Canvey Island Football Club is a football club based in Canvey Island, Essex, England. They are currently members of the  and play at Park Lane.

History
The club was established in 1926 and initially played in the Southend & District League. They later joined the Thurrock Combination, winning the League Cup in 1952–53 and the league and League Cup double in 1955–56. In 1957 the club joined the Parthenon League, finishing bottom of the league in their first season. The following season saw them finish sixth and win the League Cup, and in 1959–60 they were league runners-up. In 1963 they switched to the London League, joining the reformed Division One. In 1964 the league merged with the Aetolian League to form the Greater London League, with the club placed in the A division. In 1967–68 they were Division One champions and won the League Cup, retaining both titles the following season.

In 1971 the Greater London League merged with the Metropolitan League to form the Metropolitan–London League, with Canvey Island placed in Division One. When the league merged with the Spartan League in 1975 they joined the Essex Senior League. They were runners-up in 1978–79 and won the League Cup the following season. They won the league for the first time in 1986–87. After winning the league and League Cup again under Jeff King in 1992–93, a season which also saw the club reach the semi-finals of the FA Vase, they moved up to Division Three of the Isthmian League in 1994. Their first season in Division Three saw them finish as runners-up, earning promotion to Division Two. The club went on to win Division Two the following season, resulting in promotion to Division One. They also reached the first round of the FA Cup for the first time, eventually losing 4–1 to Brighton in a replay.

Although Canvey Island were relegated back to Division Two at the end of the 1996–97 season, they were Division Two champions in 1997–98 and Division One champions in 1998–99 as successive promotions saw them reach the league's Premier Division. In 2000–01 they finished as league runners-up, and also reached the second round of the FA Cup; the first round saw them beat Second Division Port Vale 2–1 in a replay at Vale Park after a 4–4 draw at Park Lane. In the second round the club were drawn at home to near-neighbours Third Division Southend United; in a game switched to Southend's Roots Hall, they lost 2–1. However, the club's biggest success came in the FA Trophy, where they reached the final at Villa Park after beating three teams from the Football Conference. In the final the club beat favourites Forest Green Rovers 1–0, becoming the first team from the Isthmian League to win the competition for 20 years. The following season saw them finish as Premier Division runners-up again, as well as reaching the third round of the FA Cup. After winning 1–0 against Football League clubs Wigan Athletic and Northampton Town in both the first and second round, they lost 4–1 at Burnley in the third round.

In 2002–03 Canvey Island finished as Premier Division runners-up for a third consecutive season, but the following year saw them win the division to earn promotion to the Conference National. The season had also seen them reach the FA Cup first round for a third time; again drawn to face Southend, they lost 3–2 in a replay at Park Lane after a 1–1 draw at Roots Hall and the FA Trophy final, where they lost 3–2 to Hednesford Town. Another first round appearance in 2004–05 ended in a 4–0 defeat to Aldershot Town. After two seasons at the fifth level, King decided the poor attendances did not justify continued investment in the club and they took voluntary demotion to Division One North of the Isthmian League. In 2007–08 they finished fifth in the division, qualifying for the promotion play-offs. After defeating AFC Sudbury 3–2 in the semi-finals, they beat Redbridge 5–4 on penalties in the final after the match had ended 1–1 and were promoted back to the Premier Division.

Canvey Island were relegated back to the (renamed) North Division at the end of the 2016–17 season after finishing third-from-bottom of the Premier Division. The following season saw them finish sixth in the North Division, qualifying for the play-offs. After beating Bowers & Pitsea 2–0 in the semi-finals, they lost 3–1 to Haringey Borough in the final. In 2020–21 the club reached the first round of the FA Cup again, winning 2–1 at Banbury United.

Ground
Upon formation, the club played at The Paddocks on Long Road on the island, before moving to Furtherwick School. Following World War II, Canvey Island returned to The Paddocks. In 1955, the club moved a short distance to Poplar Road. Whilst in the Parthenon League, the club moved to Park Lane. It currently has a capacity of 4,100, of which 500 is seated and 827 covered. In the summer of 2018, it was announced that the club would also be hosting the home matches of Benfleet.

Honours
FA Trophy
Winners 2000–01
Isthmian League
Premier Division champions 2003–04
Division One champions 1998–99
Division Two champions 1995–96, 1997–98
Greater London League
Division One champions 1967–68, 1968–69
League Cup winners 1967–68, 1968–69
Parthenon League
League Cup winners 1958–59
Essex Senior League
Champions 1986–87, 1992–93
League Cup winners 1979–80, 1992–93
Harry Fisher Memorial Trophy winners 1993–94
Thurrock Combination
Champions 1955–56
League Cup winners 1952–53, 1955–56
Essex Senior Cup
Winners 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2001–02, 2011–12

Records
Best FA Cup performance: Third round, 2001–02
Best FA Trophy performance: Winners, 2000–01
Best FA Vase performance: Semi-finals, 1992–93
Record attendance: 3,553 vs Aldershot Town, Isthmian League, 2002–03
Most appearances: Steve Ward
Most goals: Andy Jones
Record transfer fee received: £4,500 from Farnborough Town for Brian Horne
Record transfer fee paid: £5,000 to Northwich Victoria for Chris Duffy

See also
Canvey Island F.C. players
Canvey Island F.C. managers

References

External links

Football clubs in England
Football clubs in Essex
1926 establishments in England
Association football clubs established in 1926
Canvey Island
Parthenon League
London League (football)
Greater London League
Metropolitan–London League
Essex Senior Football League
Isthmian League clubs
National League (English football) clubs

Canvey Island F.C.


Şair Evlenmesi (),  İbrahim Şinâsî'nin 1860 yılında Tercüman-ı Ahvâlde tefrika edilen ardından kitap olarak basılan töre komedisi tarzında  tek perdelik piyestir.

Daha önce yazılmış bazı tiyatro eserlerinin varlığından söz edilse de Şair Evlenmesi, Türk edebiyatının Batılı tarzda ilk tiyatro eseri olarak kabul edilir. Belirli bir metne dayanmayan, oyuncuların doğaçlama yaptıkları tuluat tiyatrosundan, bir konunun metne dayalı olarak giriş, gelişme, sonuç biçiminde aktarıldığı  yeni bir tiyatroya geçiş bu eserle olmuştur.

Görücü usulü evliliğinin sakıncalarını konu alan eser, geleneksel Türk tiyatrosunun izlerini taşır. Sade ve tabii bir konuşma diliyle yazılmıştır. Oyun kişileri dönemin toplumsal yapısını yansıtan gerçekçi karakterlerdir. Konuşma örgüsü kelime oyunları, söz komikleri ve konuşma yanlışları içerir. Eser,  klasik Fransız tiyatrosunun ve özellikle Molière'in etki ve izlerini de taşımaktadır

Yayımlanması ve sahnelenmesi
Eserin Dolmabahçe Saray Tiyatrosu'nda sahnelenmek üzere, Sultan Abdülmecid tarafından ısmarlandığı söylenir. ancak oyunun sarayda oynandığına dair bir bilgi yoktur.

Şinasi'nin eseri, iki perdelik bir tiyatro eseri olarak kaleme almış; ne var ki kendi elleriyle ilk perdeyi ortadan kaldırmak  zorunda kaldığından ikinci perde, 1860'ta Tercüman'ı Ahval'in 2.-3.-4.-5. sayılarında tek perde olarak yayımlanmıştı. 1873'te şairin ölümünden sonra Mehmet Tayfur adında bir kitapçı tarafından Selanik'te kitap olarak basıldı. Eser gerek gazetede tefrik edildiğinde, gerekse kitap olarak basıldığında fazla ilgi görmemiş ve alay konusu olmuştur.

Şair Evlenmesi, İkinci Meşrutiyet'in ilanından sonra, İbrahim Necmi Bey tarafından Selanik'te kurulmuş olan amatör bir tiyatro topluluğu tarafından sahnelendi.

Noktalama işaretlerinin kullanımı
Şair Evlenmesi piyesi Türkçede noktalama işaretlerinin kullanıldığı ilk eserlerden  biridir. Şinasi eserde üç noktalama işareti kullanmıştır: yay, kısa çizgi ve nokta. Bu işaretleri hangi amaçla kullandığını eserin başında açıklamıştır.

Konu
Batılı tutum ve davranışı, kılık ve kıyafetiyle mahallede pek sevilmeyen, eğitimli olmasına rağmen saf bir yapıya sahip Şair Müştak Bey, sevdiği Kumru Hanım'la, kılavuz ve yenge hanımlar aracılığıyla evlenmiştir. Nikâh sonrasında kendisiyle evlendirilen kişinin, Kumru Hanım'ın çirkin ve yaşlı ablası Sakine Hanım olduğunu görünce önce bayılır sonra itiraz eder. Mahallelinin de işe karışmasıyla başına gelenleri kabul etme mecburiyetinde kalan Müştak Bey'in imdadına arkadaşı Hikmet Bey yetişir. Hikmet Bey'in mahalle imamı Ebulaklaka'ya verdiği rüşvetle olay çözülür, yapılan hile sonuçsuz kalır. Sonunda muradına eren Müştak bey Kumru Hanım'a kavuşur. Ancak Hikmet Efendi birbirleriyle görüşmeden evlenmeye kalkmanın sonucunun kötü olacağını söyler. Müştak Bey'in aklı başına gelir.

Kahramanlar
Şair Müştak bey
Kumru
Ziba Dudu
Habbe Kadın
Sakine Hanım
Ebüllaklaka İmam Efendi
Batak Ese
Atak Köse
Hikmet Efendi

Ayrıca bakınız
Türk tiyatrosu
Osmanlı'da sahne sanatları
Nasreddin Hoca'nın Mansıbı (18. yüzyılda yazılmış bir Türkçe anonim tiyatro eseri)

Dış bağlantılar
Şair Evlenmesi , Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2019

Kaynakça ve Dipnot

Türk tiyatro oyunları
1860 tiyatro oyunları
1873 kitapları

Şair Evlenmesi


Obłęże (deutsch Woblanse) ist ein Dorf im Powiat Słupski (Kreis Stolp) der polnischen Woiwodschaft Pommern. Es gehört zur Landgemeinde Kępice (Hammermühle).

Geographische Lage
Obłęże liegt in Hinterpommern, etwa 25 Kilometer südsüdwestlich der Stadt Słupsk (Stolp) und 20 Kilometer südöstlich der Stadt Sławno (Schlawe).

Geschichte
Das ehemalige Rittergut Woblanse war eines der ältesten  Lehen der Familie Massow, die hier ein Stammhaus hatte. Die Massows auf Woblanse werden im 18. Jahrhundert unter denjenigen Familien genannt, die aus ihren Kapitalerträgen begabten  Schülern ein Stipendium für den  Besuch einer Akademie oder eines akademischen Gymnasiums zur Verfügung stellten.
1925 hatte Woblanse insgesamt 50 Wohnhäuser, und es wurden 122 Haushaltungen und 556 Einwohner gezählt.
Das Dorf gehörte bis 1945 zum Landkreis Rummelsburg im Regierungsbezirk Köslin der Provinz Pommern. Zu der Gemeinde Woblanse gehörte auch der Wohnplatz Woblanser Schäferei. Die Gemeindefläche war 16,9 km² groß.

Gegen Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs flüchteten die Einwohner am 5. März 1945 zunächst vor der heranrückenden Sowjetarmee. Der Treck wurde jedoch in Groß Garde von der Roten Armee überrollt und musste umkehren.  Es kam zu Übergriffen gegenüber den Dorfbewohnern.  Woblanse selbst war am 6./7. März 1945 ohne nennenswerte Kampfhandlungen von der Sowjetarmee eingenommen worden. In ihr Dorf zurückgekehrt, war die Bevölkerung erneut Übergriffen ausgesetzt. Nach 1945 wurde Woblanse zusammen mit ganz Hinterpommern unter polnische Verwaltung gestellt. Ein polnisches Verwaltungsbüro wurde im Dorf erst im Frühsommer 1946 eingerichtet. Das Gut behielt die Sowjetarmee bis 1957 in Besitz. Die polnische Verwaltung brachte für die Einwohner eine gewisse Verbesserung der Lebensumstände; der polnische Amtsvorsteher wird als "verhältnismäßig human" beschrieben. Die polnischen Behörden vertrieben bis Ende 1947 die deutsche Bevölkerung aus dem Dorf, mit Ausnahme von drei oder vier Familien, die später ausgesiedelt wurden.Der Kreis Rummelsburg. Ein Schicksalsbuch. Pommerscher Zentralverband, Lübeck 1985, S. 279–283.

Woblanse  erhielt den polnischen Namen Obłęże. Im Jahr 2008 lebten in dem Dorf 322 Einwohner.

Söhne und Töchter des Orts
 Kaspar Otto von Massow (1665–1736), preußischer Verwaltungsbeamter, Geheimer Etats- und Kriegsminister, Oberpräsident von Pommern
 Karl Friedrich Heinrich von Massow (1770–1851), preußischer Generalmajor, zuletzt Kommandeur des 18. Landwehr-Regiments
 Heinrich von Massow (1810–1896), preußischer Generalmajor, zuletzt Kommandant von Neisse

Verweise

Literatur
 Ludwig Wilhelm Brüggemann: Ausführliche Beschreibung des gegenwärtigen Zustandes des Königl. Preußischen Herzogtums Vor- und Hinterpommern. Teil II, Band 2, Stettin 1784, S. 813, Nr. 78.
 Eckard Witt: Woblanse, ein pommersches Dorf wird 700 Jahre – Obłęże, Wieś pomorska obchodzi 700-lecie. Paderborn 2001 (82 Seiten).

Weblinks
 Gunthard Stübs und Pommersche Forschungsgemeinschaft: Die Gemeinde Woblanse im ehemaligen Kreis Rummelsburg (2011).

Fußnoten

Ort in Pommern
Ort der Woiwodschaft Pommern
Gmina Kępice

Obłęże


Giuseppe Monterchi, né vers  à Rome et mort vers , est un antiquaire italien.

Biographie
Giuseppe Monterchi est garde du cabinet des médailles du cardinal Carpegna. Il en publie un choix sous le titre de Scelta de medaglioni più rari, etc., Rome, 1679, in-4°. Ce volume contient vingt-trois médailles, dont une d'Antinoüs et les autres de différents empereurs, depuis Antonin le Pieux jusqu'à Constantin ; il est inséré presque en entier, avec les gravures, dans le Giornale de' Letterati de Rome, même année. On attribue assez généralement les explications à Giovanni Pietro Bellori, par la raison que l'auteur parle, dans la neuvième, de sa description de la Colonne Antonine ; mais rien ne devait l'empêcher de mettre son nom à la tête de cet ouvrage s'il en eût été le véritable auteur ; et il est probable qu'il n'y a fourni que l'article qui a donné lieu aux conjectures des bibliographes. Il en a paru une traduction latine, avec le nom de Monterchi, Amsterdam, 1685, in-12 ; elle est moins rare que l'original italien.

Œuvres
 .

Notes

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Date de naissance incertaine (XVIIe siècle)
Naissance à Rome
Date de décès incertaine (XVIIe siècle)
Date de décès incertaine (XVIIIe siècle)
Antiquaire (sens ancien) du XVIIe siècle

Giuseppe Monterchi


The 1874 United Kingdom general election saw the incumbent Liberals, led by William Gladstone, lose decisively, even though their party won a majority of the votes cast.  Benjamin Disraeli's Conservatives won the majority of seats in the House of Commons, largely because they won a number of uncontested seats. It was the first Conservative victory in a general election since 1841.  Gladstone's decision to call an election surprised his colleagues, for they were aware of large sectors of discontent in their coalition. For example, the nonconformists were upset with education policies; many working-class people disliked the new trade union laws and the restrictions on drinking. The Conservatives were making gains in the middle-class, Gladstone wanted to abolish the income tax, but failed to carry his own cabinet. The result was a disaster for the Liberals, who went from 387 MPs to only 242. Conservatives jumped from 271 to 350. Gladstone himself noted: "We have been swept away in a torrent of gin and beer".

The election saw the Irish of the Home Rule League become a significant third party in Parliament, with 60 of 101 of the seats for Ireland. This had been the first general election that used a secret ballot following the 1872 Secret Ballot Act. The Irish Nationalist gains could well be attributed to the effects of the Secret Ballot Act, as tenants faced less of a threat of eviction if they voted against the wishes of their landlords. Also in this election, the first two working-class MPs were elected: Alexander MacDonald and Thomas Burt, both members of the Miners' Union, were elected as Liberal-Labour (Lib–Lab) MPs in Stafford and Morpeth, respectively.  The 1867 Reform Act eroded the legislative power of the rural gentry. The 1874 election, especially in Ireland, saw great landowners losing their county seats to tenant farmers.

This is the only time since the introduction of the secret ballot that a party has been defeated despite receiving an absolute majority of the popular vote. This was primarily because over 100 Conservative candidates were elected unopposed. This meant no votes were cast in those 100 places where the Conservative candidates were anticipated to be popular; in the seats where Liberal candidates did stand, they polled a high proportion of the vote on average.

The election saw 652 MPs elected, six fewer than at the previous election. Following allegations of corruption, the Conservative-held constituencies of Beverley and Sligo Borough, and the Liberal-held constituencies of Bridgwater and Cashel, had been abolished.

Results

|}

Voting summary

Seats summary

Regional results

Great Britain

England

Scotland

Wales

Ireland

Universities

See also
 List of MPs elected in the 1874 United Kingdom general election
 1874 United Kingdom general election in Ireland

Notes

References and further reading

 McIntyre, William David. "Disraeli's election blunder: The straits of Malacca issue in the 1874 election." Culture, Theory and Critique 5.1 (1961): 76-105.

 Roberts, Matthew. "Election Cartoons and Political Communication In Victorian England" Cultural & Social History (2013) 10#3 pp 369–395, covers 1860 to 1890.

1874 elections in the United Kingdom
General election
1874
January 1874 events
February 1874 events
Benjamin Disraeli
William Ewart Gladstone

1874 United Kingdom general election


A Batalha de Vestonice ou Batalha de Wisternitz ou Batalha de Dolní Věstonice foi travada em 5 de agosto de 1619 entre uma força da Morávia sob Friedrich von Tiefenbach (Teuffenbach) e um exército austríaco sob Henri de Dampierre. A batalha foi uma vitória da Morávia. A batalha faz parte da Guerra dos Trinta Anos.

Budweis (České Budějovice) foi uma das três cidades que permaneceram leais ao imperador austríaco quando a Boêmia se revoltou. Após a vitória austríaca em Sablat, os boêmios foram forçados a levantar o cerco de České Budějovice. Em 15 de junho de 1619, Georg Friedrich de Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Weikersheim retirou-se para Soběslav, onde esperou o reforço do conde Heinrich Matthias von Thurn.

Depois de assumir o controle dos lugares fortes do sul da Boêmia, o imperador Fernando II enviou uma força sob Dampierre para a Morávia, que havia escolhido o lado dos rebeldes boêmios. No entanto, Dampierre foi derrotado em Dolní Věstonice (alemão: Wisternitz) pelas forças da Morávia sob von Tiefenbach (irmão de Rudolf von Tiefenbach) e Ladislav Velen ze Žerotína em agosto de 1619, o que deixou a Morávia no campo da Boêmia.

Referências

Guerra dos Trinta Anos

Batalha de Vestonice


අයිරිස් මල් දත්ත කට්ටලය හෝ ෆිෂර්ගේ අයිරිස් දත්ත කට්ටලය යනු බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සංඛ්‍යාලේඛනඥයෙකු සහ ජීව විද්‍යාඥයෙකු වන රොනල්ඩ් ෆිෂර් විසින් 1936 දී ඔහුගේ 1936 පත්‍රිකාවේ භාවිතා කර ප්‍රසිද්ධියට පත් කරන ලද බහුවිචල්‍ය දත්ත සමූහයකි .  එය සමහර විට ඇන්ඩර්සන්ගේ අයිරිස් දත්ත කට්ටලය ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලබන්නේ එඩ්ගා ඇන්ඩර්සන් විසින් අදාළ විශේෂ තුනක අයිරිස් මල් වල රූප විද්‍යාත්මක විචලනය ගණනය කිරීමට දත්ත රැස් කළ බැවිනි.  විශේෂ තුනෙන් දෙකක් ගස්පේ අර්ධද්වීපයේ "සියල්ලම එකම තණබිම් වලින් එකතු කරන ලද අතර, එකම දිනක නෙළා එකම උපකරණයක් ඇති එකම පුද්ගලයා විසින් එකම වේලාවක මනිනු ලැබේ".

දත්ත කට්ටලය Iris විශේෂ තුනෙන් ( Iris setosa, Iris virginica සහ Iris versicolor ) සාම්පල 50කින් සමන්විත වේ. එක් එක් සාම්පලයෙන් ලක්ෂණ හතරක් මනිනු ලැබේ: සීපල් සහ පෙති වල දිග සහ පළල, සෙන්ටිමීටර වලින්. මෙම ලක්ෂණ හතරේ එකතුව මත පදනම්ව, ෆිෂර් විසින් විශේෂයන් එකිනෙකින් වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා රේඛීය වෙනස්කම් කිරීමේ ආකෘතියක් නිර්මාණය කරන ලදී. ෆිෂර්ගේ පත්‍රිකාව Anals of Eugenics හි ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද අතර phrenology ක්ෂේත්‍රයට අන්තර්ගත තාක්ෂණික ක්‍රම පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡාව ඇතුළත් වේ.

ෆිෂර්ගේ රේඛීය වෙනස්කම් විශ්ලේෂණය යෙදූ උදාහරණ දත්ත කට්ටලයක් ලෙස මුලින් භාවිතා කරන ලදී, එය ආධාරක දෛශික යන්ත්‍ර වැනි යන්ත්‍ර ඉගෙනීමේ බොහෝ සංඛ්‍යාන වර්ගීකරණ ශිල්පීය ක්‍රම සඳහා සාමාන්‍ය පරීක්ෂණ අවස්ථාවක් බවට පත්විය.

කෙසේ වෙතත්, පොකුරු විශ්ලේෂණයේදී මෙම දත්ත කට්ටලය භාවිතා කිරීම සාමාන්‍ය දෙයක් නොවේ, මන්ද දත්ත කට්ටලය තුළ ඇත්තේ තරමක් පැහැදිලි වෙන්වීමක් සහිත පොකුරු දෙකක් පමණි. එක් පොකුරක Iris setosa අඩංගු වන අතර අනෙක් පොකුරේ Iris virginica සහ Iris versicolor යන දෙකම අඩංගු වන අතර Fisher භාවිතා කරන විශේෂ තොරතුරු නොමැතිව වෙන් කළ නොහැක. දත්ත කැණීමේදී අධීක්‍ෂණය කළ සහ අධීක්‍ෂණය නොකළ ශිල්පීය ක්‍රම අතර වෙනස පැහැදිලි කිරීමට දත්ත හොඳ ආදර්ශයක් සපයයි: ෆිෂර්ගේ රේඛීය වෙනස්කම් කිරීමේ ආකෘතිය ලබා ගත හැක්කේ වස්තු විශේෂ දන්නා විට පමණි: පන්ති ලේබල් සහ පොකුරු අනිවාර්යයෙන්ම සමාන නොවේ.

එසේ වුවද, රේඛීය නොවන සහ අතු බෙදී යන ප්‍රධාන සංරචකය මත ප්‍රක්ෂේපණයේදී Iris විශේෂ තුනම වෙන් කළ හැකිය.  දත්ත කට්ටලය ආසන්නතම ගසකින් ආසන්න වශයෙන් නෝඩ් ගණන, නැමීම සහ දිගු කිරීම සඳහා යම් දඬුවමක් ඇත. එවිට ඊනියා "මෙට්රෝ සිතියම" ඉදිකරනු ලැබේ.  දත්ත ලක්ෂ්‍ය ආසන්නතම නෝඩයට ප්‍රක්ෂේපණය කෙරේ. එක් එක් නෝඩ් සඳහා ප්රක්ෂේපිත ලක්ෂ්යවල පයි රූප සටහන සකස් කර ඇත. පයි ප්රදේශය ප්රක්ෂේපිත ලක්ෂ්ය ගණනට සමානුපාතික වේ. විවිධ අයිරිස් විශේෂවල සාම්පලවල නිරපේක්ෂ බහුතරය විවිධ නෝඩ් වලට අයත් බව රූප සටහනෙන් (වමේ) පැහැදිලිය. Iris-virginica හි කුඩා කොටසක් පමණක් Iris-versicolor (රූප සටහනේ මිශ්‍ර නිල්-කොළ නෝඩ්) සමඟ මිශ්‍ර කර ඇත. එබැවින්, Iris විශේෂ තුන ( Iris setosa, Iris virginica සහ Iris versicolor ) රේඛීය නොවන ප්‍රධාන සංරචක විශ්ලේෂණයේ අධීක්ෂණ ක්‍රියා පටිපාටි මගින් වෙන් කළ හැකිය. ඒවා වෙනස් කොට සැලකීමට, ප්‍රධාන ගසෙහි අනුරූප නෝඩ් තෝරා ගැනීම පමණක් ප්‍රමාණවත් වේ.

යන්ත්‍ර ඉගෙනීමේ අරමුණු සඳහා ආරම්භක දත්ත කට්ටලයක් ලෙස අයිරිස් දත්ත කට්ටලය බහුලව භාවිතා වේ. දත්ත කට්ටලය R පාදයේ සහ Python යන්ත්‍ර ඉගෙනුම් පුස්තකාලයේ Sikit-Learn හි ඇතුළත් කර ඇත, එවිට පරිශීලකයින්ට ඒ සඳහා මූලාශ්‍රයක් සොයා නොගෙන ප්‍රවේශ විය හැක.

දත්ත කට්ටලයේ අනුවාද කිහිපයක් ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කර ඇත.

R කේතය භාවිතය නිදර්ශනය කරයි
# Show the dataset
iris
# Show the help page, with information about the dataset
?iris

# Create scatterplots of all pairwise combination of the 4 variables in the dataset
pairs(iris[1:4], main="Iris Data (red=setosa,green=versicolor,blue=virginica)",
   pch=21, bg=c("red","green3","blue")[unclass(iris$Species)])

භාවිතය නිදර්ශනය කරන Python කේතය
from sklearn.datasets import load_iris

iris = load_iris()
irisමෙම කේතය ලබා දෙන්නේ:{'data': array([[5.1, 3.5, 1.4, 0.2],
        [4.9, 3., 1.4, 0.2],
        [4.7, 3.2, 1.3, 0.2],
        [4.6, 3.1, 1.5, 0.2],...
'target': array([0, 0, 0, ... 1, 1, 1, ... 2, 2, 2, ...
'target_names': array(['setosa', 'versicolor', 'virginica'], dtype='<U10'),
...}

 සම්භාව්ය දත්ත කට්ටල
 යන්ත්‍ර ඉගෙනුම් පර්යේෂණ සඳහා දත්ත කට්ටල ලැයිස්තුව

යොමු කිරීම්

බාහිර සබැඳි

Iris මල් දත්ත කට්ටලය


In atomic physics, the effective nuclear charge is the actual amount of positive (nuclear) charge experienced by an electron in a multi-electron atom. The term "effective" is used because the shielding effect of negatively charged electrons prevent higher energy electrons from experiencing the full nuclear charge of the nucleus due to the repelling effect of inner layer. The effective nuclear charge experienced by an electron is also called the core charge. It is possible to determine the strength of the nuclear charge by the oxidation number of the atom. Most of the physical and chemical properties of the elements can be explained on the basis of electronic configuration. Consider the behavior of ionization energies in the periodic table. It is known that the magnitude of ionization potential depends upon the following factors:

 Size of atom;
 The nuclear charge;
 The screening effect of the inner shells, and
 The extent to which the outermost electron penetrates into the charge cloud set up by the inner lying electron.

In the periodic table, effective nuclear charge decreases down a group and increases left to right across a period.

Description
The effective atomic number Zeff, (sometimes referred to as the effective nuclear charge) of an atom is the number of protons that an electron in the element effectively 'sees' due to screening by inner-shell electrons. It is a measure of the electrostatic interaction between the negatively charged electrons and positively charged protons in the atom. One can view the electrons in an atom as being 'stacked' by energy outside the nucleus; the lowest energy electrons (such as the 1s and 2s electrons) occupy the space closest to the nucleus, and electrons of higher energy are located further from the nucleus.

The binding energy of an electron, or the energy needed to remove the electron from the atom, is a function of the electrostatic interaction between the negatively charged electrons and the positively charged nucleus. For instance, in iron (atomic number 26) the nucleus contains 26 protons. The electrons that are closest to the nucleus will 'see' nearly all of them. However, electrons further away are screened from the nucleus by other electrons in between, and feel less electrostatic interaction as a result. The 1s electron of iron (the closest one to the nucleus) sees an effective atomic number (number of protons) of 25. The reason why it is not 26 is that some of the electrons in the atom end up repelling the others, giving a net lower electrostatic interaction with the nucleus. One way of envisioning this effect is to imagine the 1s electron sitting on one side of the 26 protons in the nucleus, with another electron sitting on the other side; each electron will feel less than the attractive force of 26 protons because the other electron contributes a repelling force. The 4s electrons in iron, which are furthest from the nucleus, feel an effective atomic number of only 5.43 because of the 25 electrons in between it and the nucleus screening the charge.

Effective atomic numbers are useful not only in understanding why electrons further from the nucleus are so much more weakly bound than those closer to the nucleus, but also because they can tell us when to use simplified methods of calculating other properties and interactions. For instance, lithium, atomic number 3, has two electrons in the 1s shell and one in the 2s shell. Because the two 1s electrons screen the protons to give an effective atomic number for the 2s electron close to 1, we can treat this 2s valence electron with a hydrogenic model.

Mathematically, the effective atomic number Zeff can be calculated using methods known as "self-consistent field" calculations, but in simplified situations is just taken as the atomic number minus the number of electrons between the nucleus and the electron being considered.

Calculations

In an atom with one electron, that electron experiences the full charge of the positive nucleus.  In this case, the effective nuclear charge can be calculated by Coulomb's law.

However, in an atom with many electrons, the outer electrons are simultaneously attracted to the positive nucleus and repelled by the negatively charged electrons. The effective nuclear charge on such an electron is given by the following equation:

where
Z is the number of protons in the nucleus (atomic number), and
S is the shielding constant.

S can be found by the systematic application of various rule sets.

Slater's rules

The simplest method for determining the shielding constant for a given electron is the use of "Slater's rules" (named after John C. Slater). These algebraic rules are significantly simpler than finding shielding constants using ab initio calculation.

Hartree–Fock method

A more theoretically justified method is to calculate the shielding constant using the Hartree-Fock method. Douglas Hartree defined the effective Z of a Hartree–Fock orbital to be:

where
 is the mean radius of the orbital for hydrogen, and
 is the mean radius of the orbital for a proton configuration with nuclear charge Z.

Values
Updated effective nuclear charge values were provided by Clementi et al. in 1963 and 1967. In their work, screening constants were optimized to produce effective nuclear charge values that agree with SCF calculations. Though useful as a predictive model, the resulting screening constants contain little chemical insight as a qualitative model of atomic structure.

Comparison with nuclear charge

Nuclear charge is the electric charge of a nucleus of an atom, equal to the number of protons in the nucleus times the elementary charge. In contrast, the effective nuclear charge is the attractive positive charge of nuclear protons acting on valence electrons, which is always less than the total number of protons present in a nucleus due to the shielding effect.

See also
 Atomic orbitals
 Core charge
 d-block contraction (or scandide contraction)
 Electronegativity
 Lanthanide contraction
 Shielding effect
 Slater-type orbitals
 Valence electrons
 Weak charge

References

Resources

Brown, Theodore; intekhab khan, H.E.; & Bursten, Bruce (2002). Chemistry: The Central Science (8th revised edition). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Prentice-Hall. .

Chemical bonding

Effective nuclear charge


Daniel Paul Federici (January 23, 1950 – April 17, 2008) was an American musician, best known as the organ, glockenspiel, and accordion player and a founding member of Bruce Springsteen's E Street Band. In 2014, Federici was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the E Street Band.

Career
Federici started to play accordion when he was seven years old, which he learned from watching The Lawrence Welk Show. When he mastered classical music and polka, his mother booked him at parties, clubs and on radio. While he continued his studies in classical accordion, he gained an interest in jazz and blues, after he heard a professor at the Neupauer Conservatory of Music in Philadelphia play those styles on accordion.

During in-concert band intros, Springsteen often referred to him as "Phantom", sometimes said to be because of an incident in Asbury Park in the 1960s where Federici evaded a police crackdown that resulted in the arrest of numerous others. Federici attended Hunterdon Central High School in New Jersey. When he, along with Vini Lopez, started the band Child at the end of the 1960s, their choice for a singer fell on Bruce Springsteen; Federici also joined Springsteen in other early efforts such as Steel Mill.

Federici's organ fills are a key component in the E Street sound, and sometimes take on a more prominent role, such as on the hit "Hungry Heart". He pioneered the trademark E Street glockenspiel sound with a rare keyboard glockenspiel known as a Jenco Celestette, which Danny would perch atop his Hammond B3 Organ. The design is unique in that there are resonator tubes similar to those of vibes protruding vertically from the top in staggered lengths resembling calliope or organ pipes, amplifying the horizontal xylophone-like bell bars below which were struck by keyboard actuated hammers much like a piano's. He subsequently used electronic keyboards to simulate the glockenspiel sound. Another notable performance is his accordion solo on "4th of July, Asbury Park (Sandy)". It was reported in an interview in Backstreets Magazine that Federici did not have the best working relationship while playing with pianist David Sancious in the early days of the E Street Band, because Sancious would comment on Federici's parts and constantly tell him what to play and what not to play. Keyboard Magazine published an article in 2008 detailing the instrumentation Danny used.

During the long time the E Street Band was inactive during the 1990s, Federici played with Country/Americana act Diamondback, releasing one record with Diamondback during this period, "Ragin Wind". Federici's haunting accordion and B3 work became an integral component of their Southern Rock sound, and he co-wrote several tracks with lead singer Franklin Jenkins. During this time Federici recorded a solo album of jazz instrumentals called Flemington, after his hometown of Flemington, New Jersey. E-Street bandmates, bassist Garry Tallent and guitarist Nils Lofgren supplied backup on the album. This was originally released on Deadeye Records (which he co-owned with Diamondback members Jenkins and Ben Arrington), then picked up by Music Masters Jazz label in 1997; it was later re-worked and re-issued as Danny Federici on Hip-O Records in 2001. Federici followed this up with a smooth jazz album Sweet, self-released on Backstreets.com in 2004; it was re-issued as Out of a Dream on V2 Records in 2005. Federici performed on other artists' records as well, including those of Joan Armatrading, Graham Parker, Gary U.S. Bonds and Garland Jeffreys.

Illness and death
On November 21, 2007, it was announced that Federici would take a leave of absence from Springsteen and the E Street Band's ongoing Magic Tour to pursue treatment for melanoma, and was temporarily replaced by veteran musician Charles Giordano. Springsteen stated at the time: "Danny is one of the pillars of our sound and has played beside me as a great friend for more than 40 years. We all eagerly await his healthy and speedy return." Federici made his only return to the stage on March 20, 2008, when he appeared for portions of a Springsteen and E Street Band performance at Conseco Fieldhouse in Indianapolis. Federici died on April 17, 2008, at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, having suffered for three years with melanoma. Springsteen's album Working on a Dream is dedicated to him. Federici's final show with the band on November 19, 2007, was released as an archival recording on nugs.net. Federici was featured as soloist on organ and accordion more than he usually was, and Springsteen gives a special introduction to him, to great audience response.

The Danny Federici Melanoma Fund
The Danny Federici Melanoma Fund was started after his death, and is dedicated to the research and development of treatments for melanoma through funding for clinical trials at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York. The fund also aims to help raise awareness for the disease.

On July 15, 2008, Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band, through Columbia Records, released an EP of audio and video tracks for digital download, entitled Magic Tour Highlights, with all proceeds going to the fund. The tracks are taken from the Magic Tour, and feature a performance of "4th of July, Asbury Park (Sandy)" from Federici's final March 20 Indianapolis appearance with the band.

Tours with Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band
Various tours, 1972–1974
Born to Run tours, 1974–1977
Darkness Tour, 1978–1979
The River Tour, 1980–1981
Born in the U.S.A. Tour, 1984–1985
Tunnel of Love Express Tour, 1988
Human Rights Now! Amnesty International Tour, 1988
Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band Reunion Tour, 1999–2000
The Rising Tour, 2002–2003
Vote for Change Tour, 2004
Magic Tour, 2007–2008

Discography

Solo releases
 Flemington (1997)
 Danny Federici (2001)
 Sweet (2004)
 Out of a Dream (2005)

Bruce Springsteen
 The Wild, the Innocent & the E Street Shuffle (1973)
 Born to Run (1975) (Title track only.)
 Darkness on the Edge of Town (1978)
 The River (1980)
 Born in the U.S.A. (1984)
 Live/1975–85 (1986)
 Tunnel of Love (1987)
 Chimes of Freedom (1988)
 Greatest Hits (1995)
 Blood Brothers (1996)
 Tracks (1998)
 18 Tracks (1999)
 Live in New York City (2001)
 The Rising (2002)
 The Essential Bruce Springsteen (2003)
 Hammersmith Odeon London '75 (2006)
 Magic (2007)
 Magic Tour Highlights (2008) (Posthumous release)
 The Promise (2010) (Posthumous release)
 High Hopes (2014) (Posthumous release)

References

External links
 Official Site of the Danny Federici Melanoma Fund
 Interview with Chorus and Verse (Oct. 2005)
 Interview with Chorus and Verse (June 2002)

1950 births
2008 deaths
E Street Band members
American male organists
American accordionists
Musicians from New Jersey
Jersey Shore musicians
People from Flemington, New Jersey
American people of Italian descent
Deaths from melanoma
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Hunterdon Central Regional High School alumni
20th-century accordionists
21st-century American keyboardists
20th-century American keyboardists
20th-century American male musicians
American organists
Steel Mill members

Danny Federici


Heberberg bezeichnet:

 einen Berg im Heber, siehe Heber (Höhenzug)
 ein Naturschutzgebiet auf dem Heber, siehe Heberberg (Naturschutzgebiet)

Heberberg


L'église Saint-Martin est une église disparue autrefois située à l'emplacement de la place Gutenberg à Strasbourg, dans le Bas-Rhin. Construite au , elle est en grande partie, voire totalement, reconstruite vers 1372 avant d'être rasée en 1529 pour agrandir la place.

Historique
D'après la légende, l'église est fondée en 513 par Clotilde, reine des Francs. Aucun élément n'a toutefois été trouvé accréditant ce récit : la première mention de l'édifice date au plus tôt de 1129, ce qui correspond approximativement à la datation des éléments découverts par l'archéologie, pointant vers la deuxième moitié du . Vers le milieu du  il est question d'agrandir l'église et une chapelle est construite dans le cimetière en 1260. Les projets d'agrandissement n'ont peut-être pas été menés à terme, ou bien ils se sont révélés insuffisants, car l'église est en grande partie ou totalement détruite vers 1372 afin d'être reconstruite en plus grand. Cette transformation s'inscrit dans un mouvement plus large de renouvellement des églises strasbourgeoises, Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux et Saint-Nicolas étant également reconstruites à la même époque.

À partir de 1526, le Magistrat envisage de démolir l'église afin de permettre l'agrandissement de la place Saint-Martin et de la Pfalz. La destruction est finalement effectuée pendant l'hiver 1529. Les travaux de creusement du parking souterrain de la place Gutenberg en 1974 ont permis de mettre au jour les fondations et de réaliser des observations archéologiques. Le manque de coopération des autorités locales et la volonté de réaliser les travaux le plus rapidement possible ont toutefois empêché la réalisation de fouilles approfondies, certaines parties du site ayant par ailleurs été détruites avant même l'intervention des archéologues.

Architecture
L'apparence de l'édifice du  est presque totalement inconnue. L'église de 1372 est en revanche un peu mieux connue, grâce aux sources plus nombreuses ainsi qu'au résultat des observations archéologiques. Celle-ci disposait de deux tours jumelles disposées de part et d'autre du chœur ou de la façade occidentale, cette dernière hypothèse étant plus probable. La nef, large d'environ , était précédée d'un narthex de trois travées et était probablement charpentée ou lambrissée en raison de l'absence de tout contrefort le long de ses murs. À l'inverse le chœur et les deux chapelles qui le flanquaient étaient voûtés.

Références

Annexes

Bibliographie
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .

Articles connexes
 Chancellerie de Strasbourg
 Neue Bau
 Pfalz

Bâtiment détruit à Strasbourg
Église dans le Bas-Rhin
Église dédiée à saint Martin
Église fondée au XIIe siècle

Église Saint-Martin de Strasbourg (XIIe siècle)


A equipa de ciclismo profissional britânico Ineos Grenadiers tem tido durante toda a sua história as seguintes vitórias:

Sky Professional Cycling Team

2010

UCI World Calendar

Circuitos Continentais da UCI

Campeonatos nacionais

Sky Procycling

2011

UCI WorldTour

Circuitos Continentais da UCI

Campeonatos nacionais

2012

UCI WorldTour

Circuitos Continentais da UCI

Jogos Olímpicos

Campeonatos nacionais

2013

UCI WorldTour

Circuitos Continentais da UCI

Campeonatos nacionais

Team Sky

2014

UCI WorldTour

Circuitos Continentais da UCI

Campeonato Mundial

Campeonatos nacionais

2015

UCI WorldTour

Circuitos Continentais da UCI

Campeonatos nacionais

Campeonato Mundial

Jogos Europeus

2016

UCI WorldTour

Circuitos Continentais da UCI

Campeonatos nacionais

2017

UCI WorldTour

Circuitos Continentais da UCI

Campeonatos nacionais

2018

UCI WorldTour

Circuitos Continentais da UCI

Campeonatos nacionais

Team INEOS

2019

UCI WorldTour

Circuitos Continentais da UCI

Campeonatos nacionais

Jogos Europeus

Ineos Grenadiers

2020

UCI WorldTour

UCI ProSeries

Circuitos Continentais da UCI

Campeonatos nacionais

Campeonato Mundial

2021

UCI WorldTour

UCI ProSeries

Circuitos Continentais da UCI

Campeonatos nacionais

Campeonato Mundial

Jogos Olímpicos

2022

UCI WorldTour

UCI ProSeries

Circuitos Continentais da UCI

Campeonatos nacionais

Grandes Voltas

 Tour de France (7) 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019

 Giro d'Italia (3) 2018, 2020, 2021

 Volta a Espanha (1) 2017

Ver também

 Modelos do Ineos Grenadiers.

Referências

Ineos Grenadiers, Palmarés

Palmarés da Team INEOS


Krishnarajpet (en canarés: ಕೃಷ್ಣರಾಜಪೇಟೆ ) es una ciudad de la India en el distrito de Mandya, estado de Karnataka.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 818  a 163 km de la capital estatal, Bangalore, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2011 contaba con una población de 26 853 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth.

Localidades de Karnataka

Krishnarajpet


An Mormolyca richii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Dodson, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Mario Alberto Blanco. An Mormolyca richii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Mormolyca, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mormolyca

Mormolyca richii


A newsletter is a printed or electronic report containing news concerning the activities of a business  or an organization that is sent to its members, customers, employees or other subscribers. Newsletters generally contain one main topic of interest to its recipients. A newsletter may be considered grey literature. E-newsletters are delivered electronically via e-mail and can be viewed as spamming if e-mail marketing is sent unsolicited.

The newsletter is the most common form of serial publication. About two-thirds of newsletters are internal publications, aimed towards employees and volunteers, while about one-third are external publications, aimed towards advocacy or special interest groups.

History
In ancient Rome, newsletters were exchanged between officials or friends. By the Middle Ages, they were exchanged between merchant families. Trader's newsletters covered various topics such as the availability and pricing of goods, political news, and other events that would influence trade. These commercial newsletters were in effect, the first "serious" outlet for news publishing, from which evolved newspapers.

The first full "newspaper" was Relation of Strasbourg, printed in 1609 by Johann Carolus. Many rivals soon followed, such as the German Avisa Relation oder Zeitung and the Dutch Nieuwe Tijdingen. By the end of the 17th century, several newspapers were established all across Europe, and were often translated into other languages. By the late 17th century, several governments were censoring newspapers, which harmed their development. Wars, like the Thirty Years' War, also imposed restrictions on trade, which could lead to shortage of paper in addition to censorship.

Government censorship remains in effect in several countries to this day, although several countries now have laws guaranteeing freedom of the press.

Modern newsletters
Modern newsletters are usually created and distributed electronically by companies, organizations or individuals.

Newsletter marketing is a form of direct-to-consumer advertising. This is used by companies that want to send information directly to potential and existing customers. When received unsolicited, they can be seen as spam.

Newsletters are also used by organizations to inform their members of ongoing developments.

Writing and distributing personal newsletters by individuals can be observed since the late 2010s in the advent of  social networking services. Due to the way the algorithms on such services work, followers may not see the updates someone posts.

Production
Many paper newsletters are letter-size pamphlets, sometimes made of side- or corner-stapled letter-size paper, sometimes of saddle-stitched (stapled) tabloid paper.

Until the early 20th century, newsletters were generally produced by letterpress. The development of spirit duplicators and mimeograph machines in the early 20th century made short-run reproduction more economical. In the 1960s, xerographic photocopying became ubiquitous.

See also
 Advertising
 Periodical
 Serial

References

Further reading

Newsletters
Publications by format
Grey literature

Newsletter


Olaylar

Doğumlar
 Gentile Bellini, Rönesans döneminde Venedik'te yaşamış, Venedik Cumhuriyeti tarafından Fatih Sultan Mehmet'in portresini yapmak üzere İstanbul'a gönderilmiş İtalyan ressam (ö. 1507).
 Şeyh Hamdullah, Türk hattat (ö. 1526)

Ölümler
 25 Ağustos - I. Çandarlı İbrahim Paşa, Osmanlı sadrazamı
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 I. Carlo Tocco, Epir despotu
 II. Yakub Bey, Germiyanoğulları Beyi
 IV. Aleksios, Trabzon İmparatorluğu imparatoru (d. 1382)
 Andronikos Paleologos, Bizans prensi (d. 1400)
 Hacı İvaz Paşa, Osmanlı devlet adamı, asker, mimar
 Gıyaseddin Cemşid, hekim, matematikçi ve gök bilimci (d. 1380)
 İbn-i Cezerî, İslam alimi, tarihçi ve yazar (d. 1350)

1429


Prague ABD'nin Oklahoma eyâletinde Lincoln County bölgesinde bir şehir. 2000 yılı sayımlarına göre nüfusu 2.138'dir.

Prague şehrininin kuruluşu bölgeye gelen Çek göçmenler tarafından olmuştur. Bu ismi Çekya'daki Prag'dan almıştır. Her yılın Mayıs ayının ilk Cumartesi gübü "Kolache Festival"'i olarak kutlanır. Bu festival eski yurtlarındaki kültürlerinden gelmektedir. Bu kültüre dair belgelerin olduğu "Prague Tarih Müzesi"'nin de bulunduğu şehrin en önemli caddesi şehirden çıkmış Olimpiyat Şampiyonu atlet Jim Thorpe'un adını taşımaktadır.

Oklahoma'daki şehirler

Prague, Oklahoma


Bleach Sezonul 13 – Zanpakuto: Povestea Alternativă (2009-2010)

Episoadele din sezonul treisprezece al seriei anime Bleach se bazează pe seria manga Bleach de Tite Kubo. Sezonul treisprezece din Bleach, serie de anime, este regizat de Noriyuki Abe și produs de Studioul Pierrot și TV Tokyo și a început să fie difuzat pe data de 28 iulie 2009 la TV Tokyo și s-a încheiat la data de 6 aprilie 2010.

Episoadele din sezonul treisprezece al seriei anime Bleach fac referire la un complot nou cu un set de evenimente în care săbiile shinigamilor, zanpakuto, își asumă forme umane și declară război împotriva stăpânilor lor, condus de un om misterios numit Muramasa, care este un fost zanpakuto.

Lista episoadelor

Referințe

Bleach
Liste cu episoade anime
Sezoane de televiziune din 2009
Sezoane de televiziune din 2010

Bleach (sezonul 13)


Tortura cu bambus este o presupusă metodă de tortură și de execuție în care o plantă de bambus este lăsată să crească prin corpul victimei. Unele surse susțin că acest tip de tortură a fost aplicat în trecut în Asia de Sud și de Est, dar nu există dovezi credibile.

Presupusa utilizare

Un "cetățean din Madras", în călătoria sa din 1820 prin India, menționa că acest mod de utilizare a bambusului era o pedeapsă binecunoscută in Ceylon.

După cel de-al doilea Război Mondial, au apărut istorioare despre cum soldații japonezi aplicau "tortura cu bambus" asupra prizonierilor de război americani și aliați, victimele fiind legate strâns direct deasupra unui fir de bambus abia răsărit. Pe parcursul câtorva zile, firul ascuțit ar crește rapid, mai întâi străpungând corpul victimei, apoi făcându-și loc printre carne și organele interne, în cele din urmă ieșind pe cealaltă parte. Poeta și autoarea chineză Woon-Ping Chin, în memoriile sale Hakka Soul, menționa "tortura cu bambus" ca una din metodele pe care localnicii credeau că japonezii le aplică asupra prizonierilor.

În cadrul unui episod din 2008 al programului TV MythBusters, a fost investigată posibilitatea torturării cu bambus și s-a demonstrat că bambusul poate, într-adevăr, să străpungă câțiva țoli de  în trei zile. Gelatina balistică este considerată ca având o structură asemănătoare cu carnea de om, iar experimentul a susținut, astfel, viabilitatea acestei metode de tortură, nu și autenticitatea sa istorică.

Tragerea în țeapă a persoanelor utilizând plante aflate în creștere este o poveste care a mai fost înregistrată în secolul al XIX-lea, atunci când malaezienii susțineau că siamezii foloseau, printre alte pedepse, tortura cu palmierul  în loc de bambus, în timpul  în 1821.

Note

Tortură

Tortură cu bambus


The Basketball Diaries is a 1978 memoir written by author and musician Jim Carroll. It is an edited collection of the diaries he kept between the ages of twelve and sixteen.  Set in New York City, they detail his daily life, sexual experiences, high school basketball career, poetry compositions, the counterculture movement, and especially his addiction to heroin, which began when he was 13.

The book was made into a film of the same name in 1995 starring Leonardo DiCaprio as Jim Carroll and Mark Wahlberg as Mickey. Roger Ebert noted in his 1995 review of the adaptation that Carroll's original memoir "struck a personal note, of a kid who despite his suffering tried to turn his experience into poetry".

Carroll followed up this memoir with a sequel of sorts called The Downtown Diaries which follows his relocation to California and his efforts to end his heroin addiction.

References

1978 non-fiction books
American memoirs
Memoirs adapted into films
Works originally published in The Paris Review
Non-fiction books about drugs
Books about musicians
Books about writers

The Basketball Diaries (book)


මදරාසපට්ටිනම් () යනු ඒ. එල්. විජයි විසින් රචනය සහ අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද 2010 ඉන්දියානු දෙමළ කාලාන්තර නාට්‍ය චිත්‍රපටයකි. චිත්‍රපටයේ ප්‍රධාන චරිත නිරූපණය කරන්නේ ආර්යා සහ ඒමි ජැක්සන් විසිනි. එසේම නසර්, කොචින් හනීෆා සහ ඇලෙක්ස් ඕ'නෙල් ද මෙහි වැදගත් චරිත නිරූපණයක් සිදු කරති. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය 2010 ජූලි 9 දින මුදාහැරිණි. පසුව මෙය තෙලිඟු බසින් හඬකවා ආන්ධ්‍ර ප්‍රදේශයේ මුදාහැරුණේ 1947: අ ලව් ස්ටෝරි යන නමිනි.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

බාහිර සබැඳි

ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍රපට
දෙමළ-භාෂා චිත්‍රපට
ඉන්දියානු ඓතිහාසික චිත්‍රපට
1947 පසුබිමෙහි නිර්මාණය වූ චිත්‍රපට
2010 චිත්‍රපට
බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජ් පසුබිමෙහි නිර්මාණය වූ චිත්‍රපට
ඒ. එල්. විජයි අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කළ චිත්‍රපට
ජී. වී. ප්‍රකාශ් කුමාර්ගේ දෙමළ චිත්‍රපට ස්වරමාලා
2010 දශකය තුළ දෙමළ-භාෂා චිත්‍රපට
ලන්ඩනය පසුබිමෙහි නිර්මාණය වූ චිත්‍රපට
ලන්ඩනයේ රූගත වූ චිත්‍රපට
චෙන්නායි පසුබිමෙහි නිර්මාණය වූ චිත්‍රපට
චෙන්නායිහි රූගත වූ චිත්‍රපට

මද්‍රාසපට්ටිනම්


La Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Ucrania (ucraniano: Національна академія наук України (НАНУ), Natsional'na akademiya nauk Ukrayiny (NANU)) es una organización científica nacional de Ucrania que se dedica a investigar tales áreas, como ciencias naturales, humanidades, ciencias sociales e ingeniería. Su presidium se encuentra en Kiev.

Nombres
La academia ha cambiado de nombre un número de veces:
 Academia de Ciencias de Ucrania - Українська академія наук (УАН) (1918-1921)
 Academia de Ciencias Panucraniana - Всеукраїнська академія наук (ВУАН) (1921—1936)
 Academia de Ciencias de la RSS de Ucrania - Академія наук УРСР (1936—1991)
 Academia de Ciencias de Ucrania - Академія наук України (1991—1993)
 Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Ucrania - Національна академія наук України (desde 1994)

Véase también
 Anexo:Miembros de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Ucrania

Historia
Fue fundada el 27 de noviembre de 1918 por el gobierno del hetman Pavló Skoropadski. El primer presidente de la academia fue Vladímir Vernadski y entre los primeros académicos estuvieron Mijaíl Tugán-Baranovski y Stephen Timoshenko.

Referencias
 Información general de la Academia (en inglés)
 Historia de la Academia (en ruso)

Enlaces externos
 Sitio oficial (en ucraniano, ruso e inglés)

Ciencia y tecnología de Ucrania
Cultura de la Unión Soviética
Ciencia y tecnología de la Unión Soviética
Organizaciones fundadas en 1918
Ciencia de 1918
Cultura de Kiev
Sociedades científicas de Ucrania


La Cambe is a Second World War German military war grave cemetery, located close to the American landing beach of Omaha, and  north west of Bayeux in Normandy, France. It is the largest German war cemetery in Normandy and contains the remains of over 21,200 German military personnel. Initially, American and German dead were buried in adjacent fields but American dead were later disinterred and either returned to the US or re-interred at the Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial,  away. After the war over 12,000 German dead were moved from approximately 1,400 field burials across Normandy to La Cambe. The cemetery is maintained and managed by the voluntary German War Graves Commission (Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge).

History
La Cambe was originally the site of a battlefield cemetery created on 10 June 1944 by the 607th Quartermaster Graves Registration Company during the Battle of Normandy. American and German soldiers, sailors and airmen were buried in two adjacent fields.

Following the end of the war in Europe in May 1945, the American Battle Monuments Commission began exhuming the remains of American servicemen and transferring them in accordance with the wishes of their families. Beginning in 1945, the Americans transferred two-thirds of their fallen from this site back to the United States while the remainder were re-interred at the new permanent American Cemetery and Memorial at Colleville-sur-Mer, which overlooks the Omaha Beach landing site.

Due to the rapid advance of the Allies during the latter stage of the Normandy campaign, German war dead were scattered over a wide area, many of them buried in isolated field graves or small battlefield cemeteries. In the years following the war, the German War Graves Commission (Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge) sought to establish six main German cemeteries in the Normandy area.

Formation
La Cambe, as an existing site of German war dead with over 8,000 interments, was already informally cared for by the German War Graves Commission, was a natural choice for one of the six formal sites. After the signing in 1954 of the Franco-German Treaty on War Graves, La Cambe was formally cared for, allowing the remains of 12,000 German soldiers to be moved in from 1,400 locations in the French departments of Manche, Calvados and the Orne.

In 1954, the Franco-German War Graves Agreement ratified that the Reinterment Commission of the Volksbund could move German bodies from field graves and village cemeteries. During the removals many previously anonymous German soldiers were identified. In 1958, the youth section of the Volksbund drew people from seven nations to work on the cemetery. Layout and landscaping of the site began immediately after formal handover, with a large central tumulus  (or kamaradengraben), flanked by two statues and topped by a large dark cross in basalt lava, which marks the resting place for 207 unknown and 89 identified German soldiers, interred together in a mass grave. The tumulus is surrounded by 49 rectangular grave fields with up to 400 graves each. On the large grass areas graves are identified by flat grave markers.

La Cambe was officially inaugurated as a war cemetery in September 1961 [(along with the German cemeteries at Marigny, Orglandes and Saint-Désir-de-Lisieux). Special trains were organised to bring former comrades and family members to La Cambe. Since that date, the remains of more than 700 soldiers found on battlefields across Normandy have been re-interred at La Cambe.

The sign in front of the cemetery reads as follows:

Notable graves

The majority of the German war dead buried at La Cambe fell between June 6 (D-Day landings) and August 20, 1944 (the end of the Battle of Normandy) and their ages range from 16 to 72. Casualties of the war in Normandy are still being found after some 75 years, although formal burial ceremonies are less frequent nowadays. In total, as of July 2008, there are the remains of 21,222 German soldiers, sailors and airmen buried at La Cambe. The buried include:
Generalmajor Sigismund-Helmut von Dawans, killed in the RAF raid on the Panzergruppe West's GHQ.
SS-Sturmbannführer Adolf Diekmann: the most senior officer at the massacre of Oradour-sur-Glane on 10 June 1944. Ordered to be court martialled, he was killed in battle in Normandy on 29 June.
SS-Hauptsturmführer Michael Wittmann: Tiger tank ace, who along with his tank crew was informally buried in an unmarked site following their deaths on 8 August 1944. Rediscovered in 1983, the crew was re-interred at La Cambe.
Hauptmann Herbert Huppertz, fighter pilot killed on 8 June.

Information Center
Since the mid-1990s, there has been an Information Center on the site. It commemorates the memory of the losses of Operation Overlord, when in summer 1944 more than 100,000 people died: American, British, German, French, Canadian, Poles and members of other nations. Also at least 14,000 French civilians died. Human fates and reconciliation are special themes. Visitors can also view a permanent exhibition about the German War Graves Commission and have access to a database to locate the graves of dead German soldiers. A peace-garden with 1,200 maple-trees from gifts symbolizes that peace ought to grow.

Volunteer maintenance
Unlike the American and Commonwealth War Graves Commissions, the German Commission is entirely voluntary and relies on gifts and collections to further its work. During the summer months one may see international school children tending the graves. They volunteer to work with the Volksbund during their school holidays and visit American and German war cemeteries, memorials, sites of the invasion and take part in the memorial ceremony with veterans and the mayor of La Cambe.

German cemeteries in Normandy
There are six German war cemeteries graveyards in Normandy with La Cambe being the largest:
 Champigny-St. André (19,836)
 Mont-de-Huisnes (11,956).
 Orglandes (10,152)
 Marigny (11,169)
 St. Désir-de-Lisieux (3,735)

See also
List of military cemeteries in Normandy

References

External links

 Website of Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge (German war graves Commission and details on La Cambe German cemetery)
 ANEG:Cimetières allemands en France. La Cambe- Calvados (14)
 La Cambe German war cemetery on website cheminsdemémoire.gouv.fr
 World War II Battlefields
 Photos from La Cambe

German War Graves Commission
Operation Overlord cemeteries
World War II memorials in France

La Cambe German war cemetery


Birlinn (stavet bìrlinn på skotsk gælisk) er en træbåd med sejl eller årer som fremdriftsmiddel, der blev brugt i stor udstrækning på Hebriderne og West Highlands i Skotland fra middelalderen. engelsk og skotsk har både "berlin" og "birling". Det gælisk-nordiske ord kan være afledt af det norrøne byrðingr (skib af bryde). Det er foreslået, at denne type kan spores tilbage til Broighter-bådtypen fra første århundrede f.Kr., der blev udstyret med årer og et firkantet sejl uden at være påvirket af vikingerne. Det er dog usikkert om Broighter-modellen repræsenterer en træskib eller en skind-dækket båd af currach-typen. De fleste forskere mener, at vikingeskibene har haft indflydelse på birlinnens udformning.

Birlinn-både var klinkbyggede og kunne ros eller sejles for råsejl. Det havde en mast og et firkantet sejl. Mindre fartøjer af denne type har haft ned til 12 årer, mens større skibe fra West Highland kan have haft op mod 40. I over 400 år op til 1600-tallet var birlinn den dominerende bådtype på Hebriderne.

En rapport fra 1615 til det skotske statsråd skelner mellem galejer, der har 18-20 årer, og birlinner, der har 12-18 årer. Der er ingen antydning af en strukturel forskel, og rapporten nævner, at der sad tre mand per åre.

Birlinnen optræder i skotsk heraldik som "lymphad", der en forvanskning af long fhada (langskib).

Se også
 Irsk galej

Referencer

Litteratur
Caldwell, David H. (2007), 'Having the right kit: West Highlanders fighting in Ireland' in The World of the Gallowglass: kings, warlords and warriors in Ireland and Scotland, 1200–1600. Duffy, Seán (ed.). Dublin: Four Courts Press.

Macauley, John (1996), Birlinn – Longships of the Hebrides. The White Horse Press.

 Watson, J. Carmichael (ed.) (1934). Gaelic Songs of Mary MacLeod. Blackie & Son Limited

Eksterne henvisninger
 GalGael – using the Birlinn to rebuild community in Scotland
 Highland Galleys , from Mallaig Heritage
 Image of fifteenth-century engraved Birlinn, in Rodel Chapel, Harris, on Flickr

Skibstyper
Transport i Skotland
Menneskedrevne søfartøjer

Birlinn


János Karl (o Károli) (Crvenka, 13 de junio 1842 - Budapest, 25 de enero 1882) fue un botánico, zoólogo, ictiólogo, herpetólogo, profesor de secundaria, museólogo, cirujano húngaro. Nació en Crvenka, donde su padre, Karl Luis era terrateniente. Tras la escuela media, continuó sus estudios en Bratislava, y luego estudió en la Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de Viena, donde desarrolló un interés especial por la ictiología.

En 1870, accedió al Museo Nacional Húngaro de Ciencias Naturales, así como en la Confesión Luterana en Budapest enseñando a los principales ordinarios de secundaria.

Fue elegido, en 1880 miembro de la Academia de Ciencias de Hungría, y esnombrado "Caballero" de Orden de la Corona de Rumania.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Botánicos de Hungría del siglo XIX
Horticultores de Hungría
Ictiólogos de Hungría
Herpetólogos de Hungría
Escritores de Hungría del siglo XIX
Escritores del Imperio austrohúngaro
Escritores en alemán
Escritores en húngaro
Museólogos de Hungría
Nacidos en Serbia
Fallecidos en Budapest

János Karl


AMA har flere betydninger:
 Ammunitionsarsenalet – en virksomhed i Nordjylland, der gennem mange år har leveret ammunition til det danske forsvar.
 Akut Modtage Afdeling – eller Akutmedicinsk Modtage Afdeling, er en sygehusafdeling, der har til opgave at modtage og udvisitere patienter.
 AMA margarine – dansk margarinemærke

AMA


Communio, međunarodni katolički teološki časopis. List izlazi u zemljama poput Argentine, Belgije, Nizozemske, Francuske, Njemačke, Brazila, Italije, Poljske, Portugala, Španjolske, Mađarske, Slovenije i drugih.

Povijest
Skupina teologa pokrenula je list s namjerom da taj list ne upada u stupicu bilo teoloških ljevičara, bilo teoloških desničara. Program je zacrtao njegov glavni pokretač švicarski teolog Hans Urs von Balthasar koji je isticao četiri temeljna teološka značenja riječi Communio. Za osnovu misao vodilju i odrednicu časopisa istaknuto je zajedništvo, ali zajedništvo koje dolazi od Boga i temelji se na Bogu, a ne na čovjeku. Isticao je da Crkva kao "communio" treba njegovati "communio" na nekoliko razina sa svijetom, izraelskim narodom, drugim kršćanskim Crkvama, drugim religijama i svima onima koji traže Boga. Time je rečeno da časopis ne može biti isključivo crkveni, zatvoren u čvrstim utvrdama Crkve ne zanimajući se nikako što se zbiva u svijetu, društvu i drugim religijama. Osnivači su među ostalima, Joseph Ratzinger, Hans Urs von Balthasar, Henri de Lubac i Karl Lehmann. Časopis izlazi dvomjesečno na 17 jezika, a trenutačna naklada mu je 1700 primjeraka.  Jedan od osnivača, Joseph Ratzinger, kaže da je Communio nastajao još u dramatičnoj 1968. godini te da je "U toj situaciji "vladavine zbrke" trebao je jedan časopis koji će "postaviti standarde" te se "živo opredijeliti za naslijeđe Drugoga vatikanskog sabora i služiti mu"." Dublji korijeni su iz 1965., kad su teolozi Hans Küng, Johann Baptist Metz, Karl Rahner, Yves Congar i Edward Schillebeeckx pokrenuli časopis Concilium, čiji su suradnici u početku bili i Karl Lehmann, Henri de Lubac i Joseph Ratzinger. No, sporovi oko teološkog usmjerenja tog časopisa rezultirali osnivanjem nove publikacije Communio 1972. godine.
Razvoj tijekom proteklih godina, novi mladi suradnici te tematska otvorenost Communio ugasili su i ostavili za sobom te stare sukobe i rivalstva.

Godine 1975. Kršćanska sadašnjost pokrenula je teološki časopis Svesci – Communio. Osnovna odrednica časopisa bila je u zajedništvu s međunarodnim teološkim časopisom Communio. No zbog ondašnjih prilika donosio tekstove i iz ostalih teoloških časopisa. 2010. godine ponovo je počeo izlaziti na teološki časopis Communio, sada samo kao Communio, odnosno objavljuje isključivo članke iz Communija. Razlog su promijenjene okolnosti društva i Crkve i zbog mnoštva teoloških časopisa na hrvatskom i na drugim jezicima nema potrebe preuzimati članke iz drugih časopisa. Communio je osim toga istinski časopis 'zajedništva', gdje ne prevladava jedna teološka misao, nego se mogu susresti najrazličitiji pristupi životu Crkve, društva, znanosti. Time Communio u ovomu novom ruhu ne gubi ništa od pluralnosti života Crkve, jer je to zadano časopisu samim naslovom. Hrvatsko izdanje izlazi dvaput godišnje, objavljuje ponajbolje članke iz svih ostalih uredništava, ali i članke hrvatskih teologa i ostalih znanstvenika. Glavni i odgovorni urednik hrvatskog izdanja je Ivica Raguž.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Kršćanska sadašnjost Communio

Katolički tisak

Communio (časopis)


Paradise Lost ist das zehnte Studioalbum der englischen Band Paradise Lost. Es erschien im März 2005.

Entstehung und Stil
Das Album wurde wie der Vorgänger erneut von Rhys Fulber produziert, und zwar in Lincolnshire und Los Angeles. Zwar ähnelt die Produktion Symbol of Life, doch setzte die Band zunehmend auf druckvolle Gitarrenriffs. Weiblicher Gesang wurde von Leah Randi (Chorgesang bei Forever After) sowie Heather Thompson (Tapping the Vein) bei Forever After und Over the Madness eingesungen.

Rezeption
Michael Edele von Laut.de bewertete Paradise Lost mit vier von fünf Sternen. Er schrieb, das Album stehe für ihn auf einer Stufe mit One Second, und die Richtung stimme. Im Rock Hard schrieb Uwe "Buffo" Schnädelbach, wegen Fulbers Produktion gehe das Album "locker als "Symbol of Life II" durch". Zwar sei kein "Gassenhauer" unter den Songs, aber auch dank Nick Holmes' Gesang mache der Band "in puncto tanzbare Schwermut" "so schnell keiner was vor". Die Wertung war acht von zehn Punkten.

Titelliste

Don't Belong – 4:19
Close Your Eyes – 4:22
Grey – 3:28
Redshift – 3:31
Forever After – 3:47
Sun Fading – 3:29
Laws of Cause – 4:09
All You Leave Behind – 3:01
Accept the Pain – 3:20
Shine – 4:08
Spirit – 4:20
Over the Madness – 5:17

Bonus-Titel
 Don't Belong (String Dub Mix) – 3:49
 Over the Madness (String Dub Mix) – 5:12
 Let Me Drown – 3:10
 A Side You'll Never Know – 4:09

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Album (Gothic Metal)
Album 2005
Paradise-Lost-Album

Paradise Lost (Paradise-Lost-Album)


Petar Živković (; 1 January 1879 – 3 February 1947) was a Serbian military officer and political figure in Yugoslavia. He was Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia from 7 January 1929 until 4 April 1932.

Life

Petar Živković was born in Negotin, Principality of Serbia (present-day Bor District, Serbia) in 1879. He finished secondary school in Zajecar and the Military Academy in Belgrade.
A soldier at the Serbian court, he helped overthrow the Obrenović dynasty with the assassination of King Alexander I of Serbia (11 June), which was orchestrated by Colonel Dragutin Dimitrijević, the founder and leading member of the secret nationalist organization Black Hand. Živković later founded the secret organization White Hand in 1912, which served to counter the power of the Black Hand.

In 1921, King Alexander I of Yugoslavia appointed Živković commander of the Royal Guard, but he was briefly demoted due to accusations by a young guardsman that he tried to seduce him. In 1929 he was appointed Prime Minister as part of the 6 January Dictatorship. General Živković was Bogoljub Jevtić's brother-in-law, the closest adviser to the head of State.

Živković held the office as a member of the Yugoslav Radical Peasants' Democracy (JRSD), which became the only legal party in Yugoslavia, following electoral reforms. As a Prime Minister he did not enjoy high regard by either the military or among other politicians not only due to his widely rumoured homosexuality. He resigned as prime minister in 1932, and shortly thereafter founded the Yugoslav National Party (JNS), becoming its president in 1936.

Following Alexander I assassination in 1934, His cousin Pavle Karađorđević took office as regent for the 11-year-old Petar II. Upon Pavle's 1941 signing of the Tripartite Pact, Živković left Yugoslavia ahead of the Nazi invasion. He became part of the Yugoslav government in exile.

In 1946 he was tried in absentia in the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia at the Trial of Mihailović et al. and sentenced to death by the communist authorities. He was forced into exile, leaving for Italy and eventually settling in France, dying in Paris in February 1947, aged 68.

In popular culture

Živković is portrayed by Nebojša Dugalić in the Serbian television series Balkan Shadows.

References

External links
Biography at VOA

1879 births
1947 deaths
People from Negotin
Prime Ministers of Yugoslavia
Serbian politicians
Serbian soldiers
Marshals of the Court (Serbia, Yugoslavia)
Yugoslav National Party politicians
People sentenced to death in absentia
Burials at Belgrade New Cemetery

Petar Živković


Bogoljubov - Alekhine, Hastings, 1922 est une célèbre partie d'échecs disputée lors de la 10 et dernière ronde du tournoi de Hastings le 21 septembre 1922 par Alexandre Alekhine avec les pièces noires contre Efim Bogoljubov (blancs).

Contexte
Pour Alekhine, gagner le tournoi était important car à cette époque, il essayait de se faire un nom avec de bons résultats en tant que challenger du champion du monde d'échecs José Raúl Capablanca. Alekhine a effectivement remporté le tournoi avec 7,5 points, un demi-point devant Akiba Rubinstein.

La partie
Dans cette partie, Alekhine contrôle totalement l'échiquier : il gagne de l'espace à l'aile-dame après 11...a5, puis attaque soudainement à l'aile-roi avant de revenir attaquer à l'aile-dame.

1. d4 f5 2. c4 Cf6 3. g3 e6 4. Fg2 Fb4+ 5. Fd2 Fxd2+ 6. Cxd2 Cc6 7. Cgf3 0-0 8. 0-0 d6 9. Db3 Rh8 10. Dc3 e5 11. e3 a5 12. b3 De8 13. a3 Dh5 14. h4 Cg4 15. Cg5 Fd7 16. f3 Cf6 17. f4 e4 18. Tfd1 h6 19. Ch3 d5 20. Cf1 Ce7 21. a4 Cc6 22. Td2 Cb4 23. Fh1 De8 24. Tg2? dxc4 25. bxc4 Fxa4 26. Cf2 Fd7 27. Cd2 b5 28. Cd1 Cd3 29. Txa5 b4 30. Txa8 bxc3 31. Txe8

31...c2!! 32. Txf8+ Rh7 33. Cf2 c1=D+ 34. Cf1 Ce1 35. Th2 Dxc4 36. Tb8 Fb5 37. Txb5 Dxb5 38. g4 Cf3+ 39. Fxf3 exf3 40. gxf5 De2 Edmar Mednis, dans King Power in Chess note que les Blancs sont dans un zugzwang total (voir diagramme). Par exemple, sur 41. Ch3, les Noirs répliquent par ...Cg4, et si les blancs prennent la dame, les noirs obtiennent une nouvelle dame par 42...fxe2.

41. d5 Rg8 42. h5 Rh7 43. e4 Cxe4 44. Cxe4 Dxe4 45. d6 cxd6 46. f6 gxf6 47. Td2 De2! Alekhine simplifie le jeu pour obtenir une position gagnante sans aucun risque de combinaison adverse 48. Txe2 fxe2 49. Rf2 exf1=D+ 50. Rxf1 Rg7 51. Re2 Rf7 52. Re3 Re6 53. Re4 d5+ 0-1 (54. Rd4 Rf5 55. Rxd5 Rxf4 56. Re6 Rg5)

Postérité
Dans son livre Wonders and Curiosities of Chess, Irving Chernev a considéré qu'il s'agit de la plus belle partie jamais jouée : . Dans Alexander Alekhine's Chess Games, 1902-1946: 2543 Games of the Former World Champion, Many Annotated by Alekhine (p. 168), Leonard M. Skinner et Robert G.P. Verhoeven citent Alekhine : il considérait cette partie, avec celle de 1925 contre Richard Réti à Baden Baden, comme sa plus brillante partie jouée en tournoi. Dans son livre The 100 Best Chess Games of the 20th Century, Ranked , Andrew Soltis l'a classée quatrième meilleure partie du XX siècle. Raymond Keene l'a faite figurer dans une série TV diffusée sur la chaîne britannique Thames reprenant les douze meilleures parties d'échecs de tous les temps et intitulée Duels of the Mind.

Trouvant son adversaire facile à vaincre, Alekhine choisit Bogoljubov comme challenger pour deux championnats du monde : en 1929 et en 1934.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Article connexe
 Liste de parties d'échecs remarquables

Liens externes
 Partie commentée sous Chessgames.com
 Partie commentée par A.J. Goldsby

Partie d'échecs remarquable 1900-1950

Bogoljubov - Alekhine, Hastings, 1922


الفداء صحيفة محلية سورية يومية تصدر في محافظة حماة عن مؤسسة الوحدة للطباعة والنشر في ثماني صفحات بالقطع القياسي.

تهتم الصحيفة بتغطية أنباء محافظة حماة وضواحيها.

تاريخ الصحيفة

عام 1961 صدرت صحيفة الفداء لأول مرّة، وكان صاحب امتيازها آنذاك عثمان محمد علواني، ورئيس تحريرها محمد الحافظ، وكان يعمل بها ثلاثة محررين فقط، وتصدر بأربع صفحات.

عام 1968 تم تأميم الصحيفة ورأس تحريرها فخري عباس عدة أشهر، ثمّ ياسر الفرا.

عام 1973 توسعت الصحيفة وأصبحت تصدر بثماني صفحات.

مواد الصحيفة

الصفحة الأولى متخصصة بالأخبار السياسية المحلية.

الصفحة الثانية تهتم بتغطية أخبار المحافظة وأنشطتها، وتنشر هذه الصفحة يوم الثلاثاء موضوعات خدمية وشكاوي المواطنين وردود المسؤولين على هذه الشكاوي.

الصفحة الثالثة تختص بالتحقيقات التي تدور في معظمها حول موضوعات خدمية وصناعية، بالإضافة إلى زاوية (ما قلّ ودلّ).

الصفحة الرابعة تخصص يوم الاثنين للاقتصاد والتنمية، بالإضافة إلى زاويتي (رأي) و (زاوية حادة)، بينما تفسح هذه الصفحة يوم الثلاثاء المجال لقضايا المجتمع بالإضافة إلى زاويتي (نوافذ) و (أوراق الثلاثاء)، أما يوم الأربعاء فتخصص للأطفال حيث تعنون بـ (براعم الفداء) وتنشر قصص وأشعار وزوايا مختلفة للأطفال، بينما تعنون يوم الخميس بـ (علوم البيئة) حيث تنشر الإنجازات العلمية والفنية وبعض المقالات المترجمة عن البيئة.

الصفحة الخامسة تخصص أيام الاثنين والثلاثاء والأربعاء للثقافة، وتنشر أهم الأخبار الثقافية في محافظة حماة مع بعض القصائد الأدبية، أما يوم الخميس تنشر نتاج الشباب الأدبي والفكري.

الصفحة السادسة تختص بأخبار الرياضة في محافظة حماة، بالإضافة إلى زاوية (طب رياضي)، ويضاف إليها في بعض الأيام بعض الموضوعات الخدمية.

الصفحة السابعة تنشر تتمات الموضوعات المنشورة على الصفحة الأولى، بالإضافة إلى بعض الموضوعات التي تراها أقل أهمية.

أما الصفحة الثامنة والأخيرة تنشر أخبار طريفة وأخبار فنية، كما ينشر فيها زاويتا (على ضفاف نهر العاصي) و (رذاذ ناعورة) اللتان تتناولان موضوعات اجتماعية وفنية.

موقع الصحيفة على الإنترنت

الفداء

المصادر

الصحافة المتخصصة – للدكتورة سميرة شيخاني والدكتور محمد خليل الرفاعي.

صحف سورية

صحيفة الفداء


Hundreds of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution are introduced during each session of the United States Congress. From 1789 through January 3, 2019, approximately 11,770 measures have been proposed to amend the United States Constitution. Collectively, members of the House and Senate typically propose around 200 amendments during each two-year term of Congress. Most, however, never get out of the Congressional committees in which they were proposed. Only a fraction of those actually receive enough support to win Congressional approval to go through the constitutional ratification process. Some proposed amendments are introduced over and over again in different sessions of Congress. It is also common for a number of identical resolutions to be offered on issues that have widespread public and congressional support.

Since 1789, Congress has sent 33 constitutional amendments to the states for ratification. Of these, 27 have been ratified. The framers of the Constitution, recognizing the difference between regular legislation and constitutional matters, intended that it be difficult to change the Constitution; but not so difficult as to render it an inflexible instrument of government, as the amendment mechanism in the Articles of Confederation, which required a unanimous vote of thirteen states for ratification, had proven to be. Therefore, a less stringent process for amending the Constitution was established in Article V.

Amending process

Amending the United States Constitution is a two-step process. Proposals to amend it must be properly adopted and ratified before becoming operative. A proposed amendment may be adopted and sent to the states for ratification by either:
 The United States Congress, whenever a two-thirds majority in both the Senate and the House deem it necessary;
or
 A national convention, called by Congress for this purpose, on the application of the legislatures of two thirds (presently 34) of the states.
The latter procedure has never been used. To become part of the Constitution, an adopted amendment must be ratified by either:
 The legislatures of three-fourths (presently 38) of the states, within the stipulated time period, if any;
or
 State ratifying conventions in three-fourths (presently 38) of the states, within the stipulated time period, if any.
The decision of which ratification method will be used for any given amendment is Congress' alone to make, as is the decision to set a ratification deadline. Only for the 21st amendment was the latter procedure invoked and followed. Upon being properly ratified, an amendment becomes an operative addition to the Constitution.

19th century

Constitutional amendment proposals considered in but not approved by Congress during the 19th century included:
 The Dueling Ban Amendment, proposed in 1838 after Representative William Graves killed another Representative, Jonathan Cilley, in a duel, would have prohibited any person involved in a duel from holding federal office.
 Shortly before his death during the congressional debates leading to the Compromise of 1850, John C. Calhoun proposed constitutional amendments requiring an equal number of slave states and free states and creating two co-Presidents from the North and the South which would have to concur on all legislation. A similar amendment to eliminate the presidency so as to have two elected officials in its place, was proposed by Virginia Representative Albert Jenkins in 1860 shortly before sectional tensions escalated into the American Civil War. Jenkins saw the amendment as a way for both the Northern and the Southern states to be represented equally in the government at a given time.
 The Christian Amendment, first proposed in February 1863, would have added acknowledgment of the Christian God in the Preamble to the Constitution. Similar amendments were proposed in 1874, 1896, and 1910 with none passing. The last attempt in 1954 did not come to a vote.
 The Blaine Amendment, proposed in 1875, would have banned public funds from going to religious purposes, in order to prevent Catholics from taking advantage of such funds. Though it failed to pass, many states adopted such provisions.
 An amendment allowing property-owning unmarried women to vote was proposed by Representative William Mason. The underlying logic behind this amendment was that these single women did not have husbands to represent their interests via the vote. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, a suffragist at the time, stated in her testification before the U.S. Senate Committee on Woman Suffrage: "Though my coadjutors all believe in universal suffrage, yet I think we should be willing to let you start with spinsters and widows who are householder. Having homes of their own it is fair to suppose that they are industrious, common-sense women, ... women who love their country (having no husbands to love) better than themselves."  The Nineteenth Amendment would later establish women's suffrage irrespective of marital status or property in 1920.
 Representative Lucas M. Miller proposed renaming the United States of America to the United States of the Earth in 1893, as well as abolishing the Army and Navy.

20th century

Constitutional amendment proposals considered in but not approved by Congress during the 20th century included the following:
 An amendment abolishing the Senate was proposed by Representative Victor Berger in 1911, due to his belief that it was corrupt as well as useless to the country as a whole. The amendment would have also shielded the unicameral House of Representatives' legislation from presidential veto and judicial review. At the time, Senators were still elected by state legislatures. The year after Berger proposed his amendment, Congress passed an amendment mandating popular election of Senators which was duly ratified by the several states.
 An Anti-Miscegenation Amendment was proposed by Representative Seaborn Roddenbery, a Southern Democrat from Georgia, in 1912 to forbid interracial marriages nationwide. This was spurred when black boxer Jack Johnson garnered much publicity when he married a white woman, Lucille Cameron. Similar amendments were proposed by Congressman Andrew King, a Missourian Democrat, in 1871 and by Senator Coleman Blease, a South Carolinian Democrat, in 1928. None were passed by Congress, although numerous state legislatures passed laws prohibiting interracial marriage before they were ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court's 1967 Loving v. Virginia decision.
 An Anti-Polygamy Amendment was proposed by Representative Frederick Gillett, a Massachusetts Republican, on January 24, 1914, and supported by former U.S. Senator from Utah, Frank J. Cannon, and by the National Reform Association. Utah was dominated by the LDS Church, which permitted multiple marriages until 1890.
 The Ludlow Amendment was proposed by Representative Louis Ludlow in 1937. This amendment would have heavily reduced America's ability to be involved in war, requiring a national referendum to confirm any declaration of war. Public support for the amendment was very robust through the 1930s, a period when isolationism was the prevailing mood in the United States.
 A maximum wage amendment that no person should accumulate more than $1 million was proposed by Representative Wesley Lloyd in 1933. In the wake of the Wall Street Crash and the beginnings of the Great Depression many Americans believed that personal wealth should be limited to avoid such an issue from happening again.
 An amendment to limit investment income was proposed by Representative J. Buell Snyder in 1933.
 Multiple attempts to repeal the 21st Amendment ending Prohibition were proposed by Representative Morris Sheppard, introducer of the 18th Amendment originally banning alcoholic beverages, from 1935 to 1938, followed by attempt to outlaw drunkenness after his first proposals failed.
 The Bricker Amendment, proposed in 1951 by Ohio Senator John W. Bricker, would have limited the federal government's treaty-making power by prohibiting treaties from violating the U.S. Constitution and limiting executive agreements. Opposed by President Dwight Eisenhower, it failed twice to reach the threshold of two-thirds of voting members necessary for passage, the first time by eight votes and the second time by a single vote.
 A repeal of the Twenty-second Amendment would eliminate term limits for presidents. Presidents Harry S. Truman, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, and Donald Trump all expressed support for some sort of repeal. The first efforts in Congress to repeal the 22nd Amendment were undertaken in 1956, only five years after its ratification. According to the Congressional Research Service, over the ensuing half-century (through 2008) 54 joint resolutions seeking to repeal the two-term presidential election limit were introduced; none were given serious consideration. The most recent attempt was launched by Democratic Representative for New York, José Serrano, in 2013, during the 113th Congress.
 A School Prayer Amendment to establish that "the people retain the right to pray and to recognize their religious beliefs, heritage, and traditions on public property, including schools" was proposed by Robert Byrd of West Virginia in 1962, 1973, 1979, 1982, 1993, 1995, 1997, and 2006. Representative Ernest Istook, a Republican from Oklahoma's 5th congressional district, proposed the amendment in the House on May 8, 1997. In March 1998, the House Judiciary Committee passed the bill by a 16–11 vote. On June 4, 1998, the full House voted on the amendment, 224–203 in favor. The vote was 61 short of the required two-thirds majority.
 A Flag Desecration Amendment was first proposed in 1995 to give Congress the power to make acts such as flag burning illegal, seeking to overturn the 1990 Supreme Court Texas v. Johnson decision ruling that such laws were unconstitutional. During each term of Congress from 1995 to 2005, the proposed amendment was passed by the House of Representatives, but never by the Senate, coming closest during voting on June 27, 2006, with 66 in support and 34 opposed (one vote short).
 The Bayh–Celler amendment was the closest the United States has come to passing an Electoral College abolition amendment. The amendment would have replaced the current Electoral College with a simpler two-round system modeled after French presidential elections. It was proposed during the 91st Congress (1969–1971). The House Judiciary Committee voted 28–6 to approve the proposal and was eventually passed by the full House with bipartisan support on September 18, 1969, by a vote of 339 to 70. The Senate commenced openly debating the proposal and the proposal was quickly filibustered. On September 17, 1970, a motion for cloture, which would have ended the filibuster, received 54 votes to 36 for cloture, failing to receive the then required a two-thirds majority of senators voting. Other proposals were made in 2005, 2009, and 2016, none of which were voted on by committee.
 The Human Life Amendment, first proposed in 1973, would overturn the Roe v. Wade court ruling and prohibit abortion. A total of 330 proposals using varying texts have been proposed with almost all dying in committee. The only version that reached a formal floor vote, the Hatch–Eagleton Amendment, was rejected by 18 votes in the Senate on June 28, 1983.
 A balanced budget amendment, in which Congress and the President are forced to balance the budget every year, has been introduced many times, dating back to the 1930s. No measure passed either body of Congress until 1982, when the Senate took 11 days to consider it and gained the necessary two-thirds majority. The first and only time the House gave two-thirds approval to a balanced budget amendment was in 1995, when Members of the House of Representatives elected in the Republican Revolution voted for the Contract with America. That was also the last time the House held a floor or committee vote.
 Various proposed amendments for congressional term limits have been made since Supreme Court ruled state term limits on federal officials to be unconstitutional in the U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton decision in 1995.
 The single subject amendment, an amendment first proposed in 1996, would introduce a single-subject rule blocking members of Congress from adding riders to bills.

21st century

Constitutional amendment proposals considered in but not approved by Congress thus far in the 21st century have included:
 The Equal Opportunity to Govern Amendment, proposed in July 2003 by Senator Orrin Hatch (R-Utah), would repeal the Constitution's natural born citizen clause, thus allowing naturalized citizenswho have been U.S. citizens for at least twenty yearsto become President of the United States or Vice President. It was widely seen as an attempt to make California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger (born in Austria and naturalized in 1983) eligible for the presidency and is sometimes nicknamed the "Arnold Amendment" or "Amend for Arnold".
 The Federal Marriage Amendment has been introduced in the United States Congress four times: in 2003, 2004, 2005/2006, and 2008 by multiple members of Congress. It would define marriage and prohibit same-sex marriage, even at the state level. The last Congressional vote on the proposed amendment occurred in the House of Representatives on July 18, 2006, when the motion failed 236–187, falling short of the 290 votes required for passage in that body. The Senate has voted only on cloture motions with regard to the proposed amendment, the last of which was on June 7, 2006, when the motion failed 49 to 48, falling short of the 60 votes required to allow the Senate to proceed to consideration of the proposal and the 67 votes required to send the proposed amendment to the states for ratification.
 Various campaign finance reform amendments have been introduced in Congress since the United States Supreme Court's 2010 Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission ruling declaring that the First Amendment's free speech clause prohibits the federal government from restricting independent expenditures for communications by nonprofit corporations, for-profit corporations, labor unions, and other associations. The most recent version of the amendment was introduced in the 118th Congress by Representative Pramila Jayapal.
 Senator Marco Rubio and Representative Steven Palazzo proposed constitutional amendments barring the government from imposing taxes on refusal to purchase goods and services. The amendment would have invalidated the individual mandate of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act requiring legal persons to purchase health insurance.
 Representative Randy Neugebauer introduced an amendment requiring a two-thirds majority for Congress to raise the debt ceiling.
 Various proposals have been made for a constitutional amendment abolishing birthright citizenship for children of foreign nationals as a deterrent against illegal immigration. President Donald Trump endorsed a similar proposal during the 2016 presidential election.
 Representative Steve King introduced an amendment repealing the Sixteenth Amendment and abolishing the federal income tax.
 Representative John Culberson introduced an amendment altering Article V to limit any national convention convoked by the states to amend the Constitution to a single amendment and requiring Congress to authorize such as a convention. This amendment, sometimes called the "Madison Amendment", would prevent a "runaway convention" from drastically altering or replacing the U.S. Constitution.
 Various proposals were made by Republican members of Congress to base congressional apportionments on the number of citizens in a state rather than residents following the Evenwel v. Abbott decision in 2016.
 Representative Al Green introduced an amendment prohibiting the President of the United States from issuing a pardon for themself.
Representative Eliot Engel introduced an amendment prohibiting barriers to voting for adult Americans including "undue burden of proof of identity or citizenship", prohibiting foreign interference in elections and "undue or anonymous influence from any person", guaranteeing that electoral districts must be composed of geographically compact and contiguous territory, and designating Election Day as a national holiday unable to be altered by the government. The amendment was proposed after the Shelby County v. Holder case overruled parts of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and in light of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. Many key aspects of the amendment were incorporated into the proposed For the People Act, which passed the U.S. House of Representatives.
 Representative Cedric Richmond introduced an amendment in the 116th Congress to repeal the penal exception clause from the Thirteenth Amendment, prohibiting unfree labor from being used as a punishment.
 Representative Tom Marino introduced an amendment to amend Article 1, Section 2 of the Constitution to change the terms of Representatives from two years to four (with elections to be held in non-presidential years), but then resigned afterward. Proposals for extending the terms of House members date back to a similar proposal by Lyndon B. Johnson for 4-year terms, renewable in presidential years, in his 1966 State of the Union Address.
 In response to revived advocacy among progressive activists for expansion of the Supreme Court beyond the customary nine members (as the Constitution does not specify how many justices should sit on the court), Democratic Representative Collin Peterson and Republican Representative Denver Riggleman filed a proposed amendment in the 116th Congress to limit the Supreme Court membership to nine members maximum. A group of Republican congressmembers including Senators Ted Cruz and Thom Tillis proposed an identical amendment a few weeks later, in an entirely separate effort from that of Peterson and Riggleman.
 Parental Rights Amendment to the United States Constitution. The amendment's advocates say that it will allow parents' rights to direct the upbringing of their children, protected from federal interference, and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Amendment was first proposed during the 110th Congress as House Joint Resolution 97 in July 2008, but no action was taken during that Congress.

See also

 List of amendments to the United States Constitution including both the ratified amendments and the unratified amendments
 Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution, the alternative processes whereby the Constitution may be altered

References

External links

 Amending America: Proposed Amendments to the United States Constitution, 1787 to 2014, U.S. National Archives and Records Administration website
 GovTrack: Track constitutional amendment proposals introduced in the 115th U.S. Congress

Proposed Constitutional amendments
Proposed Constitutional amendments
Lists of proposals

List of proposed amendments to the Constitution of the United States


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