Vasile Advahov (n. 26 aprilie 1979, Cahul, Republica Moldova) este un muzician din Republica Moldova.

Activitatea sa de bază, alături de fratele său Vitalie, este de conducător artistic al Orchestrei Municipale condusă de Frații Advahov, de compozitor și interpret de muzică populară și clasică. Cariera muzicală și-a inceput-o de la frageda vârsta de 5 ani, alături de tatăl său care îl lua cu el sa bată toba. Primii ani de studii Vasile și i-a petrecut la Cahul, apoi la liceul Ciprian Porumbescu(fosta instituție de învățământ Eugen Coca) a fost acceptat la două instrumente: vioara si țambalul, cea mai îndragita de Vasile fiind totuși vioara. După absolvirea conservatorului din Chișinău, au pus împreună cu fratele său bazele tarafului fraților Advahov, care ulterior a obținut statut de Orchestra având peste 30 membri. Orchestra se bucură de un adevărat succes atât în țară cât și peste hotarele ei, având colaborări cu diverși interpreți de muzică populară și usoară, cât și colaborări inedite cu orchestre de muzică simfonică sau colective rock.

Biografie
Vasile Advahov s-a născut pe 26 aprilie 1979 în Cahul, Republica Moldova, în familia lui Vasile și a Agafiei Advahov. Tatăl a fost și primul lor ghid în lumea muzicii, rămânând cel mai exigent critic. Lui Vasile și fratelui său Vitalie nu li s-a impus să se facă muzicieni, totul s-a întîmplat parcă de la sine ‒ "chemarea sângelui lăutăresc". Și-au urmat studiile muzicale departe de casă ‒ întâi au fost elevi la Liceul "Ciprian Porumbescu", apoi a urmat Academia de Muzică, Teatru și Arte Platice "Gavriil Musicescu", facultatea muzică clasică. Cât au fost liceeni, Vasile și fratele său Vitalie au fost membri ai Orchestrei "Mugurașii", condusă de Gheorghe Banariuc.

În prezent, orchestra în care activează are o activitate concertistică fructuoasă și se bucură de succes din partea publicului. Orchestra Fraților Advahov colaborează cu interpreți atât din Republica Moldova cât și de peste hotarele ei și pleacă frecvent în turnee prin Republica Moldova, România, Bulgaria, Franța, Italia, Azerbaidjan și alte țări.

Anii copilăriei
Vasile Advahov s-a născut în familia lui Vasile și a Agafiei Advahov, tatăl lor fiind originar din Gotești, iar mama ‒ din Cârpești, raionul Cantemir. Ambii părinți erau profesori la Școala Pedagogică din Cahul. Vasile Advahov preda acordeonul și conducea mai multe grupuri de orchestre. În 1978, tatăl lor a absolvit Institutul de Arte de la Chișinău, clasa acordeon și dirijat de orchestră. Imediat după aceasta, a format o orchestră în care a adunat toți lăutarii de la sud, inclusiv pe Dumitru și Gheorghe Botgros, tatăl și, respectiv, fratele dirijorului "Lăutarilor", Nicolae Botgros, pe Ion Marinovici, Ionel și Toma Acriș ș.a.

Vasile se ține minte pe sine de mic copil cu instrumentul in mână. Pe la 5 ani mergea cu tatăl la fuioare si bătea toba până aproape de miezul nopții. Originari de la sudul Moldovei, frații Vasile si Vitalie Advahov au făcut doi ani de școală muzicală la Cahul înainte de a veni la Chișinău. La prima vizită în capitală, orașul li s-a părut mare și rece, dar s-au acomodat foarte repede – erau împreună și asta era cel mai important.

Debutul si primele succese
Având un talent deosebit, Vasile a participat la numeroase concursuri muzicale. Cele mai importante premii pe care le-a obținut au fost:

Premiul Mare la festivalul internațional Hora 1992, București

Premiul I la Concursul internațional de violoniști 1995, Brașov

Premiul II la Concursul Filip Toderașcu

Premiul II la Concursul Barbu Lăutarul

Educatie

 1986-1997: Liceul Muzical "Ciprian Porumbescu"
 1997-2002: Academia de Muzică, Teatru și Arte Plastice, catedra Instrumente cu corzi

Fondarea Orchestrei Fraților Advahov
Vasile și fratele său Vitalie au păstrat relații de prietenie cu mulți colegi de liceu și de cămin, unii devenindu-le mai târziu colegi de orchestră. Au avut și momente mai grele. După absolvirea Conservatorului, la fel ca majoritatea absolvenților, nu prea știau încotro s-o apuce. Așa că au decis să facă ceea ce știau mai bine – să cânte. "Nu am creat o orchestră ca să concurăm cu cineva, ci pentru că suntem muzicieni, ne place să cântăm și asta putem face mai  bine", spun frații Advahov. Astfel au pus bazele tarafului fratilor Advahov care mai târziu a evoluat intr-o orchestră.
Din start, Vasile  și Vitalie cântau acompaniați doar de un organist și un toboșar. Au avut îndrăzneala să iasă pe scena Palatului Național și să cânte în patru – atunci multă lume i-a încurajat, iar publicul i-a determinat să tindă spre mai mult. La scurt timp au format un taraf, iar ulterior, după ce numărul muzicienilor cu care au ajuns să faca echipă a crescut, au închegat orchestra. "Avem un colectiv minunat" – spun asta cu mândrie. La început a fost mai greu: nu aveau sediu și nici haine pentru scenă… s-au adresat la primăria municipiului Chișinău, care i-a susținut prin acordarea statutului de Orchestră municipală, le-au fost oferite locuri de muncă salarizate și li s-a oferit o sală unde să poată face repetiții.
Vitalie Advahov menționa într-un interviu, că mai toți muzicienii din orchestră provin din familii lăutărești cunoscute ‒ fii lui M. Ciobanu, D. Buldumea, D. Hanganu, V. Duminică, Ștefăneț, Guțanu, Panainte, Mihalache, Cipilenco, Fieraru și alții. Astfel orchestra fraților Advahov a ajuns să se bucure de popularitate, inclusiv și grație faptului, că este formată din profesioniști. Inițial frații doreau să facă o orchestră nu prea mare doar cu vioară, acordeon, percuție și chitară. Treptat însă aplecându-și urechea la sfaturile și doleanțele mai multor specialiști au format o orchestră, care să-i mulțumească pe toți cu: violă, contrabas și alte instrumente pentru interpretarea muzicii populare și clasice.

In prezent participă în cadrul mai multor evenimente de importanță națională și peste hotare:
Concerte de Ziua Independenței, Festivalul Mărțișor, Ziua Limbii Române, Revelion în Piața Marii Adunări Naționale la Chișinău, zilele culturii Moldovei la Baku, Hramul Orașului,  diverse delegații și convenții, concert al diasporei moldovenești din Roma, Ziua Profesională a Lucrătorului Comunal, Ziua Profesională a Medicului, Ziua Agricultorului, concerte aniversare ale ansamblului Plăieșii și Nicolae Gribincea, Mihai Ciobanu și Zinaida Julea, Constantin Moscovici, Potcoava de Aur, Marca Comercială a Anului, Aniversarea a 10 ani ai postului de televiziune Favorit TV, Vipmagazin Omul Anului, precum și participări în diverse evenimente private.

Au parte de diverse apariții si interviuri în cadrul emisiunilor televizate. Pe parcursul activității artistice au efectuat înregistrări în studio și au colaborat pe scenă cu diverși artiști din Republica Moldova și România, așa ca: Zinaida Julea, Mihai Ciobanu, Irina Loghin, Fuego, Andra, Delia, Alex Calancea Band, Nicolai Furdui Iancu, fanfara Ciocîrlia, Nicolae Glib, Valentina Cojocaru, Ion Suruceanu, Mioara Velicu, Petrică Mîțu Stoian, Laura Lavric, Valentin Sanfira, Ileana Ciuculete, Adriana Antoni, Doina Sulac, Igor Cuciuc, Plăieșii și Nicolae Gribincea, Gheorghe Țopa, Marin Ganciu, Geta Burlacu, Igor Rusu, Pasha Parfeni, Cătălin Josan, Catharsis, Adrian Ursu, Nelly Ciobanu, Zdob și Zdub, Akord, Ioana Căpraru, Ana Barbu, Natalia Barbu, Lenuța Gheorghiță, Ștefan Vodă, Cristina Pintilie, Anișoara Dabija, Olga Busuioc, Natalia Proca, Constantin Moscovici, Zinuța Julea, Valy Boghean, Natalia Gordienco, Maria Iliuț, Adrian Ursu, Gheorghe Turda, orchestra simfonică dirijor Gheorghe Mustea, Iulian Gîrneț, Angry Band.

Titluri
Pentru merite în domeniul artei muzicale, succese în activitatea de creație și contribuție la promovarea tezaurului folcloric național, în 2007, frații Advahov au fost decorați cu titlul de Maeștri în Artă de către președintele Vladimir Voronin, iar în 2016 li s-a conferit titlul Artiști ai Poporului de către președintele Nicolae Timofti și li s-a oferit Distincția Ștefan cel Mare.

Pentru activitatea concertistică au obținut în 2007 Premiul Potcoava de Aur ediția a II-a, iar pentru spectacolul "E sărbatoare și răsună muzica" au obtinut premiul VIP Concertul anului 2016

Viață personală
Vasile Advahov este căsatorit din 11 noiembrie 2009 cu Ionela Advahov. La 9 martie 2010 au devenit părinți când a venit pe lume Daniel-Vasile, primul băiat, iar la 18 iunie 2012 au devenit parinții unui băiat pe nume Lucian-Ion.

Discografie

 2005: "Lume nu ma judeca" cu Zinaida Julea
 2010: "Lume, lume, cât de dragă-mi ești" și "O vioară, un cântec, un dor" (voce - Mihai Ciobanu, vioară - Mihăiță Ciobanu)

Referințe

 http://arhiva.vipmagazin.md/profil/Vitalie_si_Vasile_Advahov/ , accesat la 12 iulie 2018.
 http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=366667, accesat la 12 iulie 2018.
 https://www.timpul.md/articol/fratii-advahov-un-miracol-de-care-se-bucura-toata-lumea-27123.html, accesat la 12 iulie 2018.
 http://apropomagazin.md/2016/01/22/secretul-succesului-fratilor-advahov/, accesat la 12 iulie 2018.
 http://agora.md/stiri/22483/fratii-advahov-au-fost-decorati-cu-titlul-onorific-de-artisti-ai-poporului, accesat la 12 iulie 2018.

Nașteri pe 26 aprilie
Nașteri în 1979
Oameni din Cahul
Moldoveni în viață
Muzicieni moldoveni
Compozitori moldoveni

Vasile Advahov


Le  (en français, Revue britannique d'histoire de la philosophie), est une revue scientifique à comité de lecture éditée par la British Society for the History of Philosophy et Taylor & Francis.

Présentation
Cette revue bimestrielle publie des articles sur l'histoire de la philosophie. De 2013 à 2020, son rédacteur en chef est Michael A. Beaney. Depuis 2021, les rédacteurs en chef sont Alix Cohen (Université d'Édimbourg) et Sacha Golob (King's College de Londres).

Références

Liens externes

Presse écrite en anglais
Titre de presse créé en 1993
Revue publiée par Taylor and Francis

British Journal for the History of Philosophy


Un lunetist este un luptător care operează singur, într-o pereche sau cu o echipă de lunetist, pentru a menține un contact vizual apropiat cu inamicul și a le împușca din poziții ascunse sau distanțe care depășesc capacitățile lor de detectare. În general, au o pregătire specializată și folosesc puști și optică de înaltă precizie și adesea alimentează informații înapoi la unitățile sau bazele lor militare.

În plus față de fotografiere și fotografiere pe distanțe lungi, lunetiștii militari sunt instruiți într-o varietate de tehnici: detectarea, urmărirea și metoda de estimare a gamei țintă, camuflajul, ambarcațiunile de câmp, infiltrarea, recunoașterea și observarea specială, supravegherea și achiziția țintă.

Vezi și
Listă de lunetiști din Al Doilea Război Mondial
Tatiana Baramzina

Ocupații militare
  *

Lunetist


The game was allegedly invented in an underground poker club at Hammarbykajen, Stockholm in Sweden owned by the Russian mafia. The game is a variation of the Swedish card game, Fem-kort.
The poker-related card game called Chicago is one of the most popular card games in Finland today. Relying on the keeping of score instead of the placing of bets, it is suitable even for environments such as schools, where gambling is often prohibited. The game exists in countless versions, so here a (somewhat arbitrarily chosen) basic game will be followed by a number of possible variations.

Hand scores

The backbone of the game is that each hand has its own point value, as given in this table:
 One pair - 1 point.
 Two pair - 2 points.
 Three of a kind - 3 points.
 Straight - 4 points.
 Flush - 5 points.
 Full house - 6 points.
 Four of a kind - 7 points (but see Variations below).
 Straight flush - 8 points (but see Variations below).
Royal Flush - 20 points (but see Variations below).

Basic rules

Chicago is played with a standard 52-card deck. Each player is dealt five cards. The objective is to reach, or exceed, 52 points.

Exchanges and hand scoring
The players are allowed to exchange any number of their cards. If a player chooses to exchange one card only, he may choose "one up", meaning that he is dealt one card faced up, which he can either accept, or instead take the next card unseen. After the exchanges, the player with the best hand (and only one player) gets points for his hand. Then follows another round of exchanges, but no hand scoring.

The game
Now, the first player begins by playing one card. Ordinary whist rules apply, but the players keep their cards collected by themselves. The player who wins the last trick gets 5 points. Also, the player with the best hand (whether it is the same player or not) gets points for his hand. After achieving 42 points a player is no longer permitted to trade cards as they normally would. Instead, they are dealt 6 cards at the beginning of the game and must discard one before the first scoring round. No further exchanges are permitted.

Chicago
After the second exchange, any player can choose to play Chicago. In this case, he pledges himself to win all the tricks of the game. If he does, he is awarded 15 points, but if he fails, the penalty is just as harsh: -15 points.

Blind Chicago
In addition to the conventional Chicago mentioned above, a player may also elect to pull a Blind Chicago. As with the standard Chicago, during a Blind Chicago a player also pledges to win all the tricks - however he announces his intention to do so before having ever seen his cards. In other words, a Blind Chicago can only be announced immediately after the last card leaves the dealer's hand. If he succeeds, a player is rewarded 30 points, with 20 deducted in the event of failure. If a Blind Chicago is announced, no players are awarded points for their poker hands in any of the phases. The player attempting the Blind Chicago may trade as he normally would. Also note that if a player succeeds in completing the Blind Chicago on a deuce, he is awarded 60 points - an automatic game win.

Variations
 Sometimes, a player given five cards below ten (either inclusive or exclusive - must be decided before game starts) is allowed to replace them before the exchanges begin.
 Some play with 3 exchanges instead of 2. Then of course, scoring for hands will be made after both the first and the second exchange.
 Some do not use the "one up" rule.
 Often, a game will require that a player declare "Chicago" before they can win the game. The declaration is accepted regardless of whether one wins or loses the 5 tricks.
Often, one awards 8 for Four of a kind instead of 7, 11 for Straight flush instead of 7 and a win for a Royal flush instead of 20.
 Often, one wants to give higher rewards than 7 or 8 points for four of a kind and straight flush respectively. There are several ways to achieve this, most notably by elevating the player immediately to 52 points, or lowering either all players or one player of the holder's choice to 0 points, or a combination of these. Some also separate the royal flush from the straight flush, awarding 9 points for a royal flush. Holding a royal flush usually means immediate victory.
 The confusion is great as to what scores are appointed in the case of Chicago. Some will argue that no player will get any points at all besides the +15 or -15, whilst others will allow other points to be awarded. The +5 for the game, however, can never be stacked with the +15 for Chicago. Yet another variation is to award +13/-13 points for Chicago and the declaring player gets to go first. In that variation it is forbidden to declare Chicago unless the player has reached 13 points, ruling out the possibility of a negative score.
 Some prescribe that any player with 45 points or more is not allowed to replace any cards.
 Some require that after (and not in the same hand as) a player reaches 52 points, he must win the game once more before he actually wins. This handles the possibility that more than one player reach 52 points in the same hand.
 Some award 10 points instead of 5 if the last trick is taken with a deuce. If this variant is employed, 30 points must also be awarded for a Chicago hand successfully ended with a deuce.

External links

 Glimne, Dan (2016). Kortspelshandboken (in Swedish) pp. 101-103.
 Chicago Rules (Pagat)
 Chicago Rules

Poker variants
Draw poker
Year of introduction missing

Chicago (poker card game)


A modernidade comportamental é um conjunto de traços comportamentais e cognitivos que distingue o Homo sapiens atual de outros humanos, hominídeos e primatas anatomicamente modernos. A maioria dos estudiosos concorda que o comportamento humano moderno pode ser caracterizado por pensamento abstrato, profundidade de planejamento, comportamento simbólico (por exemplo, arte, ornamentação), música e dança, caça silvestre e tecnologia de lâminas, entre outros. Subjacente a esses comportamentos e inovações tecnológicas estão fundamentos cognitivos e culturais que foram documentados experimentalmente e etnograficamente por antropólogos evolucionistas e culturais. Esses padrões universais humanos incluem adaptação cultural cumulativa, normas sociais, linguagem e ampla ajuda e cooperação além dos parentes próximos.

Dentro da tradição da antropologia evolucionária e disciplinas afins, argumenta-se que o desenvolvimento desses traços comportamentais modernos, em combinação com as condições climáticas do último período glacial e do último máximo glacial causando gargalos populacionais, contribuíram para o sucesso evolutivo do Homo sapiens em todo o mundo em relação aos neandertais, denisovanos e outros humanos arcaicos.

Surgindo de diferenças no registro arqueológico, o debate continua sobre se os humanos anatomicamente modernos também eram comportamentalmente modernos. Existem muitas teorias sobre a evolução da modernidade comportamental. Estes geralmente caem em dois campos: abordagens gradualistas e cognitivas. O Modelo do Paleolítico Superior Tardio teoriza que o comportamento humano moderno surgiu através de mudanças cognitivas e genéticas na África abruptamente por volta de quarenta a cinquenta mil anos atrás, na época da emigração da África. Outros modelos se concentram em como o comportamento humano moderno pode ter surgido através de etapas graduais, com as assinaturas arqueológicas de tal comportamento aparecendo apenas por meio de mudanças demográficas ou baseadas em subsistência. Muitos citam evidências de modernidade comportamental anterior (por pelo menos cerca de 150 mil a 75 mil anos atrás e possivelmente antes), principalmente na Idade da Pedra Média africana. Sally McBrearty e Alison S. Brooks são proponentes notáveis do gradualismo, desafiando os modelos centrados na Europa ao situar mais mudanças na Idade da Pedra Média da pré-história africana, embora esta versão da história seja mais difícil de desenvolver em termos concretos devido a um registro fóssil cada vez menor à medida que se retrocede no tempo.

Ligações externas
 Steven Mithen (1999), The Prehistory of the Mind: The Cognitive Origins of Art, Religion and Science, Thames & Hudson, .
 Artifacts in Africa Suggest An Earlier Modern Human
 Tools point to African origin for human behaviour
 Key Human Traits Tied to Shellfish Remains, nytimes 2007/10/18
 "Python Cave" Reveals Oldest Human Ritual, Scientists Suggest
 Human Timeline (Interactive) – Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History (agosto de 2016).

Antropologia

Modernidade comportamental


Las picas, pikas, liebres silbadoras o conejos de roca (Ochotona) son un género de mamíferos lagomorfos de la familia Ochotonidae. Es el único género de la familia que persiste hoy. A diferencia del género extinto Prolagus, las especies de Ochotona han perdido el último molar superior.

Presentan una apariencia muy similar a la de los cobayas comunes. Su dentadura presenta en el maxilar cuatro incisivos, seis premolares y cuatro molares, y en la mandíbula tienen dos incisivos, cuatro premolares y seis molares. Su cola es tan corta que casi ni se ve y su cuerpo está cubierto de un pelaje denso y suave. Viven en comunidades bastante numerosas, tanto en llanos como en montes, y se alimentan casi exclusivamente de hierbas. El nombre de liebre silbadora lo deben a un silbido que emiten de vez en cuando. En Europa se conoce una sola especie, Ochotona pusillus, que también se encuentra en algunas zonas de Asia. De hecho, en Asia es el continente donde habitan más especies de este género, aunque también se encuentran algunas en Norteamérica.

Características

Las pikas son mamíferos pequeños, con extremidades cortas y orejas redondeadas. Miden alrededor de 15 a 23 cm y pesan entre 120 a 350 g, dependiendo de la especie. Al igual que los conejos, después de comer producen inicialmente unas heces verdes y blandas, que vuelven a comer para nutrirse más antes de producir las bolitas fecales sólidas finales. Se sabe que las pikas de collar almacenan pájaros muertos en sus madrigueras para alimentarse durante el invierno y se comen las heces de otros animales.

Estos animales son herbívoros y se alimentan de una amplia variedad de materia vegetal, incluyendo hierbas, sedges, ramitas de arbustos, musgo y líquenes. Al igual que otros lagomorfos, las pikas tienen incisivos que roen y no tienen caninos, aunque tienen menos molares que los conejos; tienen una fórmula dental de: . Otra similitud que las pikas comparten con otros lagomorfos es que la parte inferior de sus patas está cubierta de pelo y, por tanto, carecen de almohadillas para las patas.

Las pikas que viven en las rocas tienen camadas pequeñas de menos de cinco crías, mientras que las especies que viven en madrigueras tienden a dar a luz a más crías y a reproducirse con más frecuencia, posiblemente debido a una mayor disponibilidad de recursos en sus hábitats nativos. Las crías nacen tras un periodo de gestación de entre 25 y 30 días.

Hábitat

Las pikas son nativas de climas fríos en Asia y América del Norte. La mayoría de las especies viven en laderas de montañas rocosas, donde hay numerosas grietas disponibles para su refugio, aunque algunas pikas también construyen toscas madrigueras. Unas pocas especies de madrigueras son nativas de las tierras abiertas de la estepa. En las montañas de Eurasia los pikas suelen compartir sus madrigueras con los montifringillas, que construyen allí sus nidos. Las pikas necesitan temperaturas frías para vivir, y pueden morir si se exponen a temperaturas superiores a 25,5 °C. El cambio de temperaturas ha obligado a algunas poblaciones de picas a restringir sus áreas de distribución a elevaciones aún mayores.

Actividad

Las pikas son diurnas o crepusculares, siendo las especies de mayor altitud generalmente más activas durante el día. Muestran su máxima actividad justo antes de la temporada de invierno. Las pikas no hibernan por lo que generalmente pasan el tiempo durante el verano recogiendo y almacenando comida para el invierno. Cada pica que vive en las rocas almacena su propio "montón de heno" de vegetación seca, mientras que las especies que viven en madrigueras suelen compartir sus reservas de comida con sus compañeros de madriguera. El comportamiento de henificación es más importante en las zonas más elevadas. Muchas de las vocalizaciones y comportamientos sociales de las picas están relacionados con la defensa de los montones de heno.

El impacto de la actividad humana en los ecosistemas de la tundra donde viven los pikas se ha registrado desde la década de 1970. En lugar de hibernar durante el invierno, las pikas buscan hierbas y otras formas de materia vegetal y almacenan estos hallazgos en guaridas protegidas en un proceso llamado "henificación" con el que se mantienen durante las temporadas de invierno. A veces los pikas piensan que los humanos son depredadores, por lo que a veces responden a los humanos como lo hacen con otras especies que pueden estar realmente depredando a los pikas. Tales interacciones con los humanos se han relacionado con que los pikas tienen cantidades reducidas de tiempo de búsqueda de alimento, limitando en consecuencia la cantidad de comida que pueden almacenar para los meses de invierno. Las pikas son incapaces de soportar temperaturas circundantes superiores a los 25 °C, por lo que deben pasar su tiempo en regiones sombreadas y fuera de la luz solar directa cuando las temperaturas son altas. También se ha encontrado una relación entre los aumentos de temperatura y la pérdida de tiempo de búsqueda de alimento, donde por cada aumento de 1 °C a la temperatura ambiente en los paisajes alpinos que albergan a los pikas estos pierden el 3% de su tiempo de búsqueda de alimento.

Los pikas euroasiáticos suelen vivir en grupos familiares y comparten las tareas de recolección de alimentos y vigilancia. Algunas especies son territoriales. Las pikas norteamericanas ('O. princeps y O. collaris) son asocial, llevando una vida solitaria fuera de la época de cría.

Dialectos
Las pikas tienen distintas llamadas, que varían en duración. La llamada puede ser corta y rápida, un poco más larga y prolongada o cantos largos. Las llamadas cortas son un ejemplo de variación geográfica. Las pikas determinan el momento apropiado para hacer llamadas cortas escuchando las pistas para la localización del sonido. Las llamadas se utilizan para el reconocimiento individual, las señales de advertencia de los depredadores, la defensa del territorio, o como una forma de atraer al sexo opuesto. También hay diferentes cantos según la estación del año. En primavera los cantos se hacen más frecuentes durante la época de cría. A finales del verano las vocalizaciones se convierten en llamadas cortas. A través de diversos estudios, las características acústicas de las vocalizaciones pueden ser una herramienta taxonómica útil.

 Especies Ochotona alpina Ochotona argentataOchotona cansus Ochotona collaris Ochotona curzoniae Ochotona dauurica (especie tipo)Ochotona erythrotis Ochotona forrestiOchotona gaoligongensisOchotona gloveriOchotona himalayana Ochotona hoffmanniOchotona huangensisOchotona hyperborea Ochotona iliensis Ochotona koslowi Ochotona ladacensis Ochotona macrotis Ochotona muliensis Ochotona nigritiaOchotona nubrica Ochotona pallasi Ochotona princeps Ochotona pusilla Ochotona roylei Ochotona rufescens Ochotona rutila Ochotona thibetana Ochotona thomasiOchotona turuchanensisReferencias

 Bibliografía
 Scortecci, G. y otros (1969) Mamíferos. Ed. Vergara. Los animales. Cómo son, dónde viven, cómo viven'', vol. 2. [Ed. española dirigida por Francisco García del Cid, con la colaboración de Enrique Balcells y Pedro Arté]

Enlaces externos

Géneros de mamíferos

Ochotona


Usuba bōchō (薄刃包丁, lit. thin knife) is the traditional vegetable knife for the professional Japanese chef. Like other Japanese professional knives, usuba are chisel ground, and have a bevel on the front side, and have a hollow ground urasuki on the back side. Usuba characteristically have a flat edge, with little or no curve, and are tall, to allow knuckle clearance when chopping on a cutting board. Usuba literally means "thin blade" indicating its relative thinness compared to other knives, required for cutting through firm vegetables without cracking them.  Due to its height and straight edge, usuba are also used for specialized cuts such as katsuramuki, shaving a vegetable cylinder into a thin sheet.

The Usuba bōchō is used by professionals and differs from the related  Nakiri bōchō, which is preferred for home use. While the nakiri bōchō's cutting blade is sharpened from both sides, the usuba bōchō's blade is sharpened only from one side, a style known as kataba in Japanese. This kataba style edge gives better cuts and allows for the cutting of thinner slices than the ryōba used for nakiri bōchō, but requires more skill to use. The highest quality kataba blades have a slight depression on the flat side. The sharpened side is usually the right side for a right hand use of the knife, but knives sharpened on the left side are available for left hand use. The usuba bōchō is heavier than a nakiri bōchō, although still much lighter than a deba bōchō.

There are several variations of the usuba bōchō.  The Kanto variation has a square blunt tip, making it appear like a small meat cleaver. The Kansai, kamagata style variation has a spine that drops down to the edge at the tip, allowing the usuba to do fine delicate work. However, this tip is also delicate and can be broken easily. The usuba is particularly popular with Kyoto chefs, who use the Kamagata usuba for most of their work.  Since Kyoto is landlocked, they rely more heavily on vegetables than Tokyo, making the usuba the quintessential knife of professional chefs there. In Kyoto cuisine, the versatile tip allows for intricate cuts and preparations.

References

Japanese kitchen knives

Usuba bōchō


Parisaftalen er en international aftale inden for FN's klimakonvention UNFCCC, som drejer sig om begrænsning af udledning af drivhusgasser gennem grøn omstilling, klimatilpasning og finansiering heraf. Aftalen blev indgået på COP21-klimakonferencen i Paris i december 2015, og den træder i kraft i 2020. 195 lande underskrev aftalen, som pr november 2017 er ratificeret af 171 lande.Aftalen forpligter landene til at modvirke den globale opvarmning ved at holde den globale temperaturstigning under 2° C i forhold til det førindustrielle niveau, og stræber mod en temperaturstigning på kun 1,5° C.

Ifølge aftalen skal hvert af de deltagende lande opstille, planlægge og overvåge sine egne tiltag mod global opvarmning. Landene kan ikke tvinges til at opstille bestemte mål inden for bestemte tidsfrister, men hvert mål skal overgå tidligere satte mål.

I juni 2017 meddelte den amerikanske præsident Trump, at USA agter at udtræde af aftalen i 2020, hvilket blev fordømt fra mange sider, både internationalt og i USA.

I juli 2017 offentliggjorde den franske miljøminister den franske regerings femårsplan om at forbyde alle benzin- og dieselkøretøjer i 2040, som del af Parisaftalen. Desuden skal der efter 2022 ikke længere indgå kul i fransk energiforsyning, foruden at op mod 4 mia € skal investeres i øget energieffektivitet.

Efter at Joe Biden i januar 2021 havde erstattet Donald Trump som præsident, var en af hans første handlinger at omgøre Trumps beslutning, således at USA genindtrådte i Parisaftalen den 19 februar 2021.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Aftalens ordlyd (på engelsk) på WikiSource

Traktater
Klimapolitik
Økologi
Aftalen (2015)
Begivenheder i 2015

Parisaftalen (2015)


Freeport-McMoRan Inc., often called Freeport, is an American mining company based in the Freeport-McMoRan Center, in Phoenix, Arizona. The company is the world's largest producer of molybdenum, is a major copper producer and operates the world's largest gold mine, the Grasberg mine in Papua, Indonesia.

History

The current company was created in 1981 through the merger of Freeport Minerals, formerly Texas Freeport Sulphur Company and McMoRan Oil & Gas Company, becoming Freeport-McMoRan Inc.

Early history
Freeport Sulphur Company was founded July 12, 1912, by the eldest son of Svante Magnus "E.M." Swenson, banker Eric Pierson Swenson, with a group of investors, to develop sulfur mining at Bryan Mound salt dome, along the US Gulf Coast. Freeport, Texas was also established in Nov. 1912 to house workers, and serve as a port for Houston, rivaling Galveston and Corpus Christi.

Freeport mined sulfur along the Gulf Coast using the Frasch Process, the patents for which had expired in 1912. Previously, Union Sulphur Company founder and patent-holder Herman Frasch had enjoyed a monopoly on the process.<ref>Hazleton, Jared "The Economics of the Sulphur Industry, Routledge, 2016, p. 204.</ref> The company became known as Freeport Sulphur, later changing its corporate name to Freeport Minerals.

In 1922, Freeport started producing sulfur from Hoskins Mound in Brazoria County, Texas.

Freeport Texas Company
Enterprise to support Freeport Sulphur's business and the new town's infrastructure led to the incorporation of a holding company on September 30, 1913, to join the newer assets with Freeport Sulphur. Officers of the new holding company, Freeport Texas Company, were:
 Eric. P. Swenson, President and Director (Freeport Sulphur founder, son of Swante M. Swenson)
 Edward E. Dickinson, Vice-President and Director
 F.M. Altz, Secretary
 Swante M. Swenson, Treasurer (son of Eric P. Swenson)
 Charles H. Findlay, Auditor (son of Hugh Findlay and his third wife, Mary Ellen Smith)
 Richard H. Williams, Director (son of Richard H. Williams)
 Harry K. Knapp, Director
 Samuel McRoberts, Director
 Charles P. Northrop, Director
 Charles A. Stone, Director
 Frank A. Vanderlip, Director
 Sidell Tilghman, Director (son of General Lloyd Tilghman)
 Eppa Hunton Jr., Director (son of late Virginia Senator, Brig. Gen. Eppa Hunton)
 Charles E. Herrmann, Director.Dana & Co.The Commercial and Financial Chronicle (Weekly), Volume 110, Part 2, William B. Dana Company, New York, 1920, p. 760. Retrieved March 2, 2018.

The new corporation's principal assets were listed as:
 Freeport Sulphur
 Freeport Gas Co.
 Freeport Sulphur Transportation Company
 Freeport Town Site Co.
 Freeport Terminal Co.
 Freeport Light, Water & Ice Co.
 South Texas Stevedore Co.
 La Espuela Oil Co.
 Société pour l'Importation et la Vente des Soufres
 Houston & Brazoz Valley Ry

In 1919, minority stockholders John R. Williams & Sons, First National Bank of Richmond, Virginia vice-president, W. M. Addison, Benjamin P Alsopp, E. L. Norton, and Samuel W. Travers solicited proxies to use at the April 5th annual stockholders' meeting, claiming, according to reports, that "management has refused them adequate information regarding the property. President E.P. Swenson denies that information has been thus withheld and states that the board, which represents the dominant interests, has no vacancies at the present time."

1928–1931 shareholder proxy fight
In 1928, shareholder and scion of one of the founding investment firms, John Langbourne Williams & Sons, Langbourne Meade Williams, Jr. launched a proxy fight for control of the company. In 1929, he then sought help from his former supervisor at Lee, Higginson & Co., J.T. Claiborne, who then enlisted clerk John Hay Whitney – who had become one of the wealthiest men in America following the 1927 death of his father, Payne Whitney. Williams eventually gained control of the company from founder Swenson, becoming its president in 1931, with Claiborne as a Vice-President, and Whitney as Chairman. Williams also served as Chairman during 1958–1967.

Williams led the company's diversification, beginning with the purchase of manganese deposits in Oriente Province, Cuba.

 1930s
In 1932, Freeport Sulphur Company acquired the sulfur rights for Lake Grande Ecaille and vicinity in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana, and escalated the development of sulfur deposits in the Grand Ecaille dome in 1933, still using the Frasch Process developed by Dr. Herman Frasch, who had, in 1895, enjoined the American Sulphur Company into a partnership, forming the Union Sulphur Company, to initiate the first successful sulfur mining at Grand Ecaille, with which Freeport, like other competitors, would compete upon expiry of the Frasch patents in 1908. From its earliest inception, sulfur mining was the catalyst that developed Port Sulphur, Louisiana.

1950s
The company produced nickel during World War II and potash in the 1950s. In 1955, Freeport Nickel invested $119 million, of which $100 million came from the U.S. government, into  construction of a nickel-cobalt mine at Moa Bay, Cuba, and a refinery at Port Nickel, Louisiana. On March 11, 1957, the U.S. government announced a contract to buy nickel and cobalt from the company.

In 1956, the company formed the Freeport Oil Company. In 1958, the company sold an oil discovery near Lake Washington in Louisiana for approximately $100 million to Magnolia Petroleum Company.

In 1959, Freeport geologists confirmed the 1936 Dutch discovery of the rich Ertsberg copper and gold deposits, now known as the Grasberg mine, in extremely rugged, remote country in the Jayawijaya Mountains in what was then called the Netherlands New Guinea.

1960s
 In 1960, Fidel Castro implemented a 25% ore tax, effectively nationalizing and seizing Freeport's nickel-mining operations in Cuba.
 In 1961, the company entered the kaolin business after purchasing the assets of Southern Clays Inc. In 1964, the company formed Freeport of Australia to pursue mining opportunities there and in the surrounding Pacific Ocean region.

Development of the Ertsberg deposit

In 1967, the company negotiated a contract with the Indonesian government to develop the Ertsberg deposit. In their feasibility study, Freeport geologists estimated that the orebody totaled 33 million tons averaging 2.5% copper, making it the largest above-ground copper deposit ever discovered. Construction of an open pit mine began in May 1970 and in mid-1973 the mine was declared fully operational. Officials at Bechtel, the primary project contractor, called mine development at Ertsberg "the most difficult engineering project they had ever undertaken." The challenges included building a  long access road (a project that required boring kilometer long tunnels through two mountains) and constructing the world's longest single span aerial tramway. The tramways were needed to move people, supplies and ore because a  cliff separates the Ertsberg mine (at  elevation) from the mill (at 10,000 feet). Moving copper concentrate from that mill to the shipping port required installation of a  slurry pipeline – then the world's longest. Mine construction and startup cost about US$200 million. The Ertsberg project was an engineering marvel, but the mine's early financial performance was disappointing. Depressed copper prices and high operating costs kept profits marginal during the 1970s.

In 1969, McMoRan Exploration Company was founded, which, in 1981, would merge with Freeport Minerals, formerly Freeport Sulphur, to form Freeport-McMoRan.

1970s
In 1971, the company changed its name to Freeport Minerals Company, (not to be confused with Freeport Minerals Corporation, founded in 1834).

1980s
In 1981, Freeport Minerals Company merged with the McMoRan Oil and Gas Company. The McMoRan Oil and Gas Company was founded in 1967 by three partners, William Kennon McWilliams Jr. ("Mc"), James Robert (Jim Bob) Moffett ("Mo"), who were both petroleum geologists, and Mack Rankin ("Ran"), "a specialist in land-leasing and sales operations."

In 1981, the company formed a 70/30 joint venture with an affiliate of FMC Corporation to operate the Jerritt Canyon gold mine near Elko, Nevada. In 1985, the company headquarters moved to New Orleans, Louisiana. The company also sold a 25% interest in oil and gas assets primarily in the western United States to Britoil for $73.5 million.

In 1989, the company sold about $1.5 billion in assets to finance development of the Grasberg mine and the Main Pass offshore sulfur-oil-gas deposit off Louisiana.

1990s
In 1994, the company completed the corporate spin-off of its entire interest in Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold, which owned the Grasberg mine.

In 1995, RTZ, a predecessor of Rio Tinto Group, made a $450 million investment in the company.

In 1997, IMC Global, a large fertilizer producer, acquired Freeport-McMoRan Inc., the former parent company that now owned the sulfur and fertilizer businesses, in a $750 million transaction. Shareholders of Freeport-McMoRan received shares of IMC Global.

The Indonesian government asked Freeport to substantiate Bre-X's claims of having found the largest gold mine ever discovered. In 1997, the company announced that its prospective partner Bre-X did not have gold reserves at its Indonesian mine, as it had reported.  Bre-X subsequently was exposed as a fraud and went bankrupt.

In 1998, low commodity prices forced the company to suspend its dividend.

2000s
In 2003, the company was subpoenaed as part of an investigation by anti-trust authorities in the United States, Canada, and Europe into price fixing in the copper industry.

On March 19, 2007, the company acquired Phelps Dodge (for $25.9 Billion) and became the largest copper producer of any public company in the world. The corporate headquarters was moved from New Orleans, Louisiana to Phoenix, Arizona.

 2010s
In 2012, the company announced agreements to acquire affiliated companies McMoRan Exploration Company and Plains Exploration & Production Company for a total enterprise value of over $20 billion. The transaction added significantly to the company's petroleum assets. The transaction was criticized as a conflict of interest due to the common ownership of the companies. In 2015, the company paid a $137.5 million settlement to resolve claims that executives and directors had conflicts of interest that resulted in the company overpaying in that transaction.

In 2014, the company sold its assets in the Eagle Ford shale to Encana for $3.1 billion. In 2015, the company announced job cuts at its Sierrita Mine in Arizona due to low copper and molybdenum prices.

On December 28, 2015, the company announced that James R. Moffett would resign as chairman of the company and be replaced by Gerald J. Ford. Moffett received $16.1 million in severance pay and cash retirement plans totaling more than $63 million. Moffett continued to consult for the company for annual fees of $1.5 million.

In May 2016, the company sold a 13% interest in its Morenci Mine to Sumitomo Group for $1 billion in cash.

In 2016, Freeport sold its deepwater assets, including the Marlin TLP, and the Holstein and Horn Mountain spars, to Anadarko Petroleum.

In August 2017, the company agreed to give a 51% interest in the Grasberg mine to the Government of Indonesia and build a smelter in exchange for a special permit to operate the mine until 2041.

In 2018, the company ranked at number 176 on the Fortune 500 list. During this year, Indonesian President Joko Widodo also planned to take control of 51% of Freeport Indonesia's equity, effectively handing over control of Freeport Control to Indonesian government. The Indonesian government will need to settle payments of $3.85 billion during the takeover process. The Indonesian government finalized the process on December 21, 2018.

Current operations

Freeport is the world's largest producer of molybdenum, and one of the largest producers of copper. In 2019, 79% of its revenues were from the sale of copper, 11% were from the sale of gold, and 8% were from the sale of molybdenum. In 2019, sales to the company's copper refining joint venture in Gresik Regency accounted for 13% of the total revenues of the company.

Some of the company's mining operations are as follows:

Africa
Freeport Cobalt held a 100% interest in Kisanfu, a copper and cobalt exploration project located near Tenke, Democratic Republic of the Congo. This subsidiary also owns a large cobalt refinery in Kokkola, Finland, along with a related sales and marketing business. FCX has an effective 56% of that enterprise. Negotiations in 2016  to include these cobalt projects in a sale to China Molybdenum of Tenke Fungurume Mine, a cobalt/copper mine in DRC Congo, were not successful. Instead, the Kisanfu mine was sold to China Molybdenum in a separate transaction in 2020.

Europe
In December 2019, Freeport Cobalt (a joint venture between Freeport-McMoRan and Lundin Mining) sold its cobalt refinery in Kokkola, Finland to Umicore. FCX held an effective 56% interest in that enterprise.

North America
 Morenci, Arizona – 72% owned (copper)
 Bagdad, Arizona – 100% owned (copper, molybdenum)
 Sierrita mine, Arizona (includes Twin Buttes & Esperanza) – 100% owned (copper, molybdenum)
 Miami, Arizona – 100% owned (copper)
 Safford mine, Safford, Arizona – 100% owned (copper)
 Chino mine, Santa Rita, New Mexico – 100% owned (copper, molybdenum)
 Tyrone, New Mexico – 100% owned (copper)
 Henderson molybdenum mine, Empire, Colorado – 100% owned (molybdenum)
 Climax mine, Leadville, Colorado – 100% owned (molybdenum)

South America
 El Abra, Chile – 51% owned (copper)
 Cerro Verde, Peru – 54% owned (copper, molybdenum)

Europe
 Atlantic Copper, Huelva, Spain – 100% owned copper refinery

Indonesia
 Grasberg, Central Papua, Indonesia – 49% owned (copper, gold, silver)

Past holdings
 Jerritt Canyon mine, near Elko, Nevada has produced over 8 million ounces of gold since 1981. Originally a joint venture of Freeport McMoRan (FCX) with FMC Corporation, then FMC Gold then Meridian Gold, Freeport's share of Jerritt Canyon was then sold to Independence Mining Co., a subsidiary of Minorco (an Anglo American Corporation subsidiary). Minorco later divested all its gold mining assets to AngloGold. AngloGold and Meridian Gold sold the mine to Queenstake Resources in 2003. In 2007 Queenstake and Yukon Gold Corp merged to become Yukon-Nevada Gold, which in 2012 became Veris Gold. Veris Gold operated under U.S. Bankruptcy Code and the Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act bankruptcy protections of Canada from June 9, 2014. Sprott Mining bought the concern after the Canadian bankruptcy court ordered Veris to sell its assets.
 In May 2016 Freeport announced an agreement to sell its interests in TF Holdings to China Molybdenum Co., Ltd. (CMOC) for $2.65 billion in cash and possibly more if the average copper price rose enough to trigger the increase in the following 24 months. TF Holdings was a Bermuda holding company with indirect ownership of 80% of Tenke Fungurume Mine. Since FCX had owned 70% ownership of TF Holdings, the sale gave China Molybdenum a 56% interest in Tenke Fungurume Mine. The parties discussed including Kokkola refinery and Kisanfu Exploration in the sale, but did not agree on the terms to do so.
 In December 2020, Freeport completed the sale of its interests in the Kisanfu undeveloped project in Democratic Republic of Congo to a wholly owned subsidiary of China Molybdenum Co., Ltd. for US$550 million.

Past board members
Past board members include Henry Kissinger, John Hay Whitney, Robert A. Lovett, Benno C. Schmidt Sr., Gus Long, Arleigh Burke, J. Stapleton Roy, Godfrey Rockefeller and his cousin-in-law, Jean Mauzé.

Controversies

 Safety record
In 2011, Freeport was fined by the U.S. Department of Labor's Mine Safety and Health Administration over the death of a miner. The 67-year-old man had fallen into a hole created by the removal of two steel gratings. It was concluded that Freeport had not done enough to indicate that the hole was there.

Grasberg Mine

The company operates the world's largest and most profitable gold mine, the Grasberg mine in Papua, Indonesia.

In 2003, a landslide killed eight workers. A government study concluded that the incident was the result of negligence. Important warning signs had been detected two days prior. In response to this, management moved some equipment, but did not keep workers out of the area. A month later two workers died from being exposed to sulfur fumes. The government ultimately overturned its conclusion and attributed the incident to natural causes.

In 2005, The New York Times'' reported that the company paid local military and police generals, colonels, majors and captains, and military units, a total of nearly US$20 million between 1998 and 2004. One individual received up to US$150,000. The payments were meant to secure the reserve. The company responded that the payments did not go to individuals, but went into infrastructure, food, housing, fuel, travel, vehicle repairs, and allowances to cover incidental and administrative costs. According to the report, anonymous sources within the company claimed that company chairman James R. Moffet courted Indonesia's dictator Suharto and "his cronies", cutting them in on deals. Another employee is said to have worked on a program to monitor environmentalists' telephone and email conversations, in collaboration with Indonesian military intelligence officers.

The Grasberg mine's tailings "severely impacted" more than  of rainforest, according to a 1996 Dames & Moore environmental audit. The report, endorsed by Freeport, also estimated that during the life of the mine 3.2 billion tons of waste rocklarge components of which generate acidwould be dumped into the local river system. Overburden (waste rock) from the mine had already polluted a nearby lake due to acid mine drainage.

Citing extensive, long-term and irreversible environmental damage in New Guinea, The Government Pension Fund of Norway excluded Freeport-McMoRan from its investment portfolio, following a recommendation from the fund's ethical council.

In 2013, a tunnel collapse killed twenty eight workers. The Freeport geological team claimed that the collapse at the Big Gossan tunnel was caused by erosion of the ceiling, brought about by the continuous infiltration of the limestone wallrocks by corrosive acidic groundwater. Freeport was accused of negligence by the Indonesian National Human Rights Commission.

Human rights record in Indonesia

The company is a signatory participant of the Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights. However, the company has been accused of funding the Indonesian government to secure its reserve through militaristic oppression of the native West Papuan people. Freeport has had a troubled relationship with the Amungme and Kamoro peoples since it arrived in Indonesia in 1967. Freeport allegedly damaged 30.000 hectares of the rainforest and two major rivers, on which they depend for their food, water, livelihoods, and traditions. Pressured by cultural and economic deterioration, there were numerous quarrels, between the tribes, Freeport, and the Indonesian military. Some unarmed natives were killed or tortured by the military, or became part of the Free Papua Movement insurgence.

Environmental record
Based on 2014 data, the Political Economy Research Institute ranked Freeport-McMoRan 13th among corporations emitting airborne pollutants in the U.S. The ranking is based on emission quantities and toxicity.

On October 15, 2009 the City of Blackwell filed suit against Freeport-McMoRan over the contamination caused by its Blackwell Zinc Smelter. The city considered the contamination a nuisance, and alleged that 58 million pounds of toxic waste remained in the city, causing illness within its 7,200 residents. The City of Blackwell and Freeport settled for $54M in February 2010. In 2012, Freeport agreed to a $119M settlement with the residents.

On April 2012, the U.S. Department of Justice announced that Freeport McMoran would pay $6.8M to settle federal and state charges pertaining to the toxic outflow from its Morenci mine in Arizona. According to the complaint waters, soils, habitats, and birds were either injured or lost as a result of the dangerous substances.

Carbon footprint
Freeport-McMoRan Inc reported Total CO2e emissions (Direct + Indirect) for the twelve months ending 31 December 2020 at 7,116 Kt (-653 /-8.4% y-o-y). Emissions have been on a declining trend since 2015.

References

External links

 Earth Observatory Satellite Picture of Grasberg Mine"

Mining companies of the United States
Copper mining companies of the United States
Gold mining companies of the United States
Oil companies of the United States
Companies based in Phoenix, Arizona
American companies established in 1912
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1912
1912 establishments in Texas
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange

Freeport-McMoRan


O antigo Hotel Higino localiza-se no bairro do Alto, na cidade de Teresópolis, na região serrana de Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Depois de desativado de suas funções de Hotel e casino, funciona hoje como um condomínio privado, cujos anexos (teatro e salões sociais) servem como sede de convenções e eventos sociais

Historia
No local do hotel funcionou o antigo Hotel dos Órgãos, inaugurado ainda no final do século XIX, depois rebatizado de Rizzi Palace Hotel, inaugurado no ano de 1924 e posteriormente comprado por Higino Tomas da Silveira, sendo rebatizado de Hotel Higino, tendo passado à inúmeros proprietários depois de sua morte. Entretanto este hotel foi destruído por um incêndio em 1930. Foi quando surgiu então o projeto de construi-lo em sua forma atual, o Hotel Casino Higino, luxuoso e grandioso nos moldes do Copacabana Palace e do Palácio Quitandinha em Petrópolis, e todo feito em estilo enxaimel, um estilo arquitetônico que se harmoniza com o clima ameno da cidade. O Hotel contava com suítes de alto padrão, inclusive algumas de categoria presidencial, além de teatro, boite, piscina, salões de festa, complexo esportivo, sauna, bares e jardins.

O projeto se adequava à um conceito de diversão muito em moda entre as classes altas da era Varguista, com um ambiente seleto voltado para o luxo, a sociabilidade e o lazer. O Hotel era considerado caro e elegante, e exigia normas de conduta tal como a obrigatoriedade de toalete dos hospedes antes do jantar. No hotel funcionava um cinema para os hospedes, além de abrigar saraus literários e atividades culturais. Seu baile de carnaval  era celebre e atraia figuras da sociedade do Rio de Janeiro nos anos 60 e 70. O Hotel foi desativado na década de 70, tendo sido convertido em condomínio privado, o Edifício Teresópolis. Suas dependências comuns continuam servindo à eventos culturais e encontros sociais.

Tombamento
O prédio é atualmente tombado como Patrimônio Municipal por lei municipal desde 2014, em virtude de seu interesse histórico e cultural e das características urbanísticas e simbólicas do imóvel, que contribuem para a identidade do Bairro do Alto e da Cidade de Teresópolis, funcionando como elemento estruturador .

Referências

Hotéis do Rio de Janeiro

Hotel Higino


Hasse is both a surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include:

Surname:
 Clara H. Hasse (1880–1926), American botanist
 Helmut Hasse (1898–1979), German mathematician
 Henry Hasse (1913–1977), US writer of science fiction
 Johann Adolph Hasse (1699–1783), German composer
 Maria Hasse (1921–2014), German mathematician
 Peter Hasse (c. 1585–1640), German organist and composer

Given name or nickname:
 Hans Alfredson (born 1931), Swedish actor, film director, writer and comedian
 Hans Backe (born 1952), Swedish football manager
 Hasse Borg (born 1953), Swedish footballer
 Hasse Börjes (born 1948), Swedish speed skater
 Hasse Ekman (1915-2004), Swedish film director and actor
 Hans Wind (1919–1995), Finnish flying ace

See also
 Hasse bound, on the number of points on an elliptic curve
 Hasse diagram, a diagram used in set theory

Hasse


Cole Albert Porter () a fost un cunoscut compozitor american. După un început modest, a început să aibă succes în anii 1920, iar în anii 1930 era unul dintre cei mai importanți compozitori pentru scena muzicală de pe Broadway.

Note

Legături externe

 Cole Porter, discografie de la Discogs

 Cole Porter Birthplace & Museum
 Cole Porter Festival
 The Cole Porter Collection at Irving S. Gilmore Music Library, Yale University

Nașteri în 1891
Nașteri pe 9 iunie
Decese în 1964
Decese pe 15 octombrie
Compozitori americani
Compozitori LGBT
Absolvenți ai Universității Yale
Muzicieni din statul Indiana
Decese cauzate de insuficiență renală

Cole Porter


Fatih Kara (* 12. September 1987 in Bakırköy) ist ein türkischer Fußballspieler.

Karriere
Fatih Kara begann mit dem Vereinsfußball in der Jugend von Beşiktaş Istanbul. Nachdem er hier zwei Spielzeiten aktiv gewesen war, spielte er der Reihe nach für die Jugendmannschaften von Kasımpaşa Istanbul und Karadeniz SK. Im Februar 2007 erhielt er beim damaligen Drittligisten İnegölspor einen Profivertrag und machte bis zum Saisonende drei Spiele. Am Saisonende trennte er sich von diesem Verein und wechselte in die TFF 3. Lig zu Beylerbeyi SK. Nachdem er hier eine Spielzeit aktiv gewesen war, spielte er die nächsten Spielzeiten bei Eyüpspor und Balıkesirspor.

Zur Saison 2011/12 wechselte zum Zweitligisten Akhisar Belediyespor. Hier erreichte man völlig überraschend die Meisterschaft der TFF 1. Lig und damit den direkten Aufstieg in die Süper Lig. Zum Saisonende löste er nach gegenseitigem Einvernehmen seinen laufenden Vertrag auf und trennte sich von Akhisar Belediyespor.

Zur neuen Saison wechselte er zum Drittligisten Tarsus İdman Yurdu. Nach dieser Saison wechselte er zum TFF 1. Lig-Aufsteiger Fethiyespor. Im Sommer 2013 verließ diesen Verein und ging zum Drittligisten Polatlı Bugsaşspor.

Erfolge
 Mit Akhisar Belediyespor:
 2011/12 Meisterschaft der TFF 1. Lig
 2011/12 Aufstieg in die Süper Lig

Weblinks

Fußballspieler (Balıkesirspor)
Fußballspieler (Beylerbeyi SK)
Fußballspieler (Bugsaşspor)
Fußballspieler (Eyüpspor)
Fußballspieler (Fethiyespor)
Fußballspieler (İnegölspor)
Fußballspieler (Tarsus İdman Yurdu)
Sportler (Istanbul)
Türke
Geboren 1987
Mann
Fußballspieler (Akhisarspor)

Fatih Kara


San Ansurio (también llamado Adurio, Asurio, Assur o Isaurio) (m. 26 de enero de 925) fue un religioso gallego, fue obispo de Orense durante catorce años desde 909 hasta 922 durante los reinados de Alfonso III de Asturias y Ordoño II de León.  En 922, renunció al cargo y se hizo monje en el monasterio de San Esteban de Ribas de Sil, fundado poco antes del que se favoreció. Murió con fama de santidad.

Enterrado en el claustro del monasterio, en el  fueron trasladados al retablo mayor de la iglesia del monasterio. Su culto consta desde el .

Notas

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos
St. Ansurius
St. Ansurius

Obispos de Orense
Santos de la provincia de Orense
Santos católicos de España del siglo X
Obispos de España del siglo X
Obispos santos de España

Ansurio


Michael Ramsey ist der Name folgender Personen:

 Michael Ramsey (1904–1988), britischer Geistlicher, Erzbischof von Canterbury, siehe Arthur Michael Ramsey
 Michael Allen Ramsey (* 1960), amerikanischer Eishockeyspieler und -trainer, siehe Mike Ramsey

Michael Ramsey


Gaula er en elv i kommunerne Gaular og Førde i Vestland fylke i Norge. Den 74 kilometer lange Gaula er hovedelven i Gaular-systemet, et af de største vandområder i Vestlandet, med afvandingsområde på 626 km².

Gaularvassdraget har udspring i Haukedalen og Eldalsdalen. Bræer i den sydvestlige del af Jostedalsbreen nationalpark leder mod Haukedalen, disse er Grovabræen, Troget og Jostefonni. Elven i Eldalsdalen kommer fra sne og mindre bræer på Gaularfjellet. De to dalstrøg mødes i Viksdalsvatnet. Elven løber videre igennem hele Gaular, udløbet er ved Osen gård i Bygstad, hvor den løber ud i Dalsfjorden.

Vandfald
Gaularvassdraget er kendt for sine 28 vandfald (fosser) og bliver ofte kaldt "Fosselandet". Nogle af de mest kendte vandfald er:
 Kviteforklefossen, Gaularfjellet
 Likholefossen
 Lyngstadfossen, Eldalsdalen
 Brekkefossen ved Oppedal
 Bellsfossen, Eldalsdalen
 Vallestadfossen
 Vallestadfossen, Råheimsdalen
 Fossfossen, Sande
 Rekvikfossen
 Osfossen, Osen (udløbet til Dalsfjorden)

Søer
Der er flere store søer i vassdraget. Nogle af disse er:
 Nystølsvatnet, Gaularfjellet
 Holmevatnet, Gaularfjellet
 Fylingsvatnet, Eldalsdalen
 Haukedalsvatnet, Haukedalen
 Lauvavatnet, Råheimsdalen
 Viksdalsvatnet, Viksdalen
 Hestadfjorden, Hestadgrend

Fiskeri og friluftsliv
Der er bygget en sti, Fossestien, langs dele af elven for at gøre adgangen til elven og fosserne enklere.

Dele af Gaumar er med i Sunnfjord aurefiskefest, en årlig fiskekonkurrance i kommunerne Gaular, Førde og Jølster.

De nedre dele af Gaula er en god lakseelv med en lakseførende strækning på 14,5 km og rækker til Fossfossen lidt øst for Sande. For at få laksen op i elven er der flere laksetrapper, landets ældste trappe ligger ved Osfossen, ved udløbet til Dalsfjorden. Den blev bygget i 1870'erne.

Vandkraft
Kraften i elven og fosserne er en vigtig ressource for bygderne omkring. I tidlige tider blev kraften benyttet til slibestene, kværne, møller og savværker. Efterhånden blev der også anlagt kraftværker i mange af fosserne, bl.a. Bellsfossen, Lyngstadfossen og Fossevikfossen.

I 1920'erne var der planer om at bruge elven til kraftproduktion for aluminiumsværket i Høyanger, men disse planer blev ikke gennemført. Kraftstationen skulle da ligge ved Vallestadfossen, Haukedalsvatnet skulle fungere som vsndmagasib, og vandstanden skulle øges med 20 meter.

Vandkraften bliver også i dag udnyttet, dog i mindre grad end tidligere. Der findes nogle små kraftværker, bl.a. i Vallestadfossen, og ved Fossevikfossen er der et savværk, som udnytter vandkraften.

Beskyttelse
Gaular er beskyttet i henhold til Verneplan IV for vassdrag. Det var en lang kamp mellem modstridende parter, som endte med fredning i 1993.

Baggrunden for frwdningen var planer fra Sogn og Fjordane Energi om at udbygge med vandkraftværker. De omfattende planer fra 1960'erne gik ud på at udnytte hele vandsystemet fra højfjeldet under Jostedalsbreen til udløbet i Dalsfjorden.

En stor del af modstanderne samlede sig i Informasjonskomiteen for Gaularvassdraget i 1971. Komiteen arbejdede på flere plan, de opsatte plakater med Vern om Gaula langs elven, drev lobbyvirksomhed og opstillede kandidater på en egen liste ved kommunevalget.

Kampen om beskyttelse eller udbygning prægede bygderne i 20 år, og sagen skabte fjendskab mellem naboer. Sagen blev central, da arbejdet med Samlet plan for vassdragsvern i Norge blev påbegynt i 1970'erne. To norskemiljøministre var på besigtigelse under sagsgangen. I 1980'erne var Wenche Frogn Sellæg i kommunen, og tidlig i 1990'erne var Sissel Rønbeck på besøg.

Kampen er dokumenteret i bogen Kampen om Gaula af Terje Ulvedal.

Langs elven

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Gaularvassdraget – informasjonsside om vassdraget
 Sunnfjord.no  Informasjon om aurefiskefest
 Sunnfjord.no  Informasjon om fossestien

Vandløb i Vestland
Gaular
Førde

Gaula (Sogn og Fjordane)


සිංගප්පූරු ඩොලරය හෝ  ඩොලරය  (සලකුණ: $; කේතය: SGD) යනු,  සිංගප්පූරුවේ නිල ව්‍යවහාර මුදල වෙයි. එය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් කෙටි කොට දක්වන්නේ ඩොලර සලකුණ $ භාවිතයෙන් වුවද, විකල්ප වශයෙන් S$ භාවිතා කරනුයේ,  ඩොලරය-භාවිතයෙන් නම් කෙරෙන අනෙකුත් ව්‍යවහාර මුදල් වෙතින් වෙන් කොට හැඳින්වීමටය. එය  ශත සියයකට බෙදා වෙන් කොට ඇත.

ඔවුන්ගේ ව්‍යවහාර මුදල් වන, සිංගප්පූරු ඩොලරය සහ  බෲනයි ඩොලරය, අතර හුවමාරුත්වය, සිංගප්පූරු මූල්‍ය අධිකාරිය සහ බෲනයි මුදල් හා මූල්‍ය සභාව විසින්, තවමත් පවත්වාගෙන යයි. මුදල් හුවමාරුත්ව සම්මුතිය අනුව, බෲනයි රට තුල, ඩොලරය, "ව්‍යවහාර මිල ගණනක්" ලෙස පිළිගනු ලැබේ. මෙලෙසින්ම, බෲනයි ඩොලරයද,  සිංගප්පූරුව තුල ව්‍යවහාර මිල ගණනක් ලෙස පිළිගැනෙයි.

ඉතිහාසය
1845 සහ 1939 අතර, සිංගප්පූරුව භාවිතා කළේ  ස්ට්‍රේට්ස් ඩොලරයයි.  මෙය වෙනුවට  මලයානු ඩොලරය ආදේශවූ අතර,, 1953 වසරෙහි සිට,  මලයා සහ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බෝර්නියෝහී ව්‍යවහාර මුදල් කොමසාරිස්වරුන්ගේ මණ්ඩලය විසින් නිකුත් කෙරුණු මලයා සහ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බෝර්නියෝ ඩොලරය ආදේශ විය.

1963දී  මලයාසියාව හා එක් වීමෙන් පසුව සිංගප්පූරුව විසින් පොදු ව්‍යවහාර මුදල භාවිතා කරන ලද අතර, 1965දී සිංගප්පූරුව නෙරපාහැරීමෙන් හා මලයාසියාව වෙතින් නිදහස ලැබීමෙන් පසු වසර දෙකක් ගත වෙත්ම, මලයාසියාව, සිංගප්පූරුව හා බෲනයි අතරවූ මූල්‍ය සංගමය බිඳවැටුණි.

1967, අප්‍රේල් 7 දිනදී,  සිංගප්පූරුව විසින් ව්‍යවහාර මුදල් කොමසාරිස් මණ්ඩලය පිහිටවූ අතර  එය විසින් පළමු නෝට්ටු සහ කාසි නිකුත් කෙරිණි.  කෙසේවෙතත්, 1973 වන තුරු, මලයාසියානු රිංගිට්, සිංගප්පූරු ඩොලර සමග හුවමාරු කර ගත හැකිව තුබූ අතර, බෲනයි ඩොලරය හා සමග හුවමාරුත්වය, තවමත් පවත්වා ගෙන යනු ලබයි.

ආශ්‍රිත

සිංගප්පූරු ඩොලරය


Gebr. Märklin & Cie. GmbH or Märklin (stylized as ma̋rklín) (MÄRKLIN or MAERKLIN in capital letters) is a German toy company.  The company was founded in 1859 and is based at Göppingen in Baden-Württemberg. Although it originally specialised in doll house accessories, today it is best known for model railways and technical toys. In some parts of Germany and in Sweden, the company's name is almost synonymous with model railways.

History

Märklin was founded by Theodor Friedrich Wilhelm Märklin in 1859.

Märklin released its first wind-up train with carriages that ran on standardised track in 1891, noting that railway toys had the potential to follow the common practice of doll's houses, in which the initial purchase would be enhanced and expanded with more accessories for years after the initial purchase. To this end, Märklin offered additional rolling stock and track with which to expand its boxed sets.

Märklin is responsible for the creation of several popular model railway gauges or scale,  noteworthy exceptions being N scale and Wide gauge. In 1891, Märklin defined gauges 1-5 as standards for toy trains and presented them at the Leipzig Toy Fair. They soon became international standards. Märklin followed with 0 gauge (by some accounts as early as 1895 or as late as 1901), H0 scale in 1935, and the diminutive Z scale, 1:220, in 1972  — smallest in the world for decades  — under the name Mini-Club (the scale of Z was assigned after the product line was introduced). Mini-Club was developed as Märklin's answer to Arnold Rapido's introduction of N gauge.

Today, Märklin manufactures and markets trains and accessories in Gauge 1, H0 scale, and Z scale. In 1994 Märklin acquired the Nuremberg based model train manufacturer Trix producing DC-operated H0 and N scale. Märklin's older trains are considered highly collectible, and Märklin's current offerings enjoy premium status among hobbyists.

Although Märklin is best known for its trains, from 1914 to 1999, the company produced mechanical construction sets similar to Meccano and Erector. Between 1967 and 1982, the company produced a slotcar system called Märklin Sprint. Märklin also produced numerous other toys over the years, including lithographed tinplate toy automobiles and boats. From 1909 until well into the 1950s they sold a range of alcohol-burning model steam engines. These were very educational toys, and could be linked to dynamos to provide lighting. In the late 1990s and Märklin purchased the assets of Trix in January 1997, thus adding N gauge to their scale lineup.

On 11 May 2006, the company, which had until then been owned by the three families Märklin, Friz and Safft, was sold to the British investment group Kingsbridge Capital, with the support of the employees. The purchase price was approximately $38 million. At the time, Märklin had approximately $70.5 million in debt, as a result of several years of slumping sales.

In 2007, the company expanded its product offering by buying the remaining assets of the bankrupt firm, Ernst Paul Lehmann Patentwerk, who owned the LGB brand and product line of G scale model railways.

On 4 February 2009 Märklin filed for insolvency at the Göppingen municipal court. A year and a day later, on 5 February 2010, Märklin announced a return to profitability.

In 2013 Märklin was acquired by the Simba Dickie Group.

On July 22, 2013 the managing director Stefan Löbich left Märklin.

During the 2020-2021 COVID pandemic, Märklin saw an upswing in sales, leading to shortages of parts such as rails, and even found they had to hire new employees and apprentices to meet the demand.

The Märklin System

The  Märklin system is the technique of using a third rail concealed in the roadbed with only small studs protruding through the ties of the track. The two outer rails are connected electrically. This provides the simplified wiring enjoyed by larger gauges—such as for reverse loops—without seriously detracting from the realism of the track because only two of the rails are visible. Because the two outer rails are not electrically isolated from each other, however, some do not consider Märklin's system to be a true three-rail system.  However, older sections of 'M-Track' do have an actual conductor rail rather than studs.  This older system is compatible with newer trains, although the reduced clearance for the pick-up shoe can sometimes cause running difficulties.

The Märklin system has some incompatibility with other manufacturers' H0 trains. Because the wheels on Märklin's cars are not insulated, it causes shorts if its cars are used on other manufacturers' H0 track without changing the wheels. The profile of the wheels are also different (see also NEM 340). Additionally, for many years Märklin was the only brand that used AC for its H0 scale trains, although in the 60s Fleischmann, HAG, Röwa, Roco and others started producing trains for the Märklin system. Some people convert Märklin locomotives to DC for use on DC layouts, and by buying HAMO, Märklin had begun offering a line of DC locomotives as well, first under the name of HAMO and, after buying Trix, under that name.

Märklin Digital

Märklin was among the early model railway companies to introduce a digital train-control system. The Märklin Digital system for Märklin's 3-rail AC train layouts was introduced in 1984 using Motorola  microchips. A few years later the system developed jointly by Märklin, Lenz GmbH and Arnold GmbH was introduced for 2-rail DC locomotives. The system was used by Arnold in their N scale locomotives. While the first digital Z locomotives were announced in the late 1990s, the plans were cancelled rapidly due to heat dissipation problems in small locomotives. This digital control system was later developed into DCC (Digital Command Control). Märklin's digital system for 3 rail track is not directly compatible with DCC (Digital Command Control) although the systems are electrically compatible and many controllers can work both systems. Today Märklin offers DCC compatible locomotives for its 2-rail DC Trix brand.

Products and collectibles

Over the years, the Märklin marque became valuable to model train collectors, some of the very early models fetching impressive prices at auction.
The range of products is extensive, and collectors also pay attention to the packaging that was used for the products. Collectors also look for rare and hard to find models, such as the SBB Crocodile model, the AMTRAK ICE model, the Western Pacific 'California Zephyr' model, and the famous Union Pacific Big Boy model, among many others.

The Märklin toy company systematically included a print run  number on almost all printed material, including the boxes in which their products shipped. These print run numbers indicate the printer and also the month and year of printing. This is useful for dating an item that is known to be associated with some printed material. The second group of digits indicates the catalogue number. The last set of numeric digits in the print run number indicates the month and year that the item was printed. The last group of letters identifies the printer.

Koll's Preiskatalog issued by Joachim Koll in German lists all 00/H0 models and provides price estimates.
Märklin's products are mainly German (DB) model trains. However, Märklin also produces Swiss (SBB), Dutch (NS), American (various independent railways from the Golden Age of American trains), and various other model trains from around the world.

In January 2005, the Märklin museum in Göppingen, Germany, was burgled and more than 100 pieces, with an estimated value of more than 1 million Euros, were stolen. The items, which included one-of-a-kind prototypes along with pieces that dated back to 1891, were recovered in March 2005.

The third game in the Ticket to Ride board game series, released in 2006, was named Märklin in their honour.

In 2010 Märklin announced the release of its sixth model of the Russian Railways, the Russian Velaro SAPSAN high speed train. The model is based upon the DB ICE 3MF model which began to be sold in 2008. The first SŽD railways Russian HO models was a Transsiberian 100 ЛеТ Транссибирской (100 Let Transsibirskoy) tanker wagon, a rare limited edition from 1991, two locomotives, steam locomotive Series TЭ-5293 (Märklin ref. 34159), a second version of the same Cold War military reserve steam locomotive TЭ-3915 (Märklin ref. 37159) and two SŽD car goods wagon sets (Märklin ref. 47897 and ref. 47899).

Nominal size H0

The largest segment of product range and sales is nominal size H0, with a scale of 1:87 and an H0 track. Märklin introduced it in 1935, about half a year later than Trix, and today it is the most common size worldwide. The company is market leader in H0 in German-speaking countries (Germany, Austria and Switzerland), having a market-share of approximately 50 per cent. So, in the area of H0 tracks, there are two categories of similar size - the track system with two conductors, produced by multiple companies on the one side, the middle-conductor track system dominated by Märklin on the other. Also, in this area Märklin is the only company to offer a complete assortment of goods - the range in this track size consists of a huge variety of rolling stock, tracks, analog as well as digital control systems, trolley systems and other accessory parts.

Gallery

References

External links

 International Märklin community and forum
 Märklin Metallbaukasten brief history
 Märklin collections and resources at Brighton Toy and Model Museum
 Compilation of Märklin-related sites

Digital model train control
Construction toys
Toy train manufacturers
Toy steam engine manufacturers
Companies based in Baden-Württemberg
German companies established in 1859
Model manufacturers of Germany
German brands
Articles containing video clips
Simba Dickie Group
19th-century establishments in Württemberg
Model railroad manufacturers
Toy companies established in the 19th century
Manufacturing companies established in 1859

Märklin


Doris Rankin (née le  à New York, morte le  à Washington) est une actrice de théâtre et de cinéma.

Biographie

Elle fait ses débuts au théâtre à l'âge de cinq ans dans la compagnie de son père. Elle est la demi-sœur de Phyllis Rankin Davenport et de Gladys Rankin Drew.

Elle épouse en 1904 l'acteur Lionel Barrymore dont elle divorce en décembre 1922 après avoir eu une fille Mary en 1905 puis une autre fille Ethel en 1909, toutes deux mortes en bas âge. Elle se remarie avec l'auteur britannique Roger Malcolm Mortimer.

Elle meurt le  à Washington où elle est incinérée.

Filmographie
 1920 : The Copperhead
 1920 : The Devil's Garden
 1921 : The Great Adventure
 1921 : Jim the Penman
 1925 : Lena Rivers
 1929 : Love at First Sight
 1930 : Her Unborn Child
 1931 : L'Ange de la nuit ()
 1936 : Come Closer, Folks
 1937 : The Great Gambini
 1937 : Hoosier Schoolboy
 1937 : Fit for a King
 1937 : Boy of the Streets
 1938 : Saleslady
 1938 : You Can't Take It with You
 1939 : Society Smugglers
 1939 : Zenobia

Voir aussi

Notes et références

Liens externes

 https://fr.findagrave.com/memorial/119371367/doris-marie-rankin

Naissance en août 1887
Naissance à New York
Actrice américaine
Décès en mars 1947
Décès à Washington (district de Columbia)
Décès à 59 ans

Doris Rankin


Die 81. French Open 1982 waren ein Tennis-Sandplatzturnier der Klasse Grand Slam, das von der ITF veranstaltet wurde. Es fand vom 24. Mai bis 6. Juni 1982 in Roland Garros, Paris, Frankreich statt.

Titelverteidiger im Einzel waren Björn Borg bei den Herren sowie Hana Mandlíková bei den Damen. Im Herrendoppel waren Heinz Günthardt und Balázs Taróczy, im Damendoppel Rosalyn Fairbank und Tanya Harford und im Mixed Andrea Jaeger und Jimmy Arias die Titelverteidiger.

Herreneinzel

 Setzliste

Dameneinzel

 Setzliste

Herrendoppel

 Setzliste

Damendoppel

 Setzliste

Mixed

 Setzliste

Weblinks
 Offizielle Webpräsenz

French Open 1982


Dans la lutte sumo, une écurie, , est une organisation de lutteurs de sumo au sein de laquelle ceux-ci vivent et s'entraînent sous la direction d'un maître, propriétaire & entraîneur en chef, appelé oyakata et affilié à l'Association japonaise de sumo. Tous les lutteurs de sumo professionnels doivent appartenir à une écurie. Il existe actuellement 43 écuries , chacune appartenant à l'un des cinq ichimon (groupements). Leur taille varie, la plus grande ayant plus de trente lutteurs et la plus petite seulement deux. La plupart sont situées dans et autour du quartier Ryōgoku de Tokyo, le cœur traditionnel du sumo, bien que le prix élevé des terrains ait conduit à la construction de nouvelles écuries dans d'autres parties de Tokyo et de sa banlieue.

Une écurie sumo peut également être appelée « sumo-beya ». Lorsqu'il arrive en deuxième position dans un mot composé, heya se prononce beya en raison d'une tendance phonologique japonaise appelée rendaku, par exemple l'écurie Kokonoe est appelée « Kokonoe-beya ».

Gestion et vie des lutteurs
La plupart des écuries ont un réseau de recruteurs, qui peuvent être eux-mêmes d'anciens lutteurs, des amis de l'entraîneur en chef ou des supporters. Ils surveillent tout jeune homme puissant ou athlétique et suivent les résultats des compétitions de sumo et de judo locales. La plupart des nouvelles recrues rejoignent leur écurie à l'âge de 15 ou 16 ans, directement après le collège.

La vie en communauté dans l'écurie est structurée selon des règles strictes associées en partie au niveau des lutteurs. Ceux qui appartiennent aux divisions inférieures réalisent des corvées pour la communauté, par exemple la préparation du chankonabe pour le déjeuner pendant que les sekitori effectuent leur entraînement. Les vêtements et sandales portés par les lutteurs sont également différents selon la division à laquelle ils appartiennent. Les infractions aux règles sont passibles de sanction à l'encontre du lutteur concerné et de son maître.

.

On s'attend à ce qu'un lutteur reste attaché à la même écurie tout au long de sa carrière. Il n'y a pas de système de transfert dans le sumo. Les seules exceptions sont si l'entraîneur qui l'a repéré initialement part pour fonder une nouvelle écurie, auquel cas il peut être autorisé à suivre ce dernier, ou si une écurie ferme en raison de la retraite ou du décès du maître d'écurie, d'une mauvaise gestion ou de raisons financières, auquel cas les lutteurs restants sont souvent autorisés à rejoindre une autre écurie, généralement au sein du même ichimon.

Règle spéciale
Une règle stipule que les lutteurs de la même écurie ne s'affrontent jamais dans un tournoi principal, sauf lors des éliminatoires d'un yūshō ou d'un championnat de division. Cela a notamment fonctionné à l'avantage des frères Takanohana et Wakanohana, car bien qu'ils aient tous deux atteint le rang de yokozuna, ils n'ont jamais eu à se battre (à l'exception d'un combat éliminatoire en 1995) car ils appartenaient tous les deux à l'écurie Futagoyama.

Fondation et transmission
Une écurie ne peut être créée que par un oyakata, ancien lutteur disposant d'une licence d'entraîneur qu'il a rachetée ou dont il a hérité. Une écurie porte toujours le nom de son fondateur. Un propriétaire est obligé de prendre sa retraite et de transmettre la propriété d'une écurie à 65 ans. Lorsqu'un nouveau maître qui n'a pas hérité du nom de son prédécesseur prend en charge une écurie, le nom de celle-ci est généralement remplacé par le nom du nouveau propriétaire. D'autres oyakata peuvent être attachés à l'écurie.

En septembre 2006, l'Association japonaise de sumo a resserré les règles d'ouverture de nouvelles écuries. Désormais, seuls les oyakata qui ont passé au moins 25 tournois classés en san'yaku ou 60 tournois dans la meilleure division makuuchi peuvent ouvrir une écurie. Les critères pour hériter d'une écurie existante sont beaucoup moins stricts - l'ancien Kanechika, par exemple, a pu reprendre l'écurie Miyagino bien qu'il n'ait jamais combattu dans la première division, car seuls 12 tournois makuuchi ou 20 jūryō sont nécessaires.

Tout comme les lutteurs, tous les tokoyama (coiffeurs), gyōji (arbitres) et yobidashi (assistants) sont rattachés à une écurie spécifique où ils commencent et terminent normalement leur carrière.

Visite
La plupart des écuries autorisent les visiteurs à assister gratuitement à l'entraînement matinal ( keiko ), bien que les règles varient d'une écurie à l'autre selon la taille du groupe et si un préavis ou un locuteur japonais sont requis.

Références

Sport au Japon
Lexique des arts martiaux japonais
Sumo

Écurie (sumo)


Ahlak ya da sağtöre, kelimenin en dar anlamıyla, neyin doğru veya yanlış sayıldığı (sayılması gerektiği) ile ilgilenir. Terim genellikle kültürel, dinî, dünyevi ve felsefi topluluklar tarafından, insanların (öznel olarak) çeşitli davranışlarının yanlış veya doğru oluşunu belirleyen bir yargı ve ilkeler sistemi kavramı  ve/veya inancı için kullanılır.

Kavram ve tanımlar
Ahlak, Arapça "hulk"(huy) kelimesinin çoğulu olup huylar, seciyeler anlamına gelir. İngilizcede moral, morality bu anlamda kullanılır ve Ahlak felsefesine ethics, etik denir.

Yanlış ve doğrular hakkındaki bu tip kavram ve inançlar çoğunlukla bir kültür veya grup tarafında genelleştirilir ve kanunlaştırılır, buna göre de (kültür veya grubun) üyelerinin davranışları düzenlenmeye çalışılır. Bu tür bir kanunlaşmanın uygunluğu da Ahlak olarak anılabilir, ve grup varlığının devamının bu ilke ve kanunların uygunluğu, uygulanması üzere olduğunu belirtebilir. Bu durumlarda, uygulamayı kabullenen bireyler Ahlaklı olarak tanımlanırken, uygulamayı reddeden veya davranışlarında barındıramayan bireyler toplumsal anlamda dejenere olarak tanımlanabilir.

Bu nedenlerle Ahlak, iyi bir yaşamın temelini teşkil eden inançlar bütünü olarak da görülebilir. İnsanlık tarihinin büyük bir kısmında, dinler ideal bir yaşama dair görüş ve düzenlemeler getirmiştir, bu nedenle Ahlak, çoğunlukla dini emir ve prensipler ile karıştırılmıştır. Seküler ortam ve durumlarda, Ahlak hayat tarzı seçimi gibi şeylerle ilgili olarak sunulabilir. Zira bu daha çok, bireysel anlamda iyi bir hayat fikrini temsil eder ki bireyler genellikle bulundukları toplumda benzer zihin yapısı ve görüşlere sahip olan insanların inanç ve değer sistemlerine uygun bir yol seçmektedirler.

Ahlakı sistematik biçimde inceleyen dal, felsefenin bir dalı olan etiktir. Etik, çeşitli soru ve sorunları sorar ve bunları inceler; birisinin belirli (spesifik) bir durumda nasıl davranması ("uygulamalı etik"), birisinin Ahlaki bir durum veya görüşü nasıl kanıtlayacağı ("normatif etik") ve birisinin etik veya Ahlakın kökten yapısını nasıl anlayacağı ("meta-etik") gibi.

Örneğin, bugün ABD'de kürtajın Ahlaki açıdan izin verilebilir, bunun uygun bir eylem olup olmadığı uygulamalı etikte tartışılan güncel sorulardandır. Normatif etikteki yaygın bir soru da, kişinin birisini korumak amacıyla yalan söylemesinin Ahlaki olarak savunulup savunulamayacağıdır. Meta-etik ise, "iyi"nin varlığını nasıl doğruladığımızı yoksa her şeyin göreceli olduğunu ve Ahlakın sadece birisinin tercihlerinin ifadesi olup olmadığı sorularını sorar ve inceler.

Tabii ki her toplumda nasıl davranmamız gerektiği ile gerçekte nasıl davrandığımız arasında bir ayrışma vardır; yani hipotetik bilgelik ile gerçek Ahlak arasında bir fark mevcuttur.

Sosyal hayat Ahlakı büyüme denen zorlu süreçte belirliyorsa bu Ahlak  Ahlaki midir sorusunun cevabını her bireyin kendini oluşturmasında aramak gerekecektir. İnsan bireysel varlığını toplum içinde ve toplumun kabul gören anlayışları doğrultusunda şekillendirerek kendini "görünür" kılıyorsa doğal ve gerçek olmayan bir değerler sistemini temsil etmekten uzak duramayacaktır. Ahlak her şeyden önce kuantum fiziğinde olduğu gibi bir diğerine göre konumlanan ve bizzat mevcut olan durumu dolayısıyla mistitizmin dışında evrensel, ilahi ve haktanır bir Ahlaktan söz etmek pek mümkün olamayacaktır. Herkes aynı hayatın içinde bir ayna örneğindeki gibi bütünün bir parçasını oluşturuyorsa hangi tavır Ahlak dışı addedilecektir. Mevlana'nın dediği "Ben ikiliği bir yana koydum, iki alemin bir olduğunu gördüm." sözü Ben'in hayatı oluşturan kaosta, herkesin dahil olduğu o toplumsal Ben'de benim ayak izim yok demekten öte nedir...

Ahlakın kaynağı konusunda süregelen tartışmalar vardır; gerçekten topumdan bağımsız bir Ahlak mümkün müdür sorusuna Freud olumsuz yaklaşmaktadır. Freud, Ahlak ı, toplumun emirlerinin superego tarafından içselleştirilmesi sonucu ortaya çıktığını iddia eder. Bu anlamda Freud, Ahlakı toplumdan, bireyden bağımsız bir varoluşa sahip bir eylem olarak gören Platon gibi filozofların karşısında yer alır. Dolayısıyla, Platon' un aksine Ahlakın zihinden, toplum kurallarından bağımsız bir varoluşa sahip olduğu fikrini reddetmesi de düşüncesinin doğal bir sonucu sayılabilir.

Ahlak kuralları
İyiye ve doğruya yönelmiş eylemi talep eden kurallardır. Bazı davranışlara üstün değerler yüklenerek yapılması teşvik edilir. Ahlak kuralları bireylerin davranışlarını düzenlemeyi amaçlayan, bunu yaparken de iyi ya da kötü, doğru ya da yanlış davranışın ne olduğu sorusuna cevaplar veren kuralların tümüdür. Kaynağı kişinin kendisidir. Yani dışarıdan bir zorlama olmadan kendiliğinden uygulanır. Fakat Ahlakın nasıl edinildiği ayrı bir tartışma konusudur.

A) Subjektif (Öznel) Ahlak: Ahlakın doğuştan edinildiği, kişinin yaratılışından kaynaklandığı öne sürülür. Bu nedenle kişinin kendisine yaptığı telkinlerle oluşur. Vicdan önemli ve belirleyici bir kavram olarak görülür.

 Vicdan: İnsanın iyiyi veya kötüyü ayırt etmesini sağlayan, doğruyu veya yanlışı bulduran içsel güç ve yetenektir. Mecazen içsel bir mahkemedir. Özellikle hakimlerin (yargıçların) vicdani kanaatleriyle ve bağımsız olarak yani baskı altında kalmadan, kimseden tavsiye ve telkin almadan karar vermeleri gerekir. Arapça'da sözcüğün kökeninde "bulmak" manası vardır. ("Bulunç" sözcüğü Anadolu'da bazı yörelerde "Vicdan" anlamında kullanılır.)

B) Objektif (Nesnel) Ahlak: Ahlakın sonradan edinildiği, aile, okul, çevre, din gibi kurumlar aracılığıyla toplum tarafından bireye aktarıldığı kabul edilir. Felsefedeki "Tabula Rasa" (Boş Levha) anlayışı savunulur. Bu anlayışa göre insan zihni boş bir levha (tablo) gibidir. Doğumda insan zihni boştur ve sonradan toplumsal etkileşimle doldurulur. Bu nedenle Objektif Ahlak bireyin diğer insanlara nasıl davranacağını belirler.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Altruism: Myth or Reality?
 The Definition of Morality
 Boston College's Morality Lab

Ayrıca bakınız
 Etik
 Normlar

Ahlak


Biserica Notre Dame din Timișoara se află în cartierul Iosefin din Timișoara. Edificiul a fost construit la sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea în spiritul istorismului, prin combinarea stilului neoromanic cu două turnuri neogotice. Lăcașul deservește în prezent comunitatea catolică a bulgarilor bănățeni.

Istoric
În anul 1864 au fost aduse la Timișoara primele șase călugărițe din Ordinul Surorilor de Notre Dame (, ), ordin nou întemeiat în Bavaria.

Actualul Colegiu Național Bănățean și Liceul Teoretic "Dositei Obradovici" au fost inițial clădirile mănăstirii adiacente bisericii. În actualul Liceu "Dositei Obradovici" erau locuințele măicuțelor, în școala generală de alături erau cantina și internatul, iar clădirea Colegiului Bănățean era Școala de Fete. În 1948 toate au fost confiscate de comuniști, iar măicuțele au părăsit mănăstirea. Clădirile au fost retrocedate Episcopiei Romano-Catolice în anii 2010.

În 2016 Primăria Municipiului Timișoara a cumpărat de la Ordinul Surorilor de Notre Dame, reprezentat de Episcopia Romano-Catolică, clădirile Colegiului Național Bănățean și a Liceului Teoretic "Dositei Obradovici".

Note

Legături externe

Biserici romano-catolice din România
Notre Dame
Iosefin (Timișoara)
Fondări în 1894
Biserici din secolul al XIX-lea din România
Biserici cu hramul Sfânta Inimă a lui Isus

Biserica Notre Dame din Timișoara


Balaban, Kocaeli ilinin Kartepe ilçesine bağlı bir mahalle.

Tarihçe
Balaban çevresinde Astakos dönemine rastlayan bulgularla beraber, Subaşı olarak bilinen bölgesinde Bizans dönemine ait olduğu sanılan sarnıç ve tüneller, eski dönemlerde bir yerleşim birimi olduğunu gösterse de, bu konuda yapılmış kesin bir akademik araştırma yoktur.

Bugün bilinen tarihine göre Balaban'ın kuruluşu 19. yüzyılın son çeyreğine rastlar. Adını bu bölgede oturan Balabanlar ailesinden alan ve Balabanlar çiftliği olarak bilinen 5000 dönümlük çiftliği, Ayvacık'da kadılık yapan Osman Oğlu Fevzi Efendi satın almış, 93 Harbi olarak bilinen Osmanlı-Rus savaşının başlamasıyla Artvin - Batum'da bulunan ve kendisinin ölümünden sonra Karakadılar olarak anılacak ailesini Balaban'ın güney yamaçlarına getirmiştir.

1880'de başlayan göçle beraber Karakadılar ve akrabalık bağı bulunan Dizdaroğulları bu yamaçlara yerleşerek bugünkü Balaban'ın temelini atmışlardır.

Coğrafya
1606 m yüksekliğindeki Kartepe etekleri tarıma son derece elverişli topraklardan oluşur. Kestane, Gürgen, ağaçlarıyla örülü ormanın altında hemen her türlü meyve ağaçlarının bulunduğu tarım alanları başlar. İzmit'in güney doğusunda, Kartepe Dağı eteklerinde Derbent ile Suadiye arasında bulunan bir dağ mahallesidir. İl Merkezi İzmit'e olan uzaklığı 24 km, kendisine en yakın mahalle Derbent'e olan uzaklığı 2.5 km'dir.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Kartepe'nin mahalleleri

Balaban, Kartepe


චන්දාවරම් බෞද්ධ අඩවිය යනු ඉන්දියාවේ ආන්ධ්‍ර ප්‍රදේශ් ප්‍රාන්තයේ ප්‍රකාසම් දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ චන්දාවරම් ගම්මානයේ පිහිටි පුරාතන බෞද්ධ සිද්ධස්ථානයකි. ගුන්ඩ්ලකම්මා ගං ඉවුරේ පිහිටි මෙම අඩවිය, දෝනකොණ්ඩ දුම්රිය ස්ථානයට  වයඹදිගින් පිහිටා ඇත. චන්දාවරම් බෞද්ධ අඩවිය නිර්මාණය වී ඇත්තේ ක්‍රි.පූ. 2වන සහ ක්‍රි.ව. 2වන සියවස අතර කාලයේ සාතවාහන රාජවංශ සමයේ ය. එය යළි සොයාගන්නා ලද්දේ ආචාර්ය වෙලූරි වෙන්කට ක්‍රිෂ්ණ ශාස්ත්‍රී විසින් 1964 දී ය.

භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම

මේවාත් බලන්න
 බුද්ධ ගයාව
 කාන්හේරි ලෙන්
 කුෂිනගර්
 සාරනාත්

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

ආන්ධ්‍ර ප්‍රදේශ් හි පුරාවිද්‍යා අඩවි
බෞද්ධ කලාව
ඉන්දියාවේ බෞද්ධ ලෙන්
බෞද්ධ සිද්ධස්ථාන
ඉන්දියාවේ බෞද්ධ ආරාම
ඉන්දියාවේ ස්තූප

චන්දාවරම් බෞද්ධ අඩවිය


Șantaj este un film românesc din 1981, regizat de Geo Saizescu, care ecranizează romanul Omul de la capătul firului de Rodica Ojog-Brașoveanu. Rolurile principale sunt interpretate de actorii Ileana Stana Ionescu, Sebastian Papaiani și Silviu Stănculescu.

Rezumat

O bandă de falsificatori de diplome universitare își selecționează clienții din rândul tinerilor cu talent, pe care-i ajută să se distingă pentru ca, ulterior, prin șantaj, să le smulgă secretele de producție. O profesoară de matematică le vine, însă, de hac.

Distribuție

 Ileana Stana Ionescu — maiorul Minerva Tutovan, fostă profesoară de matematică
 Sebastian Papaiani — lt. Vasile ("Basil") Dobrescu, fost elev al Minervei
 Silviu Stănculescu — medicul legist Vlase
 Ioana Bulcă — ing. Maria Dumitrescu
 Enikõ Szilágyi — manechinul Dora Ioachim
 Ion Besoiu — Grigore Dincă, confecționer de bibelouri
 Octavian Cotescu — actorul Dumitru Necula, figurant la Teatrul Liric
 Mircea Șeptilici — Dem Luca, traducător
 Amza Pellea — colonelul de miliție
 Cristian Ștefănescu — milițianul sub acoperire Cristian
 Sorin Ștefănescu-Medeleni — milițianul sub acoperire Toacșe
 Tănase Cazimir — profesorul de matematică O. Ganea
 Costel Constantin — ing. Mihai Pascu
 Cornel Gîrbea — criminalul recidivist Anton
 Valentin Plătăreanu — ing. Mircea Mihăilă
 Vladimir Găitan — procurorul
 Liana Ceterchi — iubita lui Dobrescu
 Traian Dănceanu — generalul de miliție
 Geo Saizescu — Simeon Cătănoiu, martor al primei crime
 Tamara Buciuceanu-Botez — doamna Cătănoiu, soția lui Simeon
 Dem Rădulescu — milițianul din parc
 Vali Voiculescu-Pepino
 Mitzura Arghezi
 Adriana Șchiopu — fata profesorului
 Marius Pepino
 Stelian Preda
 Valentin Teodosiu — ing. Pricop
 Ovidiu Georgescu
 Nae Lăzărescu
 Mihai Perșa — amatorul de dans de la restaurant
 Alexandru Lazăr
 Mircea Mușatescu
 Vasile Popa — milițian sub acoperire
 Dan Ivănescu
 Ion Enache

Filme din 1981
Filme regizate de Geo Saizescu
Filme polițiste românești

Șantaj (film din 1981)


Hallmark eller kontrolstempel er officielle stempler eller serier af stempler på genstande, primært fremstillet af ædelmetaler som guld, sølv, platin og i nogle lande palladium, der viser, hvor genstanden er fremstillet, hvad den er lavet af, hvornår den er lavet og hvem der har fremstillet den. Hver mester har sit eget stempel. Hvert år har et bogstav (i vekslende typer), og mange byer har særlige stempler.

Allerede i oldtiden har sølv- og guldsmede stemplet deres arbejder. Stempler kendes fra Byzans omkring 400 år f.Kr.

I Frankrig blev der med guldstatutten fra 1260 lavet en slags kontrolstempling. England fulgte i år 1300, hvor Edvard 1. af England beordrede, at alt sterlingsølv (92,5 %) skulle mærkes af mesteren. I England stempledes længe med både bystempel og regentens profil.

I Danmark kunne en sølvsmed stemple med mestermærker og guardeiner, som familien Fabricius' kontrolstempel.
Metalstempler slås ind i genstanden. I moderne tid er det også muligt at kontrolstemple med laser.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Chr. A. Bøje; Danske sølv og guld smedemærker
 Online Encyclopedia of Silver Marks, Hallmarks & Maker's Marks
 Gold hallmark identification wizard
 List of basic hallmarks from various countries
 Hallmarks on the internet
 More complete list of UK hallmarks past and present
 Hallmark Convention
 Silver Hallmark Encyclopedia

Smykker
Sølv
Guld
Platin

Hallmark


هو السلطان أبو حمو بن السلطان أبي سعيد عثمان بن السلطان يغمراسن بن زيان.

ولد 665ه—1266م وبويع بتلمسان يوم وفاة أخيه السلطان أبي زيان الأول الأحد 21 شوال 706ه— 26 ابريل 1307م وكان شجاعا شديد في غير قساوة لينا في غير ضعف، حازما صارما، وهو أول من احدث في هذه الدولة مراسيم الملك ومصطلحات تنظيمات القصر وتشريفاته.

أسباب قدوم أبو حمو موسي إلى هذه الناحية
من المعلوم انه بعد سقوط الدولة الموحدية نتيجة انهزامها في معركة حصن العقاب بالأندلس سنة 1212م ظهرت ثلاث دول في المغرب العربي، أولها الدولة الحفصية في تونس عام 1235م والدولة المرينية بفاس سنة 1269م، حيث كانت كل دولة من هذه الدول تسعي بأخذ زمام الحكم في كامل منطقة المغرب العربي، وتري نفسها بأنها أحق بخلافة الموحدين.

لذا وجدت الدولة الزيانية نفسها بين فكي الأسد كما يقال حيث الخطر يدأهمها شرقا من طرف الحفصيين وتارة غربا من لدن المرينيين بالإضافة إلي خروج القبائل البربرية في المغرب الأوسط وتمردهم ضد الزيانيين، فمنهم من أعلن ولاءه للحفصيين واستصراخهم ضد يغمراسن مثل ما فعل بنو توجين الذين كانت لهم قلعة تاقدامت (بني سلامة) وقلعة منداس، وقلعة أخرى بالونشريس.

إما الثعالبة بسهول متيجة ومغراوة بسهول الشلف كانوا يستصرخون ببني مرين في فاس ضد الزيانيين في تلمسان، وأحيانا أخرى يستصرخون بالحفصيين في تونس.

وهذا ما جعل السلطان العبد الوادي أبو حمو موسي الأول يقوم باكتساح ساحق لإخضاع هذه القبائل وجمع كل هذه القبائل ويبني دولة قوية تكون قادرة علي الوقوف في وجه مناوئيها حيث قدم علي رأس جيش عرمرم متوجها به نحو الشرق، وقد نزل به في مكان يدعي وادي نهل وبني قصره المعروف بحمو موسي قرب مازونة الذي حرفته العامة إلي عمي موسي. وذلك في سنة 711هجري.

ثم شن هجوما كاسحا علي مغراوة بسهول الشلف حيث التقي الجيشان وأسفرت المعركة علي قتل الآلاف ثم قدم إلي مازونة وقتل عبد الرحمان بن منديل أمير مغراوة آنذاك.

غارات أبو حمو وفتوحاته
كان أول ما افتتح به أبو حمو أعماله الإدارية إن سعي في مسالمة بني مرين ومهادنتهم، ثم لما اطمأن علي ملكه من الناحية الغربية اشتغل بتطهير الحواشي والجوانب المحيطة به فاخذ في تذليل القبائل المنشقة عنه كمغراوة وتوجين، فانتصر عليهم ولكنه لم يظفر بالأمير المغراوي راشد بن محمد لفراره، ثم التفت نحو الشرق، فبعث بجنوده ─أولا إلي الزاب الجزائري فاستولي عليه سنة 710ه، 1310م وأذعنت لطاعته بلاد الجزائر الشرقية.

فتقلص عنها ضل بني أبي حفص ثم بعد سنتين خرج السلطان أبو حمو بنفسه متوجها نحو مدينة الجزائر فاحتل بلدة تدلس─دلس─وأخضع أميرها، ثم تمكن من مدينة الجزائر وأقصي عنها حاكمها ابن علان بعدما استبد بها مدة أربع عشر سنة وسيطر على جبل أبي ثابت وكما شيد قصر«اصفون» في مدة لا تتجاوز أربعين يوما، وهو نفس مكان المدينة المعروفة اليوم بالساحل الشرقي الجزائري باسم ازفون ─وأقام به الحامية ثم تركه منصرفا إلي غزواته.

القضاء علي إمارة الثعالبة بمتيحة
يذكر المؤرخون انه كان بسهول متيجة نحو الثلاثين مدينة وكلها كانت للثعالبة الذين هم من عرب المعقل وكان موقف هؤلاء السياسي دائما في جانب المرينيين ضد بني عبد الواد، ولا سيما أيام الحصار الشديد الذي ضربه السلطان أبو يوسف يعقوب على تلمسان، وقد لاحظ منهم ذلك بنو عبد الواد فاكتموهم العداوة مصانعة إلى أن حانت لهم الفرصة في هذه المرة وطعن سلطان مرين وارتفع الحصار واسترد الزيانيون مملكتهم فجهز يومئذ السلطان أبو حمو الأول عساكره بقيادة ابن عمه محمد بن يوسف بن يغمراسن ووجههم إلى متيجة وانقضوا على الثعالبة فخربوا قصورهم وحطموا ديارهم وقضوا على أكثريتهم، ولم ينجُ منهم يومئنذ في هذه الوقعة سوى نفر قليل التجأ إلى أحلافه بني مرين بالمغرب الأقصى، ومنهم من ذهب إلى الصحراء ومنهم من أقام بجبال الونشريس، ثم حاصر الجيش العبد الوادي مدينة بجاية وضيق على صاحبها يومئذ أبى زكرياء الأوسط حليف مرين.

مصرع السلطان أبي حمو موسى الأول
لقد عملت عوامل الغيرة والحسد أعمالها في الأمير أبي تاشفين بسبب ما كان عليه والده أبو حمو موسى من تقديم ابن أخيه أبي السرحان عليه وانفراده في مجلسه، بل وكثيرا ما كان يظهر ذلك أمام ولده أبي تاشفين فيستشير أبا السرحان ويحادثه في شؤون الولاية وأعمالها وأبو تاشفين جالس بدون أن يلتفت إليه، فاستنكف أبو تاشفين لهذه الإهانة واغتاظ لذلك فسخط على والده ودبر له مكيدة ذهب السلطان ضحيتها فاغتاله بعض العلوج بقصره يوم الأربعاء 22 جمادى الأول سنة 718 هـ جوان 1318م.

أشخاص من تلمسان
بنو زيان
شخصيات تاريخية جزائرية
ملوك الأمازيغ
ملوك بني عبد الواد
مواليد 1266
مواليد 665 هـ
وفيات 1318
وفيات 718 هـ

أبو حمو موسى الأول