La circulación hidrotermal es un proceso geológico que refiere a la convección de agua en sus diversos estados (agua líquida, vapor, fluido supercrítico) a través de rocas y depósitos de sedimentos. La circulación hidrotermal es una de las principales maneras de interacción entre la tierra sólida y la hidrosfera y atmósfera.

La circulación hidrotermal ocurre con mayor frecuencia en las proximidades de fuentes de calor dentro de la corteza terrestre. En general, esto ocurre cerca de la actividad volcánica, pero puede ocurrir en la corteza profunda relacionada con la intrusión de granito, o como resultado de la orogenia o el metamorfismo.

Las venas hidrotermales corresponden a fracturas rellenadas tras la diferenciación del magma y la disminución progresiva de la temperatura de cristalización, durante la cual se producen varias etapas importantes, durante las cuales se forman asociaciones metalíferas características debido al gradiente de temperatura y presión: la fase pegmatita, que produce rocas con cristales muy grandes, las pegmatitas; la fase neumatolítica, caracterizada por su procesión de minerales raros; y finalmente la fase hidrotermal, que proporciona minerales de baja temperatura.

Circulación hidrotermal del fondo marino
La circulación hidrotermal en los océanos es el paso del agua a través de los sistemas de crestas oceánicas.

El término incluye tanto la circulación de las conocidas aguas de venteo de alta temperatura cerca de las crestas de la cresta, como el flujo difuso de agua a temperaturas mucho más bajas a través de sedimentos y basaltos enterrados más allá de las crestas de la cresta. El primer tipo de circulación se denomina a veces "activo" y el segundo "pasivo".

En ambos casos, el principio es el mismo: el agua de mar fría y densa se hunde en el basalto del fondo marino y se calienta en la profundidad, con lo cual se eleva de nuevo a la interfaz roca-océano debido a su menor densidad. La fuente de calor para los respiraderos activos es el basalto recién formado y, para los respiraderos de mayor temperatura, la cámara de magma subyacente. La fuente de calor para los respiraderos pasivos son los basaltos más antiguos que aún se están enfriando.

Los estudios de flujo de calor del fondo marino sugieren que los basaltos dentro de la corteza oceánica tardan millones de años en enfriarse completamente mientras continúan apoyando los sistemas de circulación hidrotermal pasivos.

Los respiraderos hidrotermales son lugares en el fondo marino donde los fluidos hidrotermales se mezclan con el océano. Tal vez las formas de ventilación más conocidas son las chimeneas naturales denominadas fumadores negros.

Circulación hidrotermal volcánica y magmática
La circulación hidrotermal no se limita a los ambientes de las crestas oceánicas. La fuente de agua para explosiones hidrotermales, géiseres y fuentes termales es agua subterránea calentada que convecta por debajo y al lado de la salida de agua caliente. Las celdas de convección hidrotermal circulante existen en cualquier lugar donde una fuente de calor anómala, como una intrusión de magma o un respiradero volcánico, entra en contacto con el sistema de aguas subterráneas.

Véase también
 Aguas termales
 Alteración hidrotermal
 Fuente hidrotermal

Referencias

Circulación hidrotermal

Circulación hidrotermal


Gordon David Strachan  ( born 9 February 1957) is a Scottish former football coach and player. He played for Dundee, Aberdeen, Manchester United, Leeds United and Coventry City, as well as the Scotland national team. He has since managed Coventry City, Southampton, Celtic, Middlesbrough and Scotland.

In club football, Strachan played 635 league games, scoring a total of 138 goals, playing 21 of 25 career seasons in either the English or Scottish top-flight. In international football Strachan earned 50 caps, scoring five goals and played in two FIFA World Cup final tournaments, Spain 82 and Mexico 86. Strachan retired from playing in 1997 at age 40, setting a Premier League record for an outfield player.

A right-sided midfielder, Strachan made his senior debut in 1974 with Dundee before moving on within Scotland, to spend seven seasons at Aberdeen. He first played for the Scotland national team in 1980. While at Aberdeen Strachan won multiple domestic league and cup honours in the early 1980s, as well as the 1982–83 European Cup Winners' Cup and 1983 European Super Cup. Moving to England, Strachan won the 1985 FA Cup Final in five seasons with Manchester United. He spent the next seven seasons as club captain at Leeds, winning the 1989–90 Second Division and 1991–92 First Division league titles. He played his last game for Scotland in 1992. He moved to Coventry in 1995 for a final three seasons, as a player-coach.

Strachan became full-time manager of Coventry when the incumbent Ron Atkinson was appointed as director of football. After five years as Coventry manager, he was sacked in 2001 after the club was relegated from the top-flight for the first time in 34 years. He returned to the Premier League as Southampton manager and guided the "Saints" to the 2003 FA Cup Final, where they lost 1–0 to Arsenal. Strachan resigned from Southampton in 2004 and took a 16-month break from management. He returned to Scotland to become manager of Celtic, where he achieved three successive league titles and other domestic cup wins. Strachan left Celtic in May 2009 after failing to win a fourth title. He then became manager of Middlesbrough in the English Championship, but left the club after an unsuccessful 12 months in the job. Strachan then managed the Scotland national team for five years, but was unable to secure qualification for a major tournament.

Strachan was named as FWA Footballer of the Year for the 1990–91 season while at Leeds. He was also named Manager of the Year in Scotland several times by writers and players while at Celtic. In 2007, Strachan was inducted into the Scottish Football Hall of Fame. He is the father of Craig Strachan and Gavin Strachan and the grandfather of Luke Strachan, all of whom were also footballers.

Strachan was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1993 New Year Honours for services to association football.

Club career
Born and raised in Muirhouse, Edinburgh, Strachan supported Hibernian as a boy. His father, Jim, worked as a scaffolder, and his mother, Catherine, worked at a whisky distillery. At age 15, he damaged his vision playing football on the school playground when a pen in his pocket became lodged in his right eye; the pen came within "a thousandth of an inch" of permanently costing him the vision in his eye. He was offered a contract by Hibernian manager Eddie Turnbull, but his father decided against the offer after stating the club did not pay sufficient expenses for footwear.

Dundee
Strachan began his career with Dundee, having decided to sign with the Scottish club at age 14. In joining the club, he rejected an approach from Manchester United, reasoning he had a better chance to establish himself in the first team at Dens Park. His natural talent was immediately apparent and he quickly earned a reputation as an outstanding player in the second team, twice winning the Scottish Reserve Player of the Year Award. He made his mark as an 18-year-old when he outplayed Alan Ball in a friendly with Arsenal in August 1975; The Sunday Post compared him to a young Billy Bremner. Strachan became a regular player in the 1975–76 season, the inaugural season of the Scottish Premier Division, featuring in 17 of the club's 36 league matches. However David White's "Dee" were relegated on the last day of the season after rivals Dundee United edged ahead on goal average with an unlikely draw with champions Rangers.

New boss Tommy Gemmell handed 19-year-old Strachan the captaincy for the 1976–77 First Division campaign, and he remains the youngest player to have captained Dundee. However, the club failed to shine in the lower divisions, and Strachan lost his first team place early in the 1977–78 season following a drinking session with Jimmy Johnstone; Gemmell was also concerned that Strachan was "getting kicked a lot" after opposition teams worked out that the way to stop Dundee was to take out their playmaker. Strachan decided to leave Dundee as the club seemed unlikely to win back their top-flight status; the Dundee chairman was also keen on cashing in his most prized asset, and told Gemmell that "we need £50,000 by Friday or the banks are closing the gate". His last match for Dundee was on 26 October 1977 in a 6–0 defeat in the League Cup to Queen of the South at Palmerston Park, which Strachan described in his autobiography as "embarrassing".

Aberdeen
Strachan was signed by Aberdeen manager Billy McNeill in November 1977 for a fee of £50,000 plus Jim Shirra. Poor form and niggling injuries made 1977–78 a poor season for Strachan, though the "Dons" went on to finish second in the Scottish Premier Division. He was not picked for the 1978 Scottish Cup Final defeat to Rangers.

McNeill left the Pittodrie Stadium for Celtic in summer 1978, and Alex Ferguson was appointed as the new manager. Strachan played at Hampden Park in the 1979 League Cup defeat to Rangers, and set up Duncan Davidson for the game's opening goal. Though the 1978–79 campaign was a disappointment, Aberdeen went on to win the league title in 1979–80 after closing a ten-point deficit over Celtic with a late run that included two victories at Celtic Park. They again reached the League Cup Final, beating both Old Firm sides en route, where they lost 3–0 to Dundee United at Dens Park. At the end of the season, Strachan was elected SFWA Footballer of the Year. After gaining assurance Alex McLeish would also stay with the club, Strachan signed a new contract to keep him at Pittodrie until 1984.

The "Reds" could only manage a second-place finish in 1980–81, as Celtic regained the league title. They exited the European Cup in the second round with defeat to eventual champions Liverpool; manager Bob Paisley said Strachan would become "Britain's first £2 million player", in what was a (successful) early attempt at mind games. He missed the second half of the season with a muscle tear in his stomach. With fit-again Strachan on the right flank – supported by full-back Stuart Kennedy – and record signing Peter Weir on the left-flank, Aberdeen mounted a genuine title challenge in 1981–82, but had to settle for second place to Celtic. They did though lift the Scottish Cup with a 4–1 extra-time victory over Rangers, with Strachan contributing one assist and one goal.

The 1982–83 campaign was the greatest in the history of the club, and Strachan made his mark early on with four goals in a 5–1 victory at former club Dundee in the League Cup. Despite only finishing third in the league (albeit only one point behind champions and New Firm rivals Dundee United) and exiting the League Cup in the quarter-finals, Aberdeen won the Scottish Cup and the European Cup Winners' Cup. The club's European success came with a 2–1 after-extra-time victory over Spanish giants Real Madrid at Ullevi in Gothenburg. The Scottish Cup came with a 1–0 win over Rangers. The "Dons" continued their success by delivering the league title and Scottish Cup in 1983–84, with Strachan setting up Mark McGhee for the winning goal in the cup final win over Celtic. This completed a unique treble, as they defeated Hamburger SV in the 1983 European Super Cup.

Manchester United
In August 1984, Manchester United spent £500,000 to take Strachan to Old Trafford. However, because Strachan had previously signed a pre-contract agreement with Bundesliga side 1. FC Köln, United paid £75,000 compensation to resolve the row – teammate Mark McGhee had also signed a contract with Hamburger SV on the understanding that Strachan would also be playing in Germany. Strachan opened the 1984–85 campaign with four goals in seven matches, though the "Red Devils" could only manage a fourth-place finish in the First Division. He featured at Wembley Stadium in the 1985 FA Cup Final, as United ran out 1–0 winners over Everton; his lung-bursting run off-the-ball helped Norman Whiteside to find the space for his extra-time winner.

After winning their opening ten league matches of the 1985–86 season, United had to cope without Strachan, who was sidelined for much of the season with injury. They proved unable to cope with their injuries – another key player facing extended time in the treatment room was Bryan Robson – and limped to another fourth-place finish. Atkinson was replaced by Alex Ferguson in November 1986, and Strachan mocked sobbing as he told his teammates, "I never thought he'd follow me this far south!" After his arrival, Ferguson speculated that no longer being the star player had negatively affected Strachan's form. United finished a disappointing 11th in 1986–87, before rising to second place in 1987–88. Strachan's form was again patchy in 1988–89, as United slipped back down to 11th.

Leeds United
In March 1989, Sheffield Wednesday manager Ron Atkinson had a bid of £200,000 accepted by Manchester United, and he offered Strachan a contract paying more money than anyone in the club's history. However likely a move to Sheffield seemed, Leeds United manager Howard Wilkinson matched the offer and convinced Strachan to drop down into the Second Division. He quickly became a popular figure at Elland Road, earning comparisons to former favourites Bobby Collins and Johnny Giles. Signing a two-year contract, he was awarded with the captain's armband. He formed an unlikely midfield partnership with Vinnie Jones and led the club to the Second Division title in 1989–90.

With the "Whites" now in the First Division, Wilkinson secured a midfield quartet of Strachan, Gary McAllister, David Batty and Gary Speed. They achieved a commendable fourth-place finish in 1990–91, and also reached the semi-finals of the League Cup. Strachan was voted FWA Footballer of the Year for his performances during the campaign, becoming the first player to win the award both in Scotland and in England.

Strachan signed a new two-year contract, before captaining Leeds to the league title in 1991–92. In so doing, he denied former boss Alex Ferguson and Leeds' hated rivals Manchester United the title. However, Strachan (now nearing age 35) was beginning to feel the effects of his sciatica and missed a number of matches due to his bad back. Following the club's success, Strachan was appointed an OBE for his services to sport.

However, Leeds were unable to build on their success, and finished the 1992–93 season down in 17th place in what was newly re-branded as the Premier League. Strachan continued to impress though, and was given the club's Player of the Year award. He scored a hat-trick against Blackburn Rovers on 10 April 1993. This was his second hat-trick for Leeds, the first having come in September 1989 when he found the net three times in a 4–0 win over promotion rivals Swindon Town in the Second Division at Elland Road.

Strachan managed 37 starts in 1993–94, and Leeds rose to fifth. He was rarely selected in the 1994–95 season, which would prove to be the end of his spell at Elland Road, where he had spent six years.

Coventry City
In March 1995, Strachan moved to Coventry City to work as assistant manager under new manager Ron Atkinson, the man who had brought him south of the border to Manchester United 11 years earlier. It was also agreed he would replace Atkinson as manager in summer 1997. Strachan coached the team and led training sessions while learning the finer points of management from Atkinson. He also took to the field at Highfield Road, playing 26 Premier League matches for the Sky Blues over the next two years before finally hanging up his boots in his 40th year. Atkinson signed Aberdeen midfielder Eoin Jess in 1996 purely on the basis of Strachan's recommendation. However, Isaías left the club after falling-out with Strachan. Coventry signed Gary McAllister for £3 million on wages of £20,000 per week; the deal was done by McAllister's former teammate and friend Strachan, while Atkinson was largely opposed to the deal. The club struggled at the start of the 1996–97 campaign, and the club's board of directors asked Atkinson to step aside in November 1996, some months earlier than first agreed, and Strachan was appointed manager.

International career
Strachan won his first cap for Scotland on 16 May 1980, in a British Home Championship defeat to Northern Ireland at Windsor Park. Strachan helped Scotland qualify for the 1982 FIFA World Cup and scored a crucial goal in qualifying by scoring the only goal against Sweden at the Råsunda Stadium in Stockholm. He did not feature in the 1982 British Home Championship, as Jock Stein wanted to rest him for the World Cup, held in Spain. The Scots cruised to a 5–2 victory over New Zealand at La Rosaleda Stadium, Málaga; Strachan was named Man of the Match. Scotland then lost 4–1 to a world-class Brazil side at the Estadio Benito Villamarín, Seville. In the third match, a 2–2 draw with the Soviet Union back in Málaga saw Scotland exit the tournament on goal difference.

Scotland also qualified for the 1986 FIFA World Cup. However, shortly after the draw with Wales at Ninian Park on 10 September 1985, Jock Stein died of a heart attack, and his assistant Alex Ferguson took charge for the World Cup campaign. To complete their qualification, they had to beat Australia in a play-off. Strachan played in the first leg at Hampden Park, but did not travel to Melbourne for the second leg. The Scots faced a tough draw in Mexico and lost their opening match 1–0 at the Estadio Neza 86 in the Mexico City suburb of Nezahualcóyotl to the unseeded – but highly fancied – Denmark. Strachan then scored in a 2–1 defeat to West Germany at the Estadio Corregidora in Queretaro; his goal celebration was memorable, as he tried to climb the advertising hoardings, but was thwarted by his short stature and so merely rested his leg on the hoarding before he was joined by his teammates. In the third and final group match back in Nezahualcóyotl, Scotland drew 0–0 with Uruguay despite their opponents going down to ten men after less than a minute of play when José Batista attempted to take Strachan out of the game.

Strachan fell out of the first team picture under Andy Roxburgh, and was omitted from the squad for the 1990 World Cup. Nevertheless, he enjoyed a national team revival between 1990 and 1992, and captained his country in qualification for UEFA Euro 1992. However, he did not travel to Sweden as a member of the squad, as he announced his retirement due to long-term back troubles. He won 50 full caps, and scored five international goals.

Managerial career

Coventry City
When Ron Atkinson became Coventry City's director of football in November 1996, Strachan was promoted to the manager's seat. He appointed Alex Miller as his assistant. After an upturn in results, Strachan was named Manager of the Month in December. However, 1 win in 12 matches in the New Year left the "Sky Blues" in the relegation zone. Late wins over Liverpool, Chelsea and Tottenham Hotspur saved their season though, and relegation was avoided by a one-point margin. Strachan played in the win over Chelsea at Highfield Road at age 40, in what was at the time a record age for an outfield player in the Premier League.

Strachan signed Swedish goalkeeper Magnus Hedman and defender Roland Nilsson, Dutch midfielder George Boateng, and Romanian striker Viorel Moldovan – all of whom would win international caps. Coventry rose to 11th place in 1997–98, and also reached the quarter-finals of the 1997–98 FA Cup. After Miller left the club, Strachan replaced him with Garry Pendrey, who would go on to spend many years as his assistant at various clubs. Strachan was again named Manager of the Month in February 1998.

The club finished 15th in 1998–99 and 14th in 1999–2000, as Strachan spent £6 million on Irish striker Robbie Keane and £5 million on Moroccans Mustapha Hadji and Youssef Chippo, while selling Dion Dublin to Midlands rivals Aston Villa. Coventry were relegated at the end of the 2000–01 season, making Strachan unpopular with fans. New signing Craig Bellamy proved disappointing, while Robbie Keane was sold and Gary McAllister departed for Liverpool. Strachan attempted to launch a promotion campaign by signing striker Lee Hughes, but in the face of increasing supporter unrest, he was sacked five matches into the 2001–02 First Division campaign. His replacement, Roland Nilsson, took the club to an 11th-place finish.

Southampton
Strachan returned to management within weeks, taking the manager's job at Premier League Southampton, who had sacked manager Stuart Gray after a terrible start to their first season at the new St Mary's Stadium. Most pundits had already written off their survival chances by the time of Strachan's appointment in October 2001, but he turned round their fortunes and they finished 11th in the Premier League. The Saints progressed further in 2002–03 when they finished eighth and reached the FA Cup Final, where they lost 1–0 to Arsenal. As Arsenal had already qualified for the 2003–04 UEFA Champions League, Southampton won a place in the UEFA Cup.

In February 2004, Strachan announced his resignation as Southampton manager after his decision not to stay on at the club in the summer was leaked to the press. He wanted to take a break from football, but was forced to resign earlier than initially intended due to the speculation surrounding his and the club's future following the leak.

Celtic
After a 16-month break, Strachan returned to management on 1 June 2005, when he succeeded Martin O'Neill as manager of Celtic in the Scottish Premier League (SPL). For 2005–06, his stated aim was to regain the SPL title from rivals Rangers. He had an embarrassing start to his campaign as Celtic manager, losing 5–0 to Slovakian champions Artmedia Bratislava on 27 July 2005 and three days later, drawing 4–4 with Motherwell in his first SPL match in charge of the Glasgow club. The loss against Artmedia meant Celtic suffered an early exit from European competition, despite winning the return match 4–0. After this disastrous start, Celtic started to improve under Strachan. A low-point was the shock defeat in the third round of the Scottish Cup to First Division Clyde on 8 January 2006. However, the following month his team made history when they defeated Dunfermline Athletic 8–1, a record victory margin for the SPL at the time. Strachan's first season was ultimately successful as he coached Celtic to victory in the League Cup and, on 5 April 2006, his side clinched the SPL title in record time and with six matches remaining. Reflecting this achievement, Strachan was voted Manager of the Year by the Scottish Football Writers' Association eight days later.

The following year, Strachan restructured the team and made a series of signings, bringing in players such as Hibernian's Derek Riordan; Chelsea's Jiří Jarošík; Kenny Miller and Lee Naylor from Wolverhampton Wanderers; Jan Vennegoor of Hesselink from PSV; Thomas Gravesen from Real Madrid; and Paul Hartley and Steven Pressley from Hearts. Celtic flourished and by mid-January 2007 held a 17-point lead in the SPL table. UEFA Champions League football again returned to Celtic Park, the team having automatically qualified for the group stages and drawn alongside Benfica, Copenhagen and Manchester United. Home victories against all three Group F members saw the team progress to the round of 16 of the Champions League for the first time since the competition was re-formatted in 1993. Celtic lost their round of 16 tie against eventual winners Milan in extra time, missing out on a place in the quarter-finals. On 22 April 2007, Strachan guided Celtic to their 41st league championship, and second in succession. A 2–1 victory against Kilmarnock left Celtic 13 points clear of Rangers with four matches remaining. Later that day, Strachan was recognised as the inaugural PFA Scotland Manager of the Year for 2007. Celtic went on to win the Scottish Cup, beating Dunfermline Athletic.

In the 2007–08 season, Strachan led Celtic into the round of 16 of the UEFA Champions League again after defeating Milan, Benfica and Shakhtar Donetsk. By April, there was significant criticism from the press and the fans after a 1–0 loss to Aberdeen in the Scottish Cup quarter-final and a 1–0 loss to ten-man Motherwell in the SPL. However, after defeating Rangers twice at home, on 22 May 2008 Strachan became only the third ever Celtic manager to guide the club to three consecutive Scottish league titles.

In the 2008–09 season, after winning the League Cup after extra time against Rangers, but failing to lead Celtic to another league title, he resigned as manager on 25 May 2009.

Middlesbrough
Strachan signed a four-year contract with English Championship team Middlesbrough on 26 October 2009, succeeding Gareth Southgate. He had been linked with the Middlesbrough manager's job 15 years earlier, when still a Leeds United player. His first match in charge was on 31 October, a 1–0 defeat to Plymouth Argyle, with Adam Johnson missing a penalty. On 5 December, Middlesbrough won their first match under Strachan, 5–1 away to Queens Park Rangers. After a poor run of results, including a 3–0 loss at home to Blackpool and a 1–0 loss at home to Cardiff City, Strachan earned his first home win after his team beat Scunthorpe United 3–0.

After a poor start to the 2010–11 season meant Middlesbrough were in 20th place, Strachan left the club by mutual consent on 18 October. He voluntarily ended his contract and left without compensation.

Scotland
Strachan was appointed manager of the Scotland national team on 15 January 2013, succeeding Craig Levein. His first match in charge was at Pittodrie Stadium in a friendly match against Estonia on 6 February. The game ended 1–0 to Scotland, with Charlie Mulgrew getting his first international goal. Scotland suffered defeats to Wales and Serbia in Strachan's first two competitive matches, which ended the Scots' slim chances of qualification for the 2014 World Cup. After this, Scotland had an upturn in form, winning both matches against Croatia and away against Macedonia. Scotland finished fourth in qualifying Group A.

In Euro 2016 qualifying, Scotland appeared to have a better chance of qualification as the finals tournament was expanded from 16 teams to 24, but were drawn in a tough group with Germany, Poland and the Republic of Ireland. After losing their opening match in Germany, Scotland recorded home wins against Georgia, Ireland and Gibraltar, and away draws against Poland and Ireland. In their following match, Scotland produced an "insipid" performance, as they lost 1–0 in Georgia. A home defeat by Germany left Scotland four points behind third-placed Ireland, with two matches to play. In the penultimate matches of the group, Scotland needed to beat Poland, or hope that Ireland would lose to Germany. Scotland came from behind to lead 2–1 in their match, but Ireland had scored the only goal of their match, leaving the Scots needing a win to stay alive. A late scrambled goal by Robert Lewandowski gave Poland a draw that eliminated Scotland from contention. Strachan bemoaned what he perceived to be bad luck. After a win against Gibraltar in the last qualifier, Strachan agreed to a new contract with the Scottish Football Association. After failing to qualify for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, Strachan resigned from his position on 12 October 2017.

Management style
Typically playing a traditional 4–4–2 formation, and very occasionally 4–5–1, Strachan is widely known for his rigorous management style, and states that he watches video replays of his club's matches two or sometimes three times. He also places great emphasis on player health and fitness, forbidding his players to drink alcohol excessively or regularly, and often giving dietary advice to his players, attributing his own longevity as a player to a strict and somewhat unusual diet involving seaweed. Players such as Scotland international Gary Caldwell have attributed their success at Celtic to lifestyle changes enforced by Strachan.

Renowned for his deadpan humour in media interviews, quotes attributed to Strachan have become part of popular football culture.

Enmity with Alex Ferguson
Despite playing for Alex Ferguson at two clubs, the pair had an ongoing public feud during Strachan's managerial career. In his 1999 autobiography, the former Manchester United manager said, "I decided this man could not be trusted an inch – I would not want to expose my back to him in a hurry." In his own 2006 autobiography, in response to Ferguson's comments, Strachan said he was "surprised and disappointed". The rivalry dates from Strachan's time playing under Ferguson, first at Aberdeen and later Manchester United. In August 2006, after his Celtic team was drawn to play Ferguson's Manchester United in the Champions League, Strachan said that there was no longer any enmity between the two managers.

Other work
Strachan has analysed football matches for the media, including alongside Adrian Chiles on BBC Sport's Match of the Day 2. He has worked as a regular pundit for ITV's coverage of the FA Cup and the UEFA Champions League. During the 2014 World Cup, he worked as a pundit for ITV. In April 2019, Strachan apologised for remarks he made during The Debate on Sky Sports. Following the release of convicted sex offender Adam Johnson from prison, Strachan had appeared to suggest that abusing Johnson for that offence was comparable with racial abuse.

For the 2006 World Cup, Strachan was appointed as the official FIFA Ambassador for Scotland, joining 50 others in fundraising for SOS Children's Villages, the official charity of the tournament.

Strachan and his two sons started their own football school in the Coventry area in August 2009.

In July 2019, Strachan was appointed to a technical director position with Dundee.

Personal life
Strachan married Lesley Scott in 1977; George Mackie was his best man. Together, they had three children: Craig and Gavin Strachan, also footballers, and Gemma Strachan. Strachan's grandson, Luke, is also a footballer and came through the youth setup with Dundee whilst Gordon was technical director at the club.

Career statistics

Club

International

International goals
Scores and results list Scotland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Strachan goal.

Managerial record
 (competitive club matches and all international matches)

Honours

Player
Aberdeen
Scottish Premier Division: 1979–80, 1983–84
Scottish Cup: 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84
Drybrough Cup: 1980–81
European Cup Winners' Cup: 1982–83
European Super Cup: 1983

Manchester United
FA Cup: 1984–85

Leeds United
Football League First Division: 1991–92
Football League Second Division: 1989–90
FA Charity Shield: 1992

Scotland
The Rous Cup: 1985

Individual
SFWA Footballer of the Year: 1979–80
IOC European Footballer of the Season: 1982–83
Ballon d'Or: 1983 (4th place)
PFA Team of the Year Second Division: 1989–90
PFA Team of the Year First Division: 1990–91
FWA Footballer of the Year: 1990–91
Scottish FA International Roll of Honour: 1992
Leeds United Player of the Year: 1993
PFA Merit Award: 1995
English Football Hall of Fame inductee: 2016

Manager
Celtic
Scottish Premier League: 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08
Scottish Cup: 2006–07
Scottish League Cup: 2005–06, 2008–09

Individual
Premier League Manager of the Month: December 1996, February 1998, January 2002, December 2002
SPFA Manager of the Year: 2005–06
SFWA Manager of the Year: 2005–06, 2006–07
PFA Scotland Manager of the Year: 2006–07, 2008–09

See also
List of Scotland national football team captains
List of Scottish football families

References
Specific

General

External links

1957 births
Living people
Footballers from Edinburgh
Scottish men's footballers
Scotland men's under-21 international footballers
Scotland men's international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Dundee F.C. players
Aberdeen F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Leeds United F.C. players
Coventry City F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
English Football League players
Premier League players
1982 FIFA World Cup players
1986 FIFA World Cup players
Scottish football managers
Coventry City F.C. managers
Southampton F.C. managers
Celtic F.C. managers
Middlesbrough F.C. managers
Premier League managers
Scottish Premier League managers
English Football League managers
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Scottish Football Hall of Fame inductees
English Football Hall of Fame inductees
Scotland national football team managers
Dundee F.C. non-playing staff
Men's association football player-managers

Gordon Strachan


Podsavezna nogometna liga Pula (također i kao Pulska podsavezna liga, Liga Pulskog nogometnog podsaveza) je bila liga četvrtog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1960./61.  Sudjelovalo je 9 klubova, a prvak je bila momčad "Partizana" iz Pazina.

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Povezani članci
 Zona Rijeka – Pula 1960./61.
 Podsavezna liga Rijeka 1960./61.
 Općinsko prvenstvo Labin 1960./61.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 Godišnjak FSJ 1960-61, Beograd, 1961., ISSN: 0351-2894

1960-61 Pula
Pula
1960-61 Pula

Podsavezna nogometna liga Pula 1960./61.


Michael Flomen est un artiste autodidacte canadien. Il a commencé sa carrière en créant des photogrammes, ou photographies sans appareil photo avec l'aide de la nature. Flomen a commencé à prendre des photos à la fin des années 1960, et expose ses œuvres à l'échelle internationale depuis 1972. Neige, eau, lueur des lucioles, sable, sédiments, littoral, rivage et autres phénomènes naturels forment les éléments qu'il utilise pour créer ses photogrammes.

Biographie
Michael Flomen est né à Montréal au Québec en 1952. De 1969 à 1971, Flomen a fréquenté l'école Darrow située sur le site d'un village historique de Shaker dans les montagnes Taconic, à l'ouest du centre des Berkshire à New Lebanon, New York.

Flomen a commencé à prendre des photos à l'adolescence en 1967-1968, capturant des images de sa famille et de son environnement quotidien. En 1969-1971, pendant son séjour à l'école Darrow, il a créé une série sur son environnement dans la communauté construite par les Shaker. En 1971, à l'âge de 19 ans, Flomen voyage en Europe et décide au cours de son voyage qu'il poursuivra la photographie une fois de retour au Canada. Flomen avait initialement prévu d'étudier la biologie marine à l'Université de Miami, mais il a toujours conservé un intérêt actif pour la science et le monde naturel.

En 1972, Flomen est présenté à William (Bill) Ewing, le propriétaire et directeur des Galeries photographiques du Centaur, (connues sous le nom d'Optica après 1974) à Montréal. Au cours de ces premières années, Flomen a commencé à travailler comme imprimeur en chambre noire et collaborateur de nombreux artistes, dont Jacques Henri Lartigue (1894-1986), Lynne Cohen (1944-2014) et  (né en 1961). Chez Centaur, Flomen a été exposé à des livres sur l'art de la photographie qui ont inspiré sa passion. Il voulait faire partie du mouvement du XXe siècle pour élever le statut de la photographie à celui d'un art.

La rencontre de Flomen avec Ewing a conduit à sa première exposition solo Shaker Light en 1972 au Centaur qui présentait ses photographies qu'il a prises de l'architecture Shaker sur le site de la communauté Shaker du Mount Lebanon.

Sa carrière dans l'impression et la photographie a progressé à partir de là. Ewing présente bientôt Flomen à son futur mentor, le cinéaste-photographe Guy Borremans qui loue plus tard son appartement du Plateau équipé d'une chambre noire à Flomen. À cette époque, Borremans l'a présenté à Vittorio Fiorucci, un graphiste de renommée internationale et ami de longue date qui a eu une influence majeure et durable sur Flomen. Au début des années 1970, Flomen a commencé à travailler comme photographe commercial tout en réalisant des photographies de rue.

Œuvres

Photos de rue : 1971 - c.1991
En 1971, Flomen a commencé à travailler sur sa photographie de rue. En 1976, il avait construit une chambre noire équipée de grandes cuves qu'il avait conçues pour développer ses tirages à grande échelle, et avait acquis d'énormes agrandisseurs Saltzman conçus par l'armée américaine pour la cartographie. La même année, il a été inclus dans une importante exposition de groupe « Young Canadian Photographers » à la Yajima/Galerie à Montréal. En 1980, le premier livre de photographies de rue de Flomen, Details/M. Flomen, a été publié. Les œuvres de Details ont suivi un style de formalisme Cartier-Bresson, utilisant le moment décisif dans des photographies prises dans divers endroits du monde. Dans la publication Détails/M. Flomen, Louis Patrick décrit les premières séries de Flomen comme « des doubles sens photographiques ; posant des énigmes visuelles tout en nous amusant avec des doublures en noir et blanc. ». Patrick poursuit en disant : « Bien que Flomen photographie souvent des personnes et des événements, ce n'est pas un photojournaliste, mais un magicien des rues dont l'appareil photo transforme les petits détails du quotidien en reflets mystérieux, parfois presque sinistres, de la société d'aujourd'hui… Les images, au lieu de nous dire qui, quand ou où, nous taquinent en nous demandant quoi et pourquoi — des questions auxquelles Flomen préfère que nous répondions par nous-mêmes. »

En 1985, le travail de Flomen a été inclus dans une exposition de groupe Photographie contemporaine canadienne, de la Collection de l'Office national du film au Musée des beaux-arts du Canada, à Ottawa, Ontario. Sa photographie de rue a été présentée dans une deuxième publication d'art Still Life Draped Stone de 1985. Dans l'avant-propos du livre, Peter Sibbald Brown résume la sensibilité de Flomen en tant que photographe de rue : « Le courant dominant du travail de Flomen au cours de la dernière décennie a été soucieux des valeurs picturales intrinsèques, les images sont horizontales, plein cadre, monochromes, non didactiques, ni ornementales ni monumentales, elles révèlent une globalité de détails, et présentent pour la plupart des formes anthropomorphiques anonymes, dans un environnement tectonique. »

Le format et le style de photographie de Flomen ont radicalement changé au début des années 1990 lorsqu'il a commencé à documenter de grandes congères de neige à Montréal à l'aide d'appareils photo grand format, passant d'un film 35 mm à un film 8 x 10 pouces. En 1993, il reçoit une bourse de 6 mois du ministère des Affaires culturelles du Québec pour une résidence en studio dans un loft à New York. Là-bas, il a travaillé avec le photographe Todd Watts, et il a produit des photographies grand format qui seront plus tard incluses dans ses installations Night and Friend à la galerie Motel Fine Arts à New York. En 1995, Flomen expose la série Imminent Ground à la Galerie Vox à Montréal. Dans le magazine d'art Ciel Variable, Jennifer Couëlle décrit ces œuvres : « Les paysages de Flomen, qui ressemblent plus à des paysages lunaires, mais sont en fait des paysages enneigés, sont convaincants. C'est un monde de détails qui prend vie grâce à une utilisation savamment dramatique du cadrage et de l'éclairage. »

Photographie sans appareil
La transition stylistique et technique de Flomen des appareils photo grand format à la création d'images sans caméra, ou photogrammes, a commencé en 1999, lorsqu'il a exposé des images directement sur des négatifs de film 8 x 10 pouces à partir de la source de lumière naturelle des lucioles. Flomen était dans le Vermont dans son chalet où il séjourne souvent, et au crépuscule, il voulait faire des photos des lucioles qui sortaient, mais sans utiliser d'appareil photo ni de flash. Il a collaboré avec une luciole pour créer un photogramme en exposant le négatif 8 x 10 pouces avec la lueur de la luciole. Flomen a pris le négatif et a imprimé les premières œuvres de la série Higher Ground.

Du milieu à la fin des années 2000, Flomen a commencé une série de photogrammes appelés Teeming qui documentaient les rivages et les plans d'eau naturels. Dans cette série, il a commencé à travailler directement sur du papier sensible à la lumière, capturant des images de poissons, d'algues, de sédiments et d'autres matières organiques. En 2008, le travail de Flomen a été présenté dans l'exposition Fragile à la Galerie Pangée à Montréal. Dans un texte publié à l'occasion de cette exposition, John K. Grande écrivait qu'« en rendant visibles des parties d'un monde jusqu'alors invisibles et même insoupçonnées par beaucoup d'entre nous, il nous place carrément au seuil d'un espace visuel ineffable qui éclipse, séduit — et promet de nous avaler tout entiers. »

Grande a de nouveau écrit sur les œuvres de Teeming dans la publication Eco-Art de 2011 : « Un Brassai des bois, dont les rues sont des rivières et les feux rouges sont des arbres, Michael Flomen (1952) génère des images qui ne sont pas dans le langage du culte actuel de l'image, et il le fait tout au long des quatre saisons, que ce soit au Vermont, dans les Laurentides du Québec, ou ailleurs. Les images grand format en noir et blanc de Flomen sont les hiéroglyphes d'un explorateur qui travaille avec la lumière pour révéler ce qui est là, mais rarement vu. L'activité de Flomen produit des documents remarquables de diversité naturelle, de collaboration avec la nature, ce qui leur donne leur dynamisme incontestable. »

Dans sa série Crunchtime de la fin des années 2000, Flomen a commencé à écraser physiquement le papier photosensible lui-même pour capturer différents niveaux de texture et de profondeur dans différents environnements naturels. Dans la série Pharmed de Flomen des années 2010, Flomen a exposé des négatifs originaux sur plaque de verre in situ, directement de la nature sans utiliser d'appareil photo, à utiliser pour l'impression de ses photographies. Les origines et le contexte de cette série sont décrits dans un folio de ses œuvres de la série : « Les émulsions photosensibles ont été préparées par l'artiste pour être exposées dans des bassins versants marécageux au plus fort de la saison printanière. La nuit, au bord de l'eau, Flomen documente les éléments organiques qui existent dans ces paysages très vibrants. L'artiste imprime à partir des plaques de verre grand format sur du papier gélatino-argentique. Les résultats sont d'un autre monde, révélant la naissance de quelque chose de nouveau. »

Collections

 Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, États-Unis
 Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, États-Unis
 George Eastman House, Rochester, New York, États-Unis
 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts, États-Unis
 Harvard University Art Museums - Fogg Art Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts, États-Unis
 Norton Museum of Art, West Palm Beach, Florida, États-Unis
 Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California, États-Unis
 Winnipeg Art Gallery, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
 Ministry of External Affairs, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
 Musée de L'Architecture, Liège, Belgium
 Mt. Lebanon Shaker Museum, New Lebanon, New York, États-Unis
 Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Québec, Canada
 The National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
 National Archives of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
 Glenbow Museum, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
 Nipissing University, North Bay, Ontario, Canada
 The Nelson Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri, États-Unis
 Kitchener – Waterloo Art Gallery, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada
 Montréal Museum of Fine Arts, Montréal, Québec, Canada
 Musée d'art de Joliette, Québec, Canada

Expositions (sélection)

Solo
2019
 « FLOW Photofest », Inverness Museum and Art Gallery, Inverness, Scotland, United Kingdom
 Trop tard, PHOS Festival photo + art, Matane, QC, Canada

2018
 Michael Flomen at Somerset House, Duran/Mashaal Gallery, Photo London 2018, London, United Kingdom

2017
 Dark Waters, Denny Gallery, New York, États-Unis

2014
 Wild Nights, Boîte noire Gallery, Los Angeles, CA, États-Unis
 Intuitive Vision, Kitchener-Waterloo Art Gallery, Kitchener, ON, Canada

2013
 Nuit sauvages, VU Photo, Québec, QC, Canada

2008
 Fragile. The photograms of Michael Flomen, Galerie Pangée, Montréal, QC, Canada

2005
 Teeming, Ricco/Maresca Gallery, New York, NY, États-Unis

1972
 Shaker Light, Les galleries photographiques du Centaur, Montréal, QC, Canada

Groupe
2022
 Articulating Legibility: Works from the Permanent Collection, Mar 30, 2021 - Mar 6 2022, Kitchener-Waterloo Art Gallery, Kitchener, ON, Canada.

2021
 « The Expanded Landscape », du 19 juin au 10 octobre, The Getty Center, Los Angeles, CA, États-Unis.
 « Des horizons d'attente », Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.

2019
 « Small Between the Stars, Large Against the Sky », du 16 février au 22 avril, Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec Manif d'Art 9 - La biennale de Québec, commissaire Jonathan Watkins. Quebec, QC, Canada.
 « Bilder Ohne Kamera », du 14 août au 20 septembre, Eboran Galerie, Fotogrammatische Werke aus des Sammlung SpallArt, Salzburg, Austria.

2018
 « Nuit solaire », 26 et 27 janvier, Musée national des beaux-arts de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada, commissaire Sébastien Hudon.
 « Submerged », 16 et 17 juin, SciArt Center, 184 Orchard Gallery, New York, États-Unis.

2017
 « Le temps file : Portait de la vanité dans la collection du MNBAQ », du 6 avril au 24 septembre, Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Québec, QC, Canada.

1976
 « Young Canadian Photographers », The Yajima Gallery, Montréal, QC, Canada

Notes et références

Liens externes

Photographe québécois
Artiste contemporain canadien
Naissance en 1952
Naissance à Montréal

Michael Flomen


Le centre correctionnel de Stateville () ou simplement prison de Stateville, est une prison américaine pour homme située sur le territoire de la ville de Crest Hill, près de Chicago, dans l'État de l'Illinois aux États-Unis.

Cette prison a comme principale particularité d'avoir une architecture panoptique.

L'établissement est géré par l' (IDOC).

Histoire
Ouverte en 1925, la prison de Stateville a été construite pour accueillir 1 506 détenus.

Une partie de la prison a été conçue selon le concept panoptique de la cellule « F-House » de la prison. Elle a une disposition qui comprend une tour armée au centre d'une zone ouverte entourée de plusieurs niveaux de cellules.

La F-House était la seule prison panoptique encore utilisée aux États-Unis dans les années 1990. Elle a été fermé fin 2016, mais la structure restera debout en raison de son importance historique.

Centre d'exécution de la peine de mort
Le centre correctionnel de Statesville était l'un des trois sites où des exécutions ont été effectuées par électrocution dans l'Illinois. La chaise électrique a été utilisée pour la première fois à Statesville en 1949.

En juillet 1977, après la réhabilitation de la peine de mort dans l'Illinois. la prison redevient un centre d'exécution.

Onze exécutions ont été effectuées par injection létale  jusqu'en mars 1998, date à laquelle le site des exécutions a été déplacé au centre correctionnel de Tamms, dans le sud de l'Illinois.

Le 9 mars 2011, est promulgué une loi mettant fin à la peine de mort dans l'État de l'Illinois.

Détenus notables
Leopold et Loeb, duo de jeunes criminels responsables de la mort d'un adolescent de 14 ans du nom de Bobby Franks dans les années 1920 à Chicago.
John Wayne Gacy, l'un des tueurs en série américains les plus connus, surnommé le « clown tueur », responsable de la mort de 33 enfants et adolescents dans les années 1970 à Chicago. Il fut condamné à mort à Stateville.
Richard Speck, tueur de masse responsable de la mort de cinq étudiantes infirmières à Chicago.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
Centre correctionnel de Joliet
Prison aux États-Unis

Liens externes

Prison d'État en Illinois
Comté de Will
Prison de type panoptique
Stateville

Centre correctionnel de Stateville


Sahelices del Río es una localidad del municipio de Cea, en la provincia de León, en Castilla y León (España).

Situación
Se encuentra en la carretera LE-232.

Limita al S con Cea, al SO con Bustillo de Cea y Villacalabuey; al O con Santa María del Monte de Cea; al N con Villacerán y Valdescapa de Cea y al E con Villavelasco de Valderaduey.

Evolución demográfica
Evolución de la población
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Torre Barriales
En las cercanías de Saelices se encuentra la torre de la iglesia de San Esteban, conocida como la Torre Barriales. Se trata del último vestigio que se conserva del antiguo despoblado de Barriales de Cea. El topónimo significa "tierra gredosa o arcillosa". La pedanía quedó despoblada hace cinco siglos; una leyenda atribuye la despoblación a una plaga de termitas.

Enlaces externos
 Templete: Barriales, el pueblo desaparecido
 Torre de Barriales en la Lista Roja de Patrimonio de la asociación Hispania Nostra

Referencias

Localidades de Tierra de Cea
Localidades de Cea

Saelices del Río


Izvorul din satul Cucuruzeni este un monument al naturii de tip hidrologic în raionul Orhei, Republica Moldova. Este amplasat pe malul drept al râului Cogâlnic, în partea de sud a satului Cucuruzeni. Ocupă o suprafață de 0,5 ha, sau 0,28 ha conform unor aprecieri recente. Obiectul este administrat de Primăria comunei Cucuruzeni.

Descriere

Izvorul este amenajat într-o mică văgăună. Niște scări de beton coboară spre gura acestuia. Dintr-o fântână de beton ies două țevi de metal cu diametru diferit, din care apa se scurge în râul Cogâlnic.

Are apă rece, este oligomineral după gradul de mineralizare și descendent de vale (apărut în lunca râului Cogâlnic) din punct de vedere geologic. După compoziția chimică, apa este sulfat-hidrocarbonată–calciu-magnezică (SO4 – HCO3; Ca – Mg). Ea nu are miros, este incoloră, slab alcalină (pH 8,25) și aproape de concentrația maxim admisă a poluării cu nitrați, valoarea acesteia fiind de 37 mg/l.

Statut de protecție

Izvorul este un obiect hidrologic cu debit foarte mare, de cca. 480 l/min, contribuind la debitul râului Cogâlnic, afluent al Răutului. În preajma sa sunt amenajate, ca elemente de recreație, câteva bănci și o masă.

Din 1998, conform Legii nr. 1538 privind fondul ariior naturale protejate de stat, izvorul are statut de monument al naturii. În anexele legii, se atestă că acesta aparținea Întreprinderii Agricole "Frunze". Între timp, izvorul a trecut la balanța Primăriei comunei Cucuruzeni.

Cele mai apropiate gospodării sunt amplasate la aprox. 50 m depărtare, iar drumul central al satului trece la cca. 100 m de izvor. În zona de protecție cresc pâlcuri de arbori: sălcii, plopi, arțari ș.a. Uneori în preajma acesteia pot fi depozitate deșeuri menajere și de grajd.

Pentru ameliorarea situației ecologice, este necesară păstrarea curățeniei și instalarea unui panou informativ. Zona de recreație necesită îmbunătățiri.

Galerie de imagini

Referințe

Bibliografie

Legături externe

Cucuruzeni, Izvorul din satul
Cucuruzeni
Raionul Orhei

Izvorul din satul Cucuruzeni


Agrilus bruschii é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Curletti, 1998.

Referências

bruschii

Agrilus bruschii


زعفرانة هي إحدى قرى ولاية القيروان بالجمهورية التونسية، وهي تتبع إداريا لمعتمدية القيروان الجنوبية.

قرى ولاية القيروان

زعفرانة (القيروان)


Ivan de Mobili OCist (tal. Givoanni de Mobili; ? – 1364.) bio je prelat Katoličke Crkve koji je služio kao biskup trebinjsko-mrkanski od 1349. do 1351. godine.

Životopis

Podrijetlom je iz francuskog Lyona. Pripadao je cistecitskom redu. Većinom je boravio u Avignonu.

Za trebinjsko-mrkanskog biskupa imenovan je 20. lipnja 1345. godine.

Izvori

Literatura

Knjige

Članci

Mrežna sjedišta

Trebinjsko-mrkanski biskupi
Francuski cisterciti

Ivan de Mobili


Nestala autostoperica ili fantomski autostoper, urbana legenda o vozaču koji se usred noći vozi automobilom na cesti i nailazi na lijepu i mladu autostopericu koju primi u svoj auto, a ona poslije iznenada nestane iz auta tijekom vožnje. Postoji više verzija tog urbanog mita, a priča je postala popularna 1981. godine nakon objave knjige Nestali autostoper (eng. The Vanishing Hitchhiker autora Jana Harolda Brunvanda koji je u knjizi istraživao priče o autostoperima koji nestaju bez traga, a pojavljivale su se još od 19. stoljeća u raznim dijelovima svijeta.

U najčešćoj verziji priče, djevojka ili izađe iz auta na nekom dogovorenom mjestu za koje se ispostavi da je mjesto na kojem je stradala ili gdje je pokopana ili jednostavno nestane. Uz to, u priči se pojavljuje ostavljeni predmet, poput džempera, kojeg vozač odluči vratiti djevojci pa je traži na području gdje ju je pustio iz auta, samo da bi doznao od njenih roditelja da je ona poginula ranije i da on nije jedini koji došao na njihova vrata vratiti njen džemper.

Crnokosa djevojka iz Učke

Jedna od najpoznatijih hrvatskih urbanih legendi je ona o crnokosoj ljepotici kraj tunela Učke koja noću zaustavlja vozače i traži prijevoz, a zauzvrat im nudi čitanje iz dlana. Čim bi auto napustio tunel i došao u Istru, vozač bi primjetio da je autostoperica nestala iz automobila u vožnji.

Priča se pojavila 1988. godine i izazvala je zanimanje javnosti, ali i policijskih službenika koji su se javljali na pozive uznemirenih građana koji su im govorili o neobičnoj djevojci koja kod Učke nestaje iz automobila. Jedno od objašnjenja bilo je da se radi o djevojci koja je pobjegla iz psihijatrijske bolnice.

Bilješke

Vanjske poveznice

 Nestala autostoperica - storymuseum.org.uk
 Nestala autostoperica - Oxford Reference

Urbane legende
Misterije
Paranormalno

Nestala autostoperica


Víctor Federico Marriot y Rivero (28 de julio de 1831 - ?) fue un acaudalado comerciante y hacendado peruano de ascendencia inglesa. Ejerció como alcalde de Lima entre 1872 y 1873.

Biografía

Su padre, Federico Marriot, fue un comerciante inglés nacido a fines del  en Londres, el cual, poco después de la Independencia del Perú, se instaló en Arequipa, donde hizo fortuna y se casó con Bernardina Rivero y Bezoaín, una distinguida dama de la sociedad arequipeña.

A fines de la década de 1860 se hallaba en Lima, donde su amigo y pariente, Manuel Pardo y Lavalle era alcalde del concejo provincial capitalino. Sirvió entonces como inspector de obras públicas. Retornó luego a Arequipa, donde a fines de 1870 se enteró de que Pardo tanteaba la posibilidad de lanzar su candidatura a la presidencia de la República. Luego de hacer los sondeos pertinentes entre una serie de personas influyentes de Arequipa, y habiendo recibido una respuesta positiva, Marriot recomendó a Pardo que declarara públicamente su candidatura. Así lo hizo este y ganó la las elecciones presidenciales de 1871, subiendo al poder el 2 de agosto de 1872.

Se casó con Petronila de la Puente y Arias de Saavedra, nieta del V marqués de Villafuerte, por lado paterno, y del I conde de Casa Saavedra, por lado materno. La pareja tuvo dos hijos, María y Federico Marriot Puente.

Marriot pasó a integrar el concejo provincial de Lima, como accesitario. El alcalde elegido en 1872 fue el diplomático José Antonio García y García, pero este no llegó a hacerse cargo de su despacho, y Marriot lo reemplazó en su ausencia, entre los años 1872 y 1873. Ausente a su vez Marriot, fue reemplazado brevemente por el regidor Gaspar de la Puente. Al ponerse en vigencia la nueva Ley Orgánica de Municipalidades del 9 de abril de 1873, que reemplazaba a la de 1861, García cesó en el mando, al igual que Marriot. El siguiente alcalde elegido fue el señor José Simeón Tejeda.

De su paso por la alcaldía limeña, se recuerda el impulsó que dio a la canalización del río Rímac, dentro del vasto plan de obras públicas iniciado por el gobierno de José Balta y continuado en parte por Manuel Pardo.

Al estallar la guerra con Chile, en abril de 1879, integró la "Junta Central Administradora de Donativos para la Guerra con Chile", de la que además formaban parte las siguientes personalidades: el obispo Pedro José Tordoya, monseñor José Antonio Roca y Boloña, Nicolás Rodrigo, Melitón Porras Díaz, José Bresani, Manuel Elguera, José Vicente Oyague, Ignacio de Osma, César Canevaro, Dionisio Derteano, José Jorge Loayza, Aurelio Denegri, Pedro José Calderón, Bartolomé Figari, José Unanue, Juan Calderón, Valentín Gil, Manuel Ortiz de Villate, Manuel Candamo, José Lucas Oyague, Manuel Moscoso Melgar, Bernardo Roca y Boloña, Juan Gallagher y José R. Espinoza.

Bibliografía
 Basadre, Jorge: Historia de la República del Perú. 1822 - 1933, Octava Edición, corregida y aumentada. Tomo 8. Editada por el Diario "La República" de Lima y la Universidad "Ricardo Palma". Impreso en Santiago de Chile, 1998.
 Mücke, Ulrich: [Elecciones y participación política en el Perú del siglo XIX: la campaña presidencial de 1871-72 ]. Investigaciones sociales, AÑO VIII N° 12, pp. 133-166 [UNMSM / IIHS, Lima, 2004].
 Vidaurre, Pedro N.: Relación cronológica de los alcaldes que han presidido el ayuntamiento de Lima desde su fundación hasta nuestros días… Solis, 1889 - 109 páginas.

Alcaldes de Lima
Arequipeños
Empresarios de Perú
Peruanos de la guerra del Pacífico

Federico Marriot y Rivero


Gasconade Township bezeichnet folgende Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Gasconade Township (Laclede County, Missouri)
 Gasconade Township (Wright County, Missouri)

Gasconade Township


La route régionale 559 () est une route régionale à Siilinjärvi en Finlande.

Présentation
La seututie 559 est une route régionale de Savonie du Nord.
Elle est parallèle à la route nationale 5.

Parcours
 Räisälä
 Siilinjärvi
 Kasurila
 Jälä
 Haaparinne
 Vuorela
 Toivala

Références

Annexes

Liens externes

Articles connexes
 Seututie

559

Transport à Siilinjärvi

Seututie 559


El Jardín Botánico de Oranim (en hebreo: הגן הבוטני במכללת אורנים) es un jardín botánico que rodea al Oranim Academic College. Situado en Kiryat Tiv'on Israel.

Localización
El "Oranim Academic College" se encuentra en una colina, rodeado de un pinar que le da el nombre. Desde aquí se divisan las montañas del Carmelo y el Valle de Jezreel, estando rodeado de los campos de cultivo de Oranim.

Botanical garden, Oranim Kiryat Tiv'on, Israel.

Planos y vistas satelitales.

Se encuentra abierto todos los días del año.

Historia

El movimiento de los kibutz fundó Oranim en 1951 como universidad para entrenar a los trabajadores y a los profesores en un cuidado de niños y jóvenes de alta calidad. La educación de los kibutz, en este tiempo, era obligatoria, a partir de la fecha de nacimiento hasta la inscripción en el ejército.

El énfasis estaba no sólo en la adquisición de conocimiento y de habilidades, sino también en la enseñanza de conceptos educativos y de valores personales. El ser profesor en el movimiento de los kibutz era una vocación, no una profesión.

La reputación de Oranim alcanzó un gran renombre en poblaciones fuera de los Kibutz. Actualmente la mayor parte de sus estudiantes vienen de ciudades, pueblos, moshavs y de aldeas. Los estudiantes y el personal en Oranim reflejan la realidad multicultural y multiétnica en Israel.

La meta de Oranim es poner en evidencia el potencial del profesor en cada estudiante. Oranim ofrece un horizonte intelectual amplio. Los eruditos más brillantes de Israel se acercan a Oranim; artistas, científicos, y educadores de reputación internacional entrenan a los estudiantes a un muy alto nivel.

Colecciones botánicas
Con la intención de mostrar el verdadero espíritu de Oranim, se creó el jardín botánico que rodea a la institución siendo un jardín ahorrador de agua donde las especies vegetales fueron escogidas para que se adaptaran a las condiciones climáticas de la zona.

Enlaces externos

 Sobre Oranim.

Oranim

Jardín botánico de Oranim


The Humans er et rumænsk band, der består af Cristina Caramarcu, Alexandru Cismaru, Alexandru Matei, Alin Neagoe, Adi Tetrade og Corina Matei. De repræsenterede Rumænien i Eurovision Song Contest 2018 med sangen "Goodbye". De opnåede en 11. plads i Semifinale 2, og derfor kvalificerede de sig ikke til finalen.

Henvisninger

Musikgrupper fra Rumænien
Deltagere ved Eurovision Song Contest 2018
Rumæniens Eurovision Song Contest-deltagere

The Humans


Canção e Louvor é uma dupla brasileira de música cristã contemporânea, voltada ao público pentecostal e sertanejo. Formada pelos irmãos Cláudio Louvor e Cláudia Canção, nascidos na cidade de Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, se apresentam em igrejas desde a infância. São membros da IEADPE.

Biografia
Iniciaram a carreira musical ainda na infância, por volta dos cinco e seis anos de idade. Incentivados pelos pais, a dupla começou cantando canções de outras duplas e cantores diversos. A facilidade em fazer duas vozes sempre chamou a atenção de quem os ouvia e o jeito único de interpretar as músicas também lhes eram peculiar.

Começaram a atender convites nas igrejas de sua cidade, na época, em Bonança, distrito da cidade de Moreno - PE e aos poucos, cidades vizinhas foram convidando até receberem convites para a capital do Estado, Recife, e assim, o ministério da dupla foi ficando cada vez mais conhecido.

Aos 9 e 10 anos de idade, Cláudio e Cláudia lançaram seu primeiro álbum, "Vivendo Pela Fé" gravado no sertão pernambucano, na cidade de Flores, com a ajuda dos irmãos daquela cidade, o empresário Beto Cajá e o músico Celso Sax.

Dois anos depois, gravaram o segundo: "Mão de Poder", ainda com a ajuda do Beto e do Celso, mas desta vez na cidade de Serra Talhada. Com pouco tempo de álbum lançado, Cláudio completou 12 anos e entrou na fase de transição de voz de criança para adolescente e isto dificultou na intepretação dos CDs recém gravados, pois a altura era mais aguda do que ele alcançava. Com isto, houve a soma da vontade em aprender um instrumento musical com a necessidade de que isto acontecesse para que pudessem seguir o ministério.

Na época, a família da dupla não tinha condições nem de comprar um violão e nem de contratar um professor. Mas os instrumentos chegaram, doados dois violões dos empresários Elba e Gerônimo. Com os violões em mãos, começaram a aprender sozinhos, apenas com a cartilha de notas que vinha na caixa dos instrumentos e "a ajuda do Espírito Santo", como gostam de afirmar. Com menos de dois meses já tocavam, ainda que de forma amadora e aprendiz, nos cultos que acontecia na casa da dupla. Pouco tempo depois, Cláudio também aprendeu a tocar viola e agora, a viola e o violão tornaram-se uma identidade nas apresentações da dupla. O ministério cada vez mais foi sendo divulgado e na época, já viajavam todo estado, da capital ao sertão, atendendo congressos e convites das igrejas.

Aos 16 e 17 anos, gravaram o terceiro álbum: "A Dez Mil Pés", com a direção do empresário Regis Lins, que foi de grande ajuda na ampliação do ministério que despontava. A canção "Eu Vou Profetizar" foi muito tocada em rádios e cantada nas igrejas de todo estado. No ano de 2010, a dupla gravou seu primeiro DVD, "Acontecimentos - Acústico", na Assembleia de Deus na cidade do Cabo de Santo Agostinho.

Dois anos depois, nasceu o álbum "Sete Mergulhos" que com certeza, se tornou o álbum que apresentou a dupla ao Brasil, especialmente com a canção "Ei, Naamã". Em 2015, Cláudia Canção compôs a música "Eu Cuido de Ti" e em um vídeo caseiro lançou na internet, tornando-se viral em poucos dias. Naquele ano foi lançado o álbum "Profetizando Vida", gravado em São Paulo e produzido pelo maestro Ronny Barboza. Em 2016, Canção e Louvor lançou seu primeiro EP, formato que na época era novo no Brasil, com cinco canções, entre elas o hit "Eu Cuido de Ti''. Em abril de 2019, "Maravilhoso", o sétimo trabalho da dupla foi lançado contendo 12 faixas e cada vez mais tem sido divulgado e ouvido principalmente nas plataformas de música digital.

Em 19 de agosto, a esposa de Cláudio foi submetida a uma cirurgia de urgência para retirada da vesícula. No início de 2022, Cláudio afirmou estar ele e sua família com forte virose e pediu orações.

Discografia

Álbuns de estúdio

 1999: Vivendo pela Fé
 2001: Mão de Poder
 2006: A Dez Mil Pés
 2014: Sete Mergulhos
 2015: Profetizando Vida
 2019: Maravilhoso

Álbuns ao vivo

 2010: Acontecimentos

EPs

 2016: Eu Cuido de Ti
 2017: Live Session 1
 2017: Live Session 2
 2017: Live Session 3
 2018: Live Session 4
 2018: Live Session 5 - Viola, Adoração e Calmaria

Singles

 2019: Calmaria
 2019: Abraça-Me
 2020: Tadinho de Mim (feat. André & Felipe)
 2020: Sem Mim
 2020: Ainda Estás Aqui
 2020: O Meu Tempo Chegou
 2020: Fazendo História
 2020: Crente Vivo
 2020: Eu Escolho Deus
 2020: Você É Meu
 2021: A Ti, Os Teus e o que Tu Tens
 2021: Menino Guerreiro
 2021: Depois do Mar
 2021: Eu Cuido de Ti
 2021: Joia Rara
 2021: Ele Sempre Vem
 2022: Chegou Na Casa

Prêmios e Indicações

 Foram indicados a Melhor Banda, Grupo ou Dupla do Troféu Gerando Salvação nas edições 2020 e 2021. Participaram da edição de 2020 interpretando "Desapareceu Um Povo" sob o título de "Povo Barulhento", clássico da música cristã composto por Cecília de Souza e regravado por Shirley Carvalhaes.

Referências
Duplas de sertanejo universitário
Cantores de língua portuguesa
Cantores de música cristã contemporânea do Brasil
Membros da Assembleia de Deus
Naturais de Vitória de Santo Antão
Grupos musicais cristãos

Canção & Louvor


Diego Ramirez Adaları (), Horn Burnu'un yaklaşık 100 km güneybatısında bir küçük adalar grubudur. Coğrafi olarak 56° 30' güney paraleli ve 68° 52' batı meridyenleri aralığında olup Şili'ye aittir.

İlk olarak Portekizli Bartolomé García de Nodal tarafından 12 Şubat 1619 görülmüşler ve Diego Ramírez de Arellano'nun ismi ile adlandırılmışlardır. Diego Ramírez gezideki geograftır. Adalar 1775 yılındaki Güney Sandwich Adaları'nın keşfine kadar en güneyde olarak bilinen adalardı.

Şili donanması, 1951 yılında Gonzalo adası üzerinde bir hava gözlem istasyonu kurmuştur. Antarktika'ya giden gemiler zaman zaman buraya yanaşırlar. Adalar, örneğin aralarında Siyah-Kahve Albatros kuşunun da bulunduğu çok sayıda deniz kuşunun kuluçka yeridir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Adaların haritası, (Beagle-Expedition tarafından düzenlenmiş)

Resim galerisi

Şili'nin adaları
Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena bölgesi
Büyük Okyanus'taki takımadalar

Diego Ramirez Adaları


En metalurgia extractiva se conoce como lixiviación al proceso de extraer desde un mineral una especie de interés por medio de reactivos que la disuelven o transforman en sales solubles. En otras palabras, en la lixiviación se recuperan especies útiles desde una fase líquida, correspondiente a la sustancia o una sal de esta en disolución acuosa. Los minerales que usualmente son lixiviados son aquellos menos oxidados (óxidos, carbonatos, sulfatos, silicatos, etc.).

La lixiviación es una técnica ampliamente utilizada en metalurgia extractiva que convierte los metales en sales solubles en medios acuosos. En comparación con las operaciones pirometalúrgicas, la lixiviación es más fácil de realizar y mucho menos dañina, ya que no se produce contaminación gaseosa. Sus principales inconvenientes son su alta acidez de trabajo y en algunos casos sus efluentes residuales tóxicos, y también su menor eficiencia causada por las bajas temperaturas de la operación, que afectan dramáticamente las tasas de reacción química.

El mineral usado para el proceso de lixiviación puede ser o bien oxidado o bien sulfurado. Por ejemplo, para un mineral oxidado, una reacción de lixiviación ácida simple puede ser ilustrada mediante la reacción de lixiviación del óxido de zinc:

ZnO + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2O

En esta reacción el ZnO sólido se disuelve, formando sulfato de zinc disuelto en agua.

En muchos casos pueden ser usados otros reactivos para lixiviar óxidos. Por ejemplo, en la metalurgia del aluminio, el óxido de aluminio reacciona con soluciones alcalinas:

Al2O3 + 3H2O + 2NaOH → 2NaAl(OH)4

La lixiviación de sulfuros es un proceso más complejo debido a la naturaleza refractaria de minerales de sulfuro. Esto implica a menudo el uso de recipientes a presión, llamados autoclaves. Un buen ejemplo del proceso de autoclave de lixiviación se puede encontrar en la metalurgia del zinc. Se describe mejor por la siguiente reacción química:

2ZnS + O2 + 2H2SO4 → 2ZnSO4 + 2H2O + 2S

Esta reacción se produce a temperaturas superiores al punto de ebullición del agua, creando así una presión de vapor dentro del recipiente. El oxígeno se inyecta a presión, haciendo que la presión total en el autoclave sea mayor a 0,6 MPa.

La lixiviación de los metales preciosos como el oro puede llevarse a cabo con cianuro o el ozono bajo condiciones suaves.

Lixiviación in situ
Se utiliza para menas de ley baja. La inversión es mínima. También se utiliza para tratar relaves que contengan mineral rico ya que se ve que en la minería artesanal desechan relaves con un ley baja.

Lixiviación en botaderos
Su aplicación es para minerales de baja ley tanto para óxidos como sulfuros. Los ciclos de lixiviación son largos. Este sistema no requiere chancado, ya que el mineral es descargado tal cual viene de la mina sobre una pendiente o pila y luego se le implanta un sistema de riego.

Lixiviación en bateas o percolación
Es aplicada fundamentalmente a minerales de Cu, U, Au y Ag ya que son fácilmente solubles y presentan buenas características de permeabilidad. El proceso puede durar de 2 – 14 días. Consiste en chancar previamente el mineral para después ser cargados en bateas en las que el mineral se sumerge en una solución ácida lixiviante. La batea posee un fondo falso cubierto con una tela filtrante la que permite la recirculación de las soluciones en sentido ascendente.

Lixiviación en pilas o columnas
Se utiliza para menas de ley baja-media. La inversión es media.

Lixiviación por agitación.
La lixiviación por agitación es un tipo de lixiviación en la que se agita una pulpa formada por partículas finas y reactivos. Se utiliza para menas de alta ley o cuya especie útil es de alto valor comercial, debido a los grandes costos de inversión. Su objetivo es tener recuperaciones más altas en tiempos más cortos. Usualmente se utiliza para lixiviar calcinas de tostación y concentrados, y es empleada en la extracción de cobre, oro, plata, entre otros.5

Granulometría del mineral
El mineral utilizado está constituido por gruesos de menos de 2 mm de diámetro y alta cantidad de finos (hasta 200 µm). Sin embargo, este factor debe ser bien controlado. El porcentaje de finos utilizado para la lixiviación del cobre, por ejemplo, debe ser menor al 40% para partículas menores a 75 µm. Un exceso de finos alterará la permeabilidad de la masa lixiviada, impidiendo una buena filtración del relave, producir "embancamientos", y también dificultará la separación sólido-líquido posterior de la pulpa lixiviada. El exceso de gruesos también debe ser controlado, ya que estos producen problemas en la agitación (aumento de la potencia del agitador).

Mineralogía
El tamaño y disposición de la especie útil dentro de la mena influye en el grado de molienda requerido para su liberación y exposición a la solución lixiviante. En cuanto a la composición, se debe tener en cuenta la presencia de arcillas, ya que estas producen muchos finos. Además, el mineral a lixiviar debe tener una baja porosidad.

Equipos utilizados
La lixiviación por agitación requiere que la pulpa esté en constante agitación, lo que es logrado mediante el uso de reactores. Los más usados son los siguientes:

 Reactor Pachuca: Es un reactor que brinda agitación neumática por medio de la inyección de aire a presión desde el fondo del estanque

Lixiviación bacteriológica
Es un proceso de disoluciones ejecutadas por un grupo de bacterias que tienen la habilidad de oxidar minerales sulfurados, permitiendo liberar los valores metálicos contenidos en ellos. Su objetivo es explotar menas que por tener baja concentración de metal no se pueden tratar con métodos tradicionales. Este proceso es utilizado para la extracción de uranio, cobre, zinc, níquel, cobalto, entre otros. Las bacterias producen una solución ácida que contiene al metal en su forma soluble.

Las bacterias más utilizadas son las especies Thiobacillus oxidans, T. thiooxidans, T. ferrooxidans y T. dentrificans. Son seres quimiolitoautótrofos obligados, es decir, obtienen su energía por la oxidación de elementos presentes en las rocas, como hierro y azufre. En general estas bacterias requieren, para vivir y reproducirse, de un medio ácido (son acidofílicas) con un pH entre 1 y 5, temperaturas de entre 25 °C a 30 °C (hasta 45 °C para algunas especies) y altas concentraciones de metales. Algunas son aeróbicas y otras anaeróbicas.

La bacteria más estudiada en cuanto a la oxidación biológica de los minerales sulfurados es la Thiobacillus ferroxidans. Es una bacteria gramnegativa anaeróbica. Obtiene su energía mediante la oxidación de sulfuros (pirita, marcasita, galena, calcopirita, bornita, blenda, covellina), y requiere de CO2 como fuente de carbono, nitrógeno y fósforo para sintetizar su alimento, además de una temperatura entre 28 °C y 35 °C.

Véase también
 Flotación

 Lixiviación en pilas (en)
 Lixiviación in situ (en)
 Lixiviación en tanque (en)
 Lixiviación en cuba (en)

Enlaces externos

Metalurgia
Procesos industriales

Lixiviación (metalurgia)


Cossoine (sardisk: Cossoìne) er en by og en kommune (comune) i provinsen Sassari i regionen Sardinien i Italien. Byen ligger i 529 meters højde og har 851 indbyggere (2016). Kommunen har et areal på 39,17 km² og grænser til kommunerne Bonorva, Cheremule, Giave, Mara, Padria, Pozzomaggiore, Romana, Semestene og Thiesi.

Referencer

Henvisninger

Kommuner i provinsen Sassari

Cossoine


La famille Oesinger ou Œsinger est une ancienne famille patricienne strasbourgeoise.

Établie à Strasbourg depuis le , elle s'est convertie au protestantisme au temps de la Réforme et joua un rôle important dans l'histoire de la ville de Strasbourg et dans celle de la Basse-Alsace.

Les Oesinger sont une dynastie d'industriels, la famille compte également des hommes politiques, des artistes, des hommes de lettres, des financiers, des entrepreneurs et des hommes d'affaires.

Histoire

La famille Oesinger est mentionnée la première fois à la fin du  à Strasbourg. À partir de la fin du  sa filiation est ininterrompue.

Des membres de la famille siègent du  dans les conseils de la république de Strasbourg. Jean-Frédéric Oesinger devient ammestre de la ville en 1734. La famille continue de jouer un rôle important dans la politique alsacienne jusqu'au début du .

Au  la famille Oesinger se convertit à l'industrie du cuivre et installera sa résidence d'été à côté de sa manufacture. Le nom du lieu-dit "Kupferhammer" entre Ottrott et Klingenthal porte encore à ce jour les traces de son passé industriel jadis développé par les Oesinger à cet endroit. Plus tard la famille se lancera aussi dans l'industrie des produits colorants et tannants.

C'est une des rares familles du patriciat strasbourgeois, qui donna un ammestre à la ville, qui ne soit pas éteinte aujourd'hui.

Membres de la famille

 Jean Frédéric Œsinger (1658-1737), ammestre de la ville de Strasbourg en 1734 ;
 François Daniel  Œsinger (1731-1790), entrepreneur de la manufacture de Klingenthal (1765-1784), maître de forges, industriel ;
 Charles Frédéric II Œsinger (1794-1864), député (1834-1837), maître de forges, industriel.

Autres membres en lien avec le patronyme
Sébastien Brant, Albert Schweitzer et Jean-Paul Sartre sont de la famille.

Armes
D'azur à 2 fasces d'or en chef et une tête de lion du même en pointe, lampassée de gueules.

Alliances
Les principales alliances de la famille Œsinger sont: Güntzer, Blanck, Steudel, Reisseissen, de Dietrich, Faust, Fried, Bernegger, Geiger, Friderici, Greuhm, Petzel, Zimmer, Lauth, Reboul de la Jullière, Mannberger, Jacquel, de Turckheim, etc.

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 Michel Hau, Nicolas Stosskopf, Les dynasties alsaciennes, Perrier, Paris 2005, , 295, 509
 Ernest Lehr, L' Alsace noble, suivie du livre d'or du patriciat de Strasbourg : d'après des documents authentiques et en grande partie inédits, tome 3. Berger-Levrault, Paris 1870, , armes famille
 Jean Vogt, « Exemples de politiques foncières et de patrimoines ruraux notables de la bourgeoisie strasbourgeoise. Les Harnister et les Oesinger (- s.) », Annuaire de la Société des amis du Vieux Strasbourg, , 2003, ,
 Christian Wolff, Les Ancêtres d'Albert Schweitzer, 1975
 Christian Wolff, Riquewihr, son vignoble et ses vins à travers les âges, 1967.
 Jean-Claude Wolff, Livre d'or de Strasbourg, Trois grandes familles strasbourgeoises, XIIIe-XXe siècle, La famille Oesinger, Éditions Christian, Paris 1991, .
 Jean-Claude Wolff, Nouveau Dictionnaire de biographie alsacienne, « Oesinger », vol. 28,

Voir aussi

Archives
 Papiers de la famille et de l'entreprise Oesinger conservés aux Archives départementales du Bas-Rhin sous la cote

Articles connexes
 Armorial des familles d'Alsace
 Palais Rohan (Strasbourg)
 Protestantisme en Alsace
 Klingenthal (Bas-Rhin)

Liens externes
 Entrepreneurs et Inspecteurs de la manufacture de Klingenthal

Famille alsacienne
Famille strasbourgeoise
Dynastie industrielle
Famille française
Famille française protestante

Famille Oesinger


Alabalık (Salmo trutta), Salmonidae familyasının en tanınmış üyesidir ve somon balığı ile yakın akrabadır. "Alabalık" diye adlandırdığımız balıkların bazıları Salmo cinsine ait değillerdir. Salmonidae ailesinin arta kalanını oluşturan Oncorhynchus ve Salvelinus cinslerine ait olan balıkların bazılarına da "alabalık" denilir. Alabalığın bir sürü çok yaygın olan veya sadece yöresel bulunan alt türlerine rastlanır.

Türleri
 Gökkuşağı alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss, eski adı Salmo gairdneri)
 Anadolu alabalığı (Salmo platycephalus)
 Abant alabalığı (Salmo trutta abanticus)
 Karadeniz alabalığı (Salmo trutta labrax)
 Kafkas alabalığı (Salmo trutta caspius)
 Büyük benekli alabalık (Salmo trutta macrostigma)
 Deniz alabalığı (Salmo trutta trutta)
 Dere alabalığı (Salmo trutta forma fario)
 Göl alabalığı (Salmo trutta lacustris)
 Aral alabalığı (Salmo trutta aralensis)
 Garda alabalığı (Salmo trutta carpio)
 Gökçe alabalığı (Salmo ischchan)
 Marmorata alabalığı (Salmo trutta marmorata)
 Ceyhun alabalığı (Salmo trutta oxianus)
 Ron alabalığı (Salmo trutta rhodanensis)
 Balkan alabalığı (Salmo trutta dentex)
 Ezenami alabalığı (Salmo trutta ezenami)
 Makedonya alabalığı (Salmo balcanicus)
 İtalyan alabalığı (Salmo trutta cettii)
 Boşnak alabalığı (Salmo trutta taleri)
 Fibreno alabalığı (Salmo trutta fibreni)

Neredeyse tüm alabalıklar yırtıcı tatlısu balıklarıdır, sadece (daha çok somon balığı ile yakın akraba olan) deniz alabalığı aynı Somon balıkları gibi denizde yaşayıp sırf yumurtlamak için akan tatlısulara girer.

Pasifik okyanusu somonu ile yakın akraba olan gökkuşağı alabalığı, suni göllerde yetiştirilmek için Amerika'dan getirilmiştir. Aynı çay alabalığı gibi o da balık üretiminde tanınmış bir balık türüdür. Türkiye'nin neredeyse her yerinde alabalık üretilen küçük veya büyük çiftliklere rastlamak mümkündür.

Türkiye'de alabalık
Türkiye 185 bin tonluk üretimle Avrupa birincisi konumundadır. Su ürünlerinde ise dünya beşincisidir.

Kaynakça

Salmo
Tütsüleme
Tütsülenmiş balık

Alabalık


شط القطار هو شط يقع في الجنوب التونسي، جنوب غربي مدينة القطار وجنوب شرقي مدينة قفصة.

قطار

شط القطار


Türkiye Arkeolojik Yerleşmeleri ya da kısaca TAY, 1993 senesinde Türkiye'deki kültür miraslarına ait bulguların kronolojik şekilde envanterinin çıkarılması ve sistematik şekilde yığılması sağlamak amacıyla başlatılan projedir. Arkeolojik yerleşim yerlerinin envanterini çıkarmayı, bugüne kadar oluşan tahribatı saptamayı ve bu bilgiyi kamuoyuna sunarak bundan böyle oluşacak tahribatı engellemeyi amaçlanmaktadır. Proje Tarih, Arkeoloji, Sanat ve Kültür Mirasını Koruma Vakfı (TASK) tarafından yürütülmektedir. Vakıf Türkiye kültür emanetlerinin korunması, her tür tahribatın önünün alınması ve bu değerlerin uluslararası kamuoyuna tanıtılmasını hedeflemektedir. Bugüne kadar elli gönüllüyle envanter ve tarama çalışmaları sürdürülmüş, 5 yılda 75 ilde 2.800'den fazla yerleşme yeri envantere alınmış, fotoğraflanarak arşivlenmiştir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Türkiye'de arkeoloji

Türkiye Arkeolojik Yerleşmeleri Projesi


Donetsk Oblast (, ), also referred to as Donechchyna (, ), is an oblast in eastern Ukraine. It is Ukraine's most populous province, with around 4.1 million residents. Its administrative centre is Donetsk, though due to the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War, the regional administration was moved to Kramatorsk. Historically, the region has been an important part of the Donbas region. From its creation in 1938 until November 1961, it bore the name Stalino Oblast as Donetsk was then named "Stalino", in honour of Joseph Stalin. As part of the de-Stalinization process, it was renamed after the Siversky Donets river, the main artery of Eastern Ukraine. Its population is estimated at

The oblast is known for its urban sprawl of Donetsk–Makiivka and Horlivka–Yenakiieve and it is often associated with the coal mining industry.

In 2014, parts of the oblast, including Donetsk, came under the control of Russian-backed separatists who declared the Donetsk People's Republic, leading to a war against government forces; the de facto administrative center was subsequently moved to Mariupol and then Kramatorsk. During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the oblast again became the site of heavy fighting, and Russia later declared the annexation of the entirety of the oblast as well as three other regions, though the annexation remains internationally unrecognized and only about half of the oblast is under Russian military occupation.

History
Before the establishment of the Donetsk Oblast, three districts (okruhas) existed on its territory from 1923 to 1930. The Donets Governorate was terminated in 1925. As part of Soviet Ukraine, the Donetsk Oblast was established on 2 July 1932 out of the Kharkiv Oblast, the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast and a number of raions that were under the direct administration of Kharkiv (then-capital of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic). Artemivsk (today Bakhmut) served as the oblast's administrative center for two weeks until 16 July 1932, when the city of Stalino (today Donetsk) took on the role. Until 1938, the Donetsian Oblast included the territories of the modern Donetsk Oblast and the Luhansk Oblast. In June 1938 it was split into the Stalino Oblast (modern Donetsk Oblast) and the Voroshylovhrad Oblast (modern Luhansk Oblast).

During the Nazi German occupation from fall 1941 to fall 1943, Donetsk Oblast was known as Yuzivka Oblast (after the original name of Donetsk).

As part of de-Stalinization in the Soviet Union, in 1961 Stalino and Stalino Oblast were renamed Donetsk and Donetsk Oblast.

During the dissolution of the Soviet Union, 83.9% of voters in Donetsk Oblast approved Ukraine's declaration of independence in the 1991 referendum.

In the mid-1990s, the region became known for its heightened criminal activity, including the killings of high-profile business people such as Akhat Bragin and Yevhen Shcherban. Donetsk Oblast was also a base for Ukraine's main pro-Russian political faction, Party of Regions, which became part of the Ukrainian government in 2002 and paved a way into Ukrainian politics for the powerful "Donetsk political clan".

In late 2004, the Party of Regions was involved in the creation of a political project, the South-East Ukrainian Autonomous Republic, which was intended to include Donetsk Oblast. Having close ties with the Russian government, the Party of Regions, along with local communists and other pro-Russian activists, instigated the pro-Russian unrest which escalated into the war in Donbas. In May 2014, the Ukrainian government lost control over its border with Russia in the Donetsk Oblast. Currently, the eastern part of the oblast is occupied by Russia.

On 30 September 2022 Russia annexed the Donetsk (DPR), Luhansk (Luhansk People's Republic), Zaporizhzhia, and Kherson Oblasts. The United Nations General Assembly subsequently passed a resolution calling on countries not to recognise what it described as an "attempted illegal annexation", demanded that Russia "immediately, completely and unconditionally withdraw" and most nations of the world have not recognized the annexations. As of the end of 2022, the oblast is divided roughly equally between the opposing sides.

Geography

Donetsk Oblast is located in southeastern Ukraine. The area of the oblast (26,517 km2) comprises about 4.4% of the total area of the country. The oblast borders the Dnipropetrovsk and Zaporizhzhia Oblasts to the southwest, the Kharkiv Oblast to the north, the Luhansk Oblast to the northeast, the Rostov Oblast in Russia to the east, and the Sea of Azov to the south.

Its extent from north to south is 270 km, from east to west – 190 km. The extreme points of the oblast's borders are: Bilosarayska Kosa (spit) in the south, Shevchenko of Velykonovosilkivskyi Raion in the west, Verkhnyi Kut of Shakhtarskyi Raion in the east, and Lozove of Lyman Raion in the north.

The state historic-architectural site near the city of Sviatohirsk with the Sviatohirsk Lavra was nominated for the Seven Wonders of Ukraine.

Administrative divisions

Since 2020, Donetsk Oblast has been divided into eight raions (districts), each named after its administrative center:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Map !! No. !! Name in English !! Name in Ukrainian !! Romanization !!
|-
| rowspan=9 align=left|'|-
| 1 || Kramatorsk Raion ||  || Kramatorskyi raion || Kramatorsk
|-
| 2 || Bakhmut Raion ||  || Bakhmutskyi raion || Bakhmut
|-
| 3 || Pokrovsk Raion ||  || Pokrovskyi raion || Pokrovsk
|-
| 4 || Horlivka Raion ||  || Horlivskyi raion || Horlivka
|-
| 5 || Volnovakha Raion ||  || Volnovaskyi raion || Volnovakha
|-
| 6 || Donetsk Raion ||  || Donetskyi raion || Donetsk
|-
| 7 || Mariupol Raion ||  || Mariupolskyi raion || Mariupol
|-
| 8 || Kalmiuske Raion ||  || Kalmiuskyi raion || Kalmiuske
|}

Each raion is in turn divided up into hromadas.

Demographics

In 2013, the population of Donetsk Oblast was 4.43 million, which constituted 10% of the overall Ukrainian population, making it the most populous and most densely populated region of the country, except for the cities with special status (Kyiv and Sevastopol). Its large population is due to the presence of several big industrial cities and numerous villages agglomerated around them.

During the 2004 presidential election, political supporters of Viktor Yanukovych threatened to demand autonomy for Donetsk and neighboring oblasts if the election of their candidate was not recognised. However, no official moves were ever made.

At the 2001 Ukrainian National Census, the ethnic groups within the Donetsk Oblast were: Ukrainians – 2,744,100 (56.9%), Russians – 1,844,400 (38.2%), Pontic Greeks – 77,500 (1.6%), Belarusians – 44,500 (0.9%), others (2.3%).

At the 2001 census, the languages spoken within the oblast were: Russian (spoken by 98.6% of Russians living there, 58.7% of Ukrainians, 58.7% of Greeks, and 85.5% of Belarusians) and Ukrainian (spoken by 41.2% of Ukrainians, 1.3% of Russians, 3.2% of Greeks, and 3.9% of Belarusians).

Age structure
 0–14 years: 12.6%  (male 283,584/female 266,977)
 15–64 years: 70.4%  (male 1,453,273/female 1,619,241)
 65 years and over: 17.0%  (male 243,048/female 496,434) (2013 official)

Median age
 total: 41.9 years
 male: 38.0 years
 female: 45.8 years  (2013 official)

Economy

Industry

The Donetsk Oblast accounts for more than one half of the coal, finished steel, coke, cast iron and steel production in Ukraine. Ferrous metallurgy, fuel industry and power industry are in demand in the structure of industry production. There are about 882 industry enterprises that are on independent balance, and 2,095 small industry enterprises in the oblast.

The oblast has a developed transport infrastructure which includes the Donetsk railway (covers 40% of national transportation), the Mariupol Port, the Donetsk International Airport, passenger airports in Mariupol and Kramatorsk, and dense road systems. In the Donetsk Oblast two special economic zones have been created, Donetsk and Azov'', which have a privileged tax regime.

Agriculture

In 1999, the gross grain yield in the oblast was about 999.1 thousand tons, sugar beets – 27.1 thousand tons, sunflower seeds – 309.4 thousand tons, and potatoes – 380.2 thousand tons. Also, 134.2 thousand tons of meat, 494.3 thousand tons of milk and 646.4 million eggs have been produced. At the beginning of 1999 there were 2108 farms within the oblast.

Geology

The Donetsk Oblast's climate is mostly continental, which is characterised by hot summers and relatively cold winters with changeable snow surfaces. East and southeast strong winds, high temperatures and heavy rain showers are typical in the summer. The average annual rainfall is 524 mm.

The basic minerals found here are: coal (reserves – 25 billion tons), rock salt, lime carbonate, potassium, mercury, asbestos, and graphite. The area is also rich in fertile black earth.

Important resources for recreation within the area are: the mild climate, the Sea of Azov coast, curative mud, sources of minerals, and radon and table water. Due to these numerous recreation resources, many resort hotels and camps are located here. There are about 26 health centres and pensions, 52 rest homes and boarding houses, and rest camps for children in the oblast.

The curative areas in the oblast include the Slovyansk salt lakes and mineral water sources. The oblast also contains many park zones, some of which are of great national value. They include the Khomutivsky steppe and the Azov sea coast. Overall, the Donetsk Oblast contains about 70 protected park and nature attractions including branches of the Ukrainian steppe park, six state reserves, ten memorials of nature, landscapes, and six park tracts.

Polls
During the 1991 referendum, 83.90% of votes in Donetsk Oblast were in favour of the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine, fourth lowest in the country after Crimea, Sevastopol and Luhansk Oblast. A survey conducted in December 2014 by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology found 18.5% of the oblast's population supported their region joining Russia, 53.8% did not support the idea, 22.5% were undecided, and 5.2% did not respond; insurgent-controlled areas (which hold over 50% of the population) were not polled.

See also

 Administrative divisions of Ukraine
 List of cities in Donetsk Oblast

References

External links

 Information Card of the Region – Official site of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine
 www.citylife.donetsk.ua – Official Donetsk city guide – English
 donoda.gov.ua – Official site of Donetsk Oblast Administration
 catalogue.biz.ua – Post codes directory of Donetsk Oblast

Oblasts of Ukraine
States and territories established in 1938
1938 establishments in Ukraine
Donbas
De-Stalinization
Ukrainian territories claimed by Russia

Donetsk Oblast


Anthony Oluwafemi Olaseni Joshua OBE () este un boxer profesionist britanic. În prezent, este campion mondial unificat, având titlul IBF din 2016, titlurile WBA (Super) și IBO din aprilie 2017. La nivel regional, a deținut titlurile grele Britanic și Commonwealth din 2015 până în 2016. Ca amator, Joshua a reprezentat Marea Britanie la Jocurile Olimpice din 2012, câștigând o medalie de aur în divizia super-grea; el a reprezentat de asemenea Anglia la Campionatele Mondiale din 2011, câștigând argintul. În 2014, revista The Ring l-a numit Prospectul Anului.

Începând cu luna mai 2017, Joshua este clasat ca fiind cel mai bun greu al lumii de către Transnational Boxing Rankings Board și BoxRec, și cel de-al doilea cel mai bun de către The Ring. Raportul său "knockout-to-win" este de 100%. Joshua este cel de-al doilea boxer britanic, după James DeGale, care a câștigat atât o medalie de aur la Jocurile Olimpice, cât și un titlu mondial de către un organism important de sancționare profesională, precum și primul greu britanic în acest sens. Este și cel de-al doilea boxer, după Joe Frazier, în a câștiga un titlu mondial de greutate, în timp ce încă mai este campioan olimpic la greutatea maximă.

Tinerețe
Joshua s-a născut în Watford unei mame nigeriene Yeta Odusanya și a unui tată britanic Robert descendent nigerian și irlandez. Mai exact, el este de etnie Yoruba. Vărul său este un alt boxer profesionist neînvins Ben lleyemi. Perechea și-a făcut debutul profesionist împreună în 2013.

Joshua a crescut pentru unii dintre primii săi ani în Nigeria și s-a întors în Marea Britanie până la jumătatea anilor șapte, pentru a se alătura Școlii Liceale Kings Langley. Crescând pe proprietatea Meriden din Garston, Hertfordshire, Joshua a fost numit "Femi" de către prietenii și foștii săi profesori, datorită numelui său de mijloc "Oluwafemi". El a excelat la fotbal și la atletism și a rupt recordul Year Nine de 100 de metri, cu un timp de 11,6 secunde.hn

Viața personala
Joshua și-a exprimat interesul pentru șah, precum și lectura ca o modalitate de a-și consolida abilitățile tactice și de box. A fost zidar înainte de a începe box-ul full time.

În 2009, Joshua a fost pus în arest preventiv în Penitenciarul Reading pentru ceea ce el descrie drept "luptă și alte lucruri nebunești". El a fost făcut să poarte o etichetă electronică pe gleznă când a fost eliberat.

În martie 2011, Joshua a fost retras de poliție pentru a accelera în Colindale, în nordul Londrei. A fost găsit cu 8oz de canabis din plante ascunse într-o pungă de sport în Mercedes-Benz. A fost acuzat de posesie cu intenția de a furniza un medicament de clasa B, o infracțiune care are o sentință maximă de 14 ani. Joshua a fost suspendat de la echipa de box din GB și a fost condamnat la o comandă comunitară de 12 luni și la o muncă neremunerată de 100 de ore după ce a pledat vinovat la tribunal.

În noiembrie 2016, Joshua a anunțat că va investi într-o sală de gimnastică de fitness numai pentru membri, BXR. Joshua a colaborat cu fondatorii companiei BXR și a pus împreună un număr de terapeuți sportivi, boxeri, antrenori de box și luptători MMA. Sala de gimnastică va fi deschisă în ianuarie 2017 pe strada Chiltern din Marylebone, Londra.

Rezultate în boxul profesionist

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1989
Boxeri britanici
Boxeri englezi
Campioni mondiali la box
Boxeri la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2012

Anthony Joshua


خورخي أندرياس مارتينيز باريوس  الشهير باسم خورخي مارتينيز (مواليد 5 أبريل 1983 في مونتيفيديو - الأوروغواي) لاعب كرة قدم أوروغواياني يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى يوفنتوس الإيطالي منذ 2010 في مركز الوسط .

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مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أورغوايانيون من أصل إسباني
إسبان متجنسون
إسبان من أصل أوروغوياني
رياضيون أوروغويانيون مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو الدوري الأوروغواياني الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الروماني
لاعبو كرة قدم أوروغوايانيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم أوروغويانيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في رومانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في رومانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم من مونتفيدو
لاعبو كوبا أمريكا 2004
لاعبو منتخب أوروغواي لكرة القدم
لاعبو مونتيفيديو واندررز
لاعبو نادي تشيزينا
لاعبو نادي كاتانيا
لاعبو نادي كلوج
لاعبو ناسيونال مونتيفيديو
لاعبو نوفارا
لاعبو يوفنتوس
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1983
مواليد في مونتفيدو

خورخي مارتينيز