Hermann Riecken (né le  à Wankendorf et mort le  à Kiel) est membre du NSDAP depuis 1930. Il est maire de Heikendorf (1933-1939). Il est à partir de 1939 président du district de Flensburg  (ville) et à partir de 1941 commissaire régional NS dans le district estonien de Pärnu (allemand, Pernau) et en Dünaburg letton (Daugavpils letton) (1942-1944). Après le la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Riecken est condamné à 1 an et demi de prison en 1948. Après avoir déménagé de Flensburg à Kiel en 1955 et Heikendorf en , il est retourné à diverses fonctions publiques.

Activités politiques dans le NSDAP et dans le Schleswig-Holstein
Hermann Riecken était un fils du poseur de pierres August Riecken et de sa femme Maria, une sage-femme, tous deux de Wankendorf. Après avoir terminé sa scolarité à Kiel, qui s'est terminée par l'obtention de son diplôme de fin d'études, il a appris l'agente de banque. Il a ensuite travaillé pendant huit ans dans divers instituts bancaires à Kiel, Stuttgart et Donaueschingen. Il a également occupé des postes de direction dans diverses entreprises de vente en gros pendant sept années supplémentaires. En 1930, en tant que l'un des militants de la "première heure", Riecken rejoignit le NSDAP et la Sturmabteilung (SA) et plus tard aussi la Schutzstaffel (SS). Il a commencé comme troupe d'assaut et chef de bloc et a rapidement transmis sa participation active à la SA aux autorités supérieures.

Quelques semaines après la ' prise de pouvoir' (), le dernier chef de communauté librement élu à Heikendorf, Wilhelm Ivens, est destitué et l'employé de commerce Hermann Rieckens - en tant que candidat du NSDAP - reçoit la direction provisoire de la communauté. Heikendorf était considéré comme un poste stratégiquement important par les dirigeants nazis. Non seulement en tant que banlieue importante et communauté touristique de la ville navale de Kiel, à partir de 1939 ''Reichskriegsstadt'', mais aussi parce que l'endroit devait être transformé en une ville satellite de Kiel avec jusqu'à 20 000 habitants. le 1er Mai 1933 officiellement confirmé par l'administration du district en fonction, a conduit Riecken maire à Heikendorf à 1939. Il a également occupé divers postes honorifiques, comme en 1935 - après l'interdiction nationale-socialiste de la gymnastique libre - la présidence du nouveau 'Heikendorfer Turn- und Sportverein von 1924' et la refonte du mémorial des U-boot à Möltenort, qui a été inauguré le  par lui solennellement.

Entre-temps, Riecken s'est porté volontaire pour l'armée et était éligible pour devenir officier de réserve. En tant que formateur et chef du bureau de district et chef du Bureau de la politique économique local, il s'est fait un nom également comme Gauredner nazi. En , le chef du Gau Schleswig-Holstein, Hinrich Lohse, nomme Riecken au poste de chef de district du NSDAP à Flensburg. L'administrateur et candidat du NSDAP, Hans Burmann d'Eutin, a remplacé Riecken comme maire de Heikendorf (1939-1945).

L'activité comme NS commissaire de région dans les États baltes

Après le déclenchement de la guerre, Riecken est devenu soldat pendant une courte période, mais a reçu l'ordre de retourner à son poste à Flensburg après seulement trois mois. Dans la SS, il est rapidement monté au rang de Hauptsturmfuhrer z. b V. (à disposition particulière) de l'étendard 50 N, SS tronchon supérieur de Mer du Nord. Le , le ministre du Reich Alfred Rosenberg  - sur la recommandation de Hinrich Lohse  - nomma Hermann Riecken commissaire de secteur pour Pärnu (allemand, Pernau) dans le Reichskommissariat Ostland dans le but d'accomplir les tâches de l'administration civile allemande pour les districts de Pernau et Fellin (estonien : Viljandi) (Estonie). Le transfert correspondait au souhait personnel de Riecken, qui connaissait depuis longtemps la structure particulière de cette région. Il est donc heureux de pouvoir commencer son travail ici. Peut-être que Riecken était déjà dans le 1. Guerre mondiale en tant que militaire dans la conquête des États baltes et/ou l'administration de soi-disant Ober Ost impliqué. Début , Riecken et sa famille s'installent à Pernau. Sa tâche consistait avant tout dans la « validation » la plus rigoureuse possible des territoires occupés ainsi que dans la préparation administrative et l'accompagnement de l'extermination des Juifs. Seulement six mois plus tard, cependant, il a été interrompu en raison d'irrégularités massives dans l'achat de marchandises. Grâce à la médiation du commissaire général Litzmann, il réussit à trouver une solution salvatrice au problème en étant muté  à Daugavpils (Dünaburg) en Lettonie en tant que commissaire régional.

En tant que commissaire de district du Reichskommissariat Ostland, Riecken disposait d'un appareil administratif doté des installations les plus modernes et d'un total de 190 employés, dont 40 étaient allemands, le reste étant des Allemands de souche et des Lettons. Certains commissaires territoriaux affichaient une image de soi quasi féodale, y compris une mentalité d'enrichissement de soi prononcée, avec une tendance à considérer les ressources qu'ils géraient comme leur butin personnel. Apparemment, certains commissaires régionaux, appelés par moquerie "Ostlandritter", se considéraient comme les successeurs des croisés de l'ordre teutonique dans les États baltes. Les commissaires régionaux portaient un uniforme jaune-brun spécialement créé pour eux, souligné de cordons d'or, ce qui leur valut le surnom de « faisans dorés », ce qui prêta cependant souvent à confusion avec les SA, dont la plupart d'entre eux étaient issus. Riecken lui-même, cependant, a préféré porter son uniforme gris en tant que SS Hauptsturmfuhrer dans le ''Ostland'' parce qu'il lui a donné une réputation plus élevée. Riecken était considéré comme particulièrement vaniteux et vivait dans le luxe. À Daugavpils (Dünaburg), son deuxième poste en tant que commissaire de district (1942-1944), il aurait revendiqué une « maison de campagne tout confort » en plus d'un appartement de fonction de  . En congé dans les foyers pour les noces d'or de ses parents à Wankendorf en 1942, par exemple, il a voyagé de Dünaburg dans son uniforme de service tressé en or et sa voiture de société et a apporté du champagne et d'autres délices avec lui. Les habitants de Wankendorf ont été tellement impressionnés par la visite du "faisan doré" qu'ils ont impressionné leurs enfants que M. Riecken devrait également être accueilli avec 'Heil Hitler'.

Dans l'ensemble, l'administration civile de la puissance occupante allemande dans le ''Ostland'' était considérée comme inefficace. Toutefois, cela ne s'appliquait pas à la déportation de dizaines de milliers de personnes vers le Reich allemand en tant que travailleurs forcés ni à l'enregistrement des Juifs, des « communistes », des « gitans », des « fous » et des « partisans », y compris l'enregistrement des biens qui ont été confisqués, où les catégories étaient larges et comprenaient le meurtre aveugle de civils. L'administration civile a également dû enregistrer et identifier les Juifs et les a forcés à quitter leurs villages pour les ghettos des villes. Il était interdit aux unités de la Wehrmacht et aux commissaires régionaux de participer directement à l'extermination des Juifs. Cependant, cela n'a pas empêché certains d'entre eux de prendre part à leur temps libre jusqu'à ce que cela aussi soit interdit, afin de laisser les tirs de masse aux équipes de secours locales et de ne pas nuire à la réputation de la Wehrmacht.

De 1941 à , les troupes allemandes et leurs complices lettons ont assassiné environ , ,  et  dans le Reichskommissariat Ostland (ibid.)". En plus des quelque  baltes qui ont survécu à la première vague de meurtres, il y avait  autres Juifs du Reich allemand, dont le Schleswig-Holstein, qui ont été déportés vers les ghettos juifs de Riga et de Minsk au cours de l'hiver 1941-1942. Le ghetto de Riga avait auparavant été évacué pour faire de la place. Le SS a fait fusiller les  qui y vivaient lors d'un massacre dans la forêt de Biķernieki près de Riga. Gauleiter Lohse a personnellement assisté à une fusillade "pour se faire une idée de la situation", comme il l'a expliqué lors de ses audiences au tribunal après la guerre. La deuxième grande vague d'extermination des Juifs dans l'Ostland a commencé à l'hiver 1943.  autres Juifs en furent victimes. Dans le même temps, plusieurs centaines de milliers de personnes meurent de faim et d'épidémies, dont environ  de guerre chaque jour. Les quelque  restants ont été déportés vers les camps de concentration de Kaunas (Kauen), Camp de concentration de Riga-Kaiserwald,   Klooga et Vaivara (camp de concentration) et liquidés en 1944 lorsque l'Armée rouge a avancé (ibid.).

On ne sait pas si le SS Hauptsturmfuhrer et le commissaire de zone Riecken ont été personnellement impliqués dans le meurtre de "Juifs" dans sa zone de responsabilité, ni s'il a été impliqué dans l'enregistrement ou la déportation de Juifs dans ses domaines d'activité précédents., Heikendorf ou Flensburg ; mais cela ne peut pas non plus être exclu.

Après l'avancée du front soviétique, la plupart des commissaires de zone et leur état-major retournèrent dans leur patrie au plus tard à l'hiver 1944-1945. Riecken et sa famille sont également retournés dans le district de Plön en 1944. La plupart des membres de l'administration civile de la soi-disant « Ostlande » ont réussi à poursuivre leurs carrières administratives et judiciaires après la guerre en tricotant systématiquement leurs propres légendes de leur innocence, jusques et y compris des mensonges éhontés. Le gouvernement de l'État dirigé par la Union chrétienne-démocrate d'Allemagne (CDU) dans le Schleswig-Holstein a activement soutenu cela.

Réintégration à Heikendorf après la fin de la guerre
Après la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le gouvernement militaire britannique a renvoyé tous les chefs de département et les maires qui avaient été membres du NSDAP, et à partir du  il a instauré une nouvelle loi municipale basée sur le modèle britannique. Riecken est arrêté en  et condamné en 1948 à une peine de prison relativement clémente d'un an et huit mois, son internement au camp d'internement dans l'ancien  Camp de concentration de Neuengamme étant pleinement pris en compte. Notamment parce que d'anciens collègues lui ont donné des références flatteuses, et lui, comparé à d'autres chefs de district, par ex. B. Claus Hahn de Flensburg, a pu se démarquer avantageusement dans les procédures du tribunal. Tous les membres du NSDAP des administrations municipales et municipales du Schleswig-Holstein ont été licenciés et soumis à un processus de dénazification. Cependant, cela n'a eu lieu que dans une mesure très limitée et s'est généralement soldé par une classification comme « suiveur » (IV) ou « exonéré » (V), comme ce fut le cas à Kiel et à Heikendorf. Riecken a également trouvé des juges indulgents lors de la dénazification qui l'ont qualifié de « suiveur » (IV). Cependant, selon le jugement de son premier processus de dénazification en 1947, il n'a pas été autorisé à occuper un poste de direction pendant cinq ans et n'a pas été autorisé à ouvrir ou à gérer sa propre entreprise pendant dix ans. Dans un deuxième processus de dénazification en , le Comité principal de Flensburg I a de nouveau atténué le verdict en retirant les droits de vote passifs de Riecken pendant une courte période comme seule restriction et en lui imposant une amende de 100 Deutsche Mark (DM) . Même son père adoptif et supérieur dans les États baltes, Gauleiter Hinrich Lohse, est sorti du processus comme un «moindre fardeau» (III). Il l'a même eu le  a accordé une généreuse pension.

Avec leur "exonération de leurs dettes", les auteurs nazis ont trouvé des aides volontaires à tous les niveaux de la politique, de l'administration et de la société. Même après 1949, le gouvernement de l'État du Schleswig-Holstein dirigé par la CDU s'est senti particulièrement responsable de la « liquidation » du Reichskommissariat Ostland, que Gauleiter Lohse avait géré comme la colonie du Schleswig-Holstein jusqu'en 1944. La plupart de ses compagnons d'armes dans l'administration de l'Ostland ont reçu des postes dans le Schleswig-Holstein. Et cela malgré le fait que les parquets dans les procès contre le personnel administratif de l'Ostland ont très clairement réussi à démontrer et à étayer la responsabilité et l'implication des administrations civiles dans la Shoah. Cette dernière jouait un rôle central de coordination: elle définissait et enregistrait les « juifs », créait pour eux des ghettos (à Schaulen, Kauen, Wilna, Libau, Dünaburg et Riga) et réglementait leur prise en charge. En outre, ils ont assigné les détenus du ghetto au travail forcé pour la Wehrmacht allemande, les affaires et l'administration, et ont nommé et supervisé les « Conseils des anciens » juifs. Finalement, ils ont confisqué leurs biens volés et ont même fourni des véhicules pour l'évacuation des ghettos et les pelotons d'exécution ultérieurs. Certains commissaires de secteur ont eux-mêmes prêté main-forte, par ex. B. pour transporter les Juifs de leurs maisons vers les ghettos ou pour effectuer des raids et des fouilles à nu.

Cependant, de nombreux commissaires régionaux étaient visiblement choqués par la "solution" sanglante à la question juive qui se déroulait sous leurs yeux. Non seulement parce que les tirs aveugles les ont privés de travailleurs qualifiés dont ils avaient un besoin urgent pour la production économique de biens liés à la guerre, mais aussi parce qu'ils craignaient que les meurtres de masse sanglants ne mettent en danger l'acceptation de la puissance occupante et l'humeur de la population dans les territoires occupés. En fin de compte, ces empiètements ont mis en péril la prétention au pouvoir des commissaires territoriaux et ont conduit à des objectifs contradictoires entre les SS et la police de sécurité d'une part et l'administration civile d'autre part. En fin de compte, cependant, l'administration civile a été vaincue parce que l'extermination des « juifs » dans l'« Ostland » avait clairement la priorité après la « décision du chef ». D'autre part, la violence effrénée vécue quotidiennement en public a également créé un effet d'accoutumance qui a fait perdre toute inhibition à certains commissaires de district, y compris leurs familles. Lors d'un dîner de travail à la fin de 1941, l'épouse du chef régional Hans Gewecke, chef de district du NSDAP à Arrondissement du duché de Lauenbourg et commissaire régional à Šiauliai (Schaulen), s'est ouvertement vantée d'avoir tué son «juif de maison». En tant que domestique assidu, il en savait peu à peu trop sur la famille et sur ce qui se passait au Commissariat général, c'est pourquoi elle jugea préférable de le faire liquider - avec sa femme.

Avec leur pouvoir de décider qui était considéré comme un « Juif » ou une autre personne persécutée par le régime nazi et qui était astreint aux travaux forcés, les commissaires de district et leurs complices agissaient en maîtres de vie ou de mort. Par exemple, dans la sélection meurtrière des Juifs qui étaient encore « utiles » pour l'économie de guerre allemande parmi ceux qui n'étaient plus nécessaires. Après la guerre, les cadres administratifs impliqués et accusés ont souvent eu l'impudence de réinterpréter cela en leur faveur comme des actions de résistance contre la Shoah . Contrairement aux excuses habituelles des personnes concernées selon lesquelles ils n'avaient pas d'autre choix que de suivre les instructions officielles (nécessité d'agir), le parquet lors de la première procédure pénale en 1968 a généralement clairement établi l'existence d'une marge de manœuvre individuelle pour le commissaires d'arrondissement. Ces dernières allaient de la désapprobation démonstrative à la participation personnelle aux tueries. Cela comprenait, par exemple, la collecte de détails de travail principalement juifs pour déterrer les fosses communes, la fourniture de capacités de transport pour les pelotons d'exécution et pour le transport des victimes vers les sites d'exécution. Des commissariats régionaux individuels sont également apparus régulièrement lors des tournées de planification de la direction de la police en vue des exécutions massives et lors des fusillades elles-mêmes, donnant aux actions une touche quasi officielle.

Après la guerre, l'invention imaginative de légendes pour «l'excuse» par les «auteurs» a été activement soutenue par les réseaux sociaux des accusés et par le gouvernement de l'État du Schleswig-Holstein. Pendant la guerre froide contre le communisme dans le bloc de l'Est, ils ont fait tout ce qu'ils pouvaient pour protéger les fonctionnaires concernés contre les poursuites. L'État et la société ont traité les commandants régionaux et leurs employés, à la fois pénalement et moralement, comme s'ils n'avaient été que des administrateurs de district dans les territoires occupés, tout comme les autres administrateurs de district du Reich allemand à l'époque nazie. Un certain nombre ont même réussi - en particulier dans le Schleswig-Holstein - à bénéficier du climat de dissimulation et de déni et à gravir les échelons de carrière (ibid).

Cela s'appliquait notamment à leur participation à la persécution des Juifs. Certains ont même pu ensuite émettre eux-mêmes leurs clean bills, tolérés ou soutenus par les communautés dans lesquelles ils avaient repris pied. Hermann Riecken a résumé la vie à Heikendorf de 1933 à 1939, c'est-à-dire pendant la période où il était lui-même maire du NSDAP, comme suit : « La lutte contre le judaïsme nous a très peu touchés à Heikendorf. Il y avait 3 ou 4 juifs qui vivaient dans notre communauté, des gens qui étaient connus pour être juifs. Pendant un certain temps, le magazine 'Der Stürmer' a également été lu et diffusé un peu par des nationaux-socialistes très enthousiastes, mais les habitants de Heikendorf n'étaient pas intéressés et n'en ont pas tenu compte. Rien de tel n'est venu ici. Nous n'avons rien ressenti de la soi-disant «nuit de cristal» à Heikendorf. «.

Une telle formation de légende était typique. Il n'a pas été mentionné, par exemple, que lorsque les Juifs ont été enregistrés, par ex. B. par le recensement de la minorité allemande de 1939, pas la croyance, mais la descendance était importante. Cela devait être précisé en détail sur les cartes complémentaires du recensement, afin de créer un soi-disant Index juif, qui devait être maintenu au niveau du district, en l'occurrence dans le district de Plön. Autrement dit, selon la définition NS, toutes les personnes qui vivaient dans un ménage dans lequel au moins une personne avait un grand-parent juif étaient comptées comme juives ou «d'origine juive»; ils pourraient par ex. B. être définitivement baptisé en tant que chrétien. À Heikendorf en 1939, non seulement trois ou quatre, mais 24 personnes ont été enregistrées comme juives sur la base du recensement de la minorité allemande. Si certains d'entre eux ont subi le même sort que les trois indigènes de Heikendorf, qui ont été assassinés au Camp de concentration d'Oranienbourg-Sachsenhausen et Camp de concentration de Mauthausen, est actuellement inconnu.

L'acceptation de la persécution des Juifs à Heikendorf n'a commencé qu'en 2019 avec la découverte d'un cas exemplaire, le destin de la famille du maître peintre Nathan Israel Cohn (né en 1862). Sa femme Johanna Cohn (b. Lunczer) est décédée à l'hôpital psychiatrique de Neustadt en  « de vieillesse », et sa belle-sœur, Hedwig Lunczer, née Wolff, s'est suicidée en tant que veuve de 84 ans après elle avait reçu l'ordre d'expulsion vers Riga. De cette façon, elle a échappé au sort de 801 autres compagnons d'infortune décédés le  ont été déportés de la région de Hambourg, Lüneburg et Schleswig-Holstein vers le camp d'extermination, où ils sont arrivés deux jours plus tard. Selon la version officielle, le maître peintre Cohn lui-même est censé mourir le  du "cancer de la vessie et constriction de la vessie".

Après sa sortie de prison (1950), Riecken a commencé sa nouvelle carrière comme ouvrier d'entrepôt à Flensburg. Cependant, comme beaucoup d'autres anciens collègues de l'élite nazie, il réussit rapidement à être réintégré dans le cercle des dignitaires de la société, tout comme ainsi que son fils né le , Hans-Georg Riecken, qui vit comme un riche agent immobilier à Heikendorf. Il partageait apparemment les convictions de droite de son père. Alors il s'est donné p. ex. à la fin des années 1980 dans le "Heikendorfer Singkreis" pour être reconnu comme négationniste de la Shoa sans être puni pour cela. Hermann Riecken est revenu à la politique locale sur le site de son travail antérieur en tant que maire NSDAP à Heikendorf (1933-1939). Là, il a appartenu de 1966 à 1971 à la coalition électorale « City Hall Community » du conseil municipal et a été le fondateur (1959) et longtemps à la tête de l'association touristique locale et municipale très appréciée. De même dans la capitale de l'État voisin de Kiel, où il a célébré son  en tant que membre du premier club d'aviron de Kiel de 1862 e. V.. À ce jour, sa photo de portrait occupe une place d'honneur dans la « galerie ancestrale » du maire à la mairie de Heikendorf, sans commentaire.

Littérature

 .
 Danker, Uwe & Sebastian Lehmann & Robert Bohm (2011): Reichskommissariat Ostland. Scène de crime et objet commémoratif. Flensburg : Institut d'histoire contemporaine et régionale du Schleswig-Holstein, Université de Flensburg et Bureau de recherche d'histoire militaire, Paderborn : Ferdinand Schöningh, 373 pages
 Endlich, Stefanie & Beate Rossié (2019) : « NS bourreaux et criminels de guerre protégés par l'église, nouveaux départs après 1945 ? (Épisode 3), Hambourg : Église évangélique luthérienne du nord de l'Allemagne (Nordkirche)
 Klinger, Klaus (1998): L'ignorance au lieu de la justice - Le système judiciaire d'après-guerre du Schleswig-Holstein et la persécution des Juifs. Dans : Paul & Carlebach (1998),
 .
 .
 Paul, Gerhard & Gillis Carelbach (eds.) (1998):  Menorah and swastika: On the history of the Jews in and from Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck and Altona: 1918-1998 , Neumünster: Wachholtz, 1998
 Plath, Tilman (2012) : Entre protection et chasses humaines. Politique du travail dans les districts généraux de la Baltique 1941-1944/45 . Essen : Klartextverlag, 502 p.,
 .
 .

Références

Membre de la SS
Membre de la SA
Naissance en août 1901
Naissance dans la province du Schleswig-Holstein
Décès en février 1985
Décès à Kiel
Pages avec des traductions non relues
Décès à 83 ans

Hermann Riecken


The 51st (Highland) Division was an infantry division of the British Army that fought on the Western Front in France during the First World War from 1915 to 1918. The division was raised in 1908, upon the creation of the Territorial Force, as the Highland Division and later 51st (Highland) Division from 1915. The division's insignia was a stylised 'HD' inside a red circle. Early doubts about the division's performance earned it the nickname of "Harper's Duds" after the name of its commander, Major-General George Harper although they would go on to gain a fearsome reputation with the Allies and Germans.

The division was renamed the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division and fought during the Second World War as part of the Territorial Army after the Territorial Force was disbanded in 1920. In June 1940, the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division was attached to French 10th Army and after a fighting retreat from the Somme the greater part of the division was forced to surrender, having been cut off at St Valery-en-Caux on the Channel coast. In North Africa, the reconstituted Highland Division was nicknamed the "Highway Decorators" in reference to the 'HD' insignia that adorned road signs along their axis of advance.

By December 1947, the formation amalgamated with 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division to become 51st/52nd Scottish Division, but, by March 1950, 51st Division and 52nd Division had been recreated as separate formations. 51st (Highland) Division finally disbanded in 1968.

Formation
The Territorial Force (TF) was formed on 1 April 1908 following the enactment of the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 (7 Edw.7, c.9) which combined and re-organised the old Volunteer Force, the Honourable Artillery Company and the Yeomanry. On formation, the TF contained 14 infantry divisions and 14 mounted yeomanry brigades. One of the divisions was the Highland Division. In peacetime, the divisional headquarters was at 2 Charlotte Street in Perth.

First World War
The First World War doubts were the result of the way in which the division was initially plundered in late 1914 to early 1915, during a period of great strain on the Regular Army troops of the original British Expeditionary Force (BEF), serving on the Western Front. In August 1914, upon mobilization, the division's infantry element had comprised 12 battalions in 3 regimentally-named brigades: the Seaforth and Cameron Brigade, the Gordon Highlanders Brigade and the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders Brigade. A crisis on the Western Front in late 1914 saw increasing numbers of individual TF battalions being seconded to Regular Army formations on the Western Front. The first TF formation to be plundered in this way was the 1st London Division.

By early 1915, the Highland Division had lost six of its 12 pre-war Highland infantry battalions to Regular divisions. When TF divisions were finally ordered overseas as complete formations in their own right in early 1915, the Highland Division was only at half-strength and in no shape to be sent abroad at that time. Only by the last-minute addition of two Black Watch (Royal Highlanders) battalions and the North Lancashire Brigade from the West Lancashire Division was the division, now numbered as the 51st (Highland) Division, considered numerically complete and was rushed to the Western Front in May 1915 to help stem the latest German onslaught during the Second Battle of Ypres. Obviously, the lack of familiarity amongst these newly introduced disparate units hampered division efficiency and the division could only fare moderately in the further actions at Festubert and Givenchy. Lieutenant General Sir Douglas Haig, then commanding the British First Army, and later to command the entire BEF, commented that the 51st was, at the time of Festubert, "practically untrained and very green in all field duties". Moved to the quiet Somme front in the late summer of 1915, the division, now under the command of Major General George Harper, had yet to satisfy the expectations of those expecting the familiar Highland flair– this was the period of Harper's Duds.

The situation was only resolved when, in January 1916, the Lancashire Brigade (by then renumbered the 154th (3rd Highland) Brigade and later became the 164th (North Lancashire) Brigade) left the division and their place was filled by original Highland battalions released by the regular divisions and by battalions of the Black Watch (Royal Highlanders) not originally in the division. Given the chance to show their mettle in July 1916, during the Battle of the Somme, they assaulted High Wood, which they attacked forcefully in the midst of a murderous field of fire without shelter. Though they failed to take the position, they had shown the fighting spirit expected of Highlanders. The division's reputation grew and they were chosen to capture the notorious fortress village of Beaumont-Hamel in November 1916, towards the end of the Somme offensive. The 51st were "Harper's Duds" no longer. Legend has it the Germans came to know them as "The Ladies From Hell".

By 1917, the 51st was considered a leading assault division and was handed more and more difficult tasks, throughout the year, from Arras in April/May to the combined tank-infantry assault at Cambrai in November.

By early 1918, the division, as with numerous others in the BEF at the time, was below-strength due to losses in 1917 and the tired survivors were given a quiet part of the front line to hold. Unfortunately, the Germans had by chance chosen that location as one of the focal points for their Kaiserschlacht, the last great German assault on the West in March 1918, intended to win the war before the American Expeditionary Force could arrive in great numbers. The neighbouring Portuguese Expeditionary Corps bore the brunt of the initial German assault. When Portuguese troops started to retire from their positions and ran across the 51st's positions, they were mistaken for Germans in the poor visual conditions and the 51st opened fire on them, causing casualties. The under-strength 51st was also pushed back, but eventually held as the German offensive ebbed and flowed. The remains of the division survived the Spring battles and received replacements in time for Haig's Allied offensives of August 1918 onward, which saw the war coming to an end on 11 November 1918.

During 1918, members of the division were painted by the war artist Frederick Farrell, in France.

Inter-war period
At the end of the First World War, the Territorial Force was stood down. It was reconstituted as the Territorial Army in 1921, resulting in the creation of the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division.

Second World War

France 1940
Major-General Victor Fortune took command of the division in 1937. In common with the rest of the British Army at the time, training and equipment had been insufficient in the years after World War 1. In 1938, after Chamberlain's visit to Munich, the decision had been taken to double the size of the Territorial Army, and the Highland Division had made good progress with this recruitment by the spring of 1939.

The issue of equipment and the associated training remained a problem. For example: two years of regular army infantry training was compressed into 3 months; some mortar units had no experience with live ammunition until they got to the firing ranges in France; Bren gun carrier crews only received their equipment in the summer of 1939, leaving little time for training in operating and tactics.

With the situation regarding Nazi Germany deteriorating and the threat of war on the rise, the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division was mobilised on 24 August 1939. In preparation for joining the BEF in France, the division travelled from Scotland to Aldershot, where it received final equipping and training. All units had arrived at Aldershot by 16 September 1939. The men were required to wear the standard British Army battledress of the day. The War Office had decided that kilts were not suited to modern mechanised warfare and did not provide protection in the event of a gas attack. Thus the men were required to hand in their kilts before embarking for France.

In mid-January 1940 the division departed from Southampton and disembarked at the French port of Le Havre. On 28 January it came under command of I Corps of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), under Lieutenant-General Michael Barker. His command also included the 1st and 2nd Infantry Divisions, both Regular Army formations.

In February and March the 51st Division underwent a major reorganisation as per policies of the BEF. Some of the division's units were replaced by Regular Army formations. This was done with the intention of strengthening inexperienced Territorial divisions. The 23rd Field Regiment of the Royal Artillery, a Regular Army unit, replaced the 76th (Highland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, as one example of the changes made. The 76th (Highland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery was transferred to the 3rd Infantry Division. On 22 April 1940 the 51st Division was detached from the rest of the BEF to come under command of the French Third Army. The division was stationed in front of the Ouvrage Hackenberg fortress of the Maginot Line.

With the German invasion of France and the low countries on 10 May 1940 the BEF advanced into Belgium to meet the advancing German forces. Stationed to the south in front of the Maginot Line, the 51st Division was not a part of the force involved in Belgium, and was thus not involved in the Dunkirk evacuation. In response to the German advance it was pulled back to form a defensive line along the Somme, where it was attached to the French Tenth Army. With the withdrawal of Allied forces at Dunkirk, the Germans turned their attention to the south.

On 5 June they began their second offensive. The 51st was tasked with holding a line four times longer than that which would normally be expected of a division. Sustained attacks over 5–6 June caused heavy losses, particularly among the 7th Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, where the main weight of the German attack fell. The Argylls' losses were the worst they had suffered in their history. The other battalions of the 154th Brigade were enveloped. The remnant of the 154th Brigade was forced to retire to the west.

Meanwhile, the 152nd and 153rd Brigades, along with the French 9th Corps, under Lieutenant General Marcel Ihler, were cut off from the main Allied forces, and had to withdraw toward Le Havre for a possible evacuation by sea. The 154th Brigade was detached to form "Arkforce" and tasked with maintaining an open line of communication with Le Havre. As the force moved back toward the coast German forces reached the coast area near Saint-Valery-en-Caux first, cutting off the line of retreat to Le Havre. The French and British force pulled back into Saint Valery-en-Caux.

With steep cliffs overlooking the small harbour, the Germans had a ready line of fire to use against any attempts to withdraw. General Fortune could not hold out much longer, and realized their last chance was to be pulled off in the dark on the night of 11/12 June, but no ships came. (The Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth, Admiral William James, had assembled ships for the evacuation but daytime evacuation was impossible and on the final night fog meant that the ships could not communicate and co-ordination would be impossible.) On the morning of 12 June the French forces surrendered, followed 30 minutes later by the British. Major-General Fortune was one of the most senior British officers to be taken prisoner in the war.

After the war was over, General Fortune was knighted by King George VI for his work in promoting the welfare of his men while in captivity: despite failing health, he had resisted repatriation. From the British point of view, the defeat of the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division was the end of the Allied resistance during the Battle of France.

More than 10,000 members of the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division were taken prisoner at St Valery. They were marched to Germany, via Belgium, following the route over which the Germans had advanced against them. The officers were separated from the men, for most of whom the initial destination was Stalag XX-A at Toruń, about  northwest of Warsaw. Some were loaded into canal barges for part of their journey, but all eventually travelled by train in cattle wagons. There were some notable escapes, mostly in the early stages of the march. Of the 290 British Army POW escapers who had returned to Britain by the end of June 1941, 134 were members of the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division.

As other camps were brought into operation, a large proportion of the POWs were transferred – most to Stalag XX-B at Malbork and Stalag 344 at Lambinowice, but with small numbers in many other camps.

Early in 1945, the Russian Army had advanced close to these camps, so the POWs were involved in the Long March. Some groups from Stalag XX-A marched around  in the depths of winter to Stalag XIB/357 at Bad Fallingbostel on the Lüneburg Heath, north of Hanover. Others had similar journeys in severe winter conditions, affected by shortages of food and shelter, with many suffering from dysentery and frostbite.

In 1942 French General Charles de Gaulle, in a speech, claimed "I can tell you that the comradeship in arms experienced on the battlefield of Abbeville in May and June 1940 between the French armoured division which I had the honour to command and the valiant 51st Highland Division under General Fortune played its part in the decision which I took to continue fighting on the side of the Allies unto the end, no matter what the course of events."

On 12 June 2010, veterans of the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division attended a commemorative ceremony for the 70th Anniversary of the battle at Saint-Valéry-en-Caux.

Reformation
In August 1940, the 9th (Highland) Infantry Division (the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division's 2nd Line Territorial Army duplicate, which it had helped form) was re-designated as the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division. As part of this, the 26th and 27th Infantry Brigades were re-designated the 152nd and 153rd Infantry Brigade. The 28th Infantry Brigade was merged with the severely understrength 154th Infantry Brigade.

The first general officer commanding (GOC) of the new incarnation of the division was Major-General Alan Cunningham, who, in October 1940, was sent to the Middle East. He was replaced by Major-General Neil Ritchie. Almost two years of home defence and training duties followed on the south coast of England and northeast coast of Scotland against a potential German invasion, which never arrived.

In June 1941, Major-General Ritchie was sent to the Middle East and Major-General Douglas Wimberley, who had served with the original 51st (Highland) Division during the First World War and more recently commanded the 152nd Brigade, assumed command. With the arrival of Wimberley as GOC, strenuous training for future operations overseas began. By June 1942, the division was ordered to prepare for service overseas.

The Mediterranean and Middle-East

Arriving in North Africa in August 1942, the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division experienced its first fighting at the Second Battle of El Alamein (October–November), sustaining some 2,000 casualties. It then played a major part in Operation Lightfoot, where it was in the centre of the Northern Push, between the 9th Australian Division and the 2nd New Zealand Division. It faced the German 21st Panzer Division and some Italian units. Initially unsuccessful during Lightfoot, the minefields it cleared were key in achieving a breakout during Operation Supercharge.

Subsequently, the division was involved in many battles of the Tunisian Campaign, including the battle of Wadi Akarit, in early April 1943, and took part in the frontal assault on strongpoints guarded by deep minefields, where it was on the far right of the line. The Commanding Officer (CO) of the 7th Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, Lieutenant Colonel Lorne MacLaine Campbell, was awarded the Victoria Cross for his leadership during the battle. The war in North Africa ended on 13 May 1943 with the surrender of almost 250,000 Axis soldiers as prisoners of war (POWs). Throughout the fighting in North Africa the division served under the command of the British Eighth Army, under General Bernard Montgomery.

Later the 51st Division had a rest to absorb replacements for the heavy losses, in both manpower and materiel, suffered in North Africa and began training in amphibious warfare. In July, the division took part in the Allied invasion of Sicily, codenamed Operation Husky, suffering comparatively light casualties in the short campaign, which lasted for 38 days. Towards the end of the campaign in early August, the division was withdrawn from combat and held in reserve for the Allied invasion of Italy. Although the 51st Division as a whole did not take part in the invasion, some of the division's artillery helped support Operation Baytown, the Eighth Army's crossing of the Strait of Messina in Sicily to the Italian "toe" at Reggio Calabria.

The division was then recalled from the Eighth Army and returned to the United Kingdom, on the wishes of the Army's old commander, General Montgomery, together with the veteran 7th Armoured and 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Divisions, to prepare for the opening of the Second Front in June 1944. Montgomery commented on the 51st "Of the many fine divisions that served under me in the Second World War, none were finer than the Highland Division" and later "It was the only infantry division in the armies of the British Empire that accompanied me during the whole of the long march from Alamein to Berlin."

When a group of recuperating wounded soldiers of the 51st returned from their North African hospital to rejoin the division in Sicily, they were instead split up and ordered to various units and formations, mainly the British 46th Infantry Division which had suffered heavy casualties during the Salerno landings, totally unrelated to the 51st Division or its component regiments. Some soldiers of the division regarded this as administrative high-handedness and refused to follow these orders, and the result was the Salerno Mutiny. The mutineers were distributed to various units regardless, while ringleaders were sentenced to death (the sentences were later commuted and finally quashed).

Battle of Normandy

Most of the 51st landed in Normandy as part of Operation Overlord on 7 June 1944, a day after D-Day, as part of British I Corps, under Lieutenant-General John Crocker. After spending a brief period supporting the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division, it was sent across the River Orne, and spent two months supporting the 6th Airborne Division in its bridgehead. During this period it fought many difficult actions at places such as Bréville (11–12 June) and Colombelles (11 July).

The 51st (Highland) Infantry Division's performance in Normandy was, overall, considered disappointing, particularly by General Montgomery, now the Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) of the Allied land forces in Normandy, who stated in a telegram to Field Marshal Sir Alan Brooke, the Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS, the professional head of the British Army), that the division "had failed every mission it was given". This led to the replacement of its GOC, Major-General Charles Bullen-Smith; his dismissal is not mentioned in the Divisional Official History nor formation accounts. His successor was Major-General Tom Rennie, who had served with the division in France, North Africa and Sicily before being elevated to command of the British 3rd Infantry Division for the Normandy invasion, which he commanded until being wounded soon after D-Day, but had now recovered.

On 1 August 1944 the division, along with the rest of British I Corps, became part of the newly activated Canadian First Army. The division fought alongside this army in Operation Totalize, before advancing to Lisieux. It then continued east over the River Seine and headed, on General Montgomery's orders for Saint-Valéry-en-Caux, the scene of the division's surrender in June 1940. The division's massed pipes and drums played in the streets of the town, and a parade included veterans of the 1940 campaign in France who were with the 51st Division in 1944.

A similar event occurred at Dieppe when it was liberated by the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division. Leaving Saint Valéry, the 51st Division was engaged in Operation Astonia, the battle for the French port of Le Havre, in September 1944.

After Normandy

After the capture of the town of Le Havre, the division went on to take part in Operation Pheasant in October 1944, finally passing into reserve and garrisoning the Meuse River during the Battle of the Bulge, now as part of XXX Corps, under Lieutenant General Brian Horrocks. It was not involved in heavy fighting during the early stages of the battle and was deployed as a stopgap in case the Germans broke through.

In January 1945, the division, along with the rest of XXX Corps, helped to cut off the northern tip of the German salient, linking up with the U.S. 84th Infantry Division at Nisramont on 14 January. Following this, the division was involved in Operation Veritable, the clearing of the Rhineland. In late March the 51st took part in Operation Turnscrew within the framework of Operation Plunder, the crossing of the River Rhine, near the town of Rees, where the GOC, Major General Tom Rennie, was killed by enemy mortar fire. He was replaced by Major General Gordon MacMillan, a very highly experienced and competent commander who had previously been the GOC of the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division.

The division advanced through Germany and ended the war in the Bremerhaven area of Northern Germany. During the North-West Europe campaign the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division had suffered a total of 19,524 battle casualties.

Post War
A related formation, the 51st (Scottish) Division, was reformed in the Territorial Army after the Second World War. Beckett 2008 says that Territorial Army units that were in suspended animation were formally reactivated on 1 January 1947, though no personnel were assigned until commanding officers and permanent staff had been appointed in March and April 1947. By December 1947, the formation amalgamated with 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division to become 51st/52nd Scottish Division, but, by March 1950, 51st Division and 52nd Division had been recreated as separate formations.

From December 1955, the division was placed on a lower establishment, for home defence purposes only. On 1 May 1961, the division was merged with Highland District to become 51st Highland Division/District. 51st (Highland) Division was disbanded in 1968.

Legacy
A specific memorial to the 51st division created by the sculptor George Henry Paulin exists at the Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial site on the Somme.

A further memorial in the form of a sculpture by Alan Herriot was unveiled in May 1995 on the North Inch in Perth, Scotland. As well as commemorating 50 years of peace in Europe, the sculpture depicts a Highlander being greeted by a young Dutch girl during the liberation of the Netherlands by the 51st.

Music
 "The 51st (Highland) Division's Farewell to Sicily", a folk song written by Hamish Henderson, a former officer who served in the 51st Division during the Sicilian campaign. It has been recorded by a number of folk singers, including Dick Gaughan.
 "The Beaches of St. Valery", performed by the Battlefield Band. Written by Davy Steele, it tells the story of the 51st Division's struggle to reach Saint-Valéry-en-Caux in 1940 only to find that no ships had been sent to evacuate them.
 "The Old Boys", performed by the Scottish group Runrig, who sing in both English and Gaelic. The song which first appeared on the album Recovery (1981) and was reprised on Protera (2003) speaks of the declining numbers of Gaelic speaking members of the 51st who fought at St Valery.
 "Farewell, 51st, farewell!", a folk song written by Andy Stewart, about scrapping of the 51st Division, but indicates that they will never be forgotten, as the lyrics say "On the glory road of fame, there is honour tae your name. Farewell 51st, Farewell."
 "The 51st Highland Division", a 4/4 march composed by Pipe Major Donald Mac leod.
 "The 51st Highland Division Farewell", a 2/4 march composed by Dr. Charles Bannatyne.
 "The 51st Highland Division at Wadi Akarit", a 2/4 march composed by W. Mac Donald.

Dance
 "The Reel of the 51st Division" was devised in the Laufen PoW camp by officers captured at St Valery. It was the very first modern Scottish Country Dance published by the Royal Scottish Country Dance Society. The original tune written in Laufen has been superseded by the traditional reel "The Drunken Piper" and the dance was re-cast from its original form involving a longwise set of ten men to the more usual four couple set. The original ten-man version is still danced in some parts.

In the media
On 15 July 2018, Channel 4 broadcast a documentary called 'Dunkirk: The Forgotten Heroes' In a review, in The Daily Telegraph, the programme was given four stars out of five and called "a terrific documentary that told the sad story of the men left behind".

Victoria Cross recipients

First World War
 Sergeant William Gosling, Royal Field Artillery, 3rd Wessex Brigade
 Private George McIntosh, 1/6th Battalion, Gordon Highlanders
 Sergeant Alexander Edwards, 1/6th Battalion, Seaforth Highlanders
 Lance Corporal Robert McBeath, 1/5th Battalion, Seaforth Highlanders
 Sergeant John Meikle, 4th Battalion, Seaforth Highlanders
 Lieutenant William Davidson Bissett, 1/6th Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders

Second World War
 Lieutenant Colonel Lorne MacLaine Campbell, 7th Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders

General officers commanding

The following officers commanded the division at various times:

Order of battle

{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%; background:transparent;"
!colspan= | 51st (Highland) Infantry Division (1941–1945)
|-
|colspan="2" |
152nd Infantry Brigade (formerly 26th Infantry Brigade)
 2nd Battalion, Seaforth Highlanders
 4th/5th Battalion, Seaforth Highlanders (left 4 April 1941)
 7th Battalion, Seaforth Highlanders (left 23 August 1940)
 5th Battalion, Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders
 152nd Infantry Brigade Anti-Tank Company (formed 1 September 1940, became A Squadron 51st Battalion, Reconnaissance Corps February 1941)
 5th Battalion, Seaforth Highlanders (from 5 April 1941)

153rd Infantry Brigade (formerly 27th Infantry Brigade)
 5th Battalion, Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment)
 7th Battalion, Gordon Highlanders (left 7 November 1939)
 9th Battalion, Gordon Highlanders (left 2 September 1940)
 1st Battalion, Gordon Highlanders
 153rd Infantry Brigade Anti-Tank Company (formed 1 September 1940, became B Squadron 51st Battalion, Reconnaissance Corps February 1941)
 5th/7th Battalion, Gordon Highlanders (from 21 October 1940)

154th Infantry Brigade (formerly 28th Infantry Brigade)
 7th Battalion, Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) (left 21 August 1945)
 7th/10th Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (became 7th Battalion 30 September 1942)
 11th Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (left 22 September 1941)
 2nd Battalion, Seaforth Highlanders (left 4 September 1940)
 154th Infantry Brigade Anti-Tank Company (formed 1 September 1940, became C Squadron 51st Battalion, Reconnaissance Corps February 1941)) 1st Battalion, Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) (from 24 October 1940)Divisional Troops
 51st Battalion, Reconnaissance Corps (formed from 14th Battalion, Highland Light Infantry, and brigade anti-tank companies January 1941, became 51st (Highland) Reconnaissance Regiment 6 June 1942, reverted to 14th HLI 14 January 1943)Frederick, p. 259.
 2nd Derbyshire Yeomanry (joined as reconnaissance regiment, 20 January 1944) 1/7th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment (from 20 November 1941, joined as Machine Gun Battalion, became Support Battalion 10 December 1943, reverted to MG Battalion 28 February 1944) 126th (Highland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery
 127th (Highland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery
 128th (Highland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery
 61st (West Highland) Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery
 40th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery (from 1 May 1942) 274th Field Company, Royal Engineers
 275th Field Company, Royal Engineers
 276th Field Company, Royal Engineers
 239th Field Park Company, Royal Engineers
 16th Bridging Platoon, Royal Engineers (formed 19 December 1943) 51st (Highland) Divisional Signals Regiment, Royal Corps of Signals
13 Field Security Section, Intelligence Corps
|}

See also

 List of British divisions in World War I
 List of British divisions in World War II
 British Army Order of Battle (September 1939)

Notes

References

Bibliography

 Becke, Maj A. F.,(2007) History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2a: The Territorial Force Mounted Divisions and the 1st-Line Territorial Force Divisions (42–56), London: HM Stationery Office, 1935/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, .
 Beckett, Ian F. W. (2008) 'Territorials: A Century of Service,' published by DRA Printing of 14 Mary Seacole Road, The Millfields, Plymouth PL1 3JY on behalf of TA 100, ,

 Delaforce, Patrick, (2007) Monty's Highlanders: The Story of the 51st Highland Division Pen & Sword,

 Doherty, Richard, (2006) None Bolder: The History of the 51st Highland Division in the Second World War Spellmount,
 J.B.M. Frederick, Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978, Vol I, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, ISBN 1-85117-007-3.
 Gorle, Richmond (2011) "The Quiet Gunner" Alamein to the Rhine with the Scottish Divisions, Pen and Sword
 Lt-Col H.F. Joslen, Orders of Battle, United Kingdom and Colonial Formations and Units in the Second World War, 1939–1945, London: HM Stationery Office, 1960/London: London Stamp Exchange, 1990, ISBN 0-948130-03-2/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2003, ISBN 1-843424-74-6.
 King, Anthony (2017) 'Why did 51st Highland Division Fail? A case-study in command and combat effectiveness', British Journal for Military History, Vol. 4, No.1.
 Linklater, Eric (1942) The Highland Division. HMSO, No ISBN.
 Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. (2003) Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 3. Paris, Histoire & Collections,

 Salmond, J. B. (1953) The Story of the 51st Highland Division''. Wm Blackwood & Sons, No ISBN.

 Swaab, Jack (2005) "Field of Fire: Diary of a Gunner Officer". Sutton Publishing,

External links
 The Official Website of the 51 Highland Division
 The British Army in the Great War: The Long, Long Trail
 The Forgotten 51st
 The Forgotten Heroes of World War 2 by Robert Beesley
 Remember the 51st (Highland) Division at Saint-Valéry-en-Caux
 Orbat.com
 Timeline history of 1940 surrender with photos of the memorial at Veules-les-Roses

Infantry divisions of the British Army in World War I
Infantry divisions of the British Army in World War II
Military units and formations of Scotland
Military units and formations established in 1908
Military units and formations disestablished in 1961
1908 establishments in the British Empire

51st (Highland) Division


Kentaro Kawasaki (født 18. december 1982) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Montedio Yamagata og Consadole Sapporo.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Kentaro Kawasaki


Oja Kodar ( , născută ca Olga Palinkaš, ) este o actriță croată, scenaristă și regizoare de film. Este cel mai bine cunoscută ca partenera lui Orson Welles în ultimii ani de viață ai regizorului american.

Biografie

Născută Olga Palinkaš la Zagreb cu tată maghiar și mamă croată, Kodar a fost partenera și iubita lui Orson Welles în ultimii ani ai vieții sale. Ei s-au întâlnit la Zagreb în 1961, când Welles a venit în oraș pentru a filma Procesul (The Trial). Welles avea patruzeci și șase de ani în acel moment și era căsătorit cu cea de-a treia soție a sa, Paola Mori. Welles a plăcut-o pe Palinkaš, în vârstă de douăzeci de ani, pe care a descris-o ca fiind "întunecată, frumoasă și exotică". În scurt timp, a apărut o relație între cei doi, iar Welles i-a dat numele de scenă Oja Kodar, care este un amestec între numele "Oja" cu care o striga sora ei Nina și expresia croată "ko-dar" (ca un cadou).

Presa italiană a început să publice știri privind aventura amoroasă a lui Welles cu Kodar în martie 1970, deși Mori nu a știut aparent de această relație decât în anul 1984.

În ultimii săi ani de viață, Welles și-a împărțit timpul între casa sa din Las Vegas pe care o împărțea cu Mori și casa de la Hollywood pe care o împărțea cu Kodar. Mori a murit la 10 luni după soțul ei, iar proprietățile lui au fost moștenite de Kodar și de Beatrice Welles, fiica lui Mori și a lui Welles, la 7 noiembrie 1986.

Carieră cinematografică
La începutul carierei sale, Kodar a jucat un rol minor în comedia francezo-italiană Tendre voyou (Un avventuriero a Tahiti) cu Jean-Paul Belmondo în rolul principal.

Cea mai mare parte a carierei cinematografice a lui Kodar s-a învârtit în jurul proiectelor lui Welles, dintre care multe nu au fost niciodată finalizate.

În 1966, la cinci ani după ce s-au cunoscut, cuplul s-a întors pe coasta iugoslavă unde Welles a început să realizeze filmul The Deep bazat pe romanul lui Charles Williams, Dead Calm, cu Kodar jucând unul dintre rolurile principale. Welles și-a imaginat filmul ca pe un proiect comercial, conceput pentru a aduce încasări mari la box-office; totuși, producția a întâmpinat dificultăți financiare și tehnice și nu a fost niciodată finalizată. Zeci de ani mai târziu, Kodar a dat vina pe refuzul din gelozie al co-vedetei Jeanne Moreau de a dubla replicile ei, în timp ce editorul Mauro Bonanni a pretins că Welles a abandonat The Deep când și-a dat seama că începătoarea Oja Kodar nu era potrivită pentru rolul principal al acestui film.

Welles a început să filmeze la The Other Side of the Wind în 1970. Kodar afirmă că a scris scenariul împreună cu Welles, deși acesta este datat de la începutul anilor 1960 ca un proiect al lui Welles conceput inițial cu Keith Baxter și Anthony Perkins în rolurile principale. Cu un scenariu care are loc la petrecerea aniversării a 70 de ani a unui bătrân regizor de film, The Other Side of the Wind a fost gândit ca un portret cinic al Hollywood-ului din anii 1970- parodiind sfârșitul studiourilor majore, precum și pe noii producători de film din New Hollywood, dar și diferiți regizori din Europa. Filmările, care includ o scenă în care Kodar face sex cu Bob Random într-un break, au durat ani de zile și nu au fost finalizate până în 2018 (aproape 50 de ani mai târziu).

Kodar (nemenționată) a co-scris și a apărut în rolul ei în semi-documentarul lui Welles, F for Fake (Vérités et mensonges, 1973), care a avut inițial recenzii negative, dar în anii care au urmat a fost reconsiderat în special datorită tehnicii sale inovatoare de editare.

În 1980, Kodar a colaborat la scenariul filmului lui Welles The Dreamers bazat pe un roman al lui Karen Blixen. Probele de filmare cu Kodar în rolul principal au fost filmate în 1982, dar Welles nu a obținut niciodată sprijin pentru realizarea acestui film. Muzeul de Film din München a editat scenele filmate alb-negru și color într-un film de scurtmetraj.

La trei luni după ce Welles a murit în octombrie 1985, Kodar și-a vândut drepturile de autor ale cărții Dead Calm cu suma de 180.000 de dolari americani producătorului australian George Miller care a realizat un film cu același nume în 1989; totuși, înțelegerea a devenit aproape neplăcută atunci când producătorii au informat-o pe Kodar că va fi trasă la răspundere pentru daunele provocate. George Miller a încercat anterior să cumpere drepturile de la Welles în anii 1970, dar nu a reușit niciodată.

Kodar a debutat ca regizor de lungmetraj cu lansarea filmului Jaded (1989). Filmul a fost produs de Kodar și Gary Graver (unul dintre cameramanii filmului F for Fake), care a servit  și ca director de imagine al filmului. În film au interpretat actorii Randall Brady, Elizabeth Brooks, Scott Kaske, Jillian Kesner, Kelli Maroney și Kodar. Unele porțiuni ale filmului au fost realizate în mansarda unui artist din centrul Los Angeles-ului.

Kodar a supervizat montajul lui Jess Franco cu secvențele needitate ale lui Welles din filmul neterminat Don Quixote , acesta a fost lansat în 1992, în general, cu recenzii negative.

Al doilea film al său ca regizoare a fost drama de război Vrijeme za... (1993), cu un scenariu plasat în timpul Războiului de Independență al Croației din 1991-1995. Filmul a fost o co-producție Jadran Film (casă de filme croată de stat) și Rai Tre (post de televiziune de stat italian), împreună cu casa de producție italiană Ellepi Films.

Mai târziu a co-regizat și co-scris documentarul german-francez Orson Welles: The One-Man Band (1995). Pentru acest film, ea a supravegheat o compilație de secvențe neutilizate filmate de Welles în ultimii 20 de ani ai carierei sale. Kodar este intervievată în Los Angeles și în Orvilliers, Franța, unde cei doi au împărțit o casă. Acest documentar este inclus pe lansarea DVD-ului The Criterion Collection  a filmului F For Fake. Documentarul detaliază despre cele trei filme neterminate la care Kodar și Welles au lucrat împreună. The Other Side of the Wind a fost finalizat după mai mult de 40 de ani de dezvoltare și a fost în cele din urmă lansat în 2008. Celelalte filme nu au fost niciodată completate din motivele explicate în documentar.

În aprilie 2015, cartea lui Josh Karp, Orson Welles's Last Movie: The Making of The Other Side of the Wind (Ultimul film al lui Orson Welles: Producția filmului The Other Side of the Wind) a redat un portret nefavorabil al lui Kodar, cu numeroase persoane (investitori, avocați, directori și alții) care au fost implicate în filmul neterminat (în cele din urmă finalizat și lansat în 2018) începând cu anul 1999, toate au dezvăluit o variantă asemănătoare în care Kodar a încercat să întârzie cât mai mult finalizarea filmului prin: renunțarea la acorduri; asmuțirea investitorilor unul împotriva celuilalt; cumpărarea în secret a unor tranzacții mai bune și schimbări bruște de plan în momentele critice. Acțiunile lui Kodar au determinat un avocat al familiei Boushehri, co-proprietar al filmului, să scrie într-un memoriu din 2007: "Noi am așteptat mulți ani pentru ca ea să fie de acord cu o afacere... Sentimentul meu personal este că ea este incapabilă să încheie o înțelegere cu oricine... Clientul nostru nu a fost niciodată problema, Kodar a fost."

Regizorii Peter Bogdanovich și Henry Jaglom și scriitorul Joseph McBride – cu toții apărând pe genericul filmului The Other Side of the Wind – au confirmat faptul că Oja Kodar a avut în diverse momente deraieri în încercarea de a finaliza filmul.

Un plan de a finaliza The Other Side of the Wind al producătorilor Filip Jan Rymsza și Frank Marshall a fost aprobat de Kodar în octombrie 2014, dar mai târziu s-a destrămat deoarece Kodar și producătorii au renegociat condițiile acordului.  Ea a semnat în cele din urmă un acord cu Rymsza, Marshall și Netflix pentru a termina filmul în 2017. O lună mai târziu, negativul filmului The Other Side of the Wind a fost transportat cu avionul din Franța la Los Angeles pentru a fi editat și pentru a fi distribuit în 2018.

Kodar a văzut o versiune brută a filmului la începutul anului 2018 și a sugerat schimbări, în special la secvențele de interior, conform editorului Bob Murawski.

Ea și-a exprimat ambivalența cu privire la finalizarea acestui film într-un interviu din iulie 2018. De ceva timp am crezut că ar fi bine să facem un documentar despre toate problemele care au apărut la The Other Side of the Wind, dar acum [...] poate că este mai bine ca filmul este deja gata.

Kodar nu a putut participa la premiera de la Festivalul de film din Veneția din cauza problemelor legate de sănătate și de familie. A fost citită o scrisoare pe care a trimis-o lui Rymsza și în care a spus printre altele: Din tot ce am auzit până acum, voi, Frank (Marshall) și Peter (Bogdanovich) ați făcut o treabă bună și vă mulțumesc tuturor.

Filmografie
 Ca actriță
 Tendre voyou (1966)
 Neguțătorul din Veneția (1969)
 The Deep (1970) - Rae Ingram
 Vérités et mensonges (1973) - Fata
 Tajna Nikole Tesle (1980) - Catherine Johnson
 Cineva pe care să-l iubești (1987) - Elena
 Jaded (1989) - Rossanda
 Don Quijote de Orson Welles (1992)
 The Other Side of the Wind (2018)
 Ca regizoare
 Jaded (1989)
 Vrijeme za... (1993)
 Orson Welles: The One-Man Band (1995)

În cultura populară
Personajul Oja Kodar (interpretat de Ivana Popović) apare în filmul Doktor Rej i djavoli din 2012.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 Listă de actori croați

Nașteri în 1941
Actori croați
Regizori de film croați

Oja Kodar


An Dendrobium montedeakinense in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Frederick Manson Bailey. An Dendrobium montedeakinense in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrobium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dendrobium

Dendrobium montedeakinense


Nauch charstianschi za slovignschi narod, u vlaasti iazich – Dottrina Christiana per la nazione illirica nella propria lingua, prvi hrvatski katekizam. Otiskao ga je 1582. u Rimu hrvatski svećenik i papinski diplomat Aleksandar Komulović dok je još bio kanonik u Sv. Jeronimu. Struktura katekizma je kao u priručniku glasovitoga isusovca sv. Petra Kanizija. Podijeljen je u pet poglavlja i namijenjen je svećenicima i župnicima jer u njemu naširoko obrazlaže glavne istine kršćanske vjere i pojedine katoličke dogme. Na pisanje katekizma Komulovića je potaknula prva dalmatinska sinoda nakon Tridentskoga koncila održana u Zadru g. 1579. godine. Djelo spada u pionirska djela katehetske i teološke literature na hrvatskom jeziku.

Izvori

Knjige


Paralouatta es un género de platirrino que contiene dos especies extintas de pequeños primates que vivieron en la isla de Cuba, Paralouatta varonai y Paralouatta marianae.

El primate fósil cubano Paralouatta varonai fue descrito de un cráneo casi completo de finales del Cuaternario en 1991. Este cráneo y un número de dientes aislados y huesos postcraneales fueron hallados en una caverna situada en la provincia de Pinar del Río. La descripción inicial del cráneo incluyó la propuesta de que Paralouatta varonai era un pariente caribeño cercano al actual Alouatta (mono aullador) de Centro y Suramérica, pero esta colocación taxonómica empezó a ser cuestionada con los análisis de los restos dentales. Basándose en las similitudes compartidas con otros primates del Caribe, Xenothrix mcgregori y Antillothrix bernensis, MacPhee y Horovitz han propuesto que los primates caribeños son parte de una radicación monofilética que ingresó al Caribe en el límite entre el Oligoceno y el Mioceno. Investigación más reciente ha confirmado esta reclasificación y sitúa a estas tres especies en la tribu Xenotrichini.

Una segunda especie de Paralouatta (P. marianae) ha sido descrita de depósitos del Burdigaliense (principios del Mioceno, hace 18 millones de años), y es el mayor primate americano conocido de esa época.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Mikko's Phylogeny archive

Pitheciidae
Mamíferos del Mioceno
Mamíferos del Pleistoceno
Fósiles de Cuba
Mamíferos extintos de América

Paralouatta


Dlžín este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Prievidza din regiunea Trenčín. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 154 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Dlžín este atestată documentar din 1272.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Dlžín


Aştarak (Աշտարակ'in Ermenice 'deki anlamı kule, eskiden Açtarak) Ermenistan 'ın endüstriyel bir şehridir.Kasag nehri üzerinde Erivan'ın 13 km kuzeybatısında yer alır. Aragatsotn idari bölgesinin merkezidir. Yaklaşık nüfusuyla 21,000 en önemli üç Ermeni şehrinin yollarının kavşak noktasıdır: Erivan, Gümrü ve Vanadzor.

Şehirle ilgili bir efsane

Efsaneye göre Aştarak'ta üç kız kardeş yaşar ve üçü de Prens Sargis'e aşıklardır. İki büyük kardeş küçük kardeşlerinin mutluluğu için intihar etmeye karar verirler. Küçük kardeş intihar eden ablalarının cesetleriyle karşılaştığında intihar eden kardeşlerden birinim kavuniçi, diğeriyse kırmızı giyinmiş olduğunu görür.O sırada üzerinde beyaz bir elbise vardır. Küçük kardeş duruma dayanamayıp kendini şehirde bulunan dağ geçidinden aşağı bırakarak intihar eder. Prens Sargis hermit olduğunda o geçidin kenarına, kardeşlerin öldüğü gün üzerlerinde bulunan giysilerin renginde, üç küçük kilise yaptırır.

Şehir ve çevresindeki tarihi yapılar

Yukarıda anlatılan efsanedeki renklerin ismiyle anılan üç kiliselerin renkleri, isimlerindeki renklerle uyuşmaz. Bu kiliselerden, 7.yüzyıl'da inşa edilmiş ve içlerinden en iyi korunmuş olanı Karmravor (karmir kırmızı anlamında) kilisesi şeftali rengindedir. Diğer ikisi, Spitakavor (spitak beyaz demektir ama kilisenin rengi kırmızıdır) 14. yüzyıl'da ve Tsiranavor (tsiran şeftali demektir, kilisenin rengi beyazdır) 5. yüzyıl 'da inşa edilmiştir.

Şehirde iki tane daha eski kilise vardır, bunlardan Surb Sargis, 19. yüzyılda inşa edilmiş bu yapı şehirdeki geçtidn ayrı bir noktasında yer alır and offers. Şehrin en büyük kilisesi,1281'de inşa edilen St. Marine kilisesi şehrin merkezinde bulunur.

Şehirdeki görülmesi gereken diğer ilginç manzaralardan biri de 1664'da inşa edilmiş olan, Kasag nehri üzerindeki köprüdür.

Dış bağlantılar
 Cilicia.com Yöreyle ilgili bir internet sayfası

Aragatsotn
Ermenistan'daki şehirler

Aştarak


مطار الشلف - أبو بكر بلقايد (إياتا:CFK، إيكاو:DAOI)، هو مطار دولي، يقع في مدينة الشلف عاصمة ولاية الشلف في الجزائر.

مطار جزائري دولي مصنف كمطار مختلط، يقع على بعد 6 كيلومترات شمال مدينة الشلف.

يخدم المطار مدينة الشلف ومنطقتها وكذلك الولايات المجاورة في هذه الحالة: غليزان، عين الدفلة، تيارت، تيسمسيلت.

كما يتضمن المطار في الجزء الجنوبي منه قاعدة للقوات الجوية الجزائرية حيث يتمركز الفوج السادس من مروحيات المناورة.

العرض
تمتد البنية التحتية على مساحة 24 هكتارًا وتحتوي على صالة شرف على شكل هرم، ومهبط طائرات بطول 3400 مترًا وعرض 45 مترًا، بالإضافة إلى أربعة مواقف للطائرات تستوعب ناقلات كبيرة ومتوسطة الحجم.

بالإضافة إلى ذلك، تم تجهيز المنصة بوحدة فنية ووحدة SSIS وبرج تحكم ومحطة طقس ومحطة كهربائية.

تتسع ساحة انتظار الزوار لـ 160 مركبة.

تسير شؤون المطار من قبل مؤسسة إدارة الخدمة الجوية في الجزائر. (Alger EGSA).

التاريخ

1930-1944
تم بناء المطار في 22 ديسمبر 1932 على حافة بوكا موفقية (موقع المطار الحالي)، وامتد لأكثر من 33 هكتارًا حيث تم افتتاح حظائر بطول 20 مترًا وعمق 15 مترًا. من يناير 1933 سمح المطار بإقلاع وهبوط الطائرات المدنية والعسكرية وتزويدها بالوقود بالبنزين والنفط.

في فبراير 1933، صوت المجلس البلدي على إعانة قدرها 30000 فرنك لصالح نادي الطيران، مما مكنه من الحصول على أول طائرة سياحية من طراز Potez 43 في أورلي انزفيل.

تم الافتتاح الرسمي لهذا المطار في 24 ديسمبر 1933.

كانت مدينة الشلف من بين المحطات الاختيارية لشركة الطيران التي تربط الجزائر بوهران والتي كانت تعمل خلال الحقبة الاستعمارية من قبل شركة طيران شمال إفريقيا (L.A.N.A) منذ عام 1934.

أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية وأثناء حملة شمال إفريقيا ضد القوات الجوية الأفريكانية الألمانية (مارس - أبريل 1943)، عُرف المطار باسم «مطار وارنيير»، الذي يُعتبر أحد أهم قواعد عمليات القوة الجوية الثانية عشرة.

1944-1962
بعد وصول فوج الهندسة الجوية 45 (45 BAGA) في الجزائر في نهاية عام 1955، كان من الضروري البدء في أعمال إعادة التأهيل من أجل تحسين مدارج أندية الطيران الحالية حتى يتمكنوا من استقبال الطائرات المقاتلة والنقل الثقيل. طائرات. قرب نهاية عام 1958

في عام 1957 استأنف المطار أنشطته السياحية المتوقفة خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية.

في 6 أكتوبر 1961، تم نشر مرسوم المحافظة المتعلق بنزع الملكية لأغراض المنفعة العامة للأرض اللازمة لتوسيع المطار .

بعد 1962
قام المطار بتشغيل أول رحلة جوية تجارية في 8 يونيو 2006، تربط بين الشلف ومارسيليا، بطائرة من طراز بوينغ 600-737 للخطوط الجوية الجزائرية.

الموقع
يقع مطار الشلف أبو بكر بلقايد على بعد 6 كيلومترات شمال مدينة الشلف.

البنية التحتية ذات الصلة

المدرج
المطار به مدرجان من الخرسانة الإسفلتية. الأولى بطول 3400 م (تمت الموافقة عليها في 2 مارس 2006) والثانية بطول 1650 م (عسكري).

محطة المسافرين
تم تنظيم المبنى في ثلاث مناطق متميزة: منطقة الصعود إلى الطائرة ومنطقة المغادرة ومنطقة الوصول، وتقدر سعة المحطة بنحو 151000 مسافر.

الوصول
يقع المطار على بعد حوالي 10 كم من وسط الشلف و 75 كم من عين الدفلة و 110 كم من غليزان و 120 كم من تيسمسيلت.

يمكن الوصول إلى المطار بوسائل نقل مختلفة:

السيارات
عن طريق طريق المطار (الطريق السريع)، المتصل بمفترق الطرق مع الطريق السيار شرق-غرب الذي يجتاز شرق مدينة الشلف.

الحافلات
يتوفر المطار على خدمات النقل بالحافلات

سيارات الأجرة
محطة خاصة بسيارات الأجرة متواجدة بالقرب من موقف السيارات الخاص بالمطار

كما يوجد في مدينة الشلف محطة حافلات من النوع A ومحطة قطار يمكن الوصول إليها بواسطة سيارة أجرة من المطار.

شركات الطيران

ينظم المطار رحلات جوية إلى الأماكن المقدسة (مكة) للحج منذ عام 2009.

حيث تم تشغيل الرحلة الأولى من قبل شركة الخطوط الجوية الجزائرية الوطنية في 6 نوفمبر 2009، تليها 3 رحلات أخرى تحمل 560 حاجا.

المرور
ازدادت حركة الركاب في مطار الشلف. حيث تطورت ستة أضعاف في غضون 11 عامًا، من 8396 راكبًا سنويًا في عام 2006 إلى 52835 راكبًا في عام 2017.

وبحسب الإحصائيات المنشورة في أبريل 2009، فإن 10٪ من الوافدين إلى مطار الشلف هم من الأجانب، بينما يمثل ثنائيو الجنسية 15٪ من المسافرين الذين تم إنزالهم. نفذت الدراسة خلال الربع الأول من عام 2009 وعام 2008.

أيام وأوقات الرحلات

الرحيل من الشلف
يتم تنظيم 5 رحلات دولية أسبوعية من مطار الشلف.

* التوقيت المحلي (GMT + 1).

المغادرة إلى الشلف

المشاريع
تم التخطيط لأعمال تطوير المحطة منذ زيارة وزير الأشغال العامة والنقل عبد الغني زعلان إلى المدينة في عام 2018. والهدف هو زيادة سعة الاستقبال إلى 500000 مسافر سنويًا وتجهيز المحطة بمرافق حديثة.

حيث تقدر تكلفة المشروع بـ 900.000.000.00 دينار جزائري.

انظر أيضًا

 مؤسسة تسيير مصالح مطارات الجزائر.
 قائمة مطارات الجزائر.

مراجع

النقل الجوي
النقل في الجزائر
مبان ومنشآت في ولاية الشلف
الشلف الدولي
مطارات الجزائر

مطار الشلف - أبو بكر بلقايد


Onthophagus martinpierai é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus da família Scarabaeidae da ordem Coleoptera. Foi descrita em 2016 por Moctezuma, Rossini & Zunino.

Referências

Ligações externas

martinpierai
Coleópteros descritos em 2016

Onthophagus martinpierai


Abraham Pelt (født 11. februar 1695 i København, død 14. april 1783 samme sted) var en dansk fabrikant og legatstifter.

Hans far var en sukkermester fra Amsterdam, der havde fået en aftale om at anlægge et sukkerraffinaderi på Christianshavn. Da Abraham Pelt overtog det, var det meget virksomt og det fortsatte i hans tid. Efter Københavns brand i 1728 blev det hele flyttet til Gammeltorv, da mange af lokalerne var brændt ned.

Legatstiftelse
I 1779 stiftede Abraham Pelt Den Pelske plejestiftelse, der havde til formål at støtte gamle mænd og kvinder i Larslejsstræde i København.

Henvisninger

Erhvervsfolk fra Danmark

Abraham Pelt


Kup Hrvatske u hokeju na travi za muškarce za 2021. godinu je igran u proljetnom dijelu sezone 2020./21. Kup je osvojila "Mladost" iz Zagreba.

Sudionici
 Concordia 1906 - Zagreb
 Jedinstvo - Zagreb
 Marathon - Zagreb
 Mladost - Zagreb
 Trešnjevka - Zagreb
 Zelina - Sveti Ivan Zelina
 Zrinjevac - Zagreb

Rezultati

Povezani članci
 Kup Hrvatske u hokeju na travi za muške
 Prvenstvo Hrvatske 2020./21.

Vanjske poveznice
 hhs-chf.hr, Hrvatski hokejski savez
 hhs-chf.hr, Kup Hrvatske za seniore i seniorke

Izvori

 hhs-chf.hr, Kup Hrvatske za seniore i seniorke (2021.), wayback arhiva
 drive.google.com HHS Dowload zone - Proljeće 2021

2021

Kup Hrvatske u hokeju na travi za muškarce 2020./21.