Jonel Perlea (Ograda, 13 de diciembre de 1900 - Nueva York, 29 de julio de 1970) fue un director de orquesta rumano relacionado en particular con el repertorio operístico italiano y alemán.

Nacido Ionel Perlea en Ograda, Rumanía, estudió en Múnich, luego en Leipzig. Hizo su debut en un concierto en Bucarest en 1919, luego trabajó como répétiteur en Leipzig (1922-23) y Rostock (1923-25). Su debut operístico como director fue en Cluj-Napoca en 1927, donde dirigió Aida. Al año siguiente hizo su primera aparición en la Ópera de Bucarest, y fue director musical de ese teatro desde 1934 hasta 1944. Dirigió varios estrenos en Rumanía de piezas maestras extranjeras destacables, como Los maestros cantores de Núremberg y El caballero de la rosa. De vez en cuando apareció como director invitado en Viena, Stuttgart, Breslau, Berlín y París.

Después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial dirigió principalmente en Italia, especialmente en el Teatro de La Scala en Milán (1947-52; su primera aparición allí fue en Sansón y Dalila). En Italia, también, dirigió varios estrenos locales como Capriccio en Génova, Mazeppa y La doncella de Orleans en Florencia. Defendió la nueva ópera I due timidi de Nino Rota (más conocido como compositor de numerosas bandas sonoras para el cine). Para la temporada 1949-50 fue director invitado en la Metropolitan Opera, dando representaciones de óperas como Tristán e Isolda, Rigoletto, La traviata y Carmen.

Después de un ataque al corazón en 1957, aprendió a dirigir usando sólo el brazo izquierdo, y prefirió concentrarse en conciertos y grabaciones. Buen músico, a menudo infravalorado, enseñó en la Escuela de música de Manhattan desde 1952 hasta 1969. Murió en la ciudad de Nueva York en 1970, a los 69 años de edad.

Selección de grabaciones

 1954 - Manon Lescaut - Licia Albanese, Jussi Björling, Robert Merrill - Orquesta y coro de la Ópera de Roma - RCA Victor.

 1955 - Aida - Zinka Milanov, Jussi Björling, Fedora Barbieri, Leonard Warren, Boris Christoff - Orquesta y coro de la Ópera de Roma - RCA Victor.

 1956 - Rigoletto - Robert Merrill, Roberta Peters, Jussi Björling, Giorgio Tozzi - Orquesta y coro de la Ópera de Roma - RCA Victor.

 1966 - Lucrecia Borgia - Montserrat Caballé, Alfredo Kraus, Shirley Verrett, Ezio Flagello - Orquesta y coro de la RCA Italiana - RCA Victor.

Perlea también grabó para Vox en los años cincuenta, especialmente dirigiendo los acompañamientos en grabaciones de concierto de artistas como Gaspar Cassadó, Guiomar Novaes y Friedrich Wührer.

Fuentes
 Le guide de l'opéra, Mancini & Rouveroux, (Fayard, 1986) ISBN 2-213-01563-6

Enlaces externos

Perfil de Jonel Perlea en The Remington Site

Directores de orquesta de Rumania

Jonel Perlea


Alan Fernand Badel (Manchester, 11 de setembro de 1923 - Chichester, 19 de março de 1982) foi um ator inglês. Sua carreira se estendeu de 1951 até sua morte em 1982. Em 1964 e 1966, ganhou os prêmios BAFTA TV de Melhor Ator.

Biografia
Alan nasceu no bairro de Rusholme, em Manchester, em 1923. Durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, alistou-se como paraquedista britânico. Mais tarde, participou dos desembarques do Dia D e também esteve envolvido na Batalha do Bulge na Floresta das Ardenas.

Sua notável carreira de ator estendeu-se de 1951 até sua morte. O primeiro papel de Badel no cinema foi como João Batista na versão de Salomé (1953) com Rita Hayworth. Ele interpretou Richard Wagner em Chama Imortal (1955), uma cinebiografia sobre o compositor. Também desempenhou o papel de Karl Denny em Odeio o Meu Passado (1963). Na mesma época, atuou ao lado de Vivien Merchant em uma versão para a televisão da peça de Harold Pinter, The Lover (também de 1963) e como Edmond Dantès em uma adaptação televisiva de O Conde de Monte Cristo de Alexandre Dumas para a BBC em 1964.

Badel também interpretou o vilão Najim Beshraavi em Arabesco (1966) com Gregory Peck e Sophia Loren. Ele interpretou o Ministro do Interior francês em O Dia do Chacal (1973), um thriller político sobre a tentativa de assassinato do presidente Charles de Gaulle. Um de seus últimos papéis foi o do Barão Nicolas de Gunzburg no filme da Paramount Nijinsky - Uma História Real (1980).

Vida pessoal
Alan se casou com Yvonne Owen em 1942 e eles permaneceram juntos até sua morte. Sua filha é a atriz Sarah Badel.

Morte
Alan Badel morreu de ataque cardíaco em 19 de março de 1982.

Ligações externas

Nascidos em 1923
Mortos em 1982
Naturais de Manchester
BAFTA de melhor ator em televisão
Mortes relacionadas a doenças na Inglaterra
Militares britânicos da Segunda Guerra Mundial

Alan Badel


An Eleocharis migoana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jisaburo Ohwi ngan Tetsuo Michael Koyama. An Eleocharis migoana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eleocharis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eleocharis

Eleocharis migoana


The decoder pen, yes-no pen, yes-know pen or magic pen book is a combination of decoder pen or marker specially designed to reveal invisible ink-encoded pictures or writing, in the form of answers to questions or hidden parts of pictures,  with specially created children's books with hidden words and pictures.  They were most popular in the 1970s, but continue to be sold at gift shops. Often they were in the form of trivia games, which enabled the player to guess before revealing the answer. Brands of books for use with decoder pens include Yes & Know, and surprise Ink.

However, the pen and paper can be damaged easily if excessive rubbing is used. Therefore, most invisible ink books contain an advisory saying to use a very gentle back and forth motion - not a circular grinding motion, when using the books.

Fans of the adventure games released by Sierra Entertainment in the 1980s such as King's Quest and Space Quest are also familiar with the decoder pen, which was used to reveal the answers to hints in the hints book sold for each game. Eventually these were replaced by a colored translucent plastic window, which eliminated a visually interfering red pattern.

Infocom sold similar hint books called "Invisiclues" for their interactive fiction games.

References

External links
 Lee Publications (publisher of invisible ink books)

Note: there is a warning about theft of information when accessing this link 26/11/2021.

Writing implements
Art and craft toys

Decoder pen


Le conservatisme LGBT est un concept qui englobe les idées politiques, intellectuelles et sociales du conservatisme au sein de la communauté LGBT, c'est-à-dire les lesbiennes, les gays, les bisexuels et les personnes transgenres. Ce type de conservatisme est très hétérogène et très diversifié, selon la situation politique, religieuse et sociale de chaque pays et d'une époque donnée.

Le conservatisme LGBT est généralement associé à d'autres concepts conservateurs, tels que le néoconservatisme, le conservatisme nationaliste, le patriotisme, la nouvelle droite, le capitalisme et le libre marché.

Caractéristiques et principes
En général, les conservateurs LGBT défendent les valeurs et principes traditionnels associés au conservatisme, tels que la nation, la patrie, la dignité humaine et la prépondérance de la famille dans la société.

Ils ont une morale sexuelle critique à l'égard de la promiscuité sexuelle et du concubinage, prônant la vie de couple monogame, au sein d'un lien affectif stable et durable dans le temps, comme l'union civile ou le mariage entre personnes du même sexe, selon la situation juridique de chacun des pays où on les trouve. De même, ils reconnaissent la figure de la famille homoparentale. Ils rejettent la généralisation du « mode de vie gay » que certains conservateurs utilisent pour limiter les droits des minorités sexuelles, affirmant qu'il est préjudiciable et fallacieux de supposer que tous les LGBT ont le même comportement sexuel.

En ce qui concerne les questions religieuses, les conservateurs LGBT sont publiquement et activement impliqués au sein des communautés religieuses tolérantes envers l'homosexualité, comme certaines églises chrétiennes vieilles-catholiques et protestantes, ainsi que dans les communautés juives, en particulier l'aile réformée.

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Capitalisme rose
 Argent rose
 Homonationalisme
 Homophobie libérale

Conservatisme LGBT


10566 Zabadak este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
10566 Zabadak este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Yatsugatake de Yoshio Kushida și Osamu Muramatsu. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,69 ua, o excentricitate de 0,21 și o înclinație de 11,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 10001-11000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1994
Centura de asteroizi

10566 Zabadak


An Platanthera roseotincta in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni William Wright Smith, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Tang och Fa Tsuan Wang. An Platanthera roseotincta in nahilalakip ha genus nga Platanthera, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Platanthera

Platanthera roseotincta


NGC 6009 est une lointaine et vaste galaxie spirale barrée située dans la constellation du Serpent. Sa vitesse par rapport au fond diffus cosmologique est de , ce qui correspond à une distance de Hubble de . NGC 6009 a été découverte par l'astronome allemand Albert Marth en .

NGC 6009 présente une large raie HI.

À ce jour, une mesure non basée sur le décalage vers le rouge (redshift) donne une distance d'. Cette valeur est loin à l'extérieur des valeurs de la distance de Hubble.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des objets du New General Catalogue

Liens externes

 NGC 6009 sur le site du professeur C. Seligman

6009
Constellation du Serpent
Galaxie spirale
Galaxie spirale barrée
Galaxie découverte en 1864
Objet céleste découvert par Albert Marth

NGC 6009


Shogo Nakai (født 19. juni 1984) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Kashiwa Reysol og Mito HollyHock.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Shogo Nakai


Bromm Oss war eine Amateur-Rockband aus Lauscha in Thüringen. Bekannt wurde die Band in den frühen 1980er Jahren durch Eigenproduktionen in der Lauschaer Mundart, die teilweise auch veröffentlicht wurden.

Geschichte

Die Band Bromm Oss entstand aus verschiedenen Vorgängerprojekten. Reinhard Bäz (Flax) sammelte seine ersten Erfahrungen als Musiker bei der Band "Records". Horst Greiner-Fuchs und Manfred Kraus (Männix) gründeten die Band "Helios". Rolf Städter spielte erstmals bei den "Cammeruns" und Michael Müller-Philipp-Sohn bei "Formation 6". Im Jahr 1974 gründeten Kraus, Greiner-Fuchs und Bäz gemeinsam mit Willy Knoth und Hubert Greiner-Schwedt (Eddä) die Band "Epy Thal". Der Name nimmt Bezug auf die fünf (Epy)-Täler, in denen Lauscha liegt. Weitere Mitglieder in dieser Band waren Heinz Gaber und Schlichter. Diese Band war weit über Lauscha hinaus bekannt und konnte bei einer Werkstattwoche in Meiningen 1978 Preise gewinnen. Rolf Städter kam als neuer Schlagzeuger 1977 zu Epy Thal. 1978 fusionierte die Band mit Walter Geyer (Gesang und Mundharmonika) aus Ilmenau zur Gruppe "Pro Art", die in dieser Besetzung auch als Begleitband mit Stefan Diestelmann unterwegs war.

Als Willy Knoth 1978 Epy Thal verließ, entstand die Idee für ein neues Projekt, das mehr Wert auf Eigenkompositionen und eigene Texte in Lauschaer Mundart legen sollte. Im Winter 1979/1980 trafen sich die Musiker Reinhard Bäz, Horst Greiner-Fuchs, Manfred Kraus, Rolf Städter und Michael Müller-Philipp-Sohn zu den ersten Proben in der Musikschule in Neuhaus am Rennweg. Nach kurzer Suche für einen passenden Namen schlug Bäz Bromm Oss (hochdeutsch: "Brummochse") vor. Erste Auftritte gab es im Frühjahr 1980.

Gespielt wurden technisch anspruchsvolle Coverversionen u. a. von den Doobie Brothers, Foreigner, Bob Seger, Styx und Toto. Die mehrstimmigen liedhaften Eigenkompositionen in Mundart waren in der Musiklandschaft der ehemaligen DDR einzigartig. Mit dem Bandslogan "So rockt's in den Bergen" wurde Bromm Oss zum Vorbild für einen eigenständigen, von Amateurbands getragenen Mundartrock. Die Band bekam mehrere Auszeichnungen, erhielt Fernseh-Auftritte in den Musiksendungen "Jugendklub", "Stoprock" und mehrfach im Jugendmagazin "rund", einen Auftritt beim Rockfestival Rock für den Frieden 1983 und ging auf Auslandstouren, 1983 an die BAM und an die Druschba-Trasse. Trotz des Erfolges behielt die Band, in der drei gelernte Kunstglasbläser, ein Diplom-Mathematiker und ein Gebrauchswerber spielten, den Amateurstatus bewusst bei. 1986 kam es aufgrund von Meinungsverschiedenheiten bezüglich der weiteren musikalischen Richtung zur Trennung von Rolf Städter und Reinhard Bäz. Die restliche Band machte mit Drumcomputer und wechselnden Sängern, unter anderem Marina Heß, bis 1988 weiter, als Horst Greiner-Fuchs und Michael Müller-Philipp-Sohn entschieden, sich auf die Studioarbeit zu konzentrieren. 1988 wurde das Projekt Bromm Oss beendet.

Beim 10. Tierberg-Open-Air am 28. Juni 2008 in Lauscha, zwei Testveranstaltungen zuvor im Februar und im April 2008 in Reichmannsdorf und bei nachfolgenden Auftritten in Gräfenthal, in Zella-Mehlis und in Lauscha bis in das Jahr 2009 trat die Band noch einmal in einer mit Gastmusikern erweiterten Originalbesetzung auf. Nach dem damit allerletzten gemeinsamen Auftritt am 24. Oktober 2009 im Kulturhaus Neuhaus am Rennweg wurde die endgültige Trennung bekanntgegeben. Einzelne Musiker sind weiterhin in verschiedenen Projekten aktiv.

Produktionen

Veröffentlichungen
 In der Nacht starb ein Baum, Berlin 1981, Sampler "Auf dem Wege... 2", Amiga, 4:17, Komposition Manfred Kraus, Text Gisela Steineckert
Covertext der LP (Auszug): "Eine der großen Überraschungen der V. FDJ-Werkstattwoche 1980 kam aus dem Suhler Bezirk selbst: Die Gruppe "BROMM OSS". Obwohl diese Band erst seit kurzem besteht, überzeugte sie durch ihre perfekte musikalische Leistung und bekam somit verdientermaßen einen der Förderpreise des FDJ-Zentralrates. Zu den schönsten, stimmungsvollen Liedern der Gruppe – nach einem Gedicht Gisela Steineckerts entstanden – gehört: "In der Nacht starb ein Baum". In ihm kommt besonders die interessante Stimme des Sängers Reinhard Bäz zum Tragen. Als besonderes musikalisches Detail sei noch die Verwendung einer selbstgebauten bundlosen Baßgitarre erwähnt."
 Singles 1, Maxi-Single-CD, Ernstthal und Berlin 2009, enthält Aus 2. Hand 3:48 (2008), Wenn ich soch, ich moch dich 3:33, Bistä (Music is healing my Soul) 2:41 (2008), Ping Pong 3:39

Rundfunkproduktionen
 Wenn ich soch, ich moch dich, 1981
 Fang mich (wenn dä konnst), 1981
 Loß mich doch in Ruh, 1982, Musikvideo im Fernsehen der DDR
 Radio, 1982
 Digital, 1983, Liveauftritt im Fernsehen der DDR
 Kinderlied, 1983, "Rock für den Frieden"
 Ping Pong, 1985
 Haus der Phantasie, 1986

Literatur
 Götz Hintze: Rocklexikon der DDR. 2. Auflage. Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-89602-303-9, S. 55

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website von Rolf Städter / Michael Müller-Philipp-Sohn
  ostbeat.de
 Bromm Oss bei YouTube

Einzelnachweise

Rockband
Band (DDR)
Kultur (Lauscha)

Bromm Oss


Lucy Punch (Londres, 30 de diciembre de 1977) es una actriz y comediante británica. Sus créditos incluyen los programas de televisión Doc Martin y The Class, y las películas Hot Fuzz y Bad Teacher.

Vida y carrera
Nació en Hammersmith, Londres. Punch trabajó en el National Youth Theatre desde 1993 a 1997, y comenzó un curso en la Escuela Universitaria de Londres, el cual abandonó para convertirse en actriz.<ref>Tavis Smiley June 17, 2011.</ref>

Punch hizo su debut en televisión en un episodio de The New Adventures of Robin Hood en 1998.  Sus otros créditos en televisión incluyen a la inocente hija del personaje de Alison Steadman en la mini serie de French and Saunders, Let Them Eat Cake. Protagonizó el programa para chicos, Renford Rejects, interpretando a una jugadora de fútbol.

En el 2000, hizo su debut en teatro como Elaine en la adaptación de Terry Johnson de The Graduate para el teatro West End. También trabajó en los teatros Royal Court y Bush, ambos en Londres.

Dejó la serie de televisión The Class, después de aparecer en todos menos uno de los primeros doce episodios.

En 2006, ganó el premio a mejor actriz en el Festival Internacional de cine de Mónaco por su actuación en Are You Ready For Love?.

Punch protagonizó la película de Woody Allen del 2010, Conocerás al hombre de tus sueños, reemplazando a Nicole Kidman. En agosto del 2010, apareció en la serie policial cómico dramática de tres partes de la BBC Two, Vexed junto a Toby Stephens.

En 2011, protagonizó junto a Cameron Diaz y Justin Timberlake la película de Jake Kasdan, Bad Teacher.

Punch fue la protagonista femenina del episodio piloto para televisión Powers'' interpretando a Deena Pilgrim  para el canal FX. El episodio está basado en la serie de cómics del mismo nombre.

Vida privada

Punch dio a luz a su primer hijo en julio de 2015.

Filmografía

Cine y televisión

Teatro

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Actrices de cine de Inglaterra
Actrices de teatro de Inglaterra
Actrices de televisión de Inglaterra
Actrices de Londres

Lucy Punch


La tienda del cerebelo, tentorium cerebelli o cerebellar tentorium es una extensión de la duramadre que separa el cerebelo de la porción inferior del lóbulo occipital del cerebro.

Anatomía

La tienda del cerebelo es una lámina arqueada, elevada en el medio, y que se inclina hacia abajo hacia la circunferencia.

Cubre la superficie superior del cerebelo y soporta el lóbulo occipital del cerebro.

Su borde anterior es libre y cóncavo, y limita una gran apertura oval, la incisura tentorii, para la transmisión del pedúnculo cerebral.

Está unida posteriormente, por su borde convexo, a las crestas transversas sobre la superficie interna del hueso occipital, encerrando los senos transversos; delante, el ángulo superior de la parte petrosa del temporal de cada lado encerrando los senos petrosos superiores.

En el vértice de la parte petrosa del hueso temporal, se cruzan entre sí fijándose en la apófisis clinoides anterior y posterior respectivamente.

En el borde posterior de la línea media de la cara superior, se fija la hoz del cerebro, el seno recto se localiza en su punto de unión.

Significado clínico
Clínicamente, la tienda es importante debido a que los tumores cerebrales se caracterizan frecuentemente como supratentoriales (Sobre la tienda) e infratentoriales (bajo la tienda). La localización del tumor puede ayudar a determinar el tipo de tumor, ya que cada uno aparece con distinta frecuencia en cada lugar. Además, la mayor parte de los tumores infantiles son infratentoriales, mientras que los tumores de la mayoría de los adultos son supratentoriales. La localización del tumor puede tener también un significado en el pronóstico.

Dado que la tienda es una estructura dura, si hay un volumen en expansión en la parénquima sobre la tienda, puede presionar el cerebro. Esto recibe el nombre de hernia y puede dar midriasis debido a que presiona el nervio oculomotor. La hernia tentorial es un síntoma serio, sobre todo porque puede presionar el tallo cerebral y aumentar aún más la presión intracraneal.

Imágenes adicionales

Neuroanatomía
Encéfalo

Tienda del cerebelo


Voici la liste des paroisses civiles du comté cérémoniel du Derbyshire, en Angleterre.

Liste des paroisses civiles par district

District d'Amber Valley

Le district est entièrement découpé en paroisses, à l'exception d'une partie de l'ancien district urbain d'Alfreton.

District de Bolsover

Le district est entièrement découpé en paroisses.

 Ault Hucknall
 Barlborough
 Blackwell
 Clowne
 Elmton with Creswell
 Glapwell
 Hodthorpe and Belph
 Langwith
 Old Bolsover (ville)
 Pinxton
 Pleasley
 Scarcliffe
 Shirebrook (ville)
 South Normanton
 Tibshelf
 Whitwell

Borough de Chesterfield

L'ancien borough municipal de Chesterfield n'est pas découpé en paroisses.

 Brimington
 Staveley

Autorité unitaire de Derby

L'autorité unitaire de Derby n'est pas découpée en paroisses.

District de Derbyshire Dales

Le district est entièrement découpé en paroisses.

Borough d'Erewash

Le district est entièrement découpé en paroisses, à l'exception de l'ancien borough municipal d'Ilkeston et d'une partie de l'ancien district urbain de Long Eaton.

 Breadsall
 Breaston
 Dale Abbey
 Draycott and Church Wilne
 Hopwell
 Little Eaton
 Morley
 Ockbrook and Borrowash
 Risley
 Sandiacre
 Sawley
 Stanley and Stanley Common
 Stanton by Dale
 West Hallam

District de High Peak

Le district est entièrement découpé en paroisses, à l'exception des anciens boroughs municipaux de Buxton et Glossop.

 Aston
 Bamford
 Brough and Shatton
 Castleton
 Chapel-en-le-Frith
 Charlesworth
 Chinley, Buxworth and Brownside
 Chisworth
 Derwent
 Edale
 Green Fairfield
 Hartington Upper Quarter
 Hayfield
 Hope
 Hope Woodlands
 King Sterndale
 New Mills (ville)
 Peak Forest
 Thornhill
 Tintwistle
 Whaley Bridge (ville)
 Wormhill

District du North East Derbyshire

Le district est entièrement découpé en paroisses.

 Ashover
 Barlow
 Brackenfield
 Brampton
 Calow
 Clay Cross
 Dronfield (ville)
 Eckington
 Grassmoor, Hasland and Winswick
 Heath and Holmewood
 Holmesfield
 Holymoorside and Walton
 Killamarsh
 Morton
 North Wingfield
 Pilsley
 Shirland and Higham
 Stretton
 Sutton cum Duckmanton
 Temple Normanton
 Tupton
 Unstone
 Wessington
 Wingerworth

District du South Derbyshire

Le district est entièrement découpé en paroisses, à l'exception de l'ancien district urbain de Swadlincote.

Paroisses

Liste des paroisses civiles du Derbyshire


අලුබැද්ද පුරාණ ගල් පාලම, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පිහිටි පුරාණ ගල් පාලමකි.

ආශ්‍රිත
 කලා ඔය

මූලාශ්‍ර

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පුරාණ ගල් පාලම්

අලුබැද්ද පුරාණ ගල් පාලම


La Coupe du Portugal de football 1966-1967 est la  de la Coupe du Portugal de football, considéré comme le deuxième trophée national le plus important derrière le championnat.

La finale est jouée le 9 juillet 1967, au stade national du Jamor, entre le Vitória Setúbal et l'Académica de Coimbra. Le Vitória Setúbal remporte son deuxième trophée en battant Coimbra 3 à 2 après prolongation. Le  Vitória Setúbal se qualifie pour la Coupe d'Europe des vainqueurs de coupe de football 1967-1968.

Finale

Voir aussi
 Championnat du Portugal de football 1966-1967

1966-1967
Portugal
Sport au Portugal en 1966
Sport au Portugal en 1967

Coupe du Portugal de football 1966-1967


Graham Phillips (Laguna Beach, California, 14 de abril de 1993) es un actor y cantante estadounidense. Principalmente conocido por su papel de Ben Tennyson en la película Ben 10: carrera contra el tiempo de Cartoon Network que es la primera película en imagen real de dicha cadena, y también por su participación en la premiada serie The Good Wife en el papel de Zach Florrick.

Carrera
Graham Phillips actualmente es un regular de la nueva serie aclamada, The Good Wife. Por su trabajo en ese programa recibió una nominación al premio SAG al Mejor actor de Reparto en un drama. Graham fue elegido para el papel protagonista de la película, las cabras, que comenzará a rodar este otoño. Recientemente Graham interpretó el papel principal de "Evan Goldman" en el musical de Broadway 13. El musical con música y letra de Jason Robert Brown y Dan Elish, musical que ganó un premio Tony, Graham recibió buenas críticas por este musical.

Graham también actuó en la película, Vidas Robadas y protagonizada por el personaje del título en la película en imagen real Ben 10: Race Against Time para Cartoon Network. La película ha cosechado mayor número de telespectadores totales que cualquier otro programa en la historia del canal.

Graham recibió una nominación al premio Young Artist Award a la Mejor Interpretación por un Actor Principal Joven en una Película para Televisión, Miniserie o Especial por su papel de Ben 10.

En 2007, Graham fue visto en la película Evan Almighty, protagonizada por Steve Carell y Morgan Freeman.

Para Evan Almighty él también recibió una nominación al premio Young Artist Award a la Mejor Interpretación por un Actor Secundario Joven en una Película.

Graham pasó varios meses, en Nueva York, donde interpretó el papel protagonista en El principito con el New York City Opera en el Lincoln centro. El New York Times calificó la actuación de Graham como el Principito como buena. A partir de ahí Graham se dirigió directamente hacia el estreno mundial de An American Tragedy en el Metropolitan Opera donde interpretó el papel de joven Clyde.

Graham ha estado en una variedad de otras producciones teatrales profesionales, incluyendo los Diez mandamientos, el musical con Val Kilmer en el Teatro Kodak y Broadway show, A Christmas Carol el Musical en el Madison Square Garden, donde cantó el papel de Tiny Tim a Scrooge Jim Dale.

Cantante

Graham, a los diez años de edad, fue la persona más joven en cantar el Himno Nacional para abrir un juego de béisbol Los Angeles Dodgers. Graham ha tenido un debut con las canciones originales en Nueva York compuesta por Martin Charnin y Kander John.

Los créditos Graham en la televisión incluyen Crossing Jordan, La juez Amy, Rey de Queens, un viaje largo a Hallmarkam. Es así como aparece dos veces en el Today Show como solista. Graham ha registrado un solo compuesto por Alan Menken y Stephen Schwartz para la película protagonizada por Robin Williams Noel y Susan Sarandon. Graham es un solista de Meat Loaf del álbum "Bat out of Hell 3".

Trabajos

Televisión

Cine

Véase también
 The Good Wife
 Ben 10: Race Against Time
 Riverdale

Referencias

Nacidos en Laguna Beach (California)
Actores de cine de Estados Unidos
Actores de televisión de Estados Unidos
Actores infantiles de Estados Unidos
Actores de California
Cantantes masculinos de Estados Unidos

Graham Phillips (actor)


ලෝක තෙත්බිම් දිනය සෑම වසරකම පෙබරවාරි 2 වනදා සමරනු ලැබේ.

දිනය තෝරා ගැනීම
1971 වසරේ ඉරානයේ රැම්සාර් නුවරදී, ජාතීන් 21 ක් විසින් තෙත්බිම් සම්බන්ධ රැම්සාර් සම්මුතියට අත්සන් කල දිනය, එනම් පෙබරවාරි 2 වන දිනය, ලෝක තෙත්බිම් සැමරුම් දිනය ලෙස තෝරා ගෙන තිබෙයි.

තෙත්බිම් දිනය සැමරීම
ලොව ප්‍රථම වතාවට තෙත්බිම් දිනය සමරනු ලැබුවේ, 1997 වර්ෂයේදීයී. එතැන් පටන් සෑම වසරකදීම, රජයේ කාර්යාංශ, රාජ්‍ය නොවන සංවිධාන සහ විවිධ තරාතිරම් වල පුරවැසි කණ්ඩායම් විසින්, තෙත් බිම් වල වටිනාකම් හා ප්‍රතිලාභ පිළිබඳවත්, විශේෂයෙන් රැම්සාර් සම්මුතිය ගැනත් සම්බන්ධ පොදු දැනුවත් කිරීම් සිදුකරනු ලැබේ. මේ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ප්‍රවර්ධනය සඳහා රැම්සාර් මහලේකම් කාර්යාලයද, අවශ්‍ය ද්‍රව්‍ය හා ආධාර සපයයි.

බාහිර සබැඳි

ramsar.org - වර්ල්ඩ් වෙට්ලන්ඩ්ස් ඩේ පෝර්ටල්

පාරිසරික දැනුවත් කිරීමේ දින

ලෝක තෙත්බිම් දිනය


පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය බෞද්ධ කවුන්සිලය

සංවිධානයේ අරමුණු
•
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාව පුරා ක්‍රියාත්මක වන දහම් පාසල් සඳහා විධිමත් ඉගෙනුම්  ඉගෙනුම් ක්‍රියාවලියක් සඳහා මඟ සැලසීම
 •	බෞද්ධයින්ගේ  ආරක්ෂක විධිවිධාන කෙරෙහි දීර්ඝ දීර්ඝකාලීන වැදගත් වන සැලසුම් ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම
 •	සියලූම සාමාජිකයින් දිරිගැන්වීම් සඳහා උපත් ප්‍රතිලාභ ජීවනවන ප්‍රතිලාභ මරණාධාර සහ ජීවිත රක්ෂණ ආදිී සෞඛ්‍යය අරමුදලක් පිහිටුවීම
 •	බෞද්ධ තරුණ සමාජය වඩාත් යහපත් දූරදර්ශී සහ ආදර්ශමත් පිරිසක් බවට පත් කරනු පි'ස විධිමත් සැලසුම් ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම
 •	බෞද්ධ තරුණ සමාජය වෘත්තීයමය  හැකියාවන් පරිපූර්ණ කරනු වෘත්තීමය පාඨමාලා දිස්ත්‍රික්ක මට්ටමෙන් ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ ඔවුන්ට පිළිගත් සහතික පත්‍ර පිළිගැන්වීම
 •	ආගමික හා ජාතික වශයෙන් බොදු සමාජයේ චිරජීවනය වෙනුවෙන් කැපවන ගිහි හා පැවිදි පිරිස් ඇගයීම් සහ උපහාර සහතික පත්‍ර ප්‍රදානය කිරීම
 •	සමස්ත බෞද්ධ අධ්‍යාපනය නගා සිටුවීම පි'ස දහම් පාසල් ගුරුවරුන් සඳහා විධිමත් පාඨමාලා පැවැත්වීම
 •	දහම් පාසල්වල දියුණුව සහ සුභසිද්ධිය වෙනුවෙන් දීර්ඝ කාලීන සැලසුම් ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම
 •	බෞද්ධ රාජ්‍යක් ලෙස  අසරණ බෞද්ධයාට පිහිටවන බෞද්ධයා ගේම විශ්වාසනීය හස්තය  බවට පොදු රාජ්‍ය මන්ඩලීය  බෞද්ධ කවුන්සිලය ඉතිහාසයට එක් කර ගැනීමට කටයුතු කිරීම

සංවිධානයේ බලතල හා නියෝග

 ස්මස්ත බෞස්ත බෞද්ධ අධ්‍යාපනය වෙනුවෙන් අමිල සේවාවක් ඉටු කිරීම
 	ජාත්‍යන්තර බෞද්ධාගමික තරග විභාග ක්‍රියාත්මක කොට  ඊට උචිත ක්‍රමෝපායන් ඔස්සේ බොදු දරුවන් සුරක්ෂිත කිරීම
 	වෘත්තීමය උපදේශන සේවා ආයතනික මට්ටමෙන් ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම
 	මනෝවිද්‍යාත්මක උපදේශන කටයුතු ඔස්සේ බෞද්ධයින්ගේ මානසික ශ=භ සිද්ධිය වෙනුවෙන්  කටයුතු සම්පාදනය කිරීම
 	පොදු රාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය රාජ්‍යයන්ගේ සහභාගිත්වයෙන් බෞද්ධ සමූහයා ගේ චිරස්ථීතිය වෙනුවෙන් කටයුතු ඉතා උසස් අන්දමින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම
 	බෞද්ධයින්ට වන අසාධාරණය වෙනුවෙන් රජය හා සිවිල් සංවිධාන කාලානුරූපීව වශයෙන් දැනුමවත් කිරීම්
 	සියලූම බෞද්ධ රාජ්‍යයන් එකතු කොටගෙ ගෙන එක් රාජ්‍යයක් ලෙස ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමට කටයුතු සම්පාදනය කිරීම
 	බෞද්ධයින්  සහ පැවිදි ප්‍රජාව වෙනුවෙන් › ලංකාව තුළ සහ විවිධ රාජ්‍යයන් මගින් ගෙන එනු ලබන අසාධාණ ක්‍රියාවන් විධිවිධාන සහ අණ පනත් වෙනුවෙන් නීත්‍යානුකූලව මැදිහත්වීම
 	බොදු ප්‍රජාවට යම් අසාධාරණ තත්ත්වයක් උද්ගත වූ අවස්ථාවකදී ඊට උචිත ක්‍රි්‍රියාපටිපාටියක් හෙවත්  අන්තවාදී නොවන ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රමෝපායකට මුහුණ දෙන ආකාරයෙන් කටයුතු සම්පාදනය කිරීමට ව්‍යාපෘති ආරම්භ කිරීම
 	බෞද්ධයින් නොමග යවනු ලබන අකටයුතුකම් පිළිබඳව ජනතාව දැන් දැනුවත් කිරීම් සහ එවැනි දෙයින් ආරක්ෂා කිරීම වෙනුවෙන් පෙනී සිටීම හා මැදිහත්වීම්
 	බෞද්ධ ප්‍රජාවට සිදුවන සමස්ත  අකටයුතුකම්  හා සූක්ෂම විනාශකාරී ක්‍රමවේද මැඩලීම වෙනුවෙන් සෘජුව ක්‍රියාත්මක වීම
 	බොදු සමාජයේ ගෞරවයට කැළලක් වන ආකාරයෙන් යම් අකටයුත්තක් සිදුවන අවස්ථාවකදී ඊට මැදිහත් වන ක්‍රියා වැළැක්වීමට ජාත්‍යන්තර වශයෙන් ක්‍රියාත්මක වීම

සාමාජිකයින් වෙත ලැඛෙන ප්‍රතිලාභ
  	ශිෂ්‍ය සාමාජිකත්වයට හිමිවන ප්‍රතිලාභ

 ජාත්‍යන්තරව පිළිගත් පොදු රාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය සාමාජිකත්වය  පිළිබඳ කාඩ්පත්
 	හදිසි අනතුරු ප්‍රතිලාභ
 	සෞඛ්‍ය අරමුදලේ  ප්‍රතිලාභ
 	ජාත්‍යන්තර ධර්ම විභාගයට පෙනී සිටීමට වරම් ලැබීම
 	ජාත්‍යයන්තර ධර්ම විභාගයෙන් සමත් වන සිසුන්ට පොදු රාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය ස්වර්ණමය සහතික පත්‍රය හිමි වීම සහ වටිනා ශිෂ්‍යත්ව හිමිවීම
         වාර්ෂික ශිෂ්‍යත්ව හිමිවීම්
 	ජාත්‍යන්තර ව්‍යාපෘති හා තරග සඳහා ඉදිරිපත්වීමට වරම් ලැබීම

       පොදු හා වැඩිහිටි සාමාජිකත්වයෙන්

 ජාත්‍යන්තරව පිළිගත් සාමාජික කාඩ් පත
 	රක්ෂණ අරමුදල සීමා නිර්ණ තුළ තමන්ට හිමිවන හදිසි අනතුරු දීමනා
 	ශල්‍යකර්ම දීමනා
 	වෘත්තීය පුහුණු හා ස්වයං රැකියා පුහුණු වැඩසටහන්
 	දහම් පාසල් ගුරු පාඨමාලාවට සහ සහභාගී වීමට වරම් ලැබීම
 	ආගමික වැඩ වැඩසටහන් ශාසනික සේවා වැඩ වැඩසටහන් කිරීම් සඳහා නිල නිර්දේශ ලැබීම් හා එAවාට ජාතික සභාවේ උපකාර ලැබීම්
 	ස්වාභාවික විපත් දීමනා හිමිවීම ැලකිය යුතුයි එය අධ්‍යක්ෂ මණ්ඩල තීරණය හමුවේ සිදු වේ

   ගෞරවනීය සාමාජිකත්වය

 ජාත්‍යන්තරව පිළිගත්  ස්වර්ණමය සාමාජික කාඩ් පත
 	හදිසි අනතුරු හා සෞඛ්‍ය රක්ෂණ දීමනා
 	මරණාධාර දීමනා
 	ගෞරවනාම සඳහා අයදුම් කිරීම වෙනුවෙන් සුදුස්සකු වීමට අවස්ථාව ලැබීම
 	ජාත්‍යන්තරව පිළිගත් ඩිප්ලෝමා පාඨමාලා දක්වා අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබීමට අවස්ථාව
 	ජාතික සභාවට තේරී පත්වීමට අවස්ථාව ලැබීම
 	ආයතනය තුළ සියලූම විනිශ්චයාධිකාරි තනතුරු සඳහා අයදුම් කිරීමට සුදුස්සකු වීම
 	ආගමික වැඩ වැඩසටහන් ව්‍යාපෘති සඳහා අනුමැතිය පහසුවෙන් හිමිවීම
 	බෞද්ධ සමාජයේ යහපැවැත්ම උදෙසා ඍජු මැදිහත්කරුවකු ලෙස පෙනී සිටීමට ඇති හැකියාව
 	ජාතික සභාවටට ඡන්ද දායකයකු ලෙස ඉදිරිපත් වීම
 	නොමිලේ වෘත්තීය පුහුණු පාඨමාලා හැදෑරීමට අවස්ථාව හිමිවීම

පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය බෞද්ධ කවුන්සිලය


A breech birth is when a baby is born bottom first instead of head first, as is normal. Around 3–5% of pregnant women at term (37–40 weeks pregnant) have a breech baby. Due to their higher than average rate of possible complications for the baby, breech births are generally considered higher risk. Breech births also occur in many other mammals such as dogs and horses, see veterinary obstetrics.

Most babies in the breech position are delivered via caesarean section because it is seen as safer than being born vaginally. Doctors and midwives in the developing world often lack many of the skills required to safely assist women giving birth to a breech baby vaginally. Also, delivering all breech babies by caesarean section in developing countries is difficult to implement as there are not always resources available to provide this service.

Cause
With regard to the fetal presentation during pregnancy, three periods have been distinguished.

During the first period, which lasts until the 24th gestational week, the incidence of a longitudinal lie increases, with equal proportions of breech or cephalic presentations from this lie. This period is characterized by frequent changes of presentations. The fetuses in breech presentation during this period have the same probability for breech and cephalic presentation at delivery.

During the second period, lasting from the 25th to the 35th gestational week, the incidence of cephalic presentation increases, with a proportional decrease of breech presentation. The second period is characterized by a higher than random probability that the fetal presentation during this period will also be present at the time of delivery. The increase of this probability is gradual and identical for breech and cephalic presentations during this period.

In the third period, from the 36th gestational week onward, the incidence of cephalic and breech presentations remain stable, i.e. breech presentation around 3–4% and cephalic presentation approximately 95%. In the general population, incidence of breech presentation at preterm corresponds to the incidence of breech presentation when birth occurs.

A breech presentation at delivery occurs when the fetus does not turn to a cephalic presentation. This failure to change presentation can result from endogenous and exogenous factors. Endogenous factors involve fetal inability to adequately move, whereas exogenous factors refer to insufficient intrauterine space available for fetal movements.

The incidence of breech presentation is affected by both maternal and fetal diseases and medical conditions. When these factors are present, the probability of breech presentation is between 4% and 50%.

Rates in various medical conditions
Fetal entities:
 First twin 17–30%
 Second twin 28–39%
 Stillborn 26%
 Prader–Willi syndrome 50%, Werdnig–Hoffman syndrome 10%
 Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome 40%
 Fetal alcohol syndrome 40%
 Potter anomaly 36%
 Zellweger syndrome 27%
 Myotonic dystrophy 21%, 13 trisomy syndrome 12%
 18 trisomy syndrome 43%
 21 trisomy syndrome 5%
 de Lange syndrome 10%
 Anencephalus 6–18%, Spina bifida 20–30%
 Congenital hydrocephalus 24–37%
 Osteogenesis imperfecta 33.3%
 Amyoplasia 33.3%
 Achondrogenesis 33.3%
 Amelia 50%
 Craniosynostosis 8%
 Sacral agenesis 30.4%
 Arthrogriposis multiplex congenita 33.3
 Congenital dislocation of the hip 33.3%
 Hereditary sensory neuropathy type III 25%
 Centronuclear myopathy 16.7%
 Multiple pituitary hormone deficiency 50%
 Isolated pituitary hormone deficiency 20%
 Ectopic posterior pituitary gland 33.3%
 Congenital bilateral perisilvian syndrome 33.3
 Symmetric fetal growth restriction 40%
 Asymmetric fetal growth restriction 40%
 Nonimmune hydrops fetalis 15%
 Atresia ani 18.2%
 Microcephalus 15.4%
 Omphalocele 12.5%
 Prematurity 40%
Placental and amniotic fluid entities:
 Amniotic sheet perpendicular to the placenta 50%
 Cornual–fundal implantation of the placenta 30%
 Placenta previa 12.5%
 Oligohydramnios 17%
 Polyhydramnios 15.8%
Maternal entities:
 Uterus arcuatus 22.6%
 Uterus unicornuatus 33.3%
 Uterus bicornuatus 34.8%
 Uterus didelphys 30–41%
 Uterus septus 45.8%
 Leiomyoma uteri 9–20%
 Spinal cord injury 10%
 Carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy 17%
Combination of two medical entities:
 First twin in uterus with two bodies 14.29%
 Second twin in uterus with two bodies 18.52%.

Also, women with previous Caesarean deliveries have a risk of breech presentation at term twice that of women with previous vaginal deliveries.

The highest possible probability of breech presentation of 50% indicates that breech presentation is a consequence of random filling of the intrauterine space, with the same probability of breech and cephalic presentation in a longitudinally elongated uterus.

Types
Types of breech depend on how the baby's legs are lying.

 A frank breech (otherwise known as an extended breech) is where the baby's legs are up next to its abdomen, with its knees straight and its feet next to its ears. This is the most common type of breech.
 A complete breech (or flexed breech) is when the baby appears as though it is sitting crossed-legged with its legs bent at the hips and knees.
 A footling breech is when one or both of the baby's feet are born first instead of the pelvis. This is more common in babies born prematurely or before their due date.
A kneeling breech is when the baby is born knees first.

In addition to the above, breech births in which the sacrum is the fetal denominator can be classified by the position of a fetus. Thus sacro-anterior, sacro-transverse and sacro-posterior positions all exist but left sacro-anterior is the most common presentation. Sacro-anterior indicates an easier delivery compared to other forms.

Complications
Umbilical cord prolapse may occur, particularly in the complete, footling, or kneeling breech. This is caused by the lowermost parts of the baby not completely filling the space of the dilated cervix. When the waters break the amniotic sac, it is possible for the umbilical cord to drop down and become compressed. This complication severely diminishes oxygen flow to the baby, so the baby must be delivered immediately (usually by Caesarean section) so that he or she can breathe. If there is a delay in delivery, the brain can be damaged. Among full-term, head-down babies, cord prolapse is quite rare, occurring in 0.4 percent. Among frank breech babies the incidence is 0.5 percent, among complete breeches 5 percent, and among footling breeches 15 percent.

Head entrapment is caused by the failure of the fetal head to negotiate the maternal midpelvis.  At full term, the fetal bitrochanteric diameter (the distance between the outer points of the hips) is about the same as the biparietal diameter (the transverse diameter of the skull)—in simplest terms, the size of the hips is the same as the size of the head. The relatively larger buttocks dilate the cervix as effectively as the head does in the typical head-down presentation. In contrast, the relative head size of a preterm baby is greater than the fetal buttocks. If the baby is preterm, it may be possible for the baby's body to emerge while the cervix has not dilated enough for the head to emerge.

Because the umbilical cord—the baby's oxygen supply—is significantly compressed while the head is in the pelvis during a breech birth, it is important that the delivery of the aftercoming fetal head not be delayed.  If the arm is extended alongside the head, delivery will not occur. If this occurs, the Løvset manoeuvre may be employed, or the arm may be manually brought to a position in front of the chest. The Løvset manoeuvre involves rotating the fetal body by holding the fetal pelvis.  Twisting the body such that an arm trails behind the shoulder, it will tend to cross down over the face to a position where it can be reached by the obstetrician's finger, and brought to a position below the head. A similar rotation in the opposite direction is made to deliver the other arm. In order to present the smallest diameter (9.5 cm) to the pelvis, the baby's head must be flexed (chin to chest). If the head is in a deflexed position, the risk of entrapment is increased.  Uterine contractions and maternal muscle tone encourage the head to flex.

Oxygen deprivation may occur from either cord prolapse or prolonged compression of the cord during birth, as in head entrapment. If oxygen deprivation is prolonged, it may cause permanent neurological damage (for instance, cerebral palsy) or death. It has been suggested that a fast vaginal delivery would mean the risk of stopping baby's oxygen supply is reduced.  However, there is not enough research to show this and a quick delivery might cause more harm to the baby than a conservative approach to the birth.

Injury to the brain and skull may occur due to the rapid passage of the baby's head through the mother's pelvis. This causes rapid decompression of the baby's head. In contrast, a baby going through labor in the head-down position usually experiences gradual molding (temporary reshaping of the skull) over the course of a few hours. This sudden compression and decompression in breech birth may cause no problems at all, but it can injure the brain. This injury is more likely in preterm babies. The fetal head may be controlled by a special two-handed grip called the Mauriceau–Smellie–Veit maneuver or the elective application of forceps. This will be of value in controlling the rate of delivery of the head and reducing decompression. Related to potential head trauma, researchers have identified a relationship between breech birth and autism.

Squeezing the baby's abdomen can damage internal organs. Positioning the baby incorrectly while using forceps to deliver the after coming head can damage the spine or spinal cord.  It is important for the birth attendant to be knowledgeable, skilled, and experienced with all variations of breech birth.

Factors influencing safety

 Birth attendant's skill (and experience with breech birth) – The skill of the doctor or midwife and the number of breech births previously assisted is of crucial importance. Many of the dangers in vaginal birth for breech babies come from mistakes made by birth attendants. With the majority of breech babies being delivered by cesarean section, there is more risk that birth attendants will lose their skills in delivering breech babies and therefore increase the risk of harm to the baby during vaginal delivery.
 Type of breech presentation – the frank breech has the most favorable outcomes in a vaginal birth, with many studies suggesting no difference in outcome compared to head-down babies. (Some studies, however, find that planned caesarean sections for all breech babies improve outcome. The difference may rest in part on the skill of the doctors who delivered babies in different studies.)  Complete breech presentation is the next most favorable position, but these babies sometimes shift and become footling breeches during labour.  Footling and kneeling breeches have a higher risk of cord prolapse and head entrapment.
 Parity – Parity refers to the number of times a woman has given birth before.  If a woman has given birth vaginally, her pelvis has "proven" it is big enough to allow a baby of that baby's size to pass through it. However, a head-down baby's head often molds (shifts its shape to fit the maternal pelvis) and so may present a smaller diameter than the same-size baby born breech.
 Fetal size in relation to maternal pelvic size – If the mother's pelvis is roomy and the baby is not large, this is favorable for vaginal breech delivery.  However, prenatal estimates of the size of the baby and the size of the pelvis are unreliable.
 Hyperextension of the fetal head – this can be evaluated with ultrasound. Less than 5% of breech babies have their heads in the "star-gazing" position, the face looking straight upwards and the back of the head resting against the back of the neck.  Caesarean delivery is absolutely necessary because vaginal birth with the baby's head in this position confers a high risk of spinal cord trauma and death.
 Maturity of the baby – Premature babies appear to be at higher risk of complications if delivered vaginally than if delivered by caesarean section.
 Progress of labor – A spontaneous, normally progressing, straightforward labor requiring no intervention is a favorable sign.
 Second twins – If a first twin is born head down and the second twin is breech, the chances are good that the second twin can have a safe breech birth.

Management

As in labour with a baby in a normal head-down position, uterine contractions typically occur at regular intervals and gradually the cervix begins to thin and open. In the more common breech presentations, the baby's bottom (rather than feet or knees) is what is first to descend through the maternal pelvis and emerge from the vagina.

At the beginning of labour, the baby is generally in an oblique position, facing either the right or left side. The baby's bottom is the same size in the term baby as the baby's head.  Descent is thus as for the presenting fetal head and delay in descent is a cardinal sign of possible problems with the delivery of the head.

In order to begin the birth, a descent of the podalic pole along with compaction and internal rotation needs to occur.  This happens when the mother's pelvic floor muscles cause the baby to turn so that it can be born with one hip directly in front of the other.  At this point, the baby is facing one of the mother's inner thighs.  Then, the shoulders follow the same path as the hips did.   At this time the baby usually turns to face the mother's back.   Next occurs external rotation, which is when the shoulders emerge as the baby's head enters the maternal pelvis.  The combination of maternal muscle tone and uterine contractions causes the baby's head to flex, chin to chest. Then the back of the baby's head emerges and finally the face.

Due to the increased pressure during labour and birth, it is normal for the baby's leading hip to be bruised and genitalia to be swollen. Babies who assumed the frank breech position in utero may continue to hold their legs in this position for some days after birth.

Cesarean or vaginal delivery
When a baby is born bottom first there is more risk that the birth will not be straightforward and that the baby could be harmed. For example, when the baby's head passes through the mother's pelvis the umbilical cord can be compressed which prevents delivery of oxygenated blood to the baby. Due to this and other risks, babies in breech position are often born by a planned caesarean section in developed countries.

Caesarean section reduces the risk of harm or death for the baby but does increase the risk of harm to the mother compared with a vaginal delivery. It is best if the baby is in a head-down position so that they can be born vaginally with less risk of harm to both mother and baby. The next section is looking at External cephalic version or ECV which is a method that can help the baby turn from a breech position to a head-down position.

Vaginal birth of a breech baby has its risks but caesarean sections are not always available or possible, a mother might arrive in the hospital at a late stage of her labour or may choose not to have a caesarean section. In these cases, it is important that the clinical skills needed to deliver breech babies are not lost so that mothers and babies are as safe as possible. Compared with developed countries, planned caesarean sections have not produced as good results in developing countries – it is suggested that this is due to more breech vaginal deliveries being performed by experienced, skilled practitioners in these settings.

Twin breech

In twin pregnancies, it is very common for one or both babies to be in the breech position. Most often twin babies do not have the chance to turn around because they are born prematurely. If both babies are in the breech position and the mother has gone into labour early, a cesarean section may be the best option. About 30–40% of twin pregnancies result in only one baby being in the breech position. If this is the case, the babies can be born vaginally. After the first baby who is not in the breech position is delivered, the baby who is presented in the breech position may turn itself around, if this does not happen another procedure may performed called the breech extraction. The breech extraction is the procedure that involves the obstetrician grabbing the second twin's feet and pulling him/her into the birth canal. This will help with delivering the second twin vaginally. However, if the second twin is larger than the first, complications with delivering the second twin vaginally may arise and a cesarean section should be performed. At times, the first twin (the twin closest to the birth canal) can be in the breech position with the second twin being in the cephalic position (vertical). When this occurs, risks of complications are higher than normal. In particular, a serious complication is known as Locked twins. This is when both babies interlock their chins during labour. When this happens a cesarean section should be performed immediately.

Turning the baby
Turning the baby, technically known as external cephalic version (ECV), is when the baby is turned by gently pressing the mother's abdomen to push the baby from a bottom first position, to a head first position. ECV does not always work, but it does improve the mother's chances of giving birth to her baby vaginally and avoiding a cesarean section. The World Health Organisation recommends that women should have a planned cesarean section only if an ECV has been tried and did not work.

Women who have an ECV when they are 36–40 weeks pregnant are more likely to have a vaginal delivery and less likely to have a cesarean section than those who do not have an ECV. Turning the baby before this time makes a head first birth more likely but ECV before the due date can increase the risk of early or premature birth which can cause problems to the baby.

There are treatments that can be used which might affect the success of an ECV. Drugs called beta-stimulant tocolytics help the woman's muscles to relax so that the pressure during the ECV does not have to be so great. Giving the woman these drugs before the ECV improves the chances of her having a vaginal delivery because the baby is more likely to turn and stay head down. Other treatments such as using sound, pain relief drugs such as epidural, increasing the fluid around the baby and increasing the amount of fluids to the woman before the ECV could all effect its success but there is not enough research to make this clear.

Turning techniques mothers can do at home are referred to as "spontaneous cephalic version" (SCV), this is when the baby can turn without any medical assistance. Some of these techniques include: a knee-to-chest position, the breech tilt, and moxibustion, these can be performed after the mother is 34 weeks pregnant. There is limited evidence that these techniques have any effect.

Notable cases

 Chesa Boudin
 Jordan Brady
 Becky Garrison
 Billy Joel
 Jerry Lee Lewis
 Bret Michaels
 Nero
 Tatum O'Neal
 David Shields
 Frank Sinatra
 Wilhelm II, German Emperor
 Pedro Zamora
 Frank Zappa

See also
 Asynclitic birth, another abnormal birth position

References

External links
 Breech birth controversies in Great Britain
 GLOWM video demonstrating vaginal breech delivery techniques

Complications of labour and delivery
Midwifery

Breech birth


Extremo Occidente o Finisterre es denominado en el mito antiguo sobre la geometría de la Tierra, que suponía que la península ibérica era el fin de la tierra firme, y que viajando hacia el Occidente los barcos llegarían a un borde y caerían al vacío. Esta creencia fue desmitificada por Cristóbal Colón al viajar hacia Occidente, en 1492, logrando llegar a América.

Así, además, se denominó Finisterre, a una serie de mitos  relacionados con el fin del mundo y la aparición de uno nuevo, libre de pecado.

Este concepto produjo que diversos elementos geográficos recibiesen esa denominación:

Extremo Occidente: los actuales países de España y Portugal eran, desde la Edad Antigua hasta la Edad Media, considerados el Extremo Occidente, en contraposición al Extremo Oriente (Asia).
Extremo Occidente: nombre asignado ocasionalmente a las regiones de Portugal.
Extremo Occidente: nombre que ha sido utilizado en diferentes épocas para designar a Latinoamérica.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 http://books.google.cl/books/about/Am%C3%A9rica_latina.html?id=s3WvBqeXIywC&redir_esc=y
 http://elpais.com/diario/2008/09/13/catalunya/1221268042_850215.html Castillón y el Extremo Occidente, El País, 13 de septiembre de 2008, consultado el 4 de marzo de 2012
 http://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20090614/53722651007/extremo-occidente.html, La Vanguardia, 5 de marzo de 2012, consultado el 4 de marzo de 2012

Occidente

Extremo Occidente


An Eleocharis platypus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Charles Baron Clarke. An Eleocharis platypus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eleocharis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Ecuador. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eleocharis

Eleocharis platypus


قلعة المهالبة أو حصن بلاطنس هي قلعة في سورية تقع على قمة أحد الجبال العالية قرب اللاذقية على ارتفاع 750 متراً، على بعد 40 كم شرق الساحل السوري. وهي تقع قرب قرية المهالبة، وفي منطقة القرداحة.

التاريخ
بنُيت القلعة للمرة الأولى بواسطة بني الأحمر في القرن الحادي عشر الميلادي، ثم احتلتها الإمبراطورية البيزنطية عام 1031م وأكملوا بناءها. قاومت القلعة العديد من الهجمات والأضرار التي تعرضت لها خلال الفترة التي تلت ذلك، وانتقلت من يد البيزنطيين إلى بني صليعة ثم إلى الفرنجة، حتى استسلمت أخيراً لصلاح الدين الأيوبي في عام 1188م. وفي عام 1194م أصبحت تابعة لابنه "الأزهر الغازي"، أمير حلب. ثم انتتقلت إلى يد أسرة منكوس عام 1260م. وانتقلت لاحقاً إلى يد المماليك، حيث قام بترميمها الظاهر بيبرس عام 1269، ثم أخذها سنقر الأشقر. وبعدها سقطت في يد السلطان قلاوون المملوكي عام 1285م. وتعرضت القلعة لزلزال مدمر في نهاية سنة 1408م أدى إلى تهدمها وبعد ذلك هُجرت ولم يعد يسكنها أحد.

تضررت القلعة كثيراً مع الزمن ويتم ترميمها حالياً من قبل الهيئة العامة للآثار في سوريا، وقد كشف الترميم عن بعض الآثار والنقوش فيها، مثل نقش حجري لتشييد جامع في عهد الملك سُنقر الأشقر.

وصف القلعة
جدرانها الخارجية تطوّق القلعة عظيمة الحجم، والتي تتضمن صهاريج وغرفاً تحت الأرض إضافة إلى بعض القناطر والأبراج. الطريق الوحيد في القلعة الذي يوصل إلى الأرض خارجها هو عبر الجزء الجنوبي من ممر ضيّق فيها. ويرتبط هذا الممر بطريق مرصوف يوصل إلى القلعة من مكانين، القرداحة من الغرب و«جوبت البلغار» من الشرق .

انظر أيضًا

 قائمة قلاع سوريا

المراجع

 قلاع سورية - المهالبة.
 اكتشف سوريا - قلعة المهالبة.
 ترميم قلعة المهالبة.

مبان ومنشآت في محافظة اللاذقية
قلاع
قلاع في سوريا
مواقع أثرية في محافظة اللاذقية

قلعة المهالبة


Debra Ann Shipley (born 22 June 1957) is a politician in the United Kingdom. She was Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP) for Stourbridge from 1997 until the 2005 general election, when she stood down for reasons of ill health. She was succeeded by Lynda Waltho, also from the Labour Party.

Shipley was the first woman MP for Stourbridge, but not the first Labour MP to sit for the town under different boundaries: Wilfred Wellock had been the Labour MP from 1927 to 1931 (for Stourbridge); Arthur Moyle from 1945 to 1950 (Stourbridge); George Wigg from 1950 to 1968 (for Dudley, which was lost to the Tories in a by-election in 1968 following Wigg's ill-health and appointment to the National Horseracing Board), and John Gilbert from 1970 to 1974 (for Dudley, as Labour regained Dudley at the 1970 general election).

Following Shipley's departure from Parliament in 2005, she later left the Labour Party, and in 2019 campaigned for Change UK in Norfolk.

Parliament
Shipley was selected to stand for election for Labour through an all-women shortlist. As an MP, Shipley's most significant initiative was the Protection of Children Act, which passed with cross-party support, it requires that childcare organizations now check new staff against a newly created registry of child abusers.  Shipley was also responsible for the Children's Food Bill, which called for the removal of "unhealthy" food from school vending machines and improvements to school meals. The latter bill attracted the support of celebrity chef Jamie Oliver.

Shipley served on the Culture Media and Sport Select Committee, and was Parliamentary Ambassador to the NSPCC, in which capacity she fronted the "Full Stop" Campaign in Parliament. Shipley generally voted with her party.

References

External links

1957 births
Living people
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
20th-century British women politicians
21st-century British women politicians
20th-century English women
20th-century English people
21st-century English women
21st-century English people

Debra Shipley


Georg af Sachsen, tillige kaldet Georg den skæggede, (tysk: Georg der Bärtige) (født 27. august 1471 i Meissen, død 17. april 1539 i Dresden) var hertug af Sachsen-Meissen og Sagan fra 1500 til sin død 1539.

Han var søn af Albrecht III og tilhørte dermed den albertinske linje af huset Wettin, med Dresden som residensstad.

Hans stridigheder med den ernstinske kurfyrstlige linje af huset Wettin bestemte dels han kejserstøttende stilling i det Tysk-romerske riges indre politik, dels hans fjentlighed over for reformationen. Han var en leder af det katolske parti i Tyskland blandt de verdslige fyrster og en af de drivende personligheder bag fremkomsten af aftalen i Dessau. Georg bekæmpede Luther i en række skrifter, og fik modsvar af denne.

Georg var ridder af den spansk-østrigske ridderorden Det Gyldne Skinds Orden.

Den 19. maj 1515 solgte Georg af Sachsen sine rettigheder til Groningen og Friesland til kejser Karl V. for 100.000 floriner.

Hertuger af Sachsen
Personer fra Meissen
Albertinske linje af Huset Wettin

Georg, hertug af Sachsen


Die Liste der Botschafter der Vereinigten Staaten in Bosnien und Herzegowina bietet einen Überblick über die Leiter der US-amerikanischen diplomatischen Vertretung in Bosnien und Herzegowina seit 1993. Nach dem Austritt Bosniens aus dem jugoslawischen Staatenverband erkannten die Vereinigten Staaten den neuen Staat am 7. April 1992 an. Die US-Botschaft in Sarajevo wurde im August desselben Jahres eröffnet. Als erster Botschafter wurde Victor Jackovich eingesetzt.

Weblinks
 Webpräsenz der US-Botschaft in Bosnien und Herzegowina

Bosnien und Herzegowina
Vereinigte Staaten
!


Antalya il sınırları Kumluca ilçesi yakınlarındaki antik kent.

Mavikent Kasabası sınırları içerisinde bulunmaktadır. Antik kente ait kalıntılar hala mevcut olmakla; Melanippe antik kentinin geçmişi ile ilgili detaylı bir bilgiye ulaşılamamıştır. Kent hakkında edinilen bilgilere göre Helenistik döneme ait bir kent olduğu söylenilmektedir.

Antalya ilindeki arkeolojik sitler
Kumluca
Türkiye'deki antik kentler

Melanippe


أبلانيتسا مدينة في مقاطعة بازاردزيك في بلغاريا.

 أبلانيتسا مدينة في مقاطعة بلاغويفغراد في بلغاريا.
 أبلانيتسا مدينة في مقاطعة لوفيك في بلغاريا.

صفحات توضيح أسماء أماكن

أبلانيتسا (توضيح)


Astolphe-Louis-Léonor, Marquis de Custine (18 March 1790 – 25 September 1857) was a French aristocrat and writer who is best known for his travel writing, in particular his account of his visit to Russia, La Russie en 1839. This work documents not only Custine's travels through the Russian Empire, but also the social fabric, economy and way of life during the reign of Nicholas I.

Biography

Astolphe de Custine was born in Niderviller, Lorraine. His family belonged to the French nobility and possessed the title marquis since the early 18th century. The paternal branch of the family also owned a famous faience factory. His mother, Delphine de Sabran, Marquise de Custine, came from the House of Sabran and was noted for her intelligence and great beauty.

Custine's father and grandfather, Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine, both sympathized with the French Revolution but were both guillotined. Custine's mother was imprisoned and barely escaped the same fate. In the aftermath of the overthrow of Robespierre and the end of the Reign of Terror, the friendship of the marchioness with Joseph Fouché (who would eventually become Minister of Police under Napoleon) allowed her to recover part of the family fortune. Custine and his mother resettled in Lorraine in 1795.

Under the direction of his strong-willed mother, Custine was raised in an chaotic yet stimulating social environment. This brought him into frequent contact with noted intellectuals, among them Germaine de Staël and François-René de Chateaubriand, considered the founder of Romanticism in French literature. The marchioness purchased the château of Fervaques, near Lisieux, in Normandy, from the Duc de Laval in October 1803; Chateaubriand noted his visits there between 1804 and 1806 in which he discussed with both the marchioness and Custine in Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe. Delphine died at Bex, in Vaud, Switzerland, on 13 July 1826.

Custine was given an excellent education and seemed to be headed towards a life in society. An income of 60,000 francs a year enabled him to live as he pleased. He owned an estate outside Paris, at Saint-Gratien, where on occasions he was visited by Frédéric Chopin. Custine spent time in the diplomatic service, attending the Congress of Vienna, and even accepted a military commission. Custine was at one time expected to marry Madame de Staël's daughter, Albertine, but refused the match. In 1821 Custine married Léontine de Saint-Simon de Courtomer, following the wishes of his mother. The Marquis, who would later admit his homosexuality and live openly with a male lover, was nevertheless genuinely fond of his wife. They had a son, Enguerrand. During the marriage Custine met and established a romantic relationship with an Englishman, Edward Saint-Barbe, who moved into the house with the couple, and remained his life companion. In 1823, during the early stages of a second pregnancy, Léontine fell ill and died, aged only twenty.

On 28 October 1824, Custine's life was irrevocably changed. That night, he was found unconscious  in the mud outside of Paris, stripped to the waist, having been beaten and robbed. The attack had been carried out by a group of soldiers; with one of whom Custine allegedly had attempted to have a sexual encounter. However the exact reason for the attack was never proven. Nevertheless, news of the incident quickly spread around France — "From this time on to the end of his life Custine would figure, in the cruel gossip of the day, primarily as France's most distinguished and notorious homosexual." Even though the literary salons, as opposed to the society salons, remained open to Custine, many people who were friendly with him sneered at him behind his back. His diplomatic career was also cut short by this incident. A few years later, in 1826, several family friends would die, as well as  Custine's young son Enguerrand (born 1822), by his late wife, and his mother.

In the years after these tragedies, Custine became very pious.

Custine gravitated toward the Romantic movement and spent the next few years writing poetry and novels. Custine wrote one play and purchased a theater to produce it, but the play closed after three performances. None of his literary works received much attention. Heinrich Heine called Custine "un demi-homme des lettres" (a half-man of letters).

In 1835, an extremely attractive Polish count, the twenty-three year old Ignatius Gurowski (1812–1887),  moved into Custine and Saint-Barbe's home in the rue de La Rochefoucauld to form a ménage à trois. Wrote Custine: "He has an excellent heart, an original mind, is graciously ignorant of everything, and what settles it all, a charming bearing and countenance." The capricious Gurowski was not an easy guest, running up debts and seducing both men and women, but appears to have amused the couple. The detailed register of homosexuals, then maintained by the Paris police prefecture, and which termed Custine's inclinations 'frantic', wrote of Gurowski with a comical note of possible despair: "It is hereditary in his family: his father and grandfather were of the same religion." In 1841 Gurowski married a Spanish infanta Isabella Ferdinanda de Bourbon.

La Russie en 1839

Custine eventually discovered that his knack was for travel writing. He wrote a decently received account of a trip to Spain and was encouraged by Honoré de Balzac to write accounts of other "half-European" parts of Europe, like southern Italy and Russia. In the late 1830s, Alexis de Tocqueville's Democracy in America appeared, whose last chapter contained the prophecy that the future belonged to Russia and America. Inspired by Tocqueville's work, Custine decided that Russia would be the subject of his next writing effort. Custine was later dubbed by some historians as "the de Tocqueville of Russia".

Custine visited Russia in 1839, spending most of his time in St. Petersburg, but also visiting Moscow and Yaroslavl. A political reactionary in his own country, fearful that democracy would inevitably lead to mob rule, he went to Russia looking for arguments against representative government, but he was appalled by autocracy as practiced in Russia and equally by the Russian people's apparent collaboration in their own oppression. He attributed this state of affairs to what he saw as the backwardness of the Russian Orthodox Church, combined with the disastrous effects of the Mongol invasion of medieval Russia, and the policies of Peter the Great.

Most of Custine's mockery was reserved for the Russian nobility and Nicholas I. Custine said that Russia's aristocracy had "just enough of the gloss of European civilization to be 'spoiled as savages' but not enough to become cultivated men. They were like 'trained bears who made you long for the wild ones.'" Custine criticized Tsar Nicholas for the constant spying he ordered and for repressing Poland (see November Uprising). Custine had more than one conversation with the Tsar and concluded it was possible that the Tsar behaved as he did only because he felt he had to. "If the Emperor has no more of mercy in his heart than he reveals in his policies, then I pity Russia; if, on the other hand, his true sentiments are really superior to his acts, then I pity the Emperor" (Kennan 76).

According to Kennan, Custine saw Russia as a horrible domain of obsequious flattery of the Tsar and spying. Custine said the air felt freer the moment one crossed into Prussia. In the mid-20th century, many commentators drew parallels between Custine's description of Russia and contemporary Soviet Union as well as noticing many similarities between his character outline of Nicholas I and Joseph Stalin.

Publication and reaction
La Russie en 1839, first published in full in 1843, went through six printings and was widely read in England, France, and Germany but banned in Russia, where it was not published in an unabridged version until 1996. Nonetheless, several Russian authors published works critical of it. Tsarist authorities also sponsored a more scholarly investigation of Russia by a foreigner, August von Haxthausen, who authored the Studies on the Interior of Russia. This work can be interpreted as an attempt to provide an objective research of Russia's traditional social institutions, which the Tsar's advisors believed would effectively counter Custine's work. The Tsar also commissioned the French writer Hippolyte Auger to pen an extensive refutation. However, as the scandal of Custine's work had subsided by then, the Tsar decided it was best not to remind the public of the book, and the project was abandoned.

Later life

Custine died of a stroke in the evening of 25 September 1857.<ref>Muhlstein, Anka, A Taste For Freedom: The Life of Astolphe de Custine", 1999, p378</ref>

Legacy

Custine's observations in La Russie en 1839 continue to be admired for their insight, prescience and sheer entertainment value, but are also disliked by others for reasons that can include the belief they are inaccurate, pretentious, racist, and that the idea of national stereotypes is an absurdity. It has been suggested that he is one of the originators of a putative West European Russophobia.

However, as one critic has written, what is indisputable is that "Above all, the Marquis valued freedom; freedom from fear, hypocrisy and the shackles that restrain the human spirit."

In popular culture
Sergey Dreyden stars as a character representing Custine in the 2002 film Russian Ark. His conversations with the time-travelling narrator are intended to reflect Russia's continued struggle to search for its own identity and define its relations vis-à-vis Europe.

Notes and references

 Further reading

 Christian Sigrist, Das Russlandbild des Marquis de Custine. Von der Zivilisationskritik zur Russlandfeindlichkeit, Frankfurt 1990.
 Irena Grudzinska Gross, The Scar of Revolution, Custine, Tocqueville, and the Romantic Imagination, Berkeley 1991.
 Anka Muhlstein, A Taste For Freedom: The Life of Astolphe de Custine", 1999. Republished as: Astolphe de Custine: The Last French Aristocrat, London 2001.
 Astolphe de Custine, Journey For Our Time: The Journals of the Marquis de Custine. Ed. Phyllis Penn Kohler, Washington 1987.
 Astolphe de Custine, Journey For Our Time: The Journals of the Marquis de Custine. Ed. Phyllis Penn Kohler, London 1951.
 Astolphe de Custine, Empire of the Czar. A Journey Through Ethernal Russia, Auklend 1989.
 George F. Kennan, The Marquis de Custine and His Russia in 1839, London 1972.
 Albert Marie Pierre de Luppé, Astolphe de Custine, Monaco 1957.
 Francine-Dominique Liechtenhan, Astolphe de Custine voyageur et philosophe, Paris 1990.
 Julien Frédéric Tarn, Le Marquis de Custine ou les Malheurs de l'exactitude, Paris, 1985.
 Leonard Epp, 'The Marquis de Custine and the Question of Russian History', review of Anka Muhlstein, Astolphe de Custine: The Last French Aristocrat and Astolphe de Custine, Letters from Russia in the Oxonian Review

External links

 La Russie en 1839: Volume I, Volume II, Volume III, Volume IV, (Gutenberg Project)
 Letters from Russia, edited by Anka Muhlstein (NYRB Classics, 2002)

1790 births
1857 deaths
French gay writers
People from Moselle (department)
Writers about Russia
French LGBT novelists
LGBT nobility
French LGBT poets
19th-century French novelists
French male poets
French marquesses
LGBT Roman Catholics
19th-century French poets
French male novelists
19th-century French male writers
French male non-fiction writers
Anti-Russian sentiment

Marquis de Custine


Treungen Station (Treungen stasjon) var en jernbanestation, der lå i byområdet Treungen i Nissedal kommune i Norge. Stationen blev åbnet 14. december 1913 som endestation for Treungenbanen. Oprindeligt hed den Tveitsund, men navnet blev ændret til Treungen 15. marts 1926. I 1946 blev banen ombygget fra smalspor til normalspor. Trafikken på den blev indstillet 1. oktober 1967, og i 1970 blev sporene taget op.

Stationsanlægget blev tegnet af Ivar Næss, der vandt en arkitektkonkurrence om strækningen fra Åmli til Treungen. Anlægget i Treungen blev det mest omfattende på den øvre del af banen. I sin tid omfattede det udover stationsbygningen også das, udhus med opvarmet rum, pakhus og læsserampe, remise med kulplads, drejeskive og vandtårn.

Efter afviklingen blev bygningerne solgt fra, og mange af dem eksisterer stadig. Stationsbygningen huser nu en pinsemenighed, og i vandtårnet er der kommet en stenbutik. Daset og remisen er også bevaret, mens drejeskivens grav er blevet fyldt med vand.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Treungenbanen
Nedlagte jernbanestationer i Norge
Etableret i 1913
Ophørt i 1967
Jernbanestationer i Telemark

Treungen Station


The Ericofon is a one-piece plastic telephone created by the Ericsson Company of Sweden and marketed through the second half of the 20th century. It was the first commercially marketed telephone to incorporate the dial and handset into a single unit. Because of its styling and its influence on future telephone design, the Ericofon is considered one of the most significant industrial designs of the 20th century by Phaidon. It is in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. In Sweden, the Ericofon is known as the cobra telephone for its resemblance to a coiled snake.

History
The Ericofon was designed in the late 1940s by a design team including Gösta Thames, Ralph Lysell, and Hugo Blomberg. The two major components of the telephone, the handset and the dial, are combined in a single unit.  This one-piece design anticipated the evolution of the typical cordless phone and cell phone by several decades. Serial production began in 1954. Early models were sold only to institutions; in 1956, however, production for the open market began in Europe and Australia.

As the Bell System did not permit the operation of third-party equipment on their network, the Ericofon could only be used by independent telephone companies in the United States. North Electric in Galion, Ohio, manufactured the Ericofon for the North American independent market.

Design
The original phone was produced in two slightly different designs. The earlier version is slightly taller, with the earpiece at nearly a 90-degree angle to the base. A later version has a shorter handle, with the earpiece angled slightly downward. The two versions are referred to as the old case and the new case. The old case was molded in two pieces, while the new case was molded as a single piece. Both versions were initially produced in 18 colors. They used the four-prong plug common in the United States at the time.

A third version, the model 700, was produced beginning in 1976. It is easily distinguished from earlier Ericofons by its squarish design, as well as changes to the handle and plug.

Colors
When it was introduced on the U.S. market, the Ericofon was available in 18 colors. However, after transfer of production to North Electric, the number of colors was reduced to eight. A small number of phones with clear and metallic finishes were produced for special promotions. The most popular and widely produced colors were bright red and bright white. Other colors included various pastel shades of blue, green, and pink. The phone was never produced in black.

Ericotone
Most Ericofons had mechanical rotary dials, typical of all phones made in the era.  While Ericofons produced by Ericsson used miniature buzzers as ringers, North Electric introduced the electronic "Ericotone" ringer.  The Ericotone ringer used a simple, one-transistor oscillator circuit to produce a distinctive "chirping" sound. Colloquially, Ericofons were sometimes referred to as "tweeter" phones.  This was one of the earliest uses of a transistor in a telephone; telephones with mechanical bell ringers and rotary dials did not need transistors.

Touch-tone
North Electric introduced a touch-tone version of the Ericofon in the United States in 1967. Production of this variant was much lower than that of the rotary-dial Ericofons.  A design flaw in the hook switch mechanism would cause the touch-tone version of the phone to come apart if it was set down too forcibly or accidentally dropped and the phone then became unusable. It was almost impossible for the average consumers to restore the hook switch mechanism to correct operating condition if it were so damaged.  North Electric ceased production of the Ericofon for North America in 1972.

Ericsson introduced a push-button version of the Ericofon, the model 700, for the company's 100th anniversary in 1976.  The model 700 had a squarer design than earlier models. It was not a touch-tone phone.  Instead, its electronics generated electrical pulses as its buttons were pressed, simulating the pulses produced by a rotary dial.  Ericsson continued to produce rotary-dial Ericofons until about 1980.

Recent production
Wild and Wolf produces an Ericofon-lookalike called "Scandiphone". The modern touch-tone phone is available in several colors and can be bought from web stores. The switch hook was redesigned to be stable.  The keypad of the Scandiphones was not a standard touch-tone arrangement but rather appeared in a circle to mimic a rotary dial.  A few other companies made Ericofon lookalikes with a more traditional-appearing keypad with the redesigned switch hook.  Some of these lookalike phones may have used actual Ericofon cases purchased from excess stock in their phones.

Media appearances
The Ericofon has been seen in several feature films and TV shows, mostly in the 1960s and 1970s.

 An Ericofon appears prominently in The Twilight Zone episode "Third from the Sun", first broadcast on January 8, 1960; and is also in the episode "One More Pallbearer".
 A white Ericofon can be seen on the office desk of the supervillain in the movie Banco à Bangkok pour OSS 117 (1964).
 An Ericofon appears briefly in the headquarters of the enemy in the first episode "Eleven Days to Zero" (1964) of the TV series Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea.
 In the movie The World of Henry Orient (1964), Peter Sellers uses an Ericofon in his bedroom.
 Ericofons were used for several years in the detectives' office in the Australian TV series Homicide, with the phone listed by name in episode credits, and L.M Ericsson as the supplier.
 Red, white, and beige Ericofons appear throughout the underground research headquarters in "Crack in the World" (1965).
 I'll Take Sweden (1965) Starring Bob Hope and Frankie Avalon.
 June Lockhart, Marta Kristen and Mark Goddard each posed with an Ericofon in publicity shots while they were on the TV series Lost in Space (1965-1968).
 An Ericofon is featured in the opening scene in In Like Flint (1967).
 In the movie Two for The Road (1967), architect Mark Wallace (Albert Finney) receives a long-distance call at a housewarming party on an Ericofon.
 In the 1967 film Casino Royale, Le Chiffre (Orson Welles) receives a phone call from SMERSH on an Ericofon.
 In the 1969–1972 television series The Courtship of Eddie's Father, the Corbett household has an Ericofon.
 In "Doomsday" (1969), the seventeenth episode of the third season of Mission: Impossible, Jim Phelps (Peter Graves) uses a white Ericofon. In the following episode, "Live Bait", an Ericofon is the desk phone of Helmut Kellermann (Anthony Zerbe), the episode's main antagonist.
 Sammy Davis Jr. speaks to Kim Lee on a blue Ericofon at Pepperworth Castle while three more (two ivory and one red) are on the shelf behind him in One More Time, the 1970 film sequel to Salt And Pepper (1968).
 A red Ericofon is used in a top-security U.S. tracking station in the episode "The Ninety-Second War: Part II" (1972) of the TV series Hawaii Five-O.
 An Ericofon is seen in the operation room of the secret service in the French movie Le grand blond avec une chaussure noire (1972).
 An Ericofon can be seen on a table in a scene from the 1973 film Theatre of Blood.
 Many Ericofons are used in the French adult comedy Young Casanova (1974).
 Ericofons are used in the Norvegian adult comedy Kosmetikkrevolusjonen (1977).
 There is a red Ericofon on Higgins' desk, in the episode "China Doll" (1980) of the TV series Magnum, P.I.
 A yellow Ericofon is placed on a table in the living room in the 1980 movie Sunday Lovers.
 Dominique Lavanant uses a red Ericofon in La boum, a 1980 French movie starring Sophie Marceau.
 Doris Roberts is seen speaking into a white Ericofon in the opening credits of Remington Steele (1982-1987).
 An Ericofon is used by Stella in the 1986 Icelandic movie Stella í orlofi.
 The character Myra Gale Brown (played by Winona Ryder) uses an Ericofon in a few scenes of Great Balls Of Fire! (1989).
 The character played by Cyndi Lauper in Off and Running uses an Ericofon at the futuristic motel run by David Keith'''s character.
 The character Teddy Forzman in the TV show The Adventures of Pete & Pete (1993–1996) uses an Ericofon in the third-season episode "The Trouble with Teddy."
 The character Memphis Rocket in the TV show Julia Jekyll and Harriet Hyde (1995–1998) has an orange Ericofon on the desk in his office during series one and two.
 Ericofons were featured in the 1997 movie Men in Black. They were the desk phones at workstations at headquarters.
 A modified Ericofon appeared as a prop alien telephone in the first-season episode "I, E.T." of the TV series Farscape (1999–2003).
 A character in the 1999 film But I'm a Cheerleader uses a green Ericofon.
 In the French TV movie L'affaire Ben Barka (2007), a white Ericofon is used in an office of the Paris-Orly Airport. The action takes place in 1965.
 In Mad Men (2007–2012), Roger Sterling uses an Ericofon in his new office. The action is set in the 1960s.
 In the Argentinian movie El Secreto De Sus Ojos from 2009 an Ericofon is used. The scene is dated in the mid seventies.
 In the episode "There Is Another Sky" (2010) of the TV series Caprica, Joseph Adama receives a call on an Ericofon.
 In the Dutch movie "The kidnapping of Freddy Heineken" (2011), a red Ericofon was used. The story plays in 1983.
 In the 2015 film The Man from U.N.C.L.E., Victoria Vinciguerra is briefly seen speaking on an aqua mist colored Ericofon.
 In the opening scene of the 1958 science-fiction movie Queen of Outer Space'', Ericofons are seen on desks in a military headquarters.

See also
 Trimphone: Another telephone from the same era.
 Trimline: AT&T's answer to the Ericofon, the Trimline phone incorporated a dial into the handset but had a separate cradle containing the ringer.
 Grillo: Another innovative telephone, from Italy. Its design anticipated the cellular "flip phone".

References

External links
 http://www.ericofon.com/
 Ericofon at the Museum of Modern Art
 http://www.ericofon.nl/

Ericsson
Goods manufactured in Sweden

Ericofon