Yüzellilikler, Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı sonrası düşman iş birlikçisi olarak görülen ve Türkiye'den sürgün edilen, hepsi üst düzey makamlarda yer alan Türkiye Cumhuriyeti vatandaşlarına verilen isimdir.

Meclis'e göre hainler on binleri buluyordu. Ancak Lozan Antlaşması'nın bir maddesinde sürgün edilecek insanların sayısının 150'yi geçmeyecek şeklinde öngörmesi üzerine ilk önce Türkiye Cumhuriyeti İçişleri Bakanlığı tarafından oluşturulan listede başlangıçta 600 kişiden oluşmakta iken alevli tartışmalar sonucu önce 300, ardından da 149 kişiye indirilmiştir. 150'likler adı verilen ve 23 Nisan 1924 tarihinde Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Bakanlar Kurulu ve Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi'nin oturumunda saptanan bu listeye 1 Haziran 1924 tarihindeki kararla Köylü gazetesi sahibi Refet Bey de eklenerek nihai şekliyle 150 kişi olarak kabul edilmiştir ve bu kişiler 28 Mayıs 1927'de kabul edilen 1064 sayılı yasa ile yurttaşlıktan çıkarılmışlardır.
29 Haziran 1938 tarihli 3527 sayılı yasa ile, Yüzellilikler'in yurda girmelerini engelleyen 1064 sayılı kanun kaldırılsa da, başta Çerkez Ethem olmak üzere pek çok muhalif ve saltanat taraftarı geri dönmemiştir. Bu listenin 600 kişilik ilk hali açıklanmamıştır.

Yüzellilikler listesi

Padişah VI. Mehmed (Vahdettin)'in Tayfası
1. Kiraz Hamdi - Yaver-i Has
2. Zeki - Hademe-i Hassa Kumandanı
3. Kayserili Şaban Ağa - Hazine-i Hassa Müfettişi
4. Şükrü Tütüncübaşı
5. Şerkarin Yaver
6. Miralay Tahir - Yaverandan Erkan-ı Harp
7. Seryaver Avni
8. Eski Hazine-i Hassa Müdürü ve Defter-i Hakani Emini Refik

Meclis Üyeleri
9. Mustafa Sabri Efendi - eski Şeyhülislam
10. Ali Rüşdi - eski Adliye Nazırı
11. Cemal Bey - eski Ziraat ve Ticaret Nazırı
12. Cakacı Hamdi Paşa - eski Bahriye Nazırı
13. Rumbeyoğlu Fahreddin Bey - eski Maarif Nazırı
14. Kızılhançerci Remzi - eski Ziraat ve Ticaret Nazırı

Sevr Antlaşması'nı İmzalayanlar
15. Bağdatlı Mehmed Hâdî Paşa - eski Maarif Nazırı
16. Rıza Tevfik Bölükbaşı - Şura-yı Devlet eski Reisi
17. Reşat Halis - Bern eski elçisi

Kuva-yi İnzibâtiye'ye Dahil Meclis Üyeleri
18. Süleyman Şefik Paşa - Kuva-yi İnzibâtiye Başkumandanı
19. Bulgar Tahsin - Şefik Paşa'nın yaveri, süvari yüzbaşı
20. Miralay Ahmet Refik - Kuva-yi İnzibâtiye Erkân-ı Harbiye Reisi
21. Tarık Mümtaz - Kuva-yi İnzibâtiye Mitralyöz kumandanı ve Damat Ferit Paşa'nın yaveri
22. Ali Nadir Paşa - Kuva-yi İnzibâtiye Kumandanlarından İzmir Kolordusu Kumandanı
23. Kaymakam Fettah- Kuva-yi İnzibatiye mensuplarından ve Nemrut Mustafa Divan-ı Harp üyesi
24. Çopur Hakkı - Kuva-yi İnzibatiye üyelerinden

Mülkiye ve Askeriyeden
25. Gümülcineli İsmail Bey - eski Bursa Valisi
26. Konyalı Zeynelabidin - âyândan
27. Fanizade Mesut - eski Cebelibereket (Osmaniye) Mutasarrıfı
28. Miralay Sadık Bey - Hürriyet ve İtilâf Fırkası lideri
29. Bedirhani Halil Rahmi - eski Malatya Mutasarrıfı
30. Giritli Hüsnü - eski Manisa Mutasarrıfı
31. Nemrut Mustafa - eski Divan-ı Harp Reisi
32. Hulusi - Uşak Belediye Reisi
33. Hain Mustafa - eski Adapazarı Kaymakamı
34. Hafız Ahmet - eski Tekirdağ Müftüsü
35. Sabit - eski Afyonkarahisar Mutasarrıfı
36. Celal Kadri - eski Gaziantep Mutasarrıfı ve Halep Doğru Yol Gazetesi gazetecisi (Sahibi, Hasan Sadık'ın, kayınbiraderi)
37. Adanalı Zeynelabidin - Hürriyet ve İtilâf Kâtibi Umumisi
38. Vasfi Efendi - Mülga Eski Evkaf Nazırı
39. Ali Galip - eski Harput Vali Vekili
40  Aziz Nuri - Bursa Vali Vekil-i Esbakı
41. Ömer Fevzi - eski Bursa Müftüsü
42. Ahmet Asım - eski İzmir Kadı Müşaviri
43. Natık - eski İstanbul Muhafızı
44. Adil - eski Dahiliye Nazırı
45. Mehmet Ali Bey - eski Dahiliye Nazırı
46. Salim Mirimiran - eski Edirne Valisi ve Şehremini (Belediye Başkanı) Vekili
47. Hoca Rasihzade İbrahim - Kütahya'da Yunanlara Mutasarrıflık etmiştir
48. Abdurrahman - Adana'da Fransız işgalinde Vekillik etmiştir
49. Ömer Fevzi - eski Şarkikarahisar mebusu
50. Adil Kınacı- Mülazım, işkenceci namıyla maruf - Hendek Mal Müdürlüğü yapmış
51. Refik - Mülazım, işkenceci namıyla maruf
52. Şerif - eski Kırkağaç Kaymakamı
53. Mahmut Mahir - eski Çanakkale Mutasarrıfı
54. Emin - eski İstanbul Merkez Kumandanı
55. Sadullah Sami - eski Kilis Kaymakamı
56. Osman Nuri - Bolu Mutasarrıfı ve Dahiliye Nezareti eski Dava Vekili

Çerkes Ethem ve Çetesi
57. Çerkes Ethem
58. Çerkes Reşit Bey - Çerkes Ethem'in kardeşi
59. Çerkes Tevfik Bey - Çerkes Ethem'in kardeşi
60. Eşref Kuşçubaşı
61. Hacı Sami - Eşref Kuşçubaşı'nın kardeşi
62. İzmirli Küçük Ethem - yüzbaşı, eski Akhisar kaymakamı
63. Düzceli Mehmetoğlu Sami
64. Burhaniyeli Halil İbrahim
65. Susurluk'tan Demirkapılı Hacı Ahmet

Çerkes Kongresi'ne Delege Olarak Katılanlar
66. Hendek kazasının Sümbüllü Köyü'nden Bağ Osman
67. İbrahim Hakkı - eski İzmir Mutasarrıfı
68. Sait Beraev
69. Tahir Berzek
70. Adapazarı'nın Harmantepe Köyü'nden Maan Şirin
71. Söke Ereğlisi'nin Teke Köyü'nden Kocaömeroğlu Hüseyin
72. Adapazarı'nın Talustanbey Köyü'nden Bağ Kamil
73. Hamte Ahmet
74. Maan Ali
75. Kirmasti'nin (Mustafakemalpaşa) Karaorman Köyü'nden Harun Reşit
76. Eskişehirli Sefer Hoca
77. Bigalı Nuri Bey oğlu İsa
78. Adapazarı'nın Şahinbey Köyü'nden Kazım
79. Gönen'in Tuzakçı Köyü'nden Lampat Yakup
80. Kompat Hafız Said Gönen'in Bayramiçi karyesinden
81. Mütekaid Binbaşı Ahmet Gönen'in Keçeler Karyesinden
82. Bizedurg Said İzmir'de Dava Vekaleti etmiştir
83. Ahmet Nuri Şamlı

Polisler
84. Tahsin - İstanbul Polis eski Müdürü
85. Kemal - İstanbul Polis eski Müdür Muavini
86. Ispartalı Kemal - Emniyet-i Umumiye Müdür Muavini
87. Şeref İstanbul Polis Müdüriyeti eski Birinci Şube Müdürü
88. Hafız Said İstanbul Polis eski Birinci Kısım Başmemuru
89. Hacı Kemal - Arnavutköy Merkez eski Memuru
90. Namık - Polis Baş Memurlarından
91. Nedim - Şişli Komiseri
92. Fuat - İzmit Merkez Memuru, Edirne Polis Müdürü ve Yalova Kaymakamı
93. Yolgeçenli Yusuf - Adana'da Polis Memuru
94. Sakallı Cemil - Unkapanı Merkez eski Memuru
95. Mazlum - Büyükdere Merkez eski Memuru
96. Fuat - Beyoğlu eski İkinci Komiseri

Gazeteciler
97. Mevlânzâde Rifat - Serbesti Gazetesi sahibi, Hürriyet ve İtilaf üyesi
98. Sait Molla - Türkçe İstanbul Gazetesi sahibi
99. İzmirli Hafız İsmail - İzmir Müsavat Gazetesi sahibi ve eski muharriri, Darülhikmet üyesi
100. Refik Halit Karay - Aydede Gazetesi sahibi ve Posta Telgraf eski Müdür-ü Umumisi
101. Bahriyeli Ali Kemal - Bandırma Adalet Gazetesi sahibi
102. Neyir Mustafa - Edirne'de Teemin ve Elyevm, Selanik Hakikat Gazetesi sahibi
103. Ferit - Köylü Gazetesi eski muharriri
104. Refii Cevat Ulunay - Alemdar Gazetesi sahibi
105. Pehlivan Kadri - Alemdar Gazetesinden
106. Fanizade Ali İlmi - Adana Ferda Gazetesi sahibi
107. Trabzonlu Ömer Fevzi - Balıkesir İrşad Gazetesi sahiplerinden
108. Hasan Sadık - Halep Doğru Yol Gazetesi sahibi
109. İzmirli Refet - Köylü Gazetesi sahibi ve müdürü

Diğer kişiler
110. Tarsuslu Kamilpaşazade Selami
111. Tarsuslu Kamilpaşazade Kemal
112. Süleymaniyeli Kürt Hakkı
113. İbrahim Sabri - Şeyhülislam Mustafa Sabri'nin oğlu
114. Bursalı Cemil - Fabrikatör
115. Çerkes Ragıp - İngiliz casusu
116. Haçinli Kazak Hasan - Fransız işgalinde zabit
117. Çerkes Süngülü Davut -  Eşkiya çete reisi
118. Binbaşı Çerkes Bekir
119. Necip - Fabrikatör Bursalı Cemil'in kayınbiraderi
120. Ahmet Hulusi - İzmir eski Umur-u İslamiye Müfettişi
121. Uşaklı Madanoğlu Mustafa, Korgeneral Cemal Madanoğlu'nun babası
122. Gönen'in Tuzakçı köyünden Yusuf oğlu Remzi
123. Gönen'in Bayramiç köyünden Hacı Kasım Oğlu Zühtü
124. Gönen'in Balcı köyünden Kocagözün Osman oğlu Şakir
125. Gönen'in Muratlar köyünden Koç Mehmet oğlu Koç Ali
126. Gönen'in Ayvacık köyünden Mehmet oğlu Aziz
127. Gönen'in Keçeler köyünden Balcılı Ahmet oğlu Osman
128. Susurluk Yıldız köyünden Molla Süleyman oğlu İzzet
129. Gönen'in Muratlar köyünden Hüseyin oğlu Kara Kazım
130. Gönen'in Balcı köyünden Bekir oğlu Arap Mahmut
131. Gönen'in Rüstem köyünden Gardiyan Yusuf
132. Gönen'in Balcı köyünden Ömer oğlu Eyüp
133. Gönen'in Keçeler köyünden Talustan oğlu İbrahim Çavuş
134. Gönen'in Balcı köyünden Topallı Şerif oğlu İbrahim
135. Gönen'in Keçeler köyünden Topal Ömer oğlu İdris
136. Manyas'ın Bolcaağaç köyünden Kurhoğlu İsmail
137. Gönen'in Keçeler köyünden Muhtar Hacıbey oğlu Canbulat
138. Marmara'nın Kayapınar köyünden Yusuf oğlu İshak
139. Manyas'ın Kızlık köyünden Ali Bey oğlu Sabit
140. Gönen'in Balcı köyünden Deli Hasan oğlu Selim
141. Gönen'in Çerkes Mahallesi'nden Makinacı Mehmet oğlu Osman
142. Manyas'ın Değirmenboğazı köyünden Kadir oğlu Kamil
143. Gönen'in Keçidere köyünden Hüseyin oğlu Galip
144. Manyas'ın Hacıyakup köyünden Çerkes Sait oğlu Salih
145. Manyas'ın Hacıyakup köyünden Maktul Şevket'in biraderi İsmail
146. Gönen'in Keçeler köyünden Abdullah oğlu Deli Kasım
147. Gönen'in Çerkes Mahallesi'nden Hasan Onbaşı oğlu Kemal
148. Manyas'ın Değirmenboğazı köyünden Kadir oğlu Kamil'in biraderi Kazım Efe
149. Gönen'in Kızlık köyünden Yallaçoğlu Kemal
150. Gönen'in Keçeler köyünden Tuğoğlu Mehmet Ağa

Dış bağlantılar
 https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192958/http://arsiv.ntv.com.tr/news/390334.asp
 https://web.archive.org/web/20150618113826/http://www.zaman.com.tr/pazar_cumhuriyetin-hain-ilan-ettigi-yuzelliliklerin-hikayesi_2118565.html
 Sedat Bingöl, Yüzellilikler Bir İhanetin Anatomisi, İstanbul 2010.
 Tarih ve Toplum Dergisi, Cilt 12, Sayı 70, Ekim 1989

Kaynakça

Yüzellilikler


Agrilus sachalinicola é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Obenberger, 1940.

Referências

sachalinicola

Agrilus sachalinicola


Pang é o terceiro álbum de estúdio da cantora-compositora e produtora estadunidense Caroline Polachek, e o primeiro lançado sob seu nome real. Ele foi lançado pela Sony Music, pela The Orchard e pela marca de Polachek, Perpetual Novice, em 18 de outubro de 2019. O álbum foi aclamado pela crítica e posicionado em diversas listas de fim-de-ano entre críticos, liderando a lista da Dazed. Comercialmente, Pang chegou à 17ª posição na tabela da Billboard Heatseekers Albums e na 40ª posição na tabela Independent Albums, tornando-o o primeiro álbum solo de Polachek a entrar em tabelas da publicação.

Antecedentes e gravação
Em 2017, Polachek começou a trabalhar frequentemente com os produtores Danny L Harle e A. G. Cook, da marca PC Music, depois da dissolução de sua banda Chairlift. Ela apareceu no single de Harle "Ashes of Love" em 2016, e também começou a colaborar com ele e Cook em contribuições a outros artistas, como Superfruit e Charli XCX. Polachek então começou a trabalhar em sua própria criação, que originalmente seria um "álbum pacífico, mais quente, castanho, tingido de folk" chamado Calico. Quando ambos começaram a trabalhar no projeto, eles "criaram algo que se sobrepôs a Calico e iniciou uma colaboração frutífera." O título Pang vem de "picos inexplicáveis de adrenalina" que Polachek sentia, que a "impediam de dormir e aceleravam seu metabolismo", os quais ela chamava de "pangs".

Em uma entrevista com a Dazed, Polachek revelou como foi trabalhar com uma gama de pessoas diferentes, ressaltando que "trabalhar com diferentes artistas é sempre uma experiência de aprendizado, uma nova habilidade para o cinto de utilidades, mesmo quando é mais sobre entender o que não funciona." Ela continuou, dizendo que se sente mais em controle das coisas que escreve e produz, e que ela é "no fim das contas a que tem o controle, aquela que filtra e controla a paleta em tempo real. Eu não deixo isso para mais ninguém. É cada vez mais libertador só entrar e começar a criar coisas." Durante 2018, Polachek publicou diversas fotografias em um estúdio e sugeriu a possibilidade de estar trabalhando em um novo álbum.

Singles
Em 2019, Polachek lançou o primeiro single do álbum, "Door", o primeiro a ser lançado sob seu próprio nome (ela havia anteriormente lançado canções sob os nomes "Ramona Lisa" e "CEP"). Ele também foi acompanhado por um videoclipe, dirigido por Polacheck e pelo artista londrino Matt Copson. A canção foi revelada através de uma nota à imprensa como "o primeiro gosto de um projeto solo maior de Caroline que será lançado mais tarde este ano." Em uma entrevista com a Vogue, Polachek expressou sua surpresa quanto ao contentamento de sua gravadora com lançar "Door" como o primeiro single do álbum, explicando que é "uma canção longa e sinuosa. Há canções no álbum que são mais afiadas e temperamentais. E essa parece [...] uma porta aberta. Parece um convite." A Pitchfork listou a faixa como a 47ª melhor do ano em sua lista das 100 melhores canções de 2019.

No mês seguinte, ela anunciou que lançaria mais duas faixas do álbum, "Ocean of Tears" e "Parachute". Com seu lançamento, o álbum foi anunciado sob o título Pang e com seu lançamento planejado para o outono de 2019. Polacheck criou as duas canções com Danny L Harle. A. G. Cook também contribuiu para a produção de "Ocean of Tears", ao lado de Valley Girl. Sobre "Parachute", Polachek disse em uma nota à imprensa, "foi um momento incrível, perceber que essa melodia que escrevemos estava recontando, sem querer, um sonho que tinha me afetado. Eu fui para casa, reorganizei as palavras para que encaixassem, e voltei ao estúdio à 1 da manhã para gravar os vocais no mesmo dia. E essa foi a versão que mantivemos. A partir daquele momento, Dan e eu soubemos que tínhamos muito mais para criar juntos."

Em setembro de 2019, Polachek lançou o quarto single do álbum, "So Hot You're Hurting My Feelings", composta em colaboração com Daniel Nigro e Teddy Geiger. A Consequence of Sound analisou a faixa afirmando que "enquanto as faixas anteriores 'Parachute' e 'Ocean of Tears' ofereciam tons etéreos, 'So Hot You're Hurting My Feelings' é mais animada. Com um pouco de uma aura de pop dos anos 80, os vocais de Polachek rebatem com os sintetizadores enquanto ela canta o refrão." Na mesma semana, Polachek anunciou que o álbum seria lançado em 18 de outubro de 2019.

"Look at Me Now" foi lançada como o último single da álbum antes de seu lançamento em 14 de outubro de 2019. A canção foi descrita como a "anotação em um diário" do álbum, que Polachek escreveu "enquanto processava uma mistura de culpa, auto-destrutividade e esperança." A faixa foi inspirada por artistas da Lilith Fair como Jewel e Sarah McLachlan.

Composição
Pang é um álbum de pop, indie pop, pop experimental e avant-pop influenciado por música ambiente, new age, R&B, hip hop, trip hop, sophisti-pop e música clássica. Sua sonoridade foi descrita como "quase sinfônica" e "misturando texturas acústicas e sintéticas para algo surrealista mas comovente." Mark Moody da No Ripcord o descreveu como "melhor sendo escutado quando se está triste e sozinho em seu quarto [...] Pang é o álbum dançante perfeito para garotos e garotas sensíveis e espertos depois que a jornada diária está acabada."

Recepção crítica

Pang recebeu uma nota de 82 de 100 baseado em 14 críticas no agregador de críticas Metacritic, indicando "aclamação universal." Em uma análise para o AllMusic, Matt Collar sugeriu que "Polachek destila ainda mais sua abordagem com uma coleção de canções profundamente emotivas que mostram seus vocais delicados e sensibilidades pop complexas" com "arranjos que caminham entre a electronica melancólica e o pop adulto-contemporâneo." Jack Bray da The Line of Best Fit chamou Pang de "um notável álbum de estreia certo de sua legitimidade e brilho." Nick Lowe da Clash se referiu ao álbum como "refrescante e etéreo" e uma síntese do trabalho anterior de Polachek, dizendo que combina a "irreverência de Chairlift, a teatralidade de Ramona Lisa e as visões futuristas de CEP." Lowe também comentou sobre seus vocais "assombrosos" e "celestiais". Katherine St. Asaph da Pitchfork também elogiou as "vocalizações quase operáticas", os "saltos vocais controlados, e o staccato preciso." Ben Thomas do The Guardian elogiou as letras do álbum sobre términos, dizendo que "Caroline Shut Up" em particular "te deixa entrar nas suas neuroses lascivas em tempo de valsa." Reggie MT da Tiny Mix Tapes se referiu ao álbum como "um triunfo absoluto do 'gótico expressionista de livro de histórias' que relembra os grandes artistas emotivos da história do pop e do new age, de Elizabeth Fraser a Imogen Heap, Enya a [...] Charli."

Alinhamento de faixas

Tabelas musicais

Álbum instrumental
Em 11 de abril de 2020, Polachek lançou uma versão do álbum no Bandcamp com versões instrumentais de todas as faixas.

Álbum de remixes

Standing at the Gate: Remix Collection é um álbum de remixes da cantora-compositora e produtora estadunidense Caroline Polachek lançado digitalmente em 1 de abril de 2021 e em LPs em 16 de abril de 2021 através de sua marca própria, Perpetual Novice. A coleção inclui versões remisturadas de canções de seu álbum de estúdio Pang e uma versão cover de "Breathless" da banda The Corrs.

Lançamento e singles
Em 18 de dezembro de 2019, um remix de "So Hot You're Hurting My Feelings" por A. G. Cook foi lançado como single individual. Para celebrar o primeiro aniversário do álbum em 19 de outubro de 2020, Polachek lançou uma versão estendida de 10 minutos de "The Gate", incluindo um vídeo visualizador criado por Ezra Miller. Ela considerou essa nova versão "uma espécie de universo paralelo ou final alternativo, onde aquelas palavras não só chegam, mas soam verdadeiras." Em 9 de dezembro de 2020, Polachek lançou remixes de "Ocean of Tears", "Hey Big Eyes", "Hit Me Where It Hurts" e "Door" como singles digitais. No mesmo dia, ela anunciou o álbum de remixes, incluindo todos os remixes anteriores exceto "Ocean of Tears". Uma versão cover de "Breathless" da banda The Corrs foi lançada em 17 de dezembro de 2020. Em 5 de março de 2021, Polachek apresentou sua versão cover de "Breathless" no programa The Late Late Show with James Corden.

Alinhamento de faixas

Álbuns de 2019
Álbuns lançados pela Columbia Records
Álbuns lançados pela The Orchard
Álbuns de Caroline Polachek

Pang (álbum)


Günther Neureuther (Steingaden, Njemačka, 6. kolovoza 1955.) je bivši zapadnonjemački judaš.

Neureuther je rođen u bavarskom mjestu Steingaden dok je judo počeo trenirati u klubu TSV Peiting. Bio je višestruki nacionalni prvak dok je prvi veći rezultat ostvario nastupanjem u olimpijskom finalu u Montréalu i osvajanjem srebra. Sovjetskom protivniku Novikovu trebalo je svega minuta vremena da svlada protivnika.

Svoju drugu olimpijsku medalju, ovaj puta brončanu, osvojio je 1984. u Los Angelesu zajedno s islandskim predstavnikom Bjarnijem Friðrikssonom.

Završetkom sportske karijere, zaposlio se u policiji gdje je radio u policijskom inspektoratu sve do umirovljenja.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Sports-reference.com

Njemački majstori borilačkih vještina
Džudaši

Günther Neureuther


Neil Borwick (* 15. September 1967 in Redcliffe, Queensland) ist ein ehemaliger australischer Tennisspieler.

Leben
Borwick wurde 1987 Tennisprofi. Als Lucky Loser überstand er 1988 die erste Runde des Grand Prix-Turniers von Bristol. In der Folge spielte er hauptsächlich auf der ATP Challenger Tour und konnte dort im August 1989 in Kuala Lumpur seinen ersten Einzeltitel erringen. Im selben Jahr erreichte er zwei weitere Einzelfinale auf der Challenger-Tour, bei denen er jedoch seine Finalbegegnungen verlor. Erst 1994 konnte er seinen zweiten und gleichzeitig letzten Einzeltitel gewinnen. Erfolgreicher war er als Doppelspieler. Im Laufe seiner Karriere konnte er sechs Turniersiege auf der Challenger-Tour sowie einen Turniersieg auf der ATP World Tour erringen. Seine höchste Notierung in der Tennis-Weltrangliste erreichte er 1993 mit Position 104 im Einzel sowie 1992 mit Position 60 im Doppel.

Sein bestes Einzelergebnis bei einem Grand-Slam-Turnier war das Erreichen der zweiten Runde der Australian Open 1990 und 1993, sowie der zweiten Runde der US Open 1993 durch einen Sieg über Ivan Lendl. In der Doppelkonkurrenz erreichte er 1992 an der Seite von Simon Youl das Achtelfinale von Wimbledon sowie das Viertelfinale der Australian Open und der US Open. Sein bestes Ergebnis im Mixed war eine Zweitrundenteilnahme in Wimbledon 1989.

Turniersiege

Einzel

Doppel

Weblinks

Tennisspieler (Australien)
Australier
Geboren 1967
Mann

Neil Borwick


දකුණු සහ බටහිර ඉන්දියාවේ ඇතැම් පෙදෙස්වල, දේවදාසි (සංස්කෘත: දෙවියන්ගේ සේවිකාව) හෙවත් ජෝගිනී ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන්නේ සිය දිවියේ සෙසු කාලය පුරාම දේවාලයක හෝ දෙවියකුගේ පූජා කටයුතු සහ සේවාවන් වෙනුවෙන් "කැපවූ" යුවතියකි. දැරියන් දේවදාසියන් බවට පත්කරන ලද වයස් සීමාව අවුරුදු 8-16 අතර විය. මෙම කැපකිරීම පෝට්ටුකට්ටු නම් උත්සවයක දී සිදු විය. මෙය ඇතැම් අංග අතින් විවාහයකට සමාන ය. සැබැවින්ම දේවාලයේ චාරිත්‍ර ඉටු කරමින් එය බලාගැනීමට අමතරව, මෙම ස්ත්‍රීහු භරතනාට්‍ය සහ ඔඩිසි වැනි සම්භාව්‍ය ඉන්දියානු නර්තනයන් ප්‍රගණ කළහ. නර්තනය සහ සංගීතය දේවාල වන්දනයේ අත්‍යාවශ්‍ය අංගයක් වූ බැවින් ඔවුහු ඉහළ සමාජ තත්ත්වයකට හිමිකම් කීහ.

සම්ප්‍රදායිකව දේවදාසියනට සමාජයේ ඉහළ තත්ත්වයක් හිමි විය. ධනවත් අනුග්‍රාහකයන් සමග විවාහ වීමෙන් පසුව, ඔවුහු ගෘහණියන් බවට පත්වනු වෙනුවට සිය දක්ෂතා දියුණු කරගැනීමෙන් කාලය ගතකළහ. ඔවුහු සිය සැමියන්ට දාව උපන් දරුවන්ට ද සංගීතය හෝ නර්තනය ඉගැන්වූහ. බොහෝ අවස්ථාවල ඔවුන්ගේ අනුග්‍රාහකයන්ට ගෘහණියක ලෙස සේවය කළ තවත් බිරිඳක විය. මෙම ප්‍රජාවගෙන් පැවත එන කීර්තිමත් පුද්ගලයන් අතර භාරත රත්න එම්. එස්. සුබ්බලක්ෂ්මී, ලතා මංගේෂ්කාර්, කිෂෝරි අමොන්කාර්, පද්ම විභූෂණ ටී. බාලසරස්වතී සහ ආචාර්ය මුතුලක්ෂ්මී රෙඩ්ඩි වැන්නියෝ වෙති.

බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලන සමයේ, ඉන්දියානු උපමහාද්වීපය තුළ දේවාල සහ දේවාල කලාවන්ට අනුග්‍රහ දැක්වූ රජවරුන්ගේ බලය හීන විය. එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, දේවදාසීනට ද සිය සම්ප්‍රදායික සහාය සහ අනුග්‍රහය අහිමි විය. යටත්විජිත සමයේ, ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදීන් දේවදාසි සම්ප්‍රදාය නීතියෙන් බැහැර කිරීමට උත්සාහ ගත්තේ එය ගණිකා වෘත්තියට අනුබල දීමක් වූ නිසායි. දේවදාසියන් කෙරෙහි වූ යටත්විජිත දෘෂ්ටිය ඉන්දියාවේ විවිධ කන්ඩායම් හා සංවිධාන මෙන්ම බටහිර විද්වතුන්ගේ ද මතභේදයට ලක් විය. දෙවියන් කෙරෙහි වූ අධ්‍යාත්මික භක්තිය වෙනුවෙන් වීදිවල නර්තනයේ යෙදුණු දැරියන්ගෙන් දේවදාසියන් වෙන්කර හඳුනාගැනීමට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් අපොහොසත් විය. මේ නිසා ජන කලාවන් කෙරෙහි සමාජ-ආර්ථික දුෂ්කරතාවන් ඇති විය.

මෑතක දී දේවදාසි ක්‍රමය තුරන් වී යන්නට පටන්ගෙන ඇති අතර, 1988දී එය මුළු ඉන්දියාවේම තහනම් කෙරිණි.

දේවදාසියන් ජෝගිනී යනාදී විවිධ ප්‍රාදේශීය වදන් ගණනාවකින් හැඳින්විණි. එපමණක් නොව කර්ණාටකයේ දේවදාසි වෘත්තිය බාසිවී ලෙසත්, මහාරාෂ්ට්‍රයේ මාතංගී ලෙසත්, ගෝවේ භාවින් හෝ කලාවන්තීන් ලෙසත් හැඳින්වීම සිදු විය. එය වෙන්කටේසනී, නායිලී, මුරාලි සහ තේරඩියන් ලෙස ද හැඳින්වේ. අයියර් ප්‍රජාවගේ දේවදාසීහු භරතනාට්‍යම් නර්තනයේ යෙදුණහ. ඇතැම් අවස්ථාවන්හි දේවදාසියන් කුලයක් ලෙස ද හැඳින්වේ; කෙසේනමුත්, මෙම යෙදුමෙහි නිරවද්‍යතාව පිළිබඳ ඇතැම් ගැටලු පවතියි. අම්රිත් ශ්‍රීනිවාසන් (1985) අනුව "දේවදාසියනට අනුව දේවදාසි 'ජීවන ක්‍රමයක්' හෙවත් 'වෘත්තීයමය ආචාරධර්ම' (වෘත්ති, මුරෛ) ඇති නමුත්, දේවදාසි ජාතියක් (උප-කුලයක්) නොපවතියි. පසුව, දේවදාසි පදවිය ප්‍රවේණිකව උරුමවූ නමුත්, නිසි සුදුසුකම් නොමැති නම් එහි නියැළීමේ අයිතිය හිමිනොවිණි " යුරෝපය තුළ, bayadere ( වදනෙන්,  යන්නෙන් ආරූඩ වූ, සාහිත්‍යමය නළඟන) යන්න ඇතැම් අවස්ථාවල භාවිතා විය.

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 පූජනීය ගණිකා වෘත්තිය
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 කේරළයේ චක්‍යාර් සහ නන්ග්‍යාරම්මාවරියෝ
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ආශ්‍රේයයන්

බාහිර සබැඳි

දේවදාසියෝ අනිල් චෞලා විසිනි.
දෙවඟනට ලදුව - ඉන්දියාවේ යෙල්ලමා වන්දනාව පිළිබඳ ලිපිය, 200 ජූලි 31
සශ්‍රීකත්වයේ දෙවඟනගේ වහලියෝ ඩේමියන් ග්‍රැමටිකාස් විසිනි - BBC නිව්ස්, 2007 ජූනි 8; මෙහි දේවදාසියන් 'පවිත්‍ර කළ ගණිකාවන්' බැව් දක්වා ඇත.
දේවතාවියට මේවය කිරීම, පූජනීය ලිංගික ශ්‍රමිකයකුගේ අන්තරායකාරී දිවිය විලියම් ඩැල්රිම්පල් විසිනි. ද නිව් යෝකර්, 2008 අගෝස්තු 4
 දේවදාසි වීඩියෝ අබිරහස - බැරෝඩාවේ 1930 වීඩියෝ දසුනක් පිළිබඳ ලිපිය

හින්දු දේවාල නර්තනය
ඉන්දියාවේ සංස්කෘතික ඉතිහාසය
ප්‍රභේදය අනුව අබිසරුලියෝ

දේවදාසි


Beaurieux se poate referi la:
Beaurieux, localitate în departamentul Aisne, Franța
Beaurieux, localitate în departamentul Nord, Franța

Beaurieux


An Festuca caldasii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl Sigismund Kunth, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carl Sigismund Kunth. An Festuca caldasii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Festuca, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo nadudultan.

Mabibilngan ini ha Ecuador. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Festuca

Festuca caldasii


Karin Ott, Pseudonym Ruth Kaiser (* 13. Dezember 1945 in Wädenswil bei Zürich, Schweiz) ist eine schweizerische Opernsängerin (Koloratursopran).

Leben
Karin Ott ist unter ihrem Ehenamen als Sängerin und Wissenschaftlerin – mit dem Spezialgebiet Verzierungskunst – hervorgetreten; ihr Ehemann und Koautor bei den Publikationen ist der Musikwissenschaftler und Regisseur Eugen Ott. Auf Herbert von Karajans Einspielung der Zauberflöte von 1980 sang sie die Königin der Nacht, auch als Lucia in Donizettis gleichnamiger Oper ist sie aufgezeichnet worden.

Veröffentlichungen
Schallplatten und Compact-Discs
 Karin Ott ist auf verschiedenen Opern-Aufnahmen zu hören.
 Lili Boulanger: Clarières dans le ciel (Text: Francis Jammes) für Stimme und Klavier (Jean Lemaire) (1914). Aufnahme 1991, Studio RSI, Lugano, auf CD erschienen 1993.
 Lili Boulanger: Pie Jesu. Für Stimme, Streichquartett, Harfe und Orgel. Aufnahme 1991, Studio RSI, Lugano, auf CD erschienen 1993.
Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen
 Eugen und Karin Ott: Die geläufige Gurgel der Mlle Cavalieri: Verzierte Vokalmusik bei Mozart. in: Neue Zürcher Zeitung Vol. 212, No. 279, 30. November /1. Dezember 1991, S. 71.
 Dies.: Handbuch der Verzierungskunst in der Musik (bislang 10 Bände, erschienen 1997–2010), Ricordi ISBN 3-931788-01-6

Literatur

Weblinks

 Königin in der Zauberflöte

Opernsänger
Sopran
Koloratursopran
Person (Wädenswil)
Schweizer
Geboren 1945
Frau

Karin Ott


Aubehydrini es una tribu de coleópteros  adéfagos  perteneciente a la familia Dytiscidae. Tiene un único género: Notaticus.

Especies de  Notaticus
Notaticus fasciatus	Zimmerman 1928
Notaticus obscurus	Garcia & Navarro 2001

Referencias

 ;  2001: [Description of Notaticus obscurus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Aubehydrini), a new species of aquatic scarab in the east and a new registration for Notaticus fasciatus in the south of Venezuela.] Boletín del Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Universidad del Zulia, 35(2): 141-150. [not seen]
  1942: Description d'un genre nouveau de Dytiscidae. Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon, 11: 10-13. [not seen]
  2000: Cladistic analysis of the tribes of Dytiscinae and the phylogenetic position of the genus Notaticus Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). Insect systematics & evolution, 31(2): 165-177.  PDF
  1973: The nomenclature, bionomics, and distribution of Notaticus fasciatus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Aubehydrinae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 86: 495-500. BHL
  1928: Neuer Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Schwimmkäfer. Wiener entomologische Zeitung, 44: 165–187. PDF

Enlaces externos

 Nomenclator Zoologicus search for Aubehydrus
 Nomenclator Zoologicus search for Notaticus

Dytiscinae

Aubehydrini


Maria Georgina Araújo de Olinda Régis de Oliveira, mais conhecida como Gina de Araújo (Rio de Janeiro, 3 de abril de 1890 – Idem, 1960) foi uma compositora e cantora brasileira.

Gina de Araújo nasceu no Rio de Janeiro. Viajou para Paris para estudar canto. Entre seus professores se destacam Jules Massenet, Jean de Reszke e André Gedalge. Foi a primeira brasileira a ser admitida como membro da Societé des Autors et Compositeurs de Musique, em 1905. Foi casada com o diplomata Raul Régis de Oliveira, a quem escreveu uma missa de réquiem.

Como compositora escreveu peças e canções para piano, bem como algumas obras de maior escala para orquestra. Suas obras foram interpretadas por Corbiano Vilaça em Paris. Compôs a música para o Festival das Flores, na Cidade do México, em 1922.

Obras principais
Fonte:

Orquestra
 Evocação, poema sinfônico
 Missa de Réquiem
 Cega Rega, 14 quadros musicais (1943)

Piano
 Berceuse
 Noturno
 Automne
 Gavotte

Canto e piano
 Rosée
 Ave Maria
 Bogarreaux
 Voyage dans le bleu
 Cloches plaintives
 Une larme
 Les rêves
 Berceuse
 Delaissée...
 En Septembre
 Nocturne
 Les rêves n.2

Referências

Naturais da cidade do Rio de Janeiro
Compositores do estado do Rio de Janeiro
Compositores do Brasil
Músicos do Brasil
Cantores do estado do Rio de Janeiro

Gina de Araújo


Družstevná pri Hornáde este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Košice-okolie din regiunea Košice, pe malul râului Hornád. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 2.773 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Družstevná pri Hornáde este atestată documentar din 1423.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Družstevná pri Hornáde


Jules Rimet (; 14 Ekim 1873 - 16 Ekim 1956), Fransız futbol yöneticisidir. FIFA'nın 3.başkanı olmakla beraber 1921 senesinden 1954 senesine kadar yönetimde kaldığından başkanlığı en uzun süren isim olmuştur. Ayrıca 1919'dan 1942'ye kadar Fransa Futbol Federasyon başkanlığını üstlenmiştir. Ayrıca Red Star Paris takımını kurmuştur. İlk Dünya Futbol Kupası 1930'da verilmiştir. Jules Rimet Kupası onuruna adlandırılmıştır.

İlk Yılları
Jules Rimet, 1873 senesinde Fransa'nın doğusunda dünyaya geldi ve babası tüccardı. 1884 senesinde Paris'e taşındılar. Rimet avukat olmasıyla birlikte 1897 senesinde Red Star futbol takımında oynamaya başladı.

Futbol ve FIFA
Rimet, 1904 senesinde FIFA'nın kuruluşunda yer aldı. Uluslararası futbol turnuvasını oluşturmayı çalışırken 1908 Yaz Olimpiyatları'nda futbol turnuvasının organize edilmesine ön ayak oldu. Birinci Dünya Savaşı'nın çıkmasıyla Rimet'in ve FİFA'nın planları gecikmeye uğradı ve Rimet Fransız Ordusunda görev aldı. Bununla birlikte Croix de Guerre nişanı takdim edildi.

1919 senesinde Jules Rimet Fransa Futbol Federasyonun ve 1 Mart 1921 tarihinde de FIFA'nın başkanı oldu. 1954 senesine kadar görevde kalarak en uzun süre başkanlık yapan isim olarak tarihi geçti.

Dünya Kupası

1928 senesinde FIFA, Rimet'in önderliğinde Dünya Kupası'nı planlamak için Uruguay Futbol Federasyonunun ulaşım masraflarını karşılamasıyla Uruguay'a gitti ve Dünya Kupasının Uruguay'da düzenlenmesine karar verildi.

Bu karar, Fransa, Belçika, Romanya ve Yugoslavya millî takımları tarafından futbolcular Dünya Kupasına katılacağından yerel turnuvalarda yer almayacağı için eleştirildi. İlk düzenlenen Dünya Kupasını Uruguay millî takımını kazandı.

İkinci Dünya Kupası, Benito Mussolini'nin yönettiği İtalya'da düzenlendi ve bu Benito Mussolini tarafından faşist rejimi teşvik etmek amacıyla kullanıldı. Rimet, bu durumu görmezden geldiği için eleştirildi.

1938 FIFA Dünya Kupası'nın ardından II. Dünya Savaşı nedeniyle Dünya Kupası 12 sene boyunca düzenlenmedi. Birleşik Krallık Futbol Federasyonlarının iş birliğiyle 1950 FIFA Dünya Kupası Brezilya'da düzenlendi ve kupayı Uruguay ikinci kez kazandı. Rimet, turnuva için gösterdiği çabadan dolayı 1956 senesinde Nobel Barış Ödülü'ne aday gösterildi.

Ölümü
Jules Rimet 86. doğum gününden 2 gün sonra Fransa'da öldü. Anısına torunu Yves Rimet'e FIFA Order of Merit Nişanı takdim edildi. United Passions filminde Rimet'i Fransız aktör Gerard Depardieu canlandırdı.

Kaynakça

1873 doğumlular
1956 yılında ölenler
FIFA başkanları
Fransa Futbol Federasyonu başkanları
Paris'te defnedilenler
Fransız spor yöneticileri

Jules Rimet


The I-SPY  books are spotters' guides written for British children, particularly successful in the 1950s and 1960s in their original form and again when relaunched by Michelin in 2009 after a seven-year gap in publishing. A search engine set to look for images, with the words - "i-spy" News Chronicle Daily Mail Michelin, can illustrate that a range of styles was used.

Concept
The I-SPY books are a series of around forty small volumes that have sold hundreds of thousands of copies each, totalling sales of 25 million worldwide by 2010.  Each book in the I-Spy series covers a different subject, such as I-SPY Cars, I-SPY on the Pavement, I-SPY Churches, I-SPY on a Train Journey, and so on. As children spot the objects listed, they record the event in the book and gain points, varying according to how unusual the sight. In the early years of the series, completed books could be sent to Charles Warrell, (known as Big Chief I-SPY) for a feather and order of merit. The children participating in the game were known as The I-SPY Tribe, and by 1953 the I-SPY Tribe had half a million members.

History
The company was supposedly run by a Red Indian chief called Big Chief I-Spy. The original Big Chief I-Spy was Charles Warrell, a former headmaster who created I-Spy towards the end of his working life. He retired in 1956, but lived until 1995 when he died at the age of 106. After Warrell's retirement his assistant Arnold Cawthrow became the second Big Chief, and served in this role until 1978. For part of this time he also worked as an antiques dealer in Islington. He died in 1993, and is commemorated by a stone plaque placed on the outside of the Boatmen's Rooms, the house where he spent some of his last years in Deal, Kent.

The books were originally self-published in 1948 by Charles Warrell but, after a brief period when they were published by the Daily Mail (the initial four being At the Circus, Secret Codes, Dogs and In the Country), they were taken over by the News Chronicle newspaper and based in the paper's building in Bouverie Street.  The regular I-SPY column, which appeared in the News Chronicle, reverted to the Daily Mail when the News Chronicle ceased publication in 1960, and continued to appear until the late 1980s. The books have had various publishers over the years including the Dickens Press, a company set up to continue the book publishing interests of the News Chronicle, and Polystyle Publications, a publisher of children's comics.

The books became very popular, with print runs well into six figures. Big Chief I-Spy had a succession of assistants, usually known as "Hawkeye". In the early 1970s, this position was held by Ralph Mills. Earlier assistants included Max Heinz and John Tagholm. In the 1980s, following a short-lived third Big Chief, Robin Tucek, David Bellamy replaced Big Chief I-Spy as the person to whom completed books were sent, and the earlier Red Indian connections were quietly dropped.

Michelin Travel Publications acquired and published the series from 1991 until 2002 when they effectively ceased publication, there were ad-hoc sales after that date to clear stocks.

The series was relaunched by Michelin in December 2009 with 12 new titles, followed by a further 12 in Spring 2010. The Bookseller announced the launch in October 2009 with an interview with Michelin Commercial Director Ian Murray. Murray confirmed that the initial 12 titles would include I Spy Birds, Cars, Trees, On a Car Journey and On a Train Journey. The new I-Spy titles are faithful to the original concept but are fully updated and include all new colour images.

The relaunch of the books and subsequent multiple expansions of the title list suggested that their popularity is being enjoyed by a new generation of children.

News Chronicle Series

I-Spy 6d Series

These followed the same basic format as the early spotter books, as well as keeping the concept of a Big Chief I-Spy, but were issued in a more standard portrait format 4" by 5" (13cm by 10cm). Pocket sized, with thinner covers, each I-Spy title had fifty pages or so of pen drawings and descriptive text. The Daily Mail dropped their involvement after the previous series, and the new look books were launched in conjunction with News Chronicle around 1951. By 1952 the first six of the new titles were in print, with four more planned. The series was in print until 1966, with older titles refreshed every so often and updated.

The News Chronicle was taken over by the Daily Mail in 1960 and closed, but the I-SPY books were by now so popular that the Mail decided to re-associate themselves with the publication once more. The covers were redesigned to remove the News Chronicle name, but the Daily Mail logo was only seen inside the books. Around 1963 even this was removed and the titles were simply published by the Dickens Press (who printed the Mail). With all these changes, up to five distinct editions of some titles exist.

1.	At the Seaside
2.	On the Farm
3.	History
4.	On a Train Journey
5.	Dogs
6.	In the Country
7.	At the Zoo – Animals
8.	At the Zoo – Birds and Reptiles
9.	In the Street
10.	On the Road
11.	The Sights of London
12.	Horses and Ponies
13.	Ships and Harbours
14.	Boats and Waterways
15.	Aircraft
16.	Cars
17.	The Army
18.	The Wheel
19.	Sport
20.	People and Places
21.	Musical Instruments
22.	Men at Work – Building
23.	Antique Furniture
24.	The Unusual
25.	Road Transport
26.	Town Crafts
27.	Country Crafts
28.	The Sky
29.    People In Uniform / People
30.    Motorcycles and Cycles
31.    Bridges
32.    Sports Cars
33.    Roadmaking
34.    The Land
35.    Everyday Machines
36.    In Hospital
37.    Pets
38.    On the Pavement
39.    Churches

I-Spy Colour Series

A companion range of 1/- books, the I-Spy Colour Series was the same size and actually had the same number of pages as their 6d cousins, but used better, thicker quality paper and some inside pages in full colour. Launched probably in 1952 with the first two titles, the colour series issued two new titles each year for a while. The colour books were all natural history subjects and the aim seems to have been to emulate similar but more expensive offerings from publishers like Ladybird and Observer's. Eight titles were issued with the News Chronicle name, and only with the last did they move into more familiar I-Spy territory with In The Garden. When the News Chronicle closed, four further colour titles followed under the Dickens Press name. These were new editions of titles which had originally appeared in the 6d black and white series but been discontinued. The last title came out in 1963 and the 12 books were never numbered. The listing below is the order in which the titles were released. The covers of some of the titles were later updated, and then appeared without the News Chronicle logo.

Birds
Wild Flowers
Butterflies and Moths
Wild Fruits and Fungi
Trees
Insects
In Pond and Stream
In the Garden
Horses and Ponies
Zoo Animals
Dogs
Fish and Fishing

I-Spy Super Series

A larger format launched around 1965 that was very short lived.
Abroad
All the Year Round
Animals in Danger
Archaeology
At the Zoo
British Wild Animals
Cars
Garden Flowers
On a Car Journey
On a Train Journey
On the Seashore
Ships and Boats

The Dickens Press
Published from 1966 to 1972.  Pricing was 1/- in 1966, 1/6 or 7.5p in 1970-71, 9p in 1971-72, 10p in 1972.
Aircraft
Animals at the Zoo
Archaeology
At the Airport*
At the Seaside
Birds
Birds and Reptiles at the Zoo
British Coins*
Buses & Coaches*
Butterflies & Moths
Car Numbers*
Cars
Churches
Civil Aircraft*
Cricket*
Dogs
Farm Animals*
Fishing
Football*
Foreign Coins*
History
Horses & Ponies
In the Country
In the Hedgerow*
In the Street
In the Wood*
London from Trafalgar Square*
Lorries & Vans*
Military Aircraft*
On a Car Journey
On a Train Journey
On the Farm
On the Road
People*
Pets
Ships & Boats
The Sights of London
Signs & Symbols*
The Sky
Stamps*
Starter Book*
Trees
Wild Flowers

* New title

Polystyle Publications Limited
Published from 1973 to 1979.
Pricing was 10p in 1973, 12p in 1973-74, 15p in 1974, 20p in 1976-77, 25p in 1977-78, 30p in 1977-79.
Animals at the Zoo
Archaeology
At the Airport
At the Seaside
Birds
Birds and Reptiles at the Zoo
British Coins
British Wildlife*
Buses & Coaches
Butterflies & Moths
Car Numbers
Cars
Cats*
Churches
Civil Aircraft
Cricket
Dogs
Farm Animals
Fishing
Football
History
Horses & Ponies
In Spring & Summer*
In the Country
In the Hedgerow
In the Street
In the Wood
Industry*
London from Trafalgar Square
Membership and Code Book
Lorries & Vans
On a Car Journey
On a Train Journey
On the Motorway
On the Road
Pets
Ships & Boats
The Sky
Stamps
Starter Book
Trees
Wild Flowers

* New title

Ravette Limited
Published from 1980 to 1982.  Pricing was 40p in 1982.
Animals at the Zoo
Archaeology
At the Airport
At the Seaside
Birds
Birds and Reptiles at the Zoo
British Wildlife
Butterflies & Moths
Car Numbers
Cars
Cats
Churches
Civil Aircraft
Dogs
Fish and Fishing*
Horses & Ponies
In Spring & Summer
In the Country
In the Hedgerow
In the Street
London from Trafalgar Square
Membership and Code Book
On a Car Journey
On a Train Journey
On the Motorway
The Sky
Trees
Wild Flowers

* New title

I-Spy with David Bellamy
Published from 1983 to 1987.  Price was 65p in 1983.
Archaeology
At the Airport
At the Art Gallery*
Birds and Reptiles at the Zoo
British Coins
British Wildlife
Car Numbers
Cars
Civil Aircraft
Creepy Crawlies*
David Bellamy's I-Spy Book of Nature 1985 (Hardback)*
David Bellamy's I-Spy Book of Nature 1988 (Hardback)*
Dinosaurs*
Fish and Fishing
Garden Birds*
Garden Flowers All the Year Round*
Mammals at the Zoo*
Membership and Code Book (75p)*
Night Sky*
On a Car Journey
On a Day at the Seaside*
On a Train Journey
On the Farm*
Pets*
Pond Life*
Supermarkets*
Trees
Wild Flowers

* New title

Michelin Series
Michelin Original Launch (February 1991 to May 2000)
Includes four "Mini Atlases" and a special colour edition for the opening of the Channel Tunnel (£1.25).

Above Your Head
Aircraft
At the Airport
At the Seaside
Bicycles*
Big Diggers & Working Machines*
Birds
Birds of Prey & Owls*
Buses & Taxis*
Butterflies & Moths
Caravans & Motor Caravans
Cars
Cars II*
Castles*
Cathedrals, Abbeys & Churches*
The Channel Tunnel*
Classic Cars*
Computers*
Creepy Crawlies
Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Animals
Dogs
Fishing & How To Do It*
Flags*
Football
Ghosts, Mysteries & Legends*
Green Britain*
Hadrian's Wall*
History
Horses & Ponies
In France*
In Scotland*
In the Country
In the Lake District*
In the Night Sky*
In the Town*
Inn Signs*
London* (96 pages)
Michelin Mini Atlas Britain*
Michelin Mini Atlas France*
Michelin Mini Atlas Italy*
Michelin Mini Atlas The World
Minerals, Rocks & Fossils*
Motorcycles*
Motor Sport*
Music*
On a Car Journey
On a Car Journey II*
On a Ferry*
On a Train Journey
On the Motorway & Car Numbers*
On the Seashore*
Nature*
Pets
Ships & Boats
Sports*
Steam Engines & Locomotives*
Stonehenge & Historic Wessex*
Surrey*
Trees
Trucks & Trucking*
Trucks & Working Vehicles*
The Weather*
Wild Flowers
Zoos & Wildlife*

Michelin Relaunch (Dec 2009 to June 2013)
Includes three boxed sets (one of which is made up of 70 individual cards). Price was £2.50 in 2011.

Ancient Britain*
Animals*
At the Airport
At the Seaside
Bath*
Birds
Book of Facts*
Cambridge*
Camping*
Car Badges*
Car Collection (4-book boxed set containing Cars, Car Badges, Classic Cars, Every Vehicle on the Road, Notebook)
Cars
Castles & Battles*
Classic Cars
Cool Cars*
Cotswolds*
Creepy Crawlies
Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Animals
Dogs
Edinburgh*
Every Vehicle on the Road*
Explore London* (126 page edition)
Flags
Football Grounds*
Goodwood Festival of Speed*
Great Britain*
Green Britain
High Weald: Things to spot in the countryside of Kent, Sussex & Surrey*
History
In the Countryside
In the Garden
In the Street
Isle of Wight*
Kings & Queens*
Lake District*
London
London's Transport*
Minerals, Rocks & Fossils
Mini World Atlas*
Modern Britain*
Nature
Nature Collection (4-book boxed set containing Nature, In the Garden, Trees, Wild Flowers, Notebook)
The Night Sky
Noteboook*
On a Car Journey
On a Car Journey in France*
On a Ferry
On a Road Trip*
On a Train Journey
On the Motorway
On the Water*
Out & About Car Set (boxed set of 70 cards and Notebook)
Oxford*
Paris*
People & Places
Scottish Nature*
Sports & Games*
Trees
Wild Flowers
Working Vehicles*

* New title

Collins Michelin
What can you spot? (2016 to 2018)

At the Airport
At the Gallery
At the Museum*
At the Seaside
At the Shops*
At the Zoo
Birds
Butterflies & Moths
Camping
Car Badges
Cars
Cool Cars
Creepy Crawlies
Dogs
Every Vehicle on the Road
Flags
Football Grounds
Garden Birds
Holiday Sticker Book*
In the City
In the Countryside
In the Garden
In the Night Sky
In the Street
London
Nature
On a Car Journey
On a Car Journey in France
On a Ferry
On a Road Trip
On a Train Journey
On the Motorway
Something Beginning With...*
Trees
Wild Flowers

Do It!  Score It! (2020)
At the Airport Activity Book*
At the Seaside Activity Book*
In the Countryside Activity Book*
On a Car Journey Activity Book*
On a Train Journey Activity Book*

Spy It! Score It! (2020-present)
At the Airport
At the Seaside
Autumn*
Birds
Butterflies & Moths
Camping
Car Badges
Cars
Castles
Churches & Cathedrals
Cool Cars
Creepy Crawlies
Dogs
Every Vehicle on the Road
Fossils & Rocks
Garden Birds
Horses & Ponies
In the Countryside
In the Garden
In the Night Sky
In the Park*
In the Woods
Ireland*
London
Nature
On a Car Journey
On a Car Journey in France
On a Road Trip
On a Train Journey
On a Walk
On the Farm
On the Motorway
Rivers & Canals
Scotland*
Spring*
Summer*
Trees
Wales*
Wild Flowers
Winter*

Spy It!  Stick It! (2022-present)
My First Farm*
My First Minibeasts*
My First Things that Go*
My First Wildlife*

* New title

I-SPY for Grown Ups
Spoof series released by HarperCollins in 2016.
Signs and Instructions You Must Obey
The UK While It Lasts
At the School Gate
Pets When Human Friendship Is Not Enough

See also

Collecting
I spy, a children's game after which the I-Spy books were named
I Spy With My Little Eye, a children's book based on the I spy game

References

External links
Website for requesting certificates upon achieving 1,000 points in a book (the URL given in the books is dead as of July 2018)

Series of children's books

I-Spy (Michelin)


Kvrgavi bor (Pinus attenuata, zvan i Pinus tuberculata), drvo je koje raste u blagoj klimi na siromašnim tlima. Nalazi se od planina južnog Oregona do Donje Kalifornije s najvećom koncentracijom u sjevernoj Kaliforniji i oregonsko-kalifornijskoj granici.

Opis
Krošnja Pinus attenuata obično je stožasta s ravnim deblom. Dostiže visinu od 8–24 metara.  Međutim, na posebno siromašnim mjestima može rasti u obliku grma. Preferira suha stjenovita planinska tla. Kora je u mladosti glatka, pahuljasta i sivosmeđa, postaje tamno sivo-crveno-smeđa i plitko izbrazdana u ravne ljuskave grebene. Grančice su crveno-smeđe i često smolaste.

Listovi su u svežnjevima od tri, iglastog oblika, žuto-zeleni, uvijeni i dugi 9-15 cm. Češeri su dugački 8–16 cm, u grupama od tri do šest na granama. Ljuske završavaju kratkim jakim bodljama. Češeri ostaju zatvoreni dugi niz godina dok ih vatra ne otvori i omogući klijanje. Kao rezultat toga, češeri se čak mogu ugraditi u deblo kako drvo raste.

Ekologija
Pinus attenuata tvori gotovo čiste sastojine, no na obali može hibridizirati s biskupskim borom (Pinus muricata) i kalifornijskim borom (Pinus radiata).

U zapadnom podnožju Sierre Nevade, čvornov bor često je dominantan plavom hrastu (Quercus douglasii).

Izvori

Daljnje čitanje

 eNature Field Guides (2007) Knobcone Pine

 C. Michael Hogan (2008) Blue Oak: Quercus douglasii, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg
 Elna S. Bakker (1971). An island called California. University of California press (1972).

Vanjske poveznice

USDA Plants Profile: Pinus attenuata
Virginia Tech Dendrology - Knobcone Pine

Borovi

Kvrgavi bor


Et whiteboard er en skrivetavle med en blank, og ofte hvid overflade, som der kan skrives på, men hvor tekst (eller tegninger), kan fjernes igen, hvorfor det nogle gange også kaldes et wipeboard.

De første whiteboards blev anvendt tilbage i 1960'erne. En whiteboard tavle kan være lavet af følgende materialer: Melamin, glas, stål eller aluminium, porcelæn eller hardcoat laminat.

Der er forskellige fordele ved at bruge et whiteboard i stedet for en normal tavle. For det første er whiteboard tavler ikke på samme måde modtagelige overfor udefra kommende faktorer, som f.eks. vand, da blækket klæber på en anden måde end kridt. Derudover har man ikke samme problemer som kridt kan give, f.eks. over for følsomt udstyr i samme lokale, eller over for personer der er allergiske. Derudover kan et whiteboard være praktisk i et lokale med en projektor, da whiteboardet kan bruges til at projektere op på.

Whiteboards har selvfølgelig også den ulempe at man ikke kan bruge alle typer penne til at skrive på tavlen med, og derfor er nødt til at specielle tuscher til at at skrive på whiteboardet med, da teksten eller tegningerne ellers risikerer at blive permanente.

Det fås også i magnetiske udgaver af glas, som er blevet populære blandt arkitekter, indretningsarkitekter og designere for at give plads og rum til kommunikation, visualisering, mindmapping og brainstorming.

Varemærker
 CHAT BOARD
 Legamaster
 Smartboard
 Wyteboard

Referencer

Kontorartikler
Læringsredskaber
Tegne- og skriveudstyr

Whiteboard


Isla Cabruna es el nombre de una isla del mar Caribe que pertenece al país sudamericano de Colombia, localizada en el Archipiélago de San Bernardo y que admistrativamente está incluida en el costeño departamento de Bolívar.

A raíz de operaciones UNITAS llevadas a cabo por Colombia y Estados Unidos en el golfo de Morrosquillo en 1963, la isla de Cabruna llevó la peor parte. Cabruna fue partida en dos al ser sometida a las pruebas de artillería objeto de la práctica conjunta entre la armada de Colombia y la de Estados Unidos. La parte occidental de la isla es hoy un bajo de 5 dm de profundidad y lo que queda de la isla amenaza a desparecer igualmente si no se actúa. Hay un fenómeno de erosión en el sector noroccidental de la isla que requiere protección inmediata para que la isla no desaparezca.

La isla es refugio de todo tipo de especies de aves marinas, las cuales arriban diariamente a las 18.00 a pernoctar y ofrecen un espectáculo maravilloso batiéndose para posarse en el ramaje.

Otro problema es que a causa de la erosión (provocada en parte por aquellas operaciones) , la isla se está quedando sin mangles ni árboles donde puedan posar las aves, afectando el frágil ecosistema, ya que las aves pasan el día pescando en los manglares de la península de San Bernardo a 1 km de distancia.  Si la isla desaparece, esas aves perderán su santuario nocturno, ubicación que conocen desde hace siglos y está sembrado en su ADN en las coordenadas geográficas  cerca de la costa al sur de la Punta Rincón, al norte de la Punta de Piedra y de la isla San Bernardo, y al oeste del Canal de Salamanquilla y la isla homónima.

Véase también
 Anexo:Islas de Colombia
 Geografía de Colombia

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de localización de la isla

Archipiélago de San Bernardo

Isla Cabruna


{{Infobox Objet astronomique
 | nom                          = NGC 5643
 | image                        = NGC 5643 DSS.jpg
 | légende                      = La galaxie spirale barrée NGC 5643
 | découvreur                   = James Dunlop
 | date découverte              =
 | désignations                 = PGC 51969  ESO 272-16  MCG -7-30-3  AM 1429-435  IRAS 14294-4357
 | type                         = Galaxie spirale barrée
 | type de galaxie              = SAB(rs)c SB(rs)bc? SBc SBc/R
 | constellation                = Loup
 | redshift                     = 0,003999 ± 0,000007
 | vitesse radiale              = 1199 ± 2
 | vitesse radiale notes        =
 | ascension droite             = 14/32/40.7
 | ascension droite notes       =
 | déclinaison                  = -44/10/28
 | déclinaison notes            =
 | carte UAI                    = Loup
 | dist                         =
 | magnitude apparente          = 10,0
 | magnitude apparente notes    =  10,7 dans la Bande B
 | brillance de surface         = 13,24
 | brillance de surface notes   =
 | angle de position            = 153°
 | angle de position notes      =
 | dimensions apparentes        = 4,7′ × 4,2′
 | dimensions 					= <ref group=alpha>Diamètre isophote du relevé ESO-LV Quick Blue"" IIa-O.</ref>
}}

NGC 5643 est une galaxie spirale barrée située dans la constellation du Loup. Sa vitesse par rapport au fond diffus cosmologique est de , ce qui correspond à une distance de Hubble de . NGC 5643 a été découverte par l'astronome écossais James Dunlop en 1826.

NGC 5643 a été utilisée par Gérard de Vaucouleurs comme une galaxie de type morphologique SA(rs)c dans son atlas des galaxies.

La classe de luminosité de NGC 5643 est III et elle présente une large raie HI. C'est aussi une galaxie active de type Seyfert 2. Au début des années , on a découvert des masers d'eau dans sept galaxies à noyau actif (AGN) : NGC 2824, NGC 2979, NGC 5643, NGC 6300, NGC 6926, ESO 269-G012 et IRAS  F19370-131.

À ce jour, huit mesures non basées sur le décalage vers le rouge (redshift) donnent une distance de , ce qui est nettement à l'extérieur des valeurs de la distance de Hubble. Étant donné que cette galaxie est relativement près du Groupe local, il est probable que cette distance soit plus près de sa distance réelle. Notons cependant que c'est avec la valeur moyenne des mesures indépendantes, lorsqu'elles existent, que la base de données NASA/IPAC calcule le diamètre d'une galaxie.

Trou noir supermassif
Selon une étude publiée en 2009 et basée sur la vitesse interne de la galaxie mesurée par le télescope spatial Hubble, la masse du trou noir supermassif au centre de NGC 5643 serait comprise entre  et  de .

 Supernova
La supernova SN 2013aa a été découverte dans NGC 5643 le  par l'astronome amateur néo-zélandais Stu Parker l'un des membres du groupe BOSS (BOSS-Backyard Observatory Supernova Search''). Cette supernova était de type Ia.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des objets du New General Catalogue

Liens externes

 NGC 5643 sur le site du professeur C. Seligman
  (traduction/adaptation française)

5643
Constellation du Loup
Galaxie spirale
Galaxie spirale barrée
Galaxie active
Galaxie de Seyfert
Objet céleste découvert en 1826
Objet céleste découvert par James Dunlop

NGC 5643


Ghanas dæmoner er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2006, der er instrueret af Linus Mørk.

Handling
Ghanas dæmoner fører seerne dybt ind i Afrikas religiøse virkelighed, hvor guder og ånder stadig besøger menneskene. De kristne anser disse guder for at være dæmoner, og gør alt de kan, for at jage dem bort. Men Ghanas gamle åndeverden lader sig ikke uden videre fordrive.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2006
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Ghanas dæmoner


Isla Riems (en alemán: Insel Riems) es el nombre de una isla que se encuentra en el suroeste de la bahía de Greifswald en Alemania entre el continente y la isla de Rügen, en el mar Báltico. Riems pertenece administrativamente al distrito urbano de la ciudad hanseática de Stralsund, pero es un exclave. Riemserort, otro distrito, pertenece a la isla de Riems.

La isla de Riems mide de oeste a este unos 1250 metros, de norte a sur, y en su punto más ancho, es de unos 300 metros.

Véase también
 Geografía de Alemania
 Geografía de Europa

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de localización

Archipiélagos e islas de Mecklemburgo-Pomerania Occidental
Archipiélagos e islas del mar Báltico de Alemania

Riems


Adult Swim (også kaldet [adult swim]) er en gruppe tv-serier for voksne over 17 år, der blev sendt på den amerikanske version af tv-kanalen Cartoon Network. Det begyndt 2. september, 2001 og blev skabt af Williams Street Studios. Den 28. marts 2005 blev kanalens seere opdelt for sig ift. Nielsen Media Research analyser, da man vurderede, at Adult Swims seere var en anden målgruppe end den, der var på Cartoon Network normalt (ligesom Nickelodeon's Nick at Nite). Adult Swim er en del af Turner Broadcasting System. Det er kendt for at vise voksent, anime, eller Japansk-stil animation.

Sendeflade

USA

Amerikanske serier
South Park
American Dad
 Assy McGee
 Family Guy
 Fat Guy Stuck in Internet
 Metalocalypse
 Moral Orel
 Robot Chicken
 Squidbillies
 Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job!
 The Venture Bros.
 Xavier: Renegade Angel
 King of the Hill
 Rick and Morty

På hiatus
 Aqua Teen Hunger Force
 The Boondocks
 Frisky Dingo
 Lucy, the Daughter of the Devil
 Saul of the Mole Men

Aflyste serier
 Space Ghost Coast to Coast -
 12 Oz. Mouse
 The Bob Clampett Show -
 The Brak Show
 Cartoon Planet -
 Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law
 Home Movies
 Minoriteam
 Perfect Hair Forever
 The Popeye Show -
 Sealab 2021
 Stroker and Hoop
 Tom Goes to the Mayor

Kommende serier
 The Drinky Crow Show
 Superjail
 That Crook'd 'Sipp
 Young Person's Guide to History

Eksterne henvisninger
 AdultSwim.com - Officielle hjemmeside
 AdultSwim.co.uk - Officielle UK hjemmeside
 AdultSwim.de - Officielle tyske hjemmeside

WarnerMedia
Tv-kanaler fra USA
Cartoon Network

Adult Swim


The Sava (; , ; , ) is a river in Central and Southeast Europe, a right-bank and the longest tributary of the Danube. It flows through Slovenia, Croatia and along its border with Bosnia and Herzegovina, and finally through Serbia, feeding into the Danube in its capital, Belgrade. The Sava forms the main northern limit of the Balkan Peninsula, and the southern edge of the Pannonian Plain.

The Sava is  long, including the  Sava Dolinka headwater rising in Zelenci, Slovenia. It is the largest tributary of the Danube by volume of water, and second-largest after the Tisza in terms of catchment area () and length. It drains a significant portion of the Dinaric Alps region, through the major tributaries of Drina, Bosna, Kupa, Una, Vrbas, Lonja, Kolubara, Bosut and Krka. The Sava is one of the longest rivers in Europe and among the longest tributaries of another river.

The population in the Sava River basin is estimated at , and is shared by three capital cities: Ljubljana, Zagreb and Belgrade. The Sava is about -navigable for larger vessels: from the confluence of the Kupa in Sisak a few kilometers below Zagreb.

The name is believed to be derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *sewh1 ('to take liquid', whence the English word sup) and the ending *eh2, so that it literally means 'that which waters [the ground]'. The ancient Greeks called it Saos ().

Sources

The Sava River is formed from the Sava Dolinka and the Sava Bohinjka headwaters in northwest Slovenia. The drainage basin has other key tributaries, including the  Sora, the  Tržič Bistrica and the  Radovna rivers—flowing into the Sava at confluences as far east downstream as Medvode.

The Sava Dolinka rises at the Zelenci Pools near Kranjska Gora, Slovenia, in a valley separating the Julian Alps from the Karavanke mountain range. The spring is near the Slovene-Italian border at  above sea level, in a drainage divide between the Adriatic and Danube basins. The Sava Dolinka spring is fed by groundwater possibly exhibiting bifurcation of source karst aquifer to the Sava and Soča basins. Nadiža creek, a short losing stream flowing nearby, is the source of Zelenci Pools water. The Sava Dolinka is considered the Sava's initial,  segment.

The Sava Bohinjka originates in Ribčev Laz, at the confluence of the Jezernica, a short watercourse flowing out from Lake Bohinj and the Mostnica River. Some sources define the Jezernica as a part of the Sava Bohinjka, specifying the latter as flowing directly out of the lake, while another group of sources include Savica, rising at the southern flank of Triglav as the  Savica Falls, downstream from Triglav Lakes Valley, and flowing into the lake, as a part of the Sava Bohinjka. The watercourse flows —including the length of the Savica—east to Radovljica, where it discharges into the Sava Dolinka. Downstream from the confluence, the river is referred to as the Sava.

Course

The Sava spans Central-Southeast Europe, flowing through Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia and along the Bosnia-Herzegovina border. Its total length is , including the  Sava Dolinka and the  Sava proper. As a right tributary of the Danube, the river belongs to the Black Sea drainage basin. The Sava River is the third longest tributary of the Danube, slightly shorter than the  Tisza and the  Prut—the Danube's two longest tributaries—when the Sava Dolinka headwater is excluded from its course. It is also the largest tributary of the Danube by discharge. The river course is sometimes used to describe the northern boundary of the Balkans, and the southern border of the Central Europe. Before the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991 the Sava was the longest river lying completely within the country.

From the source to the Sutla

The Sava Dolinka rises in the Zelenci Pools, west of Podkoren in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia at  above sea level (a.s.l.), and flows east, past Kranjska Gora to Jesenice, where it turns southeast. At Žirovnica, the river enters the Ljubljana Basin and encounters the first hydroelectric dam—Moste plant—before proceeding to the east of the glacial Lake Bled towards Radovljica and confluence of the Sava Bohinjka, at  a.s.l. Downstream of Radovljica, the Sava proceeds southeast towards Kranj. Between Kranj and Medvode, its course comprises the Lake Trboje and the Lake Zbilje reservoirs, built for the Mavčiče and the Medvode power plants.

The Sava then flows through the capital of Slovenia, Ljubljana, where another reservoir is on the river, adjacent to the Tacen Whitewater Course. There the river course turns east and leaves the Ljubljana Basin via Dolsko, at  a.s.l. (at confluence of the Ljubljanica and the Kamnik Bistrica). The course continues through the Sava Hills, where it passes the Litija Basin with the mining and industrial town of Litija, the Central Sava Valley with the mining towns of Zagorje ob Savi, Trbovlje, and Hrastnik, turns to the southeast and runs through the Lower Sava Valley with the towns of Radeče, Sevnica, and Krško. The course through the Sava Hills forms the boundary of traditional regions of Lower Carniola and Styria, At Radeče, the Vrhovo hydroelectric dam reservoir stands. The latter is site of the Krško Nuclear Power Plant, which uses the Sava River water to dissipate excess heat. The easternmost stretch of the Sava River course in Slovenia runs to the south of Brežice, where it is joined by the Krka, and the river ultimately becomes a border river between Slovenia and Croatia, marking  of their border near confluence of the Sutla (). At that point, the Sava reaches  a.s.l. after flowing  through Slovenia and along its border.

From the Sutla to the Una

The westernmost part of the  Sava River course in Croatia, takes the river east, through the western part of the Zagreb County, between Samobor and Zaprešić. The area encompasses forests interspersed by marshes and lakes formed in gravel pits. As the Sava approaches the capital of Croatia, Zagreb, the marshes give way to urban landscape, but there are surviving examples of the gravel pit lakes, such as the Jarun, and the Bundek within the city. At the western outskirts of Zagreb, there is the western terminus of the  Sava–Odra flood-relief canal connecting the Sava to the Odra River plain which is intended to act as flood control retention basin. The canal has been built in response to the most destructive flooding of the river that occurred in Zagreb in 1964, when one third of the city was flooded and 17 people were killed. The city itself marks the western extent of the Sava River basin area especially prone to flooding, spanning from Zagreb to confluence of the river in Belgrade, Serbia.

East of Zagreb, the river turns southeast again further through the Central Croatia, to the Sisak-Moslavina County, the city of Sisak, reaching  a.s.l. The city of Sisak marks the westernmost extent of the Sava River navigable to larger vessels. Navigation conditions on the river are poor due to limited draft and fairway width, meandering of the river, bridge clearance restrictions, poor fairway markings as well as presence of sunken vessels and other objects, including unexploded ordnance. The ordnance is left over from various conflicts including the World War II, Croatian War of Independence, Bosnian War, and the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia. Before reaching confluence of Una at Jasenovac and  a.s.l, the Sava River traces Lonjsko polje Nature Park, encompassing marshes frequently flooded by the Sava and its tributaries in the area.

From the Una to the Drina

Downstream of confluence of the Una River, the Sava is once again tracing an international border—between Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina. Its meandering course runs generally eastwards along Bosanska Gradiška, and Slavonski Brod to Županja, where it turns south to Brčko. There, the river resumes its predominantly eastward course towards Sremska Rača and confluence of the Drina River. The right bank of the Sava, in this segment of its course, belongs to Bosnia-Herzegovina (with Bosnia's all three administrative entities, Republika Srpska, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Brčko District, having gateway to the river), while the opposite bank belongs to Croatia and its Sisak-Moslavina, Brod-Posavina and Vukovar-Srijem counties, except in the area of Jamena and further downstream—which belongs to Serbia and the province of Vojvodina. No cities in this segment of the course span the river. It represents an international frontier, three times seeing adjacent, opposing key settlements: Bosanska Gradiška, Bosanski Brod and Brčko in Bosnia-Herzegovina, opposing Stara Gradiška, Slavonski Brod and Gunja in Croatia.

The  segment between the Una and the Drina confluences, corresponding to the Sava flowing along the border of Bosnia-Herzegovina, exhibits small change of elevation, such as from  ASL at Jasenovac to  ASL at Brčko gauges: over  of the river between them. The river below Zagreb has a 0.4‰ slope (gradient) on average, much less steep than the course in Slovenia, where the average slope exceeds 0.7‰. This results in the Sava's meandering course running through a wide plain bordered by wetlands.

From the Drina to the Danube

Downstream from the confluence of the Drina, the Sava River changes its eastward course to northeast, until it reaches Sremska Mitrovica, whence it flows southeast and then south to Šabac, before finally turning east towards Belgrade. Most of the river's course in Serbia represents a border between province of Vojvodina, on the left bank, and Central Serbia, on the right bank. Exceptions to that are in area around Sremska Mitrovica, where both banks are in Vojvodina, and downstream of Progar suburb of Belgrade where both banks are in Central Serbia. The river meanders and forms wetlands there as well—the most significant centering on Obedska bara oxbow lake. The Sava River forms several large islands in this segment of the course, with the largest among them— Ada Ciganlija in Belgrade—connected to the right bank by a pair of artificial embankment dams forming Lake Sava since 1967.

The Sava discharges into the Danube, after reaching  a.s.l. as its right tributary at the Great War Island off the easternmost tip of Syrmia in Belgrade,  away from the Danube's confluence and the Black Sea.

Settlements
Population in the Sava River basin is estimated at 8,176,000, and includes four capitals: Belgrade, Ljubljana, Sarajevo and Zagreb. All except Sarajevo, are on the river banks and represent the three largest settlements found along the river. Belgrade, at the lowest end of the river, is the largest city in the basin with urban population of 1135,502. Ten municipalities of its outer conurbation have combined population of 1283,783, taking in many mutual suburbs. The Belgrade metropolitan area has a population of 1639,121. Zagreb is the second largest city on the river, comprising population of 688,163 living in the city itself, and 802,588 in the city-administered area. Together with the Zagreb County, largely corresponding to various definitions of the city's metropolitan area, it has a combined population of 1110,517. Ljubljana is the third-largest city on the banks of the Sava, encompassing a population of 258,873 living in the city itself and 265,881 in the city-governed area.

The largest city of Bosnia-Herzegovina on the river is Brčko, whose urban population is estimated at 40,000. Other cities along the river, with populations of 20,000 and larger, are Slavonski Brod (53,473), Šabac (52,822), Sremska Mitrovica (37,586), Kranj (35,587), Sisak (33,049), Obrenovac (24,568), and Bosanska Gradiška (est. 20,000).

Watershed

The Sava River basin covers a total area of  making it the second largest Danube tributary catchment by area size, surpassed only by the Tisza basin, and it encompasses 12% of the Danube basin, draining into the Black Sea. The Sava represents the third longest tributary of the Danube and its largest tributary by discharge. The catchment area borders the remainder of the Danube basin to the north and east, and the Adriatic Sea basin to the west and south. The river basin generally consists of parts of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia, with a very small part of the catchment area belonging to Albania. Topography of the basin varies significantly. Upstream portion of the basin is more rugged than downstream one, but asymmetry of the basin topography is particularly apparent when comparing right and left bank areas—the former dominated by the Alps and the Dinarides reaching elevations in excess of  a.s.l, while the latter is dominated by the Pannonian Plain. The mean elevation of the basin is  a.s.l.

Major tributaries

The most important tributaries of the Sava River found in its upper basin are characterized by relatively steep grades of flow, high flow velocities and rapids. Those are left tributaries: the Kokra, the Kamnik Bistrica and the Savinja; and right tributaries: the Sora, the Ljubljanica and the Krka (Sava). Further downstream larger rivers empty into the Sava, as the right bank of the basin grows steadily. Right tributaries in this lower segment of the basin start as fast flowing courses, only to slow down as they enter the Pannonian Basin. They include the Kupa, the Una, the Vrbas, the Ukrina, the Bosna, the Brka, the Tinja, the Drina and the Kolubara. Left tributaries in the lower segment drain plains consequently exhibiting less steep course grades, lower flow rates and meandering. They include the Sutla, the Krapina, the Lonja, the Ilova, the Orljava and the Bosut.

The  Drina is the largest tributary of the Sava, flowing in Bosnia-Herzegovina and along border of the country and Serbia. It is formed by the headwaters of the Tara and the Piva at the border of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro, near Šćepan Polje. Its  catchment extends across parts of four countries—reaching as far south as Albania. The Bosna and the Kupa river basins are the second and third largest catchments of the Sava tributaries, each surpassing  in size.

Hydrology

The average annual flow rate of the Sava River at Radovljica, immediately downstream of the Sava Dolinka and the Sava Bohinjka confluence, stands at  per second. Downstream of the Krka confluence the average flow rate reaches  per second, gradually increasing as tributaries discharge along the course— per second downstream of the Sutla,  per second following discharge of the Kupa and the Una,  per second downstream of the Vrbas confluence,  per second after the Bosna river empties into the Sava, and finally of  per second at confluence of the Sava in Belgrade. The highest flow rate of  per second was recorded by Slavonski Šamac gauging station in May 2014.

Seven out of eight largest reservoirs in the Sava River basin are in the Drina catchment, the largest among them being the  Lake Piva on the eponymous river in Montenegro, created after construction of Mratinje Dam. Overall, there are 22 reservoirs holding more than  of water in the basin, with four of them on the Sava, including one on the Sava Dolinka. Most of the reservoirs are used primarily, or even exclusively, for electricity generation, but they are also used as supply of drinking water, industrial water source, for irrigation and food production.

Groundwater is a very important resource in the Sava River basin, generally used for public water supply of potable water, as a source of water for industrial use, but also as the mainstay of aquatic ecosystems. There are 41 identified significant groundwater bodies in the Sava River basin of basin-wide importance, ranging in area size from , as well as numerous minor ground water bodies. Even though most of them are transboundary waters, eleven are considered to be largely in Slovenia, fourteen in Croatia, seven in Bosnia-Herzegovina, five in Serbia and four in Montenegro.

Discharge

Mean annual discharge of the Sava River at Zagreb (period from 1992 to 2019), Sremska Mitrovica and Belgrade (period from 1992 to 2021):

Geology
The course of the Sava River runs through several diverse geological units and orographic regions. The uppermost course of the river and its headwaters in the Karavanke area, is in the Southern Alps, tracing the Sava Fault—itself running parallel to the Periadriatic Seam. Mesozoic and Upper Triassic rocks are exposed in the region. The Ljubljana Basin represents the boundary of the Southern Alps and the Dinarides. Valleys of the Sava Dolinka and the Sava Bohinjka are glacial valleys, carved out by the Sava Dolinka and Bohinj glaciers advancing down Karavanke range to vicinity of present-day Radovljica. In the late Pleistocene, Bohinj Glacier was the largest glacier in the territory of present-day Slovenia, up to  thick. Sava Folds, southeast and east of the Ljubljana Basin are thought of as a part of the Dinarides, separating the Ljubljana and Krško Basins, and forming the Sava Hills. The east–west oriented folds are younger than the Miocene and the folding is considered to had taken place in the Pliocene and the Quaternary, but it is possible that the tectonic activity continues in the present day. The Sava Folds largely exhibit Paleozoic and Triassic rocks, and clastic sediments.

The lower course of the Sava in the Pannonian Basin—first reached by the Sava River in the Krško Basin on the western rim of the Pannonian Basin. The Pannonian Basin took shape through Miocenian thinning and subsidence of crust structures formed during Late Paleozoic Variscan orogeny. The Paleozoic and Mesozoic structures are visible in Papuk and other Slavonian mountains. The processes also led to the formation of a stratovolcanic chain in the basin 17–12 Mya (million years ago) and intensified subsidence observed until 5 Mya as well as flood basalts about 7.5 Mya. Contemporary uplift of the Carpathian Mountains prevented water flowing to the Black Sea, and the Pannonian Sea formed in the basin. Sediments were transported to the basin from uplifting Carpathian and Dinaric mountains, with particularly deep fluvial sediments being deposited in the Pleistocene during the uplift of the Transdanubian Mountains. Ultimately, up to  of the sediment was deposited in the basin, and the Pannonian sea eventually drained through the Iron Gate gorge. In the southern Pannonian Basin, the Neogene to Quaternary sediment depth is normally lower, averaging , except in central parts of depressions formed by subduction. A subduction zone formed in the present-day Sava River valley, and approximately  deep sediments were deposited in the Slavonia-Syrmia depression and  in the Sava depression. The results of those processes are large plains in the Sava River valley and the Kupa River valley. The plains are interspersed by the horst and graben structures, believed to have broken the Pannonian Sea surface as islands, which became watershed between Drava and Sava River basins extending along Ivanščica–Kalnik–Bilogora–Papuk mountain chain. The Papuk Mountain is flanked by the Krndija and the Dilj Hills on the eastern rim of the Požega Valley. The Bilogora, Papuk and Krndija Mountains consist mostly of Paleozoic rocks which are 300–350 million years old, while the Dilj consists of much more recent Neogene rocks, 2–18 million years old. Further east of the chain, the watershed runs through the Đakovo–Vinkovci and Vukovar Plateau. The loess plateau, extending eastward from Dilj and representing the watershed between the Vuka and Bosut rivers, gradually rises to the Fruška Gora south of Ilok.

Economy

Electric power generation
There are 18 hydroelectric power plants with power generation capacity exceeding 10 Megawatts in the Sava River basin. In Slovenia, most of them harness the Sava itself. In other countries, the hydroelectric power plants are on its tributaries. Total power generation capacity of the 18 power plants, and additional smaller plants largely found in Slovenia, amounts to 41542 megawatts, and their annual production capacity stands at 2,497 gigawatt-hours. Approximately  of water per year in the river's basin is used to cool thermoelectric and nuclear power plants. Power plant cooling represents the main type of use of the Sava River waters.

, there are six existing hydroelectric power plants built along the Sava River. Upstream of Ljubljana there are Moste, Mavčiče and Medvode power plants, while Vrhovo, Boštanj and Blanca are downstream of the capital. There is one additional plant under construction near Krško. The Krško hydroelectric power plant, as well as two additional plants planned on the Sava River course downstream of Ljubljana—Brežice and Mokrice—should be completed by 2018. The power plants downstream of Ljubljana, except Vrhovo, are developed as a chain of five Slovenia's Lower Sava Valley plants since 2002. They will have production capacity of 2,000 gigawatt-hours per year and 570 megawatts of installed capacity. Completion of the five power plants is expected to cost 700  million euros. There are also plans for construction of ten new powerplants in the middle Sava valley HE Suhadol, HE Trbovlje, HE Renke, HE Ponovice, HE Kresnice, HE Jevnica, HE Zalog, HE Šentjakob, HE Ježica and HE Tacen. Croatia is planning the construction of four hydroelectric power plants on the Sava River in the Zagreb area. The four plants—Podsused, Prečko, Zagreb and Drenje—are scheduled to be completed by 2021 at a cost of 800  million euros. The four power plants will have an installed capacity of 122  megawatts and an annual production capacity of 610 gigawatt-hours.

Water supply and food production
Use of water for public water supply in the Sava River basin is estimated at  per year, and another  of water per year is used for industrial production purposes. Use of water for agriculture in the Sava River basin is relatively high, but most of it is applied in non-consumptive uses, such as fish farming. Use of water for irrigation is relatively low, estimated at  per year. Commercial fishing on the Sava River is in decline since the middle of the 20th century. In 1978, there were only 97  commercial fishermen there, while recreational fishing became dominant. The decline became more rapid during the wars in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, reducing the quantity of fish caught in the river to approximately one-third of the pre-war catches which ranged from  between 1979 and 1990. The International Sava River Basin Commission (ISRBC), a cooperative body established by Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia and Serbia and Montenegro in 2005, is tasked with the establishment of sustainable management of surface water and groundwater resources in the Sava River basin.

Navigation and ports
The Sava is navigable to larger vessels for  between its confluence with the Danube in Belgrade, Serbia and Galdovo Bridge in Sisak, Croatia,  upstream from confluence of Sava and Kupa rivers. The confluence marks the westernmost point of the river course designated as a Class IV international waterway in compliance with the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe's European Agreement on Main Inland Waterways of International Importance (AGN). The classification means that the river course between Sisak and Belgrade is navigable to ships of the maximum length of , the maximum beam of , the maximum draught of  and tonnage up to . The Sava River downstream of Sisak, is designated as European waterway E 80-12, branching off from the E 80 waterway spanning the Danube and Le Havre via the Rhine. The largest ports on the Sava River are Brčko and Šamac in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Sisak and Slavonski Brod in Croatia, and Šabac and Sremska Mitrovica in Serbia.

,  of the river course between Slavonski Šamac and Oprisavci, as well as additional  between Slavonski Brod and Sisak, are considered by Croatia's Ministry of Maritime Affairs, Transport and Infrastructure to fail the Class IV criteria, permitting navigation of vessels up to  only, complying with the AGN's Category III. The Slavonski Šamac–Oprisavci section is especially troublesome for navigation as it offers  draught in less than 50% of an average hydrological year, causing navigation to cease each summer. Similar interruptions are less frequent elsewhere on the river, occurring 30 days a year on average upstream from Oprisavci, and even more rarely downstream from Slavonski Šamac.

The restricted draft and fairway is compounded with a meandering of the river's course—limiting the length of vessels—and low bridge clearance. Further problems are incurred through poor transport infrastructure along the route, including poor navigation markings, and presence of sunken vessels and unexploded munitions. Navigation along further  of the river upstream to Rugvica near Zagreb is possible for vessels with tonnage below , and the section of the river belongs to the AGN's Category II. There are plans for the restoration of the Category IV compliant waterway downstream of Sisak and betterment of navigation infrastructure between Sisak and Rugvica, as well as upgrading of the waterway between Brčko and Belgrade to Category Va, matching that of the Danube, with uninterrupted navigation through the year. The plan is planned to be supported by the European Union and , an agreement to implement the plan was signed by Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia, while Serbia is invited to join the project. The plan aims to increase the safety and volume of river transport, which declined by about 70% since the breakup of Yugoslavia, largely because of poor maintenance of the route. The ISRBC is tasked with the establishment of an international regime of navigation on the river since 2005.

Road, rail and pipeline transport
The Sava River valley is also a route for road and rail traffic. The river valley routes are a part of the Pan-European Corridor X, and forming junctions with Pan-European Corridors V, Vb, Vc, Xa and Xb in area of Ljubljana (V), Zagreb (Vb, Xa), Slavonski Šamac (Vc), and Belgrade (Xb). The motorways forming the Pan-European Corridor X in the area—Slovenia's A2, Croatia's A3 and Serbia's A1 motorways—represent a part of European route E70 Bordeaux–Turin–Ljubljana–Zagreb–Belgrade–Bucharest, and the European route E61 Villach–Ljubljana–Trieste–Rijeka. A largely double track and electrifried railway is also a part of the Corridor X. The railway was a part of the Simplon-Orient-Express and Direct-Orient-Express routes. The navigable river course between Belgrade and Galdovo north of Sisak is spanned by 25 bridges. The Sava River valley east of Sisak is also used as a route for the Jadranski naftovod, a crude oil pipeline. The system connects the Port of Rijeka oil terminal to oil refineries in Rijeka and Sisak, to Bosanski Brod in Bosnia-Herzegovina, as well as Novi Sad and Pančevo in Serbia.

Environmental issues

Pollution
The main pressure on the Sava River basin environment is generated by the activities of the urban population in the basin. Even though nearly all population centres generating pollution above 10,000 population equivalent (PE) have some sort of sewage treatment in place, less than a quarter of them are adequate. Wastewater from 86% of Sava River basin settlements, generating more than 2,000 PE, goes untreated. Pollution levels vary along the river. The best conditions in terms of wastewater treatment are found in Slovenia, although the existing facilities are inadequate.

In Serbia, on the other hand, 68% of population centres have no wastewater treatment facilities at all. Population centres exceeding 2,000 PE directly discharge into the Sava River basin's surface waters 11112 tonnes of nitrogen and 2,642 tonnes of phosphorus.

Agriculture is another significant source of the Sava River basin surface water pollution, specifically through livestock manure production. It is estimated that the nutrient pollution levels generated by manure production equal 32,394 tonnes of nitrogen and 3,784 tonnes of phosphorus per year. As a consequence, the Sava River is microbiologically polluted in areas affected by the nutrient pollution. One such part of the river is the lowermost part of its course between Šabac and Belgrade, where acceptable freshwater bacterial counts are exceeded.

Levels of industrial pollution vary significantly throughout the basin. In 2007, significant sources of industrial pollution were identified in Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia. Levels of lead, cadmium and arsenic measured in the Sava River at Zagreb in 2003 did not exceed permitted concentrations, but measured levels of mercury exceeded permitted levels in four out of 216 samples. Levels of heavy metals, specifically zinc, copper, lead and cadmium, measured in sediments in the Sava River near Belgrade were assessed as representing little to no risk, and the conclusion drawn was that in order to "reduce the existing bacterial contamination of the Sava River it is necessary to control faecal discharge near cities like Belgrade." The two countries (Croatia and Montenegro) with the greatest direct access to the Adriatic showed by far the least polluted basin surface waters, although other factors, such as demography, agricultural/environmental development and, especially, investment (internal and external), play a role.

Protected areas
The Sava River basin is very significant because of its biological diversity, and it contains large alluvial wetlands and lowland forests. This led to the designation of six protected areas under provisions of the Ramsar Convention by the countries in the basin. Those are Lake Cerknica in Slovenia, Lonjsko Polje and Crna Mlaka in Croatia, Lake Bardača in Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Obedska and Zasavica bogs in Serbia.

Sport and recreation

There are several sports and recreational grounds on the river banks and gravel pits and artificial lakes adjacent. Tacen Whitewater Course, on the right bank of the Sava in Tacen, a suburb of Ljubljana, was built as a permanent kayaking course in 1948. It hosts a major international competition almost every year, examples being the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in 1955, 1991 and 2010. In Zagreb, Jarun complex of lakes along the river course offers a range of facilities for swimming, water sports and cycling. The island of Ada Ciganlija in Belgrade is the major recreational zone of the city, gathering as many as 100,000 visitors daily in the summer months.

The Sava River is the site of several regattas. Those include the International Sava Tour rowing regatta taking place between Zagreb and Brčko, and the Belgrade Regatta (sailing regatta).

The river is also the site of the Šabac Swimming Marathon—an open water swimming competition, running on an  course between the village of Jarak and the city of Šabac in Serbia. The competition is held annually since 1970, and was included in FINA international calendar from 1984 to 2012.

Recreational and sport fishing is a popular activity along the Sava River course. There is a  long sport fishing competition ground near Hotemež, Slovenia.

Tradition
Even though the name Sava became very common among Slavs, and has a "Slavic tone", the river's name has pre-Slavic Celtic and Roman origins; Strabo writes in Geographica 4.6.10 (composed between 20 BCE and 20 CE) of the River Saüs,
and the Romans used the name Savus. Another name, used for the Sava in entirety or its lower part by Strabo, is Noarus.

Worship of various river gods in the area dates to the Late Bronze Age, when the first settlements were founded along the Sava River. Taurisci associated their river goddess Adsullata with the Savus. Altars or inscriptions dedicated to the river-god Savus have been found at a number of locations along the river course, including at the Zelenci Pools where the Sava Dolinka rises, and a number of Roman settlements and castra built along the Via Pannonia, the Roman road running from Aquileia to the Danube. The settlements include Emona, Andautonia and Siscia (near modern-day Ljubljana, Velika Gorica and Sisak respectively) upstream of the Kupa River confluence, and Marsonia, itself built atop a prehistoric settlement, Cibalae, Sirmium and Singidunum (in modern-day Slavonski Brod, Vinkovci, Sremska Mitrovica and Belgrade) downstream of the Kupa. Besides the altar found at the Zelenci Pools, inscriptions and sites dedicated to Savus have been found in remains of Emona, Andautonia and Siscia. Several years after 1751 completion of the Robba Fountain in Ljubljana, the three male figures sculpted as parts of the fountain were identified as statues of the river gods of Sava, Krka and Ljubljanica. In the early 20th century, the fountain was named the Fountain of Three Carniolan Rivers.

The Romantic poet France Prešeren wrote The Baptism on the Savica (), the Slovene national epic, in 1835. The poem, referring in its title to a headwater of the Sava River, helped to inspire the design of the coat of arms of Slovenia of 1991:

However, the two wavy lines at the base of the blazon officially represent rivers of Slovenia and the Adriatic Sea rather than the Savica or the Sava specifically.

The Sava River also appears symbolically in the coat of arms of the former Kingdom of Slavonia:

The design, approved by the Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary in 1496, incorporates two bars symbolising the Sava and the Drava rivers tracing the borders of the kingdom. The design inspired the arms of several present-day counties of Croatia in the region of Slavonia and itself forms a part of the coat of arms of Croatia. The poem Horvatska domovina, written by Antun Mihanović in 1835 as a national symbol of Croatia, also refers to the Sava River. Modified lyrics of the poem later became the Croatian anthem.

See also
 International Sava River Basin Commission
 Posavina (region)

Footnotes

References

Books

Scientific and professional papers

News reports

Other sources

External links

 Condition of Sava at locations in Slovenia (proceeding down the stream):
 Radovljica – graphs, in the following order, of water level, flow and temperature data for the past 30 days (taken in Radovljica by ARSO)
 Medno – graphs, in the following order, of water level, flow and temperature data for the past 30 days (taken in Medno by ARSO)
 Šentjakob – graphs, in the following order, of water level, flow and temperature data for the past 30 days (taken in Šentjakob by ARSO)
 Hrastnik – graphs, in the following order, of water level, flow and temperature data for the past 30 days (taken in Hrastnik by ARSO)
 Jesenice na Dolenjskem – graphs, in the following order, of water level and temperature data for the past 30 days (taken in Jesenice na Dolenjskem by ARSO)

Rivers of Slovenia
Rivers of Croatia
Rivers of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Rivers of Serbia
International rivers of Europe
Geography of Belgrade
Geography of Zagreb
Geography of Vukovar-Syrmia County
Borders of Serbia
Bosnia and Herzegovina–Croatia border
Rivers of Ljubljana
Border rivers
Croatia–Slovenia border
Braided rivers in Europe

Sava


تفجير في حي الحسين بالقاهرة 2009 كان تفجير قنبلة في سوق خان الخليلي قرب المشهد الحسيني بحي الحسين بالقاهرة في 22 فبراير 2009، أسفر عن مقتل فتاة فرنسية تبلغ من العمر 17 عاما، وإصابة 25 سائحا أخرون بينهم أربعة عشر فرنسيا تتراوح أعمارهم بين 15 و18 عاما وثلاثة سعوديين، وسائح ألماني إضافة إلى 4 مصريين بينهم أطفال.

ردود الفعل
 أعرب الرئيس الفرنسي نيكولا ساركوزي عن تاثره الشديد للاعتداء. واوضح الاليزيه في بيان بهذا الشأن أن الرئيس قدم «تعازيه لاسرة الضحية ووجه رسالة تعاطف وتضامن للجرحى وذويهم» وانه يتوجه «بكل الدعم للسلطات المصرية التي يثق فيها ثقة تامة في تقديم المساعدة لجميع الضحايا والقاء الضوء على ظروف هذه المأساة»
 أدان الناطق باسم الخارجية الإيرانية حسن قشقاوى العمل معتبرا ذلك بانه خطوة مشبوهة. وقال في تصريح أن مثل هذه الإجراءات العمياء التي تستهدف الإضرار بالمراكز التاريخية والحضارية التي تهم كافة الأديان الإلهية تخدم إسرائيل. أعلن قشقاوى تضامن ومواساة إيران مع مصر حكومة وشعبا ورعايا الدول الأخرى وذوي الضحايا متمنيا للجرحى الشفاء العاجل.

المصادر

الجريمة في القاهرة
القاهرة في القرن 21
تفجيرات بعبوات ناسفة في مصر
جرائم 2009 في مصر
جرائم قتل في إفريقيا 2009
جرائم قتل في مصر عقد 2000
حوادث إرهابية في مصر في 2009
القاهرة في عقد 2000
جرائم قتل في مصر 2009
هجمات في مصر في 2009

تفجيرات حي الحسين


Zinca [Joița] Bălcescu (n. 1788 – d. între 3 și 5 mai 1862, București) a fost o boieroaică munteană, mama revoluționarului pașoptist Nicolae Bălcescu. Serdăreasa Zinca Bălcescu deținea moșia Bălcești de la Topolog.

Biografie
Zinca Bălcescu a fost fiica postelnicelului Tănase Bălcescu, un mic boier muntean, și a Ecaterinei Stoian. În 1811 s-a căsătorit cu pitarul Barbu Petrescu, cu care a avut cinci copii, Costache, Nicolae, Barbu, Maria și Sevastița. După moartea soțului, în 1825, s-a dedicat creșterii copiilor și, mai ales, recuperării unei părți din banii înstrăinați, pe diverse căi, de Barbu Petrescu înainte de moarte. În perioada 1826-1851 a trebuit să se judece cu vecinii și rudele soțului care atentau la proprietățile familiei.

S-a ocupat de educația fiilor ei și de găsirea unor slujbe care să le permită să-și asigure existența: Costache a ajuns copist la Ministerul de Finanțe, iar Nicolae cadet al Miliției. După înăbușirea Revoluției de la 1848 din Țările Române, prin acțiunea concertată a celor trei imperii vecine (otoman, rus și austriac), cei trei fii ai săi au fost obligați să meargă în exil: Costache și Nicolae în Franța, iar Barbu la Constantinopol, în Imperiul Otoman. Zinca s-a văzut astfel obligată să facă tot posibilul pentru a strânge banii necesari întreținerii acestora. Pentru tratamentul lui Nicolae Bălcescu, grav bolnav, nu a precupețit niciun efort, și-a amanetat moșiile, a împrumutat bani, a vândut din bunuri, totul pentru a strânge suma de 3.300 de galbeni necesari ameliorării sănătății acestuia. Și-a revăzut ultima dată fiul, considerat persona non grata pe teritoriul Țării Românești, la Turnu-Nicopole, pe 28 august 1852, cu trei luni înainte ca acesta să moară.

După decesul lui Nicolae, Zinca s-a retras la moșia de la Bălcești, unde a murit la vârsta de 74 de ani. A fost înmormântată, alături de soțul ei, la Biserica Icoanei din București.

Note

Bibliografie
 George Marcu, Femei de seamă din România. De ieri și de azi, Editura Meronia, București, 2017
 Cornelia Bodea, Paul Cernovodeanu, Horia Nestorescu-Bălcești, Vatra Bălceștilor. Studiu și documente, Muzeul Memorial "Nicolae Bălcescu", Bălcești pe Topolog, 1971
 Cornelia Bodea, Paul Cernovodeanu, "Materiale noi pentru biografia lui Nicolae Bălcescu", II, în Studii. Revistă de istorie, anul XVI, 1963, pp. 373-408
 George Potra, Din Bucureștii de ieri, vol. II, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1990

Nașteri în 1788
Decese în 1862
Boieri_din_Țara_Românească
Românce din secolul al XIX-lea

Zinca Bălcescu


El ADN-Z es una de las varias formas que puede adoptar el ADN. Esta conformación de ADN se configura como una doble hélice levógira (con giro hacia la izquierda) con un esqueleto en zigzag. Esta configuración se genera en determinadas secuencias, que alternan purinas y pirimidinas, especialmente con la alternancia de deoxicitidina y deoxiguanosina. Actualmente se piensa que el ADN-Z es una de las tres estructuras de doble hélice biológicamente activas junto con el ADN-A y ADN-B.

Estructura
El ADN-Z es una doble hélice con enrollamiento hacia la izquierda. Tiene doce pares de bases por giro completo y se puede observar en segmentos de ADN con secuencia alternante de bases púricas y pirimidínicas (GCGCGC), debido a la conformación alternante de los residuos de bases nitrogenadas. Requiere de una concentración de cationes superior a la del ADN-B. Los grupos fosfato se encuentran más cerca entre ellos en comparación a la forma ADN-B.

La conformación Z está favorecida por un elevado contenido en G-C. Las secuencias de ADN pueden pasar de la forma B hacia la forma Z y viceversa.

Cuando un ADN está muy concentrado o el medio en el que se encuentra reduce la humedad relativa por debajo del 75%, se ha observado que el ADN-B cambia su conformación al tipo denominado ADN-A. Esta estructura aún no se ha encontrado in vivo, pero es importante porque es la que adoptan los híbridos ADN-ARN y el ARN bicatenario.

Solo se observa un surco, el emparejamiento entre las bases (que forman el surco mayor –cercano al eje en la forma ADN-B) está más hacia lateral, en la superficie exterior, lejos del eje.

El conjunto es una doble hélice más estrecha y alargada que el ADN-B; una diferencia notable es que las purinas están en conformación syn-, es decir, la base y la pentosa están situados del mismo lado que el enlace glicosídico. Otra diferencia estructural es que en el ADN-Z, la diferencia entre los surcos disminuye, siendo más pequeño el surco mayor y más grande el surco menor. Se sigue diferenciando dichos surcos, pero con más dificultad.

Formación del ADN-Z

La formación del ADN-Z se produce durante la transcripción genética, en los puntos de inicio de la transcripción cerca de los promotores de genes que se transcriben de manera activa. Durante la transcripción, el movimiento de la ARN polimerasa induce una superhelicoidización negativa en la parte anterior o corriente arriba y una superhelicoidización en la parte posterior o corriente debajo de la transcripción. La superhelicoidización negativa corriente arriba favorece la formación del ADN-Z; una función posible del ADN-Z podría ser absorber esta superhelicoidización negativa. Al final de la transcripción, la topoisomerasa o ADN girasa relaja la estructura del ADN, y retorna a la conformación B.

Comparación entre ADN Z-A-B

Referencias

Enlaces externos

ADN

ADN-Z