M26 Pershing, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Ordusu'nun II. Dünya Savaşı ve Kore Savaşı'nda kullandığı Ağır ve Orta sınıf bir tanktır. Adını I. Dünya Savaşı'nda görev yapmış general John Pershing'ten almıştır.

Tarihi

1942 yılına kadar Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Ordusu'nun II. Dünya Savaşı'ndaki ana tank görevini M4 Sherman üstlenmekteydi. M4 Sherman'ın görevi hem piyadenin ilerlemesini sağlamak hem de ani saldırılar düzenleyebilen, süvari sınıfı bir araçtı. Ancak ilerleyen zamanlarda kara kuvvetleri daha iyi zırha sahip ve daha ağır bir tanka ihtiyaç duymaya başladı. Bunun üzerine 1942 sonbaharında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Ordusu Donatım Birimi kara kuvvetleri için İngiliz tanklarına göre daha fazla kullanım alanı olan yeni bir tank üzerinde çalışmaya başladı. Sonraki 2 yıl boyunca T20, T22, T23, T25 ve T26 adlarında çeşitli silah, zırh ve motor kombinasyonlarında tanklar denendi. Ama Birleşik Devletler Kara Kuvvetleri'ne göre M4 ihtiyaçlarına cevap veriyordu ve yeni bir tanka ihtiyaçları yoktu. Onlara göre Alman Tiger ve Panther tanklarının sayısı çok fazla değildi. Ayrıca Amerikan tanklarının işi düşman tankları ile savaşmak ve onları yok etmek değildi. Bunu için zaten M10 Wolverine gibi çok güçlü topları olan tank yok edicileri vardı. Bu sebepten tank çalışmaları yavaşladı. Ancak bu düşünce 1944 yılında Kuzey Avrupa'nın işgali ile çöktü. Tank yok edicileri Alman tankları karşısında başarısız oldu. M4 Sherman tankı ise hala Panther tankı ile karşılaşamayacak kadar zayıftı. Fransa topraklarındaki Alman tanklarının yarısını ise Panther tankı oluşturuyordu. Bundan sonra çalışmalara hız verilse de M26 Pershing ancak Şubat 1945 yılında tamamlanabildi ve birkaç küçük harekâtta görev alabildi.

M4 Sherman'a göre Pershing Alman tanklarına karşı çok daha güçlü idi. Pershing tankı Tiger ve Panther tanklarını yok etmek için 1.300 ilâ 2.000 m mesafeye ihtiyaç duyarken, Alman tanklarının onu vurabilmesi için 600 ilâ 1.300 m mesafeye gelmeleri gerekiyordu.

Mayıs 1946 da Birleşik Devletler Ordusunun tank ihtiyaçları düşünülerek M26 tankının sınıfı orta ile değiştirildi. Yeni ağır tank çalışmalarının sonucunda M46 General Patton tankı doğdu. M26 Pershing bir yönden M46'ın başlangıç noktası oldu. M26'lar 1950'li yıllarda servisten kaldırıldı. M46'dan sonra M47 daha yeni kuleli, ancak bunlardan sonra yapılan M48 ve M60 tamamen yeni birer tank olarak dizayn edildiler.

Görev Tarihi

II. Dünya Savaşı

M26 uzun bir sürede yapım aşamasından geçerek ancak II. Dünya Savaşı'nın savaşının sonlarına doğru göreve çıkabilmiştir. Az sayıdaki M26 Avrupa'ya geçmiş ve general Omar Bradley'e bağlı 12. Ordu Grubu'na bağlı 3. ve 9. Zırhlı Tümenlerde görev almışlardır. İlk göreve Şubat 1945'te çıkmıştır. İlk zayiatını 28 Şubat'ta vermiş ancak vurulan tank tekrar göreve dönmüştür.
General George S. Patton'a göre M4 Sherman tankı her ne kadar Alman tanklarına karşı zayıf görünse de cephede yaptıklarına bakılırsa kendilerini ispat etmişlerdi.
3. Zırhlı Tümene bağlı bir M26 tankı karşılaştığı iki Panther tankını 1 km uzaklıktan vurarak saf dışı bırakmıştır.

Sadece iki adet M26A1E2 tankı üretilmiştir. Bunlarda bir tanesi Avrupa'ya gönderilmiştir. Bu tank 4 Nisan 1945 Dessau yakınlarında karşılaştığı bir Tiger II (Königstiger) tankını yok etmiş, ayrıca bir Panther tankını da saf dışı bırakmıştır.

Kore Savaşı

M26 tankı Kore savaşında çok az da olsa kullanıldı. Bunun sebebi komuta kademesine göre Kore'nin tanklar için iyi bir cephe olamayacağı idi. Savaş sırasında kullanılan M26 ve M46 tankları Kore ordusuna ait T-34'e oranla daha iyi bir zırha sahiplerdi. Kuzey Kore ordusunun vurulan tanklarının neredeyse yarısı ABD Zırhlı Birlikleri tarafından vurulmuştur.

Varyasyonları
 M26 (T26E3) M3 top
 M26A1 M3A1 top
 M26A1E2 Geliştirilmiş zırh ve daha uzun T15E1.E2 top

Ayrıca bakınız
 II. Dünya Savaşı zırhlı araç listesi

Dış bağlantılar
 WWII Viechles.com

II. Dünya Savaşı'nda Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin tankları
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri tankları
Kore Savaşı tankları

M26 Pershing


A Igreja Presbiteriana Reformada da Índia - IPRI - (em inglês Reformed Presbyterian Church of India  -  RPCI) é uma denominação presbiteriana, estabelecida no Norte da Índia, em 1969, formada pela fusão de missões da Igreja Presbiteriana Reformada da América do Norte, Igreja Presbiteriana Reformada da Escócia, Igreja Presbiteriana Reformada da Irlanda e da Igreja Presbiteriana Bíblica.

História

Em 1835, o Rev. James R. Campbell, missionário da Igreja Presbiteriana Reformada da América do Norte, começou a evangelizar em Saharanpur. A partir do seu trabalho, nasceram igrejas igrejas presbiterianas. Outros missionários da Igreja Presbiteriana Reformada da Escócia e da Igreja Presbiteriana Reformada da Irlanda também plantaram igrejas na região. O resultado destas missões foi o estabelecimento do Presbitério de Saharanpur, em 1862, vinculada à denominação norte-americana.

Nas décadas de 1930 e 1940, missionários da Igreja Presbiteriana Bíblica também começaram a plantar igrejas no Norte da Índia, levando à formação da Igreja Presbiteriana da Bíblia de Delhi. Em 1969, estas denominações se uniram para formar a Igreja Presbiteriana Reformada da Índia (IPRI).

Desde o início do Século XX, o Rev. Watkins R. Robert iniciou o trabalho missionário no Nordeste da Índia. Em 1979, as missões nesta região formaram a Igreja Presbiteriana Reformada do Nordeste da Índia (IPRNI), que tornou-se uma denominação completamente independente em 1996.

Doutrina

A IPRNI adota o Credo dos Apóstolos, Confissão de Fé de Westminster, Breve Catecismo de Westminster e Catecismo Maior de Westminster, como sua doutrina oficial. A denominação se opõe a ordenação de mulheres.

Relações Intereclesiásticas

A denominação é membro da Fraternidade Reformada Mundial e da Conferência Internacional das Igrejas Reformadas. Possui relacionamento de irmandade com as Igrejas Reformadas Liberadas e contato ecumênico com a Igreja Presbiteriana Ortodoxa.

A nível nacional, é membro da Fraternidade Evangélica da Índia e da Fraternidade Presbiteriana e Reformada da Índia.

Denominações presbiterianas na Índia
Igrejas membras da Fraternidade Reformada Mundial
Membros da Conferência Internacional das Igrejas Reformadas

Igreja Presbiteriana Reformada da Índia


اليوم العالمي للحفاظ على طبقة الأوزون في السادس عشر من شهر سبتمبر من كل عام وهو اليوم الذي وقعت فيه أكثر من 190 دولة على بروتوكول مونتريال 1987م الذي يحدد الإجراءات الواجب أتباعها على المستوى العالمي والإقليمي والمحلي للتخلص تدريجيا من المواد التي تستنزف طبقة الأوزون.

وكانت الجمعية العامة للأمم المتحدة قد أعلنت هذا اليوم من كل عام يوماً عالمياً للحفاظ على طبقة الأوزون وذلك في ذكرى التوقيع على البروتوكول ودعت الجمعية العامة الدول إلى تكريس هذا اليوم لتشجيع الاضطلاع بأنشطة تتفق مع أهداف البروتوكول وتعديلاته.

ووفقاً للاتفاقية التي وقعتها الدول المذكورة تلتزم الدول الأطراف المعنية بخفض استهلاكها تدريجياً من المواد المستنزفة لطبقة الأوزون إلى 85% بحلول عام 2007 وصولاً إلى التخلص التدريجي التام بحلول عام 2010.

مراجع

أحداث دورية أسست في 1994
أيام الأمم المتحدة
أيام الوعي البيئي
مناسبات سبتمبر
نضوب الأوزون

اليوم العالمي للحفاظ على طبقة الأوزون


Sobel (portmanteau de soldado + rebelde) é um termo que tem sido usado dentro da política de Serra Leoa para se referir a membros do exército de Serra Leoa que cometeram ataques rebeldes. Em 1997, membros das forças armadas conhecidas como Conselho Revolucionário das Forças Armadas deram um golpe de Estado. Os militares, que lutavam contra insurgentes rebeldes conhecidos como Frente Revolucionária Unida, uniram forças com esses rebeldes e voltaram suas armas contra a população, com considerável perda de vidas e inúmeras atrocidades. No entanto, a prática de apoio militar aos rebeldes é anterior àquela época em que os soldados estavam envolvidos no fornecimento de armas e munições aos rebeldes já em 1993 e a palavra "sobel" apareceu em uso comum a partir de 1994.

Embora a fachada pública da Frente Revolucionária Unida fosse oposição ao governo corrupto, rapidamente se tornou mais um grupo de bandidos. Ao se opor inicialmente a Frente Revolucionária Unida, os militares realizaram inúmeras atrocidades contra civis em áreas rebeldes, incorrendo no ódio da população. De acordo com Feldman e Arrous, isso baixou ainda mais o moral entre os soldados e, combinado com as baixas rações do governo, convenceu os soldados, que eram chamados de "sobels" (, "soldados de dia - rebeldes de noite") pelos aldeões afetados, a juntarem-se aos rebeldes. Esta foi também a época da luta por diamantes de sangue, quando se tornou lucrativo parecer estar servindo como soldados e, ao mesmo tempo, explorar os recursos minerais. A qualidade e a disciplina do exército declinaram depois de 1991, quando foi ampliado de 3.000 para 16.000 homens para combater a Frente Revolucionária Unida, com os recrutados não sendo devidamente selecionados e sem "senso de direção, ambição, disciplina ou lealdade".

Embora Serra Leoa seja a origem do neologismo "sobel", situações semelhantes podem ser observadas em outras partes da África. Por exemplo, Feldman e Arrous destacam o papel dos combatentes tuaregues no Mali e no Níger. Os tratados de paz para acabar com as rebeliões tuaregues às vezes integraram os ex-rebeldes em exércitos nacionais. Em algumas ocasiões, esses rebeldes ficaram desencantados com o exército, resultando em sua deserção e retorno à condição de rebeldes.

Política da Serra Leoa
Guerra Civil de Serra Leoa

Sobel (Serra Leoa)


Kunqu (kinesisk: 昆曲, pinyin: Kūnqǔ; Wade-Giles: K'un-ch'ü, "Kun-melodier") er den ældste operaform i Kina, der stadig spilles. Dens historie strækker sig tilbage til 1400-tallet til regionen Wu, og siges at have rødder i byen Kunshan, mellem Suzhou og Shanghai. Længere tilbage i historien er den inspireret af sangdramaformen Nanxi.

Fra det 16. århundrede og frem til det 18. århundrede var kunqu dominerende indenfor den kinesiske operaverden. Den anses som forløber til en række moderne operaformer, som for eksempel Pekingopera.

Ved slutningen af Qing-dynastiet begyndte kunqus popularitet at dale, og omkring 1930 var den så godt som forsvundet. I de følgende år blev den dog genoplivet af enkelte intellektuelle og pekingoperaudøvere. Den fremføres fortsat (2011) en række steder i Kina - professionelt i syv byer i Fastlandskina: Beijing,  Shanghai, Suzhou, Nanjing, Chenzhou, Yongjia/Wenzhou og Hangzhou, og derudover i Taipei. Herudover findes en række amatør-operaselskaber, der praktiserer kunqu andetsteds.

Kunqu blev i 2001 udnævnt af UNESCO til Kinas første immaterielle verdensarv, da den blev indskrevet i UNESCO's liste over Mesterværker i mundtlig og immateriel kulturarv.

Eksterne henvisninger
 China.org.cn: Die Kunqu-Oper
 Kunqu in ihrem Ursprungsort Kunshan
 The Development of Kunqu Opera
 Kunqu, or Kunshanqiang
 UNESCO online: Neueinträge auf der UNESCO-Liste des immateriellen Kulturerbes

Opera
Kulturarv
Kina

Kunqu


O Bol Ladies Open (oficialmente: Croatian Bol Ladies Open) foi um torneio anual de tênis feminino no WTA Challenger Tour, disputado na cidade de , na ilha croata de Brač, no Adriático.

A primeira edição do torneio foi realizada no final de abril de 1991 e novamente todos os anos de 1995 a 2003. O torneio foi então vendido para os organizadores do Western & Southern Open e transferido para Cincinnati. Em 2022, o torneio foi transferido para Makarska.

Categorias
Esse torneio passou por várias classificações ao longo do tempo:
 Tier V (1991)
 Tier III (1995, 2000–03)
 Tier IV (1996–99)
 WTA 125K (2016–2021)

Resultados passados

Simples

Duplas

Outros
Existe um outro torneio da ITF chamado "Bluesun Bol Ladies Open" disputado nas mesmas quadras.

Torneios de tênis na Croácia
Circuito Feminino ITF
Fundações em 1991

Bol Ladies Open


සේවා පිවිසුම් ලක්ෂය යනු පැමිණෙන රාමුවක්(Frame) හැසුරුවීමට භාවිතා කල යුත්තේ කුමන ප්‍රොටොකොල් එක දැයි තීරණය කිරීමට භාවිත කරනු ලබන දත්ත  ආකෘතියකි. SAP හඳුන්වා දෙනුයේ OSI ආකෘතියත් සමඟය. ජාලකරණ, පරිවහන හා සැසි ස්ථර අතර හෝ සප්ත ස්ථර ආකෘතිය තුල වූ වෙනත් ස්ථර අතර සංනිවේදන ක්‍රියාවලිය මෙමගින් අර්ථ දැක්වේ. නිදසුනක් ලෙස IEEE 802.15.4 හි PD SAP හෝ PLME-SAP හි මධ්‍ය පිවිසුම් පාලක (Media Access Controll(MAC)) ස්ථරය භෞතික ස්ථරයෙන් සේවා ඉල්ලා සිටීමේදී සිදුවන සංනිවේදන ක්‍රියාවලිය සැලකිය හැකිය.

සේවා පිවිසුම් ලක්ෂය (SAP)


Khamba-oprøret i 1934 var et oprør i de vestlige områder af Kham i Xikang mod den tibetanske regering og den sichuanske krigsherre Liu Wenhui. Det bestod af Khamba-stammefolk ledet af familien Pandatsang; to brødre i familien, Pandatsang Togbye og Pandatsang Rapga, var ledende i oprøret.

Opstand

Pandatsang var en yderst rig Khampa-handelsfamilie med stor indflydelse i Kham. Familielederen var Nyigyal. Familiens tjenere sagde ofte "Sa spang mda 'gnam spang mda" "Jorden er Pangda, himlen er Pangdas." og "Jeg er forbundet med Pangda, hvad vil du gøre ved mig?". De stod bag oprøret mod Lhasa i 1934 og Tibets Forberingsparti.

Oprørets bagmand var Pandastang Togbye fra den rige og magtfulde Kham Pandatsang-familie.

Pandatsang Rapga var broder til Pandastang Togbye (også stavet Topgyay), som var en nær ven til Thubten Kunphela, som var fra Nyemo-området, der ligger mellem Shigatse og Lhasa, i Ü-Tsang. Delvist på grund af vrede over Kunphelas fald fra magten efter den 13. Dalai Lama Thubten Gyatsos død i 1934, organiserede Togbye et oprør mod den tibetanske regering i de områder, de kontrollerede i den vestlige del af Kham (det var omkring en tredjedel af hele Kham-regionen). Hans broder havde militær kontrol, mens Rapga var mere en "forsker". De havde til formål at i sidste ende angribe Lhasa, men måtte tage Chamdo først.

Han gjorde det i troen på, at mange munke fra Kham med oprindelse i de store klostre nær Lhasa ville støtte ham i dette projekt. Den tibetanske regering vidste, at oprøret stammede fra Kham-området. Hans bolig i Lhasa blev konfiskeret, men i sidste ende skete der forhandlinger. Årsagen var, at familien var den største eksportør af tibetansk uld til udlandet, og enhver yderligere hændelse kunne påvirke rådighedsmidler. Som følge af forhandlingsresultatet fulgte familiemedlemmerne ikke oprørene yderligere op.

Mens Kham-oprørerne flygtede fra de tibetanske regeringsstyrker, blev de tvunget til kamp mod både krigsherren i Sichuan, Liu Wenhui, og de kinesiske kommunistiske partistyrker, der var undervejs på Den lange march.

Rapga flygtede fra Kham til Kalimpong via Kanting og Nanking efter, at opstanden mislykkedes.

Grey Tuttle, en assisterende professor i moderne tibetanske studier, mener, at det var muligt, at Rapga "var en overbevist tilhænger af Sun Yat Sens politiske ideologi og havde oversat nogle af Suns vigtigere skrifter til tibetansk" under dette oprør.

Noter

Tibets historie

Khambaoprøret i 1934


آرثر ليونارد شاولو  هو فيزيائي أمريكي حصل على جائزة نوبل للفيزياء عام 1981 عن بحوثه باستخدام الليزر. اشترك معه في الجائزة العالمان نيكولاس بلومبرجن وكاي سيجبان.

ولد آرثر شاولو في 5 مايو 1921، وتوفي في 28 أبريل 1999. كان مسيحيًا ملتزمًا وشارك في مناقشات العلوم والدين. حيث قال: «أجد حاجة إلى الله في الكون وفي حياتي».

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص من ماونت فيرنون (نيويورك)
أعضاء الجمعية الفلسفية الأمريكية
أعضاء قاعة مشاهير المخترعين الوطنيين
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة كولومبيا
أمريكيون حازوا جائزة نوبل
أمريكيون مغتربون في كندا
أمريكيون من أصل كندي
أمريكيون من أصل يهودي لاتفي
حائزون على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء
حائزون على قلادة العلوم الوطنية الأمريكية
خريجو جامعة تورنتو
زملاء الجمعية الفيزيائية الأمريكية
زملاء مؤسسة ألكسندر فون هومبولت
علماء الفيزياء البصرية
علماء الفيزياء التجريبية
علماء في مختبرات بل
علماء مسيحيون
علماء من ولاية نيويورك
فيزيائيون أمريكيون
فيزيائيون أمريكيون في القرن 20
مسيحيون من أصل يهودي
مطيافيون
مواليد 1921
ميثوديون أمريكيون
وفيات 1999
وفيات في بالو ألتو (كاليفورنيا)
يهود أمريكيون
يهود أمريكيون في القرن 20
يهود حازوا جائزة نوبل

آرثر شاولو


Der Leyton House CG911 war ein Formel-1-Rennwagen des britischen Rennstalls Leyton House, der in der Formel-1-Saison 1991 eingesetzt wurde. Angetrieben wurde der Leyton House als einziger im Starterfeld vom Motordebütanten Ilmor V10. Zu Saisonbeginn fuhren Ivan Capelli und Maurício Gugelmin den Wagen. Karl Wendlinger ersetzte Capelli bei den letzten beiden Rennen in Japan und Australien. Bei 32 Starts erreichten die Fahrer nur zwölf Mal das Ziel und erzielten dabei einen Weltmeisterschaftspunkt. Leyton House beendete die Saison auf Platz zwölf in der Konstrukteurswertung. Im folgenden Jahr wurde der Wagen modifiziert und als Leyton House CG911B erneut eingesetzt. Das CG in der Typbezeichnung war eine Hommage an den bei einem Autounfall 1989 tödlich verunglückten Teammanager Cesare Gariboldi.

Konstruktion
Das Vorgängermodell in der Formel-1-Saison 1990 war der Leyton House CG901 gewesen. Hauptneuerung des CG911 war der Motor von Ilmor mit zehn Zylindern. Der Motorenhersteller gab 1991 sein Formel-1-Debüt und entwickelte aus 3,5 Litern Hubraum eine Leistung von rund 490 kW (≈670 PS), wohingegen der Judd V8 aus dem Vorjahr nur rund 470 kW (≈640 PS) leistete.

Saisonverlauf

 1. Lauf – GP USA
In der Qualifikation zum Großen Preis der USA in Phoenix konnte sich Capelli lediglich für den 18. Startplatz (1:26,121 min) qualifizieren. Gugelmin kam mit einer Zeit von 1:26,865 min auf Platz 23. Sowohl Capelli als auch Gugelmin zeigten sich mit der Leistung des Ilmor-Motors zufrieden, weil er nach den Worten der beiden Rennfahrer "schön anbeißt und gut am Gas hängt". Das Rennen endete für Leyton House jedoch mit einem Doppelausfall. Ursache für Gugelmins Ausscheiden in Runde 35 war ein Getriebeschaden durch Bruch des zweiten Ganges. Darüber hinaus war sein Motor heißgelaufen, nachdem ein Loch im Kühler entstanden war. Capelli schaffte es in der 41. Runde noch in die Box, als auch sein Getriebe durch den Bruch der Getriebeölpumpe streikte.

 2. Lauf – GP Brasilien
Gugelmin qualifizierte sich mit dem unterlegenen Leyton House bei seinem Heimrennen in der vierten Startreihe auf Platz 7 (1:18,664 min) und damit aussichtsreich für mögliche Weltmeisterschaftspunkte. Capelli brachte seinen Wagen mit einer Zeit von 1:19,517 min auf Platz 16. Während des Warm-ups zum Großen Preis aktivierte sich infolge eines technischen Defekts der Feuerlöscher von Gugelmins Wagen und verursachte Verbrennungen ersten und zweiten Grades an den Beinen des Fahrers. Gugelmin ging zwar an den Start, gab das Rennen aber aufgrund seiner Schmerzen in der neunten Runde auf. In der 18. Runde brach an Capellis Wagen die Kraftübertragung zusammen, wodurch er ausschied und Leyton House einen weiteren Doppelausfall erlitt. Der Journalist Heinz Prüller nannte einen Motorschaden als Ausfallgrund.

 3. Lauf – GP San-Marino
Leyton House entließ im Vorfeld des GP von San-Marino in Imola mit Simon Keeble einen seiner beiden Teammanager. Im Qualifikationstraining platzierte Gugelmin seinen Leyton House mit 1:25,841 min auf Platz 15. Sein Teamkollege fuhr mit fast einer Sekunde Rückstand (1:26,602 min) auf Platz 23. Das Rennen verlief für Leyton House abermals enttäuschend. Capelli wurde in der 24. Runde durch eine Reifenpanne mit anschließenden Dreher aus dem Rennen katapultiert. Gugelmin brachte es bis in Runde 56, bevor ein Motorschaden (Kolben) ihn stoppte. Malberg/Braillon geben in ihrer Publikation als Ausfallgrund einen Defekt der Kraftübertragung an. Gugelmin wurde aber aufgrund der zurückgelegten Distanz auf 12. Platz gewertet.

 4. Lauf – GP Monaco
In den Häuserschluchten von Monte-Carlo fand vom 10. bis 12. Mai 1991 der Große Preis von Monaco statt. Gugelmin erreichte im zweiten Qualifikationstraining am Samstag mit 1:23,394 min den 15. Platz. Mit einer Rundenzeit von 1:23,642 min, ebenfalls am Samstag herausgefahren, wurde Capelli nur auf Platz 22 registriert. Das Rennen am Sonntag fand bei einer optimalen Außentemperatur von 21 °C statt. Capelli fiel jedoch früh aus, da an seinem Leyton House in der achten Runde ein Bremsflüssigkeitsleck aufgetreten war und die Bremswirkung versagte. Gugelmin beendete das Rennen in der 44. Runde, als der Gaszug seines Wagens riss. Es war der vierte Doppelausfall für Leyton House in Folge.

 5. Lauf – GP Kanada
Der Große Preis von Kanada auf dem Circuit Gilles-Villeneuve fand vom 31. Mai bis 1. Juni 1991 statt. In der Qualifikation am Freitag war die Strecke teilweise feucht, sodass die meisten Piloten erst in der Qualifikation am Samstag ihre besten Zeiten herausfuhren; so auch Capelli, der seinen Leyton House mit 1:22,443 min auf Platz 13 stellte. Gugelmin erwischte einen finsteren Qualifikationssamstag. Mit 1:23,650 min, damit über eine Sekunde langsamer als sein Teamkollege, reichte es für ihn nur für den 23. Startplatz. Das Rennen am Sonntag fand bei 28 °C Grad Außentemperatur statt und bescherte Leyton House einen weiteren Doppelausfall. Der Wagen von Capelli hatte in der 43. Runde einen Motorschaden durch Überhitzung. Auch Gugelmin schied mit einem Motorschaden in Runde 62 aus.

 6. Lauf – GP Mexiko
Der sechste Formel-1-Lauf 1991 war der Große Preis von Mexiko auf dem Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. Das Qualifikationstraining verlief für die Piloten von Leyton House enttäuschend. Gugelmin belegte mit 1:20,200 min den 21. Platz. Auf den 22. Platz und damit ebenfalls in Startreihe 11 kam Capelli mit einer fast identischen Zeit von 1:20,252 min, beide Piloten fuhren ihre schnellste Zeit im Qualifikationstraining am Samstag. Das Rennen am Sonntag entwickelte sich für das Team zum erneuten Fiasko; ein Phänomen, unter dem Leyton House seit Saisonbeginn litt. Motordefekte stoppten sowohl Gugelmin (16. Runde Öldruck) wie auch Cappelli einige Umläufe später in der 20. Runde, Cappeli überdrehte dabei seinen Motor auf 19.000 min−1 und bescherte Leyton House einen weiteren Doppelausfall.

 7. Lauf – GP Frankreich

Auf dem neueröffneten Strecke in Magny-Cours fand vom 5. bis 7. Juli 1991 der siebte Lauf zur Formel-1-Saison 1991 statt. Nachdem Leyton House in den vorherigen Rennen dem Hauptfeld hinterherfuhr, qualifizierte sich Gugelmin mit einer Zeit von 1:24,044 min auf Platz 9 überraschend weit vorn und stand damit hinter Nelson Piquet auf dem Benetton B191 (1:23,626 min). Capelli reihte sich mit 1:24,587 min auf den 15. Platz ein. Am Rennsonntag verpasste Gugelmin mit Platz 7 einen Weltmeisterschaftspunkt für Platz sechs. Er schaffte es allerdings, dass ein Leyton House zum ersten Mal in der laufenden Saison überhaupt ins Ziel kam, Capelli war in der 8. Runde bereits ausgefallen. Zu dem Dreher mit anschließendem Motorabsterben kam es, als Capelli den sich ebenfalls vor ihm gedrehten Morbidelli ausweichen wollte.

 8. Lauf – GP England
Der Große Preis von Großbritannien fand auf dem Silverstone Circuit statt. Es war der achte WM-Lauf der Formel-1-Saison 1991 und damit auch Halbzeit für das Leyton-House-Team. In den sieben Rennen vorher hatte Leyton House nur eine einzige Zielankunft erreicht, die von Gugelmin in Magny-Cours. Gugelmin qualifizierte sich mit 1:24,044 min für den 9. Platz. Die Zeit hatte er am Samstag herausfahren können. Capelli fuhr mit einer halben Sekunde Rückstand (1:24,587 min) auf Platz 16. Das Rennen endete für Leyton House jedoch erneut mit einem Doppelausfall. Capelli fiel in der 16. Runde durch einen Dreher aus. Prüller beziffert diesen Dreher mit Runde 9. Gugelmin gab in der 24. Runde auf, nachdem sich an seinem Wagen starke Vibrationen bemerkbar gemacht hatten. Prüller führt bei Gugelmin jedoch als Ausfallgrund Beinkrämpfe an.

 9. Lauf – GP Deutschland
Auf dem Hockenheimring fand am 28. Juli 1991 der Grand Prix von Deutschland statt. Beide Leyton-House-Fahrer qualifizierten sich mit Platz 12 (Capelli 1:41,330 min) und 14 (Gugelmin 1:41,715 min) im Mittelfeld. Aber einmal mehr führten technische Unzuverlässigkeiten zu einem Doppelausfall. In Runde 22 erlitt der Wagen von Gugelmin einen endgültigen Getriebeschaden, nachdem er seit Rennbeginn ohne Kupplung gefahren worden war. Eine Runde davor absolvierte Capelli seinen Boxenstopp. Capelli kam bis zur 36. Runde. Ihn stoppte ein Elektronikschaden (Fehlzündungen), der zum Motorausfall führte. Wenigstens der lange Fußmarsch zurück an seine Box blieb Capelli erspart. Er wurde nach dem Rennen von Gerhard Berger (McLaren) als "Beifahrer" mitgenommen.

 10. Lauf – GP Ungarn
Auf dem gelegentlich als "Micky-Maus-Kurs" bezeichneten Hungaroring konnte Leyton House das Leistungsdefizit des Ilmor-Motors gegenüber der Konkurrenz weitestgehend ausgleichen. Capelli wurde mit einer Zeit von 1:19,794 min Neunter der Qualifikation. Gugelmin kam mit 1:20,024 min auf Platz 13. Das Rennen mit Außentemperaturen von 35 °C entwickelte sich zur Hitzeschlacht. In der ersten Kurve war die Reihenfolge Senna, Patrese, Mansell, Prost, Berger, Alesi und Capelli auf Rang sieben. Gugelmin musste jedoch in Runde acht an die Box kommen, nachdem er bei einer Kollision mit Modena und Pirro einen Reifenschaden hinten links davongetragen hatte. In Runde 47 holte sich Capelli einen frischen Satz Reifen. Erstmals erreichten beide Leyton House das Ziel. Cappeli holte mit seinem 6. Platz einen WM-Punkt, allerdings nur, weil Prost in der 28. Runde mit Motorschaden aus dem Rennen ausgeschieden war. Es war der erste und einzige WM-Punkt für Leyton House 1991. Gugelmin komplettierte die Vorstellung von Leyton House mit dem 11. Platz.

 11. Lauf – GP Belgien

Auf dem Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps fand vom 23. bis 25. August 1991 der Große Preis von Belgien statt. Capelli qualifizierte sich mit seinem Wagen mit einer Zeit von 1:52,113 min auf Platz 12. Gugelmin komplettierte das Ergebnis mit 1:52,623 min, was ihm dem 15. Rang einbrachte. Doch auch am Rennsonntag ereilte beide Piloten das gleiche Schicksal. Gugelmin fiel bereits in der 2. Runde durch Motorschaden (Motorplatzer) aus. Das Gleiche war ihm bereits im Warm-up widerfahren. In Runde 14 folgte Capelli durch gleichen Defekt. Insgesamt war es der neunte Doppelausfall der Saison.

 12. Lauf – GP Italien
Der Große Preis von Italien in Monza vom 6. bis 8. September 1991 war der 12. Formel-1-Lauf der Saison 1991. Capelli fuhr im Qualifikationstraining auf den 12. Platz (1:23,674 min). Gugelmin wurde mit 1:24,391 min Achtzehnter. Dieses Rennen endete für Leyton House nicht mit einem Totalausfall; beide Wagen erreichten das Ziel. Gugelmin kam allerdings schon in Runde 7 an die Box, um nach Fehlzündungen am Ilmor die Zündbox wechseln zu lassen. Sein Boxenstopp dauerte 3:45 min. In Runde 12 wechselte Capelli seine Reifen. Gugelmin überfuhr die Ziellinie an achter Stelle, Gugelmin kam auf Platz 15.

 13. Lauf – GP Portugal
Im Vorfeld des Großen Preises von Portugal auf dem Circuito do Estoril war der bisherige Teamchef Takagi nicht mehr anzutreffen. Er war in einen Finanzskandal verwickelt und verhaftet worden. Mercedes fing das finanziell strauchelnde Team von Leyton House auf und "leaste" es als Versuchsabteilung für den Konzern. Wohl auf Druck von Mercedes sollte Mercedes-Junior Karl Wendlinger die letzten Rennen der Saison bestreiten. Unbeachtet dieser Ereignisse, oder gerade deswegen, zeigten beide Leyton House Piloten ein sauberes Qualifikationsergebnis. Capelli kam auf den 9. Platz (1:15,481 min). Gugelmin sogar auf den 7. Platz (1:15,266 min). Diese Platz hielt Gugelmin auch im Rennen und verpasste so erneut knapp wichtige WM-Punkte. Capelli musste seinen Wagen in der Runde 65. Runde durch einen Bruch der Fahrzeugnase nach Kollision abstellen.

 14. Lauf – GP Spanien
Im Qualifikationstraining auf dem Circuit de Catalunya platzierte Capelli seinen Leyton House mit 1:20,584 min auf den 8. Platz. Auf dem 12. Platz folgte Gugelmin mit einer Zeit von 1:20,743 min. Im Rennen fiel Capelli noch in der ersten Runde durch einen Unfall mit dem BMS Scuderia Italia von Emanuele Pirro aus. Gugelmin wurde Siebter und verpasste damit erneut die Punkte knapp.

 15. Lauf – GP Japan
Für die letzten beiden Saisonrennen der Formel-1-Saison 1991 wurde Ivan Capelli durch den jungen Österreicher Karl Wendlinger ersetzt, der genügend Sponsorengelder mitbrachte, um Leyton House den Start bei den letzten beiden Rennen der Saison zu finanzieren. Capelli fuhr in der Formel-1-Saison 1992 bei Ferrari als Ersatz für den entlassenen Alain Prost. Im Qualifikationstraining auf dem Suzuka International Racing Course erreichte Gugelmin den 18. Platz. Wendlinger kam in seinem Formel-1-Debüt auf den 22. Platz. Das Rennen endete für Wendlinger bereits in der ersten Runde, als er in einen Massenunfall verwickelt wurde. Gugelmin brachte seinen Leyton House auf dem 8. Platz ins Ziel.

 16. Lauf – GP Australien
Der Saisonabschluss der Formel 1 Saison fand auf den Adelaide Street Circuit statt. Für Wendlinger gestaltete sich das Qualifikationstraining schwierig, durch seine Größe hatte er Schalt- und Sitzprobleme. Wendlinger schilderte die Lage so:  Im Vormittagstraining rutschte Wendlinger in die Mauer, wobei Frontflügel und Querlenker zerstört wurden. Zunächst auf Platz 19 qualifiziert, fiel Wendlinger mit einer Zeit von 1:18,282 min auf den 26. und letzten Startplatz zurück, weil Martin Brundle (Brabham-Yamaha) ihn auf einer schnellen Runde blockierte. Eine ganze Sekunde schneller war Gugelmin, der mit einer Zeit von 1:17,344 min den 14. Rang erreichte. Das Rennen, als "Regenschlacht von Adelaide" bekannt, wurde nach 15 gefahrenen Runden abgebrochen. Wendlinger überholte binnen weniger Runden neun Kontrahenten und lag bald auf Platz 15. In Runde sieben musste er allerdings an die Box, um die Zündbox austauschen zu lassen. Er fuhr danach auf den 20. Platz. Gugelmin presste sich in Runde 14 auf der Ziellinie an Stefano Modena vorbei, verlor aber infolge von Aquaplaning die Kontrolle über seinen Wagen und kollidierte mit der Boxenmauer. Dabei wurden zwei Streckenposten verletzt. Da das Rennen jedoch in der 15. Runde abgebrochen wurde, wurde Gugelmin auf Platz 14 gewertet.

Saisonüberblick

Für die Formel-1 Saison 1992 wurde die Fahrerpaarung Wendlinger/Paul Belmondo unter Vertrag genommen, denn nach Capelli (zu Ferrari) verließ auch Gugelmin (zu Jordan-Yamaha) das Team.

Literatur
 Ulf von Malberg, Didier Braillon: Formel 1 1991 Grand Prix, Karl Müller Verlag 1991, ISBN 978-3-86070-269-7
 Willy Knupp: Grand Prix 1991 - live miterlebt, Zeitgeist Verlag 1991, ISBN 3-926224-21-5
 Heinz Prüller: Grand Prix Story 91 - Grenzgänger, Orac Verlag Wien-München-Zürich, ISBN 3-7015-0239-0

Weblinks

 Capellis Ausfall beim Großen Preis der USA auf youtube.com

Einzelnachweise

Rennwagen der Formel-1-Weltmeisterschaft  1991
Historischer Rennwagen
March-Rennwagen

Leyton House CG911


An Carex dipsacea in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Sven Berggren. An Carex dipsacea in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex dipsacea


Anna Justine Mahler () a fost o sculptoriță austriacă.

Primii ani

Născută în Viena, Anna Mahler a fost cel de-al doilea copil al compozitorului Gustav Mahler și soția sa Alma Schindler. Părinții îi mai spuneau și "Gucki" datorită ochilor ei mari si albastri (Gucken în limba germană însemnând "a arunca o privire" sau "a se uita pe furiș"). Copilăria și-a petrecut-o în umbra vieții amoroase a mamei sale și al celebrului său salon. Anna, de asemenea, a suferit pierderea surorii mai mari, Maria Mahler (1902-1907), care a murit de scarlatină când Anna avea doar doi ani și a tatălui ei, care a murit când ea avea șase ani. Consecința celor două tragedii a dus la o poveste de dragoste a mamei ei cu arhitectul german Walter Gropius și o relație furtunoasă cu pictorul expresionist, austriac, Oskar Kokoschka. Cea de-a doua căsătorie a lui Alma Mahler cu Gropius, cu toate acestea, a oferit o aparență a vieții de familie în timpul adolescenței lui Anna - precum și nașterea surorii vitrege, Manon Gropius (1916-1935).

Anna a fost educată de către tutori și în același timp s-a bucurat de atenția primită din partea prietenilor mamei ei, incluzând multe dintre cele mai importante personalități artistice în muzică, arte vizuale și literatură. Ca fiica a legendarului Gustav Mahler, se aștepta ca Anna să aibă o carieră muzicală. Cu toate acestea, mai degrabă decât să fie un muzician profesionist, Anna s-a îndrăgostit de un muzician, un tânăr dirijor, Rupert Koller.

Viața personală
Căsătoria a avut loc la 2 noiembrie 1920, când Anna avea doar șaisprezece ani și s-a încheiat în câteva luni. Curând după aceea, Anna s-a mutat la Berlin pentru a studia arte plastice. În timpul acesta, s-a îndrăgostit de compozitorul Ernst Krenek , care mai târziu a fost rugat de către Alma să producă o copie cât mai fidelă a unei partituri neterminate a lui Mahler din a Zecea Simfonie. Cei doi s-au căsătorit pe 15 ianuarie 1924, dar și această căsătorie nu a durat mult, parăsindu-l pe Krenek pentru totdeauna în noiembrie 1924. În acest timp, Krenek și-a finalizat Concertul de Vioara Nr. 1, Op. 29. Violonista australiană Alma Moodie l-a ajutat pe Krenek să obțină asistență financiară din partea sponsorului ei elvețian, Werner Reinhart (datorită căruia Krenek și Mahler au locuit în Zürich) iar în semn de recunoștință, Krenek a dedicat concertul lui Moodie, concert care a avut premiera pe 5 ianuarie 1925, în Dessau. Divorțul lui Krenek de Anna Mahler a fost final la câteva zile după premieră. Krenek nu a participat la premieră, dar cu toate acestea a avut o aventură cu Moodie, o aventură care a fost descrisă ca fiind "de scurtă durată și complicată".

S-a căsătorit cu editorul Paul Zsolnay, pe 2 decembrie 1929, și au avut o fiică, Alma (5 noiembrie 1930 – 15 noiembrie 2010). Cuplul a divorțat în 1934.

Anul 1939, aprilie, a găsit-o în Hampstead, în Londra, după ce a fugit din Austria nazistă. La 3 martie 1943 s-a căsătorit cu dirijorul Anatole Fistoulari cu care a avut o fiica, Marina (născută la 1 august 1943).

După război, s-a mutat în California unde a locuit timp de câțiva ani. În timp ce încă era căsătorită cu Fistoulari, dar trăiau separat, ea a apărut în emisiunea radio "You Bet Your Life" pe 2 ianuarie 1952 (și pe 3 ianuarie 1952 în ediția televizată). Căsătoria celor doi a luat sfârșit în 1956.

În 1970 s-a căsătorit cu al cincilea soț, Albrecht Joseph (1901-1991), un editor si scriitor de scenarii de film de la Hollywood. După ce mama ei a murit în 1964, Anna, acum independentă financiar, s-a întors la Londra pentru o perioadă de timp până s-a decis în cele din urmă să trăiască în Spoleto în Italia, începând cu anul 1969.

Mahler a declarat că a găsit dragostea adevărată alături de ultimul soț, dar că la părăsit la vârsta de șaptezeci și cinci de ani pentru ca ambii să se dezvolte personal, deoarece au petrecut prea mult timp având grijă unul de celălalt.

A murit în 1988, în Hampstead, în timp ce își vizita fiica Marina. Ea este înmormântată la Cimitirul Highgate.

Carieră artistică

Înclinația lui Anna Mahler către artele vizuale a început devreme, atunci când a vizitat studioul lui Oskar Kokoschka. A fost de asemenea un model pentru soacra ei, pictorița Broncia Koller-Quintas. După divorț, Anna a studiat arta și pictura în Berlin, Roma și Paris, in anii 1920. La vârsta de douăzeci și șase de ani, a descoperit că sculptura este mediul în care ea ar putea exprima cel mai bine creativitatea ei. După ce a luat lecții de sculptură în Viena în anul 1930 de la Fritz Wotruba, ea a devenit un sculptor de renume acolo și a fost distinsă cu Grand Prix-ul de la Paris din 1937.

Pe lângă sculptura în piatră, Anna Mahler a realizat capete de bronz pentru mulți muzicieni consacrați ai secolului 20, printre care Arnold Schönberg, Alban Berg, Artur Schnabel, Otto Klemperer, Bruno Walter, Rudolf Serkin și Eileen Joyce.

Note

Bibliografie
 Anna Mahler. Ich bin in mir selbst zu Hause Ed. de Barbara Weidle & Ursula Seeber (Weidle Verlag, Bonn, 2004)
 Anna Mahler tribute website
 Obituary, The Times, 6 iunie 1988

Nașteri în 1904
Decese în 1988
Sculptorițe austriece
Înmormântări în Cimitirul Highgate

Anna Mahler


An Arundinella rupestris in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Aimée Antoinette Camus. An Arundinella rupestris in nahilalakip ha genus nga Arundinella, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Arundinella

Arundinella rupestris


Saltlage er betegnelsen for en koncentreret opløsning af salt, fx kogesalt (natriumklorid), navnlig når opløsningen anvendes til konservering af fødevarer. I Danmark er det fortrinsvis kød og fisk, der på denne måde tilføres langtidsholdbarhed og modstandsdygtighed overfor vækst af bakterier. Saltlagen består foruden af vand og og salt af bestanddele, som efter påføring af tørsalt er trukket ud af fødeemnet ved saltets osmotiske kraft.

Saltning af fx kød gør kødet fastere og mindsker kødets samlede vægt. Saltet kød, fx hamburgerryg, bliver derfor dyrere end den rå svineryg. Effekten kan modvirkes ved indsprøjtning i kødet af en fosfatopløsning, hvilket dog forringer det saltede køds kvalitet, idet væskebindingen fører til, at kødet bliver glinsende vådt og at det taber en uforholdsmæssig stor mængde væske under varmebehandling ved fx stegning.

Naturlige saltopløsninger
Koncentrerede saltopløsninger forekommer naturligt i afløbsløse søer i nedbørsfattige områder, hvor vand fra navnlig bjergområder tilføres gennem vandløb. Et kendt eksempel er det Døde Hav. Sådanne naturlige saltsøer indeholder blandinger af en lang række opløste mineraler. Hvis saltvand ved fx fordampning når en koncentration på 36 vægtprocent ved 25 C vil saltet udfældes som krystaller.

Saltvand er tungere end ferskvand. Det kan, sammen med temperaturbetingede forskelle i havvandets massefylde, føre til lagdeling af havvand. Det ses blandt andet i Østersøen, hvor det med floderne tilførte ferskvand danner et overfladisk lag, mens indstrømmende oceanisk havvand i kraft af sin højere tæthed bliver liggende i bunden af Østersøen.

Referencer

Natriumklorid
Opløsninger

Saltlage


Kemijska termodinamika je grana termodinamike koja se bavi energijskim pretvorbama (transformacijama) tijekom kemijskih reakcija. Njezin je prvenstveni cilj da na temelju energijskih promjena odredi uvjete koji određuju smjer spontane kemijske reakcije i njezin doseg, jer pretvorba (konverzija) reaktanata u produkte najčešće nije potpuna, pa kemijske reakcije napreduju samo do kemijske ravnoteže, to jest do stupnja u kojem se omjer koncentracija reaktanata i produkata više ne mijenja. Da bi se opisalo stanje sustava, promjene stanja i uvjeti pri kojima proces nastaje, primjenjuju se zakoni termodinamike. Promjena unutarnje energije sustava funkcija je topline i mehaničkog rada. U sustavu u kojem nastaje neka promjena, a volumen se sustava pritom ne mijenja, nastala toplina jednaka je promjeni unutarnje energije, dok se toplina nastala u sustavu tijekom promjene pri konstantnom tlaku određuje kao promjena entalpije, a jednaka je razlici entalpije konačnog i početnoga stanja. Sve spontane promjene u izoliranom sustavu dovode do porasta entropije sustava, koju je također moguće izračunati kao razliku entropije konačnog i početnoga stanja.

Osnovni pojmovi

Kemijska ravnoteža

Kemijska ravnoteža je stupanj do kojega povratne (reverzibilne) kemijske reakcije napreduju, stanje kada se brzine reakcije prema naprijed (od reaktanata u produkte) i reakcije unazad (od produkata u reaktante) izjednače. Kemijska ravnoteža primjer je dinamičke ravnoteže pri kojoj se suprotni mikroskopski procesi i dalje odvijaju, ali se, makroskopski gledano, ne zapažaju nikakve promjene. Uz dane vanjske uvjete (stalna temperatura i tlak) ravnoteža se postiže pri minimumu Gibbsove energije sustava, što je predmet proučavanja [kemijske termodinamike, a slijedi iz općenitijega drugog stavka termodinamike. U takvu je stanju omjer umnožaka koncentracija produkata i umnožaka koncentracija reaktanata približno stalan, a naziva se konstantom ravnoteže. Na položaj ravnoteže, to jest na stupanj uznapredovalosti reakcije, može se utjecati promjenom vanjskih uvjeta. Tako, na primjer, pri povišenju temperature endotermne reakcije dalje napreduju prema produktima, a pri povišenju tlaka plinskih sustava ravnoteža se pomiče u smjeru nastajanja manjeg broja molekula. Općenito se takvo ponašanje iskazuje Le Chatelierovim načelom, prema kojemu se ravnotežni sustav prilagođuje tako da umanji utjecaj vanjske promjene.

Gibbsova slobodna energija

Gibbsova slobodna energija, Gibbsova energija, Gibbsov potencijal ili slobodna entalpija (oznaka G) je fizikalna veličina koja opisuje oslobođenu ili apsorbiranu energiju u nekom povratnom (reverzibilnom) procesu koji se odvija pri stalnoj temperaturi T i tlaku p. Definirana je kao entalpija H umanjena za umnožak entropije S i temperature T:

ili

gdje je: V - volumen, a U - unutarnja energija termodinamičkog sustava. Pri minimalnoj promjeni Gibbsove energije (ΔG = 0), uz stalnu temperaturu i tlak, sustav je u kemijskoj ravnoteži. U spontanim se procesima Gibbsova energija smanjuje (ΔG < 0), a entropija se povećava. Promjena je Gibbsove energije pozitivna (ΔG > 0) samo onda kada se u sustav dovodi energija. Mjerna jedinica Gibbsove energije jest džul (J). Nazvana je po J. W. Gibbsu.

Izvori

Fizikalna kemija
Termodinamika

Kemijska termodinamika


The Venus of Dolní Věstonice () is a Venus figurine, a ceramic statuette of a nude female figure dated to 29,000–25,000 BCE (Gravettian industry). It was found at the Paleolithic site Dolní Věstonice in the Moravian basin south of Brno, in the base of Děvín Mountain in what is today the Czech Republic. This figurine and a few others from locations nearby are the oldest known ceramic articles in the world.

Description
It has a height of , and a width of  at its widest point and is made of a clay body fired at a relatively low temperature (500–800 °C). The statuette follows the general morphology of the other Venus figurines: exceptionally large breasts, belly and hips, perhaps symbols of fertility, relatively small head and little detail on the rest of the body. A feature which no longer remains a part of the sculpture, is the fact that it is thought to have been originally ornamented with four feathers. This is evidenced by the four small holes on the top of the head. Although the type of feather has not been determined, the holes are said to be produced with a tool that is relatively sharp – of which a feather would satisfy.

The palaeolithic settlement of Dolní Věstonice in Moravia, a part of Czechoslovakia at the time organized excavation began, now located in the Czech Republic, has been under systematic archaeological research since 1924, initiated by Karel Absolon. In addition to the Venus figurine, figures of animals – bear, lion, mammoth, horse, fox, rhino and owl – and more than 2,000 balls of burnt clay have been found at Dolní Věstonice.

The figurine was discovered on 13 July 1925 in a layer of ash, broken into two pieces. It was found situated in a central fireplace. Once on display at the Moravian Museum in Brno, it is now protected and only rarely accessible to the public. It was exhibited in the National Museum in Prague from 11 October 2006 until 2 September 2007 as a part of the exhibition Lovci mamutů (The Mammoth Hunters). It was presented in the Moravian Museum in Brno at an expo "Prehistoric Art in Central Europe". It has returned to depository as of June 2009. Scientists periodically examine the statuette. A tomograph scan in 2004 found a fingerprint of a child estimated at between 7 and 15 years of age, fired into the surface; the child who handled the figurine before it was fired is considered by Králík, Novotný and Oliva (2002) to be an unlikely candidate for its maker.

Gallery

See also

Venus figurines
Art of the Upper Paleolithic
List of Stone Age art
Venus of Hohle Fels
Venus of Petřkovice
Venus of Willendorf

References

General Information
 National Geographic Society.  Wonders of the Ancient World; National Geographic Atlas of Archaeology, Norman Hammond, Consultant, Nat'l Geogr. Soc., (Multiple Staff authors), (Nat'l Geogr., R.H.Donnelley & Sons, Willard, OH), 1994, 1999, Reg or Deluxe Ed., 304 pgs.  Deluxe ed. photo (pg 248): "Venus, Dolni Věstonice, 24,000 B.C."  In section titled: The Potter's Art, pp 246–253.

External links

Overview
Pictures of Venus and other ceramic
Details and timeline
Jihomoravske venuse - South Moravian Venuses - video ( 2010 )''

Archaeological discoveries in the Czech Republic
Archaeology of Moravia
Ceramic sculptures
Dolni Vestonice
Gravettian
Nude sculptures
Stone Age Czech Republic
South Moravian Region
Terracotta sculptures
Upper Paleolithic discoveries
Sculptures of women in the Czech Republic
Statues in the Czech Republic

Venus of Dolní Věstonice


USS Lyon (AP-71) was a type C3 ship of the United States Navy which played an extensive role in naval transportation during World War II. The Lyon was built as Mormactide under a Maritime Commission (MC) contract by the Ingalls Shipbuilding Company of Pascagoula, Mississippi. She was laid down 21 August 1939, and was launched on 12 October 1940; sponsored by Gloria McGehee.

Mormactide was the third ship to be built by Ingalls for Moore-McCormack Lines and was designed specifically for the South American trade. The ship was completed in April 1941 and turned over to the War Shipping Administration (WSA) for wartime operation in March 1942 when it was operated by Moore-McCormack for the WSA under a United States Army Transportation Corps agreement. In August the ship was transferred to the Custody of the War Department. On 20 August 1942 the ship was acquired by the Navy and was renamed the Lyon after Mary Lyon, the founder of Mount Holyoke College (then Mount Holyoke Female Seminary). (See also List of U.S. military vessels named after women.)

The Lyon was transferred for conversion to the Atlantic Basin Iron Works of Brooklyn, New York on 13 September 1942. The ship was commissioned on 16 September 1942. After the ship's service in World War II, the ship was decommissioned on 3 May 1946, and was returned to her owners, Moore-McCormack Lines. In 1966 the ship was acquired by Grace Lines and renamed the Santa Regina.

Pre-World War II
Mormactide was the second ship designed for Moore-McCormack's South American trade equipped with a cargo air conditioning system and the third ship to be built by Ingalls for the line. The ship, a MC type C3 hull numbered 65, Ingalls hull 255 was assigned official number 240348 and completed on 10 April 1941.  Mormactide was turned over to the War Shipping Administration (WSA) for wartime operation on 10 March 1942. Mormactide was operated by Moore-McCormack for WSA under a standard Army Transportation Corps agreement until 8 August 1942 when the ship was transferred to the Custody of the War Department. On 13 September 1942 the Navy acquired  Mormactide under a bareboat charter from WSA.

World War II
After being turned over to the Navy, she completed conversion to an AP,  ship, on 20 September 1942. The Lyon departed from Newport News, Virginia on 22 October 1942 to assist in the invasion of French Morocco, taking part in the largest assembly of ships ever assembled at the time. The Lyon safely crossed the Atlantic Ocean, encountering none of the U-boats which were a major danger at the time. The ship arrived at Safi on 7 November.

While ships of the western task force of Operation Torch silenced French shore batteries and naval resistance, troops of the western pincer were landed to trap the retreating Afrika Korps of General Erwin Rommel, the "Desert Fox". Though a cease-fire was negotiated on 11 November, German U-boats interfered, and torpedo attacks began 10 November. Since the 15 transports and cargo ships anchored in Fedhala Roads offered a target, they were removed to the security of Casablanca. The Lyon was part of a convoy that sailed for the United States on 15 November, and arrived back in Norfolk on 24 November.

From 13 December 1942 to 11 March 1943, Lyon made two voyages between New York City and Oran, Algeria, transporting reinforcements for the campaign in North Africa. The ship was then ordered to duty with Atlantic Amphibious Force for several weeks, and returned to Africa on 23 May to participate in amphibious training exercises until 28 June.

Lyon next departed Mers el Kebir, Algiers on 6 July, with units of the Army's 1st Infantry Division for the assault on Gela, Sicily. The troops on the Lyon disembarked safely in stormy weather on 10 July for the initial advance into what had been called Europe's "soft underbelly". The vessel sailed from the battle area on 12 July and arrived back in Algeria three days later to prepare for the next assignment, the Salerno landings.

Operation Avalanche was launched on 9 September. The landings were successful despite heavy enemy fire, air attacks, and complications resulting from a false report of Italy's surrender. The Lyon returned to Oran on 14 September and for the next two months reinforced American forces fighting in the Naples area. The ship departed the Mediterranean Sea on 7 November and arrived in New York City on 21 November for overhaul.

In January 1944, the Lyon transported 2,000 Army Air Corps and Army Medical Corps personnel to Scotland, returning to New York City on 28 January. The Lyon then departed for North Africa via England, making two voyages to Naples before beginning five months of training.

She sailed from Naples on 13 August as part of a combined British-French-United States operation to land in the St. Tropez area of southern France. Lyon received her fourth battle star here where the Allied landings overwhelmed opposition at this "back door" to Europe. The ship continued to reinforce these landings until 24 October when she again departed for New York.

Arriving 8 November, she prepared for Pacific duty, and sailed from New York on 26 December. Lyon embarked combat forces in San Francisco in January 1945, and departed for the invasion of Okinawa.

Lyon successfully completed her role in this major attack in the face of kamikaze attacks, and returned to San Francisco on 21 May. She departed Seattle, Washington, on 2 June to reinforce Okinawa, sailing via Honolulu, Eniwetok, and Ulithi. Lyon arrived off Okinawa on 14 July and was immediately forced out to sea by a typhoon. For two days her convoy was exposed to enemy submarine and kamikaze attacks, but the proximity of Admiral William Halsey, Jr.'s 3rd Fleet diverted potential attackers. She returned to Okinawa on 21 July and embarked veteran marines bound for Guam to prepare for the planned assault on the Japanese home islands. She returned to the west coast on 14 August.

Lyon received five battle stars for World War II service.

After World War II
After two voyages to the Far East between August and November transporting occupation troops and returning veterans, Lyon arrived in San Francisco on 3 February 1946. She departed Oakland, California, on 2 March with 1,000 German prisoners of war bound for Liverpool, England, and returned to New York on 12 April. She decommissioned on 3 May 1946 and was returned to her owners, the Moore-McCormack Lines, and her original name.

On 3 May 1946 the ship returned to operation by Moore-McCormack under a WSA agreement as Mormactide until 6 November when the ship was redelivered to the line.  The ship remained under the ownership of Moore-McCormack Lines until August 1966 when she was sold to Grace Lines and renamed Santa Regina. On 18 January the ship was sold by the then Prudential-Grace Lines to Dah Young Steel Manufacturing Co., LTD for scrapping in Taiwan.

References

External links

Type C3 ships
Ships built in Pascagoula, Mississippi
1940 ships
World War II merchant ships of the United States
Elizabeth C. Stanton-class transports
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States

USS Lyon


Pas på gående - gående pas på er en undervisningsfilm instrueret af Henning Ørnbak efter manuskript af Henning Ørnbak.

Handling
Færdselspropagandafilm, som pålægger den kørende trafik at tage hensyn til fodgængerne og samtidig indskærper fodgængerne, at de skal se sig for, før de træder ud på kørebanen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1960

Undervisningsfilm fra Danmark

Pas på gående - gående pas på


Adam Húska (né le  à Zvolen en Slovaquie) est un joueur professionnel slovaque de hockey sur glace. Il évolue au poste de gardien de but.

Biographie

Carrière en club
Formé au HKm Zvolen, il est choisi au septième tour, en cent-quatre-vingt-quatrième position par les Rangers de New York lors du repêchage d'entrée dans la LNH 2015. Il part en Amérique du Nord en 2015 chez les Gamblers de Green Bay dans l'USHL. De 2016 à 2019, il rejoint les Huskies du Connecticut dans le championnat NCAA. En 2019, il passe professionnel avec le Wolf Pack de Hartford, club ferme des Rangers dans la Ligue américaine de hockey. Le , il joue son premier match dans la Ligue nationale de hockey avec les Rangers face à l'Avalanche du Colorado lors d'une défaite 7-3.

Carrière internationale
Il représente la Slovaquie au niveau international. Il participe aux sélections jeunes. Il prend part à son premier championnat du monde senior en 2021.

Statistiques
Pour les significations des abréviations, voir statistiques du hockey sur glace.

Références

Naissance en mai 1997
Naissance à Zvolen
Joueur international slovaque de hockey sur glace
Choix de repêchage des Rangers de New York
Choix de repêchage du HK Sotchi
Joueur du Wolf Pack de Hartford
Joueur du HKm Zvolen
Joueur des Mariners du Maine (ECHL)
Joueur des Rangers de New York
Joueur du Torpedo Nijni Novgorod

Adam Húska


Hughes Bay ('Hughes-Bucht') ist der Name folgender Buchten:

 Hughes-Bucht (Antarktika), Bucht an der Antarktischen Halbinsel
 Hughes Bay (Antigua), Bucht im Nonsuch Sound auf Antigua

Hughes Bay


بلدية توميلوسو ، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة سيوداد ريال إحدى مقاطعات إسبانيا، والتي تقع في منطقة قشتالة لا منتشا وسط إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 35.637 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

توأمة
لتوميلوسو (سيوداد ريال) اتفاقيات توأمة مع كل من:
 نيور
 بئر لحلو
 ليبي

أعلام
 فرنسيسكو سيريزو
 أنطونيو لوبيز
 خيسوس ألبرتو روبيو

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في ثيوداد ريال
بلديات سيوداد ريال

توميلوسو (سيوداد ريال)


Afrodita s Mela (grčki: Αφροδίτη της Μήλου, Aphroditē tēs Mēlou), poznatija kao Milska Venera, je jedno od najpoznatijih umjetničkih djela. Smatra se kako predstavlja grčku boginju ljubavi i ljepote Afroditu (Venera, prema rimskoj mitologiji). Ime je dobila prema otoku Milu, u otočju Cikladi, Egejsko more, Grčka, gdje ju je 1820. godine pronašao mještanin Yorgos Kentrotas. Kupio ju je francuski veleposlanik u Istanbulu 1821. godine, u vrijeme kada je Grčka bila pod osmanskom vlašću. Francuski kralj Luj XVIII. ju je donirao muzeju Louvre u Parizu gdje se danas drži jednim od najvrjednijih izložaka.

Isklesana je iz mramora, u veličini nešto većoj od naravne (203 cm), između 130. i 100. godine pr. Kr. Ruke, nakit i izvorno postolje izgubljeni su poslije otkrića. Prema natpisu na postolju, čije su skice i prijepisi natpisa sačuvani, Milsku Veneru je izradio Aleksandar iz Antiohije, iako se prvobitno djelo pripisivalo Praksitelu, ili njegovoj školi. Vijugava figura i moderna draperija daju joj dojam uzvišenosti. Nekada se pretpostavljalo da je u rukama držala dijete, krunu, štit, koplje, jabuku (milos na grčkom jeziku znači "jabuka"), ili zrcalo u kojemu se divila svom odrazu, a u novije vrijeme - vreteno i konac. Vjerojatno je prvobitno nosila metalni nakit, narukvice, naušnice i traku na glavi, od kojih su ostale samo zaglavne rupe za njih.

Milska Venera je snažno utjecala na umjetnike od antike do renesanse, ali i na moderne umjetnike kao što je Salvador Dali (Milska Venera s ladicama).

Poveznice

 Kiparstvo stare Grčke

Izvori

 James Grout, Venus de Milo, iz Encyclopædia Romana

Vanjske poveznice
 Musée du Louvre, službene stranice Milonske Venere, arhivirano
 Vénus de Milo , neslužbene stranice

Starogrčke skulpture
Louvre

Milska Venera


La gare de Vorojba () est une gare ferroviaire dans  l'oblast de Soumy en Ukraine.

Histoire

La gare fut ouverte en 1868.

Service des voyageurs

Accueil

Desserte

Intermodalité
C'est un important nœud ferroviaire tant pour le fret que pour les passagers.
 Station de métro Vokzal'na  (Ligne Svyatochins'ko-Brovars'ka).
 Train urbain électrifié de Kiev.

Notes et références

Articles connexes
 Transport ferroviaire en Ukraine,
 Liste de gares en Ukraine.

Liens externes

Gare mise en service en 1868
Gare dans l'oblast de Soumy
Gare

Gare de Vorojba


Pedrafita do Cebreiro, İspanya'nın on yedi özerk bölgesinden, ülkenin kuzeybatı köşesinde bulunan Galiçya otonom bölgesine bağlı dört eyaletten biri olan Lugo'ya bağlı 67 belediyeden biridir. Pedrafita do Cebreiro belediyesinin nüfusu, 2005 yılı nüfus sayımlarına göre 1.456 kişidir.

Lugo'daki belediyeler

Pedrafita do Cebreiro


Le Web3 ou Web 3.0 est un terme utilisé pour désigner l'idée d'un web décentralisé exploitant la technologie des chaînes de blocs (blockchain), se voulant ainsi le successeur du Web 2.0, terme utilisé pour désigner le web « social ».

Bien qu'impliquant une critique du Web 2.0 pour sa centralisation des données des utilisateurs et de l'oligopole des plateformes, le Web3 embryonnaire tel qu'il existe en 2022 n'est pas à l'abri de la centralisation et concentration par quelques acteurs en oligopole.

Origines
L'acception du Web3 est aujourd'hui différente du concept de 1999 de Tim Berners-Lee pour un web sémantique. En 2006, Berners-Lee a décrit le Web sémantique comme un composant du Web 3.0, qui est différent du terme Web3 dans le contexte des crypto-monnaies.

Le terme « Web3 » a été premièrement utilisé par le fondateur de Polkadot et le cofondateur d'Ethereum, Gavin Wood, en 2014, faisant référence à un « écosystème en ligne décentralisé basé sur la blockchain ». En 2021, l'idée d'un Web3 a gagné en popularité, en particulier vers la fin de 2021, en grande partie en raison de l'intérêt des enthousiastes de crypto-monnaies et des grands investisseurs. Des dirigeants de la société de capital risque Andreessen Horowitz sont allés voir le gouvernement Américain en octobre 2021 pour faire pression en faveur du Web3 comme solution potentielle aux questions sur la réglementation du Web.

Certains auteurs faisant référence au concept de décentralisation du Web emploient également le terme de « Web3 », ou encore plus couramment de « Web 3.0 ».

Concept
Les définitions du Web3 diffèrent, et le terme a été décrit par  comme « flou », mais elles tournent autour de l'idée de décentralisation et intègrent généralement des technologies de blockchain, telles que diverses crypto-monnaies ou jetons non fongibles (NFT).

Bloomberg décrit le Web3 comme une idée qui « construirait des actifs financiers sous forme de jetons dans le fonctionnement interne de presque toute activité sur Internet ». La création de ces jetons permettrait, en plus de l'aspect décentralisé, un bénéfice important pour les sociétés en leur permettant de créer un mécanisme extrêmement puissant d'incitation et d'alignement des intérêts entre elles et leurs clients. Ce mécanisme s'incarne parfaitement avec le concept d'organisations autonomes décentralisées (DAOs) . La finance décentralisée (DeFi) est un autre concept clé, où les utilisateurs échangent de l'argent sans intervention bancaire ou gouvernementale.

L'identité auto-souveraine permet aux utilisateurs de s'identifier sans s'appuyer sur un système d'authentification tel qu'OAuth, dans lequel une autorité de confiance doit être contactée. Des spécialistes ont fait valoir que le Web3 fonctionnerait probablement en tandem avec les sites Web 2.0, et que ceux-ci intégreront certaines technologies du Web3 afin d'améliorer leurs services.

Réception
Les spécialistes et journalistes ont souvent décrit le Web3 comme une solution potentielle aux préoccupations de plus en plus présentes au regard de la centralisation excessive de Web aux mains de quelques grandes entreprises. Certains pensent que le Web3 pourrait améliorer la sécurité et la confidentialité des données au-delà de ce qui est actuellement possible avec les plateformes Web 2.0. Bloomberg déclare que ceux qui sont sceptiques trouvent que le Web3 « est loin d'être utilisable au-delà d'un nombre limité d'applications, dont beaucoup sont des outils destinés aux négociateurs de crypto ». The New York Times a rapporté que plusieurs investisseurs parient  de dollars sur le fait que Web3 « est l'avenir d'Internet ».

Certaines entreprises Web 2.0, dont Reddit et Discord, ont exploré l'intégration de technologies Web3 sur leurs plateformes. Le 8 novembre 2021, le PDG Jason Citron a tweeté une capture d'écran suggérant que Discord explorait l'intégration de portefeuilles de crypto-monnaies. Deux jours plus tard, après une forte réaction de ses utilisateurs, Discord a annoncé qu'il n'avait pas l'intention d'intégrer de telles technologies et qu'il s'agissait uniquement d'un concept interne développé dans le cadre d'un hackathon. Le 20 janvier 2022, Twitter a mis en place une nouvelle fonctionnalité pour permettre aux abonnés du service payant Twitter Blue de montrer leurs jetons non fongibles sur leur photo de profil.

Certains spécialistes en droit cités par The Conversation ont exprimé des inquiétudes quant à la difficulté de réglementer un Web décentralisé, qui, selon eux, pourrait rendre plus difficile la prévention de la cybercriminalité, du cyberharcèlement, des discours de haine et de la pédopornographie. Mais, il déclare également que « [le Web décentralisé] représente les espoirs du passé selon lesquels Internet briserait les structures de pouvoir existantes ». Certaines autres critiques sur le Web3 voient le concept comme faisant partie d'une bulle des crypto-monnaies et de tendances basées sur la blockchain qu'ils considèrent comme surmédiatisées. Certains ont exprimé des inquiétudes quant à l'impact environnemental des crypto-monnaies et des jetons non fongibles (NFTs), même si la preuve d'enjeu permet aujourd'hui de réduire leur impact environnemental. D'autres ont exprimé leur conviction que le Web3 et les technologies associées facilitent la réalisation de ventes pyramidales.

Références

Articles connexes
 Redécentralisation d'Internet
 Peer-to-peer web hosting
 Blockchain
 Bitcoin
 Cryptomonnaies

World Wide Web

Web3


Olaylar
 Cengiz Han tahta geçti ve Moğol İmparatorluğu kuruldu (dağılışı 1368).
 Trabzon Kuşatması sona erdi.

Doğumlar
 19 Mart - Güyük, Cengiz Han'ın torunu, Moğolların büyük kağanı Ögeday'in büyük oğlu ve ardılı (ö. 1248)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 IV. Béla, Macaristan ve Hırvatistan Kralı (ö. 1270)
 Şeyh Edebali, Osmanlı Devleti'nin kuruluş yıllarında yaşamış bir İslam ilahiyatçısı-din bilgini, Ahi şeyhi, Osman Gazi'nin kayınbabası ve hocası, Osmanlı Devleti'nin fikir babası (ö. 1326)
 Nasır Davud, Eyyubiler Suriye Sultanı (ö. 1259)

Ölümler
 15 Mart - Muhammed Şihabeddin Guri, Gurlu Sultanı (d. 1162)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Camuka, Cengiz Han'ın kan kardeşi ve rakibi
 El-Cezeri, Müslüman Arabī bilim insanı ve mühendis (d. 1136)

1206


العجاردة من فرق الخوارج التي نشأت في سجستان، يقول الإمام البغدادي: وأما الخوارج فإنها لما اختلفت أصبحت عشرين فرقة منها: المحكمة الأولى والأزارقة ثم النجدات ثم الصفرية ثم العجاردة، وتنسب العجاردة إلى رجل من العطوية اسمه عبد الكريم بن عجرد.

فرق العجاردة
افترقت الخوارج العجاردة فيما بينها فرقا كثيرة منها: الخزامية والشعبية والمعلومية والمجهولية والمعبدية والرشيدية والمكرمية والحمزية والإبراهيمية والواقفة والقطبية.

أقوالهم
 منهم من قالوا: 'إنه يجب أن يدعى الطفل إذا بلغ، وتجب البراءة منه قبل ذلك حتى يدعى إلى الإسلام ويصفه هو وتميزت بذلك.
 منهم فرقة أخرى أعادت النظر في مسألة الدار وأهلها، فقالوا: إن الواجب هو قتال السلطان خاصة، ومن رضي بحكمه، فأما من أنكره فلا يرون قتله إلا إذا أعان عليهم، أو طعن في دينهم أو صار عوناً للسلطان أو دليلاً له!.
 منهم فرقة ثالثة تفردت بالقول بالتوقف في الأطفال عامة فقالوا: ليس لأطفال الكافرين ولا لأطفال المؤمنين ولاية ولا عدواة ولا براءة، حتى يبلغوا فيدعوا إلى الإسلام، فيقروا به أو ينكروه.
 منهم فرقة عممت التوقف فهم: يتوقفون عن جميع من في دار التقية، من منتحلي الإسلام وأهل القبلة، إلا من قد عرفوا منه إيماناً فيتولونه عليه، أو كفراً فيتبرأون منه.
 منهم فرقة أخرى يقال لها: الميمونية ليست من فرق الإسلام لأنها أباحت نكاح بنات البنات وبنات البنين كما أباحته المجوس.
 منهم فرقة أنكرت سورة يوسف، حيث قالوا لا يجوز أن تكون قصة العشق من القرآن.

مصادر
 موقع الدكتور سفر الحوالي

مراجع

خوارج
فرق إسلامية

عجاردة


is a district in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district has an estimated population of 33,093 and a population density of . The total area is .

Towns
Taka

Mergers
On 1 October 2005, the town of Kurodashō merged into the city of Nishiwaki.
On 1 November 2005, the towns of Kami, Naka and Yachiyo merged to form the new town of Taka.

Places of note
 Central Circuit motor racing circuit

Districts in Hyōgo Prefecture

Taka District, Hyōgo


Wright State University is a public research university in Fairborn, Ohio. Originally opened in 1964 as a branch campus of Miami University and Ohio State University, it became an independent institution in 1967 and was named in honor of aviation pioneers Orville and Wilbur Wright, who were residents of nearby Dayton. The university offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees and is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". Its athletic teams, the Wright State Raiders, compete in Division I of the NCAA as members of the Horizon League. In addition to the main campus, the university also operates a regional campus near Celina, Ohio, called Wright State University–Lake Campus.

History

Founding
Wright State University first opened in 1964 as a branch campus of Miami University and Ohio State University, occupying only a single building. Groundwork on forming the institution began in 1961 during a time when the region lacked a public university for higher education. A community-wide fundraising effort was conducted in 1962 to establish the university, and the campaign raised the $3 million needed in seed money. Much of the land that the campus was built on was donated by the United States Air Force from excess acreage of Wright-Patterson Air Force Base.

The Ohio General Assembly passed legislation in 1965 that transformed the branch campus into a separate institution with its own Advisory Committee on November 5, 1965. It was anticipated the campus would achieve full independent status by 1967 with its rapidly increasing enrollment of full-time students, projected to reach 5,000 within two years. On October 1, 1967, the campus officially became Wright State University following a decision by the Ohio Board of Regents. The name honors the Wright brothers, well-known Dayton residents who are credited with inventing the world's first successful airplane. In 1969, a  branch campus opened on the shore of Grand Lake St. Marys in Celina, Ohio

2017–present
Wright State University celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2017, creating a website to highlight milestones and events throughout the university's history. The celebration culminated at Homecoming on September 30 – October 1, 2017. That same year, the university officially became tobacco-free on its Dayton and Lake campuses. Smoking cessation products, such as nicotine-replacement gum, lozenges, and patches were not banned. The tobacco-free decision was made following a recommendation in 2012 from the Ohio Board of Regents that all public universities in Ohio transition to tobacco-free campuses.

Wright State's faculty, which are unionized and represented by the American Association of University Professors (AAUP), went on strike in 2019 following two years of failed contract negotiations. The faculty were joined by various groups, including other labor unions, community members, and a student-led labor rights group called Students for Faculty. An agreement was reached the following month, ending the strike, but its length of twenty days was the longest in Ohio history among higher education institutions and one of the longest in US history

Susan Edwards became university's president on January 1, 2020. Previous university presidents were Brage Golding (1966–1973), Robert J. Kegerreis (1973–1985), Paige E. Mulhollan (1985–1994), Harley E. Flack (1994–1998), Kim Goldenberg (1998–2006), David R. Hopkins (2007–2017), and Cheryl B. Schrader (2017–2019). Curtis L. McCray was the interim president from March 17 through June 30, 2017, holding the position following Hopkins' early retirement on March 17, 2017. Schrader was Wright State's seventh president—and first female president—from mid 2017 until she stepped down at the end of 2019 midway through her five-year appointment.

Politics

2008 presidential campaign
During the 2008 United States presidential campaign, Republican nominee John McCain announced his selection of Sarah Palin as his running mate and choice for vice president on August 29, 2008, at Wright State. Palin was a relatively unknown figure at the time and the current Governor of Alaska, but soon became a major figure in modern American politics. Eventual winner Barack Obama, who became the first African-American president in American history, held a major rally at Wright State during the campaign as well.

2016 presidential campaign
On September 23, 2015, the Commission on Presidential Debates named Wright State the host for the first 2016 United States presidential debate, which was scheduled for September 26, 2016 at the Nutter Center. On July 19, 2016, Wright State University backed out of the debate, citing inability to cover the cost of security.

Academics

The university is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission at the doctoral degree-granting level. Wright State is divided into seven colleges and three schools.

Undergraduate programs
Wright State offers 106 bachelor's degrees in the following colleges: the Raj Soin College of Business, the College of Education and Human Services, the College of Engineering and Computer Sciences, the College of Liberal Arts, the College of Nursing and Health, and the College of Science and Mathematics. The Lake Campus also offers a limited number of complete bachelor's and master's degrees, as well as 15 associate degrees.

Graduate programs
Wright State offers 136 graduate programs (including doctoral programs) through the Wright State University Graduate School, the Boonshoft School of Medicine, and the School of Professional Psychology. The Lake Campus also offers a limited number of graduate programs.

School of Medicine

The Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine was established in 1973. It is accredited by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education. In the 2018–19 academic year, the school had 480 M.D. students, 51 Master of Public Health (M.P.H.) students, 30 M.B.A. students with a concentration in health care management, and 71 M.S. in Pharmacology and Toxicology students. The school adopted its current name in 2005 in honor of the Oscar Boonshoft family, major donors to the medical school.

Reserve Officer Training Corps
Wright State University offers Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) and Army ROTC programs on campus, known as Detachment 643 and the Raider Battalion, respectively. The Air Force ROTC program contains the cross town schools of the University of Dayton, Cedarville University, and Sinclair Community College and is the largest AFROTC detachment in the Northeast Region.

Ohio Center of Excellence in Knowledge-Enabled Computing (Kno.e.sis)

Kno.e.sis center was founded in 2007. In 2009, the Ohio Department of Higher Education established more than 50 Centers of Excellence representing key industrial areas with potential future growth. Kno.e.sis at the Wright State University was one of the selections in the area of Bio-Health Innovations. Research at the center focuses on multidisciplinary areas such as Web 3.0 (Semantic Web, Semantic Sensor Web), Network Science, Social Data Analysis, Machine Learning, Data Mining, Bioinformatics, Natural Language Processing, Visualization, Cloud Computing, High Performance Computing.

In recent years, Kno.e.sis has had near 80–100 researchers including 15 faculty and over 60 funded graduate (primarily PhD) students. Kno.e.sis researchers overtime have contributions in the areas related to Computer Science with focus on topics in World Wide Web, including Semantic web, Social Data Analysis, Semantic Sensor Web, and Linked Open Data. Furthermore, they have been a part of developing technical specifications and guidelines for W3C, until 2013.

Collaboration, Education, Leadership, and Innovation in the Arts

In the fall of 2009, Wright State University's three departments of Art, Music, and Theatre, Dance, & Motion Pictures inaugurated a new initiative of collaborative artistic and educational endeavor, called CELIA (Collaboration, Education, Leadership, and Innovation in the Arts), dedicated to enhancing "ongoing collaborations as well as nurture new partnerships." Projects accepted for the CELIA designation demonstrate high-quality, innovative collaborations, and the ability to further strengthen the reputation of the arts at Wright State.

One of the first of these projects was the Academy Award-nominated half-hour documentary The Last Truck, produced for HBO and broadcast on Labor Day, 2008. The film documented the closing of a major GM truck plant in Moraine, Ohio, in 2008. More recently, the Department of Theatre, Dance and Motion Pictures co-produced the regional and university premiere production of August: Osage County in the fall of 2010, with the region's professional theatre, The Human Race Theatre Company.  In May 2011, the departments of Music and Theatre, Dance and Motion Pictures collaborated with the Dayton Philharmonic a full-stage production of the Mass by Leonard Bernstein at the Benjamin and Marian Schuster Performing Arts Center in Dayton.

On October 20, 2011, CELIA was designated an Ohio Center of Excellence by Jim Petro, Chancellor of the Ohio Board of Regents at a press conference on the campus of Wright State University, in which Tom Hanks congratulated the Wright State University arts programs via a video message.

Greek life
Wright State University currently hosts three North American Interfraternity Conference fraternities, Alpha Sigma Phi, Phi Kappa Tau, and Sigma Phi Epsilon; five National Panhellenic Conference sororities, Alpha Omicron Pi, Alpha Xi Delta, Delta Zeta, Kappa Delta, and Zeta Tau Alpha; and four of the nine members of National Pan-Hellenic Council fraternities and sororities, Alpha Phi Alpha, Alpha Kappa Alpha, Phi Beta Sigma, and Sigma Gamma Rho; and the university's first Asian-interest sorority, Kappa Phi Lambda.

Athletics

The Wright State Raiders are the athletics teams of Wright State University. The school participates in fifteen sports at the Division I level of the NCAA, and are members of the Horizon League. The school's mascot is Rowdy Raider, a wolf. The Raiders men's basketball team participated in the 2018 NCAA Tournament for the first time since 2007, the program's third trip to "The Dance."

Notable people

Alumni

Faculty

References

External links

Wright State University Athletics website

Wright State University
Educational institutions established in 1964
Wright
Wright
Public universities and colleges in Ohio
Buildings and structures in Greene County, Ohio
1964 establishments in Ohio

Wright State University


Cressot est un nom de famille porté par :
 Joseph Cressot (1882-1954), écrivain régionaliste français ;
 Marcel Cressot (1896-1961), linguiste stylistique français.

Homonymie de patronyme

Cressot


Biserica "Sfântul Gheorghe" din Rodna este un ansamblu de monumente istorice aflat pe teritoriul satului Rodna, comuna Rodna. În Repertoriul Arheologic Național, monumentul apare cu codul 34342.02.

Ansamblul este format din trei monumente:
 Biserica greco-catolică "Sf. Mare Martir Gheorghe", înglobând o parte din corul bisericii medievale (sec. XIII) ()
 Turn clopotniță ()
 Ruinele bisericii medievale (). Biserica medievală a suferit grave distrugeri în timpul marii invazii tătare din anul 1241. Edificiul a fost ulterior refăcut și a servit drept cetate de graniță între Transilvania și comitatul Maramureș. Între 1766 și 1812 populația săsească a dispărut, iar biserica a căzut în paragină. După 1812 corul bisericii a fost amenajat și folosit ca biserică de comunitatea română unită cu Roma.

Note

Imagini

Clădiri și structuri din secolul al XII-lea
Edificii religioase din județul Bistrița-Năsăud
Monumente istorice din județul Bistrița-Năsăud
Ruine din România
Biserici greco-catolice din România
Biserici cu hramul Sfântul Gheorghe

Biserica Sfântul Gheorghe din Rodna


Lysimachia maritima (Deniz süt otu), Primulaceae (çuha çiçeğigiller) familyasına ait çok yıllık otsu bir bitki türü.

Mayıs-Ağustos aylarında çiçek açar ve 4–20 cm boya ulaşabilir. İç Anadolu ve ender olarak Doğu Anadolu'da yetişir. Deniz seviyesinden 1-1720 metre yüksekteki ıslak çamurlu yerler, tuzlu ve yarı tuzlu bataklık alanlarda yaşar.

IUCN Kırmızı listesi
Tür yaygındır ve menzilinin bazı kısımlarında muhtemelen azalmakta olsa da, herhangi bir tür olduğu düşünülmemektedir. Küresel nüfus düşüşünün Savunmasız eşiğini karşılaması (veya karşılamaya yakın olması) muhtemeldir.
Bu nedenle tür, En Az Endişeli olarak değerlendirilir.

Coğrafi dağılımı
Tür, Kuzey Amerika, Asya Ilıman ve Avrupa'da yaygındır.

Anavatanı
Ermenistan, Avusturya, Azerbaycan, Belçika, Kanada; Çin, Çek Cumhuriyeti, Danimarka, Estonya, Finlandiya, Fransa, Macaristan, İzlanda, İran, İslam Cumhuriyeti, İrlanda, Japonya, Kazakistan, Kore
Demokratik Halk Cumhuriyeti, Kore Cumhuriyeti, Letonya, Litvanya, Moğolistan, Hollanda, Norveç, Pakistan, Polonya, Portekiz, Romanya, Rusya Federasyonu, Slovakya, İspanya, İsveç, Tacikistan, Türkiye,
Türkmenistan, Birleşik Krallık, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Özbekistan.

Nüfus
Tür, NatureServe (2014) tarafından küresel olarak 'Güvenli' olarak sınıflandırılmıştır, ancak ABD'deki bazı eyaletlerdeki ve Kanada'daki Eyaletlerdeki popülasyonlar 'Kritik Derecede Tehlikede', 'Tehlikede' veya 'Hassas' olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Kanada Nesli Tükenmekte Olan Türleri Koruma Konseyi (CESCC 2011) de türleri 'Güvenli' olarak sınıflandırır (yalnızca Kanada için)

Habitat ve Ekoloji
Tür, acı veya tuzlu bataklıklarda ve düzlüklerde, bataklıklarda, nehir veya göl kıyılarında ve sulak alan kenarlarında yetişir.

Kullanım ve Ticaret
Kökler pişirildikten sonra yenilebilir. Kwakiutl ve Coast Salish (Yerli Amerikalılar) onları yedi ve sözde yatıştırıcı özelliklere sahiplerdir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

maritima
Tuzcul bitkiler
Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

Lysimachia maritima


Gil D'Heygere, né le  à Zulte, est un coureur cycliste belge.

Biographie

Palmarès et résultats

Palmarès par année
 2014
  Champion de Belgique débutants
 2016
  du championnat de Belgique de l'américaine juniors
  du championnat de Belgique du contre-la-montre par équipes juniors
 2017
 Zandberg Classic
 2018
 Champion de Flandre-Orientale sur route espoirs
 Trophée de Flandre-Orientale
 2021
  du Grand Prix de la Somme
  de la Wingene Koers

Classements mondiaux

Notes et références

Liens externes

Coureur cycliste belge
Naissance en mars 1998
Naissance dans la province de Flandre-Orientale

Gil D'Heygere


Arheološko nalazište Ad basilicas pictas u Splitu, zaštićeno je kulturno dobro.

Objekti s nalazišta sagrađeni su u 1. stoljeću. Naziv lokaliteta Ad basilicas pictas ("Kod oslikanih bazilika") potječe iz povijesnih izvora u kojima se označava položaj srednjovjekovne crkve sv. Andrije.

Arheološka istraživanja

Prva arheološka istraživanja ovog lokaliteta vođena su 1953./1954. i 1956./1957. za Arheološki muzej u Splitu, a poduzimaju ih Duje Rendić Miočević i Branimir Gabričević. Tijekom 1957. radovima se priključuje i Tomislav Marasović, u ime Urbanističkog biroa za Dalmaciju. Na temelju tih istraživanja T. Marasović donosi idealnu tlocrtnu rekonstrukciju dviju crkvenih građevina koje su međusobno bile povezane i nose naziv "basilicae geminae".

Jedna od ovih dviju građevina može se identificirati kao već spomenuta crkva sv. Andrije, u kojoj je 1185. god. splitski nadbiskup Petar Ugrin sazvao provincijsku crkvenu sinodu. Već pri ovim istraživanjima uočeno je da je sklop nastao na temeljima starijeg antičkog objekta izgrađenog prije Dioklecijanove palače. Nalazi keramike, novca, stakla i elemenata nošnje (Sl. 3) govore nam o kontinuitetu lokaliteta od prvih stoljeća poslije Krista do sredine kasnog srednjeg vijeka.

Pri igradnji stambene zgrade 1965. gododine, tridesetak metara sjevernije nađena je grupa antičkih zidova i kasnoromanička baza stupa. Ove nalaze arheolozi povezuju uz ostatke bazilika. U siječnju 1997. građevinski radovi započeti na mjestu lokaliteta djelomično su devastirali arheološki značajne slojeve, nakon čega je Konzervatorski odjel u Splitu zabranio radove. U periodu od 13. siječnja do svibnja 1997. vođena su revizijsko-zaštitna istraživanja koja su dovela do značajnih spoznaja o fazama razvoja i kontinuitetu ovog lokaliteta.

O postojanju dviju crkava na tome mjestu sv. Andrije i sv. Ivana znalo se iz crkvenih dokumenata iz 16. i 17. stoljeća koji ih spominju kao "ecclesiae pictae", a crkvu sv.
Andrije "...quae dicat picta..." (koja se naziva obojenom) spominje već Toma Arhiđakon, splitski kroničar (1200. – 1268.) u svom djelu "Historia Salonitana"
u kojemu piše da je u toj crkvi održan 1185. važan crkveni sinod.

Prilikom radova za vodovod i kanalizaciju nađeni su ostaci zidova koji su bili definirani kao zidovi starokršćanskih dvojnih bazilika, nastalih u ranijem antičkom sklopu. Bazilike su bile ukrašene višebojnim mozaicima. Prilikom izgradnje temelja za jednu višekatnicu mozaici su uništeni, a radovi su poslije toga obustavljeni. Podizanje kršćanskih bazilika nad ostacima antičke građevine (kazališta-odeona) iztraživači temelje na nalazima novaca ostataka keramike.

Tu je nađen i krsni zdenac križnog tlocrta obložen pločama egipatskog alabastera. Čitava priča o obojenim bazilikama ispričana na izložbi Ad basilicas pictas na 24 dobro dizajnirana panoa, ukrašena
duhovitom i edukativnom marginom s pregledom povijesti Splita, a završava vizijom budućnosti lokaliteta obojenih crkava.
Izložbu je zamislila i ostvarila grupa splitskih arheologa iz Uprave za zaštitu kulturne baštine konzervatorskog odjela u Splitu.

Arheološko nalazište Ad basilicas pictas značajan je antički, starokršćanski i srednjovjekovni punkt. Na arheološkom nalazištu utvrđene su tri građevne faze: antička datirana u 1. – 2. stoljeće s ostatcima građevine kružnog tlocrta, starokršćanska faza datirana u 5. – 6. st. s dvjema crkvama i krstionicom, jedinom i najstarijom do sada pronađenom na splitskom poluotoku, zatim treća faza koja pripada srednjovjekovnom groblju koristi jednu od starokršćanskih crkava. Ova se u povijesnim dokumentima spominje kao crkva sv. Andrije koja se još naziva slikanom i gdje je 1185. godine održana crkvena sinoda.

U tijeku pripremnih iskopavanja za izgradnju trgovačkog centra Small Mall na raskrižju Ulice Domovinskog rata s Vukovarskom, Livanjskom i Bihaćkom ulicom otkriveno je novo i neočekivano važno arheološko nalazište. Radi se o do sada nepoznatom amfiteatru iz IV. stoljeća, odnosno iz vremena kad je car Dioklecijan obitavao u svojoj palači. Unatoč nepristupačnosti većem dijelu ostataka antičke građevine zbog okolnih kasnije sagrađenih i danas još funkcionalnih građevina, arheolozi su bili u mogućnosti procijeniti neke njene osnovne karakteristike[30]. Istraživanje je provela i tvrtka Neir, a nadzirao splitski Konzervatorski odjel[31].

Amfiteatar je imao arenu raspona 50 metara, bio je ukupnog promjera 80 metara[32], a nalazio se uz sam Dioklecijanov aqueduct sve do kraja kandijskog rata 1647. godine kada ga je, već djelomično porušenog, u potpunosti dao razrušiti mletački providur Dalmacije Leonardo Foscolo kako bi spriječio moguće utvrđivanje Osmanlija na tako maloj udaljenosti od tadašnjeg mletačkog Splita. Inače, lokalitet na kojem su pronađeni ostatci ove povijesno toliko važne građevine već je poznat pod nazivom "Ad basilicas pictas"[32] ("Kod oslikanih bazilika"). Tu su već ranije pronađeni ostatci arhitekture koja je prethodila nastanku Dioklecijanove palace, točnije antičnom naselju Spalathum, kao i ostaci nekih drugih antičkih i srednjovjekovnih građevina[31].

Ovaj pronalazak je od iznimne ne samo arheološke, već i kulturno-povijesne, kao i turističke važnosti. Uz Pulsku Arenu, te amfiteatre u antičkoj Saloni i Burnumu kraj Knina, ovo je četvrti primjer ove arhitekture na području Republike Hrvatske. Ipak, zbog nemogućnosti daljnjeg istraživanja na lokalitetu, pronađeni ostatci su konzervirani i ostavljeni za neka daljnja proučavanja. Vjerojatno je iz istog razloga zaustavljena i izgradnja navedenog trgovačkog centra jer se nakon tog otkrića odustalo od gradnje istog na toj vrlo atraktivnoj poziciji uz sam povijesni centar grada[31].

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-4541 zavedeno je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificiranog kao arheološka baština.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Rimske građevine u Splitu
Zaštićene kopnene arheološke zone i nalazišta u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Rimski arheološki lokaliteti u Hrvatskoj
Povijest Splita


Isabel: A História Íntima da Escritora Isabel Allende é uma minissérie chilena de 2021 sobre a escritora Isabel Allende, criada por Jonathan Cuchacovich e estrelada por Daniela Ramírez.

Em Portugal, a série foi exibida na TVI em junho de 2022.

Enredo
Isabel é uma mãe e esposa feliz, além de uma famosa jornalista feminista no Chile. Mas a ditadura militar chilena vai quebrar sua carreira e sua vida.

Elenco
Daniela Ramírez como Isabel Allende
Néstor Cantillana como Miguel Frías
Rodolfo Pulgar como Agustín Llona
Paola Volpato como María Teresa Juárez
Rosario Zamora como Francisca Llona

Lançamento
A série estreou na televisão aberta em 3 de junho de 2021 no canal Mega. Enquanto para a América Latina e Espanha foi lançada em streaming no Amazon Prime Video em 4 de junho de 2021.

Prêmios e indicações

Ligações externas
Isabel (em inglês) no IMDb

Programas da Prime Video
Programas de televisão do Chile que estrearam em 2021
Programas de televisão do Chile encerrados em 2021
Programas de televisão em língua espanhola
Séries de televisão do Chile
Isabel Allende


Le sentier de grande randonnée 57 peut désigner :
 le sentier de grande randonnée 57, un sentier de grande randonnée en Belgique et au Luxembourg ;
 le sentier de grande randonnée 57, un sentier de grande randonnée en France.

Sentier de grande randonnée 57


Die Kirche der Auffindung des heiligen Kreuzes (lit. Panoterių Šv. Kryžiaus Atradimo bažnyčia) steht in Panoteriai (Amtsbezirk Šilai, Rajongemeinde Jonava) in Litauen, an der Landstraße Jonava-Siesikai. Die Pfarrgemeinde gehört dem Dekanat Jonava seit 1992 (bis 1992 dem Dekanat Žeimiai).

Geschichte
1441 schenkte der Gutsbesitzer Baltramiejus Urbonaitis ein Grundstück in Panoteriai an die Kirche Siesikai für den Bau einer Kapelle. 1584 wurde sie evangelisch. 1700 brannte die Kapelle ab und wurde nicht wieder aufgebaut. Bis 1744 baute man eine neue katholische Kapelle. Sie gehörte der Kirche Siesikai.
Im Jahr 1864 wurde die Kapelle auf Initiative und mit Mitteln des Priesters Juozapas Sakalauskas und der Gemeindemitglieder erneuert und vergrößert.

1994 wurde eine neue moderne Kirche aus gelb und weiß verputztem Backstein mit weithin sichtbarer Doppelturmfassade und einem laternenartigen Dachreiter über dem Altar gebaut.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Pfarrkirche des Erzbistums Kaunas
Sakralbau in der Rajongemeinde Jonava
Kreuzauffindungskirche
Erbaut in den 1990er Jahren
Kirchengebäude der Postmoderne
Dekanat Jonava

Hl. Kreuzauffindungskirche (Panoteriai)


Alnwick /ˈænɪk/ es una villa del condado de Northumberland (Inglaterra).

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Alnwick tiene una superficie de 2,39 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Alnwick tenía 7767 habitantes (47,06% varones, 52,94% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 3249,79 hab/km². El 18,96% eran menores de 16 años, el 70,97% tenían entre 16 y 74 y el 10,07% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 41,18 años.

El 92,8% eran originarios de Inglaterra y el 5,07% de otras naciones constitutivas del Reino Unido, mientras que el 0,84% eran del resto de países europeos y el 1,29% de cualquier otro lugar. Según su grupo étnico, el 99,55% de los habitantes eran blancos, el 0,15% mestizos, el 0,04% asiáticos, el 0,08% negros, el 0,13% chinos y el 0,05% de cualquier otro. El cristianismo era profesado por el 83,8%, el budismo por el 0,15%, el judaísmo por el 0,05%, el islam por el 0,04% y cualquier otra religión, salvo el hinduismo y el sijismo, por el 0,09%. El 9,63% no eran religiosos y el 6,23% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 26,5% estaban solteros, el 52,29% casados, el 2,53% separados, el 7,9% divorciados y el 10,79% viudos. Había 3467 hogares con residentes, de los cuales el 35,02% estaban habitados por una sola persona, el 8,4% por padres solteros con o sin hijos dependientes, el 36,15% por parejas casadas y el 7,57% sin casar, con o sin hijos dependientes en ambos casos, el 9,52% por jubilados y el 3,35% por otro tipo de composición. Además, había 146 hogares sin ocupar y 49 eran alojamientos vacacionales o segundas residencias.

Ciudades hermanadas
   Lagny-sur-Marne, Isla de Francia, Francia

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Northumberland

Alnwick


A lei do contágio é uma crença popular supersticiosa que sugere que, uma vez que duas pessoas ou objetos tenham estado em contato, um vínculo mágico persiste entre eles, até que uma limpeza formal, consagração, exorcismo ou outro ato de banimento quebre o vínculo imaterial. A primeira descrição dessa lei apareceu em The Golden Bough, do antropólogo James George Frazer. Bonewits e Bonewits reivindicaram paralelos na física quântica.

Crença inconsciente na lei do contágio
Mesmo entre pessoas que não professam a crença em magia, experimentos psicológicos mostraram relutância por parte do público em, por exemplo, experimentar um suéter usado por um assassino.

Referenciado

Magia
Antropologia da religião

Lei do contágio


KF (, "Co-operative Union") is a federation of consumer co-operatives in Sweden and a retail group, with groceries as its core business.

History
KF was founded in 1899 by 41 local consumer co-operatives in order to support them with information and education of store managers and board members. Soon KF also became responsible for common procurement of goods. In the 1930s KF expanded rapidly during the management of Albin Johansson, setting up various industries in order to support the co-operative grocery stores. 1950-1970 KF was at the forefront of the Swedish retail trade by developing new and bigger store formats and it was one of the major business groups in Scandinavia. In the beginning of the 1990s, as a response to a financial crisis, KF decided to sell out all its industries and focus on retail trade only. Around year 2000 KF formed the retail chain Coop Norden along with its Nordic co-operative counterparts, Danish FDB and Norwegian Coop NKL. In 2002, KF bought a 50% share in BOL Sweden from Bertelsmann. Due to poor financial results in Coop Norden the owners decided to renationalize the operation of the stores in 2007. In July 2021, Coop was temporarily shut down by a ransomware attack on Kaseya software services.

Today
As of 2012, KF is a federation of 39 consumer co-operatives with more than 3.2 million members and a retail group with a net worth (ex. VAT) of SEK 37.3 billion. The grocery retail group, , stands for around 85 per cent of the sale with store brands like Coop Konsum, Coop Nära, Coop Extra, Stora Coop and Coop Forum. KF accounts for approximately 55 percent of consumer cooperative retail sales in Sweden. The other part is run by local or regional retail cooperatives, even though procurement, logistics and store brands are integrated. Together, KF and the consumer co-operatives have a market share of 21.5 per cent of the Swedish grocery retail trade (2010).

See also
 List of food cooperatives
 Anna-Britt Agnsäter – former head of the cooperative's test kitchen and inventor of the food pyramid

References

Supermarkets of Sweden
Companies based in Solna Municipality
Cooperatives in Sweden
Cooperative federations
Retail companies established in 1899
1899 establishments in Sweden
Food cooperatives

Kooperativa Förbundet


USS Sunset (CVE-48) (previously AVG-48 then ACV-48) was a . Assigned on 23 August 1942 to MC hull 259, a modified C3-S-A1 laid down on 23 February 1943 by Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding of Tacoma, Washington; launched on 15 July and redesignated CVE-48 the same day; sponsored by Mrs. C.E. Taylor.  She was transferred to the United Kingdom under Lend-Lease agreement on 19 November; and commissioned the same day as HMS Thane (D48), a  in the Royal Navy.

HMS Thane operated in the North Atlantic protecting convoys and ferrying aircraft for use in the European Theater. On 15 January 1945, while ferrying aircraft in the Irish Sea, she was torpedoed by the  and severely damaged, losing her starboard aft 5 inch gun and its sponson, disabling propulsion, and losing 10 men. Taken to Gare Loch in the Firth of Clyde, southwest Scotland, she was examined, declared a constructive total loss and decommissioned to reserve.  She was returned to United States custody while in the United Kingdom on 12 May.  Determined to be of no use to the United States Navy, she was slated for disposal in October; and she was subsequently scrapped.

Design and description

These ships were all larger and had a greater aircraft capacity than all the preceding American built escort carriers. They were also all laid down as escort carriers and not converted merchant ships. All the ships had a complement of 646 men and an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . Propulsion was provided a steam turbine, two boilers connected to one shaft giving , which could propel the ship at .

Aircraft facilities were a small combined bridge–flight control on the starboard side, two aircraft lifts  by , one aircraft catapult and nine arrestor wires. Aircraft could be housed in the  by  hangar below the flight deck. Armament comprised: two 4"/50, 5"/38 or 5"/51 Dual Purpose guns in single mounts, sixteen 40 mm Bofors anti-aircraft guns in twin mounts and twenty 20 mm Oerlikon anti-aircraft cannons in single mounts. They had a maximum aircraft capacity of twenty-four aircraft which could be a mixture of Grumman Martlet, Vought F4U Corsair or Hawker Sea Hurricane fighter aircraft and Fairey Swordfish or Grumman Avenger anti-submarine aircraft.

The last voyage of Thane brought the first helicopters to the UK. Nine Sikorsky R-4B Hoverflys were flown on at Norfolk, Virginia on 29–30 December 1944, snowy weather delaying the loading of half of them to the following day. On arrival of the damaged Thane, seven were flown off to RDU Abbotsinch and two, thought to be damaged, were craned off.

Notes

References

External links
 Photo gallery at navsource.org

Ruler-class escort carriers
Ships built in Tacoma, Washington
1943 ships
Ships sunk by German submarines in World War II
Maritime incidents in January 1945

HMS Thane