Clones ( ; , meaning 'meadow of Eois') is a small town in the west of County Monaghan in Ireland. The area is part of the Border Region in the Republic of Ireland, earmarked for economic development by the Irish Government due to its currently below-average economic situation. The town was badly hit economically by the Partition of Ireland in 1921 because of its location on the border with County Fermanagh in Northern Ireland. The creation of the Irish border deprived it of access to a large part of its economic hinterland for many years. The town had a population of 1,680 at the 2016 census.

Toponymy
Historically Clones was also spelt Clonis, Clonish and Clownish. These are anglicised versions of the Irish Cluain Eois, meaning "Eos's meadow". The ancient name was Cluan Innis, "island of retreat", it having formerly been nearly surrounded by water.

History

Early Christian Ireland
The monastery of Clones was established in the 6th century by St. Tighernach. Tighernach was of the family Uí Cremthainn: one of the many families that made up the kingdom of Airgialla in South Ulster. St. Tighernach had received the benediction of St. Maccartin, granted the bishopric of Clogher and performed many miracles across Ireland, Britain and France. It is said under the direction of an Angel, he erected Clones Monastery in the territory of his grandfather. The monastery of Clones would expand quickly, and Tighernach was consecrated as the first bishop of Clones while retaining his Clogher bishopric, being referred to as "Ferdachrioch", (man of two districts). The cult of Tighernach, which grew from his legend, was propagated a branch of the Uí Cremthainn who migrated to the Clones area in the 8th century. St. Tighernach became the most popular saint in the Clogher diocese. The Clones abbey of SS Peter and Paul promoted Tighernach outside of the diocese that his cult extended across the British Isles. The succeeding abbots of Clones would be titled "coarb" (successors to the founder of the monastery) and received special privileges in the Clones parish.

Norman Ireland
During the 12th century, ecclesiastical reform sought to curtail the perceived clerical abuses of the Irish. Like the Clones coarbship, church offices had become hereditary within powerful Gaelic families. As part of the reformation, the Canons Regular of St Augustine established themselves in Clones and set up a monastery. They owned property in Lisdrum, Maguiresbridge and Granshagh. Nevertheless, the Clones coarbship continued to be inherited within families like the McMahons up until the confiscation of Clones parish in the 16th century.

The Norman invasions of the late 13th century saw Clones monastery razed by Hugh de Lacy. In 1211, a motte and bailey were constructed by Normans overlooking Clones but the occupation did not last.

Early Modern Ireland
Having been confiscated by the English Crown during the Plantations of Ireland, the entire church estate was subsequently leased to Elizabethan explorer Sir Henry Duke in 1587. It was later inherited in 1640 by his descendant, Anne Loftus, granddaughter of Thomas, 1st Viscount Loftus. By 1641, the estate was in the ownership of her husband, who was Richard Lennard-Barrett, owner of the Belhus Estate in Essex. During the Irish Rebellion of 1641, Clones was the site of conflicts between native Gaelic gentry and newly settled planters from Great Britain. The Depositions state that Irish rebels, led by MacMahons of Oriel (Monaghan) hoping to restore their ancestral lands, looted and burned properties now occupied by planters; targeting rich farmers and their tenants. At least thirty-four planters and dozens of Irish rebels were killed over the course of the war.

Free State and Republic
On 11 February 1922, during the partition of Ireland, there was an armed confrontation in Clones between the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the Ulster Special Constabulary (USC). A unit of armed Special Constables stopped off at Clones railway station while travelling by train from Belfast to Enniskillen (both in Northern Ireland). The Provisional Government of Southern Ireland was unaware any British forces would be crossing through its territory. IRA volunteers called on the USC men to surrender for questioning, but one of them shot dead an IRA sergeant. This sparked a firefight in which four Special Constables were killed and several wounded. Five others were captured. The incident, known as the "Clones Affray", threatened to spark off a major confrontation between North and South, and the British government temporarily suspended the withdrawal of British troops from the South. A Border Commission was set up to mediate in any future border disputes, but achieved very little.

During The Troubles, on 28 December 1972, a car bomb exploded on Fermanagh Street in Clones, seriously injuring two men. This happened on the same day as the Belturbet bombing in County Cavan which killed two teenagers and injured several other people. The bombings were believed to be the work of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF).
This was not the only incident in Clones during the Troubles. On the 16 October 1972 at 11 pm a bomb exploded again it was on Fermanagh Street in Clones, at the side of The Creighton Hotel in yard known as the "Butter Yard, nobody was injured in this attack. Gardaí said they believed the UVF linked loyalist paramilitary group the Red Hand Commandos were behind the bombing.

Historical Features

Clones Abbey
Clones Abbey was founded in the 6th century by St. Tighernach on land granted by an Irish king. The remains that can be seen today include an Augustinian abbey, round tower, 18th century, pictographic tombstones and the stone sarcophagus of St. Tighernach.

Crossmoyle High Cross
Cross Moyle ('Cruisse Mhuile', meaning half cross) High Cross is a 15 foot tall or 5 metre (excluding the base) sandstone structure overlooking the Diamond (market place or town square).  The shaft and head are separate pieces. The shaft is older dating from 825 to 875 AD, it is decorated with interlacing beads that run up the sides and form a collar at the top. Religious imagery is displayed in compartments which give a chronological summary of the bible. Such depictions include: 'The Fall of Man', 'The Adoration of the Magi' and 'The Multiplication of the Loaves and Fishes'. The head of the cross complements the shaft, featuring old testament and new testament images on either side.

Norman Motte and Bailey
The Norman Motte and Bailey are large earthen structures located behind the St Tighearnach's Church of Ireland. It consists of a steep central mound situated atop three concentric terraces and a bailey. It was constructed in 1211 and used by the Normans to launch an attack on County Tyrone. The attack resulted in a Norman defeat and the fortification was destroyed in 1212. Reports of 'extensive subterraneous passages' in relation to the fortification have been made by locals as far back as 1865.

St. Tighearnach's Church of Ireland
St Tighearnach's Church of Ireland is a limestone, cruciform Gothic revival Church of Ireland church. A sketch dating to 1586-7 shows evidence of churches being present on the site from before the land was leased to Sir Henry Duke by the English crown. The earliest inscription on St Tighearnach's Church reads: 1696. The actual Church of Ireland Parish itself predates this. The earliest recorded Rector of Clones was James Hygate, a native of Scotland, who was appointed in 1609. The 17th century structure was replaced in 1822-5 by a building designed by John Bowden, Board of First Fruits diocesan architect, or his successor William Farrell. It was remodeled in 1857–8 to become a pro-cathedral. It features a steep set of fourteen sandstone steps, a three staged tower with ashlar masonry and a crenellated parapet topped with a spire with pointed-arch windows with chamfered surrounds and hood mouldings.

Plantation Castle
The Plantation Castle is a 20 ft x 40 ft or 12m x 6m, three story stone structure. The castle was constructed before 1640. A lease for Clones estate in 1636 mentions 'the Castle of Clones' in the possession of Nicholas Simpson. It lists features including a kitchen, brew house, stable and bawn. In 1641, the Protestant inhabitants of Clones took refuge in the castle after two hundred Jacobites assembled in Clones. The occupants of the castle sallied multiple times and, armed with muskets, harassed the Jacobite forces. This drove the Jacobites into negotiation with the occupants offering the security of their lives and property in exchange for the surrendering of the castle. The defenders acquiesced and returned to their already looted homes. The castle was 'rediscovered' in 2016 and its story was featured in BBC news and the Irish Times. It is currently owned by Failte Ireland. Clones Community Forum applied for a Heritage Council grant to contract an archaeological team to investigate the site in 2016.

Railways
Clones was linked by rail to Dundalk from 1855, Enniskillen from 1859, Cavan from 1862 and Armagh from 1863. Clones railway station was opened on 26 June 1858 by the Dundalk and Enniskillen Railway. From 1876 all of these lines were part of the Great Northern Railway (GNR).

The Partition of Ireland in 1922 made Clones a border post on the railway, which combined with road competition to cause the Great Northern to decline. In 1954, the governments of the Republic and Northern Ireland jointly nationalised the GNR and in 1957 Northern Ireland made the GNR close its lines from Armagh and Enniskillen to Clones. This made it impractical to continue services on the Cavan and Dundalk lines so the GNR withdrew passenger services on those lines as well, leaving Clones with no passenger trains and a freight service truncated at the border. The GNR closed Clones station to passenger traffic on 14 October 1957.

In 1958 the two states partitioned the GNR between the Ulster Transport Authority and CIÉ. CIÉ withdrew freight services from the Cavan line in 1959 and from the Dundalk line in 1960, leaving Clones with no railway at all. CIÉ closed Clones freight depot on 1 January 1960.

Rivers and canal

The Finn River, which rises a few miles north-west of Roslea in the south-east of County Fermanagh, flows immediately to the south of Clones, while a stream called the Lacky River (also known as the Killylacky River) flows along the northern, western and south-western outskirts of Clones. The source of the Lacky River is Killylacky Lough, just to the west of Aghadrumsee in the south-east of County Fermanagh. The Lacky River flows into the Finn River close to Annies Bridge, just south-south-west of Clones, between Clones and Scotshouse.

The Cavan Road (part of the A3/N54) and the Newtownbutler Road (part of the A34) both cross the Lacky River on the outskirts of Clones, as do two sideroads: the Lacky Road and the Magheraveely Road.

The national inland waterways agency, Waterways Ireland, is planning to restore the Ulster Canal from the Wattlebridge area of Upper Lough Erne to Clones.

Sport

Clones is now mainly known in Ireland as being the location of the GAA stadium, St Tiernach's Park also the home of Monaghan GAA. This stadium is regularly used for inter-county matches during the Ulster provincial championship in Gaelic football, and traditionally hosts the final. The summer football season was therefore a major source of revenue for businesses in the town.

The PEACE Link Clones is a sporting facility on the edge of Clones. Its facilities include a 400m running track, in-field grass pitch, a 3G multi-purpose playing pitch, an indoor sports centre, changing facilities, and a gym.

A greyhound racing track operated from 1935 until 1962. The track was opened by the Clones Greyhound Racing Company Limited and raced under the Irish Coursing Club Rules up until November 1939 and later unlicensed until 1962. William Mealiff was a founding member of the company and the track was on the land near Bishopscourt. The pitch inside the track hosted a Clones rugby team that was formed in 1935.

Tourism and Culture

Ulster Canal Stores and Clones Lace Museum
The Ulster Canal Stores is a visitor centre and restaurant. It is housed in an 1839 Canal Store house adjacent to the Ulster Canal itself. It is located beside Sean O'Casey park on Cara Street, on the N54 road. Within the building is the Clones Lace museum which houses examples of Clones lace dating as far back as the early 20th century. Its services includes a bistro, guided walking tours and tourist information. It offers disabled access and free on site parking.

Cassandra Hand Centre
The Cassandra Hand Centre is a non-profit community enterprise. It is housed in the Cassandra Hand school for girls and infants. It is located on Abbey Lane, opposite the Round Tower Graveyard. It contains boards on the history of Cassandra Hand and the famine in Clones. Its services include guided walking tours and a genealogy service.

Clones Library
Clones library offers major publications with information on Clones such as the Clogher Record. It contains reels of local and national newspapers that can be used for genealogical research. Previously housed in the Market House it is now in a modern building located on 98 avenue. Clones library hosts a number of outreach programmes and events including Arts and crafts, nursing home visits, creative writing classes and genealogy classes.

Festivals and Events

Clones Film Festival
Clones Film Festival has been held during the October bank holiday for the past twenty years. It includes the screening of international and Irish feature films of a wide variety of genres and age ratings. It is features a number of short film competitions including the 'Francie' award named after Patrick McCabe's The Butcher Boy.

St. Patrick's Eve
Clones has the tradition of holding its St. Patrick's day festivities on the evening before St. Patrick's day. The town is decorated and green lights illuminate the major landmarks. A parade procession is followed by music, dancing and fireworks.

St. Tighernach's 'Pilgrim's Pathways'
The St. Tighernach's 'Pilgrim Pathhways' is a guided tour that specialises in the ecclesiastical monuments of Clones. It has been held during October and September.

Clones Town Trail Tours
Guided tours for the Clones heritage trail have been offered from the Ulster Canal Stores heritage centre on Saturdays between May and August. Bookings for the tours are taken all year round.

Flat Lake Festival
The Flat Lake Festival was an annual arts, music and cultural event hosted by Kevin Allen from 2007 to 2011 at Hilton Park, a country house and demesne located between Clones and Scotshouse. From its launch in 2007, it hosted readings, comedy, music and theatre events within a farm estate. It was held in the demesne surrounding Hilton Park over a long weekend, a few miles outside the town of Clones on the back road to Cavan Town. It usually took place in mid-August.

Notable people

 Barry McGuigan, world featherweight champion boxer known as 'The Clones Cyclone', was born here
 John George Bowes, Mayor of Toronto (1851–1853), was born in Clones
 Roger Boyle, bishop, is buried in Clones churchyard
 Thomas Bracken, poet who wrote "God Defend New Zealand", one of the national anthems of New Zealand, is from Clones
 Jonathan Douglas, footballer who grew up in Clones.
 Mark Connolly, footballer who currently plays for Dundee United. Grew up in Clones.
 Brigadier General Joseph Finegan, senior military commander who commanded the Confederate Army at the 1864 Battle of Olustee during the American Civil War, was born at Clones in 1814.
 James Graham, an Irish non-commissioned officer in the British Army during the Napoleonic Wars, reputed to be the "bravest man in the army".
 Sir Basil Kelly (1920-2008), UUP politician and senior-ranking judge in Northern Ireland. He served as the last Attorney General for Northern Ireland in the late 1960s and early 1970s, during the final years of the old Stormont regime (the post of A.G. for Northern Ireland was re-established in its own right in April 2010). In 1973, he was appointed to the bench of the High Court of Northern Ireland. Sir Basil was born in Clones, being the son of a small farmer in the County Monaghan locality, but was raised from the age of five in East Belfast.
 The Most Rev. Dr John Joseph Lynch (1816–1888), first Archbishop of Toronto (1860–1888), was born here
 Kevin McBride, boxer, is from Clones
 Patrick McCabe, novelist and author of The Butcher Boy which is set in a thinly-disguised version of Clones. Parts of Neil Jordan's 1997 film adaptation of the book were filmed in the town. McCabe is honorary patron of the Clones Film Festival.
 Eugene McCabe, writer and playwright, comes from the town and is known for his novels such as Death and Nightingales
 James Cecil Parke, sportsman who as 1912 Australasian Championships singles and doubles champion, 1914 Australasian Championships mixed doubles champion, 1912 Davis Cup winner, 1908 Summer Olympics silver medalist in tennis, and Leinster and Irish rugby union player
 Alexander Pearce, a notorious cannibal convict who was executed in Van Diemen's Land in 1824, was from Clones
 Alexandra Colen, a Belgian politician, grew up in Clones

Climate
Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round.  The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb" (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).

Annalistic references
See the Annals of Inisfallen (AI).

 AI806.1 Kl. Gormgal son of Dindathach, abbot of Ard Macna and Cluain Eóis, rested.

See also
 List of towns and villages in the Republic of Ireland
 List of market houses in the Republic of Ireland
 Midland Railway Action Group
 Clones, County Fermanagh

References

External links

 Ballybay-Clones Municipal District website
 The Clones Town Team Website (town groups, history and heritage trail info)
 Clones History

Towns and villages in County Monaghan
Former urban districts in the Republic of Ireland

Clones, County Monaghan


Edílson (født 17. september 1970) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Brasiliens fodboldlandshold

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Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 2002

Edílson


Gaz yağı ya da taş yağı (İngilizce: lamp oil, kerosene, veya paraffin), rafinerilerde benzinden sonra elde edilen teknik ve endüstriyel adıyla kerosen denilen bir sıvı yakıttır. Önceleri sadece gaz lambalarında aydınlatma amacıyla kullanılırken, sonradan bazı maddeler eklenerek ısıtma, soğutma, traktör yakıtı ve jet motorlu uçak yakıtı olarak kullanılmaya da başlanmıştır.

Gaz yağı direkt yanmadığından kumaşa (bez, çaput, vs.) döküp yakılabilir. Gaz yağı zift lekelerini çözer, sentetik boya ve asfalt gibi maddeleri de inceltebilir. Yanıcı madde özelliği olup, tehlikeli bir maddedir. Normalde şeffaftır, bilinmesi için renklendirilmiş de olur.

Kaynakça

Hidrokarbon çözücüler
Aydınlatma
Uçak yakıtları
Kanadalı icatları

Gaz yağı


Yoshihiro Togashi (Kanji: 富 樫 義 博; hiragana: と が し よ し ひ ろ; )  un mangaka. În prezent este căsătorit cu Naoko Takeuchi, autorul Sailor Moon Manga. Printre cele mai recunoscute lucrări ale sale sunt Hunter x Hunter și Yu Yu Hakusho.

Toate lucrările sale au fost publicate în revista Weekly Shonen Jump.

Biografie
Yoshihiro Togashi s-a născut în orașul Shinjō, situat la nord de Prefectura Yamagata, în cadrul unei familii care deținea un magazin local de papetărie.

Începe să deseneze manga întâmplător între primul și al doilea an de școală primară, iar în 1986 a debutat ca mangaka la vârsta de 20 ani, cu lucrarea sa intitulată Buttobi Straight care a câștigat premiul Tezuka. Apoi a creat o altă lucrare numită Jura no Miduki în 1987, devenind o mențiune onorabilă în revista anuală a Premiului Hop Step al editurii Shueisha.

Prima sa lucrare profesională a fost Ōkami Nante Kowakunai (traducerea în limba română - "Nu îmi este frică de lupi"), apoi continuă cu Tonda Birthday Present și câteva povești scurte - șase comedii. Revista săptămânală Shonen Jump a publicat câteva povești înainte de a le compila în format tankōbon în 1989.

Apoi apare Tende Showaru Cupidon ("Cupidul malefic și incapabil") creat între 1987 și 1990; însumează 3 volume publicate în același editorial. În cadrul acestora, autorul combină romantismul cu fantasticul găsindu-și inspirația în mitologia japoneză.

Togashi începe să fie celebru odată cu apariția manga Yū Yū Hakusho, publicată la începutul anilor 1990 în revista Shonen Jump și va fi ecranizată în 1992. Inspirată de ezoterism, demoni, lumi paralele,  filmul Poltergeist și folclorul japonez. Pe baza acestei lucrări sunt create două filme Yū Yū Hakusho: Meikai Shitouhen Honoo no Kizuna (trad. "Invadatorii iadului") din 1994, Yū Yū Hakusho Gekijōban  din 1993. Apar și videoclipuri precum: Heizō Hakusho I și Heizō Hakusho II  între anii 1995-1996. După aceea, Togashi ia o pauză de la creație din cauza oboselii acumulate.

Yū Yū Hakusho a vândut mai mult de 49 de milioane de exemplare doar în Japonia. A fost publicat în mai multe țări precum: Franța, Italia, Spania și Statele Unite ale Americii, inclusiv America Latină, în Argentina de către editura Ivrea și în Mexic.

La mijlocul anilor 1990, apare o altă lucrare a lui Togashi, numită Level E, despre un tânăr student la universitate care trebuie să returneze memoria unui extraterestru. Acesta este de fapt un prinț de pe o planetă îndepărtată. Lucrarea este publicată între 1995 și 1997 în 3 volume. În 2011, ecranizarea acestei serii a fost realizată de același studio de animație care a produs și anime-ul Yū Yū Hakusho, Studio Pierrot, sub îndrumarea lui Toshiyuki Katou.

La 3 martie 1998, Togashi revine cu Hunter X Hunter publicat tot în aceeași redacție ca lucrările sale anterioare. Fiind inspirat de hobby-urile sale de a colecta obiecte, fiare neobișnuite, în crearea operei sale a apelat la inventarea unui alfabet extraterestru adaptându-l la alfabetul Hiragana pentru scrierea semnelor orașelor și obiectelor. Cu un stil natural, foarte asemănător cu cel al lui Jean Giraud, doar că Togashi folosește stilouri, rame mai puțin mecanice în munca sa. Hunter X Hunter este unul dintre cele mai cunoscute titluri ale lui Togashi din Japonia răspândindu-se în întreaga lume.

La 6 ianuarie 1999, Togashi s-a căsătorit cu celebrul mangaka Naoko Takeuchi, autorul celebrului manga Bishoujo Senshi: Sailor Moon. Împreună au avut un fiu în 2001. În urma acestei căsătorii, Togashi a început să fie cunoscut de către otakus ca domnul Takeuchi.

Ei fac un cuplu curios, cu toate acestea, Naoko spune că soțul ei este cinstit, prietenos și are un simț al umorului foarte bun. Pe lângă toate acestea, soțul acesteia împărtășește cu ea atracția pentru teme ezoterice și oculte.

Manga/Anime-uri

 Buttobi Straight (1986)
 Ōkami Nante Kowakunai (1989)
 Tende Showaru Cupid (1987-1990)
 Yū Yū Hakusho (1990-1994)
 Level E (1995-1997)
 Hunter x Hunter (1998-Actualidad)

Note

Legături externe
 Transcript of interview in American Monthly Shonen Jump (archived)
 Profile at takeuchi-naoko.com

 Hunter x Hunter Story Board Exhibit at the Shinjō Mogami Manga Museum Event Report

Nașteri în 1966
Artiști manga
Japonezi din secolul al XX-lea
Japonezi din secolul al XXI-lea
Oameni în viață

Yoshihiro Togashi


Stabshauptmann (short: StHptm) meaning "Staff Captain", is a German Senior Captain rank and the highest military rank in the Bundeswehr for specialist officers ().

Bundeswehr
Instead of being promoted to the rank of major, specialist officers that were holding the rank of Hauptmann (Captain) for a specific time are promoted to the rank of Stabshauptmann and given the salary of a Major. Sometimes regular officers are promoted to a post that is intended for a Stabshauptmann if there is no free post for a Major.

The badge of rank is four silver stars. It is one of the rarest ranks in the German military. One notable case in which the rank is conferred has been the "MilFD officers".  These are former NCOs who have completed a training programme in order to be raised from the ranks, to specialist-officer roles. The duties of such officers are therefore specialised similar to those of Warrant officer grades in the United States Army .

See also
⇒ Article: Ranks of the German Bundeswehr
⇒ Article: Rank insignia of the German Bundeswehr

Rank insignia
On the shoulder straps (Heer, Luftwaffe) there are four silver pips (stars).

There is no corresponding rank for officers in Bundeswehr Joint Medical Service.

Historical background outside of Bundeswehr
Historically, a rank named "Stabshauptmann" (also: "Stabskapitän") existed in several German armies in the 18th century. However, while the modern Stabshauptman is a Senior Captain senior to a regular Hauptmann, the historical Stabshauptmann was a Junior captain, ranking below Hauptmann rank. In 18th century armies companies often were "owned" by a noble man, who formally was the company's captain, but did not actually command the unit. Instead, the owner of the company appointed an officer from the company his "Stabshauptmann", who technically served as the Hauptmann's mere staff assistant, but actually led the unit in his place.

The reversing in ranking of "Hauptmann" and "Stabshauptmann" in modern times is consequence of the practice in modern German military organisations (Reichswehr, Wehrmacht) to name the highest rank of a rank group beginning with the prefix "Stabs-", indicating that the holder serves in staff position to officers of the next higher rank group, e.g. during World War II, the highest NCO rank in the German army was Stabsfeldwebel, who served as direct assistant to company-grade officers or in staff function. However, this is no longer represented in the Bundeswehr's post-World War II rank structure since the creation of rank levels senior to the "Stabs-" level of ranks, denoted by the prefix "Oberstabs-" ("Senior Staff-", e.g. Oberstabsfeldwebel). There are no plans to create the rank of "Oberstabshauptmann".

International comparison
German pay grade of Stabshauptmann is A13, same as of Major (Hauptmann: A12). According to NATO's STANAG 2116, the NATO rank code of Stabshauptmann is OF-2, same as for regular Hauptmann and therefore equal to Captain rank in other NATO armies. To express the seniority of Stabshauptmann, "OF-2a" or other modifications of the official NATO rank code are in use unofficially.

A similar rank outside the German Bundeswehr is the primo capitano (First Captain) in the Italian military.

See also
 Limited duty officer

Military ranks of Germany

Stabshauptmann


El comando df muestra el uso del disco duro y otras informaciones como punto de montaje y sistema de ficheros.

Opciones más comunes

-k Utiliza unidades de 1024 bytes en vez de las determinadas de 512 bytes para mostrar el uso de disco
-P Produce una salida en el formato descrito en la sección de la salida estándar (STDOUT)
-t Incluye todas las cifras del espacio asignado
-i Muestra los i-nodos usados y disponibles
-h Muestra espacio en unidades comunes(KB, MB o GB)
-T Imprimir el tipo de sistema de archivos

Si no se indica ninguna opción, muestra el espacio usado.

Ejemplos

 df -h
Produce la siguiente salida:
 S.ficheros     Tamaño Usados  Disp Uso% Montado en
 dev              1,9G      0  1,9G   0% /dev
 run              1,9G   1,2M  1,9G   1% /run
 /dev/sda1        285G    21G  249G   8% /
 tmpfs            1,9G    80M  1,9G   5% /dev/shm
 tmpfs            1,9G      0  1,9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
 tmpfs            1,9G    50M  1,9G   3% /tmp
 tmpfs            386M    48K  386M   1% /run/user/1000

 df -hT /etc
Produce la siguiente salida:
 S.ficheros     Tipo Tamaño Usados  Disp Uso% Montado en
 /dev/sda1      ext4   285G    21G  249G   8% /

Enlaces externos
Df
Uso de Df en Linux

Referencias

Utilidades Unix SUS2008
Software para Unix
Software para Linux

Df (Unix)


241538 Chudniv este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
241538 Chudniv este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la observatorul astronomic din Andrușivka. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,76 ua, o excentricitate de 0,12 și o înclinație de 11,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 241001-242000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2010
Centura de asteroizi

241538 Chudniv


Florideophyceae, razred crvenih algi iz poddivizije Eurhodophytina. Postoji 7132 vrste u pet podrazreda podijeljenih u niz redova

Podrazredi
 Ahnfeltiophycidae G.W.Saunders & Hommersand (11)
 Ahnfeltiales Maggs & Pueschel 10
 Pihiellales Huisman, Sherwood & I.A.Abbott 1
 Corallinophycidae Le Gall & G.W.Saunders (907)
 Corallinales P.C.Silva & H.W.Johansen 821
 Corallinapetrales S.Y.Jeong, W.A.Nelson, B.Y.Won & T.O.Cho 2
 Corallinophycidae ordo incertae sedis 6
 Rhodogorgonales S.Fredericq, J.N.Norris & C.Pueschel 18
  Sporolithales Le Gall & G.W.Saunders 60
 Hildenbrandiophycidae G.W.Saunders & Hommersand (20)
 Hildenbrandiales Pueschel & K.M.Cole 20
 Nemaliophycidae T.Christensen  (897)
 Acrochaetiales Feldmann 218
 Balbianiales R.G.Sheath & K.M.Müller 2
 Balliales H.-G.Choi, G.T.Kraft, & G.W.Saunders 7
 Batrachospermales Pueschel & K.M.Cole 260
 Colaconematales J.T.Harper & G.W.Saunders 52
 Corynodactylales G.W.Saunders, Wadland, Salomaki & C.E.Lane 1
 Entwisleiales F.J.Scott, G.W.Saunders & Kraft 1
 Nemaliales F.Schmitz 286
 Ottiales K.P.Fang, F.R.Nan & S.L.Xie 2
 Palmariales Guiry & D.E.G.Irvine 49
 Rhodachlyales G.W.Saunders, S.L.Clayden, J.L.Scott, K.A.West, U.Karsten & J.A.West 3
 Thoreales K.M.Müller, Sheath, A.R.Sherwood & Pueschel 16
 Rhodymeniophycidae G.W.Saunders & Hommersand (5268)
 Acrosymphytales R.D.Withall & G.W.Saunders 16
 Atractophorales Maggs, L.Le Gall, Filloramo & G.W.Saunders 2
 Bonnemaisoniales Feldmann & G.Feldmann 32
 Catenellopsidales K.R.Dixon, Filloramo & G.W.Saunders 1
 Ceramiales Nägeli 2705
 Gelidiales Kylin 240
 Gigartinales F.Schmitz 956
 Gracilariales Fredericq & Hommersand 237
 Halymeniales G.W.Saunders & Kraft 362
 Inkyuleeales Díaz-Tapia & Maggs 3
 Nemastomatales Kylin 64
 Peyssonneliales Krayesky, Fredericq & J.N.Norris 149
 Plocamiales G.W.Saunders & Kraft 74
 Rhodymeniales Nägeli 4067
 Sebdeniales Withall & G.W.Saunders 20
 Tetradiales Okulitch 12
Nesiguran status:
 Ordo  Florideophyceae incertae sedis (17)

Izvori

Eurhodophytina

Florideophyceae


Patronyme

 Ali Amran (né en 1969), auteur-compositeur-interprète algérien d'expression kabyle ;
 Edmond Amran El Maleh (1917-2010), écrivain et intellectuel marocain ;
 Rusli Amran (né en 1922), personnalité politique indonésienne.

Toponyme

 Amran, petite ville située à l'ouest du Yémen et capitale du Gouvernorat d'Amran ;
 Gouvernorat d'Amran, gouvernorat du Yémen.

Autre
 Bataille d'Amran, bataille opposant les loyalistes et les Houthis et qui se déroule de février à juillet 2014

Amran (homonymie)


Mustafa Ćatović (Trebinje, 3. veljače 1925.  Zagreb, 23. rujna 1986.), bio je hrvatski stomatolog, utemeljitelj zavoda za dentalnu antropologiju Stomatološkoga fakulteta u Zagrebu. Znanstveno se dr. Ćatović najviše bavio dentalnom antropologijom i funkcionalnom anatomijom stomatognatog sustava.

Životopis
Mustafa Ćatović rođen je u Trebinju 1925. godine. Pučku školu i gimnaziju završio je u rodnome gradu. Medicinski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu upisao je 1946. godine. Apsolvirao je na Medicinskom fakultetu te potom diplomirao na Stomatološkom odsjeku Medicinskog fakulteta u Zagrebu. Nakon završetka fakulteta u Zagrebu jedno vrijeme radio je kao voditelj stomatološke djelatnosti Doma zdravlja Trnje. 1962. godine po osnutku Stomatološkog fakulteta sveučilišta u Zagrebu počeo je raditi na fakultetu, prvo kao asistent (1962. godine) zatim kao nastavnik (1966. godine) i profesor (1970. godine) budućim mladim stomatolozima. Od 1962. do 1966. godine radio je na zavodu i katedri za oralnu medicinu (oralnu patologiju). 8. veljače 1966. godine prihvatio se je vođenja zavoda i katedre za dentalnu antropologiju (morfologija zubi) koju utemeljuje. Imenovan je njezinim prvim predstojnikom. Nositelj je predmeta morfologija zubi s uvodom u stomatologiju. U razdoblju u kojemu je djelovao i vodio Zavod za dentalnu antrolpologiju kroz Zavod prošlo je više od dvije tisuće studenata stomatologije. 1966. godine formirao je klinički odjel za opću stomatologiju čiji je prvi predstojnik. Težio je da iza njega u radu ostanu kvalitetni suradnici. Jedan je od utemeljitelja specijalizacije iz dentalne i oralne patologije s parodontologijom te jedan od prvih pet specijalista.

Bio je dugogodišnji predstojnik klinike za stomatologiju K.B.C.-Zagreb, 1964. – 1978. Prodekan Stomatološkog fakulteta, 1974. – 1978.

Bio je član glavnog uredništva ASCRO (Acta stomatologica Croatica) i njezinog savjetodavnog odbora od prvog broja 1966. godine u kojemu je objavio dva znanstvena rada, sve do 1978. godine. ASCRO je sve do današnjih dana ostao jedini domaći stručno znanstveni časopis iz stomatologije u Republici Hrvatskoj koji izlazi neprekidno kvartalno od 1966. godine.

U mirovinu je otišao 30. studenoga 1978. godine.

Preminuo je 23. rujna 1986. godine u Zagrebu. Kremiran je i pokopan na zagrebačkom groblju Mirogoju.

Literatura
 Monografija Stomatološkog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, SFZG, Zagreb, 2013., str 39., 98. i 138.
 Acta stomatologica croatica, sv. 1, br. 1, 1966., str. 29. – 32. i str. 46. – 50.
 Acta stomatologica croatica, sv. 50, br. 2, 2016., str. 177. – 178.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Krešimir Kraljević i Zvonimir Kaić: In memoriam Mustafa Ćatović, Acta stomatologica croatica, sv. 20, br. 4, 1986., str. 350. – 351.
 Povijest Klinike za stomatologiju  www.kbc-zagreb.hr

Hrvatski liječnici
Stomatolozi
Životopisi, Trebinje
Životopisi, Zagreb

Mustafa Ćatović


Die RA Rohstoffallianz GmbH war ein privatrechtlich als GmbH organisierter Zusammenschluss mehrerer deutscher Unternehmen mit dem Ziel, die Versorgung der deutschen Wirtschaft mit Rohstoffen sicherzustellen. Ihre Liquidation wurde am 11. Januar 2016 im Bundesanzeiger bekanntgegeben.

Entstehung und Zweck
2011 erstellte der Bundesverband der Deutschen Industrie ein Konzeptpapier einer "global agierenden, gewinnorientierten Rohstoffgesellschaft", die von der Industrie als Gesellschafter getragen werden und eine eigene Geschäftsführung erhalten sollte. Als vorrangige Rohstoffe wurde seltene Erden, Wolfram und die in der Stahlindustrie eingesetzte Kokskohle definiert.

Am 18. April 2012 wurde die Gesellschaft unter der Nummer HRB 141341 B in das Handelsregister beim Amtsgericht Charlottenburg eingetragen. Geschäftsführer ist seit der Gründung der frühere E.ON Energie-Vorstand Dierk Paskert. Zu den Gründungsmitgliedern zählen unter anderem Bayer, BASF, Bosch und ThyssenKrupp. Noch im Gründungsjahr traten Evonik, Georgsmarienhütte, Rockwood Lithium, Stahl Holding Saar, ThyssenKrupp, Wacker Chemie, BMW und Volkswagen der Allianz bei.

Die Rohstoffallianz verfolgt das Ziel, die Versorgungssicherheit der gesamten deutschen Industrie zu verbessern. Dazu soll sie sich weltweit an der Erschließung und Vermarktung von Rohstoffvorkommen beteiligen und die Nachfragemacht nach bestimmten Rohstoffen bündeln. Hintergrund ist nach einem Bericht des Handelsblatts vor allem die Sorge, dass gerade China weltweit Rohstoffvorkommen aufkaufe oder sich exklusive Lieferungen sichere, was für Konkurrenten zu Versorgungsengpässen führen und chinesischen Firmen entscheidende Wettbewerbsvorteile sichern könne.

Weblinks
 RA Rohstoffallianz GmbH

Einzelnachweise

Unternehmensverbund
Organisation (Rohstoffwirtschaft)
Deutsche Wirtschaftsgeschichte
Gegründet 2012
Aufgelöst 2016
Wirtschaftsverband (Deutschland)

RA Rohstoffallianz


Hans Nielsen (født 1896, død 1989) var borgmester og tidligere sognerådsformand i Herstedernes Kommune, nu kaldet Albertslund Kommune, valgt for Socialdemokratiet. Hans Nielsen var sognerådsformand for Herstedernes Kommune 1947-1964 og borgmester 1964-1968. Kommunen skiftede først navn til Albertslund Kommune i 1973. Hans Nielsen blev som uddannet malersvend ansat ved Vridsløselille Statsfængsel i 1919, hvor han endte som værkfører.

Personer fra Albertslund
Borgmestre fra Socialdemokraterne

Hans Nielsen (borgmester)


An Distichia filamentosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Franz Georg Philipp Buchenau. An Distichia filamentosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Distichia, ngan familia nga Juncaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Distichia

Distichia filamentosa


රියර් අද්මිරාල් සෙනරත් විජේසුරිය (ඉංග්‍රීසි:  Senarath Wijesooriya) USP යනු  ශ්‍රී ලංකා නාවික හමුදා ගිණිකොන නාවික විධානය භාර ආඥාපති වෙයි.

රියර් ඇඩ්මිරල් සෙනරත් විජේසුරිය  කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසුවෙකි.

ආශ්‍රිත

 කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසු හමුදා නිලධරයන්

 රියර් අද්මිරාල් සෙනරත් විජේසුරිය ගිණිකොන නාවික විධානය භාර ආඥාපති වශයෙන් වැඩ භාර ගනී

 මුහුදු මහා විහාරයට නව ජල පිරිපහදු මධ්‍යස්ථානයක්

චරිත කතා
ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයෝ
ආදි නාලන්දියයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලංකා නාවික හමුදා නිලධාරීන්
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික බෞද්ධයෝ
ලාංකික සිංහලයෝ

සෙනරත් විජේසුරිය


Baron Kilbracken, of Killegar in the County of Leitrim, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1909 for the senior civil servant Sir Arthur Godley. He was Permanent Under-Secretary of State for India between 1883 and 1909.  the title is held by his great-grandson, the fourth Baron, who succeeded his father in 2006.

John Robert Godley was the father of the first Baron. Another member of the Godley family was General Sir Alexander Godley. He was the first cousin of the first Baron.

Barons Kilbracken (1909)
Arthur Godley, 1st Baron Kilbracken (1847–1932)
Hugh John Godley, 2nd Baron Kilbracken (1877–1950)
John Raymond Godley, 3rd Baron Kilbracken (1920–2006)
Christopher John Godley, 4th Baron Kilbracken (b. 1945)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son The Hon. James John Godley (b. 1972)

References

Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1909
People from County Leitrim

Baron Kilbracken


Centralia Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Centralia Township (Illinois)
 Centralia Township (Missouri)
 Centralia Township (Oklahoma)

Centralia Township


Agrilus fenestratus é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Curletti, 2003.

Referências

fenestratus

Agrilus fenestratus


Hjallerup er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1988 instrueret af Jens Staal.

Handling
Reportage fra Nordeuropas største og ældste hestemarked, maj 1986.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1988

Hjallerup (dokumentarfilm)


أستراليود أو الفيديد تسمية تطلق على شعب من سكان سريلانكا وجنوب شبه القارة الهندية وكذلك كل من شابههم في جزر المحيط الهندي وجزر الملاي وفي جيوب مختلفة من شرق آسيا وعلى قبائل الأبوريجين في أستراليا.

ينتمي مصطلح أسترالويد إلى مجموعة من المصطلحات التي قدمها علماء الأنثروبولوجيا في القرن التاسع عشر الذين يحاولون تصنيف الأجناس البشرية. يدعي البعض أن مثل هذه المصطلحات مرتبطة بمفاهيم عفا عليها الزمن للأنواع العرقية، وبالتالي من المحتمل أن تكون مسيئة الآن.

الصفات السلالية

للفيديد صفات سلالية هندية قديمة نشئت مع الظروف المناخية الحارة، طول القامة ويتراوح ما بين 170 و195سم، لون البشرة أسود شديد السواد والشعر أسود ناعم مموج غير خشن وملامح الوجه بارزة إلى الخارج والجبهة منبطحة إلى الخلف والشفايف كبيرتان بارزتان والانف مستدير الأرنبتين وعريض.

أصول الفيديد
هناك عدة نظريات حول أصول الفيديد فقيل أنهم وشعب الأستراليود الذي بإستراليا يشكلون جنس منفصل من الأجناس البشرية وهناك من يرى أنهم ينتمون لأفريقيا هجرة قديمة منها ترجع للنهاية العصر الجليدي عندما كانت البحور مجمدة ويابسة حيث تمكنوا من العبور إلى الجزيرة العربية من ثم للقارة الهندية ثم لإستراليا.

انظر أيضا
 شعوب أسترونيزية
 ميلانيزيون
 شعوب النيغريتو
 الشعوب الأندمانية
 أستراليون أصليون
 بابواويون

المراجع

السكان الأصليون في أوقيانوسيا
تحديدات تاريخية للأعراق
شعوب أصلية جنوب شرق آسيا
شعوب أصلية في جنوب آسيا
علم الإنسان الحيوي
علوم زائفة

سلالة أستراليود


Zübeyir Yetik, 1 Ocak 1941 tarihinde Siverek'te doğdu. Babası Kakolar ailesinden Kunduracı İmam Usta, annesi aynı aileden ev kadını Cemile Hanım'dır. İlkokulu Siverek ve Ceylanpınar'da, ortaokulu Siverek'te, liseyi Şanlıurfa'da okudu. Askerliğini yedeksubay öğretmen olarak Manisa ve İzmir'de yaptı. Bir süre Ankara Hukuk Fakültesi nde okuduktan sonra, Adana İktisadî ve Ticarî İlimler Akademisi'nden mezun oldu; İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi'nde İşletme İktisadı programında lisansüstü öğrenim gördü.

Zübeyir Yetik 1958-60 Yıllarında Urfa'da gazetecilik, vekil öğretmenlik; 1962-65 Yıllarında İzmir ve Ankara'da gazetecilik; 1966-74 Yıllarında Urfa'da öğretmenlik, hal müdürlüğü, bankacılık, serbest muhasebecilik; 1974'ten itibaren İstanbul'da gazetecilik, yayıncılık, sendikacılık, Türkiye Kızılay Derneği Genel Müdürlüğünde kontrolörlük, Türkiye Denizcilik İşletmeleri'nde APK uzmanlığı, film ve ilaç hammaddesi ithalat ve pazarlaması yapan Kızılay İstanbul Bölge Müdürlüğün'de mali İşlerden sorumlu müdür muavinliği görevlerinde bulundu. Basın Yayın ve Halkla İlişkiler Müdürü olarak 1994'te göreve başladığı İSKİ'deyken 2003 Yılında kendi isteğiyle emekliye ayrıldı.

Zübeyir Yetik, 1992 Erzincan depremi'nde ve 1993'te Karabağ olayları sırasında Azerbaycan'da uzun süre görev yapmıştır.

Yazı hayatı
1958 yılında Urfa'da Haberveren'lerin çıkardığı Demokrat Urfa Gazetesinde köşe yazılarına başladı. İzmir ve Ankara'da bulunduğu 1960-1965 Yıllarında çeşitli gazete ve dergilerde (Demokrat Akdeniz, Adalet, Fedai) her kademede görev yaptı, o günlerde yayınlanan "İslam, Hilal, Yeni İstiklal, Komünizmle Mücadele, Türk Yurdu, Oku, Müslümanın Sesi, Fedai, Yaprak, Hicret, Çağrı, Nobel" gibi haftalık ve aylık yayınlarda sürekli olarak yazılar yazdı. Bu yazılarını daha sonra Urfa'da bulunduğu yıllarda da sürdürdü. 1974 Yılında Milli Gazete 'nin başına geçti. Bu gazetenin genel yayın müdürlüğünü yürütürken, bir yandan da birinci sayfa yazarlığı yaptı... 1976'da gazetenin genel yayın müdürlüğünden çekildi, ancak köşe yazarlığını -aralıklı olarak- 1984 Yılına dek sürdürdü. Bu arada Yeni Devir gazetesinde haftalık ekonomi sayfası hazırladı. Büyük Doğu'nun 1976 Yayın dönemi hazırlıkları sırasında Necip Fazıl Kısakürek ile birlikte çalıştı.. Ardından Çığır Yayınları Limitet Şirketi'nin kuruluşuna öncü oldu ve 40'ın üzerinde kitap yayımlayan bu şirkette bir süre genel müdürlük yaptı. 1992-2002 Yıllarında Akit Gazetesinde haftalık yazılar yazdı. İstanbul yıllarında yurdun çeşitli yerlerinde konferanslar da veren Zübeyir Yetik, 1984 yılından 1992'ye kadar ağırlıklı olarak kitap telifi ile uğraştı...

Sosyal çalışmaları ve sendikacılığı
İzmir'de bulunduğu yıllarda İzmir Türkocağı Gençlik Kolu Başkanı olarak görev yaptı. 1967'de sendikal çalışmalara başladı. Urfa'da, "Türkocağı" şubesi ve "Urfa İlim ve Fikir Yayma Cemiyeti" ile Milliyetçi Öğretmenler Sendikasının Urfa Şubesini kurdu. Aynı dönemde Harran Üniversitesi için atılmış ilk adım olan "Harran Üniversitesi Kurma Derneği"nin kuruluşunda bulundu ve genel başkanlığını üstlendi. Bu amaç doğrultusunda faaliyetlerde bulundu.

1976'da ise, TÜRK-İŞ, DİSK ve MİSK konfederasyonlarında yer almayan işçiler için bir çatı oluşturmak ihtiyacını görerek, ÖZ-METAL-İŞ SENDİKASI'nı kurup, bu alanda başlangıç adımını attı. Ardından kurulan birkaç sendikayı da bir araya getirerek, HAK-İŞ KONFEDERASYONU'nun kuruluşuna öncülük etti; kendisinin ve kamuoyu oluşturacak basın kuruluşlarının İstanbul'da oluşu sebebiyle de merkezi Ankara'da olan Konfederasyon'da Genel Sekreterlik görevini üstlendi. 1978'de ara verdiği sendikacılık faaliyetine, 1997 Yılında BEM-BİR-SEN'in Genel Başkanlığını üstlenerek bu kez memur sendikacılığı ile dönüş yaptı. 2000 Yılında Kurucu Genel Başkan Mehmet Akif İnan'ın ölümü üzerine MEMUR-SEN KONFEDERASYONU'nun genel başkanlığına seçildi. Sendikacılık yaşamı 2001 Yılının ortalarına dek sürdü.

1984 yılında Bostan, Gülistan, Mesnevi, Tutîname, Mantık-et-Tayr gibi İslâm Klasiklerindeki hikâyeleri manzumlaştırarak (Yalçın Turgut ve Süleyman Özkonuk'un çizgileriyle) hazırladığı 7 Adet resimli çocuk kitabını Eşi Kâmuran Yetik'in adıyla yayınlayan yazar; Medeniyet Burçları, Ön Soruşturma, Tevhid Üzerine gibi 'ortak yazarlı' kitaplara katkıda bulunduktan başka, Aliya İzzet Begoviç'in "Doğu ve Batı Arasında İslâm" başlıklı kitabının Türkçe çevirisinin felsefe ve siyasal bilimler kavramları bağlamında redaksiyonunu da gerçekleştirmiştir.

Eserleri
Şamil İslâm Ansiklopedisi ve Sosyal Bilimler Ansiklopedisi'ne de çeşitli maddeler yazmış bulunan Zübeyir Yetik'in yayımlanmış eserleri şunlardır:

Dörtlükler, Şiir, Reha Yayınları, 1960
Aksiyon-Ahlâk-Ekonomi, Makalelerden Derleme, Çığır Yayınları, 1975
Ak-Elif, Şiir, Çığır Yayınları, 1976
İslâm Savaşçısına Notlar, Deneme/Strateji, Çığır Yayınları, 1976 ve Beyan Yayınları, 1990
İnsanın Serüveni, Deneme, Beyan Yayınları, 1984 ve 1991
Yeryüzünde Kötülük Odakları serisinin 10 Kitabı (Şeytan, Kabil, Nemrut, Fir'avn, Karun 1985; Samiri, Bel'am, Ebu Cehil, Yahudi, Hüman/İnsan 1986) Araştırma, Beyan Yayınları
Çağdaş Bilimin Saplantısı, Denemeler, Akabe Yayınları, 1986
İmam Şamil, Siyasal Tarih Yorumu, Beyan Yayınları, 1986 ve 1998
Ekonomiye Değinmeler, Denemeler, Akabe Yayınları, 1987
İslâm Düşünce Tarihinde Mezhepler, Araştırma, Beyan Yayınları, 1990
Siyasal Katılım, Siyasal Tarih Yorumu, Fikir Yayınları, 1990
Her Nemrud'a Bir İbrahim, Siyasal Tarih Yorumu, Beyan Yayınları, 1990
Ekonomi Bir Din midir, İnceleme, Beyan Yayınları, 1991
İnsanın Yüceliği ve Guenoniyen Batınîlik, Siyaset Felsefesi, Fikir Yayınları, 1992
Geçmişten Notlar, Anı, Beyan Yayınları, 2009

Kaynakça

1941 doğumlular
Siverek doğumlular
Türk sendikacılar
20. yüzyıl Türk gazetecileri
21. yüzyıl Türk gazetecileri
Resim aranan kişiler
İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler

Zübeyir Yetik


Cyrillization or Cyrillisation is the process of rendering words of a language that normally uses a writing system other than Cyrillic script into (a version of) the Cyrillic alphabet. Although such a process has often been carried out in an ad hoc fashion, the term "cyrillization" usually refers to a consistent system applied, for example, to transcribe names of German, Chinese, or English people and places for use in Russian, Ukrainian, Serbian, Macedonian or Bulgarian newspapers and books. Cyrillization is analogous to romanization, when words from a non-Latin script-using language are rendered in the Latin alphabet for use (e.g., in English, German, or Francophone literature.)

Just as with various Romanization schemes, each Cyrillization system has its own set of rules, depending on:
 The source language or writing system (English, French, Arabic, Hindi, Kazakh in Latin alphabet, Chinese, Japanese, etc.),
 The destination language or writing system (Russian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian, Kazakh in Cyrillic, etc.),
 the goals of the systems:
 to render occasional foreign words (mostly personal and place names) for use in newspapers or on maps;
 to provide a practical approximate phonetic transcription in a phrasebook or a bilingual dictionary;
 or to convert a language to a Cyrillic writing system altogether (e.g., Dungan, Kazakh)
 Linguistic and/or political inclinations of the designers of the system (see, for example, the use—or disuse—of the letter Ґ for rendering the "G" of foreign words in Ukrainian).

When the source language uses a fairly phonetic spelling system (e.g., Spanish, Turkish), a Cyrillization scheme may often be adopted that almost amounts to a transliteration, i.e., using a mapping scheme that simply maps each letter of the source alphabet to some letter of the destination alphabet, sometimes augmented by position-based rules. Among such schemes are several schemes universally accepted in Eastern Slavic languages:

 Cyrillization of Arabic
 Cyrillization of Chinese
 Cyrillization of English - e.g. Cyrillisch
 Cyrillization of Esperanto
 Cyrillization of French
 Cyrillization of German
 Cyrillization of Greek
 Cyrillization of Hindi
 Cyrillization of Italian
 Cyrillization of Japanese - e.g. Polivanov system
 Cyrillization of Korean
 Cyrillization of Kurdish
 Cyrillization of Manchu
 Cyrillization of Polish
 Cyrillization of Portuguese
 Cyrillization of Spanish

Similarly, simple schemes are widely used to render words from Latin-script languages into Cyrillic-script languages.

When the source language does not use a particularly phonetic writing system—most notably English and French—its words are typically rendered in Russian, Ukrainian, or other Cyrillic-based languages using an approximate phonetic transcription system, which aims to allow the Cyrillic readers to approximate the sound of the source language as much as it is possible within the constraints of the destination language and its orthography. Among the examples are the Practical transcription of English into Russian (), which aims to render English words into Russian based on their sounds, and Transliteration of foreign words by a Cyrillic alphabet (:uk:Транслітерація іншомовних слів кирилицею) and Cyrillization of the English language (:uk:Кирилізація англійської мови) in the case of Ukrainian. While this scheme is mostly accepted by a majority of Russian and Ukrainian authors and publishers, transcription variants are not uncommon.

A transliteration system for the Bulgarian Cyrillization of English has been designed by the Bulgarian linguist Andrey Danchev.

Similarly, phonetic schemes are widely adopted for Cyrillization of French, especially considering the fairly large number of French loanwords that have been borrowed into Russian.

See also
 Cyrillisation in the Soviet Union
 Транскрибиране на български език  – Transcription into the Bulgarian
 Транскрипция  – the articles on Transcription in the Russian Wikipedia
 Rules for practical English-Russian transcription
 Transcription of German into Cyrillic
 Транскрипція  – the articles on Transcription in the Ukrainian Wikipedia
 Cyrillization of English
 Transliteration of English and German words by a Cyrillic alphabet
 Македонска транскрипција на странските јазици  – Macedonian transcription of foreign languages
 Volapuk encoding

References

 A. Danchev, Bulgarian transcription of English names, Narodna Prosveta, Sofia, 1982 (in Bulgarian)
 R.S. Gilyrevsky (Гиляревский Р. С.), editor: "Practical Transcription of Personal and Family Names" (Практическая транскрипция фамильно-именных групп.) Moscow, Fizmatliz, 2004. . — (covers 6 European languages, as well as Arabic, Chinese, Turkish, and Japanese)
 same, 2nd edition; Moscow, Nauka, 2006, 526. . (11 European languages, as well as Arabic, Chinese, Turkish, Hindi, Vietnamese, Korean, and Japanese)
 R.S. Gilyrevsky (Гиляревский Р. С.), B.A. Starostin (Старостин Б. А.) "Foreign Names in the Russian Text: A Handbook" (Иностранные имена и названия в русском тексте: Справочник). 3rd edition. Moscow, Vysshaya Shkola, 1985.
 D.I. Ermolovich (Ермолович Д. И.) "Personal Names at the Junction of Languages and Cultures" (Имена собственные на стыке языков и культур). Moscow, R. Valent, 2001. . (23 languages)
 D.I. Ermolovich (Ермолович Д. И.) "Personal Names: Theory and Practice of Interlanguage Transmission at the Junction of Languages and Cultures" (Имена собственные: теория и практика межъязыковой передачи на стыке языков и культур.  Moscow, R. Valent, 2005. .
 R.A. Lidin (Лидин Р. А). "Foreign family names and personal names. Spelling and pronunciation. Practical transcription into Russian: Dictionary Handbook" (Иностранные фамилии и личные имена. Написание и произношение. Практическая транскрипция на русский язык: Словарь-справочник) Moscow, Vneshsigma, 1998. .

Transliteration

Cyrillization


Fridleif (nórdico antiguo: Friðleifr) (n. 456) fue un caudillo vikingo, rey de Dinamarca en la Era de Vendel (). Según la saga Ynglinga era hijo del rey Fróði de la dinastía Skjöldung (Scylding), donde aparece como hermano de Healfdene y padre de Ale el Fuerte. Le sucedió en el trono Fróði, que tenía el mismo nombre que su abuelo. Sin embargo, según Gesta Danorum de Saxo Grammaticus, el rey Fridleif era hijo de Dan III, el que venció a los sajones. El resto coincide con la saga Ynglinga.

Nombre de reyes
Hay otros personajes de la realeza en la protohistoria danesa con el mismo nombre, como Fridleif Skjöldsson (n. 259), de quien dice Snorri Sturluson en Heimskringla:

Así hizo Odin el mismo viaje hacia el norte y llegó a la tierra que llamaban Reidgotaland, aquí reclamó todo lo que quería sobre la tierra y puso a su hijo Skjöld, y a su vez a su hijo Fridleif;. De allí vienen la dinastía llamada Scyldingas; son los reyes daneses.

También Fridleif Frodasson (n. 303), y en Noruega otro con idéntico nombre Fridleif Frodasson (n. 770), monarca del reino de Ringerike y padre de Helgi el Temerario y Guðröðr.

Véase también
 Reinos vikingos de Dinamarca

Referencias

Bibliografía

 Davidson, Hilda Ellis (ed.) and Peter Fisher (tr.) (1999). Saxo Grammaticus : The History of the Danes : Books I-IX. Bury St Edmunds: St Edmundsbury Press. ISBN 0-85991-502-6. First published 1979-1980.

Reyes vikingos legendarios de Lejre

Fridleif


Simon Aggesen (født 18. juni 1987 i Fredericia) er en dansk advokat og lokalpolitiker for Det Konservative Folkeparti som var borgmester i Frederiksberg Kommune fra 2019 til 2021. Han overtog borgmesterposten 18. marts 2019 efter forgængeren Jørgen Glenthøj gik af efter eget ønske før perioden var ovre. Før da var Simon Aggesen rådmand og formand for Kultur- og Fritidsudvalget. Han har været medlem af kommunalbestyrelsen på Frederiksberg siden 2009.

Aggesen er cand.jur. fra Københavns Universitet. Han har tidligere arbejdet som advokat hos Gorrissen Federspiel, Danske Bank og senest MobilePay, inden han tiltrådte som borgmester. Simon Aggesen er gift med Josephine Fie Legarth Aggesen, og de har to børn.

Kontroverser
I september 2020 beskrev Ekstra Bladet hvordan Aggesen i to bolighandler har tjent et tocifret millionbeløb bl.a. ved først at købe en 456 kvm. stor lejlighed på Frederiksberg Alle uden om en ejendomsmægler og siden dele den op og sælge den. Derefter købte han igen sammen med sin hustru en villa uden at den havde været udbudt til salg hos en mægler. Som følge af mediedækningen besluttede Folketingets Ombudsmand at bede Frederiksberg Kommune om en udtalelse i sagen, mens flere udtalte han burde trække sig forud for kommunalvalget i 2021. Ombudsmanden og Erhvervsstyrelsen har lukket og afsluttet sagen.

Referencer

Borgmestre på Frederiksberg
Borgmestre fra Det Konservative Folkeparti
Borgmestre i Danmark 2018-2021
Jurister fra Danmark
Alumni fra Københavns Universitet
Personer fra Fredericia

Simon Aggesen


The year 1765 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.

Buildings and structures

Buildings completed
 May – Bernstorff Palace, Copenhagen, Denmark, is completed.
 Kedleston Hall in Derbyshire, England, designed by Robert Adam.
 Château d'Arcelot on the Côte-d'Or of France is completed.
 Remodelling of the Summer Archbishop's Palace in Bratislava by F. A. Hillebrandt is completed.

Births
 July 20 – Peter Nicholson, Scottish architect, engineer and mathematician (died 1844)

Deaths
 October 21 – Giovanni Paolo Pannini, Italian painter and architect (born 1691)

References

Architecture
Years in architecture
18th-century architecture

1765 in architecture


Die Estoril Open 2009 waren ein Damen-Tennisturnier in Oeiras. Das Sandplatzturnier der Kategorie International war Teil der WTA Tour 2009 und fand vom 4. bis 9. Mai 2009 statt.

Das Endspiel im Einzel gewann Yanina Wickmayer gegen Jekaterina Makarowa in zwei Sätzen.

Qualifikation

Dameneinzel

Setzliste

Ergebnisse

Doppel

Setzliste

Ergebnisse

Weblinks

Turnier der WTA Tour 2009
Tennisturnier in Oeiras

Estoril Open 2009/Damen


دوري أبطال أوروبا 2008–2009 هي النسخة الرابعة والخمسين من بطولة أوروبا الأولى وهي النسخة السابعة عشر في النظام الجديد، لعبت المباراة النهائية في 27 مايو 2009 في روما في إستاد روما الأوليمبي في إيطاليا، وفاز ببطولتها نادي برشلونة بفوزه على مانشستر يونايتد بهدفين مقابل لا شيء. أحرز الهدفين كل من صأمويل إيتو وليونيل ميسي.

طريقة التصفيات

76 فريق أوروبي من 52 اتحاد محلي (حيث لا تشارك ليشتنتشتاين بسبب عدم وجود دوري محلي فيها) ستشارك في دوري أبطال أوروبا 2008-2009، ويكون عدد الفرق المشاركة حسب تصنيف دولها في الاتحاد الأوروبي لكرة القدم، وسيشارك مانشستر يونايتد حامل اللقب بصتفه بطل الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز وليس كحامل للقب.

فيما يلي طريقة مشاركة الفرق في البطولة حسب دولها:
 التصنيف 1-3 (إيطاليا وإنجلترا وإسبانيا) لهم أربعة مقاعد.
 التصنيف 4-6 (فرنسا وألمانيا والبرتغال) لهم ثلاثة مقاعد.
 التصنيف 7-15 (رومانيا وهولندا وروسيا وأسكتلندا وأوكرانيا وبلجيكا والتشيك وتركيا واليونان) لهم مقعدين.
 التصنيف 16-53 (ماعدا ليشتنتشتاين) لديهم مقعد واحد.

التصفيات الأولية (28 فريق)
 28 فريق من التصنيف 25-53.

التصفيات الثانوية (28 فريق)
 الفائزون الأربعة عشر من التصفيات الأولية.
 الفرق الثمانية الأبطال من الإتحادات في التصنيف 17-24.
 الفرق الستة أصحاب الوصافة من الإتحادات في التصنيف 10-15.

التصفيات التمهيدية (32 فريق)
 الفائزون الأربعة عشر من التصفيات الثانوية.
 الأبطال الستة من الإتحادات في التصنيف 11-16.
 ثلاثة فرق من أصحاب الوصافة في الإتحادات في التصنيف 7-9.
 6 فرق من الإتحادات في التصنيف 1-6.
 3 فرق في الترتيب الرابع في الدوري من الإتحادات في التصنيف 1-3.

دور المجموعات (32 فريق)
 الفائزون الستة عشر من التصفيات التمهيدية.
 الفرق الأبطال في الإتحادات في التصنيف 1-10.
 أصحاب الوصافة الإتحادات في التصنيف 1-6.

التصفيات المؤهلة

الدور الأول

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الدور الثاني

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الدور الثالث

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دور المجموعات

جرت قرعة دور المجموعات يوم 28 أغسطس 2008 في موناكو.
يتأهل أول فريقين في كل مجموعة إلى مرحلة خروج المغلوب، أما الفرق التي تحتل المركز الثالث في كل مجموعة تتأهل إلى دور الـ32 من كأس الاتحاد الأوروبي.

المجموعة الأولى

المجموعة الثانية

المجموعة الثالثة

المجموعة الرابعة

المجموعة الخامسة

المجموعة السادسة

المجموعة السابعة

المجموعة الثامنة

دور خروج المغلوب

دور الـ16

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ربع النهائي

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نصف النهائي

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النهائي

قائمة الهدافين

 <small>المصدر:

مقالات أخرى
 دوري أبطال أوروبا 2009-2010

المراجع

كرة القدم الأوروبية في 2008–09
مواسم دوري أبطال أوروبا

دوري أبطال أوروبا 2008–09


Experiment, ranijeg naziva Microryza, je ime za web poslužitelj koji potiče skupno financiranje za znanstvene projekte.

Do 21. studenoga 2019. financirano je više od 760 projekata, prikupivši gotovo 8 milijuna dolara od više od 41.000 podržavatelja.

Povijest
Osnovali su ga 2012. godine Denny Luan i Cindy Wu, bivši istraživači sa Sveučilišta Washington. Nekadašnji naziv Microryza nadahnut je mikorizama i simbiotskim gljivama koje žive u korijenju biljaka.

Financijski model
Experiment naplaćuje naknadu od 8% (5% za Experiment i 3% za obradu plaćanja) samo ako je kampanja uspješna. Ako kampanja ne dosegne ciljani iznos, nitko se ne naplaćuje.

Povezani članci
 Skupno financiranje
 Znanstvena metoda
 Pokus

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Experiment.com

Internet
Financije
Znanost

Experiment


Piemontul Munților Metaliferi - Vințu este o arie de protecție specială avifaunistică (sit SPA) situată în partea sud-vestică a Transilvaniei (România), pe teritoriile județelor Alba (46%) și Hunedoara (54%).

Localizare
Aria naturală se întinde în extremitatea central-vestică a județului Alba, pe teritoriile administrative ale comunelor Blandiana, Șibot și Vințu de Jos și pe cel al municipiului Alba Iulia și în cea estică a județului Hunedoara, pe teritoriile orașelor Geoagiu și Simeria și pe cele ale comunelor Hărău, Rapoltu Mare și Turdaș. Situl este mărginit de Autostrada A1.

Înființare
Situl "Piemontul Munților Metaliferi - Vințu" (cu o suprafață totală de 8.388 ha.) a fost declarat arie de protecție specială avifaunistică prin Hotărârea  de Guvern nr. 971 din 5 octombrie 2011 (pentru modificarea și completarea Hotărârii Guvernului nr. 1.284/2007 privind declararea ariilor de protecție specială avifaunistică ca parte integrantă a rețelei ecologice europene Natura 2000 în România). Acesta include rezervația naturală Măgura Uroiului.

Biodiversitate
Aria protejată (încadrată în bioregiunea geografică continentală a luncii Mureșului, în partea sud-estică munților Metaliferi și cea estică a munților Trăscău) reprezintă o zonă naturală alcătuită din păduri de foioase, păduri de conifere, păduri în tranziție, tufărișuri, râuri, pajiști, fânețe, pășuni, terenuri arabile, culturi, vii și livezi; ce asigură condiții de hrană, cuibărit și viețuire pentru efective de păsări migratoare, de pasaj sau sedentare.

La baza desemnării sitului se află mai multe specii avifaunistice protejate la nivel european (prin Directiva CE 147/CE din 30 noiembrie 2009, privind conservarea păsărilor sălbatice - anexa II-a) și aflate pe lista roșie a IUCN; astfel: fluierar de munte (Actitis hypoleucos), pescăruș albastru (Alcedo atthis), rață mică (Anas crecca), rață mare (Anas platyrhynchos), fâsă de câmp (Anthus campestris), acvilă-țipătoare-mică (Aquila pomarina), stârc cenușiu (Ardea cinerea), bufniță (Bubo bubo), caprimulg (Caprimulgus europaeus), prundaș gulerat mic (Charadrius dubius), chirighiță neagră (Chlidonias niger), barză albă (Ciconia ciconia), barză neagră (Ciconia nigra), șerpar (Circaetus gallicus), erete vânăt (Circus cyaneus), cristel de câmp (Crex crex), ciocănitoare de stejar (Dendrocopos medius), ciocănitoare de grădină (Dendrocopos syriacus), ciocănitoare neagră (Dryocopus martius), egretă mare (Egretta alba), presură de grădină (Emberiza hortulana), șoim de iarnă (Falco columbarius), șoim călător (Falco peregrinus), vânturel de seară (Falco vespertinus), lișiță (Fulica atra), cufundar polar (Gavia arctica), cufundar mic (Gavia stellata), codalb (Haliaeetus albicilla), sfrâncioc roșiatic (Lanius collurio), sfrânciocul cu frunte neagră (Lanius minor), pescăruș râzător (Larus ridibundus), ciocârlie de pădure (Lullula arborea), prigoare (Merops apiaster), ciuf pitic (Otus scops), vultur pescar (Pandion haliaetus), viespar (Pernis apivorus), cormoran mare (Phalacrocorax carbo), ciocănitoare verzuie (Picus canus), lăstun de mal (Riparia riparia), turturică (Streptopelia turtur), huhurez mare (Strix uralensis), silvie porumbacă (Sylvia nisoria) și corcodel mic (Tachybaptus ruficollis).

Căi de acces
 Autostrada A1: Alba Iulia - Simeria - drumul județean DJ700A. După trecerea podului peste râul Mureș se virează la dreapta pe drumul județean DJ107A. Se urmează drumul până la Rapoltu Mare.

Vezi și
 Natura 2000
 Lista siturilor Natura 2000 din România

Note

Legături externe
 "Elaborarea planului de management pentru siturile Natura 2000 – ROSPA0139 Piemontul Munților Metaliferi – Vințu (incluzând rezervația naturală 2.519 Măgura Uroiului) și ROSCI0419 Mureșul Mijlociu – Cugir" ; 20 septembrie 2017, epmc.ro

Piemontul Munților Metaliferi - Vințu


An Carex filipes in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Adrien René Franchet ngan Paul Amédée Ludovic Savatier. An Carex filipes in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 C. f. arakiana
 C. f. filipes
 C. f. oligostachys
 C. f. tremula

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex filipes


Pore may refer to:

Biology

Animal biology and microbiology
 Sweat pore, an anatomical structure of the skin of humans (and other mammals) used for secretion of sweat
 Hair follicle, an anatomical structure of the skin of humans (and other mammals) used for secretion of sebum
 Canal pore, an anatomical structure that is part of the lateral line sense system of some aquatic organisms
 Gonopore, a genital pore present in some invertebrates, particularly insects
 Ozopore, the external discharge site of defensive glands in millipedes and some arachnids
 An opening across both inner and outer bacterial membranes, a part of many Gram-negative bacterial secretion systems
 One of the openings communicating with the skin surface at the terminus of lactiferous ducts in milk-producing mammals

Plant and fungal biology
 Germ pore, a small pore in the outer wall of a fungal spore through which the germ tube exits upon germination
 Stoma, a small opening on a plant leaf used for gas exchange
 An anatomical feature of the anther in some plant species, the opening through which pollen is released
 A characteristic surface feature of porate pollen
 An opening in a poricidal fruit capsule

Cell and molecular biology
 Nuclear pore, a large protein complex that penetrates the nuclear envelope in eukaryotic cells
 Ion channel pore, the ion-selective opening in the membrane of a eukaryotic cell formed by members of the ion channel family of proteins
 A water-selective opening (water channel) in the membrane of a eukaryotic cell formed by assemblies of the protein aquaporin

People

Given name
 Pore Mosulishvili (1918–1944), decorated Soviet soldier during World War II

Family name
 Ryan Pore (born 1983), American soccer player
 Daniel Alolga Akata Pore, Ghanaian politician

Physical sciences
Pore (material), one of many small openings in a solid substance of any kind that contribute to the substance's porosity (typical usage in earth sciences, materials science and construction)
 A small defect in the crystal structure that may arise during sintering to form solids from powders, including ceramics
 Pore (bread), an air pocket in bread
 Pore space in soil, the liquid and gas phases of soil
 Void (composites), a pore that remains unoccupied in a composite material
 Solar pore, a newly forming sunspot without a penumbra

Places
 Partap Pore, a village in the Leh district of Ladakh, India
 Pig-poré, a village in Burkina Faso
 Pore, Casanare, a town and municipality in the Department of Casanare, Colombia

Other uses
 P.O.R.E. (Partido Obrero Revolucionario de España), the Revolutionary Workers' Party of Spain

See also

 Poor (disambiguation)
 Poore
 Por (disambiguation)
 Pour (disambiguation)

io:Poro

Pore


أبو محمد عبد الله بن عبد الله الترجمان الميورقي، ولد في ميورقة في 1355 كان قسا نصرانيا اسمه «أنسيلم تورميدا»، أسلم وألف كتاب تحفة الأريب في الرد على أهل الصليب وغيره وكان وزيرا في تونس وتوفي فيها سنة 1423.

قصة إسلامه
روى عبد الله الترجمان قصة إسلامه في الفصل الأول من كتابه تحفة الأريب:

اعلموا رحمكم الله أن أصلي من مدينة ميورقة أعادها الله للإسلام، وهي مدينة كبيرة على البحر بين جبلين يشقهما واد صغير وهي مدينة متجر ولها مرستان ترسي بهما السفن الكبار للمتاجر الجليلة، والمدينة في جزيرة تسمى باسم المدينة ميورقة وأكثر ثمارها زيتون وتين ويحمل منها عام خصابة زيتونها أكثر من عشرين ألف بتية زيت لبلاد مصر والإسكندرية وبجزيرة ميورقة المذكور أزيد من مائة وعشرين حصنا مسورة عامرة وبها عيون كثيرة تشق جميع جهاتها وتصب في البحر وكان والدي محسوبا من أهل حاضرة ميورقة ولم يكن له ولد غيري ولما بلغت ست سنين من عمري أسلمني إلى معلم من القسيسين قرأت عليه الإنجيل حتى حفظت أكثر من شطره في مدة سنتين ثم أخذت في تعلم لغة الإنجيل وعلم المنطق في ست سنين ثم ارتحلت من بلد ميورقة إلى مدينة لاردة من أرض القطلان وهي مدينة العلم عند النصارى في ذلك القطر ولها واد كبير يشقها ورأيت التبر مختلطا برملها إلا أنه صح عند جميع أهل ذلك القطر أن النفقة في تحصيله لا تفي بقدر فائدته فلذلك ترك وبهذه المدينة فاكهة كثيرة ورأيت الفلاحين بها يقسمون الخوخة على أربعة أفلاق ويمقرونها في الشمس وكذلك يمقرون القرع والجزز فإذا أرادوا أكله في الشتاء نقعوه في الماء وطبخوه كأنه طري في أوانه. وبهذه المدينة تجتمع طلبة العلم من النصارى وينتهون إلى ألف رجل أو ألف وخمسمائة رجل ولا يحكم بينهم إلا القسيس الذي يقرون عليه، وأكثر غلات أوطانها الزعفران. فقرأت فيها علم الطبيعات والنجامة مدة ست سنين ثم تصدرت فيها أقرأ الإنجيل وألقنه ملازما لذلك مدة أربع سنين. ثم ارتحلت إلى مدينة بلونية من أرض الأبزدية وهي مدينة كبيرة جدا بنيانها بالآجر الجيد لعدم معادن الحجر عندهم ولكن لكل معلم من أهل صناعة الآجر طابع يخصه وعليهم أمين مقدم يحتسب عليهم في طيب طين الآجر وطبخه فإذا انفلج أو تفرك منه شيء غرم الذي صنعه قيمته وعوقب بالضرب. وهذه مدينة علم عند جميع أهل ذلك القطر، ويجتمع بها كل عام من الآفاق أكثر من ألفي رجل يطلبون العلم ولا يلبسون إلا الملف الذي هو صباغ الله، ولو يكون طالب العلم منهم سلطانا أو ابن سلطان فلا يلبس إلا ذلك ليمتاز به الطلبة من غيرهم. ولا يحكم فيهم إلا القسيس الذي يقرون عليه. فسكنت بها، وبها كنيسة لقسيس كبير السن عندهم بها كبير القدر اسمه نقلاومرتيل وكانت منزلته فيهم بالعلم والدين والزهد رفيعة جدا انفرد بهما في زمنه عن جميع أهل دين النصرانية فكانت الأسئلة في دينهم ترد عليه من الآفاق من جهة الملوك وغيرهم وصحبة الأسئلة من الهدايا الضخمة ما هو الغاية في بابه ويرغبون بالتبرك به وفي قبوله لهداياهم ويتشرفون بذلك فقرأت على هذا القسيس علم أصول دين النصرانية وأحكامه ولم أزل أتقرب إليه بخدمته والقيام بكثير من وظائفه حتى صيرني من أفضل خواصه وانتهيت في خدمتي له وتقربي إلى أن دفع لي مفاتيح سكنه وخزائن مأكله ومشربه وبقي جميع ذلك كله على يدي ولم يستثن من ذلك سوى مفتاح بيت صغير بداخل مسكنه كان يخلو فيه بنفسه، الظاهر أنه بيت خزائن أمواله التي كانت تهدى إليه والله أعلم. فلازمته على ما ذكرت من القراءة عليه والخدمة له عشرا ثم أصابه مرض يوما من الدهر فتخلف عن حضور مجلس قراءته وانتظره أهل المجلس وهم يتذاكرون في مسائل من العلم إلى أن أفضى بهم الكلام إلى قوله عز وجل على لسان نبيه عيسى «إنه يأتي من بعدي نبي اسمه البارقليط» فبحثوا في تعيين هذا النبي من هو من الأنبياء وقال كل واحد منهم بحسب علمه وفهمه فعظم بينهم في ذلك مقالهم وكثر جدالهم ثم انصرفوا من غير تحصيل فائدة في تلك المسألة. فأتيت مسكن الشيخ صاحب الدرس المذكور فقال لي: ما الذي كان عندكم اليوم من البحث في غيبتي عنكم؟ فأخبرته باختلاف القوم في اسم البارقليط وأن فلانا قد أجاب بكذا وفلانا بكذا وسردت له أجوبتهم. فقال لي: وبماذا أجبت؟ فقلت: بجواب القاضي فلان في تفسير الإنجيل. فقال لي: ما قصرت وقربت وفلان أخطأ وكاد فلان أن يقارب ولكن الحق خلاف هذا كله لأن تفسير هذا الاسم الشريف لا يعلمه إلا العلماء الراسخون في العلم وأنتم لم يحصل لكم من العلم إلا القليل. فبادرت إلى قدميه أقبلهما وقلت له: يا سيدي قد علمت أني ارتحلت إليك من بلد بعيد ولي في خدمتك عشر سنين حصلت عنك فيها جملة من العلوم لا أحصيها فلعل من جميل إحسانكم أن تمنوا علي بمعرفة هذا الاسم الشريف. فبكى الشيخ وقال: يا ولدي والله إنك لتعز علي كثيرا من أجل خدمتك لي وانقطاعك إلي، وإن في معرفة هذا الاسم الشريف فائدة عظيمة، لكن أخاف عليك أن تظهر ذلك فيقتلك عامة النصارى في الحين. فقلت له: يا سيدي والله العظيم وحق الإنجيل ومن جاء به لا أتكلم بشيء مما تسر إلي إلا عن أمرك. فقال لي: يا ولدي إني سألتك في أول قدومك إلي عن بلدك وهل هو قريب من المسلمين وهل يقرونكم أو تقرونهم لأختبر ما عندك من المنافرة للإسلام، فاعلم يا ولدي أن البارقليط هو اسم من أسماء نبيهم محمد  وعليه نزل الكتاب الرابع المذكور على لسان دانيال وأخبر أنه سينزل هذا الكتاب عليه وأن دينه دين الحق وملته هي الملة البيضاء المذكورة في الإنجيل. قلت: يا سيدي وما تقول في دين هؤلاء النصارى؟ فقال لي: يا ولدي لو أن النصارى أقاموا على دين عيسى الأول لكانوا على دين الله لأن عيسى وجميع الأنبياء دينهم دين الله. فقلت: يا سيدي وكيف الخلاص من هذا الأمر؟ فقال: يا ولدي بالدخول في دين الإسلام. فقلت له: وهل ينجو الداخل فيه؟ فقال لي: نعم ينجو في الدنيا والآخرة. فقلت له: يا سيدي إن العاقل لا يختار لنفسه إلا أفضل ما يعلم فإذا علمت فضل دين الإسلام فما يمنعك منه؟ فقال لي: يا ولدي إن الله لم يطلعني على حقيقة ما أخبرتك من فضل دين الإسلام وشرف دين الإسلام إلا بعد كبر سني ووهن عظمي ولا عذر لنا فيه بل حجة الله علينا قائمة ولو هداني الله لذلك وأنا في سنك لتركت كل شيء ودخلت في الحق وحب الدنيا رأس كل خطيئة، وأنت ترى ما أنا فيه عند النصارى من رفعة الجاه والقدر والعز والشرف وكثرة عرض الدنيا، ولو أني ظهر علي شيء من الميل إلى دين الإسلام لقتلني العامة في أسرع وقت. وهب أني نجوت منهم وخلصت إلى المسلمين وأقول لهم إني جئتكم مسلما فيقولون لي قد نفعت نفسك بالدخول في دين الحق فلا تمنّ علينا في دين خلصت به نفسك من عذاب الله فأبقى بينهم شيخا كبيرا فقيرا ابن تسعين سنة لا أفقه لسانهم ولا يعرفون حقي فأموت بينهم بالجوع. وأنا والحمد لله على دين عيسى وما جاء به يعلم الله ذلك مني. فقلت له: يا سيدي أفتأذن لي أن أمشي إلى بلاد المسلمين وأدخل في دينهم؟ فقال لي: إن كنت عاقلا طالبا للنجاة فبادر إلى ذلك تحصل لك الدنيا والآخرة، ولكن يا ولدي هذا أمر لم يحضره أحد معنا الآن فاكتمه لغاية جهدك وإن ظهر عليك منه شيء لقتلك العامة لحينك ولا أقدر على نفعك ولا ينفعك أن تنقل ذلك عني فإني أجحده وقولي مصدق عليك وقولك غير مصدق علي وأنا بريء من دمك إن فهت بشيء من هذا. فقلت: يا سيدي أعوذ بالله من سريان الوهم لهذا.

وعاهدته بما أرضاه ثم أخذت في أسباب الرحلة وودعته فدعا لي بخير وزودني بخمسين دينارا ذهبا وركبت البحر منصرفا إلى بلاد مدينة ميورقة فأقمت بها ستة أشهر ثم سافرت منها إلى مدينة صقلية فأقمت بها خمسة أشهر وأنا أنتظر مركبا يتوجه إلى أرض المسلمين. فحضر مركب يسافر إلى مدينة تونس فسافرت فيه من صقلية فأقلعنا عن قرب مغيب الشفق فوردنا مرسى تونس قرب الزوال. فلما نزلت بديوان تونس وسمع بي الذين بها من أحبار النصارى أتوا بمركوب وحملوني معهم إلى بلادهم وصحبتهم بعض التجار الحاضرين أيضا بتونس. فأقمت عندهم في ضيافتهم على أرغد عيش أربعة أشهر وبعد ذلك سألتهم هل بدار السلطنة أحد يحفظ لسان النصارى، وكان السلطان إذ ذاك مولانا أبا العباس أحمد، فذكروا لي النصارى أن بدار السلطنة المذكورة رجلا فاضلا من أكبر خدامه اسمه يوسف الطبيب وكان طبيبه ومن خواصه. ففرحت بذلك فرحا شديدا وسألت عن مسكن هذا الرجل الطبيب فدللت عليه واجتمعت به وذكرت له شرح حالي وسبب قدومي لدخولي في الإسلام فسرّ بذلك الرجل سرورا عظيما بأن يكون تمام هذا الخير على يديه. ثم ركب فرسه واحتملني معه لدار السلطان فدخل عليه وأخبره بحديثي واستأذنه علي فأذن لي، فمثلت بين يديه فأول ما سألني عن عمري فقلت له خمسة وثلاثون عاما. ثم سألني كذلك عما قرأت من العلوم فأخبرته فقال: قدمت قدوم خير فأسلم على بركة الله. فقلت للترجمان وهو الطبيب المذكور: قل لمولانا السلطان إنه لا يخرج أحد من دينه إلا ويكثر أهله القول فيه والطعن عليه، فأرغب من إحسانكم أن تبعثوا إلى الذين بحضرتكم من تجار النصارى وأخيارهم وتسألوهم عني وتسمع ما يقولون في جنابي وحينئذ أسلم إن شاء الله. فقال لي بواسطة الترجمان: أنت طلبت كما طلب عبد الله ابن سلام من النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم ثم أسلم. فأرسل إلى خيار النصارى وبعض تجارهم وأدخلني في بيت قريب من مجلسه، فلما دخل النصارى عليه قال لهم: ما تقولون في هذا القسيس الجديد الذي قدم في هذا المركب؟ قالوا: يا مولانا هذا عالم كبير في ديننا وقال مشائخهم ما رأينا أعلى منه درجة في العلم والدين في ديننا. فقال لهم: وما تقولون فيه إذا أسلم؟ فقالوا: نعوذ بالله من ذلك، هو ما يفعل هذا أبدا. فلما سمع ما عند النصارى بعث إلي فحضرت بين يديه وتشهدت بشهادتي الحق بمحضر النصارى فكبوا على وجوههم وقالوا ما حمله على هذا إلا حب التزويج فإن القسيس عندنا لا يتزوج، فخرجوا مكروبين محزونين.

فرتب لي السلطان ربع دينار في كل يوم في دار المختص وزوجني بنت الحاج محمد الصفار فلما عزمت على البناء بها أعطاني مائة دينار ذهبا وكسوة جيدة كاملة فابتنيت بها وولد لي منها ولد سميته محمدا على وجه التبرك باسم نبينا محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم تسليما.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص اعتنقوا الإسلام
أشخاص في القرن 14 من مملكة أراغون
أشخاص من الأندلس
إسبان مهاجرون إلى تونس
تاريخ تونس
تونسيون في القرن 14
تونسيون في القرن 15
شعراء باللغة الكتلانية
كتاب باللغة العربية من إسبانيا
كتاب باللغة العربية
كتاب كتالونيون
مترجمون إسبان
مترجمون إلى العربية
مترجمون إلى الكتلانية
مترجمون من العربية
مترجمون من الكتالونية
مسلمون إسبان
مسيحيون اعتنقوا الإسلام
معتنقو الإسلام من الكاثوليكية الرومانية
مواليد 1355
مواليد في ميورقة (مدينة)
وفيات 1423
وفيات في تونس
وفيات في مدينة تونس

عبد الله بن عبد الله الترجمان


Leyla Piedayesh (* 5. Dezember  1970 in Teheran) ist eine iranisch-deutsche Berliner Modeschöpferin und Unternehmerin.

Leben
Piedayesh ist die Tochter eines Ölingenieurs und einer Modeboutique-Unternehmerin. Nach der Islamischen Revolution musste ihre Familie 1979 emigrieren und zog zu Verwandten in Wiesbaden. Mit Ehrgeiz überwand sie anfängliche Sprachhürden und integrierte sich in die deutsche Gesellschaft. Nach dem Abitur an der Oranienschule in Wiesbaden studierte sie von 1993 bis 1997 BWL an der International Business School in Bad Homburg vor der Höhe.

Nach einem Praktikum bei einer Filmproduktion in London und München wurde sie freie Journalistin bei Fernsehsendern wie RTL und Pro 7 und bei Musikproduzenten wie BMG und Ariola. Von 2000 bis 2002 war sie Redakteurin bei MTV Germany in München und Berlin, wobei sie auch an der Entwicklung einer Modesendung namens Designerama beteiligt war. Für den Musiksender MTV drehte Piedayesh einen 45-minütigen Dokumentarfilm über die ehemals rechtsextreme Rockband Böhse Onkelz in der Sendereihe MTV Masters, nach deren kontrovers diskutierter Ausstrahlung im Juli 2001 die Zusammenarbeit zwischen Piedayesh und dem Popmusikkanal endete, da MTV den fertigen Dokumentarfilm in einem anderen Endschnitt ausstrahlte als von Filmemacherin Piedayesh ursprünglich geplant. Im Rahmen der Recherche-Arbeiten für den Dokumentarfilm begleitete Leyla Piedayesh, die im Laufe der mehreren Begegnungen den Onkelz gegenüber eine wohlwollende Einstellung aufbaute, die Frankfurter Rockband ein Jahr lang mit der Kamera, besuchte deren Konzerte, führte Interviews mit den Bandmitgliedern und erhielt Zugang zum Bandarchiv des Managements hinter den Böhsen Onkelz.

Durch gestrickte Pulswärmer auf einem Flohmarkt angeregt, gründete sie ihr eigenes Modelabel Lala Berlin (Lala war in jungen Jahren ihr Spitzname). Anfangs strickte sie ihre Entwürfe noch selbst. Sie brachte eine Strickkollektion heraus, mit der sie 2004 auf der Berliner Modemesse Premium erfolgreich war. Eines ihrer Markenzeichen wurden Kaschmir-Schals im Palästinenser-Look. Seit 2006 hat sie eine eigene Boutique in Berlin-Mitte.

Seit 2007 ist sie regelmäßig auf der Berlin Fashion Week vertreten. Ihre Produkte werden in über 250 Boutiquen weltweit vertrieben. Mit einem Umsatz von drei Millionen Euro und 30 Mitarbeitern im Jahr 2011 gehört sie zu den führenden Berliner Modemachern.

Zusammen mit ihrem Lebensgefährten hat sie eine gemeinsame Tochter. Die Familie lebt in Berlin.

Weblinks
 Webpräsenz ihres Modelabels Lala Berlin
 Modeschöpferin-Porträt in der Zeitschrift Elle
 Alfons Kaiser: Porträt "Miss Multitasking" in: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung vom 7./8. Juli 2012

Einzelnachweise

Modedesigner (21. Jahrhundert)
Person (Medien, Berlin)
Textilunternehmer (21. Jahrhundert)
Unternehmer (Berlin)
Iraner
Deutscher
Geboren 1970
Frau
Iranischer Emigrant in Deutschland

Leyla Piedayesh


Per Knut Aaland (* 5. September 1954 in Innvik, Stryn) ist ein ehemaliger norwegischer Skilangläufer.

Aaland hat sich in seiner aktiven Karriere auf Distanzrennen spezialisiert. Sein internationales Debüt gab er bei den Nordischen Junioren-Skiweltmeisterschaften 1974 im französischen Autrans. Bei den Olympischen Winterspielen 1976 in Innsbruck erreichte er im 50-km-Rennen den sechsten Rang. Der Durchbruch gelang ihm allerdings erst 1977, als er bei den nationalen Meisterschaften den Titel über 50 km gewinnen konnte und als bester Teilnehmer der gesamten Veranstaltung benannt wurde. Über 30 km trat er 1980 bei den Olympischen Winterspielen in Lake Placid, USA, an und erreichte den 16. Platz. Zusammen mit Lars Erik Eriksen, Ove Aunli und Oddvar Brå gewann er die Silbermedaille im Staffelwettbewerb über 4 × 10 km. In den Jahren 1983 und 1987 konnte er insgesamt dreimal den zweiten Platz in Weltcuprennen über 50 km erreichen.

Nachdem Aaland 1987 seine aktive Karriere beendete, war er während der 1990er Jahre als Wachstechniker in norwegischen Skiteams angestellt und beteiligte sich auch danach bei der Entwicklung und Produktion von Skiwachs. Aaland ist gelernter Zimmermann.

Weblinks

Skilangläufer (Norwegen)
Olympiateilnehmer (Norwegen)
Geboren 1954
Mann
Norweger
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1976
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1980

Einzelnachweise

Per Knut Aaland


The beholder is a fictional monster in the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game. It is depicted as a floating orb of flesh with a large mouth, single central eye, and many smaller eyestalks on top with powerful magical abilities.

The beholder is among the Dungeons & Dragons monsters that have appeared in every edition of the game since 1975. Beholders are one of the few classic Dungeons & Dragons monsters that Wizards of the Coast claims as Product Identity and as such was not released under its Open Game License. Beholders have been used on the cover of different Dungeons & Dragons handbooks, including the fifth edition Monster Manual.

Publication history
Unlike many other Dungeons & Dragons monsters, the beholder is an original creation for D&D, as it is not based on a creature from mythology or other fiction. Rob Kuntz's brother Terry Kuntz created the Beholder, and Gary Gygax detailed it for publication.

Dungeons & Dragons (1974–1976)
The beholder was introduced with the first Dungeons & Dragons supplement, Greyhawk (1975), and is depicted on its cover (as shown in the section below). It is described as a "Sphere of Many Eyes" or "Eye Tyrant", a levitating globe with ten magical eye stalks. The beholder later appears in the Companion Rules set, in the Dungeon Masters Companion: Book Two (1984). In 1991, it appeared in the Dungeons & Dragons Rules Cyclopedia.

Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 1st edition (1977–1988)
With the release of Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 1st edition, the beholder appeared in the first edition Monster Manual (1977), where it is described as a hateful, aggressive, avaricious spherical monster that is most frequently found underground. Ed Greenwood and Roger E. Moore authored "The Ecology of the Beholder", which featured in Dragon #76 (August 1983).

Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 2nd edition (1989–1999)
Second edition supplements to Advanced Dungeons & Dragons, especially those of the Spelljammer campaign setting, added further details about these classic creatures' societies and culture. Beholders feature prominently in the Spelljammer setting, and a number of variants and related creatures are introduced in the Spelljammer: AD&D Adventures in Space campaign set, in the Lorebook of the Void booklet (1989). It also appeared in the Monstrous Compendium Volume One (1989), and is reprinted in the Monstrous Manual (1993). The book I, Tyrant (1996), and the Monstrous Arcana module series that accompanies it, develops the beholder further. I, Tyrant expands the information on beholders through details of the race's history, religion, culture, settlements and psychology, and more.

Based on Tom Wham's depiction in the first edition Monster Manual, TSR artist Keith Parkinson characterized its popular appearance with plate-like armored scales and arthropod-like eyestalks. Jeff Grubb cites Keith Parkinson's artwork as the inspiration for the beholder-kin created for the Spelljammer campaign setting. The Beholder's xenophobia towards other subraces of Beholders was added after Jim Holloway submitted multiple designs for the Beholder's spelljamming ship and Jeff Grubb decided to keep them all and used xenophobia to explain the differences in design style.

Dungeons & Dragons 3.0 edition (2000–2002)
The third edition of Dungeons & Dragons included the Beholder in the Monster Manual (2000) with the expanded monster statistics of this release. Beholder variants appear in Monstrous Compendium: Monsters of Faerûn (2001). Epic Level Handbook (2002) introduces the Gibbering Orb, a purported common ancestor of the beholder and gibbering mouther.

Dungeons & Dragons 3.5 edition (2003–2007)
The beholder appears in the revised Monster Manual for the 3.5 edition (2003). The mindwitness was a sample creature of the half-illithid template using a beholder as the base creature, featured on Wizards of the Coast's website on August 14, 2003. The beholder receives its own chapter in the book Lords of Madness: The Book of Aberrations (2005).

Dungeons & Dragons 4th edition (2008–2014)
With the release of the fourth edition of Dungeons & Dragons, the beholder once again appears in the Monster Manual for this edition (2008), including the beholder eye of flame and the beholder eye tyrant. Variants of the beholder also appear in Monster Manual 2 (2009), and Monster Manual 3 (2010).

Dungeons & Dragons 5th edition (2014–present)
The beholder appears along with the more powerful undead death tyrant and the spectator in the 5th edition Monster Manual (2014). Additionally, a zombie beholder also appears under the zombies section later in the book. Volo's Guide to Monsters (2016) provides more detail on beholder culture and contains stats for the death kiss, gauth and gazer beholder-kin. The half-illithid mindwitness also makes an appearance in this book. The book Xanathar's Guide to Everything (2017) contains various notes written from the perspective of the beholder known as Xanathar. Xanathar is also one of the possible villains adventurers can face in the adventure module Waterdeep: Dragon Heist (2018).

Description

A beholder is an aberration comprising a floating spheroid body with a large fanged mouth and single eye on the front and many flexible eyestalks on the top. It is protected by chitinous plates.

A beholder's eyes each possess a different magical ability; the main eye projects an anti-magical cone, and the other eyes have different spell-like abilities (disintegrate objects, transmute flesh to stone, cause sleep, slow the motion of objects or beings, charm animals, charm humans, cause death, induce fear, levitate objects, and inflict serious wounds). Many variant beholder species exist, such as "observers", "spectators", "eyes of the deep", "elder orbs", "hive mothers", and "death tyrants". In addition, some rare beholders can use their eyes for non-standard spell-like abilities; these mutant beholders are often killed or exiled by their peers. Beholders wishing to cast spells like ordinary wizards relinquish the traditional use of their eyestalks, and put out their central anti-magic eye, making these beholder mages immediate outcasts.

In 4th edition, different breeds of beholders have different magic abilities. Beholder Eyes of Flame only have Fear, Fire, and Telekinesis Rays; Eyes of Frost are the same, with fire replaced by frost. The Beholder Eye Tyrant is mostly unchanged from traditional beholders, but the Death Ray causes ongoing necrotic damage rather than an instant kill, and the Disintegration Ray does not automatically kill its target. Other beholder types each have their own set of abilities. In this edition, the beholder's central eye no longer cancels out magic, instead dazing or giving some vulnerability to its victim.

Society

Beholders are extremely xenophobic. They will sometimes take members of other, non-beholder races as slaves; however, they will engage in a violent intra-species war with others of their kind who differ even slightly in appearance. This intense hatred of other beholders is not universal; the most prominent exceptions are Hive Mothers, who use their powers of mind control to form hives with other beholders and beholder-kin. Beholder communities in the Underdark often, when provoked, wage war on any and all nearby settlements, finding the most resistance from the drow and illithids.

Beholders worship their insane, controlling goddess known as the Great Mother, though some also, or instead, follow her rebel offspring, Gzemnid, the beholder god of gases.

Some beholder strains have mutated far from the basic beholder stock. These are aberrant beholders, of which there are numerous different types. These aberrants may have differing abilities and/or appearances but the unifying feature among beholders and the various aberrant beholders seems to be a simple, fleshy body with one or more grotesque eyes.

Campaign settings

Forgotten Realms

Beholders are especially prominent in the Forgotten Realms campaign setting, where they infiltrate and seek to control many sectors of society—many beholders are allied to the Zhentarim, some work with the Red Wizards of Thay, and a particularly powerful beholder, known as "The Evil Eye" or "The Xanathar" controls Skullport's influential Thieves Guild. ("The Xanathar" is the title of the thieves guild leader, passed from one to the next.) Beholders also compete to control the Underdark from where most of them originate, with their base of power in the City of the Eye Tyrants, Ootul.

Spelljammer
According to Ken Rolston, the beholder and the mind flayer "win starring roles as intergalactic menaces" in Spelljammer, and notes that the beholders, "with their abundant magical powers, are perhaps the most formidable warrior race of the universe, but fortunately they are too busy slaughtering one another to present a big threat to other spacefaring races".

Beholders in the Spelljammer campaign are common antagonists, like the deadly neogi and sadistic illithids. However, one thing prevents them from being the most dangerous faction in wildspace: the beholders are engaged in a xenophobic civil war of genetic purity.

There are a large number of variations in the beholder race with some sub-races having smooth hides and others chitinous plates. Other noticeable differences include snakelike eyestalks or crustacean like eyestalk joints. Some variations seem minor such as variations in the size of the central eye or differences in skin colour. Each beholder nation believes itself to be the true beholder race and sees other beholders as ugly copies that must be destroyed.

Lone beholders in wildspace are often refugees who have survived an attack that exterminated the rest of their nest or are outcasts who were expelled for having some form of mutation. The most famous lone beholder is Large Luigi, who works as a barkeeper on the Rock of Bral.

Beholders use a large number of different ship designs. Some of these ships feature a piercing ram but others have no weaponry. All beholder ships allow a circuit of beholders to focus their eye stalks into a 400-yard beam of magical energy. These ships are powered and navigated by the "orbus" (plural "orbii") race of beholders, who are stunted, albino, and very weak in combat.

Eberron

In the Eberron campaign setting, beholders served as living artillery during the Daelkyr incursion, using the terrible power of their eyes to shatter whole goblin armies. Beholders do not reproduce naturally and have not created a culture of their own—they are simply the immortal servants of the daelkyr. Most continue to serve their masters, commanding subterranean outposts of aberrations or serving as the hidden leaders of various Cults of the Dragon Below. Others lead solitary lives, contemplating mysteries or studying the world. Such lone beholders may manipulate humanoid communities, but their actions are rarely driven by a desire for personal power.

Members of the Cults of the Dragon Below believe that these creatures function as the eyes of a greater power. Some insist that they serve Belashyrra, a powerful Daelkyr who is also known as the Lord of Eyes. Others claim the beholders are the eyes of Xoriat itself—that while they serve the daelkyr, they are conduits to a power even greater and more terrible than the shapers of flesh.

Variants and kin
Information about beholder variations and related creatures has been made available in Dungeons & Dragons publications.

Reception
A reviewer for Arcane magazine described the beholder: "11 eyes, paranoid, xenophobic, having a taste for live animals and being deadly with magic."

Artist Chris Hagerty called the beholder a "creature that looks at you and is destroying you by the power of its magical eyes".

Wizard magazine's top 100 greatest villains ever list selected the beholder as the 99th-greatest villain. Rob Bricken from io9 named the beholder as the most memorable D&D monster.

SyFy Wire in 2018 called it one of "The 9 Scariest, Most Unforgettable Monsters From Dungeons & Dragons", saying that "Beholders are an iconic Dungeons & Dragons monster and one you don't want to come face to eyestalk with if you can help it."

The beholder (gauth) was ranked sixth among the ten best mid-level monsters by the authors of Dungeons & Dragons For Dummies. The authors described the true beholder as an iconic creature of the game, "What could be more fantastic than a giant floating eyeball with little eye stalks sticking out, all of which shoot magic rays?" Of the gauth, the authors say "its ability to inflict a bewildering variety of damage on a party of heroes is unparalleled... until they fight a true beholder, that is."

The Envoyer magazine called the beholder a terrible beast, properly shown as such in the 3rd edition Monster Manual, in contrast to earlier depictions where it rather looked like "a cuddly rosy ball with too many eyes".

Richard W. Forest commented in "The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters" that the beholder was designed to counter magic-using characters while being a formidable opponent for a whole party due to its versatility.

The beholder was considered one of the "game's signature monsters" by Philip J. Clements, while Backstab reviewer Philippe Tessier called it a "classic of D&D".

Appearances in other media
Beholders have appeared in many D&D-related or licensed products including :
 Two beholders are seen briefly in the 2000 motion picture Dungeons & Dragons.
 The Dungeons & Dragons TV cartoon series featured a beholder in the 1983 episode Eye of the Beholder.
 A beholder also appears in the interactive movie Scourge of Worlds: A Dungeons & Dragons Adventure.
Dungeons & Dragons licensed computer and video games, including the Capcom arcade Tower of Doom, the Eye of the Beholder series, Baldur's Gate 2, and one named Xantam in Baldur's Gate: Dark Alliance.

D&D Miniatures
 A beholder is featured in D&D Miniatures: Deathknell set #32 (2005).
 The Beholder Eye Tyrant was included as a random packed figure in D&D Miniatures: Dangerous Delves (#5/40) (2009).
 The Beholder Ultimate Tyrant was available as a visible piece Legendary Evils set (#6/40) (2009).

Media unrelated to Dungeons & Dragons
 The movie Big Trouble in Little China (1986) features a Beholder-like monster whose main job is spying the protagonists.
 Beholders appeared as a boss and recurring monster in the original Japanese version of Final Fantasy, but was renamed to "Evil Eye" and redesigned for the game's North American release to avoid copyright issues with TSR. Current installments of the Final Fantasy series have continued to use the monster with the design and name heavily altered.
Beholders appear as a recruitable unit in the 1999 video game Heroes of Might and Magic III. Once upgraded, these units are renamed to "Evil Eyes".
 The Futurama episode "How Hermes Requisitioned His Groove Back" features a beholder who guards the Central Bureaucracy. He is a Grade 11 bureaucrat who begs the Planet Express crew not to tell its supervisor that he was sleeping on the job. He has another cameo in "Lethal Inspection", still working at the Central Bureaucracy.
A parody of the Beholder, named "The Beholster", appears as a boss in Enter the Gungeon, an indie game that includes numerous other references to Dungeons & Dragons.
 The Goblin Slayer series features a "Giant Eyeball" (episode 8 of the anime and volume 5 of the manga), which closely resembles a beholder with disintegration and magic dispelling abilities.
A beholder appears in the 2020 Pixar Animation Studios film Onward. The film's credits include a thanks to Wizards of the Coast for allowing them to use the beholder and the gelatinous cube.

References

Further reading
 Cagle, Eric. "Worshipers of the Forbidden." Dragon #296 (Paizo Publishing, 2002).
 Collins, Andy, Bruce R. Cordell, and Thomas M. Reid. Epic Level Handbook (Wizards of the Coast, 2002).
 Demokopoliss, Dougal. "The Ecology of the Spectator." Dragon #139 (TSR, 1988).
 Greenwood, Ed. "The Ecology of the Eye of the Deep." Dragon #93 (TSR, 1985).
 Mearls, Michael. "Eye Wares: Potent Powers of the Beholders." Dragon'' #313 (Paizo Publishing, 2003).

Dungeons & Dragons monsters

Beholder (Dungeons & Dragons)


Google Kontakte ist ein Online-Dienst zur Kontakteverwaltung des US-amerikanischen Unternehmens Google. Der Dienst ist sowohl als eigenständige Webanwendung als auch integriert in Gmail, Google Workspace und in einem beschränkten Rahmen auch in Google+ verfügbar. Außerdem gibt es für Android-Geräte eine App.

Google Kontakte kann mit diversen mobilen Plattformen (darunter Android, Symbian, iOS, Blackberry, Palm OS, Pocket PC, Windows Phone, Ubuntu Touch) als auch mit nativen Computerprogrammen wie Microsoft Outlook synchronisiert werden. Jedes Programm, das das Microsofts Exchange ActiveSync-Protokoll unterstützt, kann die Google-Kontakte des Nutzers synchronisieren. Es ist zudem möglich, die eigenen Kontakte in verschiedenen Dateiformaten zu exportieren. Eine Import- und Druckfunktion steht ebenfalls zur Verfügung.

Merkmale
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Google Kontakte


NGC 7436B je spiralna galaktika u zviježđu Pegazu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

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   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 7436
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 7436 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 7436 DSO-tražilica
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7436B

NGC 7436B


පුරාවිද්‍යා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව යන්නෙන් පහත දෑ අදහස් විය හැක:

රජයේ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු
 කර්ණාටක ප්‍රාන්ත පුරාවිද්‍යා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව, ඉන්දියාව
කේරළ ප්‍රාන්ත පුරාවිද්‍යා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව, ඉන්දියාව
තමිල්නාඩු පුරාවිද්‍යා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව, ඉන්දියාව
 පුරාවිද්‍යා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව (නේපාලය)
 පුරාවිද්‍යා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව (ශ්‍රී ලංකාව)

වක්‍රෝත්තිහරණ පිටු

පුරාවිද්‍යා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව


Glaucocystis, rod glaukofita. Postoji trinaest priznatih vrsta

Vrste
 Glaucocystis bhattacharyae T.Takahashi & Nozaki
 Glaucocystis bullosa (Kützing) Wille
 Glaucocystis caucasica D.A.Tarnogradskii
 Glaucocystis cingulata Bohlin
 Glaucocystis duplex Prescott
 Glaucocystis incrassata (Lemmermann) T.Takahashi & Nozaki
 Glaucocystis indica R.J.Patel
 Glaucocystis miyajii T.Takahashi & Nozaki
 Glaucocystis molochinearum Geitler
 Glaucocystis nostochinearum Itzigsohn - tipična vrsta
 Glaucocystis oocystiformis Prescott
 Glaucocystis reniformis B.N.Prasad & P.K.Misra
 Glaucocystis simplex D.A.Tarnogradsky

Izvori

Glaukofite

Glaucocystis