El río Jadazhka  es un río del raión de Apsheronsk del krai de Krasnodar, del sur de Rusia, afluente por la derecha del río Pshish, de la cuenca del río Kubán.

Nace en las vertientes septentrionales del Gran Cáucaso, 7 km al sur de Travaliov. Al inicio de sus 22 km de curso discurre ene dirección nordeste para poco después tomar rumbo noroeste, atraviesa la antedicha localidad y traza una curva al nordeste en su entrada a Jadyzhensk, donde desemboca en dirección noroeste en la orilla derecha del Pshish.

Enlaces externos y referencias

Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
Este artículo es una traducción parcial de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Хадажка.
Algunos datos sobre el río .

Ríos de la cuenca del Kubán
Ríos del krai de Krasnodar

Río Jadazhka


Jens Peder Bergensten (* 18. Mai 1979), auch bekannt als Jeb oder jeb_, ist ein schwedischer Spieleentwickler. Seit dem 1. Dezember 2010 arbeitet er für das Entwicklerstudio Mojang Studios und ist dort der leitende Entwickler für das Spiel Minecraft.

Leben
Bergensten programmierte bereits im Alter von 11 Jahren seine ersten Spiele in verschiedenen BASIC-Dialekten. Im Alter von 21 Jahren betätigte er sich als Mapper und Modder für den Ego-Shooter Quake III Arena. Später arbeitete er als C++-Programmierer für den schwedischen Spieleentwickler Korkeken Interactive Studio, der später unter dem Namen Oblivion Entertainment firmierte. In dieser Zeit begann er mit der Entwicklung eines Online-Rollenspiels namens Whispers in Akarra, dessen Entwicklung er jedoch später mangels Interesse einstellte.

Nach der Insolvenz von Oblivion zog Bergensten nach Malmö und erwarb dort 2008 seinen Master-Abschluss in Informatik. Während seines Studiums gründete er zusammen mit Daniel Brynolf und Pontus Hammarber das Independent-Entwicklungsstudio Oxeye Game Studio, welches für die Entwicklung von Spielen wie dem Jump 'n' Run Cobalt oder dem Echtzeit-Strategiespiel Harvest: Massive Encounter verantwortlich ist.

Bis zum 24. November 2010 arbeitete Bergensten für das Online-Wissensnetzwerk Planeto.

Mojang und Minecraft
Ursprünglich wurde Bergensten als Back-end-Entwickler für das digitale Fantasy-Sammelkartenspiel Scrolls eingestellt. Mit der Zeit programmierte er aber immer größere Teile des Spiels Minecraft, dessen weitere Entwicklung er seit dem 1. Dezember 2011 als leitender Programmierer und Designer maßgeblich bestimmt, nachdem Markus Persson von diesem Posten zurückgetreten war.

Privates
Seit Mitte 2011 lebt Bergensten mit seiner Frau Jenny (geb. Thornell) in Stockholm; das Paar ist seit Mai 2013 verheiratet. Im Dezember 2015 kam der gemeinsame Sohn Björn zur Welt.

Spiele
 Whispers in Akarra (2002), Online-Rollenspiel
 The Strategist, Rundenbasiertes Strategiespiel
 Harvest: Massive Encounter (2008), Echtzeit-Strategiespiel
 Cobalt, Jump 'n' Run
 Minecraft, Open-World-Spiel

Einzelnachweise

Spieleentwickler
Person (Stockholm)
Schwede
Geboren 1979
Mann
Minecraft

Jens Bergensten


Claudio Alberto Huepe Minoletti , né le  à Santiago, est un ingénieur et homme politique chilien. Il est ministre de l'Énergie entre le  et le .

Biographie

Jeunesse et formation
Claudio Huepe est le fils de l'ancien ministre et député  et de Gilda María Celestina Minoletti Scaramelli.

Il suit des études d'ingénierie commerciale à l'université pontificale catholique du Chili où il obtient une maîtrise en économie. Il décroche également une maîtrise en économie de l'environnement à l'University College de Londres.

Il est marié à Daniela Beatriz Marinovic Chodowiecki.

Parcours professionnel

Il a exercé sa profession d'ingénieur dans les secteurs public et privé. Pendant le gouvernement du président Patricio Aylwin, il travaille au ministère des Mines, en tant que dirigeant de la section environnementale. Plus tard, il a été consultant dans le privé et également responsable de la Commission nationale de l'énergie (CNE).

Sous le premier mandat de Sebastián Piñera, il rejoint l'équipe du ministère de l'Énergie, étant nommé chef de la division de la prospective et de la politique.

Il est professeur et directeur du Centre pour l'énergie et le développement durable de l'université Diego-Portales (UDP).

Parcours politique

Militant de Convergence sociale (CS), il est désigné en janvier 2022, ministre de l'Énergie par le président élu Gabriel Boric et est investi immédiatement après lui le 11 mars suivant. Il quitte le gouvernement le  de la même année.

Références

Ministre chilien de l'Énergie
Ministre du gouvernement Boric
Ingénieur chilien du XXe siècle
Ingénieur chilien du XXIe siècle
Naissance en août 1966
Naissance à Santiago

Claudio Huepe


La serie de vehículos de combate anfíbios TAB (, o transporte blindado anfibio de personal), son la copia bajo licencia de los modelos BTR rusos hechos bajo licencia en Rumania durante el periodo socialista, entre los años 1959 a 1989. Por muchos años la empresa de maestranzas rumana RATMIL construyó bajo licencia las variantes para el Ejército rumano de los BTR rusos, ahora la fábrica militar Automecanica Moreni, y desde 1988 ha iniciado la producción bajo licencia del BTR-80 APC con modificaciones ligeras en sus especificaciones, hasta el año 2000, con tan sólo 70 unidades operativas.

No se sabe hasta la fecha de países usuarios diferente de Rumania, o de su uso en otras ramas de su ejército.

Historia
La serie de vehículos de combate anfíbios TAB (, o transporte blindado anfibio de personal), son la copia bajo licencia de los modelos BTR rusos hechos bajo licencia en Rumania durante el periodo socialista, entre los años 1959 a 1989. Por muchos años la empresa de maestranzas rumana ROMARM, previamente denominada RATMIL Regie Automoma, que fabricó versiones altamente modificadas del APC ruso BTR-70 (8 × 8) bajo licencia. En el Ejército de Rumania la designación oficial de este APC era TABC-79 (Transportor amfibiu blindat pentru cercetare), que se construyó usando diversos componentes de los utilizados en el TAB-77, enfocándose en una versión para la Policía Militar de Rumania, y como vehículo de patrullaje y apoyo a la infantería; este difiere de su contraparte de Rusia, el BTR-80 en una cantidad de áreas y en su aspecto exterior general. La producción del B-33 Zimbru está completa y ya no es comercializado por la nueva compañía.

En 1987 la República Socialista de Rumania obtuvo el permiso de la URSS para la construcción bajo licencia de la serie de vehículos blindados BTR-60, 70 y 80, incluso pudiendo adaptar el diseño de dichos vehículos a las necesidades específicas del ejército rumano, y dando con ello muchas y muy ventajosas oportunidades para la industria de armamento de Rumania. La producción se inició en 1988 en la fábrica mecánica Moreni () y continuó hasta 1991, a los vehículos de este modelo se les designó localmente oficialmente como "B33 Zimbru (bisonte)"

Descripción

Construcción
El casco y la torreta del B-33 Zimbru (de tracción 8 × 8) está hecha de planchas de acero totalmente soldadas de tipo balístico con un tipo de construcción que le provee de un grado elevado de protección a los ocupantes frente al impacto de armas de calibre 7,62 mm, así como a proyectiles de esquirla de explosivos.

Sobre el glacis este blindaje le brinda un grado de protección frente al impacto de balas calibres 12,7 mm (cartucho B43) disparadas desde distancias de 100 m. En el resto del vehículo la protección es efectiva frente a balas de calibre 7,62  mm disparadas desde una distancia de 20 m. La torreta cuenta con protección para posibles impactos de balas calibre 7,62 mm disparadas desde una distancia similar a la anterior (como máximo).

El conductor se sienta en la parte lateral izquierda del casco y está provisto de equipamiento de visión delante de una cubierta de una sola tapa que se sitúa sobre su posición y que se abre hacia la derecha. Apostado cerca de la posición delantera de esta parte de su cubierta hay instalados cuatro periscopios de visión diurna, uno de ellos se puede reemplazar por un equipo de visión nocturna.

La posición del comandante del blindado se sitúa a la derecha de la del conductor y a su vez dispone de una escotilla que se abre hacia adelante y que puede ser fijada de manera vertical de ser requerido. Cuenta además con cuatro periscopios para la vista panorámica y una lámpara para búsquedas montada en el techo que se puede operar desde dentro como fuera del vehículo.

Cada uno (comandante y conductor) disponen de una ventanilla con cristal blindado equipada con una plumilla en su frontal, que se puede cubrir al operar en entornos de combate por un accionador alzado en el tope. A la derecha de la ventana del comandante se puede localizar una tronera para su uso.

Armamento
La torreta, que es operada por un solo tripulante; está montada en el techo detrás de la posición del comandante y del conductor, y está armada con una ametralladora KPVT de calibre 14,5 mm, junto a una ametralladora PKT de calibre 7,62 mm montada coaxialmente a la primera.

Así mismo, un sistema de visión infrarroja sobre las dos ametralladoras en la torreta permite las operaciones en modo nocturno, y un sistema de lanzagranadas de calibre 81 mm. en bancos de a seis y operados eléctricamente sobre el arco frontal complementan al conjunto de armas de propósito defensivo.

Compartimientos
El compartimiento de tropa está situando en el centro del vehículo, y las puertas de acceso a las tropas se encuentran en los lados del casco entre la segunda y la tercer ruedas.

La parte baja del vehículo permite a las portezuelas doblarse para servir de escalón, cuando la parte superior se abre hacia el frente. A su vez este compartimiento está provisto de varias troneras y portezuelas junto a aparatos de visión especial asociados.

Cada una de las portezuelas del techo cuenta con una tronera para abrir fuego desde el interior del vehículo. De seis a ocho infantes van sentados confrontados entre sí por la disposición de las banquetas, las cuales se encuentran sobrepuestas en el piso divisor; que separa los mecanismos de la transmisión y la caja de cambios del habitáculo.

Motorización
En el compartimiento del motor se sitúa un motor de procedencia local, hecho obviamente bajo licencia extranjera (se presume que de la Deutz AG. ante las deficientes versiones de conjuntos motores de la serie TAB), y que se aloja atrás del casco, con la entrada de aire para el turbocargador y los tubos de escape acomodados en el techo y a los lados. El B-33 como su homólogo ruso es totalmente anfibio, requiriendo una muy mínima preparación antes de su paso por agua, en el equipo de vadeo se incluye un esnórquel izado eléctricamente, el cual es plegado tras el plató del glacis en los momentos en los que no se use; y al activar las bombas de inmersión y extender el esnórquel hacia atrás de la torreta. Este vehículo es propulsado en el agua por una salida de jet montada atrás del casco cuando el blindado en cuestión ya está en el agua.

Otros equipos
Aparte de los equipos anteriormente descritos, el equipamiento estándar del B-33 Zimbru incluye tracción en las cuatro ruedas frontales, en donde todos los neumáticos van dotados de sistemas de regulación de presión a una consola central de control. Esto le posibilita al conductor el ajustar la presión de las llantas de acuerdo al tipo de terreno a cruzar.

Montada al frente del B-33 hay un torno de operación mecánica conectado directamente a la caja de cambios, que cuenta con cerca de 60 m de cable y una fuerza de tiro de entre 4,500 a 6,000 daN. Una antena y un radio de frecuencia VHF le otorgan un radio efectivo de enlace de entre 20 a 50 km. y que cuenta como un extra dentro del equipamiento del vehículo en cuestión para que se pueda enlazar con los aparatos de intercomunicaicón de otros. Un sistema de supresión automática de incendios a su vez se incluyó para aumentar las posibilidades de supervivencia en caso de fuego y/o de incendio debido a un impacto enemigo en combate. Los equipos de protección ABQ, a diferencia de su par ruso son opcionales, dándole un margen mínimo de supervivencia a sus tripulantes frente a un entorno de combate en donde las armas químicas hagan parte.

Variantes

De acuerdo a los datos de producción suministrados por parte del fabricante, el B-33 Zimbru se puede dotar con una serie muy amplia de alternativas en cuanto a equipos de estaciones de armamento provenientes de diferentes productores de armas occidentales como Nexter Systems (de Francia), Rheinmetall Landsysteme (de Alemania) así como de Oto Melara/Breda (de Italia), cada uno de ellos armado con varias opciones de cañones automáticos que van del calibre 25 mm al calibre 30 mm y del tipo estabilizado. Hasta donde es conocido, ninguna de dichas torretas ha sido montada al B33 ni siquiera para propósitos de pruebas. Esto demuestra la poca acogida de este blindado dentro de su nación fabricante, ya que sólo ha habido mejoras para mantener operativas las ya construidas.

Zimbru  2000  APC
Variante más desarrollada del  B-33 con componentes occidentales, la cual es motorizada por un motor Deutz del modelo BF 6M 1013, de combustible diésel, que le otorga 260 hp; acoplado a una transmisión y caja de cambios de marca Allison, de la referencia MD 3060 PR, de tipo automática. Puede ser equipado con varios tipos de sistemas de armamento, incluyendo una variante con un cañón automático de calibre 30 mm. Para mediados del año 2007 se sabe que no ha pasado de la fase de prototipo.

Galería de imágenes

Véase también
 BTR-60, BTR-80, BTR-90, vehículos relacionados.
 TAB-71, TABC-79, RN-94, otras variantes rumanas de la serie BTR rusa.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos
 Especificaciones técnicas en el website de ROMARM, en rumano (Specificații tehnice Zimbru 2000 pe situl Romarm)

Vehículos blindados de combate
Vehículos militares de Rumania

B-33 Zimbru


Bussigny (until 2014 Bussigny-près-Lausanne) is a municipality in the Swiss canton of Vaud, located in the district of Ouest Lausannois.

History
Bussigny is first mentioned in 1358 as Bussignye.

Geography

Bussigny has an area, , of .  Of this area,  or 33.2% is used for agricultural purposes, while  or 17.2% is forested.  Of the rest of the land,  or 48.1% is settled (buildings or roads),  or 0.6% is either rivers or lakes.

Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 11.0% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 17.6% and transportation infrastructure made up 14.1%.  Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 1.9% of the area while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 3.5%.  Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests.  Of the agricultural land, 30.9% is used for growing crops and 1.5% is pastures.  All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality was part of the Morges District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Bussigny-près-Lausanne became part of the new district of Ouest Lausannois. On 1 May 2014, the official name changed from Bussigny-près-Lausanne to Bussigny.

The municipality is located west of Lausanne and near the Venoge river.  It consists of the villages of Bussigny-près-Lausanne and Saint-Germain.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per fess, argent and gules, a rooster sable, lined argent, beaked, crowned and "bearded" gules.

Demographics
Bussigny has a population () of .  , 32.0% of the population are resident foreign nationals.  Over the last 10 years (1999–2009), the population has changed at a rate of 9.9%, of which 3.2% was due to migration and 7.2% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population () speaks French (6,308 or 84.1%), with Italian being second most common (336 or 4.5%) and German being third (272 or 3.6%).  Three people speak Romansh.

Of the population in the municipality, 1,462 or about 19.5% were born in Bussigny and lived there in 2000.  There were 2,673 or 35.6% who were born in the same canton, while 1,146 or 15.3% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 2,020 or 26.9% were born outside of Switzerland.

In , there were 64 live births to Swiss citizens and 27 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 35 deaths of Swiss citizens and six non-Swiss citizen deaths.  Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 29 while the foreign population increased by 21.  There were 6 Swiss men who emigrated from Switzerland.  At the same time, there were 92 non-Swiss men and 73 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland.  The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 85 and the non-Swiss population increased by 131 people.  This represents a population growth rate of 2.8%.

The age distribution, , in Bussigny is; 889 children or 11.1% of the population are 9 years old or younger and 1,006 children or 12.5% are between 10 and 19.  Of the adult population, 1,116 people or 13.9% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old, 1,282 people or 16.0% are between 30 and 39, 1,336 people or 16.6% are between 40 and 49, and 1,031 people or 12.8% are between 50 and 59.  The senior population distribution is 802 people or 10.0% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 384 people or 4.8% are between 70 and 79, 159 people or 2.0% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 28 people or 0.3% who are 90 and older.

, there were 3,194 people who were single and never married in the municipality.  There were 3,612 married individuals, 259 widows or widowers and 433 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 3,062 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.4 persons per household.  There were 901 households that consisted of only one person and 199 households with five or more people.  Out of a total of 3,114 households that answered this question, 28.9% were households made up of just one person and there were eight adults who lived with their parents.  Of the rest of the households, there are 836 married couples without children, 1,048 married couples with children, and 218 single parents with a child or children.  There were 51 households that were made up of unrelated people and 52 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

, there were 571 single-family homes (or 58.1% of the total) out of a total of 983 inhabited buildings.  There were 269 multi-family buildings (27.4%), along with 96 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (9.8%) and 47 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (4.8%).  Of the single-family homes, 44 were built before 1919, while 119 were built between 1990 and 2000.  The greatest number of single-family homes (168) were built between 1971 and 1980.  The most multi-family homes (64) were built between 1981 and 1990 and the next most (48) were built between 1971 and 1980.  There were six multi-family houses built between 1996 and 2000.

, there were 3,249 apartments in the municipality.  The most common apartment size was three rooms of which there were 1,128.  There were 171 single room apartments and 580 apartments with five or more rooms.  Of these apartments, a total of 2,984 apartments (91.8% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 212 apartments (6.5%) were seasonally occupied and 53 apartments (1.6%) were empty.  , the construction rate of new housing units was 8.9 new units per 1000 residents.  The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 0.11%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2007 federal election, the most popular party was the SP, which received 26.06% of the vote.  The next three most popular parties were the SVP (20.52%), the Green Party (15.26%) and the FDP (14.33%).  In the federal election, a total of 1,763 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 42.5%.

Economy
, Bussigny had an unemployment rate of 4.6%.  , there were 15 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 5 businesses involved in this sector.  1,978 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 89 businesses in this sector.  3,882 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 303 businesses in this sector.  There were 4,067 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 42.4% of the workforce.

 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 5,036.  The number of jobs in the primary sector was 13, all of which were in agriculture.  The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 1,905 of which 1,195 or (62.7%) were in manufacturing and 663 (34.8%) were in construction.  The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 3,118.  In the tertiary sector; 1,136 or 36.4% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 376 or 12.1% were in the movement and storage of goods, 129 or 4.1% were in a hotel or restaurant, 241 or 7.7% were in the information industry, 51 or 1.6% were the insurance or financial industry, 615 or 19.7% were technical professionals or scientists, 101 or 3.2% were in education and 82 or 2.6% were in health care.

, there were 4,285 workers who commuted into the municipality and 3,054 workers who commuted away.  The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 1.4 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving.  About 2.6% of the workforce coming into Bussigny are coming from outside Switzerland.  Of the working population, 16.5% used public transportation to get to work, and 65.8% used a private car.

Religion
From the , 2,878 or 38.4% were Roman Catholic, while 2,713 or 36.2% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church.  Of the rest of the population, there were 74 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.99% of the population), there were five individuals (or about 0.07% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 406 individuals (or about 5.41% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church.  There were 10 individuals (or about 0.13% of the population) who were Jewish, and 294 (or about 3.92% of the population) who were Islamic.  There were 13 individuals who were Buddhist, eight individuals who were Hindu and 9 individuals who belonged to another church.  About 12.07% of the population (905) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 377 individuals (or about 5.03% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Bussigny, about 2,830 or (37.7%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 845 or (11.3%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).  Of the 845 who completed tertiary schooling, 54.9% were Swiss men, 24.6% were Swiss women, 14.2% were non-Swiss men and 6.3% were non-Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year, there were a total of 1,001 students in the Bussigny school district.  In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts.  During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 803 children of which 502 children (62.5%) received subsidized pre-school care.  The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years.  There were 507 students in the municipal primary school program.  The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 465 students in those schools.  There were also 29 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school.

, there were 93 students in Bussigny who came from another municipality, while 469 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Transportation
The municipality has a railway station, , on the Jura Foot and Simplon lines. It has regular service to , , , and .

References

External links

Official site
Introduction to the village

Bussigny, Vaud


Uresia: Grave of Heaven is an anime-inspired fantasy world for role-playing games written by S. John Ross.  Originally published for the Big Eyes, Small Mouth role-playing game, the most recent edition published in 2012 is systemless. Like the previous edition, it includes maps drawn by the author. Uresia was originally published by Guardians of Order.

Uresia is a world in which all the gods destroyed themselves in a heavenly war that sent the godly realms crashing towards Earth, destroying the continents and killing most of the population. Now, centuries later, new civilizations have arisen on the spray of islands left behind, influenced by the nature of the dead gods.

Obvious influences include the Slayers and Record of Lodoss War anime series, and other fantasy works including the Zork computer games, the gamebooks of Joe Dever, and the Discworld novels. The world's apocalyptic origins are, according to the author, inspired by the opening scene of Project A-Ko.

It includes a wide variety of sentient races, from fantasy standards to things like cat-girls (and other felinoids), Slimes similar to those seen in the Dragon Quest series of video games, sapient snowmen, and more. It is also notable for a depiction of sexuality that is much freer and more open than other similar settings .

The first Big Eyes, Small Mouth version of Uresia was published in 2003 and a new edition, adapted to the D20 System published by Wizards of the Coast, appeared in 2004. An online publisher of electronic gaming material, Cumberland Games and Diversions, is owned by S. John Ross and has published both font and electronic-book supplements for Uresia, first under license, and then as Uresia'''s sole publisher after acquiring the rights in 2005. Ross also maintains Blue Lamp Road, a homepage dedicated to the fantasy world, and featuring fan-written expansions and characters. The most recent version, published by Cumberland, was released in late September, 2012 through the Lulu print-on-demand system and on PDF.

In September 2012, S. John Ross released a new version of Uresia as part of his All-Systems Library series of gaming material. The new version of Uresia'' is written as all setting, with no single specific role-playing game required to use it.

References

External links
Guardians of Order [archived from July 2006, the month they closed]
Blue Lamp Road [archived from March 2018]
Cumberland Games & Diversions
Uresia: Grave of Heaven (All-Systems Library version) [archived from March 2018]

Fantasy campaign settings
D20 System
BESM/dX

Uresia: Grave of Heaven


قيثار اليهود آلة موسيقية تُستخدم أساسًا في الموسيقى الشعبية، ويستخدمها الأطفال أيضًا. تتكون من مزمار معدني مرن على طرف واحد من الإطار المعدني المقوس. والطرف الثاني مستدق منحنٍ إلى الأمام على زواية قائمة. يمسك العازفون الإطار المعدني بأسنانهم، ويجعلون المزمار يهتز بضرب الطرف المدبب باليدين. يصدر القيثار نغمات مختلفة بتغيير حجم وشكل تجويف الفم.

ليست هنالك علاقة لهذا الاسم باليهود، ومن المحتمل أن يكون شكلاً محرفًا من قيثارة الفك.

وجدت الآلات الموسيقية الشبيهة بالقيثار اليهودي في أجزاء مختلفة من العالم منها بورنيو، والصين، واليابان وسيبريا. يُعزف القيثار اليهودي في الصين منذ أوائل القرن الثاني عشر الميلادي، ومنذ أوائل القرن الرابع عشر الميلادي في أوروبا.

مراجع

آلات موسيقية
آلات موسيقية صينية
آلات موسيقية مبكرة
ثقافة أبلاشية
ثقافة الترك

قيثار اليهود


An Eleocharis crinalis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni August Heinrich Rudolf Grisebach, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Charles Baron Clarke. An Eleocharis crinalis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eleocharis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eleocharis

Eleocharis crinalis


Bethany Collins (nascida em 1984 em Montgomery, Alabama) é uma artista americana. Ela frequentou a Georgia State University e a University of Alabama, e fez residência na Colónia MacDowell em 2015.

Ela foi incluída na exposição itinerante de 2019 Young, Gifted, and Black: The Lumpkin-Boccuzzi Family Collection of Contemporary Art. Ela contribuiu com uma instalação America: A Hymnal para a exposição de 2021 intitulada Jacob Lawrence: The American Struggle na Phillips Collection em Washington D.C.

O seu trabalho encontra-se na colecção do Studio Museum no Harlem, onde ela foi a Artista Residente de 2013 a 2014.

Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1984
Alunos da Universidade do Alabama

Bethany Collins


Konzervacija i restauracija fotografskih ploča je proces skrbi i održavanja fotografske ploče. Obuhvaća potrebne mjere koje konzervatori, kustosi, upravitelji zbirki i drugi muzejski stručnjaci mogu poduzeti kako bi sačuvali materijal jedinstven za proces fotografskih ploča. Ova praksa uključuje razumijevanje sastava i uzroka propadanja fotografskih ploča, kao i preventivne i interventne mjere zaštite koje se mogu poduzeti kako bi se povećala njihova dugovječnost.

Povijest

Tehnologija
Fotografske ploče sastoje se od slike vezane za stakleni nosač. Staklene ploče pojavile su se kao uobičajeni medij tj. nosioc fotografskog negativa sredinom devetnaestog stoljeća. Općenito, crno-bijeli fotografski negativi sastoje se od finih čestica srebra (ili boja u boji za negative u boji), koje su ugrađene u tanki vezivni sloj. U kombinaciji sa slikovnom supstancom, ova dva elementa čine ono što se naziva emulzijom. Ovaj emulzijski sloj leži na onome što se naziva nosač, a to može biti papir, metal, film ili, kao u slučaju fotografskih ploča, staklo. Važan dio fotografskog postupka, "fiksiranje", koristi se za pranje čestica srebra koje nisu dio slike, što zatim daje stabilnu negativnu sliku. Ta negativna slika može se koristiti tijekom mnogih godina za stvaranje pozitivnih rezultata na papiru. Staklene ploče bile su popularne između 1851. i 1920-ih.

Postupci
Negativ tipa kolodij na staklu: Ovaj postupak izumio je Englez Frederick Scott Archer 1851. Iako je prvi postupak koji je iskoristio prednosti staklenih ploča bio na bazi bjelančevina, bio je prilično naporan i brzo je nadmašen negativom staklene ploče s kolodijem. Fotografski postupak kolodija bio je tzv. mokri postupak, što je značilo da je i sama staklena ploča morala biti mokra dok je bila eksponirana te isto tako i tijekom cijele obrade. To je zahtijevalo prijenosnu tamnu komoru gdje god bi fotograf išao kako bi uspješno stvorio negativnu sliku. Tijekom postupka, kolodij je bio vezivo koje se izlilo na staklenu ploču prije nego što je bilo eksponirana. Zatim je ploča razvijena, fiksirana, isprana i zaštićena lakom.

Negativ na želatinskoj suhoj ploči: Ovaj je postupak izumio Richard Leach Maddox 1871. godine, ali uobičajeno se koristio tek od 1878. kada je postupak postao komercijalno uspješan. Zbog napretka ovog postupka u fotografiji, ubrzo je zamijenio postupak mokre ploče u 1880-ima. Nekad korišteno vezivno sredstvo za kolodij zamijenjeno je želatinom koja je već sadržavala srebrne soli osjetljive na svjetlost. To je značilo da je emulzija već bila prisutna i nije ju trebalo nanositi na ploču neposredno prije izlaganja svijetlu - što je skratilo postupak na manje od jedne sekunde. Zbog ovog napretka, fotografi nisu morali nositi svoju prijenosnu tamnu komoru, već su mogli snimljeni materijal razvijati kasnije. Nakon 1878. godine, kada su napravljena daljnja poboljšanja želatinske emulzije, ploče od želatinom prevučenog stakla počinju masovno proizvoditi tvrtke poput Wratten & Wainright, Keystone Dry Plate Works, i posebno Eastman Company. To je dovelo do napredne upotrebe i proizvodnje fotografskih staklenih ploča do oko 1925. godine i razvoja moderne fotografske industrije.

Uzroci propadanja
Relativna vlažnost (RH) i temperatura dvije su od najozbiljnijih prijetnji fotografskim pločama i mogu odrediti njihovu dugotrajnost. Kao i kod ostalih kulturnih zbirki, visoka temperatura u kombinaciji s visokom vlagom može dovesti do rasta plijesni, kao i privlačenja štetnika. Toplina je također opasnost za zbirke jer je element koji ubrzava bilo koju vrstu kemijskog propadanja, posebno u fotografskim materijalima.

Fotografske ploče suočavaju se sa značajnim strukturnim i kemijskim izazovima jedinstvenim zbog njihove strukture - kolebanja u RH mogu istegnuti prianjanje želatine na staklenu ploču jer promjene mogu uzrokovati širenje i skupljanje želatine, kao i pucanje ili odvajanje emulzije duž rubova. Također, na želatinoznoj suhoj ploči, velika vlaga može uzrokovati rast plijesni na emulziji i uzrokovati ljepljenje ploča. Povećanje relativne vlažnosti može prouzročiti pogoršanje i ostalih integralnih elemenata, kao što su srebro, lak i staklo. Smanjenje relativne vlažnosti uzrokovat će pogoršanje vodeći do ljuštenja veziva i dehidracije.

Svjetlost
Fotografske ploče, zajedno sa svim fotografskim materijalima, vrlo su osjetljive na svjetlost. Opsežna i trajna izloženost svjetlu može prouzročiti značajna pogoršanje koje može biti ireverzibilno. Sunčeva svjetlost je najštetnija vrsta svjetlosti, ali unutarnja rasvjeta i bilo koje drugo UV osvjetljenje predstavljaju ozbiljnu prijetnju fotografskim pločama uzrokujući blijeđenje i žutilo.

Svjetlost posebno prijeti fotografskim materijalima u boji jer ubrzava blijeđenje boja. Nerijetko su fotografske ploče ručno oslikane kako bi se stvorile slike u boji. Izlaganje svjetlu dijapozitiva u boji može se pogoršati i dovesti do promjene boje pigmenata.

Zagađenost zraka
Onečišćenje zraka može predstavljati prijetnju fotografskim pločama zbog loše kvalitete zraka i nečistoće koja može oštetiti materijale. To može uključivati prašinu, plinovito zagađenje iz urbanog okoliša i čestice prljavštine. Onečišćenje zraka može uzrokovati blijeđenje fotografskih materijala, kao i oštetiti površinu slike uzrokujući abraziju. Ostali izvori onečišćenja zraka uključuju "fotokopirne strojeve, građevinski materijal, isparenja boja, karton, tepihe i potrepštine".

Materijali / kemikalije
Sastav stakla fotografskih ploča može biti čimbenik pogoršanja. Zbog loše kvalitete ili loše kvalitete stakla može doći do pojave tkz."bolesnog stakla". Uvjeti okoliša obično su povezani s povećanjem ili prisutnošću ovakove korozije stakla. Korozija nosača staklene ploče također može oštetiti sloj slike uzrokujući podizanje slojeva veziva i laka.

Ostale kemijske komponente negativa staklenih ploča također mogu biti poticatelji propadanja. Na primjer, sloj srebrne slike mogao bi pretrpjeti oksidacijsko propadanje što može dovesti do blijeđenja i promjene boje. Uz to, samo vezivno sredstvo za kolodij sastoji se od celuloznog nitrata za koji se zna da je vrlo zapaljiv spoj. Većina ovih sredstava propadanja rezultat je loše kemijske obrade, ali ih obično pogoršavaju loši uvjeti okoliša i skladištenja.

Fizički uzroci propadanja
Staklene ploče prilično su stabilne u smislu dimenzija, ali su i vrlo krhke i lomljive. Budući da je staklo lomljivo, vrlo je osjetljivo na lomljenje, pukotine i lomove. To može biti uzrokovano ljudskom pogreškom, uključujući ispuštanje ili udaranje staklene ploče, ili može biti uzrokovano kvarom opreme za skladištenje, kućišta, polica itd. Što može dovesti do udara o staklo.

Vrste loma:

 Udarna točka - točka udara i okolni zračeći lukovi
 Pukotine - nastaju okomito na primijenjeno naprezanje
 Tzv. Slijepe pukotine - prelomi se ne protežu kroz cijelo staklo

Određene vrste loma i naprezanja utječu na sloj slike i vezivo na različite načine.

Preventiva konzervacija

Okolišni uvjeti
Kontrola okoliša presudan je dio očuvanja fotografskih staklenih ploča. Relativna vlažnost (RH), temperatura i svjetlost igraju veliku ulogu u održavanju višeslojnih materijala u fotografskim staklenim pločama. Za njihovo očuvanje poduzimaju se sljedeće mjere:

Za fotografske staklene ploče temperatura se održava na približno 65 °F.

Razine RH se obično održavaju između 30-40%. Ako RH padne ispod 30%, vezivo slike na staklenoj ploči dehidrirat će. Ako RH pređe 40%, staklo će početi hidratizirati. Za fotografije na staklenim pločama u okviru, poput ambrotipija, razina RH održava se između 40-50%, a temperatura između 65-68 °F.
Nastoji se izbjeći fluktuacije relativne vlažnosti i temperature. Kolebanja okoliša mogu pridonijeti rastu plijesni, kemijskom propadanju, uključujući promjenu boje i žutilo, kao i pogoršanju stanja emulzije.

Fotografske staklene ploče, posebno negativi, čuvaju se u tamnim kutijama. Razina svjetlosti održava se ispod 50 luksa.

Rukovanje
Fotografskim staklenim pločama pažljivo se rukuje kako bi se izbjeglo fizičko ili kemijsko pogoršanje i oštećenje - sljedećim pomagalima u njihovom očuvanju pravilnim rukovanjem:

Da bi se spriječili otisci prstiju, prilikom rukovanja nose se lateks ili nitril rukavice. Konzervatori ne preporučuju pamučne rukavice zbog mogućnosti da staklo lako isklizne s pamučnog materijala.

Pri rukovanju, staklenu ploču se ne drži za jedan rub ili kut, već se drže dva suprotna ruba, uvijek s dvije ruke.

Prilikom polaganja staklene ploče na ravnu površinu, uvijek se ista postavlja emulzijom prema gore.

Staklene ploče nikada se ne slažu jedna na drugu niti se izlažu bilo kakovom opterećenju. Rukav ili kućište označeni su prije stavljanja staklene ploče unutra.
Budući da su staklene ploče krhke i lomljive, duplikati se stvaraju ako se staklena ploča često koristi za tisak. To pomaže smanjiti opasnost od loma i gubitka.

Pohrana

Pohrana i čuvanje fotografskih staklenih ploča važan je dio njihova zbrinjavanja. Muzeji i druge kulturne ustanove poduzimaju sljedeće mjere kako bi osigurali da njihovi stakleni negativi budu pravilno smješteni:

Fotografske staklene ploče smještene su u kućišta s četiri poklopca, emulzijom okrenuta prema gore. Ova kućišta s puferom s četiri poklopca sprječavaju uvlačenje i iznošenje staklene ploče i dodatno pogoršavaju slike zbog ogrebotina i trenja. Umjesto toga, kućište s četiri poklopca omogućuje pristup staklenoj ploči rasklapanjem zaklopki bez potrebe za povlačenjem ploče preko bilo koje površine ili materijala.

Fotografske staklene ploče čuvaju se okomito na dugoj strani ploče u beskiselinskim kutijama za pohranu. Staklene ploče nisu suviše zbijene i traži se da se ne trljaju jedna o drugu. Svaka se obično odvaja pojedinačno jedna od druge beskiselinskim kartonom.

Fotografske staklene ploče pohranjene u djelomično ispunjenoj kutiji imat će umetnute distancere, nabolje od valovitog beskiselinskog kartona.

Staklene ploče veće od 25 x 30 cm pohranjuju se u kutije primjerene veličine koje su djelomično napunjene kako bi se spriječila prevelika težina.
.
Kutije za pohranu fotografskih staklenih ploča čuvaju se na donjoj polici, točnije na visini ispod četiri metra. To pomaže spriječiti nekoga da ih podigne dolje iznad glave.
Svaka kutija za pohranu fotografskih staklenih ploča označena je riječima poput "Teška", "Pažljivo postupajte", "Oprez: Sadrži staklene negative", tako da svi znaju da moraju biti vrlo oprezni kad podižu iste s polica.

Pohrana polomljenih ploča
Pohrana slomljenih fotografskih ploča
Slomljene ili popucane staklene ploče čuvaju se na poseban način, odvojeno od ostalih fotografskih ploča, i to na sljedeće načine:

Slomljene staklene ploče se ne slažu, već se skladište.

Fotografske staklene ploče koje su popucale ili imaju oštećenja veziva pohranjuju se na posebne podloge. One s manjim oštećenjima i dalje su smješteni u kućištu s četiri preklopnika koji je označen odgovarajućim opisom štete. Staklene ploče s jakim ljuštenjem sloja pohranjuju se vodoravno i stavljaju u kutiju za odlaganje s naljepnicom s natpisom "Oprez: Slomljeno staklo. Nositi vodoravno. "

Krhotine stakla slomljene staklene ploče često se "utisnu" između dva komada puferirane ploče i zatim se stave unutar kućišta s četiri poklopca.

AIC savjetuje da se za krhotine razbijenog stakla treba stvoriti nosač koji odgovara obliku ulomka. Zatim se te slomljene krhotine stave u pojedinačna kućišta s četiri poklopca i čuvaju u ravnom prostoru s odgovarajućim oznakama koje upozoravaju na njihovo slomljeno stanje.

Konzervatorski tretman
Slomljene ili ispucane staklene ploče čine velik dio onih kojima je potreban konzervatorsko restauratorski tretman. Postoje različite radnje poduzete za ponovno sastavljanje i obnavljanje ovih ploča pomoću sljedećih materijala i metoda:

Ljepila: (Ne postoji nijedno idealno ljepilo za upotrebu)

 Paraloid B-72 - Otopina 50-70% B-72 u otapalu s dodanim silicijevim dioksidom koristi se za ponovno sastavljanje fragmenata staklenih ploča. Sušenje traje 1-2 sata. Problem s ovim ljepilom je taj što nije moguće nevidljivo ponovno sastavljanje.
 Epoksidna smola - Smatra se da je ovo ljepilo vrlo čvrsto i da se slabo skuplja. Problem ove metode je što s vremenom požuti, nije reverzibilno i nije preporučljivo koristiti ga na staklenim pločama s kolodijskim vezivom.
 Cijanoakrilati - Ovo ljepilo čvrsto se veže s alkalnim površinama, ali je vrlo lomljivo i koristi se samo za privremene popravke.

Metode i tehnike popravka

Sastavljanje uz pomoć PhotoShop softvera - Konzervatori koriste isti za sastavljanje krhotina razbijenog stakla skeniranjem ili fotografiranjem svih dijelova. To pomaže u izbjegavanju daljnjih oštećenja i propadanja fotografske staklene ploče.

Spajanje pod nagibom - Ova metoda uključuje nanošenje ljepila na sučelja staklene krhotine i njihovo sastavljanje na nagnutoj površini prekrivenoj Mylarom ili Silpatom™. Krhotine stakla ponovno se sastavljaju izravnim nanošenjem, što uključuje nanošenje ljepila izravno na krhotine i potom pričvršćivanje istih na odgovarajući komad

Vertikalno spajanje fragmenata - Ova se metoda koristi zbog načina na koji se krhotine stakla vraćaju zajedno, što je najtočnije kod okomitog rada. To također pomaže u zaštiti stranice vezivnog sloja. Kad se komadi okomito sastavljaju, za držanje dijelova koristi se plastična traka osjetljiva na pritisak ili ljepljivi vosak. Ljepilo se ne nanosi dok se svi dijelovi ne sastave - to pomaže prepoznati bilo kakvo odstupanje prije nego što se spoje. Kao posljednji korak, ljepilo se nanosi fiksiranjem.

Dodatna literatura

 Hendriks, Klaus B.; Iraci, Joe. "Care of Black-and-White Photographic Glass Plate Negatives - Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Notes 16/2". Government of Canada. Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada.

Vanjske poveznice

 Conservation of Glass Plate Negatives at the Smithsonian
 Case Study: Repair of a Broken Glass Plate Negative
 The Conservation of Glass Plates: Student Placement

Konzervacija


Bard ist das dritte Studioalbum der englischen Progressive-Rock-Band Big Big Train. Die CD wurde im Februar 2002 veröffentlicht.

Inhalt
BBT lösen sich auf dieser CD vom Neo-Prog und sind hier schon mehr dem Retro-Prog zuzurechnen. Einflüsse von Anthony Phillips und Steve Hackett sind zu hören.
Die Songs handeln teils von schwierigen menschlichen Beziehungen, andere basieren auf der englischen Geschichte. Im Stück The Last English King wird z. B. von King Harold erzählt, der erst die Schlacht von Stamford Bridge erfolgreich schlug und anschließend in der Schlacht bei Hastings besiegt wurde.
Der Song Blacksmithing ist ein "Das Leben geht weiter"-Stück, basierend auf einem Gedicht aus dem 15. Jahrhundert namens The Blacksmiths. Es sind vier Instrumentalstücke enthalten.

Entstehungsgeschichte
Big Big Train waren nach der Veröffentlichung des Vorgängeralbums English Boy Wonders in einer schwierigen Phase. Der Erfolg wollte sich nicht einstellen. Steve Hughes, der Schlagzeuger, wechselte zu The Enid und wurde für kurze Zeit durch Pete Hibbit ersetzt. Das Label GEP löste den Kontrakt mit der Band auf. Gregory Spawton und Andy Poole schrieben weiter an Songs und bauten sich ein eigenes Studio. An den Aufnahmen zu Bard waren der Drummer Phil Hogg beteiligt und auch wieder Tony Müller und Martin Read. Letzterer entschied sich jedoch während der Aufnahmen die Band zu verlassen. Gegen Ende der Aufnahmen stieß auch Ian Cooper wieder zur Band. Bei Veröffentlichung des Albums ließ BBT verlauten, dass dies die letzte Publikation sei.  Im Nachhinein stellte sich jedoch heraus, dass die Band durchaus das Potenzial hatte, auch unabhängig von einem größeren Label zu agieren.

Kritiken
Im Gegensatz zum Vorgängeralbum wurde Bard zur Kenntnis genommen und überwiegend positiv besprochen.

Trivia
Bard sollte eigentlich nicht wiederveröffentlicht werden, diese Entscheidung wird jedoch neu überdacht.

Titelliste
 The Last English King (5.50)
 Broken English (14.01)
 This Is Where We Came In (5.22)
 Harold Rex Interfectus Est (1.02) (instrumental)
 Blacksmithing (3.03)
 Malfosse (0.53) (instrumental)
 Love is Her Thing (3.50)
 How the Earth from this Place has Power over Fire (1.53) (instrumental)
 A Short Visit to Earth (6.18)
 For Winter (16.47)
 A Long Finish (8.20) (instrumental)

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Bard auf bigbigtrain.com

Album 2002
Album (Progressive Rock)
Big Big Train

Bard (Album)


الرئيس المدير العامّ أو ر.م.ع.  هو مصطلح فرنسي يطلق على أعلى منصب إداري في شركة.

غالبا ما يعدّ التخطيط الوظيفة الأولى من وظائف الإدارة، فهي القاعدة التي تقوم عليها الوظائف الإدارية الأخرى.
 توفير الموظفين: في هذه العملية يجب على الإدارة جذب المرشحين لسد الاحتياجات من الوظائف الشاغرة.
 التدريب والتطوير: من خلال التدريب والتطوير تحاول المؤسسة زيادة قدرة الموظفين.
 التوجيه :بمجرد الانتهاء من صياغة خطط المؤسسة وبناء هيكلها التنظيمي وتوظيف العاملين فيها، تكون الخطوة التالية في العملية الإدارية هي توجيه الناس باتجاه تحقيق الأهداف التنظيمية. في هذه الوظيفة الإدارية يكون من واجب المدير تحقيق أهداف المؤسسة من خلال إرشاد المرؤوسين وتحفيزهم، الإدارة عمليه شديده الإرهاق فعلا

انظر أيضا
 كبير الإداريين التنفيذيين.
 مدير تنفيذي.

أصحاب أعمال
إدارة
مصطلحات الشركات
مهن

رئيس-مدير عام


Prilokain eller prilocain er et lokalbedøvende stof, der er udviklet af de to svenskere Claes Tegner og Nils Löfgren. I injecerbar form sælges stoffet under navnet Citanest, hvor det primært anvedes i forbindelse med tandlægebehandling. Stoffet kombineres ofte med lidokain som forberedelse til bedøvelse af huden (lidocain/prilocain under mærket Emla) i forbindelse med behandling for eksempelvis nerveskader (paresthesia).

Produktet kan købes i håndkøb til behandling af insektstik og kløe.

Referencer

Lægemidler

Prilocain


Le château du Bon Espoir est un château du , situé à Aisey-sur-Seine, dans le département français de la Côte-d'Or.

Localisation
Le château est situé à l'ouest d'Aisey-sur-Seine, entre le village et la forêt de Chamesson.

Historique
Le château, érigé au , est remanié au siècle suivant dans le style du château de la Malmaison. Résidence des juges châtelains d'Aisey, on l'appelait aussi la métairie des juges. Son nom de Bon Espoir est hérité d'une chapelle dédiée à Notre Dame de la Bonne Espérance, détruite au milieu du  par l'abbé Rougeot qui a transformé la métairie en petit château. Ces travaux sont poursuivis ensuite par Henri Armand Rolle (1829-1903), député de la Côte-d'Or.

Architecture

Le château, jouxté d'imposants communs, est couvert d'ardoises. A l'arrière, le parc conserve quelques parterres à la française. L'accès à la route est assuré par une large allée arborée précédée en bordure par un bassin cylindrique en pierre maçonnées à destination d'abreuvoir et de pédiluve, ombragé par deux rangées d'arbres imposants. Au nord-est du château et ses communs, se cache le menhir de Pierre Percée ou Pierre Fiche.

Références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Liste des châteaux de la Côte-d'Or

Bon Espoir

Château du Bon Espoir


Ne budite zabrinuti za život uvodne su riječi čuvene Isusove prispodobe, zabilježene u evanđeljima po Mateju i Luki.

Teolozi je uglavnom smatraju autentičnim Isusovim kazivanjem koje potječe iz prvobitnog izvora. Ovom prispodobom, Isus savjetuje da ne treba tjeskobno brinuti za hranu, piće i odjeću, već treba tražiti Kraljevstvo Božje. U prispodobi se koristi čuvena usporedba o pticama nebeskim, koje ne siju niti žanju, a Bog ih hrani, i usporedba s cvijećem koje bezbrižno raste, a Bog ga prelijepo odijeva, zbog čega je prispodoba poznata i kao poljsko cvijeće ili ptice nebeske.

Pripadanje Isusovoj zajednici podrazumijevalo je, u velikoj mjeri i odricanje od kućnog života i stalnog boravka u jednom mjestu. Da bi se pristupilo Isusu i njegovom učenju, poželjno je bilo napustiti svoje ognjište, kuću, vlasništvo. Ovim riječima Isus hrabri svoje učenike da ne brinu mnogo unaprijed.

Izvori

Isusove prispodobe

Ne budite zabrinuti za život


Totaro ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Burt Totaro (* 1969), US-amerikanischer Mathematiker
 Roberto Totaro (* 1957), italienischer Zeichner
Siehe auch:
 Menhir San Totaro

Totaro


Patricia "Patty" McCormack (født 21. august 1945) er en amerikansk skuespiller og sanger. McCormack begyndte sin karriere som barneskuespiller. Hun er måske bedst kendt for sin præstation som Rhoda Penmark i Maxwell Andersons psykologiske drama Ondskabens sæd fra 1956. Hun modtog kritisk ros for rollen på Broadway og blev nomineret til en Oscar for bedste kvindelige birolle for sin præstation i Mervyn LeRoys filmatisering af samme navn i 1956. Hendes skuespillerkarriere har fortsat med både hovedrollen og biroller i film og tv, herunder Helen Keller i den oprindelige Skuespilhuset 90 produktion af Helen Kellers triumf, Jeffrey Tambors kone Anne Brookes på CBS-sitcom-serien The Ropers og en nyere optræden som Pat Nixon i Frost/Nixon (2008).

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra USA
Sangere fra USA
Personer fra New York City
Amerikanere i 1900-tallet
Amerikanere i 2000-tallet
Oscar-nominerede skuespillere

Patty McCormack


Torsted Kirke ligger i landsbyen Torsted i Torsted Sogn, Ringkøbing-Skjern Kommune (Ribe Stift). Den ligger lidt syd for Tim Å.

Historie
Torsted Kirke stammer fra perioden omkring 1150. Den hørte i en periode under herregården Rysensten ved Bøvling. Kirken havde oprindeligt tårn, men dette blev i 1916 revet ned. Kirken er blevet renoveret i midten af det første årti af 2000'erne.

Noter

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger
 Torsted Kirke hos KortTilKirken.dk

Kirker i Ringkøbing-Skjern Kommune
Kirker i Viborg Stift

Torsted Kirke (Ringkøbing-Skjern Kommune)


Dobro uređen skup je svaki onaj totalno uređen skup A za koji vrijedi da mu svaki podskup ima minimalni element. Osnovni primjer ove vrste skupa je skup prirodnih brojeva.

Svaki dobro uređen skup je i dobro utemeljen, ali ne vrijedi obrat.

Izvori

Teorija skupova

Dobro uređen skup


Midvinter, Masketid er en film instrueret af Carsten Bregenhøj.

Handling
Maskeskikke er ikke bare karneval i Rio - Norden har også en maskekultur. Dette er fortællingen om en nordisk tradition, der lever videre i det moderne samfund blandt beboere på småøer, i afsides dale eller områder med stærk lokalkultur. Den nordiske maske hører midvinteren til, og den går meget langt tilbage i tiden.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1984

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Midvinter, Masketid


Moúresi, en , est un ancien dème du district régional de Magnésie, en Thessalie, Grèce. Depuis 2010, il est fusionné au sein du dème de Zagorá-Mourési.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du dème compte  tandis que celle du village compte .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Dème en Thessalie
Village en Thessalie
Ancien dème en Grèce

Moúresi


Philippa Charlotte Middleton (; ) este o personalitate mondenă, autoare și jurnalistă engleză, sora mai mică a prințesei Catherine de Wales. Middleton a început să atragă atenția mass-media odată cu apariția ca domnișoară de onoare la nunta surorii sale cu prințul William din 2011 și a continuat să desfășoare o activitate mondenă și caritabilă. S-a căsătorit în anul 2017 cu fostul pilot de curse și actual manager de fond de investiții James Matthews.

Primii ani
Pippa Middleton s-a născut la data de 6 septembrie 1983 în Spitalul Royal Berkshire din Reading. Ea este al doilea din cei trei copii ai lui Michael Middleton (n. 1949), fost dispecer de zbor al British Airways, și Carole Middleton (născută Goldsmith; n. 1955), o fostă stewardesă. A fost botezată în biserica St Andrew din Bradfield, Berkshire.

Film
În William & Kate, un film de televiziune lansat pe 18 aprilie 2011 despre povestea de dragoste a surorii ei, Kate, rolul său a fost interpretat de Maria Elise Hayden.

Referințe

Nașteri în 1983
Absolvenți ai Universității din Edinburgh
Femei din Anglia
Oameni în viață

Pippa Middleton


The 1777 Siege of Fort Ticonderoga occurred between the 2nd and 6 July 1777 at Fort Ticonderoga, near the southern end of Lake Champlain in the state of New York.  Lieutenant General John Burgoyne's 8,000-man army occupied high ground above the fort, and nearly surrounded the defenses.  These movements precipitated the occupying Continental Army, an under-strength force of 3,000 under the command of General Arthur St. Clair, to withdraw from Ticonderoga and the surrounding defenses. Some gunfire was exchanged, and there were some casualties, but there was no formal siege and no pitched battle.  Burgoyne's army occupied Fort Ticonderoga and Mount Independence, the extensive fortifications on the Vermont side of the lake, without opposition on 6 July. Advance units pursued the retreating Americans.

The uncontested surrender of Ticonderoga caused an uproar in the American public and in its military circles, as Ticonderoga was widely believed to be virtually impregnable, and a vital point of defense.  General St. Clair and his superior, General Philip Schuyler, were vilified by Congress.  Both were eventually exonerated in courts martial, but their careers were adversely affected.  Schuyler had already lost his command to Horatio Gates by the time of the court martial, and St. Clair held no more field commands for the remainder of the war.

Background

In September 1775, early in the American Revolutionary War, the American Continental Army  embarked on an invasion of Quebec. The invasion ended in disaster in July 1776, with the army chased back to Fort Ticonderoga  by a large British army that arrived in Quebec in May 1776.  A small Continental Navy fleet on Lake Champlain was defeated in the October 1776 Battle of Valcour Island.  The delay required by the British to build their fleet on Lake Champlain caused General Guy Carleton to hold off on attempting an assault on Ticonderoga in 1776.  Although his advance forces came within three miles of Ticonderoga, the lateness of the season and the difficulty of maintaining supply lines along the lake in winter caused him to withdraw his forces back into Quebec.

British forces

General John Burgoyne arrived in Quebec in May 1777 and prepared to lead the British forces assembled there south with the aim of gaining control of Ticonderoga and the Hudson River valley, dividing the rebellious provinces. The British Infantry included; 9th, 20th, 21st, 24th, 47th, 53rd, 62nd Regiments of Foot, King's Loyal Americans, and Queen's Loyal Rangers.  The British force also consisted of a sizable Hessian force consisting of Prinz Ludwig's Dragoons and Specht's, Von Rhetz's, Von Riedesel's, Prinz Frederich's, Erbprinz's and Breyman's Jäger regiments.

Most of these forces had arrived in 1776, and many participated in the campaign that drove the American army out of Quebec.

The total size of Burgoyne's regular army was about 7,000.  In addition to the regulars, there were about 800 Indians, and a relatively small number of Canadiens and Loyalists, who acted primarily as scouts and screening reconnaissance.  The army was also accompanied by more than 1,000 civilians, including a pregnant woman, and Baroness Riedesel with her three small children.  Including these non-military personnel, the total number of people in Burgoyne's army was more than 10,000.

Burgoyne and General Carlton re-sited the troops at Fort Saint-Jean, near the northern end of Lake Champlain, on 14 June.  By 21 June, the armada carrying the army was on the lake, and they had arrived at the unoccupied Fort Crown Point by 30 June.  The Indians and other elements of the advance force laid down such an effective screen that the American defenders at Ticonderoga were unaware of either the exact location or strength of the force moving along the lake.  While en route, Burgoyne authored a proclamation to the Americans, written in the turgid, pompous style for which he was well-known, and frequently criticized and parodied.

American defenses

American forces had occupied the forts at Ticonderoga and Crown Point since they captured them in May 1775 from a small garrison.  In 1776 and 1777, they undertook significant efforts to improve the defenses surrounding Ticonderoga. A peninsula on the east side of the lake, renamed Mount Independence, was heavily fortified. To the north of old Fort Ticonderoga, the Americans built numerous redoubts, a large fort at the site earlier French fortifications, and a fort on Mount Hope.  A quarter-mile long floating bridge was constructed across the lake to facilitate communication between Ticonderoga and Mount Independence.

Command at Ticonderoga went through a variety of changes early in 1777.  Until 1777, General Philip Schuyler had headed the Continental Army's Northern Department, with General Horatio Gates in charge of Ticonderoga.  In March 1777 the Continental Congress gave command of the whole department to Gates.  Schuyler protested this action, which Congress reversed in May, at which point Gates, no longer willing to serve under Schuyler, left for Philadelphia.  Command of the fort was then given to General Arthur St. Clair, who arrived only three weeks before Burgoyne's army.

The entire complex was manned by several under-strength regiments of the Continental Army and militia units from New York and nearby states. A war council held by Generals St. Clair and Schuyler on 20 June concluded that "the number of troops now at this post, which are under 2,500 effectives, rank and file, are greatly inadequate to the defense", and that "it is prudent to provide for a retreat".  Consequently, plans were made for retreat along two routes.  The first was by water to Skenesboro, the southernmost navigable point on the lake.  The second was overland by a rough road leading east toward Hubbardton in the New Hampshire Grants (present-day Vermont).

The American force only consisted of two regiments, three composite units, and other undermanned corps; Francis' and Marshall's Massachusetts Regiments, and Hale's, Cilley's and Scammell's New Hampshire Continentals.

Sugar Loaf
A height called Sugar Loaf (now known as Mount Defiance) overlooked both Ticonderoga and Independence, and large cannons on that height would make the fort impossible to defend.  This tactical problem had been pointed out by John Trumbull when Gates was in command.  It was believed to be impossible for the British to place cannons on the heights, even though Trumbull, Anthony Wayne, and an injured Benedict Arnold climbed to the top and noted that gun carriages could probably be dragged up.

The defence, or lack thereof, of Sugar Loaf was complicated by the widespread perception that Fort Ticonderoga, with a reputation as the "Gibraltar of the North", had to be held.  Neither abandoning the fort nor garrisoning it with a small force (sufficient to respond to a feint but not to an attack in strength) was viewed as a politically viable option.  Defending the fort and the associated outer works would require all the troops currently there, leaving none to defend Sugar Loaf.  Furthermore, George Washington and the Congress were of the opinion that Burgoyne, who was known to be in Quebec, was more likely to strike from the south, moving his troops by sea to New York City.

Following the war council of 20 June, Schuyler ordered St. Clair to hold out as long as he could, and to avoid having his avenues of retreat cut off. Schuyler took command of a reserve force of 700 at Albany, and Washington ordered four regiments to be held in readiness at Peekskill, further down the Hudson River.

Battle

British advance

On 1 July, General St. Clair was still unaware of the full strength of Burgoyne's army, which lay just  away.  Burgoyne had deployed Fraser's advance force and right column on the west side of the lake, hoping to cut off the defenses at Mount Hope. Riedesel and the German column were deployed on the east side of the lake, where their objective was Mount Independence and the road to Hubbardton.  Burgoyne gave the order to advance on 2 July.

On the morning of 2 July, St. Clair decided to withdraw the men occupying the defence post at Mount Hope, which was exposed and subject to capture.  The detachment there set fire to the works and retreated to the old French lines (so-called because they were the site of the French defence in the 1758 Battle of Carillon), getting away not long before the arrival of Burgoyne's advance guard.  That afternoon, a company of British soldiers and Indians came toward those lines, but not near enough to do significant damage, and opened fire.  St. Clair ordered his men to hold their fire until the enemy was closer, but James Wilkinson fired at a British soldier, spurring the untrained defenders to follow suit.  The soldier Wilkinson fired at fell, and the British troops fled.  When the man was captured, it turned out he was uninjured, and that he had fallen down because he was drunk.  Through the deception of placing him with a man posing as a captured Loyalist, St. Clair learned the nature of the opposing forces.

Fraser's advance forces occupied Mount Hope on 3 July.  Burgoyne ordered some of the scouts and Indians over to the east side of the lake for reconnaissance ahead of the German column, and brought some of the Germans over to the west side.  Some of the British camp was placed close enough to the American lines that they were harassed by gunfire. This did not prevent the British from making repairs to the bridges on the portage road between Ticonderoga and Lake George.

British engineers discovered the strategic position of Sugar Loaf, and realized that the American withdrawal from Mount Hope gave them access to it. Starting on 2 July, they began clearing and building gun emplacements on top of that height,  working carefully to avoid notice by the Americans. They spent several days drawing some of their larger guns up the slope.  Burgoyne's objective was to spring the trap only when Riedesel's Germans were in position to cut off the American retreat.

American retreat
On 4 July, the Americans held a quiet celebration with some toasts to commemorate the previous year's Declaration of Independence.  That night the British lost their element of surprise when some Indians lit fires on Sugar Loaf, alerting the Americans to their presence there.  On the morning of 5 July, St. Clair held a war council in which the decision was made to retreat.  Since their position was completely exposed, they delayed departure until nightfall, when their movements would be concealed.  In a conversation with one of his quartermasters, St. Clair observed that he could "save his character and lose the army" by holding the fort, or "save the army and lose his character" if he retreated, giving a clear indication of the political reaction he was expecting to his decision.

All possible armaments, as well as invalids, camp followers, and supplies were loaded onto a fleet of more than 200 boats that began to move up the lake toward Skenesboro, accompanied by Colonel Pierse Long's regiment.  Owing to a shortage of boats, four invalids were left behind, as were the very largest cannons and a variety of supplies—everything from tents to cattle.  The rest of the army crossed to Mount Independence and headed down the Hubbardton road, which Riedesel's forces had not yet reached.  A handful of men were left at the pontoon bridge with  loaded cannons to fire on British attempts to cross it, but they were drunk when the British arrived the next morning.

The British  occupied the forts without firing a single shot, and detachments from Fraser's and Riedesel's troops set out in pursuit of the retreating Americans on the Hubbardton road, while Burgoyne hurried some of his troops up the lake toward Skenesboro.

Aftermath

At least seven Americans were killed and 11 wounded in skirmishing prior to the American retreat.  British casualties were not tallied, but at least five were killed in skirmishes.

The Americans made good time on the Hubbardton road.  Most of the force reached Castleton—a march of —on the evening of 6 July. The British pursuit resulted in the Battle of Hubbardton when they caught up with the rear guard on the morning of 7 July, but this enabled the main American body to escape, eventually joining forces with Schuyler at Fort Edward.  The smaller American force that had fled by boat to Skenesboro fought off Burgoyne's advance force in the Battle of Fort Anne, but was forced to abandon equipment and many sick and wounded in skirmishing at Skenesboro.

The confrontation at Ticonderoga did not substantially slow Burgoyne's advance, but he was forced to leave a garrison of more than 900 men in the Ticonderoga area, and wait until 11 July for the dispersed elements of his army to regroup at Skenesboro.  He then encountered delays in traveling the heavily wooded road between Skenesboro and Fort Edward, which General Schuyler's forces had effectively ruined by felling trees across it and destroying all its bridges in the swampy terrain.  Burgoyne's campaign ultimately failed and he was forced to surrender after the Battles of Saratoga.  General Gates reported to Governor George Clinton on 20 November that Ticonderoga and Independence had been abandoned and burned by the retreating British.

Political and public outcry

The political and public outcry after the withdrawal was significant. The Congress was appalled, and criticized both Schuyler and St. Clair for the loss.  John Adams wrote, "I think we shall never be able to defend a post until we shoot a general", and George Washington said it was "an event of chagrin and surprise, not apprehended nor within the compass of my reasoning".  Rumors circulated that St. Clair and Schuyler were traitors who had taken bribes in exchange for the retreat.

Schuyler was eventually removed as commander of the Northern Department, replaced by General Gates; the fall of Ticonderoga was among the reasons cited.  St. Clair was removed from his command and sent to headquarters for an inquiry.  He maintained that his conduct had been honorable, and demanded a review by court martial. The court martial was not held until September 1778 due to political intrigues against Washington; St. Clair was completely exonerated, although he was never given another field command.  Schuyler was also cleared of any wrongdoing by a court martial.

The news made headlines in Europe.  King George is reported to have burst into the chambers of the scantily clad Queen, exclaiming, "I have beat them! I have beat all the Americans!"  The French and Spanish courts were less happy with the news, as they had been supporting the Americans, allowing them to use their ports, and engaging in trade with them.  The action emboldened the British to demand that Spain and France close their ports to the Americans; this demand was rejected, heightening tensions between the European powers.

See also

List of American Revolutionary War battles
American Revolutionary War § British northern strategy fails. Places 'Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)' in overall sequence and strategic context.

Notes

References

Further reading

External links
Fort Ticonderoga official web site

Conflicts in 1777
1777 in New York (state)
Essex County, New York
Battles of the American Revolutionary War in New York (state)
Fort Ticonderoga
Sieges involving Great Britain
Battles involving the United States
Battles of the Saratoga campaign

Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)


Koya Okuda (født 1. oktober 1994) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub YSCC Yokohama.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Koya Okuda


El triomf de Tirant (título original en catalán; en español, El triunfo de Tirante) es una ópera en dos actos con música de Amando Blanquer Ponsoda y libreto en catalán de los hermanos Josep Lluís y Rodolf Sirera, basado en la novela de caballería Tirant lo Blanc, de Joanot Martorell. Se estrenó en el Teatro Principal de Valencia el 7 de octubre de 1992 bajo la dirección musical de Manuel Galduf.

El tema principal de la ópera es el binomio muerte-inmortalidad, entendida la última como la consecución de una fama universal. Según el mismo Amando Blanquer, en esta ocasión concibió su música al servicio del texto y de la concepción dramática, sirviéndose de «las diversas tendencias artísticas que hoy en día existen para componer una partitura que, junto con la puesta en escena, sea inteligible para el espectador, pero sin hacer concesiones».

Personajes

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Óperas de Amando Blanquer Ponsoda
Óperas en catalán
Óperas de 1992
Óperas estrenadas en Valencia

El triomf de Tirant


Näherungskoordinaten werden in der Geodäsie bei der Berechnung eines Vermessungsnetzes benötigt, um eine Ausgleichung zur Minimierung unvermeidlicher kleiner Messabweichungen durchführen zu können.

Die Näherungskoordinaten der beteiligten Punkte dienen zur Linearisierung der für den Ausgleich anzusetzenden Beobachtungsgleichungen. Man erhält sie aus einer vorläufigen Durchrechnung des Netzes oder einer früheren Vermessung des Gebietes. Bisweilen wird auch eine grafische Bestimmung der genäherten Punktlagen aus einer Karte oder einer Punktskizze vorgenommen, wenn noch keine rechnerischen Grundlagen vorhanden sind.

Als Ergebnis der Ausgleichung erhält man Koordinatenverbesserungen, die zu den Näherungskoordinaten addiert das optimale, widerspruchsfreie Netz ergeben.

Literatur
 Bernhard Heck: Rechenverfahren und Auswertemodelle der Landesvermessung, Kapitel 4, 7 und 13: Mathematische Modelle und Grundlagen, Wichmann-Verlag, Karlsruhe, 1987.
 Wolfgang Niemeier: Ausgleichungsrechnung: Statistische Auswertemethoden, Ausgabe 2, Walter de Gruyter, 2008, ISBN 3-110-19055-9, S. 493, hier S. 325 ff., Kapitel 9.4: Bestimmung von Näherungskoordinaten, online bei books.google.de

Siehe auch
 Vermittelnde Ausgleichung
 Taylor-Entwicklung

Geodäsie
Ausgleichsrechnung

Näherungskoordinaten


André Delpoux, né le  à Pennautier, est un joueur de rugby à XIII évoluant au poste de centre ou de demi d'ouverture, international français, reconverti entraîneur.

Il effectue sa carrière sportive au sein de Carcassonne, un des clubs dominant le rugby à XIII français dans les années 1950 et 1960. Dans un effectif regorgeant d'internationaux, Delpoux joue alternativement au poste de centre ou de demi d'ouverture remportant notamment la Coupe de France en 1961 et disputant trois finales perdues de Championnat de France en 1955, 1956 et 1958. Ses performances l'amènent à être sélectionné en équipe de France entre 1955 et 1960 contre des sélections telles que la Nouvelle-Zélande, la Grande-Bretagne et l'Australie.

Après sa carrière sportive, il devient entraîneur, prenant le rôle d'entraîneur de l'équipe de France fédérale dans les années 1960 puis le club de Toulouse et d'Albi.

Biographie

Palmarès

 Collectif :
 Vainqueur de la Coupe de France : 1961 (Carcassonne).
 Finaliste du Championnat de France : 1955, 1956 et 1958 (Carcassonne).
 Finaliste de la Coupe de France : 1960 (Carcassonne).

Détails en sélection

En club

Notes et références

Lien externe

Joueur français de rugby à XIII
Entraîneur français de rugby à XIII
Joueur de l'AS Carcassonne XIII
Naissance en décembre 1927

André Delpoux


Empire je četvrti studijski album američkog heavy metal sastava Queensrÿche. Album je objavljen 4. rujna 1990. godine, a objavila ga je diskografska kuća EMI. Album je do danas najprodavaniji album Queensrÿchea te trostruki dobitnik platinum naklade. Glavni singl, power ballada "Silent Lucidity", dostigla je prvo mjesto na Mainstream Rock Tracks i deveto mjesto na Billboardovoj Hot 100 ljestvici. "Silent Lucidity" je također 1992. godine nominirana za nagradu Grammy za Najbolju Rock Pjesmu i Najbolju Vokalnu Rock izvedbu.

U intervjuu iz lipnja 2019. godine, pjevač na albumu, sada bivši, Geoff Tate najavio je kako 2020. godine planira izvesti svaku pjesmu s albuma povodom 30. godišnjice objave. Također je najavio box set.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje
Queensrÿche
 Geoff Tate – vokali, klavijature
 Chris DeGarmo – električna i akustična gitara, klavijature na "Best I Can" i prateći vokali, glavna gitara na "Best I Can", "Jet City Woman", "Silent Lucidity", i "Anybody Listening"
 Michael Wilton – električna gitara i akustična gitara, glavna gitara na "Empire", "Resistance", i "Another Rainy Night"
 Eddie Jackson – bas-gitara, prateći vokali
 Scott Rockenfield – bubnjevi, udaraljke

Dodatni glazbenici
 Michael Kamen – orkestralno aranžiranje na "Silent Lucidity", dirigent
 Randy Gane – poruka na glasovnoj pošti na "Empire"
 Robert Bailey – klavijature, programiranje

Ostalo osoblje
 Peter Collins – produciranje
 James Barton — snimanje, miksanje
 Marcus Ramaer – pomoćnik snimatelja
 Dan Harjung – pomoćnik miksera
 Paul Northfield — inženjer zvuka (na pjesmi 6)
 Tom Hall — pomoćnik miksera
 Bob Ludwig – mastering
 Harold Sinclair – fotografija

Izvori

Albumi iz 1990.
Američki glazbeni albumi

Empire (album)