninger på Spotify og 2,9 millioner visninger på YouTube. Han udgav flere sange til hans film, bl.a. Venner For Livet''.

Diskografi

Singler

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Alberts danske kanal på YouTube
 Alberts engelske kanal på YouTube
 Albert Dyrlund på Spotify

YouTubere fra Danmark

Albert Dyrlund


An Gouinia papillosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jason Richard Swallen. An Gouinia papillosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Gouinia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Gouinia

Gouinia papillosa


was a district located in Mie Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district had an estimated population of 11,590 and a density of 106.33 persons per km2. The total area was 109.00 km2.

Towns and villages
The district had only one town left before dissolution:
 Aoyama

Merger
 On November 1, 2004 - the town of Aoyama was merged with the city of Ueno, the towns of Iga (former) Ayama, and the villages of Ōyamada and Shimagahara (all from Ayama District) to create the city of Iga. Naga District was dissolved as a result of this merger.

Former districts of Mie Prefecture

Naga District, Mie


Geneviève Prigent, née le  à Saint-Brieuc, décédée le  à Lannion, fut l'épouse de Michel Petrovitch Niegosh, prince héritier du Monténégro, une résistante pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, une militante des droits de l'homme et s'engagea aussi dans la défense du littoral breton.

Biographie

Geneviève Prigent est née à Saint-Brieuc en 1919, au n° 38 du boulevard Amiral-Charner. Son père, François-Marie Prigent, s'était installé cette année-là comme chirurgien dans cette ville. Elle commence des études de médecine à Rennes juste avant le début de la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

Geneviève Prigent fait la connaissance en 1940, dans un train, de Michel Petrovitch Niegosh, prince héritier du Monténégro, dont la famille est exilée en France depuis 1916 ; ce fut un coup de foudre ; les deux jeunes gens se marient en 1941.

En raison de son invasion par les Allemands le , le Monténégro devint un satellite des Puissances de l'Axe et le prince héritier, ainsi que son épouse, devinrent des otages de la diplomatie allemande, qui souhaitait mettre le prince à la tête d'un État fantoche, et les obliger à résider dans une résidence luxueuse mais surveillée. Cependant, le couple refuse de collaborer avec les Allemands et les Italiens, en dépit de l'insistance du comte Ciano.

Revenus en France, le couple s'installa à Neuilly-sur-Seine, puis en Bretagne ; les deux époux s'engagèrent dans la Résistance dans la région de Guingamp. Le prince fut arrêté en mai 1944 et déporté en Allemagne ; Geneviève Prigent donna naissance deux mois plus tard le  à Saint-Nicolas-du-Pélem à leur fils Nicolas.

Surnommée la « princesse rouge », Geneviève Prigent devint après la guerre présidente de la Croix-Rouge yougoslave et organisa les convois de retour des Yougoslaves dispersés un peu partout en Europe par la guerre. Le prince Michel, à son retour, nommé par le maréchal Tito, devint le chef du protocole du ministère des Affaires étrangères de la Yougoslavie; mais en 1948 le couple, ne cautionnant pas les dérives du régime de Tito, décida de revenir en France. Geneviève Prigent devint alors une militante très active des Droits de l'homme (elle fut déléguée régionale de la Ligue des droits de l'homme pour la Bretagne).

Le couple divorça en 1949 et Geneviève Prigent, qui avait repris ses études médicales, devint l'une des premières orthoptistes de France (elle est une des grandes figures de l'orthoptie ; son travail, en collaboration avec le docteur Jean Lavat, ophtalmologue, a beaucoup apporté à l'orthoptie dans la prise en charge des strabismes). Elle s'installa en 1972 à Trébeurden où elle s'engagea, comme présidente de la Fédération des Associations de Protection de la Nature (FAPEN), dans la défense du littoral breton (elle fut cofondatrice de l'association Bevañ e Trebeurden, présidente de la Fapen 22), menant notamment, mais en vain, un combat de près de 15 ans contre le projet de construction du port de plaisance de Trébeurden, et avec plus de succès, contre plusieurs projets immobiliers sur la côte. Ceci a permis notamment la sauvegarde de la baie de Keryvon (en Pleumeur-Bodou) et du site de la chapelle de Penvern. Elle contribua au rachat de sites comme le marais du Quellen (par le département des Côtes-d'Armor), les bois de Pleumeur-Bodou, l'île Milliau (cible de promoteurs immobiliers) par le Conservatoire du littoral. Elle lutta contre l'extraction de sable en Baie de Lannion dans les années 1970-1980.

Sur sa tombe, on peut lire ces mots: « Avec conviction, ténacité et courage, Geneviève Prigent a lutté contre le nazisme, les atteintes à l'environnement et aux droits de l'homme. »

Une rue de Lannion porte son nom depuis 2009.

Son fils, Nicolas II, a déclaré lors d'une visite à Lannion en 2017 : « C'était quelqu'un qui ne cédait en rien sur ses convictions, même devant les élus, elle gardait son franc-parler. Elle avait aussi une grande capacité à rassembler les gens ».

Notes et références

Naissance dans les Côtes-du-Nord
Naissance à Saint-Brieuc
Droits de l'homme
Orthoptie
Croix-Rouge

Geneviève Prigent


El otdel de Maikop  fue una división administrativa territorial del óblast de Kubán del Imperio ruso y del óblast de Kubán-Mar Negro de la República Socialista Federativa Soviética de Rusia dentro de la Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas, que existió entre 1869 y 1924. Tenía una superficie de 14 613.6 verstas cuadradas. En 1897 tenía 283 117 habitantes. Su centro administrativo era la ciudad de Maikop.

Ocupaba la parte meridional del óblast, haciendo frontera a través del Cáucaso con la gubernia de Chernomore. Correspondería a gran parte de la actual república de Adiguesia y parte de los raiones de Beloréchensk, Apsheronsk y Mostovskói del krai de Krasnodar.

Las localidades más importantes a finales del siglo XIX (entre paréntesis el número de habitantes) eran Maikop (34 327), Yaroslávskaya (8 063), Beloréchenskaya (6 792), Nekrásovskaya (5 812), Kostromskaya (5 802), Jánskaya (5 500), Vozdvízhenskaya (5 154), Perepravnaya (4 532), Kuzhorskaya (4 188), Pshejskaya (3 319), Novolabínskaya (3 280) y Guiaguínskaya

Historia

Fue constituido en 1869 como uyedz de Maikop, parte del óblast de Kubán. El 27 de enero de 1876 partes de su territorio pasaron a formar parte de los uyedz Zakubanski y Kavkazski. En 1888 se reinstaura el otdel de Maikop. Tras el establecimiento del poder soviético, el otdel pasa a formar parte del óblast de Kubán-Mar Negro. En parte de los otdel de Maikop y Ekaterinodar, de población adigué, se formó el Óblast Autónomo Circasiano (Adigué), con centro administrativo en Krasnodar, el 27 de julio de 1922. El 2 de junio de 1924 se abolió el óblast y se estableció el Óblast del Sudeste, en el que parte del distrito se convertiría en el ókrug de Maikop del krai del Cáucaso Norte.

División administrativa

A partir del 26 de enero de 1923, el otdel se dividía en 18 volosts:

 Abadzéjskaya,
 Apsheronskaya,
 Beloréchenskaya,
 Bzhedujovskaya,
 Velikaya,
 Guiaguínskaya,
 Gúbskaya,
 Gurískaya,
 Dagestánskaya,
 Dondukovskaya,
 Maikopskaya,
 Novosvobodnaya,
 Perepravnaya,
 Psebaiskaya,
 Pshejskaya,
 Riazánskaya,
 Jadyzhenskaya,
 Yaroslávskaya.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo es en parte una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Майкопский отдел.
 Основные административно-территориальные преобразования на Кубани (1793—1985 гг.) / Autores: A. S. Azarenova, I. Y. Bondar, N. S. Vertysheva — Krasnodar: Краснодарское кн. изд-во, 1986. — 394 p.
 Otdel de Maikop en el Diccionario Enciclopédico Brockhaus y Efron .
 Mapa del otdel de Maikop

Óblast de Kubán
Óblast de Kubán-Mar Negro

Otdel de Maikop


USS Dolphin (PG-24) era uma canhoneira/navio de despacho; o quarto navio da Marinha dos Estados Unidos a compartilhar o nome. A quilha do Dolphin foi colocada pela Delaware River Iron Ship Building and Engine Works de Chester. Ele foi lançado em 12 de abril de 1884, com o capitão George Dewey no comando, e comissionada em 8 de dezembro de 1885 com o capitão R. W. Meade no comando. O Dolphin foi o primeiro navio da Marinha a hastear a bandeira presidencial dos Estados Unidos durante a administração do presidente Chester A. Arthur, e o segundo navio da Marinha a servir como iate presidencial.

Navios de 1884
Canhoneiras da Marinha dos Estados Unidos

USS Dolphin (PG-24)


Ettore Balestrero (Gênova, 21 de dezembro de 1966) é um clérigo italiano, arcebispo e diplomata da Santa Sé.

Depois de estudar Direito, ingressou no Almo Collegio Capranica e foi ordenado sacerdote em 18 de setembro de 1993 pelo Cardeal Vigário e Arcipreste da Basílica de Latrão, Cardeal Camillo Ruini.

Formou-se em teologia e doutorou-se em direito canônico. Depois de trabalhar na paróquia de Santa Maria Mater Ecclesiae al Torrino, em Roma, tornou-se aluno da Pontifícia Academia Diplomática. Entrou no serviço diplomático da Santa Sé em 1º de julho de 1996 e serviu nas nunciaturas da Coréia, Mongólia e Holanda. Atua na Secretaria de Estado desde 2001.

Papa Bento XVI nomeou-o em 17 de agosto de 2009 como Subsecretário de Relações com os Estados e o Banco do Vaticano IOR. Sucedeu a Pietro Parolin, nomeado no mesmo dia Núncio Apostólico na Venezuela. O trabalho de Balestrero como subsecretário era supervisionar o trabalho do Escritório de Relações com os Estados e manter contatos com embaixadores de todo o mundo.

Ettore Balestrero foi pelo Papa Bento XVI em 22 de fevereiro de 2013 nomeado Núncio Apostólico na Colômbia e Arcebispo Titular pro hac vice de Victoriana. A consagração episcopal lhe doou em 27 de abril do mesmo ano o Cardeal Bispo de Frascati, Tarcisio Bertone SDB; Os cardeais Marc Ouellet PSS e Fernando Filoni foram co-consagradores.

Em 6 de julho de 2018, foi nomeado Encarregado da Nunciatura Apostólica na República Democrática do Congo. O anterior núncio no Congo, Luis Mariano Montemayor, foi nomeado em 27 de setembro do mesmo ano para sucedê-lo como núncio apostólico na Colômbia.

Em 27 de abril de 2019, o Papa Francisco o nomeou Núncio Apostólico na República Democrática do Congo.

Em 21 de junho de 2021, foi transferido como Observador Permanente da Santa Sé junto às Nações Unidas em Genebra e Representante da Santa Sé para a Organização Internacional para os Imigrantes.

Ele é de mãe americana e fala inglês fluentemente, além de francês, espanhol, alemão e holandês.

Ligações externas

Nascidos em 1966
Arcebispos católicos da Itália
Núncios apostólicos na Colômbia
Núncios apostólicos na República Democrática do Congo
Diplomatas da Santa Sé

Ettore Balestrero


Prirodoslovni muzej Metković nalazi se u Metkoviću.

Zgrada muzeja
Muzej je zajedno zajedno s Gradskom knjižnicom i čitaonicom smješten u zgradi nekadašnje duhanske stanice Vaga izgrađene 1891. Nakon njene temeljite obnove, muzej je svečano otvoren 17. srpnja 2015.

Zbirka muzeja
Muzej je izrastao iz Ornitološke zbirke koja je otvorena 1952. ponajviše zahvaljujući Dragutinu Rucneru i Lovačkom društvu Metković. Zbirka je u početku bila u prostorijama Lovačkog društva i činilo je 240 preparata ptica. U prostore prizemlja današnje uprave grada preseljena je 1969. i tu je ostala do preseljenja u muzej.

Muzej je prostorno organiziran u pet soba kružnog rasporeda. Ornitološka zbirka temelj je postava muzeja i dio prve sobe. U drugoj, trećoj i četvrtoj sobi su trodimenzionalni prikazi vodenih i kopnenih staništa delte rijeke Neretve. Mogu se vidjeti prikazi močvare, tršćaka, kanala, riječnog vodenog toka, kamenjara i točila, te šumskih staništa i antropogeno uvjetovanih naselja i poljoprivrednih površina. Prikazi završavaju scenama selidbe ptica kao i njihovim zimovanjima u vodenim i kompnenim staništima. Video zapisi prikazuju ponašanja životinja u staništima i njihovo glasanje. Iz treće sobe izlazi se u vrt s autohtonom vegetacijom u kojoj se nalaze kućice za ptice i hotel za kukce. Peta je soba posvećena aktivnoj zaštiti i očuvanju biološke raznolikosti neretvanskog kraja. U njoj se mogu vidjeti vitrinski prikazi gnjuraca i pataka te interaktivni kutak koji prikazuje važnost promatranja ptica i njihova prstenovanja. Na kraju postava prikazuju se kratkometražni filmovi i pitalice za djecu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Službene stranice

Prirodoslovni muzeji
Kultura u Metkoviću
Muzeji u Hrvatskoj

Prirodoslovni muzej Metković


Principprogram et politisk partis målsætninger og planer for samfundsudviklingen.

Referencer

Politik

Principprogram


Mirko (Emerik) III. Perényi (lat. Emericus Perenius, mađ. Perényi (III.) Imre) (? – ?, 5. veljače 1519.), ugarski velikaš, ugarski palatin (1504. – 1519.) i hrvatski ban (1512. – 1513.).

Životopis

Godine 1504. postao je ugarski palatin i tu dužnost obnaša do kraja života. Bio je jedan od vođa dvorske stranke i protivnik odluke o zabrani izbora stranaca na hrvatsko-ugarsko prijestolje, iako ju je naposljetku potpisao. Za odsutnosti kralja Vladislava II. (1490. – 1516.), koji je boravio u Češkoj 1509. godine, upravljao je kao namjesnik zemljom. Zajedno s dijelom velikaša planirao je oduzeti Mlečanima Dalmaciju tijekom njihova sukoba s Cambraiskom ligom.

Od 1512. godine obnašao je dužnost hrvatskog bana, a od 1513. i dužnost vrhovnog kapetana kraljevstva, zajedno s Ivanom Zapoljom. Bio je jedan od supotpisnika sporazuma iz 1515. godine, potpisanog između kralja Vladislava II. Jagelovića i rimsko-njemačkog cara Maksimilijana I. Habsburškoga, kojim je Habsburgovcima bilo osigurano pravo na hrvatsko-ugarsko prijestolje u slučaju izumrća Vladislavove loze. Na temelju tih zasluga, car Maksimilijan I. podijelio mu je 1517. godine nasljedni naslov državnog kneza u Svetom Rimskom Carstvu.

Bilješke

Vanjske poveznnice

 Perényi, Mirko - Hrvatska enciklopedija

Hrvatski banovi
Mađarsko plemstvo

Mirko Perényi


Casamitjana ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Antonio Moreno Casamitjana (1927–2013), römisch-katholischer Theologe und Erzbischof von Concepción
 José Capmany Casamitjana (1920–1995), spanischer Geistlicher

Casamitjana


Kiro'o Games est un éditeur de jeux vidéo camerounais créé en 2012.  Kiro'o Games tient son nom du mot kiroho qui signifie spirituelle en swahili. Son siège social est à Yaoundé, au Cameroun. Kiro'o est considéré comme l'un des studios pionniers en matière de jeu vidéo à thème complètement africain.

Produits
Kiro'o Games compte deux principaux jeux vidéos à savoir Aurion : l'héritage des Kori-Odan sorti en 2016 et Le Responsable Mboa sorti en octobre 2020.

En mars 2020, le ministre camerounais des finances Louis Paul Motaze a fait une visite au siège de Kiro'o Games dans le cadre de leur programme d' autofinancement des PMEs appelé Kiro'o Rebuntu.

Aurion Kajuta Gems Fighter
Aurion Kajuta Gems Fighter est un jeu mobile qui consiste à aligner des gems afin de générer une énergie de combat.

Le Responsable Mboa

Le Responsable Mboa est un jeu mobile qui simule l'environnement typique d'un fonctionnaire africain. La version bêta est disponible depuis fin 2020.

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Site officiel

Développeur de jeux vidéo
Éditeur de jeux vidéo
Entreprise fondée en 2012
Entreprise ayant son siège au Cameroun

Kiro'o Games


Warner Bros. Discovery, Inc. (WBD) est un conglomérat américain multinational de médias et divertissements.

Warner Bros. Discovery est né le  de la fusion de WarnerMedia et Discovery, Inc.. Le nom de l'entreprise est une combinaison du studio de télévision et de cinéma Warner Bros. et de la chaîne de télévision payante Discovery Channel.

Les propriétés de la société sont divisées en sept unités commerciales, dont les studios phares de cinéma et de télévision Warner Bros., HBO, CNN, U.S. Networks (qui comprend presque tous les réseaux câblés de Discovery et WarnerMedia, y compris les réseaux Turner Entertainment, Cartoon Network et Adult Swim, Discovery Channel et ses réseaux frères, les anciennes chaînes interactives de Scripps Networks telles que Food Network et HGTV, et possède une petite participation dans The CW (12,5%) aux côtés de Paramount Global (anciennement ViacomCBS) qui possède également 12,5%, Sports (qui comprend les réseaux Eurosport de Discovery et la division Turner Sports de WarnerMedia), Global Streaming & Interactive Entertainment (qui comprend les services de streaming Discovery+ et HBO Max, et l'éditeur de jeux vidéo Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment) et les réseaux internationaux.

Histoire

Formation du groupe (2021–2022)
Le 16 mai 2021, Bloomberg News a rapporté qu'AT&T était en pourparlers avec Discovery, Inc. pour qu'elle fusionne avec WarnerMedia, la société mère de Warner Bros., pour former une société cotée en bourse qui serait divisée entre ses actionnaires.

Le 17 mai 2021, AT&T a annoncé qu'elle avait accepté de céder sa participation dans la filiale de médias et de divertissement en propriété exclusive WarnerMedia (l'ancienne Time Warner, qu'AT&T a acquise en 2018 pour un peu plus de 85 milliards de dollars américains dans le but de devenir une filiale verticale conglomérat de médias intégrés) et fusionner avec Discovery Inc. pour former une nouvelle société, qui est soumise à l'approbation réglementaire. La fusion, qui devrait être achevée à la mi-2022, sera structurée comme un Reverse Morris Trust avec les actionnaires d'AT&T détenant une participation de 71 % dans les actions de la nouvelle société et nommant sept membres du conseil d'administration, et les actionnaires de Discovery détenant une participation de 29 % et nommant six membres du conseil d'administration. AT&T recevra 43 milliards de dollars en espèces et en dettes de la scission.

Début des opérations (depuis 2022)
Le 5 avril 2022, il est confirmé que le PDG de WarnerMedia, Jason Kilar (ancien président-directeur général et cofondateur de Hulu) quitte l'entreprise, tout comme Ann Sarnoff qui fut la présidente de Warner Bros. (d'été 2019 au 8 avril 2022), ainsi que plusieurs employés de WarnerMedia. Toby Emmerich reste tout de même dans la nouvelle société et sera président de Warner Bros. Pictures Group, tout comme Tom Ascheim qui conservera son poste en tant que président de Warner Bros. Global Kids, Young Adults and Classics jusqu'au 11 mai 2022 où il fut à son tour poussé vers la porte.

Le 6 avril 2022, Variety confirme que la fusion entre WarnerMedia et Discovery s'achèvera le 8 avril 2022.

Actifs

WarnerMedia
 Adult Swim
 Alloy Entertainment
 Avalanche Software
 Bleacher Report
 Boing
 Boomerang
 Cartoon Network
 Cartoon Network Studios
 Castle Rock Entertainment
 Cartoonito
 Cinemax
 CNN
 CNN+
 DC Comics
 Glitz
 Hanna-Barbera Studios Europe
 HBO
 HBO Max
 HLN
 HTV
 I.Sat
 IStreamPlanet
 Lazytown Entertainment
 Mad Magazine
 Monolith Productions
 NetherRealm Studios
 New Line Cinema
 Oh!K
 Ole Distribution (coentreprise)
 Otter Media
 Pogo
 Portkey Games
 Rocksteady Studios
 Space
 Studio Distribution Services (50%)
 TBS
 Telepictures
 The CW (12,5%)
 The Wolper Organization
 Toonami
 Tooncast
 TNT
 TruTV
 Turner Broadcasting System
 Turner Classic Movies
 Turner Entertainment Co.
 Turner Sports
 TT Games
 Warner Animation Group
 Warner Bros.
 Warner Bros. Animation
 Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment
 Warner TV
 WaterTower Music
 Williams Street
 World Heritage Channel

Discovery, Inc.
 All3Media (50%)
 American Heroes Channel
 Animal Planet
 Asian Food Network
 Bravo New Zealand (coentreprise)
 Breeze TV
 Cooking Channel (69%)
 Destination America
 Discovery+
 Discovery Channel
 Discovery Digital Studios
 Discovery Familia
 Discovery Family (60%)
 Discovery Home & Health
 Discovery Kids India
 Discovery Kids Latin America
 Discovery Life
 Discovery Turbo
 DMAX
 DTX
 Eden
 Eurosport
 Fatafeat
 Food Network (69%)
 Frisbee
 Golf Digest
 GolfTV
 Golf World
 HGTV
 Investigation Discovery
 K2
 Living
 Magnolia Network (participation majoritaire)
 Motor Trend (50%)
 Motor Trend Group
 OWN (95%)
 Philo (coentreprise)
 Red Televisiva Megavisión (coentreprise)
 Quest
 Rachael Ray Entertainment
 Really
 Reshet (21%)
 Rush
 Science Channel
 Tele 5
 The Edge TV
 Three
 TLC
 Travel Channel
 TVN Group

Organisation

Conseil d'administration
Source : The Holliwood Reporter'
 Samuel A. DiPiazza, président
 David Zaslav
 Robert Bennett
 Li Haslett Chen
 Richard Fisher
 Paul Gould
 Debra L. Lee
 John C. Malone
 Fazal Merchant
 Steven Miron
 Steven Newhouse
 Paula Price
 Geoffrey Yang

Direction
Source : Discovery, Inc.
 David Zaslav, directeur général
 Gunnar Wiedenfels, directeur financier
 Lori Locke, Chef de la Compabilité
 Bruce Campbell, Directeur des revenus et de la stratégie
 Jon Steinlauf, Directeur des ventes publicitaires aux États-Unis
 Adria Alpert Romm, Directrice des ressources humaines et de la culture
 Asif Sadiq, Directeur mondial de la diversité, de l'équité et de l'inclusion
 Michael De Luca, Président de Warner Bros. Pictures Group
 Pamela Abdy, Présidente de Warner Bros. Pictures Group
 James Gunn et Peter Safran, sont co-PDG de DC Studios
 Channing Dungey, Présidente de Warner Bros. Television Group
 Sam Register, Président de Warner Bros. Animation et Cartoon Network Studios
 Kathleen Finch, Présidente et directrice du contenu d'US Networks Group
 Michael Ouweleen, Président de Cartoon Network, Adult Swim, Boomerang, Cartoonito
 David Leavy, Chef des affaires corporatives
 Nathaniel Brown, Chef de la communication d'entreprise
 JB Perrette, Directeur général et président de Warner Bros. Discovery Global Streaming and Interactive Entertainment
 Casey Bloys, Directeur du contenu de HBO et HBO Max
 Chris Licht, Président et Directeur Général de CNN Global
 Luis Silberwasser, Président de Warner Bros. Discovery Sports
 Savalle Sims, Avocat Général
 Gerhard Zeiler, Président de Warner Bros. Discovery International

Identité visuelle

Logo

De TimeWarner à WarnerMedia (1990–2022)

Warner Bros. Discovery (depuis 2022)

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Discovery, Inc.
 WarnerMedia
 AT&T

Liens externes

Société cotée au NASDAQ
Entreprise fondée en 2022
Conglomérat
Conglomérat ayant son siège aux États-Unis
Entreprise des médias ayant son siège aux États-Unis
Entreprise du divertissement ayant son siège aux États-Unis
Entreprise Internet ayant son siège aux États-Unis
Industrie du cinéma aux États-Unis

Warner Bros. Discovery


was a town located in Mitsu District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 10,124 and a density of 88.48 persons per km2. The total area was 114.42 km2.

On March 22, 2005, Mitsu, along with the town of Nadasaki (from Kojima District), was merged into the expanded city of Okayama.

Dissolved municipalities of Okayama Prefecture
Okayama

Mitsu, Okayama


For mandsnavnet Sjúrður, se Sjurd
Sjúrður (eller Sigurd) var i årene omkring 1300 lagmand på Shetland og regnes også som en sandsynlig lagmand på Færøerne.

Sjúrður var sammen med biskop Erlendur forfatter til Fårebrevet (færøsk: Seyðabrævið) i 1298 – et dokument med landbrugsbestemmelser for Færøene og den ældste skriftlige kilde på færøsk.

Referencer

Lagmænd fra Færøerne før 1816
Shetlandsøernes historie

Sjúrður


Berberidopsis,  biljni rod iz porodice Berberidopsidaceae, dio reda  Berberidopsidales. Pripadaju mu dvije vrste penjačica, jedna iz toplih kišnih šuma u Queenslandu i Novom Južnom Walesu, te jedna iz srednjeg i južnog Čilea

Vrste
 Berberidopsis beckleri (F.Muell.) Veldkamp
 Berberidopsis corallina Hook.f.

Izvori

Berberidopsidales

Berberidopsis


This is a list of universities and colleges in Latvia. The accrediting body for universities and colleges in Latvia is the 'Council of Higher Education' (Augstākās izglītības padome).

Institutions are divided into 'first-level vocational schools or colleges' (pirmā līmeņa profesionālās izglītības iestādes jeb koledžas) and Augstskola, a Latvian language term roughly translated as 'high school' or 'higher school', which covers institutions generally referred to as universities or tertiary colleges in English. Each category is further subdivided as follows:

Universities

State universities (Valsts universitātes)
 University of Daugavpils
 Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies
 Riga Stradiņš University
 Riga Technical University
 University of Latvia
 University of Liepāja

State colleges (Valsts augstskolas)
Latvian Academy of Art
BA School of Business and Finance (formerly the Banking College under the Bank of Latvia)
Jāzeps Vītols Latvian Academy of Music (formerly the Latvian Conservatory)
Latvian Academy of Culture (lv)
Latvian Academy of Sport Education
Latvian Maritime Academy
National Defence Academy of Latvia
Rēzekne Academy of Technology
Riga Teacher Training and Educational Management Academy (lv) (merged into University of Latvia from 2017)
Ventspils University of Applied Sciences
Vidzeme University of Applied Sciences

Non-university type colleges (Neuniversitātes tipa augstskolas)
Baltic International Academy (including the Baltic Psychology and Management College)
College of Economics and Culture (lv)
International School of Practical Psychology (lv)
ISMA University
Latvian Christian Academy (lv)
Luther Academy (lv)
Riga Aeronautical Institute (lv)
Riga Graduate School of Law (RGSL)
University of Business, Arts and Technology (formerly Riga International School of Economics and Business Administration)
School of Social Technologies
Stockholm School of Economics in Riga
Transport and Telecommunication Institute
Turība University

Vocational schools and colleges

State colleges (Valsts koledžas)
Daugavpils Medical College (lv) (integrated into the University of Daugavpils from March 2018)
Fire Safety and Civil Defence College
Jēkabpils Agribusiness College
Latvian Cultural College at the Latvian Academy of Culture
Liepāja Maritime College
Malnava College (lv)
Olaine Mechanics and Technology College
Red Cross Medical College at Riga Stradiņš University (lv)
Riga 1st Medical College (lv)
Riga Building College
Riga Business College at the BA School of Business and Finance
Riga Medical College at the University of Latvia (lv)
Riga Technical College (lv)
State Agency for Social Integration College
State Border Guard College
State Police College (lv)
Stradiņš Medical College at the University of Latvia (lv)
 European Skill Training Institute

Colleges established with legal personality (Juridisko personu dibinātās koledžas)
Albert College
Christian Leadership College
College of Accounting and Finance
College of Business Administration (lv)
College of Law
Cosmetology College
Latvian College of Business (lv)
Novikontas Maritime College

Foreign university affiliates (Ārvalstu augstskolu filiāles)
Newport University CED, Latvia, affiliated with the Tomsk State University
Riga Higher Institute of Religious Sciences, under the Pontifical Lateran University
Riga Institute of Theology, under the Pontifical Lateran University

See also
List of colleges and universities
List of colleges and universities by country
List of schools in Latvia
List of universities in Estonia
List of universities in Lithuania

External links
Links to Latvian colleges and universities at Council for Higher Education website

Universities
Universities in Latvia
Latvia
Uni
Latvia

List of universities and colleges in Latvia


An Bothriochloa eurylemma in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni M.Marchi ngan Longhi-wagner. An Bothriochloa eurylemma in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bothriochloa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Bothriochloa

Bothriochloa eurylemma


En hattemager er en person der fremstiller hatte. Allerede i 1363 blev der registreret et hattemagerlaug i Nürnberg. I lighed med mange andre håndværkserhverv blev det i høj grad udkonkurreret af industriel produktion. I dag er hattemagerfaget karakteriseret som "bevaringsværdigt" både i Norge og Tyskland sådan at fagkundskab holdes i hævd og det er mulig at få en uddannelse i faget.

Titlen hattemager bruges af håndværkere som både laver og sælger hatte – i første omgang snakker man da om hatte til mænd. Hatte til kvinder bliver normalt fremstillet af en modist. Hattemagere bruger materialer som filt, lærred, tekstil, læder, pels eller strå som råvarer til at fremstille og forme de hovedbeklædninger som skal produceres.

Verdens ældste stadig fungerende hattemager er James Lock & Co., som blev grundlagt 1676. En anden berømt producent er Borsalino i Italien, der er særligt kendte for deres fedorahatte. I Danmark findes hatteforretningen Petitgas, der blev grundlagt i 1857, på Købmagergade i København.

I Lewis Carrolls børnebog Alice i Eventyrland fra 1865 optræder figuren Den Gale Hattemager, som optræder temmelig forvirret og til tider sindssyg. Op igennem 1800-tallet brugt man ofte kviksølv til fremstilling af filthatte, hvilket kan give hjerneskader.

Referencer

Se også

 Kasketmager
 Modist

Stillingsbetegnelser
Hovedbeklædning

Hattemager


බ්‍රේකිං බෑඩ් (ඉංග්‍රීසි:Breaking Bad) යනු වින්ස් ගිලිගන් විසින් නිර්මාණය කර නිෂ්පාදනය කරනු ලැබූ, අපරාධ ගණයේ ඇමරිකානු රූපවාහිනී ටෙලිනාට්‍ය මාලාවකි. මෙම ටෙලිනාට්‍ය මාලාව පළමු වරට විකාශය වූයේ 2008 ජනවාරි 20 සිට 2013 සැප්තැම්බර් 29 දක්වා AMC ( ඒ එම් සී (රූපවාහිනී නාලිකාව) ) කේබල් නාලිකාවේය. එය කතාමාලා 5ක් වශයෙන් විකාශය විය. මෙහි ප්‍රධාන චරිතය වන වෝල්ටර් වයිට් (බ්‍රයන් ක්‍රැන්ස්ටන්) යනු කතාව ආරම්භයේදීම තමාට පෙනහළු පිළිකාවක් ඇති බව දැනගන්නා, ඇමරිකානු උසස් පාසල් රසායන විද්‍යා ගුරුවරයෙකි. මොහු තම මරණයට පෙර තමාගේ පවුල ආර්ථිකව ශක්තිමත් කිරීම අරමුණු කරගෙන අපරාධකරුවෙකු බවට පත්වී මෙතම්ෆෙටමින් නමැති මත්ද්‍රව්‍ය නිෂ්පාදනයටත්, ඒවා විකිණීමටත් යොමුවෙයි. ඔහු මේ සඳහා ඔහුගේම පෙර ශිෂ්‍යයෙකුව සිටි ජෙසී පින්ක්මන් (ආරන් පෝල්) තම හවුල්කරුවා ලෙස සම්බන්ධ කරගනී. මෙම ටෙලිනාට්‍ය මාලාවට පාදක වී තිබෙන්නේද, එය නිර්මාණය කර තිබෙන්නේද, ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදයේ, නිව් මෙක්සිකෝ ජනපදයේ, ඇල්බකර්කිව් නම් නගරයයි.

වෝල්ටර්ගේ පවුලේ සාමාජිකයන් වන්නේ ඔහුගේ බිරිඳ ස්කයිලර් වයිට් (ඇනා ගන්), ඔහුගේ පුතු වන ෆ්ලින් ලෙසද හඳුන්වන වෝල්ටර් වයිට් කනිෂ්ඨ (ආර් ජේ මයිට්) සහ හොලී වයිට් (එලනෝ ඈන් වෙන්රිච්) වේ. එමෙන්ම ස්කයිලර් ගේ නැගණිය වන මාරි ස්ක්‍රේඩර් (බෙට්සි බ්‍රැන්ඩිට්) සහ ඇගේ සැමියා වන පොලිස් මත්ද්‍රව්‍ය නිවාරණ නිලධාරී හෑන්ක් ස්ක්‍රේඩර්ද (ඩීන් නොරිස්) මෙහි චරිත වේ.

ලොව ඕනෑම කාලයක නිකුත් වූ විශිෂ්ඨතම රුපවාහිනී ටෙලිනාට්‍ය මාලාවලින් එකක් ලෙස මෙම බ්‍රේකිං බෑඩ් ටෙලිනාට්‍ය මාලාව පුළුල්ව පිළිගැනේ. මෙහි අවසාන කොටස විකාශය වන විට එය ඇමරිකාවේ වැඩියෙන්ම නැරඹු කේබල් රුපවාහිනී වැඩසටහන් වලින් එකක් බවට පත්ව තිබිණි. බ්‍රේකිං බෑඩ් ටෙලිනාට්‍ය මාලාව ප්‍රයිම්ටයිම් එමී සම්මාන 16ක්, සැටලයිට් සම්මාන 8ක්, ගෝල්ඩන් ග්ලෝබ් සම්මාන 2ක්, පීබෝයි සම්මාන 2ක්, සහ එක් පීපල්ස් චොයිස් සම්මානයක් ඇතුළු සම්මාන රැසකින් පිදුම් ලැබූ ටෙලිනාට්‍ය මාලාවකි. 2014 වසරේදී මෙම ටෙලිනාට්‍ය මාලාව, ලොව ඕනෑම කාලයකදී වැඩිම ප්‍රේක්ෂක ඇගැයුමකට (ratings) පාත්‍ර වූ ටෙලිනාට්‍ය මාලාව වශයෙන් ගිනස් ලෝක වාර්තා අතරට එක්විය.

නිෂ්පාදනය

සංකල්පය
Fox නාලිකාව සඳහා The X-Files වැනි ටේලිවෘතාන්ත නිර්මාණය කරන වින්ස් ගිලිගන් විසින් නිර්මාණය කරනු ලබන තවත් එක් කෘතියකි බ්‍රේකිං බෑඩ් (ඉංග්‍රීසි:Breaking Bad).

වින්ස් ගිලිගන්ට අනුව Breaking Bad යන පදයෙහි අර්ථය "නිරය නැංවීමට" යන්නයි. නමුත් ලිලී රෝත්මන්ට අනුව මෙහි අර්ථය "නිරය නැංවීමට" යන්නට වඩා ගැඹුරට නොයන බවයි. තවදුරටත් මෙය විග්‍රහ කරන ඔහු පවසන්නේ මෙහි අර්ථය 'නරක අතට හැරීම', 'වල් වැදීම' හෝ 'අධිකාරිය නොතැකීම' යන්න අර්ථවත් කල හැකි බවයි.

මෙමෙ කතාවට අදාල සංකල්පය වින්ස් ගිලිගන් හට පහල වී ඇත්තේ, ඔහුගේ සහෝදර රචකයෙකු වන Thomas Schnauz සමග ඔවුන්ගේ රැකියාව සම්බන්දව කරන විහිළුවක් වන "රථයක පිටුපස මත්ද්‍රවය නිෂ්පාදනය කරමින් රට වටා යෑම" යන්න තේමාකොට ගෙනයි.

ටේලිවෘතාන්තය අවසන් කිරීමට ප්‍රථම වින්ස් ගිලිගන් විසින් ප්‍රකාශ කර ඇත්තේ  වෝල්ටර් වයිට් ගේ චරිතය ලිවීමට ඉතාම අපහසුවුයේ එම චරිතයේ පවතින ගුප්ත බව නිසා බවයි. පසුව ඔහු පවසා ඇත්තේ "මට මෙම  ටේලිවෘතාන්තය හැමදාම මතක් වේවි. ඒ උනත් හොදින් හිත බලන විට වෝල්ටර් වයිට්ව මගේ හිසෙන් ඉවත් කිරීමත් මට එක අතකින් සැනසීමක්" කියාය.

සංවර්ධන ඉතිහාසය

මෙම නිර්මාණයෙහි මුල් පිටපතේ සදහන් වන පරිදි රූගත කිරීම් පැවැත්වීමට තීරණය කර ඇත්තේ 'රිවර් සයිඩ්' සහ 'කැලිෆෝනියා' යන ප්‍රදේශ වලයි. නමුත් සෝනි ආයතනයේ යෝජනාවකට අනුව 'නිව් මෙක්සිකෝ' වලද රූගත කිරීම් සිදුකර තිබේ. මෙම රුගත කිරීම් වලදී මූලික වශයෙන් 35mm වර්ගයේ කැමරාවක් භාවිත කරන ලදී. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් මෙහි එක පරිච්චේදයක් සදහා අමෙරුකානු ඩොලර් මිලියන 3 (ශ්‍රී ලංකානු රුපියල් මිලියන 400ක් පමණ) පමණ වියදම් කර ඇති බවයි.

රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා

බ්‍රේකිං බෑඩ්


هنري فيليبرت جاسبارد دارسي  (10 يونيو 1803-3 يناير 1858) عالم فرنسي قدم إسهامات مهمة في علم الهيدروليكا.

حياته

ولد في ديجون، فرنسا وبالرغم من موت أبيه في 1817 عندما كان عمره 14 عاما، تمكنت أمه من اقتراض بعض الأموال من أجل تعليمه. في 1821 التحق بالمدرسة متعددة التقنيات في باريس، ونقل بعدها بسنتين إلى المدرسة الوطنية للجسور والطرق، مما أدى إلى توظيفه في هيئة الجسور والطرق.
و قابل امرأة إنجليزية اسمها هينريت كاري، التي كانت تعيش عائلتها في ديجون، وتزوجها في عام 1828.

كعضو في الهيئة، بنى نظام توزيع الماء المضغوط في ديجون بعد فشل محاولات تزويد الماء العذب عن طريق حفر الآبار. النظام حمل الماء من نبع روسوير على بعد 12.7 كيلومتر خلال قناة مغطاة إلى خزانات قريبة من المدينة، التي كانت تغذي شبكة من 28000 متر من الأنابيب المضغطوطة لتوصل المياه إلى معظم المدينة. النظام كان مغلقا تماما ومضغوطا بواسطة الجاذبية، ولهذا فإنه لم يحتج منقيات أو مضخات. كما اشترك في العديد من الأعمال العامة الأخرى في ديجون وحولها، كما شارك في سياسة حكومة مدينة ديجون.

خلال هذه الفترة عدل معادلة بروني من أجل حساب الخسارة الهيدروليكية نتيجة الاحتكاك التي بعد العديد من التعديلات من يوليوس فيسباخ أصبحت معروفة ب ولا تزال تستخدم حتى اليوم.

في 1848 أصبح رئيس المهندسين في ديجون. بعدها غادر ديجون من أجل الضغط السياسي ولكنه ترقى إلى المدير الرئيسي للماء والأرصفة واستلم مكتبا في باريس. بينما كان في هذا المكان، استطاع أن يركز أكثر على بحثه الهيدروليكي، خصوصا على سيولة واحتكاك الفاقد في الأنابيب. خلال هذه الفترة طور تصميم أنبوبة بيتوت، التي تستخدم في شكلها هذا حتى يومنا هذا.

و استقال من وظيفته في 1855 بسبب صحته السيئة، ولكن سمح له بالاستمرار في بحثه في ديجون. في 1855 و 1856 أجرى التجارب الأساسية التي أسست ما عرف فيما بعد بقانون دارسي وطور أوليا من أجل وصف حركة تدفق الرمال، التي تم تعميمها فيما بعد إلى حالات كثيرة وتستخدم الآن على مستوى واسع. وحدة نفاذية السائل، دارسي، سميت تكريما لعمله.

مات بمرض رئوي خلال رحلته لباريس في 1858، ودفن في ديجون.

انظر أيضًا
 ألبرت برامز
 أنطوان دو شيزي
 يوليوس فايسباخ
 لودفيج براندتل
 سيريل فرانك كولبروك
 فيلهلم رودولف كوتر

روابط خارجية

مراجع

وفيات الالتهاب الرئوي في فرنسا
أشخاص من ديجون
خريجو المدرسة متعددة التقانات بفرنسا
علماء ديناميكا الموائع
فارس وسام جوقة الشرف
مهندسو هيدروليك
مهندسون مدنيون فرنسيون
مواليد 1803
مواليد في ديجون
علم حركة السوائل
وفيات 1858
وفيات بسبب ذات الرئة
وفيات في باريس
خريجو مدرسة الجسور باريس تك
مهندسون من ديجون

هنري دارسي


The Senate () is the upper house of the Polish parliament, the lower house being the Sejm. The history of the Polish Senate stretches back over 500 years; it was one of the first constituent bodies of a bicameral parliament in Europe and existed without hiatus until the final partition of the Polish state in 1795. The contemporary Senate is composed of 100 senators elected by a universal ballot and is headed by the Marshal of the Senate (Marszałek Senatu). The incumbent Marshal of the Senate is Tomasz Grodzki.

Following a brief period of existence under the Second Polish Republic, the Senate was again abolished by the authorities of the Polish People's Republic. It was not re-established until the collapse of the communist government and reinstatement of democracy in Poland in 1989. The Senate is based in Warsaw and is located in a building which forms part of the Sejm Complex on Wiejska Street, in close proximity to the Three Crosses Square and Ujazdów Castle.

Like most parliaments in the European Union, Poland's parliament is asymmetric, where the lower chamber is dominant over the upper chamber. Unlike the Sejm, the Senate cannot unilaterally veto legislation nor can it bring down the government in a vote of no confidence, and the chamber and its members generally receive far less attention compared to the Sejm.

Role
In line with Article 10, Paragraph 2, and Article 95 of the Polish Constitution of April 2, 1997, the Senate and the Sejm exercise legislative power. The Senate is composed of 100 senators who are elected for a term of four years in general election in a direct vote by secret ballot. Alongside the Sejm, the President of the Polish Republic, the Council of Ministers and all citizens of Poland, the Senate has the right to take legislative initiatives.

If it is necessary for the Sejm and Senate to convene jointly as a general session of the National Assembly, this joint session will be chaired by the Marshal of the Sejm or by the Marshal of the Senate. The Senate is allowed 30 days to examine any piece of draft legislation passed by the Sejm, 14 days if a bill is considered to be urgent. Any bill submitted by the Sejm to the Senate may be adopted by the latter without any amendments or amended or rejected (but any rejection or amendment may still be overruled by an absolute majority vote in the Sejm). Any resolution of the Senate, as a result of which a bill is repealed or amended, is considered to be passed provided it has not been rejected by the Sejm.

However, for the state budget, the Senate has 20 days to examine it. For amending the constitution, the Senate has 60 days for analysis. If the constitution is amended, identical wording of the amendment must be approved by both the Sejm and the Senate.

The president cannot decide to stage a nationwide referendum on matters of national importance unless he or she has been given explicit permission to do so by the Senate. The Senate is also empowered to examine any reports submitted by the Commissioner for the Protection of Citizens' Rights and the National Broadcasting Council. Other than its significant involvement in the legislative process, the Senate is required to grant its consent in the case of appointment or removal of the President of the Supreme Chamber of Control, the President of the Institute of National Remembrance – Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation, the Commissioner for Protection of Citizens' Rights and the Ombudsman for Children and the General Inspector for Personal Data Protection.

However, unlike the Sejm, the Senate has no role in providing for oversight of the executive. The Senate currently appoints one member of the National Broadcasting Council, two members of the Council of the Institute of National Remembrance, two of its own senators to sit on the National Judiciary Board and three members of the Monetary Policy Council of the National Bank. The Marshal of the Senate and any 30 senators may also request the Constitutional Tribunal to examine any act of domestic legislation or international agreement to check that it complies with the constitution, ratified international agreements, and other legislation.

Since the adoption of the Treaty of Lisbon, the Senate also has the right to report issues about option and implementation of European legislation in Poland to the central authorities of the European Union.

History

Kingdom and Commonwealth

The Senate can be traced back approximately five hundred years to a council of royal advisors. In the Nobles' Democracy, the Senate was a Privy council rather than an upper chamber of the Sejm, and consisted of members of the royal cabinet and the royal court, together with burgraves, voivodes, prefects and castellans (all appointed by the king), and Catholic bishops (see Senatorial offices for details). It was not until 1453 that the first mention was made of a two chamber legislative body in which the 'lords' of the kingdom were represented in a 'council of lords', however, by 1493 the Sejm, made up of the King, Senate and Chamber of Envoys was finally established as a permanent legislative body for the Polish kingdom.

In 1501 at Mielnik, senators attempted to force the soon to be crowned king Alexander I Jagiellon to devolve all royal powers relating to the governing of the state to them. However, whilst Alexander first agreed, after his coronation he refused to affirm this privilege. Later the Nihil Novi act of 1505 affirmed the right of both the Chamber of Envoys and Senate to propagate common law for the kingdom. In 1529 the Senate finally reached a decision on its own composition; after the accession of Mazovia to the Kingdom of Poland, the Senate became composed of Roman Catholic diocesan bishops, voivodes, lesser and greater castellans, ministers (grand chamberlain, chancellor, deputy chancellors, grand treasurer and court Marshal), all of whom were appointed for life by the king. At this time the competences of the Senate were also laid down as pertaining to participation in legislation, foreign policy and the Sejm Court.

In 1537 the Senate followed a course of action which would have seen it become the most important institution in protecting landowners' rights and freedoms. However, this view was at odds with those of Sigismund I the Old who believed that the Senate was becoming far too powerful. Resultantly, over the period of 1562–69, the Senate lost many of its powers and influence, eventually becoming subordinate to its formerly-equal companion body, the Chamber of Envoys. In 1569 a very important milestone was achieved when the Union of Lublin was signed and senators of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were incorporated into the Royal Senate of Poland in order to form the Senate of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In addition to this, senators from the autonomous Duchy of Prussia, a fiefdom of the Polish King, were incorporated after having been absent since gaining autonomy in 1466. After these developments the Senate was composed of 142 senators: 15 bishops, 35 provincial governors, 31 greater castellans, 47 lesser castellans and 14 ministers.

This old senate did not include the separate post of the Senate Marshal. The Senate's sessions were presided over by the King, who was represented in person by the 'grand royal marshal', a figure who could ultimately be described as prime minister of the Kingdom. It was this marshal who, on behalf of the king, presided over joint sessions (in which both the Senate and Chamber of Envoys took part) of the Sejm. Should the grand royal marshal by absent, sessions were presided over by the court's crown marshal. Both of these two marshals sat in the Senate and, like other senators, enjoyed a lifelong appointment by the King.

The most important senator or 'president of the senate' was, at the time, the archbishop of Gniezno who, as Primate of Poland and 'first Duke of the Kingdom' was considered to hold the most senior state position below that of the monarch. The archbishop presided over sessions of the Senate during periods of the King's absence. The primate even had the right to convene 'secret' councils with the Senate without the King's permission and, should the need arise, even against his will. During periods of interregnum the primate immediately became, by default, the interrex (acting monarch), and thus could convene the Sejm at will.

In 1573 the Senate received new rights under the Henrician Articles; these allowed the Senate to reprimand the king and instructed that the monarch must always be accompanied by an advisory body of at least four senators. The Senate also ruled that the king must not arbitrarily propagate new laws and that he must first consult with the Senate before entering into marriage or agreeing to inter-state alliances. Under King Sigismund III of Poland and later his son, King Władysław IV, the Senate grew in importance and kings began to rule with the help of an advisory body in which they placed most of their trust. This body was colloquially known as the 'Little Senate' and was made up of a number of highly trusted senators loyal to the king.

In 1631 and 1632 the Senate first used its right to veto constitutional acts adopted by the Chamber of Envoys. This marks the first phase of the Senate's demise as powerful nobles (known as the magnates) begin to exercise their power in the legislature. By 1669 the situation had become so bad that landowners took to the streets and, angered by the magnates machinations during the earlier royal election of Michael I, shot at passing senators. By 1717 the king was obliged to implement recommendations given by the senators-resident and by 1773 the cardinal laws pertaining to the 'power of legislating for the Republic in three estates' had been passed and the Senate had begun to hold joint debates with the Chamber of Envoys as a single 'united' Sejm. As a result, in 1775, the senators-resident or 'Little Senate' were abolished and were replaced with a 'Permanent Council' of senators and envoys headed by the King.

In 1791 a particularly important development took place when the May 3rd Constitution removed the king from the three estate Sejm and transformed the previously equal House of Envoys and Senate into a modern parliament comprising a lower house (Chamber of Envoys) and upper house (Senate). The Senate, however, lost much of its right to legislate and, whilst still appointed by the King, Senators were now to be chosen and put forward by provincial legislative bodies known as Sejmiks.

The Senate continued to exist until 1794, right up until the Kościuszko Uprising. In 1795 the third partition of Poland took place, thus ending the first chapter of the Senate's history.

Partitions
During the existence of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and the Congress Kingdom of Poland the president of the Senate presided over the Senate; this officer of state was appointed for life by the King, and was chosen from among the ordinary, secular senators. Additionally, in the Congress Kingdom the Senate was on an equal footing with the Chamber of Envoys, it was then composed of bishops, provincial governors, castellans and princes of the imperial blood. Despite this, the Senate of the Congress Kingdom had very little power and was largely a powerless, representative institution.

Second, People's and Third republics

In the newly re-established Poland after the First World War, the March Constitution of 1921 set out a system whereby the Senate would be led by its Marshal and Deputy Marshals who were elected via a simple majority system by senators from among their ranks, they were then expected to serve for the Senate's term of office; the same rules were followed under the April Constitution of 1935. In the Second Polish Republic, senators were elected by universal ballot.

In the 1921 constitution the Senate was established as the upper house of the Polish parliament, which from then on was to be known as the 'National Assembly', with the previously overarching term 'Sejm' being used to refer only to the lower house of parliament. The senate, whilst not having the right to introduce legislation, was entrusted with the right of veto over the Sejm, the right to demand written explanations of policy decisions from government ministers and a part to play in electing, along with the Sejm, the President of the Republic in a unified secret ballot. At the time the Senate was composed of 111 senators, each of whom was elected to represent, along with a number of others, one of Poland's sub-national provinces. The term of office for senators amounted to five years. During the inter-war period the senate met in five convocations.

After a failure in 1926 to consolidate its powers and receive the right to introduce legislation, the Senate continued to function in its original 1921 role, until the May Coup of 1926, after which the Senate became the supreme legislative body of the republic and increased its power at the expense of that of the Sejm. However, it was still largely subordinate to the president and, until the death of coup-instigator Józef Piłsudski, Chief of State. After the invasion of Poland by German forces, on 2 November 1939, the president of Poland Ignacy Mościcki ordered that the Senate and Sejm cease to operate and remain in recess until the end of the war, after which elections were ordered to take place within 60 days after the cessation of hostilities; this however, was never to take place.

After a referendum organised in 1946 by the Communist regime, the Senate was abolished in the post-Second World War People's Republic of Poland. It is estimated, based on actual results obtained after the fall of Communism in 1989, that should the referendum have been fairly organised, the real outcome would have shown that 73% of respondents were in favour of retaining the Senate in the legislative system and the institution would not have been abolished. Indeed, in Kraków, where the opposition managed to ensure a fair vote, the 'no' result relating to the question as to whether people favoured the abolition of the Senate was recorded as being 84%.

The Senate was only reestablished after the agreement struck between the Communists and Solidarity in 1989. During the first election to the newly reestablished senate in 1989 the future-president Lech Wałęsa's Solidarity Movement won 99 of the 100 seats being contested, with the final seat being taken by an independent. This enormous size of this defeat greatly embarrassed the ruling Polish United Workers' Party and hastened their exit from power, thus paving the way for the establishment of a democratic Poland and the foundation of the third republic, in which the Senate was to become a permanent upper house of the new bicameral legislature.

The Senate of the Republic of Poland today
The term of office of a senator is four years. The Senate may reject or amend the bills passed by the Sejm but any rejection or amendment may still be overruled by an absolute majority vote in the Sejm. A joint session of the Senate and the Sejm is known as a National Assembly. Traditionally, the Senate takes particular care of Polonia, Polish communities outside Poland.

Until 2010, senators were elected by a plurality bloc voting method, where two or more candidates with the highest support are elected from each electorate, and each voter selects as many candidates as there are seats (i.e., there is no proportional representation). The exact number of senators from each electorate was dependent on its population and varied from two to four.

Since 2011, senators are elected by the single member, one-round first-past-the-post voting method.

Composition

Officers

Members

Marshals of the Senate after 1922

II RP

The office was interrupted by German invasion of Poland in 1939 and not reinstated in People's Republic of Poland.

III RP

Constituencies

Building

The Senate building was originally an administrative building of the Polish Sejm that was built in the early 1950s and eventually became the Sejm library. However, in 1989, with the re-establishment of the Senate, the need for a permanent workplace for the new institution became obvious. At the time only the Sejm's chamber was big enough to hold Senate debates, so, as a compromise the Senate made temporary use of the Sejm chamber whilst plans for a new Senate building were drawn up. In the meantime the senate's administrative offices and facilities for senators were moved into Bohdan Pniewski's 1950s east wing of the Sejm complex.

It eventually became clear that the system of alternating with the Sejm in using the latter's debating chamber was becoming more and more problematic, and so, after another 18 months, during which the Senate made use of the Hall of Columns in the Sejm, work on the new Senate chamber finally began. The project revolved around a plan designed by architects Andrzej and Barbara Kaliszewski and Bohdan Napieralski, which would see three conference rooms on the first floor of what is now the Senate building combined to make one usable space, whilst not changing the external elevations of the building or significantly changing its interior style or character. Decorated in a scheme close to that of Pniewski's, which utilises a great number of soft shades of white and grey, the Senate chamber blends well with the rest of its architectural surroundings. The furniture for the chamber, much of which is upholstered in blueish-grey material was specially designed for the Senate's use and incorporates many design features characteristic of 1950s Polish modernism.

Whilst the Senate chamber does have one elevation incorporating large windows, which look out into the Sejm gardens, the specially-designed curtain, which was designed to cover them must always be drawn during debates and it is, in fact, rare to ever see it open. The necessity to close the curtains during debates exists to stop the sun's glare from distracting or disturbing senators during plenary sessions. Behind the presidium, the back of which faces the glazed elevation, hangs a large copy of the Coat of Arms of Poland. On either side of the presidium there are places available for government advisors and independent experts who may be required to take part in debates, whilst at the back, around the edge of the chamber there are a small number of places reserved for the public. There is also a special space reserved for the President of Poland, over which hangs an embroidered copy of the presidential jack.

The hall, which provides entrance to the Senate chamber retains, despite renovation in the early 1990s, its original Pniewski architectural features and now serves as a meetings place for senators and their staff before and between debates. In the centre of this same hall stands an iconic spiral staircase, which has become a symbol of the modern Polish Senate; indeed the central pylon of this staircase is decorated with a marble plaque depicting the Senate's traditional emblem, the stylised white eagle intertwined with an 'S'. To the right of the hall the Senate Marshal's office is to be found, along with those of his secretariat and chief of staff. A large reception room also adjoins the hall, and it is in this room that the large oil painting "the Polish Legation and Walezjusz" by Teodor Axentowicz hangs. To the left of the hall is a small foyer for the use of senators and in which hang portraits of all the past marshals of the senate.

The lower floors of the Senate house the administrative offices of the 'Senate Chancellery' whilst others are used by various legislative experts.

See also
 Sejm
 Politics of Poland
 Senate
 Electoral districts of Poland (1935–1939)

Notes

References

External links

1946 disestablishments in Poland
1989 establishments in Poland

Senate of Poland


Alberto Zardo (né à Padoue le  et mort à Florence en 1959) est un peintre italien.

Biographie
Alberto Zardo est né à Padoue en 1896 et dans sa jeunesse il a quitté la Vénétie pour la Toscane.
Il se forme à l'Académie des beaux-arts de Florence où il est l'élève de Raffaello Sorbi (1844-1931), un peintre de genre et a suivi des cours de sculpture avec Augusto Rivalta.
Il se  spécialise dans différents genres, allant des portraits, aux paysages et aux figures.

Au début du , Alberto Zardo débute dans le domaine de l'illustration et en 1901, il remporte le premier prix du concours Alinari pour l'illustration  de la Divine Comédie. Dans ses dernières années, il fait des incursions dans la peinture à thème sacrés.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance à Padoue
Naissance en mai 1876
Décès à Florence
Décès en 1959
Peintre italien du XXe siècle

Alberto Zardo


قرية البطالية، هي إحدى قرى محافظة الأحساء. تقع على بعد 7 كم شمال شرق مدينة الهفوف  و2.60 كم شرق مدينة المبرز. تقع في وسط مزارع النخيل ويميزها وقوعها في قاع سهل ملي على بعد 2.6 كم جنوب غرب الحافة الجنوبية لجبل الشعبة وترتفع عن سطح البحر ما بين 138 – 140م، وتتكون القرية من خمسة أحياء بمساحة غير منظمة وعدد سكانها30000 نسمة. وتعتبر هذه القرية من البقية الباقية من قرى الأحساء القديمة.
بلغ عدد منازلها سنة 1908م في تقدير لوريمر نحو 325 منزلا ً، أما فيدال فقد قدر منازلها في عام 1952م بنحو 357 منزلاً ، وينسب إلى هذه القرية العالم اللغوي (محمد بن مبارك اللويمي البلادي) صاحب شرحي الآجرومية، والعوامل الجرجانية في النحو ووقد توفي سنة 1250هـ وله مسجد لا زال يعرف باسمه في هذه البلدة.

سبب التسمية
يرد اسم البطالية بمسمى البطالة أو بلاد بن بطال، وأحياناً البلاد القديم، ويرجع سبب التسمية إلى بطّال بن مالك بن بطال بن إبراهيم العيوني الذي توفي سنة (538هـ) وهو أحد فرسان الدولة العيونية وشجعانها وأخًا غير شقيق لمؤسس الدولة العيونية (عبد الله بن المقرب العيوني) وقيل أن المؤسس منحه بستاتين بالقرب من البطالية فصارت القرية فيما بعد تنسب إليه؛ فعرفت في بادئ الأمر ببلاد ابن بطال، ومن ثم بالبلاد وأخيراً بالبطالية.

حدودها وموقعها
تتميز البطالية بما حولها من التفافات من النخيل التي تعطيها التقسيم والتجزؤ لكثرة أحزمة النخيل فيها بصورة عشوائية كما أنها تحتل الجزء الشرقي من المحافظة. وهي تقع بالنسبة لمحافظة الأحساء ومدنها في شمال شرقي مدينة الهفوف التي تبعد (7) كلم تقريبا عنها. ومن جهة أخرى تقع إلى الشرق من مدينة المبرز على مسافة (2,2) كلم تقريبا.

لمحة تاريخية
قرية البطالية واحدة من قرى الأحساء التي تحوي آثارا إسلامية خالية من النقوش والكتابات. وعلى الرغم من ذلك فإن هناك روايات متناقلة تحمل موروث التواتر في صدق الخبر وصحته. على أن تلك الآثار عائدة إلى حقبة زمنية مبكرة من التراث الإسلامي الذي يمثل ما بقي من مدينة الأحساء التاريخية وقلبها النابض. يوضح فهد الحسين في (الآثار الإسلامية بقرية البطالية) أن القرية جاءت في المصادر القديمة وما دونه المؤرخون باسم البطالية بلاد ابن بطال. وأيضا البلاد كما نعتها البعض في الوقت الحاضر وخاصة من القرى المحيطة بها - بالعاصمة - لكونها مركزا قياديا لبعض رؤساء القبائل في الأحساء (هجر) قديما.
ويرى الشيخ محمد العبد القادر أن (البطالية) نسبة إلى ابن بطال مالك بن إبراهيم العيوني. كما أن اسم القرية لا يقتصر على مسمى شخص واحد. بل هناك شخصيات ارتبط اسمهم «بالبطال» من أصحاب النفوذ والسلطة آنذاك وأقرب التسميات راجعة إلى (بطال بن مالك) التي تقول الرواية فيه (أن أخاه عبد الله بن علي العيوني منحه بساتين بالقرب من قرية البطالية) وسميت البطالية باسمه أما يوسف بن راشد المبارك فيرى أن عبد الله بن علي كان قد أقطع مدينة الأحساء وما حولها لأخيه لأمه ابن بطال فعرفت ببلاد ابن بطال. ويذكر المسنون أن القرية كانت أربعة أحياء مستقلة تحول عن بعضها بمزارع النخيل كما أن الباحث (الأمريكي فيدل) يذكر أن القرية كانت لا تتجاوز الـ500 قدم وما كانت القرية سابقا محاطة بسور كما هو معتاد قديما. لتوفير الحماية. فقد تم إلغاء السور الخارجي وتعويضه بكتلة من البناء المتلاصق الذي ميز القرية. حيث تستخدم الدور والسطوح للمراقبة. الجدير بالذكر أن قرية - البطالية - شهدت صراعات واحتدامات قديما بين القبائل في «الدولة العيونية والدولة الجنابية» والتي أخذت بعض تلك الاحتدامات طابع الأساطير والخرافات وبعضها يحمل صدق النقل والواقعية لما تتداوله الأجيال في القرية. أبرز تلك المواقع. حي الرابية، وموقع بهيته، والفريق الجنوبي، ومقبرة الحسنية، وموقع بر المصلى شمالا وهذه المواقع هي أهم التلال الأثرية في القرية وما حولها.

معالمها

المسجد الجامع (مسجد قريمط)
بني في الفترة (469هـ -520هـ) وهو يعود لعهد دولة القرامطة المناهضة للدولة العباسية.

عين الجوهرية
وهي عين قديمة جاء ذكرها على لسان الشاعر ابن المقرب العيوني: ومن ماء الجوهرية لوْصَفَي.. ذُبابه حَسيٌ لايرجى نبوعها.

تل قصر قريمط
يقع تل قصر قريمط شرقي حي الرابية الحالي، ويمكن الوصول إليه عبر مدخل القرية الغربي الرئيسي المؤدي إلى وسط القرية. ويعرف التل لدى سكان قرية البطالية بالقصر أو قصر قريمط، وذلك نسبة إلى أحد قادة الدولة القرمطية الجنابية. والتل المذكور يمتد ليشمل أجزاء كبيرة من حي الرابية الجنوبية، بينما تشغل بمدرسة البطالية الابتدائية الأولى في الوقت الراهن مساحة تقرب من (200*220) م من التل المذكور. في حين يرتفع التل عن سطح أرض القرية الحالي قرابة (5-6) م.
ويرتبط موقع التل بالعديد من الأساطير والروايات الشعبية التي تتحدث عن القرامطة وحكام الدولة العيوينة. ومن ذلك ماذكره أحد المسنين من أهل القرية رواية عن جده: أن أحجار قصر قريمط جلبت من مقطع للأحجار يقع بالقرب من قرية الفضول. وأن أحد الجبابرة واسمه قريمط استعبد الناس وأجبرهم على قطع الأحجار الضخمة وحملها إلى البطالية، فبنى منها قصره الذي يعرف بالقرية باسم قصر قريمط. ويقال أن الجبار قريمط أمر بصف مئات الرجال من الفضول حتى القصر، فكانوا يتناولون الأحجار بالأيدي إلى الموقع.
كما يروي كبار السن قبر لرجل يدعى ابن المقرب، ويدعي الأهالي أن القبر لزعيم جبار وهو غير الشاعر ابن المقرب العيوني المشهور. بينما يرى آخرون أن القبر هو لأبي سعيد الحسن الجنابي الذي يعرف محلياً باسم قريمط.
ويذكر الأهالي أن قصر قريمط كان أفضل المواقع للحصول على الحجارة وأن العديد من أساسات بيوت القرية القديمة بنيت من أنقاض تل القصر. وقبل مايزيد على (60) عاماً كانت أعمال نهب التل تجري في ضلعه الشرقي وركنه الشرقي الشمالي. ويقول كبار السن: إن الجانب الجنوبي الشرقي والشمالي الشرقي من التل أستخدم في بعض الفترات مقبرة لدفن جثث الأطفال. بينما يؤكد الجميع وجود أسوار حجرية ضخمة تحت أنقاض التل يزيد عرضها عن طول قامة الرجل العادي، وأنها تقوم في أطراف التل على عمق (2) م تقريباً.

الظواهر السطحية لتل القصر:
لايوجد على سطح التل الحالي معالم بارزة ذات أهمية تذكر. فقد تم تسوية سطحه بعد بناء المدرسة عام 1380هـ - 1960م. وأهم مايظهر على سطح الموقع قطع الجص والحجارة الصغيرة المبعثرة وعدد كبير من الكسر الفخارية المتنوعة. ويلاحظ أن الكسر الفخارية توجد بكثافة في أطراف التل الشمالية والشمالية الغربية داخل أسوار المدرسة وخارجها.

ومن أبرز الظواهر الأثرية الملاحظة بالتل، وجود منخفض أرضي مستدير الشكل يبلغ قطره (2) م تقريباً يقع بالقرب من السور الغربي قريباً من مدخل المدرسة. ومن المحنمل أن هذا المنخفض ناتج عن هبوط التربة السطحية، ومن غير المعروف حتى الآن ما إذا كان بئراً أو صهريجاً لحفظ المياه.
كما يظهر على سطح التل جدران طينية واضحة المعالم تقع بمحاذاة ضلعه الغربي، وبرج ضخم مستدير المقطع يقع بركن التل الشمالي الغربي.

عين الجمة
عرفت العين بمسميات أخرى منها: عين الباهلية نسبة إلى رجل كان يملكها يعرف بالباهلي من أهالي مدينة الهفوف. كما عرفت أيضاً بالمباركات، وقد أطلق هذا الاسم عليها أحد رجالات أسرة الغنيم المعروفة بالمنطقة. وبعد أن اشتراها عبد الله المسلمي -أحد أهالي قرية البطالية- أطلق عليها اسم الجمة. أما اسمها القديم فهو عين القُحَيبات، وهو الاسم المعروف والمشهور لدى مسني القرية.
وقد أشار إلى هذه العين الشيخ حمد الجاسر حين زيارته للقرية عامي (1359,1358هـ/1940,1939م) وأوارد رواية عن وجود آثار الحمام الذي قتل فيه آخر رؤساء القرامطة وأنه لايزال باقياً قريباً من تل قصر قريمط، وأن مجرى الماء لذلك الحمام متصل بعين القحيبات المشار إليها آنفاً. لكن الجاسر لم يذكر ما إذا كان شاهد آثار الحمام أم لا؟!
ويؤكد أهل القرية أن عين الجمة كانت ترتبط بتل قصر قريمط عبر أنبوب فخاري يتصل بفتحة (بادجير) تقع في الركن الشمالي من العين، وهو قطعة من أنبوب فخاري يبلغ قطر فتحته (11) سم، وهذا القطر يوضح كمية المياه المتدفقة مما يتناسب مع ربط الحمام بالعين.
وقد أكد المسنين أنه أثناء حفر بلدية المنطقة بالقرب من العين في حدود عام (1405,1404هـ/1985,1984م) شاهدوا أنبوباً فخارياً على عمق (4) م تقريباً يمتد من عين الجمة ويتجه إلى داخل تل قصر قريمط.
وتقع العين على مسافة (25) م من الركن الجنوبي الغربي لسور مدرسة البطالية الابتدائية الأولى (تل قصر قريمط) داخل منزل حجي بن عبد الله المسلمي، أحد أهالي قرية البطالية.
والعين بئر واسعة مستديرة الفوهة يبلغ قطر فوهتاها (2,5) م تقريباً، جدرانها مطوية بحجارة رملية. ويلاحظ أن حجارو جدران العين الرملية أصابها تلف كبير نظراً لتآكلها بفعل الرطوبة. وقد ركب على العين مضخة كبيرة لرفع المياه، حيث تعتمد أسرة المسلمي عليها في تأمين احتياجاتها من المياه.
وماء العين منخض ولكنه صاف ورقراق، إلا أن الأهالي يؤكدون أن العين كانت غزيرة المياه، يفيض ماؤها على سطح الأرض وأنها كانت تسقي البساتين والمزارع القريبة منها.* الوقيف

بعض رجالات القرية
من أبرز من ساهموا في النشاط الاجتماعي في القرية الحاج عبد الله حسين الحاجي يلقب بالأبن البار ولدية اخوان: طه، عدنان، ولدية 3 أبناء: عبد الحميد، عبد المجيد، عبد المنعم وهو الذي كان في السابق له الفضل في تأسيس الجمعية الخيرية بالقرية. وكان من الأوائل في المطالبين بالإسكان الذي أنشئ أساسا لحل مشكلة الإسكان في القرية. ومن جهوده انه طالب بتنفيذ مشروع التحسين بالقرية الذي ترتب عليه فتح شوارع جديدة أدت إلى التنفيس عن أهالي القرية وكان من الذين بذلوا جهدا في تحسين وضع المعوقين لا في قرية البطالية بل على مستوى الأحساء ككل. وبسبب تلك الجهود الجبارة من قبل الشخصيات الفاعلة ظهر ذلك الصرح الاجتماعي ممثلا بالجمعية الخيرية التي قدمت ولا زالت تقدم المساعدات المادية والعينية للمحتاجين من الأسر. سواء على مستوى القرية أو ما تقدمه من مساعدات لأسر قرية الشعبة. ويقوم على هذا الصرح عدد من أبناء القرية الذين أوقفوا أنفسهم لخدمة مجتمعهم. كما تتميز القرية بوجود الزواج الجماعي السنوي الذي تنظمه القرية للتقليل من الكلفة على المتزوجين. وللقرية حواري رياضية كثيرة وأبرز تلك الحواري نادي الفوارس الذي ينتمي إلى مركز التنمية الاجتماعي بالأحساء وله أنشطة مختلفة رياضية وثقافية واجتماعية وتضم القرية عددا من الفرق الرياضية الأخرى مثل: النهروان، الجوهرية، التقدم، السلام، والمنتظر، وفريق الرابية.. تحوي القرية محالا مختلفة. كغيرها من القرى. توفر هذه المحال كل ما يتطلبه أبناء القرية حيث يوجد عدد من محال المواد الغذائية والخياطة والمطاعم والحلاقة والمواد الصحية وغيرها من المحال الأخرى. كما يوجد بالقرية سوق للخضار يقع في (الشبرة). ويوجد في القرية عدد من الحرفيين (كالحائك) ممثلا في الحاج عبد الحميد المسبح (القفاص) ومحمد العويشي ويوجد من يجيد حرفا أخرى وهناك هواة تربية المواشي والطيور والدواجن. والجدير بالذكر أن أكثر المنشآت التجارية والمهنية تديرها أياد سعودية في القرية.

المستشفيات والصيدليات
يوجد فيها صيدلية واحدة وتسمى بصيدلية رحيق السلامة ويوجد بها مستوصف صحي تابع لوزارة الصحة بالمملكة.

مدارسها وروضاتها
توجد في البطالية عشر مدارس.
 مدرسة البطالية الابتدائية وهي أول مدرسة للأولاد والتي بنيت عام 1380هـ.
 المدرسة الأولى للبنات بالبطالية في عام 1393هـ.
 روضة الأطفال التابعة لجمعية البطالية الخيرية والتي تأسست في عام 1400هـ.
 مدرسة العباس بن عبد المطلب الابتدائية.
 مدرسة الزبير بن العوام المتوسطة.
 مدرسة هشام بن عبد الملك الثانوية.
 المدرسة الأولى للبنات بالبطالية.
 مدرسة الثانية للبنات.
 المدرسة المتوسطة الأولى للبنات.
 المدرسة الثانوية الأولى للبنات.

أحياء القرية
 الفريق الشمالي (الجامع، الطالعية، النهير، البديع...)
 الفريق الشرقي (حزازة، الحسي، الشلاعية....)
 الفريق الجنوبي (اللامنات، ام طويرة..)
 الفريق الغربي الذي يُعرف بالرابية.
أحياء أخرى موجوده في قرية البطالية:

 الجعفرية
 الصحة
 الأصباخ
 العريصة
 القصر
 الأجودية
 أبو حليوه
 ام سندية
 الشبرة
 الخويس الذي تعرف حالياً بالكاظمية

صفحات لجهات ومنظمات من القرية
 جمعية البطالية الخيرية

انظر ايضاً
 الأحساء

وصلات خارجية
 البطالية .. عين التاريخ والجغرافيا.
 حزام النخيل يضفي على البطالية سحرا خاصا.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في المنطقة الشرقية
قرى محافظة الأحساء

البطالية


İkiyüzlülük veya mürailik kişinin sahip olmadığı duygu, düşünce, erdem, değer veya özellikleri, sanki sahipmiş gibi davranması veya sahip olduğunu iddia etmesidir. Ahlâk psikolojisine göre ikiyüzlülük, kişinin kendi ifade ettiği ahlâki kural ve prensiplere kendisinin uymamasıdır. Çağdaş Türkçede bu anlam için sıklıkla ikiyüzlülük sözcüğü kullanılır, mürailik ise ikiyüzlülük sözcüğüne oranla bugün pek fazla kullanılmamaktadır, eskimiştir. Bazı Batı dillerinde ikiyüzlülük anlamında kullanılan sözcük Latince hypocrisisden türemiştir ki, bu sözcüğün kökeni de Yunanca  ὑπόκρισις yani hypokrisis sözcüğünden türemiştir. Bu iki sözcüğün de anlamı "rol yapmak"tır.

Etik içerisinde farklı durumlarda farklı bir konuma sahip olsa da, genel olarak ikiyüzlülük kötü bir fiil olarak değerlendirilir. Çoğu din ve ahlâki öğreti de ikiyüzlülüğü kınar.

İkiyüzlülük TDK sözlüğünde "iki yüzlü olma durumu", yani "özü sözü bir olmama durumu" olarak, çeşitli sözlüklerde ise "dürüst olmama", "bildiğinden, inandığından ve olduğundan başka türlü görünme veya göstermeye çalışma", "aldatmaya çalışma" olarak tanımlanır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Suskunluk sarmalı
 Dürüstlük
 Nifak
 Münafık

Kaynakça

Yalan
Aşağılama

İkiyüzlülük


Dinah Eckerle (født. 16. oktober 1995 i Leonberg, Tyskland) er en tysk håndboldspiller som spiller for Team Esbjerg og det Tysklands kvindehåndboldlandshold.

Meritter
 Bundesliga:
 Vinder: 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016

 DHB-Pokal:
 Vinder: 2013

 DHB-Supercup:
 'Vinder: 2015, 2016

Referencer

Håndboldspillere fra Tyskland
Håndboldspillere fra SG BBM Bietigheim

Dinah Eckerle


In mathematics, a Kakeya set, or Besicovitch set, is a set of points in Euclidean space which contains a unit line segment in every direction. For instance, a disk of radius 1/2 in the Euclidean plane, or a ball of radius 1/2 in three-dimensional space, forms a Kakeya set. Much of the research in this area has studied the problem of how small such sets can be. Besicovitch showed that there are Besicovitch sets of measure zero.

A Kakeya needle set (sometimes also known as a Kakeya set) is a (Besicovitch) set in the plane with a stronger property, that a unit line segment can be rotated continuously through 180 degrees within it, returning to its original position with reversed orientation. Again, the disk of radius 1/2 is an example of a Kakeya needle set.

Kakeya needle problem
The Kakeya needle problem asks whether there is a minimum area of a region  in the plane, in which a needle of unit length can be turned through 360°. This question was first posed, for convex regions, by . The minimum area for convex sets is achieved by an equilateral triangle of height 1 and area 1/, as Pál showed.

Kakeya seems to have suggested that the Kakeya set  of minimum area, without the convexity restriction, would be a three-pointed deltoid shape. However, this is false; there are smaller non-convex Kakeya sets.

Besicovitch needle sets

Besicovitch was able to show that there is no lower bound > 0 for the area of such a region , in which a needle of unit length can be turned around. That is, for every , there is region of area  within which the needle can moved through a continuous motion that rotates it a full 360 degrees. This built on earlier work of his, on plane sets which contain a unit segment in each orientation. Such a set is now called a Besicovitch set. Besicovitch's work showing such a set could have arbitrarily small  measure was from 1919. The problem may have been considered by analysts before that.

One method of constructing a Besicovitch set  (see figure for corresponding illustrations) is known as a "Perron tree" after Oskar Perron who was able to simplify Besicovitch's original construction. The precise construction and numerical bounds are given in Besicovitch's popularization.

The first observation to make is that the needle can move in a straight line as far as it wants without sweeping any area. This is because the needle is a zero width line segment. The second trick of Pál, known as Pál joins describes how to move the needle between any two locations that are parallel while sweeping negligible area. The needle will follow the shape of an "N". It moves from the first location some distance  up the left of the "N", sweeps out the angle to the middle diagonal, moves down the diagonal, sweeps out the second angle,
and them moves up the parallel right side of the "N" until it reaches the required second location. The only non-zero area regions swept are the two triangles of height one and the angle at the top of the "N". The swept area is proportional to this angle which is proportional to .

The construction starts with any triangle with height 1 and some substantial angle at the top through which the needle can easily sweep. The goal is to do many operations on this triangle to make its area smaller while keeping the directions though which the needle can sweep the same.
First consider dividing the triangle in two and translating the pieces over each other so that their bases overlap in a way that minimizes the total area.
The needle is able to sweep out the same directions by sweeping out those given by the first triangle, jumping over to the second, and then sweeping out the directions given by the second. The needle can jump triangles using the "N" technique because the two lines at which the original triangle was cut are parallel.

Now, suppose we divide our triangle into 2n subtriangles. The figure shows eight.
For each consecutive pair of triangles, perform the same overlapping operation we described before to get half as many new shapes, each consisting of two overlapping triangles. Next, overlap consecutive pairs of these new shapes by shifting them
so that their bases overlap in a way that minimizes the total area. Repeat this n times until there is only one shape. Again, the needle is able to sweep out the same directions by sweeping those out in each of the
2n subtriangles in order of their direction.  The needle can jump consecutive triangles using the "N" technique because the two lines at which these triangle were cut are parallel.

What remains is to compute the area of the final shape. The proof is too hard to present here. Instead, we will just argue how the numbers might go.
Looking at the figure, one sees that the 2n subtriangles overlap a lot. All of them overlap at the bottom, half of them at the bottom of the left branch, a quarter of them at the bottom of the left left branch, and so on.
Suppose that the area of each shape created with i merging operations from 2i subtriangles is bounded by Ai.
Before merging two of these shapes, they have area bounded be 2Ai.
Then we move the two shapes together in the way that overlaps them as much as possible.
In a worst case, these two regions are
two 1 by ε rectangles perpendicular to each other so that they overlap at an area of only ε2. But the two shapes that we have constructed, if long and skinny, point in much of the same direction because they are made from consecutive groups of subtriangles.
The handwaving states that they over lap by at least 1% of their area. Then the merged area would be bounded by
Ai+1 = 1.99 Ai. The area of the original triangle is bounded by 1. Hence, the area of each subtriangle is bounded by
A0 = 2-n and the final shape has area bounded by
An = 1.99n × 2-n. In actuality, a careful summing up all areas that do not overlap gives that the area of the final region is much bigger, namely, 1/n.
As n grows, this area shrinks to zero.
A Besicovitch set can be created by combining six rotations of a Perron tree created from an equilateral triangle.
A similar construction can be made with parallelograms

There are other methods for constructing Besicovitch sets of measure zero aside from the 'sprouting' method.
For example, Kahane uses Cantor sets to construct a Besicovitch set of measure zero in the two-dimensional plane.

In 1941, H. J. Van Alphen showed that there are arbitrary small Kakeya needle sets inside a circle with radius 2 + ε (arbitrary ε > 0). Simply connected Kakeya needle sets with smaller area than the deltoid were found in 1965. Melvin Bloom and I. J. Schoenberg independently presented Kakeya needle sets with areas approaching to , the Bloom-Schoenberg number. Schoenberg conjectured that this number is the lower bound for the area of simply connected Kakeya needle sets. However, in 1971, F. Cunningham showed that, given ε > 0, there is a simply connected Kakeya needle set of area less than ε contained in a circle of radius 1.

Although there are Kakeya needle sets of arbitrarily small positive measure and Besicovich sets of measure 0, there are no Kakeya needle sets of measure 0.

Kakeya conjecture

Statement
The same question of how small these Besicovitch sets could be was then posed in higher dimensions, giving rise to a number of conjectures known collectively as the Kakeya conjectures, and have helped initiate the field of mathematics known as geometric measure theory.  In particular, if there exist Besicovitch sets of measure zero, could they also have s-dimensional Hausdorff measure zero for some dimension s less than the dimension of the space in which they lie? This question gives rise to the following conjecture:

Kakeya set conjecture: Define a Besicovitch set in Rn to be a set which contains a unit line segment in every direction. Is it true that such sets necessarily have Hausdorff dimension and Minkowski dimension equal to n?

This is known to be true for n = 1, 2 but only partial results are known in higher dimensions.

Kakeya maximal function
A modern way of approaching this problem is to consider a particular type of maximal function, which we construct as follows: Denote Sn−1 ⊂ Rn to be the unit sphere in n-dimensional space. Define  to be the cylinder of length 1, radius δ > 0, centered at the point a ∈ Rn, and whose long side is parallel to the direction of the unit vector e ∈ Sn−1. Then for a locally integrable function f, we define the Kakeya maximal function of f to be

where m denotes the n-dimensional Lebesgue measure. Notice that  is defined for vectors e in the sphere Sn−1.

Then there is a conjecture for these functions that, if true, will imply the Kakeya set conjecture for higher dimensions:

Kakeya maximal function conjecture: For all ε > 0, there exists a constant Cε > 0 such that for any function f and all δ > 0, (see lp space for notation)

Results
Some results toward proving the Kakeya conjecture are the following:
 The Kakeya conjecture is true for n = 1 (trivially) and n = 2 (Davies).
 In any n-dimensional space, Wolff showed that the dimension of a Kakeya set must be at least (n+2)/2.
 In 2002, Katz and Tao improved Wolff's bound to , which is better for n > 4.
 In 2000, Katz,  Łaba, and Tao proved that the Minkowski dimension of Kakeya sets in 3 dimensions is strictly greater than 5/2.
 In 2000, Jean Bourgain connected the Kakeya problem to arithmetic combinatorics which involves harmonic analysis and additive number theory.
 In 2017, Katz and Zahl improved the lower bound on the Hausdorff dimension of Besicovitch sets in 3 dimensions to  for an absolute constant .

Applications to analysis
Somewhat surprisingly, these conjectures have been shown to be connected to a number of questions in other fields, notably in harmonic analysis.  For instance, in 1971, Charles Fefferman was able to use the Besicovitch set construction to show that in dimensions greater than 1, truncated Fourier integrals taken over balls centered at the origin with radii tending to infinity need not converge in Lp norm when p ≠ 2 (this is in contrast to the one-dimensional case where such truncated integrals do converge).

Analogues and generalizations of the Kakeya problem

Sets containing circles and spheres
Analogues of the Kakeya problem include considering sets containing more general shapes than lines, such as circles.

 In 1997 and 1999, Wolff proved that sets containing a sphere of every radius must have full dimension, that is, the dimension is equal to the dimension of the space it is lying in, and proved this by proving bounds on a circular maximal function analogous to the Kakeya maximal function.

 It was conjectured that there existed sets containing a sphere around every point of measure zero. Results of Elias Stein proved all such sets must have positive measure when n ≥ 3, and Marstrand proved the same for the case n=2.

Sets containing k-dimensional disks
A generalization of the Kakeya conjecture is to consider sets that contain, instead of segments of lines in every direction, but, say, portions of k-dimensional subspaces. Define an (n, k)-Besicovitch set K to be a compact set in Rn containing a translate of every k-dimensional unit disk which has Lebesgue measure zero. That is, if B denotes the unit ball centered at zero, for every k-dimensional subspace P, there exists x ∈ Rn such that (P ∩ B) + x ⊆ K. Hence, a (n, 1)-Besicovitch set is the standard Besicovitch set described earlier.

The (n, k)-Besicovitch conjecture: There are no (n, k)-Besicovitch sets for k > 1.

In 1979, Marstrand  proved that there were no (3, 2)-Besicovitch sets. At around the same time, however, Falconer  proved that there were no (n, k)-Besicovitch sets for 2k > n. The best bound to date is by Bourgain, who proved in that no such sets exist when 2k−1 + k > n.

Kakeya sets in vector spaces over finite fields
In 1999, Wolff posed the finite field analogue to the Kakeya problem, in hopes that the techniques for solving this conjecture could be carried over to the Euclidean case.

Finite Field Kakeya Conjecture: Let F be a finite field, let K ⊆ Fn be a Kakeya set, i.e. for each vector y ∈ Fn there exists x ∈ Fn such that K contains a line {x + ty : t ∈ F}. Then the set K has size at least cn|F|n where cn>0 is a constant that only depends on n.

Zeev Dvir proved this conjecture in 2008, showing that the statement holds for cn = 1/n!. In his proof, he observed that any polynomial in n variables of degree less than |F| vanishing on a Kakeya set must be identically zero. On the other hand, the polynomials in n variables of degree less than |F| form a vector space of dimension

Therefore, there is at least one non-trivial polynomial of degree less than |F| that vanishes on any given set with less than this number of points. Combining these two observations shows that Kakeya sets must have at least |F|n/n! points.

It is not clear whether the techniques will extend to proving the original Kakeya conjecture but this proof does lend credence to the original conjecture by making essentially algebraic counterexamples unlikely. Dvir has written a survey article on  progress on the finite field Kakeya problem and its relationship to randomness extractors.

See also
 Nikodym set

Notes

References

External links
Kakeya at University of British Columbia
Besicovitch at UCLA
Kakeya needle problem at mathworld
Dvir's proof of the finite field Kakeya conjecture at Terence Tao's blog
An Introduction to Besicovitch-Kakeya Sets

Harmonic analysis
Real analysis
Discrete geometry

Kakeya set


جاكي سلوم  مخرجة أفلام أمريكية من أصل فلسطيني. عرضت أعمالها في مهرجان صاندانس السينمائي. فيلمها مقلاع الهيب هوب هو أول فيلم تسجيلي طويل حول ظاهرة الهيب هوب الفلسطيني.

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مخرجو أفلام أمريكيون
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جاكي سلوم


SIG MCX est une famille d'armes à feu conçues et fabriquées par SIG Sauer, produites à la fois dans des modèles à tir sélectif ou en semi-automatiques uniquement.

Les armes de cette famille disposent d'un système de piston à gaz, hérité de l'ancien pistolet-mitrailleur .

SIG a dévellopé une version appelée MCX Spear de son arme qui a servi de base pour concevoir la nouvelle carabine américaine XM7 .. L'arme est chambrée dans la nouvelle cartouche de .277 SIG Fury /  6,8x51mm.

Références

Fusil
Fusil d'assaut
SIG Sauer

SIG MCX


Beaurieux ist eine  französische Gemeinde im Département Nord in der Région Nord-Pas-de-Calais. Sie gehört zum Arrondissement Avesnes-sur-Helpe und zum Kanton Fourmies. In der Gemeinde leben  Einwohner (Stand ) auf einer Fläche von 7,39 Quadratkilometern.

Geografie
Die Gemeinde im Regionalen Naturpark Avesnois liegt an der Grenze zu Belgien, etwa 18 Kilometer südöstlich von Maubeuge und 30 Kilometer südwestlich von Charleroi. In der Gemeinde entspringt der Ruisseau d'Écrevisse, ein Nebenfluss der Solre. Im Nordosten reicht das Gemeindegebiet bis an das Ufer der Thure.

Bevölkerungsentwicklung

Literatur
 Le Patrimoine des Communes du Nord. Flohic Editions, Band 2, Paris 2001, ISBN 2-84234-119-8, S. 1518–1519.

Weblinks

 Monuments historiques (Objekte) in Beaurieux (Nord) in der Base Palissy des französischen Kultusministeriums
 Einwohnerentwicklung seit 1793

Ort in Hauts-de-France
Träger des Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (Ort in Frankreich)
Ersterwähnung 1170

Beaurieux (Nord)


Kamogawa (加茂川 o 鴨川) puede referirse a:

Localidades de Japón

 Kamogawa (Chiba), una ciudad en la prefectura de Chiba.
 Kamogawa (Okayama), un antiguo pueblo en la prefectura de Okayama.

Otros
 (10143) Kamogawa, un asteroide del cinturón de asteroides descubierto en 1994.

Kamogawa


Die Hofkapelle Lachenbauer ist eine Kapelle in Lachenbauer, einer Hofstelle zugehörig zu Dietmanns, einem Teilort von Bad Wurzach im Landkreis Ravensburg in Oberschwaben.

Die Hofstelle Lachenbauer liegt auf , nördlich oberhalb des Naturschutzgebietes Wurzacher Ried. Zu der Hofstelle führt eine asphaltierte Stichstraße, welche in Oberschwarzach beginnt und nach eineinhalb Kilometern in der Hofstelle Tannenbauer endet. Sie gehört neben den Hofkapellen Schwaldhof und Iggenau, der Dorfkapelle in Oberschwarzach und der Wegkapelle in Tanneck zu den fünf "Dietmannser Kapellen".

Die Kapelle wurde nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg an der gleichen Stelle, an der die ursprüngliche Kapelle stand neu errichtet. Sie besteht aus einem Mauerwerk aus Ziegelsteinen und hat ein mit Biberschwänzen gedecktes Satteldach. Zur Ausstattung der Kapelle gehören vier handgemachte Kniebänke und eine Kreuzigungsgruppe, an deren Figuren die Jahreszahl 1801 eingeritzt ist. Bis zur Errichtung der Kapelle in Oberschwarzach im Jahre 1951, trafen sich jeden Abend Frauen zum Rosenkranzgebet in der Kapelle.

Literatur

Weblinks

Lachenbauer
Lachenbauer
Kulturdenkmal in Bad Wurzach
Lachenbauer
Erbaut in den 1940er Jahren
Lachenbauer
Lachenbauer
Lachenbauer

Hofkapelle Lachenbauer