Dies ist eine Liste der Poll-Gewinner (Leser und Kritiker) der Zeitschrift Down Beat in den 1960er Jahren.

1960
Kritiker-Poll:
 Big Band: Duke Ellington
 Akustische Band: Modern Jazz Quartet
 Altsaxophon: Cannonball Adderley
 Tenorsaxophon: Coleman Hawkins
 Baritonsaxophon: Gerry Mulligan
 Trompete: Dizzy Gillespie
 Posaune: J. J. Johnson
 Klarinette: Buddy DeFranco
 Flöte: Frank Wess
 Schlagzeug: Max Roach
 Vibraphon: Milt Jackson
 Bass: Ray Brown
 Gitarre: Kenny Burrell
 Klavier: Thelonious Monk
 Sonstige Instrumente: Julius Watkins (French Horn)
 Arrangeur: Duke Ellington
 Komponist: Duke Ellington
 Männlicher Vokalkünstler: Jimmy Rushing
 Weibliche Vokalkünstlerin: Ella Fitzgerald

Leser-Poll:
 Hall of Fame: Dizzy Gillespie
 Big Band Tanzorchester: Les Brown
 Big Band Jazzorchester: Count Basie
 Combo (Instrumental): Dave Brubeck Quartet
 Vokalgruppe: Lambert, Hendricks & Ross
 Altsaxophon: Cannonball Adderley
 Tenorsaxophon: John Coltrane
 Baritonsaxophon: Gerry Mulligan
 Trompete: Miles Davis
 Posaune: J. J. Johnson
 Klarinette: Buddy DeFranco
 Flöte: Herbie Mann
 Schlagzeug: Shelly Manne
 Vibraphon: Milt Jackson
 Bass: Ray Brown
 Gitarre: Barney Kessel
 Klavier: Oscar Peterson
 Akkordeon: Art Van Damme
 Sonstige Instrumente: Don Elliott, Mellophon
 Komponist und Arrangeur: Gil Evans
 Männlicher Vokalkünstler: Frank Sinatra
 Weibliche Vokalkünstlerin: Ella Fitzgerald

1961
Kritiker-Poll:
 Hall of Fame: Coleman Hawkins
 Big Band: Duke Ellington
 Akustische Band: Modern Jazz Quartet
 Altsaxophon: Cannonball Adderley
 Tenorsaxophon: John Coltrane
 Baritonsaxophon: Gerry Mulligan
 Trompete: Dizzy Gillespie
 Posaune: J. J. Johnson
 Klarinette: Buddy DeFranco
 Flöte: Frank Wess
 Schlagzeug: Max Roach
 Vibraphon: Milt Jackson
 Bass: Ray Brown
 Gitarre: Wes Montgomery
 Klavier: Thelonious Monk
 Sonstige Instrumente: Julius Watkins (French Horn)
 Arrangeur: Duke Ellington
 Komponist: Duke Ellington
 Männlicher Vokalkünstler: Ray Charles
 Weibliche Vokalkünstlerin: Ella Fitzgerald

Leser-Poll:
 Hall of Fame: Billie Holiday
 Big Band Tanzorchester: Les Brown
 Big Band Jazzorchester: Count Basie
 Combo (Instrumental): Modern Jazz Quartet
 Vokalgruppe: Lambert, Hendricks & Ross
 Altsaxophon: Cannonball Adderley
 Tenorsaxophon: John Coltrane
 Baritonsaxophon: Gerry Mulligan
 Trompete: Miles Davis
 Posaune: J. J. Johnson
 Klarinette: Buddy DeFranco
 Flöte: Herbie Mann
 Schlagzeug: Max Roach
 Vibraphon: Milt Jackson
 Bass: Ray Brown
 Gitarre: Wes Montgomery
 Klavier: Oscar Peterson
 Sonstige Instrumente: John Coltrane, Sopransaxophon
 Komponist und Arrangeur: Gil Evans
 Männlicher Vokalkünstler: Frank Sinatra
 Weibliche Vokalkünstlerin: Ella Fitzgerald

1962
Kritiker-Poll:
(in Klammern Artist deserving wider recognition)
 Hall of Fame: Bix Beiderbecke
 Jazz Big Band: Duke Ellington (Terry Gibbs)
 Jazz Combo: Miles Davis (Al Grey, Billy Mitchell)
 Altsaxophon: Johnny Hodges (Leo Wright)
 Tenorsaxophon: Sonny Rollins (Wayne Shorter)
 Baritonsaxophon: Gerry Mulligan (Cecil Payne)
 Trompete: Dizzy Gillespie (Don Ellis)
 Posaune: J. J. Johnson (David Baker)
 Klarinette: Pee Wee Russell (Jimmy Hamilton)
 Flöte: Frank Wess (Eric Dolphy)
 Schlagzeug: Philly Joe Jones (Roy Haynes)
 Vibraphon: Milt Jackson (Walt Dickerson)
 Bass: Ray Brown (Art Davis)
 Gitarre: Wes Montgomery (Grant Green)
 Klavier: Bill Evans (Pianist) (Cecil Taylor)
 Sonstige Instrumente: John Coltrane (Roland Kirk)
 Arrangeur/Komponist: Duke Ellington (Oliver Nelson)
 Vokalgruppe: Lambert, Hendricks & Ross (Staple Singers)
 Männlicher Vokalkünstler: Ray Charles (Lightnin' Hopkins)
 Weibliche Vokalkünstlerin: Ella Fitzgerald (Abbey Lincoln)

Leser-Poll:
 Hall of Fame: Miles Davis
 Big Band Tanzorchester: Count Basie
 Big Band Jazzorchester: Duke Ellington
 Combo (Instrumental): Dave Brubeck
 Vokalgruppe: Lambert, Hendricks & Ross
 Altsaxophon: Paul Desmond
 Tenorsaxophon: Stan Getz
 Baritonsaxophon: Gerry Mulligan
 Trompete: Miles Davis
 Posaune: J. J. Johnson
 Klarinette: Buddy DeFranco
 Flöte: Herbie Mann
 Schlagzeug: Joe Morello
 Vibraphon: Milt Jackson
 Bass: Ray Brown
 Gitarre: Wes Montgomery
 Klavier: Oscar Peterson
 Sonstige Instrumente: Jimmy Smith, Orgel
 Komponist und Arrangeur: Gil Evans
 Männlicher Vokalkünstler: Frank Sinatra
 Weibliche Vokalkünstlerin: Ella Fitzgerald

1963
Kritiker-Poll:
(in Klammern Artist deserving wider recognition)
 Hall of Fame: Jelly Roll Morton
 Jazz Big Band: Duke Ellington (Gerald Wilson)
 Jazz Combo: Miles Davis (Clark Terry, Bob Brookmeyer)
 Altsaxophon: Johnny Hodges (Jackie McLean)
 Tenorsaxophon: Sonny Rollins (Dexter Gordon)
 Baritonsaxophon: Gerry Mulligan (Jay Cameron)
 Trompete: Dizzy Gillespie (Don Cherry)
 Posaune: J. J. Johnson (Roswell Rudd)
 Klarinette: Pee Wee Russell (Phil Woods)
 Flöte: Frank Wess (Roland Kirk)
 Schlagzeug: Elvin Jones (Pete LaRoca)
 Vibraphon: Milt Jackson (Dave Pike)
 Bass: Charles Mingus (Gary Peacock)
 Gitarre: Wes Montgomery (Grant Green)
 Klavier: Bill Evans (Pianist) (McCoy Tyner)
 Sonstige Instrumente: John Coltrane (Eric Dolphy)
 Arrangeur/Komponist: Duke Ellington (Gary McFarland)
 Vokalgruppe: Lambert, Hendricks & Ross (The Stars of Faith)
 Männlicher Vokalkünstler: Ray Charles (Mark Murphy)
 Weibliche Vokalkünstlerin: Ella Fitzgerald (Sheila Jordan)

Leser-Poll:
 Hall of Fame: Thelonious Monk
 Big Band Tanzorchester: Count Basie
 Big Band Jazzorchester: Duke Ellington
 Combo (Instrumental): Dave Brubeck
 Vokalgruppe: Lambert, Hendricks & Ross
 Altsaxophon: Paul Desmond
 Tenorsaxophon: Stan Getz
 Baritonsaxophon: Gerry Mulligan
 Trompete: Miles Davis
 Posaune: J. J. Johnson
 Klarinette: Buddy DeFranco
 Flöte: Herbie Mann
 Schlagzeug: Joe Morello
 Vibraphon: Milt Jackson
 Bass: Ray Brown
 Gitarre: Charlie Byrd
 Klavier: Oscar Peterson
 Sonstige Instrumente: Roland Kirk (Manzello, Stritch), Jimmy Smith, Orgel
 Komponist und Arrangeur: Duke Ellington
 Männlicher Vokalkünstler: Ray Charles
 Weibliche Vokalkünstlerin: Ella Fitzgerald

1964
Kritiker-Poll:
(in Klammern Artist deserving wider recognition)
 Hall of Fame: Art Tatum
 Jazz Big Band: Duke Ellington (Harry James)
 Jazz Combo: Thelonious Monk (Art Farmer)
 Altsaxophon: Johnny Hodges (Jimmy Woods)
 Tenorsaxophon: John Coltrane (Booker Ervin)
 Baritonsaxophon: Gerry Mulligan (Charles Davis (Saxophonist))
 Trompete: Miles Davis (Carmell Jones)
 Posaune: J. J. Johnson (Grachan Moncur III)
 Klarinette: Pee Wee Russell (Bill Smith)
 Flöte: Frank Wess (Yusef Lateef)
 Schlagzeug: Elvin Jones (Tony Williams)
 Vibraphon: Milt Jackson (Bobby Hutcherson)
 Bass: Charles Mingus (Steve Swallow)
 Gitarre: Jim Hall (Gábor Szabó)
 Klavier: Bill Evans (Pianist) (Don Friedman)
 Orgel: Jimmy Smith (Freddie Roach)
 Sonstige Instrumente: Roland Kirk (Yusef Lateef)
 Arrangeur/Komponist: Duke Ellington (Gerald Wilson)
 Vokalgruppe: Double Six of Paris (Swingle Singers)
 Männlicher Vokalkünstler: Ray Charles (Muddy Waters)
 Weibliche Vokalkünstlerin: Ella Fitzgerald (Jeanne Lee)

Leser-Poll:
 Hall of Fame: Eric Dolphy
 Big Band Tanzorchester: Count Basie
 Big Band Jazzorchester: Duke Ellington
 Combo (Instrumental): Dave Brubeck
 Vokalgruppe: Double Six of Paris
 Altsaxophon: Paul Desmond
 Tenorsaxophon: John Coltrane
 Baritonsaxophon: Gerry Mulligan
 Trompete: Miles Davis
 Posaune: J. J. Johnson
 Klarinette: Jimmy Giuffre
 Flöte: Herbie Mann
 Schlagzeug: Joe Morello
 Vibraphon: Milt Jackson
 Bass: Charles Mingus
 Gitarre: Jim Hall
 Klavier: Bill Evans (Pianist)
 Sonstige Instrumente: Roland Kirk (Manzello, Stritch), John Coltrane, Sopransaxophon
 Komponist und Arrangeur: Duke Ellington
 Männlicher Vokalkünstler: Ray Charles
 Weibliche Vokalkünstlerin: Ella Fitzgerald

1965
Kritiker-Poll:
(in Klammern Artist deserving wider recognition)
 Hall of Fame: Earl Hines
 Jazz Big Band: Duke Ellington (Johnny Dankworth)
 Jazz Combo: Miles Davis (Al Cohn -Zoot Sims)
 Altsaxophon: Johnny Hodges (Charlie Mariano)
 Tenorsaxophon: John Coltrane (Archie Shepp)
 Baritonsaxophon: Harry Carney (Jerome Richardson)
 Trompete: Miles Davis (Johnny Coles)
 Posaune: J. J. Johnson (Albert Mangelsdorff)
 Klarinette: Pee Wee Russell (Paul Horn)
 Flöte: Roland Kirk (James Moody)
 Schlagzeug: Elvin Jones (Alan Dawson, Dannie Richmond)
 Vibraphon: Milt Jackson (Gary Burton)
 Bass: Charles Mingus (Ron Carter)
 Gitarre: Jim Hall (Bola Sete)
 Klavier: Bill Evans (Pianist) (Andrew Hill)
 Orgel: Jimmy Smith (John Patton)
 Sonstige Instrumente: Roland Kirk (Stuff Smith)
 Arrangeur: Gil Evans (Clare Fischer)
 Komponist: Duke Ellington (Ornette Coleman)
 Vokalgruppe: Double Six of Paris
 Männlicher Vokalkünstler: Louis Armstrong (Johnny Hartman)
 Weibliche Vokalkünstlerin: Ella Fitzgerald (Cleo Laine)
 Album des Jahres: John Coltrane A Love Supreme (Impulse!)

Leser-Poll:
 Hall of Fame: John Coltrane
 Jazzmusiker des Jahres: John Coltrane
 Album des Jahres: John Coltrane A Love Supreme
 Big Band Tanzorchester: Count Basie
 Big Band Jazzorchester: Duke Ellington
 Combo (Instrumental): Dave Brubeck
 Vokalgruppe: Double Six of Paris
 Altsaxophon: Paul Desmond
 Tenorsaxophon: John Coltrane
 Baritonsaxophon: Gerry Mulligan
 Trompete: Miles Davis
 Posaune: J. J. Johnson
 Klarinette: Jimmy Giuffre
 Flöte: Herbie Mann
 Schlagzeug: Elvin Jones
 Vibraphon: Milt Jackson
 Bass: Charles Mingus
 Gitarre: Jim Hall
 Klavier: Oscar Peterson
 Sonstige Instrumente: Roland Kirk (Manzello, Stritch)
 Komponist: Duke Ellington
 Arrangeur: Gil Evans
 Männlicher Vokalkünstler: Frank Sinatra
 Weibliche Vokalkünstlerin: Ella Fitzgerald

1966
Kritiker-Poll:
(in Klammern Artist deserving wider recognition)
 Hall of Fame: Charlie Christian
 Jazz Big Band: Duke Ellington (Thad Jones, Mel Lewis)
 Jazz Combo: Miles Davis (Denny Zeitlin)
 Altsaxophon: Johnny Hodges (John Handy, John Tchicai)
 Tenorsaxophon: John Coltrane (Charles Lloyd)
 Baritonsaxophon: Harry Carney (Ronnie Cuber)
 Trompete: Miles Davis (Ted Curson)
 Posaune: J. J. Johnson (Buster Cooper)
 Klarinette: Pee Wee Russell (Edmond Hall)
 Flöte: Roland Kirk (Charles Lloyd)
 Schlagzeug: Elvin Jones (Sunny Murray)
 Vibraphon: Milt Jackson (Roy Ayers)
 Bass: Charles Mingus (Richard Davis)
 Gitarre: Wes Montgomery (René Thomas)
 Klavier: Earl Hines (Jaki Byard)
 Orgel: Jimmy Smith (Larry Young)
 Sonstige Instrumente: Roland Kirk (Manzello, Stritch) (Jean-Luc Ponty)
 Arrangeur: Gil Evans (Rod Levitt)
 Komponist: Duke Ellington (Carla Bley)
 Vokalgruppe: Double Six of Paris
 Männlicher Vokalkünstler: Louis Armstrong (Lou Rawls)
 Weibliche Vokalkünstlerin: Ella Fitzgerald (Carol Sloane)
 Album des Jahres: Ornette Coleman At the Golden Circle Vol. 1 (Blue Note)
 Reissue des Jahres: Billie Holiday Golden Years Vol. 2 (Columbia)

Leser-Poll:
 Hall of Fame: Bud Powell
 Jazzmusiker des Jahres: Ornette Coleman
 Album des Jahres: Ornette Coleman At the Golden Circle, Vol. 1
 Big Band: Duke Ellington
 Combo (Instrumental): Miles Davis
 Vokalgruppe: Double Six of Paris
 Altsaxophon: Paul Desmond
 Tenorsaxophon: John Coltrane
 Baritonsaxophon: Gerry Mulligan
 Trompete: Miles Davis
 Posaune: J. J. Johnson
 Klarinette: Buddy DeFranco
 Flöte: Herbie Mann
 Schlagzeug: Elvin Jones
 Vibraphon: Milt Jackson
 Bass: Ray Brown
 Gitarre: Wes Montgomery
 Klavier: Oscar Peterson
 Orgel: Jimmy Smith
 Sonstige Instrumente: Roland Kirk (Manzello, Stritch)
 Komponist: Duke Ellington
 Arrangeur: Gil Evans
 Männlicher Vokalkünstler: Frank Sinatra
 Weibliche Vokalkünstlerin: Ella Fitzgerald

1967
Kritiker-Poll:
(in Klammern Artist deserving wider recognition)
 Hall of Fame: Bessie Smith
 Jazz Big Band: Duke Ellington (Don Ellis)
 Jazz Combo: Miles Davis (Charles Lloyd)
 Altsaxophon: Ornette Coleman (Charles McPherson)
 Tenorsaxophon: Sonny Rollins (Joe Henderson)
 Baritonsaxophon: Harry Carney (Pepper Adams)
 Trompete: Miles Davis (Jimmy Owens)
 Posaune: J. J. Johnson (Garnett Brown)
 Klarinette: Pee Wee Russell (Perry Robinson)
 Flöte: James Moody (Jeremy Steig)
 Schlagzeug: Elvin Jones (Milford Graves)
 Vibraphon: Milt Jackson (Tommy Vig)
 Bass: Richard Davis (David Izenzon)
 Gitarre: Wes Montgomery (George Benson, Jimmy Raney)
 Klavier: Earl Hines (Keith Jarrett)
 Orgel: Jimmy Smith (Don Patterson)
 Sonstige Instrumente: Roland Kirk (Manzello, Stritch) (Michael White, viol)
 Arrangeur: Duke Ellington (Thad Jones)
 Komponist: Duke Ellington (Herbie Hancock)
 Vokalgruppe: Double Six of Paris
 Männlicher Vokalkünstler: Louis Armstrong (Richard Boone)
 Weibliche Vokalkünstlerin: Ella Fitzgerald (Lorez Alexandria)
 Album des Jahres: Duke Ellington The popular Duke Ellington (RCA), Miles Davis Miles Smiles (Columbia)
 Reissue des Jahres: Things ain't what they used to be, Ellington Groups-RCA (Hodges-Stewart)

Leser-Poll:
 Hall of Fame: Billy Strayhorn
 Jazzmusiker des Jahres: Charles Lloyd
 Album des Jahres: Miles Davis Miles Smiles
 Big Band: Duke Ellington
 Combo (Instrumental): Miles Davis
 Vokalgruppe, Rockband: The Beatles
 Altsaxophon: Paul Desmond
 Tenorsaxophon: Stan Getz
 Baritonsaxophon: Gerry Mulligan
 Trompete: Miles Davis
 Posaune: J. J. Johnson
 Klarinette: Buddy DeFranco
 Flöte: Herbie Mann
 Schlagzeug: Buddy Rich
 Vibraphon: Milt Jackson
 Bass: Ray Brown
 Gitarre: Wes Montgomery
 Klavier: Oscar Peterson
 Orgel: Jimmy Smith
 Sonstige Instrumente: Roland Kirk (Manzello, Stritch)
 Komponist: Duke Ellington
 Arrangeur: Oliver Nelson
 Männlicher Vokalkünstler: Lou Rawls
 Weibliche Vokalkünstlerin: Ella Fitzgerald

1968
Kritiker-Poll:
 Hall of Fame: Sidney Bechet, Fats Waller
 Jazz Album des Jahres: Duke Ellington Far East Suite
 Big Band: Duke Ellington
 Akustische Band: Miles Davis
 Altsaxophon: Johnny Hodges
 Tenorsaxophon: Sonny Rollins
 Baritonsaxophon: Harry Carney
 Trompete: Miles Davis
 Posaune: J. J. Johnson
 Klarinette: Pee Wee Russell
 Flöte: James Moody
 Schlagzeug: Elvin Jones
 Vibraphon: Milt Jackson
 Bass: Richard Davis
 Gitarre: Kenny Burrell
 Klavier: Bill Evans (Pianist)
 Sonstige Instrumente: Jean-Luc Ponty, Violine
 Arrangeur: Duke Ellington
 Komponist: Duke Ellington
 Männlicher Vokalkünstler: Louis Armstrong, Ray Charles
 Weibliche Vokalkünstlerin: Ella Fitzgerald
 Blues Gruppe: Muddy Waters
 Reissue des Jahres: Johnny Hodges Hodge Podge

Leser-Poll:
 Hall of Fame: Wes Montgomery
 Jazzmusiker des Jahres: Gary Burton
 Album des Jahres: Don Ellis Electric Bath
 Big Band: Duke Ellington
 Combo (Instrumental): Miles Davis
 Rock/Pop/Bluesband: The Beatles
 Altsaxophon: Paul Desmond
 Tenorsaxophon: Stan Getz
 Baritonsaxophon: Gerry Mulligan
 Trompete: Miles Davis
 Posaune: J. J. Johnson
 Klarinette: Pee Wee Russell
 Flöte: Herbie Mann
 Schlagzeug: Elvin Jones
 Vibraphon: Gary Burton
 Bass: Richard Davis
 Gitarre: Kenny Burrell
 Klavier: Herbie Hancock
 Orgel: Jimmy Smith
 Sonstige Instrumente: Roland Kirk (Manzello, Stritch)
 Komponist: Duke Ellington
 Arrangeur: Oliver Nelson
 Männlicher Vokalkünstler: Ray Charles
 Weibliche Vokalkünstlerin: Ella Fitzgerald

1969
Kritiker-Poll:
 Hall of Fame: Pee Wee Russell, Jack Teagarden
 Jazz Album des Jahres: Duke Ellington … And His Mother Called Him Bill
 Big Band: Duke Ellington
 Akustische Band: Miles Davis
 Altsaxophon: Johnny Hodges
 Tenorsaxophon: Sonny Rollins
 Baritonsaxophon: Harry Carney
 Trompete: Miles Davis
 Posaune: J. J. Johnson
 Klarinette: Jimmy Hamilton
 Flöte: James Moody
 Schlagzeug: Elvin Jones
 Vibraphon: Bobby Hutcherson
 Bass: Richard Davis
 Gitarre: Kenny Burrell
 Klavier: Earl Hines
 Sonstige Instrumente: Jean-Luc Ponty, Violine
 Arrangeur: Duke Ellington
 Komponist: Duke Ellington
 Männlicher Vokalkünstler: Ray Charles
 Weibliche Vokalkünstlerin: Ella Fitzgerald
 Blues Gruppe: Muddy Waters
 Reissue des Jahres: Louis Armstrong V.S.O.P. Vol. 1

Leser-Poll:
 Hall of Fame: Ornette Coleman
 Jazzmusiker des Jahres: Miles Davis
 Album des Jahres: Miles Davis Filles de Killimanjaro
 Big Band: Duke Ellington
 Combo (Instrumental): Miles Davis
 Rock/Pop/Bluesband: Blood, Sweat & Tears
 Altsaxophon: Cannonball Adderley
 Tenorsaxophon: Stan Getz
 Baritonsaxophon: Gerry Mulligan
 Sopransaxophon: Joe Farrell
 Trompete: Miles Davis
 Posaune: J. J. Johnson
 Klarinette: Jimmy Hamilton
 Flöte: Herbie Mann
 Schlagzeug: Elvin Jones
 Vibraphon: Gary Burton
 Bass: Richard Davis
 Gitarre: Kenny Burrell
 Klavier: Herbie Hancock
 Orgel: Jimmy Smith
 Sonstige Instrumente: Roland Kirk (Manzello, Stritch)
 Komponist: Duke Ellington
 Arrangeur: Duke Ellington
 Männlicher Vokalkünstler: Ray Charles
 Weibliche Vokalkünstlerin: Ella Fitzgerald

Weblinks
 Down-Beat-Poll-Sieger im DownBeat Magazine (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Downbeat 1960
Downbeat 1960
Liste (Preisträger)

Liste der Down-Beat-Poll-Sieger der 1960er Jahre


Dennis Kipruto Kimetto (auch Dennis Kipruto Koech; * 22. Januar 1984) ist ein kenianischer Langstreckenläufer, der sich auf Straßenläufe spezialisiert hat und in Kapngetuny lebt. Er hielt mit 2:02:57 Stunden bis 2018 den Weltrekord im Marathonlauf, den er beim Berlin-Marathon 2014 aufgestellt hat.

Werdegang
Gemeinsam mit vier Brüdern und drei Schwestern wuchs Dennis Kimetto in Kapngetuny auf. Er arbeitete auf der Farm seiner Eltern, ehe er als 24-Jähriger auf Einladung von Geoffrey Mutai im Trainingscamp des holländischen Managers Gerard van de Veen mit dem Laufsport begann.

2011 siegte er beim Halbmarathonbewerb des Nairobi-Marathons.

Bei seinem ersten Start im Ausland gewann er am 17. Februar 2012 den hochdotierten RAK-Halbmarathon. Beim Berliner Halbmarathon triumphierte er am 1. April 2012 über den amtierenden Halbmarathon-Weltmeister Wilson Kiprop.
Seine Siegerzeit von 59:14 min wäre Juniorenweltbestzeit gewesen; jedoch stellte sich bei der Überprüfung seines Passes heraus, dass dieser nicht auf den Namen Koech, unter dem er bislang angetreten war, ausgestellt war, sondern auf den Namen Dennis Kipruto Kimetto, und dass als Geburtsjahr dort 1984 und nicht das vom Management angegebene Jahr 1994 eingetragen war.
Einen Monat später siegte Kimetto bei den 25 km von Berlin in der Weltrekordzeit von 1:11:18 h.
Am 30. September gab er ebenfalls in Berlin sein Marathon-Debüt. Seine Zeit von 2:04:16 h, mit der er Zweiter wurde, war die zweitschnellste je bei einem Debüt gelaufene.

2013 gewann er den Tokio-Marathon in 2:06:50 h und den Chicago-Marathon, bei dem er mit 2:03:45 h nur 22 Sekunden über dem Weltrekord blieb.

Nachdem er im April 2014 den Boston-Marathon wegen Muskelproblemen im Oberschenkel hatte abbrechen müssen, lief er den Berlin-Marathon in Weltrekordzeit (2:02:57 Stunden) und damit als erster Mensch unter 2:03:00 h. Sein Weltrekord bestand bis zum 16. September 2018 und wurde an diesem Tag von Eliud Kipchoge unterboten.

Persönliche Bestzeiten
 10.000 m: 28:30,0 min, 16. Juli 2011, Nairobi
 15-km-Straßenlauf: 42:57 min, 17. Februar 2012, Ras Al Khaimah
 20-km-Straßenlauf: 57:25 min, 17. Februar 2012, Ras Al Khaimah
 Halbmarathon: 59:14 min, 1. April 2012, Berlin
 25-km-Straßenlauf: 1:11:18 h, 6. Mai 2012, Berlin (WR)
 30-km-Straßenlauf: 1:27:38 h, 28. September 2014, Berlin
 Marathon: 2:02:57 h, 28. September 2014, Berlin (ehemaliger Weltrekord)

Weblinks

 Athletenporträt bei Tilastopaja OY

Einzelnachweise

10.000-Meter-Läufer (Kenia)
10-km-Straßenläufer (Kenia)
15-km-Straßenläufer (Kenia)
25-km-Straßenläufer (Kenia)
Marathonläufer (Kenia)
Kenianer
Geboren 1984
Mann

Dennis Kipruto Kimetto


(20364) Zdeněkmiler, denumire internațională (20364) Zdenekmiler, este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
20364 Zdeněkmiler este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Kleť de Miloš Tichý și Zdeněk Moravec
. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,93 ua, o excentricitate de 0,12 și o înclinație de 2,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 20001-21000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1998
Centura de asteroizi

20364 Zdeněkmiler


يسمى قرص الشمس الذي نراه الفوتوسفير أو الطبقة الضوئية وهي الجزء الخارجي المشع للضوء ويبلغ عمقه حوالي 400 كيلو متر. ومن هذه
الطبقة ينتج الجزء الأكبر من الحرارة والضوء الذين نستقبلهما على الأرض. ويتضح من الدراسات الفلكية أن عنصري الهيدروجين والهليوم هما أكثر العناصر شيوعا في الفوتوسفير فبينما تبلغ نسبة الهيدروجين 90 في المائة من عدد الذرات الموجودة يبلغ الهيليوم 99 % أما العناصر الثقيلة مجتمعة فهي عبارة عن 1 في المائة. وتنتشر في طبقة الفوتوسفير البقع الشمسية تلك الدوامات الهائلة التي تجتاح سطح الشمس.
وهناك نظرية حديثة عن أصل هذه البقع تقول بأن الشمس جسم غير متماسك فلذلك تدور أجزاؤها المختلفة g بسرعات دورانية متباينة. سيكون
الدوران أسرع نوعا ما في المناطق الاستوائية عنه في المناطق القطبية ويتسبب هذا الفرق في السرعات إلى تكوين دوامات على سطح الشمس بنفس الطريقة التي تتكون بها الدوامات في الأنهار سريعة الجريان نتيجة لاختلاف سرعة التيار. إن سطح الفوتوسفير- في المناطق غير المضطربة
بفعل البقع الشمسية- له مظهر حبيبي أطلق عليه أحيانا تركيب (حبات الأرز). وتبدو هذه الحبيبات الشمسية Granulations في الفوتوسفير كمساحات لامعة
بقطر يبلغ من 300 إلى 1500 كيلومتر ويفصل بينها مناطق ضيقة أقل إضاءة.
ولتفسير حدوث الحبيبات في طبقة الفوتوسفير أنه عندما تسخن الطبقات السفلى من الشمس تتكون تيارات حمل حراري من البلازما (ذرات متأينة) وتتمدد فترتفع إلى أعلى ونتيجة لهذا تنشأ عملية دائرية تنتقل فيها الحرارة من المستوى الأسفل الأسخن إلى المستوى العلوي الأبرد نسبيا، وبعدما تفقد تلك المادة شيئا من حرارتها بالإشعاع تبرد وتزيد كثافتها فتهبط ثانيا إل باطن الشمس.
وما الحبيبات إلا أعمدة صاعدة من البلازما الذي تم تسخينها بواسطة الطاقة النووية في قلب الشمس المتأجج. أما المناطق الأقل لمعانا والتي تحد الحبيبات (أعمدة صاعدة) من البلازما الساخنة فهي عبارة عن بلازما باردة نسبيا تهبط إلى أسفل لتكتسب حرارة من جديد.

طبقات الشمس

توضح الصورة طبقات الشمس التي تبلغ عند القلب نحو 14 مليون كلفن تنتقل أولا في منطقة بالإشعاع تصل درجة حرارتها 2.100.000 درجة وتعلوها منطقة تنتقل فيها الحرارة بالحمل الحراري وهي تتسبب في تكوين الحبيبات الشمسية في الغلاف الضوئي للشمس، وتبلغ درجة حرارة سطح الشمس نحو 5.700 كلفن.

المصادر

 الكون والثقوب السوداء لرؤوف وصفي.

الشمس
علم الفلك النجمي
قوالب علم الفلك
مصادر الضوء

غلاف ضوئي


Bessie Amelia Emery Head (6 de julho de 1937 - 17 de abril de 1986) foi uma escritora sul-africana que, embora nascida na África do Sul, é geralmente considerada a escritora mais influente de Botswana . Ela escreveu romances, contos e obras autobiográficas repletas de questionamentos e reflexões espirituais.

Biografia
Bessie Amelia Emery nasceu em Pietermaritzburg, África do Sul, filha de uma mulher "branca" e de um homem "não branco", como definidos na sua documentação, em uma época em que as relações inter-raciais eram ilegais na África do Sul. A mãe de Bessie, Bessie Amelia Emery, da rica família sul-africana Birch, foi hospitalizada por vários anos em hospitais psiquiátricos após a morte de seu primeiro filho, um menino. Ela estava no enorme hospital psiquiátrico em Pietermaritzburg quando deu à luz a Bessie. Embora ela não tivesse permissão para ficar com a criança, ela deu à filha seu próprio nome.

A bebê Bessie foi primeiro colocada com pais adotivos brancos na suposição de que ela era branca. Algumas semanas depois, esses pais perceberam que ela era morena e a devolveram às autoridades. Ela foi então colocada com uma família mestiça ou "de cor", os Heathcotes, em uma área pobre não branca de Pietermaritzburg. Aqui, ela cresceu com uma rígida mãe adotiva, Nelly Heathcote, e frequentou a Igreja Católica local e a escola primária. Ela nunca percebeu que não era filha biológica dos Heathcote. Ela teve uma infância quase normal de seu tempo e lugar, e notou somente como sua mãe adotiva se ressentia de seu amor pelos livros.

Quando Bessie tinha doze anos, depois de completar quatro anos de escola primária, as autoridades a transferiram para o St. Monica's Home for Colored Girls, um internato anglicano em Durban . A princípio Bessie tentou fugir e ir para casa. Mais tarde ela começou a apreciar a riqueza de livros e conhecimentos que a escola oferecia. No final do segundo ano, ela sofreu o primeiro grande trauma de sua vida. As autoridades disseram a ela abruptamente que ela era filha de uma mulher branca, não de Nelly Heathcote, e que ela não teria permissão para voltar para sua antiga casa nas férias de Natal. A jovem adolescente ficou arrasada e se retraiu em si mesma.

Dois anos depois, no final de 1953, Bessie foi aprovada no exame do Certificado Júnior. Ela fez um Certificado de Treinamento de Professores de dois anos em uma faculdade próxima enquanto morava em St. Monica's. Finalmente, no início de 1956, o tribunal a declarou adulta; ela recebeu um certificado provisório de ensino; e ela aceitou um emprego como professora em uma escola primária para negros em Durban. Durante esse tempo, ela desenvolveu amizades íntimas com vários funcionários brancos do St. Monica's, bem como vários membros da comunidade "indiana", e seu interesse por religiões não cristãs floresceu, especialmente pelo hinduísmo.

Por outro lado, ela teve apenas um contato passageiro com a maioria africana "preta" em Natal, cuja população era esmagadoramente zulu .

Em meados de 1958, cansada de suas rotinas diárias e sonhando com coisas maiores, Head pediu demissão do emprego. Ela deu uma festa de vigésimo primeiro aniversário com velhos amigos, depois pegou um trem para a Cidade do Cabo, onde pretendia ser jornalista.

Cidade do Cabo e Joanesburgo
Os não-brancos urbanizados da África do Sul estavam começando a se revoltar sob as leis cada vez mais restritivas do apartheid. Vários jornais e revistas de grande circulação já atendiam a seus gostos, o mais famoso dos quais era o Drum. Nesssa época, Head procurou emprego na publicação irmã de Drum, o semanário Golden City Post . Ela trabalhou lá por quase um ano, arquivando matérias de tribunal e outras pequenas tarefas dadas aos novatos na redação. Ela escreveu com seu nome verdadeiro, Bessie Amelia Emery.

Embora a Cidade do Cabo fosse então de tamanho semelhante a Durban, era muito mais diversa e sofisticada, com uma história muito mais longa. Foi e é a capital política do país, sendo sede do seu Parlamento . Em Pietermaritzburg e Durban, Bessie tinha sido membro de um pequeno grupo minoritário, os mestiços de língua inglesa (mixed-race). Na Cidade do Cabo, ela de repente se tornou membro do maior grupo racial local — os negros —, mas que falava africâner em sua vida diária. Embora ela nunca tenha se sentido confortável com esse idioma derivado dos primeiros colonos holandeses da Cidade do Cabo,  mas ela logo aprendeu a se virar. O que ela achou mais difícil de aceitar foram as divisões nessa comunidade por tom de pele e status econômico. Ela era muito morena para se juntar à elite, então preferia se associar com os trabalhadores e subclasses no Distrito Seis, a grande comunidade de cor que vivia no lado oeste da Table Mountain, não muito longe do centro. Entre seu trabalho e seus aposentos no Distrito Seis, a jovem provinciana recém-chegada rapidamente adotou o estilo e o ritmo da cidade grande. Ela também se tornou mais consciente dos muitos conflitos internos da África do Sul.

Em 1959, Head mudou-se para Joanesburgo para trabalhar no Home Post, outra publicação irmã de Drum ; ela recebeu sua própria coluna e um salário fixo. Aqui ela conheceu escritores notáveis como Lewis Nkosi, Can Themba e Dennis Brutus, e experimentou sua própria escrita independente. Mas suas experiências de mudança de vida nessa época foram que ela entrou em contato com escritos políticos nacionalistas negros, especialmente os dos pan-africanistas George Padmore e Robert Sobukwe . Um dos livros de Padmore "me deu uma nova pele e uma nova vida que era totalmente inaceitável para as condições lá embaixo", ela escreveu mais tarde. Ela conheceu Sobukwe e achou uma presença pessoal avassaladora. Ela também entrou em contato com jazz e músicos de jazz, desenvolvendo uma paixão instantânea pelo jovem Abdullah Ibrahim, então conhecido como Dollar Brand, que liderava o principal conjunto de jazz do país.

O pessoal e o político explodiram no início de 1960. Head juntou-se ao Congresso Pan-Africanista (PAC) de Sobukwe algumas semanas antes de esse partido liderar um fatídico protesto em massa em Soweto, Sharpeville e outros municípios negros. Seguiu-se o massacre de Sharpeville, desencadeando mudanças políticas e sociais decisivas na África do Sul. Partidos políticos negros foram banidos e milhares de ativistas foram presos. Head trabalhou brevemente para apoiar os prisioneiros do PAC antes de ser presa em um terrível incidente de traição mútua entre simpatizantes do PAC. Embora as acusações contra ela tenham sido rejeitadas pela corte, ela logo caiu em uma depressão profunda e tentou o suicídio. Após uma breve hospitalização, ela voltou para a Cidade do Cabo, temporariamente abatida e desiludida com a política. Por volta de 1969, Head também começou a sofrer sintomas de transtorno bipolar e esquizofrenia

Depois de um ano escondida da polícia, Head reapareceu nos círculos intelectuais e políticos da Cidade do Cabo, associando-se aos intelectuais multirraciais do Partido Liberal, bem como aos agitadores do PAC. Ela começou a fumar e beber. Em julho de 1961, ela conheceu Harold Head, um jovem falante de cor de Pretória que tinha muitos dos mesmos interesses intelectuais que ela. Seis semanas depois, eles se casaram e, em 15 de maio de 1962, nasceu seu único filho, Howard Rex Head. A criança foi marcada por um distúrbio alcoólico fetal leve, então não reconhecido, que o afetaria por toda a vida.

Tanto Harold quanto Bessie escreveram artigos nessa época, na maioria das vezes para The New African, um jornal mensal publicado na Cidade do Cabo. Bessie também escreveu uma novela dramática, The Cardinals, que não foi publicada por trinta anos. Em grande frustração, Bessie deixou a Cidade do Cabo no final de 1963 para viver com sua sogra perto de Pretória, levando Howard com ela. Ela se candidatou a um emprego de professora no vizinho Protetorado de Bechuanaland (atual Botswana ) e foi aceita. Embora ela não pudesse obter um passaporte, um amigo a ajudou a obter uma permissão de saída só de ida. No final de março de 1964, ela e o filho embarcaram em um trem para o norte. Head nunca mais viu a África do Sul.

Botsuana
Em 1964, abandonando sua vida na África do Sul, ela se mudou com seu filho para Botswana (então ainda o Protetorado de Bechuanaland ) em busca de asilo, tendo se envolvido perifericamente com a política pan-africana . Levaria 15 anos para Head obter a cidadania de Botswana. Head se estabeleceu em Serowe, a maior das "aldeias" de Botswana (ou seja, assentamentos tradicionais em oposição a cidades de colonos). Serowe era famosa tanto por sua importância histórica, como capital do povo Bamangwato, quanto pela escola experimental Swaneng de Patrick van Rensburg . O chefe deposto do Bamangwato, Seretse Khama, logo se tornaria o primeiro presidente do Botswana independente.

Sua morte prematura em Serowe em 1986 (48 anos) de hepatite ocorreu exatamente no ponto em que ela estava começando a obter reconhecimento como escritora e não era mais tão desesperadamente pobre.

Escrita
Muitas das obras de Bessie Head são ambientadas em Serowe, como os romances When Rain Clouds Gather (1968), Maru (1971) e A Question of Power (1973). Os três também são autobiográficos; Quando Rain Clouds Gather é baseado em sua experiência de viver em uma fazenda de desenvolvimento, Maru incorpora sua experiência de ser considerada racialmente inferior, e A Question of Power baseia-se em sua compreensão de como era experimentar um sofrimento psicológico agudo.

Head também publicou vários contos, incluindo a coleção The Collector of Treasures (1977). Ela publicou um livro sobre a história de Serowe, o vilarejo em que se estabeleceu, chamado Serowe: Village of the Rainwind . Seu último romance, A Bewitched Crossroad (1984), é histórico, ambientado no Botsuana do século XIX. Ela também havia escrito uma história de dois profetas, um rico e outro que vivia na pobreza, chamado "Jacó: o padre que cura pela fé". Seu trabalho está incluído na antologia Daughters of Africa, de 1992, editada por Margaret Busby .

O trabalho de Head enfocou a vida cotidiana das pessoas comuns e seu papel nas lutas políticas africanas mais amplas. Idéias religiosas muitas vezes aparecem com destaque, como na obra Uma Questão de Poder . Head foi inicialmente criado como cristão; no entanto, ela foi posteriormente influenciada pelo hinduísmo (ao qual foi exposta por meio da comunidade indiana da África do Sul).

A maior parte de sua escrita ocorreu enquanto ela estava exilada em Botswana. Uma exceção é o romance The Cardinals (publicado postumamente), que é ambientada na África do Sul.

De certa forma, Bessie Head permaneceu uma estranha em seu país adotivo, e alguns estudiosos alegam que ela teve uma relação de amor e ódio com ele. Ela lutou contra uma doença mental e sofreu um grande episódio psicótico em 1969, que a levou a um período de internação no Lobatse Mental Hospital. Uma Questão de Poder, que Bessie Head considerou "quase autobiográfica" foi escrita após esse episódio.

influências
Muito do trabalho de Head foi influenciado por Mahatma Gandhi, dizendo que ela "nunca havia lido nada que despertasse meus sentimentos como as declarações políticas de Gandhi". Head foi fortemente inspirada por Gandhi e pela maneira como ele descreveu claramente as questões políticas atuais. Lendo seus papéis, Head ficou maravilhado com o trabalho e chegou à conclusão de que Gandhi devia ser "Deus como homem".

Legado
Em 2007, o Bessie Head Heritage Trust foi estabelecido, juntamente com o Bessie Head Literature Awards . Em 12 de julho de 2007, a biblioteca em Pietermaritzburg foi rebatizada de Bessie Head Library em sua homenagem.

Bibliografia

 When Rain Clouds Gather – Londres: Gollancz, 1968. Nova York: Simon & Schuster, 1969. Heinemann, 1987. Macmillan Education, 2006.
 Maru – Londres: Gollancz, 1971. Nova York: McCall, 1971. Heinemann African Writers Series (101), 1972; 1987.
 Uma Questão de Poder – Londres: Davis-Poynter, 1973. Nova York: Pantheon, 1974. Heinemann (AWS 149), 1974, 1986. Penguin Modern Classics, com introdução de Margaret Busby, 2002; Penguin African Writers, 2012.
 The Collector of Treasures and Other Botswana Village Tales – Londres: Heinemann, 1977. Cidade do Cabo: David Philip, 1977.
 Serowe: Village of the Rain Wind – Londres: Heinemann, 1981. Cidade do Cabo: David Philip, 1981.
 A Bewitched Crossroad: An African Saga – Joanesburgo: Ad Donker, 1984.
 Contos de ternura e poder, ed. Gillian Stead Eilersen – Joanesburgo: Ad Donker, 1989. Oxford: Heinemann, 1990.
 A Woman Alone: Escritos Autobiográficos, ed. Craig MacKenzie – Oxford: Heinemann, 1990.
 Um Gesto de Pertencimento: Cartas de Bessie Head, 1965–1979, ed. Randolph Vigne – Londres: Escritores da África do Sul. Portsmouth, New Hampshire: Heinemann, 1990. Joanesburgo: Wits University Press, 1991.
 Os cardeais. Com meditações e contos , ed. Margaret J. Daymond – Cidade do Cabo: David Philip, 1993. Heinemann, 1996.
 Imaginative Trespasser: Letters between Bessie Head, Patrick e Wendy Cullinan 1963–1977, compilado por Patrick Cullinan, com um livro de memórias pessoal - Joanesburgo: Wits University Press; Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, 2005.
 When Rain Clouds Gather and Maru, apresentado por Helen Oyeyemi – Londres: Virago Press, 2010.
 Os Amantes (Heinemann, 2011). Coleção ampliada e atualizada de contos usando Contos de Ternura e Poder como base.

Jornalistas da África do Sul
Mortes por hepatite
Escritoras do século XX
Mortos em 1986
Nascidos em 1937
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mais Pretas)

Bessie Head


آلة تحميص الخبز أو مِحْمَصة الخبز هو جهاز كهربائي صغير للمطبخ مُصمم خصيصا لتحميص شرائح الخبز. النموذج الحديث من هذا الجهاز يُمكن من تحميح شريح الخبز من الجهتين في آن واحد، كما يُتيح الاختيار ما بين 600 و1200 واط ويُمكنك الاختيار من 1 إلى 3 دقائق.

مُحمص الخبز هو جهاز ضروري لتحضير الشطيرة.

مراجع

اختراعات إسكتلندية
أجهزة كهرومنزلية
أدوات طبخ
مطبخ
اختراعات القرن 19
منتجات عرضت في 1893
منتجات عرضت في 1909

محمصة خبز


The Northern March or North March () was created out of the division of the vast Marca Geronis in 965. It initially comprised the northern third of the Marca (roughly corresponding to the modern state of Brandenburg) and was part of the territorial organisation of areas conquered from the Wends. A Lutician rebellion in 983 reversed German control over the region until the establishment of the March of Brandenburg by Albert the Bear in the 12th century.

Slavic background

During the Migration Period, many Germanic peoples began migrating towards the Roman frontier. In the northeast they were replaced primarily by Slavic peoples (Veleti, later Lutici). The first Slavs were certainly in the Brandenburg area by 720, after the arrival of the Avars in Europe. These Slavs had come via Moravia, where they had arrived in the mid-seventh century. The remnants of the Germanic Semnoni were absorbed into these Slavic groups.

The group of people who settled at the Spree river became known as Sprevani. They settled east of the line formed by the Havel and Nuthe rivers, in the current Barnim and Teltow regions. They built their main fortification at the confluence of the Spree and the Dahme rivers at Köpenick. The Hevelli lived west of that line, in the current Havelland and Zauche regions. They were named Habelli for the ancient Germanic name of the river "Habula" (Havel). The name for themselves was the Stodoranie. They built their main fortification at "Brenna" (modern Brandenburg). The Hevelli also built a large outpost at the current site of Spandau Citadel in Berlin. The Sprevani and Hevelli waged war against not only their German neighbors, but also their Slavic neighbours.

History of the Northern March

Establishment and loss, 965–983
After the Saxon War of 808, the victorious Charlemagne bestowed on the Slavic tribes allied with him (such as the Obotrites) part of the Saxon lands between the Elbe and the Baltic Sea. A period of quiet followed in the region. The Bishoprics of Brandenburg and Havelberg were established around 940 and the Christianisation of the pagan Slavs began.

Henry I of Germany conquered Brandenburg in 928–929 and imposed tribute upon the tribes up to the Oder. By 948 his son Otto I had established German control over the many remaining pagans, who were collectively referred to as Slavs or Wends by contemporaries. Slavic settlements such as Brenna, Budišin (Bautzen), and Chotebuž (Cottbus) came under German control through the installation of margraves. The main function of the margravial office was to defend and protect the marches (frontier districts) of the Kingdom of Germany. After the death of the margrave Gero the Great in 965, the vast collection of marches (a "super-march") was divided by Otto into five smaller commands. The Northern March was one of these. The others were the Eastern March, the March of Merseburg, the March of Meissen, and the March of Zeitz.

The rebellion of 983, initiated by the Lutici, led to a factual disestablishment of the Northern and Billung marches as well as the corresponding bishoprics, though titular margraves and bishops were still appointed. Until the collapse of the Liutizi alliance in the middle of the 11th century, the German expansion in the direction of the Northern March remained at a standstill and the Wends east of the Elbe remained independent for approximately 150 years.

March of Brandenburg

In the beginning of the 12th century, the German kings re-established control over the mixed Slav-inhabited lands on the eastern borders of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1134, in the wake of the Wendish Crusade of 1147, the German magnate Albert the Bear was granted the Northern March by Emperor Lothair III. The Slavs were subsequently assimilated by German settlers during the Ostsiedlung. The church under Albert established dioceses, which with their walled towns protected the townspeople from attack. With the arrival of monks and bishops begins anew the recorded history of the town of Brandenburg, from which would develop the eponymous margraviate.

Albert's control of the region was nominal for several decades, but he engaged in a variety of military and diplomatic actions against the Wends, and saw his control become more real by the middle of the century. In 1150, Albert formally inherited Brandenburg from its last Hevelli ruler, the Christian Pribislav. Albert and his Ascanian descendants made considerable progress in Christianising the captured lands.

List of margraves
The Margraves of the Nordmark were closely related to both the Counts of Stade, many holding dual titles, and the Counts of Walbeck. The early counts and margraves were discussed by Thietmar of Merseburg, a descendant of the original rulers.

Counts of Haldensleben
Dietrich, 965–983, possibly the son of Wichman the Elder, an early Count of Stade

Counts of Walbeck
Lothair I, 983–1003, the first margrave of the House of Walbeck, and son of Lothar II the Old, Count of Walbeck
Werner, 1003–1009, son of the previous and cousin of Thietmar of Merseburg

Counts of Haldensleben
Bernard I, 1009–1018, son of Dietrich
Bernard II, 1018–1051, son of the previous
William, 1051–1056, son of the previous
Otto, 1056–1057, illegitimate son of Bernard

Counts of Stade
Lothair Udo I, 1056–1057, also Count of Stade (as Lothair Udo II), first of the House of Udonids, and son of Siegfried II, Count of Stade
Lothair Udo II, 1057–1082, also Count of Stade (as Lothair Udo III), son of the previous
Henry I the Long, 1082–1087, also Count of Stade (as Henry III the Long), son of the previous
Lothair Udo III, 1087–1106, also Count of Stade (as Lothair Udo IV), brother of the previous
Rudolf I, 1106–1112, also Count of Stade, brother of the previous

Counts of Plötzkau
Helperich von Plötzkau, 1112–1114, nondynastic, but part of the House of Walbeck as grandson of Conrad, Count of Walbeck

Counts of Stade
Henry II, 1114–1128, son of Lothair Udo III
Udo IV, 1128–1130, son of Rudolf I

Counts of Plötzkau
Conrad, 1130–1133, son of Helperich

Counts of Stade
Rudolf II, 1133–1134, son of Rudolf I and the last of the House of Udonids

Counts of Ballenstedt (Ascanians)
Albert the Bear, 1134–1170

Under Albert, the march was expanded with the acquisition of Slavic lands around Brandenburg in 1157. The expanded march became a hereditary possession of Albert's house, the Ascanians, and was called the March of Brandenburg.

For a lists of margravines (margrave's wives), see List of consorts of Brandenburg.

Notes

Sources
Reuter, Timothy. Germany in the Early Middle Ages 800–1056. New York: Longman, 1991.
Thompson, James Westfall. Feudal Germany, Volume II. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1928.
Warner, David A., Ottonian Germany: The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 2001

Marches of the Holy Roman Empire
Former states and territories of Brandenburg
States and territories established in the 960s
960s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
965 establishments
States and territories disestablished in the 980s
980s disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire
983 disestablishments
Otto the Great

Northern March


The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&YR) was a major British railway company before the 1923 Grouping. It was incorporated in 1847 from an amalgamation of several existing railways. It was the third-largest railway system based in northern England (after the Midland and North Eastern Railways).

The intensity of its service was reflected in the 1,650 locomotives it owned – it was by far the most densely-trafficked system in the British Isles with more locomotives per mile than any other company – and that one third of its 738 signal boxes controlled junctions averaging one every .  No two adjacent stations were more than  apart and its 1,904 passenger services occupied 57 pages in Bradshaw, a number exceeded only by the Great Western Railway, the London and North Western Railway, and the Midland Railway. It was the first mainline railway to introduce electrification of some of its lines, and it also ran steamboat services across the Irish Sea and North Sea, being a bigger shipowner than any other British railway company.

It amalgamated with the London and North Western Railway on 1 January 1922. One year later, the merged company became the largest constituent of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway.

History
The L&YR was incorporated in 1847, being an amalgamation of several important lines, the chief of which was the Manchester and Leeds Railway (itself having been incorporated in 1836).

Constituent companies
The following companies, in order, were amalgamated into the L&YR.  The dates shown are, in most cases, the Acts of Parliament authorising the incorporation and amalgamation of each company.  In a few instances the effective date is used.
 Manchester and Leeds Railway, 4 July 1836 – 9 July 1847
 Manchester, Bolton & Bury Canal Navigation and Railway, 23 August 1831 – 18 July 1846
 Huddersfield and Sheffield Junction Railway, 30 June 1845 – 27 July 1846, now the Penistone Line.
 Liverpool and Bury Railway, 31 July 1845 – 27 July 1846
 Preston and Wyre Railway, Harbour and Dock Company, 1 July 1839 – 3 August 1846 (joint LNWR from 28 July 1849)
 Preston and Wyre Railway and Harbour Company, 3 July 1835 – 1 July 1839
 West Riding Union Railway, 18 August 1846 – 17 November 1846
 West Yorkshire Railway, 1845 – 18 August 1846
 Leeds and West Riding Junction Railway, ?  – 18 August 1846
 Ashton, Stalybridge and Liverpool Junction Railway, 19 July 1844 – 9 July 1847
 Wakefield, Pontefract and Goole Railway, 31 July 1845 – 9 July 1847
 Manchester and Southport Railway, 22 July 1847 – 3 July 1854 (joint ELR)
 Liverpool, Crosby and Southport Railway, 2 July 1847 – 14 June 1855
 Blackburn Railway, 24 July 1851 – 12 July 1858 (joint ELR)
 Bolton, Blackburn, Clitheroe and West Yorkshire Railway, 9 July 1847 – 24 July 1851
 Blackburn, Darwen and Bolton Railway, 30 June 1845 – 9 July 1847
 Blackburn, Clitheroe and North Western Junction Railway, 27 July 1846 – 9 July 1847
 Sheffield, Rotherham, Barnsley, Wakefield, Huddersfield and Goole Railway, 7 August 1846 – 2 August 1858 (acquired northern half of line)
 East Lancashire Railway, 21 July 1845 – 13 May 1859
 Manchester, Bury and Rossendale Railway, 4 July 1844 – 21 July 1845
 Blackburn, Burnley, Accrington and Colne Extension Railway, 30 June 1845 – 21 July 1845
 Blackburn and Preston Railway, 6 June 1844 – 3 August 1846
 Liverpool, Ormskirk and Preston Railway, 18 August 1846 – October 1846
 Fleetwood, Preston and West Riding Junction Railway, 27 July 1846 – 17 June 1866 (joint LNWR)
 Preston and Longridge Railway, 14 July 1836 – 23 June 1856
 Blackpool and Lytham Railway, 17 May 1861 – 29 June 1871 (joint LNWR)
 Lancashire Union Railway, 25 July 1864 – 16 July 1883 (joint LNWR)
 North Union Railway, 22 May 1834 – 26 July 1889 (joint LNWR)
 Wigan Branch Railway, 29 May 1830 – 22 May 1834
 Preston and Wigan Railway, 22 April 1831 – 22 May 1834
 Bolton and Preston Railway, 15 June 1837 – 10 May 1844
 Bury and Tottington District Railway, 2 August 1877 – 24 July 1888
 West Lancashire Railway, 14 August 1871 – 15 July 1897
 Liverpool, Southport and Preston Junction Railway, 7 August 1884 – 15 July 1897

The system
The system consisted of many branches and alternative routes, so that it is not easy to determine the location of its main line.  For working purposes the railway was split into three divisions:
  Western Division:
 Manchester to Blackpool and Fleetwood;
 Manchester to Bolton, Wigan, Southport and Liverpool; and the direct line to Liverpool;
 East Lancashire or Central Division
 Manchester to Oldham, Bury, Rochdale, Todmorden, Accrington, Burnley and Colne. It also included the connection to the LNWR at Stockport for through traffic to London.
 Eastern Division:
 Todmorden to Halifax, Bradford, Leeds, Huddersfield, Wakefield, Normanton, Goole, and Doncaster.
Whereas there were various lines split between the Central and Western Divisions there was only one route connecting the Eastern and Central Divisions.  This line cut through the Pennines between Lancashire and Yorkshire using a number of long tunnels, the longest of which was Summit Tunnel ( in length) near Rochdale.  There were six other tunnels each more than  long.

Manchester Victoria railway station

Manchester Victoria railway station was one of the largest railway stations in the country at the time. It occupied  and had 17 platforms with a total length of .  After the grouping, a structural change led platform 11 to run through and join with platform 3 in the LNWR's adjacent Exchange station; at  between ramps it became the longest railway platform in Britain.  Lately the station capacity has been reduced to two platforms for Metrolink trams, two bay platforms, and four through platforms under  Manchester Arena, which now replaces a significant area once occupied by the station.  The main façade and station building of the original Hunts Bank station still exist and are kept in relatively good condition.

Electrification

The L&YR was the first in the country to electrify a mainline route.  In Liverpool, the fourth rail system pioneered by the tube railways in London was used at 600 V DC, although this was later converted to a third rail system.  Suburban lines in the Liverpool area were electrified to reach a total of .
 Liverpool Exchange –  and : 22 March 1904
 Liverpool –  (two routes): July and December 1906
 Southport – : 1909
 Aintree – : 1913

In 1912 Dick, Kerr & Co.'s Preston factory was considering tendering for a Brazilian contract, and approached the L&YR to use the Bury to Holcombe Brook Line for test purposes at Dick, Kerr's expense.  The line from  to  was electrified with the overhead 3.5 kV DC system; rolling stock was also supplied at their cost.  After prolonged trials the trains entered public use on 29 July 1913.  The L&YR purchased the equipment and stock on the successful completion of the trials in 1916.

In 1913 a decision was taken to electrify the Manchester to Bury route at 1.2 kV DC in an attempt to overcome competition from electric trams.  Using the third rail system, trains powered by electric motor cars (or carriages) began running on 17 April 1916 but as Horwich was by then involved in war work, deliveries of the new electric stock were delayed and it was not until August 1916 that steam trains were withdrawn from the route.  In 1920 the L&YR also considered electrifying the Manchester–Oldham–Shaw and Royton lines, but no work was carried out.  During 1917 work began to convert the Bury to Holcombe Brook line to a third rail system, matching the Manchester to Bury system.  Third-rail trains started to run on 29 March 1918.

Livery

Locomotives of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway were originally painted dark green with ornate brasswork and copper-capped chimneys.  Lining was black and white. In 1876 the dark green was changed to a light green and goods engines were painted plain black.  1878 saw the goods locomotives also appearing in light green.  This livery was discontinued from 1883 when all locomotives were painted black.  Lining was red and white for passenger locomotives and, if present, red only for goods locomotives.

Passenger coaching stock was originally painted teak, changing in 1875 to an overall light brown.  In 1879 a decision was made to use 'a little brighter shade'.  Finally in June 1881 it was announced that the lower panels were to be painted 'lake colour'.  Between 1896 and 1914 the upper panels became buff with the lower in purple-brown, ends were dark brown.  Roofs were normally dark grey but some did appear in red oxide.

Wagons were unpainted until 1902 except for the ironwork which was black. After 1902 it was painted dark grey.  The graphical symbol of an inverted solid triangle within a circle was replaced in 1902–03 with the letters LY. Brake vans were black and special traffic wagons were painted in various colours, such as red for gunpowder, white for fish, and pale blue for butter.

The football team of the L&YR Carriage and Wagon works at Newton Heath, Manchester, evolved into Manchester United F.C.

Post-grouping history
On 25 March 1921, the L&YR and LNWR agreed terms under which the two railways would amalgamate. Before this could occur, the Railways Act 1921 became law on 19 August 1921, under which the L&YR and LNWR would be forced to amalgamate on 1 January 1923 with each other and with other railways, such as the Midland Railway and the Caledonian Railway. The Act included provisions for two or more railways to amalgamate voluntarily before 1923; and the L&YR and LNWR took the opportunity to implement their March 1921 agreement, and on 1 January 1922 both railways were dissolved and a new company was formed, which was also named the London and North Western Railway; its board of twenty directors included six from the former L&YR. The 1923 Grouping duly occurred one years later, which involved the expanded LNWR forming part of the new London Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS).  The general manager, secretary and chief mechanical engineer positions of the expanded company were taken by L&YR employees.  Ex-L&YR lines formed the core of the LMS's Central Division.

The LMS did little to develop the former L&YR routes, which in many places ran parallel to ex-LNWR or ex-Midland routes now forming part of the same network. Nationalisation followed in 1948 followed by a period of rationalisation and modernisation. The L&YR system has survived largely intact, although the following routes have been closed, many within the L&YR's old East Lancashire division:

Bury to Manchester (converted to Manchester Metrolink operation in 1992)
Bury to Clifton Junction, closed 1966
Bury/Radcliffe to Bolton, closed 1970
Bury to Rochdale, closed to regular passenger traffic 1970, but now partly preserved as the East Lancashire Railway heritage railway line
Bury to Accrington/Bacup, closed to regular passenger traffic in 1966, but now partly preserved as the East Lancashire Railway heritage railway line
Bury to Holcombe Brook, fully closed 1963
Rochdale to Bacup, fully closed 1967
Rochdale to Manchester via Oldham – The Oldham Loop, now converted to Manchester Metrolink operation
Blackburn to Burnley via Padiham – The North Lancs or Great Harwood Loop, closed 1964
Blackburn to Chorley, closed 1960
Preston to Southport, closed 1964
Preston to Longridge, closed 1930
Southport to Altcar, closed 1952

The routes today
Most ex-L&YR routes are now operated by Northern. Manchester Victoria station has been rebuilt in a more modest form and retains the former terminal building. The Caldervale Line, as named by West Yorkshire Metro, is also operated by Northern and uses a large part of the former L&YR.

Accidents and incidents
 The Helmshore rail accident on 4 September 1860 saw 11 people killed and 77 injured when the rear portion of a Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway passenger excursion train became detached and ran back down the line where it collided with an oncoming passenger excursion train.
 The Burscough Junction crash occurred on 15 January 1880 at the  station on the Liverpool to  line, resulting in nine fatalities.
 A passenger train ran into a goods train near Mosesgate on 27 October 1880. Several passengers were injured and about a dozen carriages and a number of wagons were damaged.
 An excursion train was in collision with a West Lancashire Railway passenger train at , Lancashire on 3 August 1896 due to the driver of the excursion train misreading signals. One person was killed and seven were injured.
 A passenger train was derailed on 15 July 1903 at Waterloo station, then in Lancashire (now Merseyside) caused by a broken spring and spring bridle on the locomotive, while negotiating a  curve at speed. Seven people were killed and 116 were injured.
 An express passenger train collided with a light engine at , Yorkshire on 22 October 1903 due to a signalman's error. A third train collided with the wreckage at low speed. One person was killed.
 A collision between a London and North Western Railway (LNWR) empty stock train and a passenger train at , Yorkshire on 21 April 1905 killed two people. The driver of the LNWR train had overrun signals, but fatigue was a contributory factor.
 The Hall Road rail accident at Blundellsands in what is now Merseyside on 27 July 1905 saw 20 killed and 48 injured when two Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway electric passenger trains collided due to human error on the part of a signalman and a train driver.
 Two locomotives were shunted into a siding at Hindley & Blackrod Junction, Lancashire on 22 January 1909, but one of them remained foul of the main line. A passenger train collided with it, killing one person and injuring 33.
 A passenger train was derailed on the Charlestown Curve when the track spread under it on 21 June 1912. Four people were killed and twelve were injured.
 A freight train became divided on 28 October 1913. The rear portion ran back and was derailed at , Yorkshire.
 On 18 March 1915, an express passenger train overran signals and was in a rear-end collision with an empty stock train at , Lancashire. Four people were killed and 33 were injured.
 A viaduct at Penistone, Yorkshire collapsed on 2 February 1916 due to subsidence. A locomotive was on the bridge at the time, but its crew had time to escape before it fell.
 A freight train became divided at Pendlebury, Lancashire. The rear portion was too heavy for the banking locomotive to hold, and it was pushed back downhill and derailed by catch points, as were the wagons.
 The Lostock Junction train collision near Bolton on 17 July 1920 saw four fatalities and 148 injured as the result of a near head-on collision between two Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway passenger trains due to a signal having been passed at danger

Locomotives

The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway locomotive works were originally at Miles Platting, Manchester. From 1889 they were at Horwich.

Surviving stock

Surviving coaching stock of L&YR origin go as far as 1878, with Directors Saloon No. 1 being privately preserved at the Keighley & Worth Valley Railway. Multiple coaches are preserved by Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Trust, at the Keighley & Worth Valley Railway, 6-wheel 5-comp third No. 1507, Blackpool Club Car No. 47, 6-wheel 4-comp First No. 279 and Brake third No. 1474.

Many L&YR carriages, that were sold to the Barry Railway Company also survive, one being a birdcage brake from 1882.
A dynamometer car also survives at the Midland Rail Centre in Butterley.

Mostly covered goods vans survive in the form of L&YR goods stock, some of these vans also passed into Cadbury ownership for use at Bournville. A brake van also survives at the Kent & East Sussex Railway and the body of a CCT van at the Cambrian Heritage Railways in Oswestry.

Shipping

The L&YR had the largest ship fleet of all the pre-grouping railway companies.  In 1902 the assets of the Drogheda Steam Packet Company were acquired for the sum of £80,000 (). In 1905 they took over the Goole Steam Shipping Company.

By 1913 they owned 26 vessels, with another two under construction, plus a further five under joint ownership with the London and North Western Railway.  The L&YR ran steamers between Liverpool and Drogheda, Hull and Zeebrugge, and between Goole and many continental ports including Amsterdam, Copenhagen, Hamburg, and Rotterdam.  The jointly-owned vessels provided services between Fleetwood, Belfast and Derry.

See also
 John Hargreaves Jnr
 Locomotives of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway

Notes

Bibliography

 Blakemore, Michael (1984) The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, Ian Allan,
 Coates, Noel (1997) 150 Years of the Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway, Hawkshill Publishing,
 Earnshaw, Alan (1992) The Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway: Then & Now, Ian Allan,
 Haigh, A (1978) Railways in West Yorkshire, Dalesman Books,

 Nock, O.S. (1969) The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway – A Concise History, Ian Allan,

Further reading

External links

 Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Society
 Map of the L&YR
 Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway Trust, restoring locomotives and carriages
 Gallery of photographs

Railway companies established in 1847
Railway companies disestablished in 1922
Pre-grouping British railway companies
London, Midland and Scottish Railway constituents
1847 establishments in England
British companies established in 1847
1922 disestablishments in England
British companies disestablished in 1922

Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway


Pictorul Nicolae Grigorescu este un film românesc din 1955 regizat de Ion Bostan.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1955 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1955

Pictorul Nicolae Grigorescu


Grenfell est une ville du sud-est de la Saskatchewan au Canada.

Sa population était de  en 2016.

Démographie

Notes et références

Annexe

Liens externes

Ville en Saskatchewan

Grenfell (Saskatchewan)


ගම්‍යා විජයදාස යනු 2009 වසරේ දෙරණ වීට් මිස් ශ්‍රී ලංකා කිරුළ හිමිකරගත් සුරූපිනියයි. ඇය එම වසරේම දෙසැම්බර් 12 වැනිදා දකුණු අප්‍රිකාවේ ජොහැනස්බර්ග්හී පැවැති ලෝක රූ රැජින තරඟය සඳහාද ශ්‍රී ලංකාව නියෝජනය කලාය.

මුල් අවදිය
පාසලේ 6 ශ්‍රේණිය තෙක් කොළඹ මියුසියස් විද්‍යාලයෙන් අධ්‍යාපනය හැදෑරූ ගම්‍යා, පසුව සිංගප්පූරුවේ Marsiling විද්‍යාලයට ඇතුලත් වන ලදී. එහිලා සිය අධ්‍යාපන කටයුතු හමාර කල ඇය, පසුව මනෝවිද්‍යා උපාදියක් සම්පූර්ණ කිරීම වෙනුවෙන් ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාවට යන ලදී.

වෘත්තීය දිවිය
2009 ජුලි 22 වන දින, එම වසර සඳහා දෙරණ වීට් මිස් ශ්‍රී ලංකා කිරුළ හිමි කරගත් ගම්‍යා එහිදී, සුන්දරම දෙපා හිමි යුවතිය, හොඳම පෞර්ෂත්වය හිමි යුවතිය සහ නිරෝගීම සම සහිත යුවතිය යන අනු තරඟ කාණ්ඩයන්හීද ජයග්‍රහණය හිමිකරගත්තාය.

වසර 10 ක් සිය රටට සිදුකල සමාජ සේවය අගයමින් 2009 ඔක්තෝම්බරයේදී ඇයට, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ හොඳහිත ප්‍රවර්ධනය සඳහා ශ්‍රී ලංකාව වෙනුවෙන් වූ තානාපති තනතුරක් හිමිවූ අතර, ඇය මෙරට "තාරුණ්‍යයට හෙටක්" සංවිධානයේ සාමාජිකාවක් වන බවද පැවසේ.

2012 වසරේදී ගම්‍යා, මනිෂ් මනික්පූරි (Manish Manikpuri)ගේ Aalaap බොලිවුඩ් චිත්‍රපටියේ ගීතයකටද පෙනී සිටියාය.

රංගනයන්

ආශ්‍රිත

1986 උපත්
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික නිළියන්

ගම්‍යා විජයදාස


El  es un distrito localizado en la prefectura de Shiga, Japón. En junio de 2019 tenía una población de 20.878 habitantes y una densidad de población de 550 personas por km². Su área total es de 37,97 km².

Localidades

Actuales
 Aishō

Antiguas
 Aitō
 Echigawa
 Hatashō
 Kotō

Fusiones
 11 de febrero de 2005 - los pueblos de  Aitō y Kotō se unieron con los pueblos de Eigenji y Gokashō, ambos pertenecientes al Distrito de Kanzaki, y la antigua ciudad de Yōkaichi para formar la ciudad de Higashiōmi.

 26 de febrero de 2006 - los pueblos de Echigawa y Hatashō se unieron para formar la ciudad de Aishō.

Distritos de Shiga

Distrito de Echi (Shiga)


IC 2006 je eliptična galaktika u zviježđu Eridana. Otkrivena je 3. listopada 1897., a udaljena je 65 milijuna svjetlosnih godina. Galaksija je ranog tipa klasifikacije E1.

2006
Galaksije u Eridanu

IC 2006


El ticotico ocráceo grande (Dendroma rufa), es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Furnariidae, una de las dos pertenecientes al género Dendroma, anteriormente colocada en Philydor. Es nativo del sureste de América Central y de América del Sur.

Nombres comunes
Se le denomina también trepamusgo rojizo (en Costa Rica), hojarasquero ocráceo (en Colombia), ticotico grande (en Argentina), tico-tico rojizo (en Venezuela), limpiafronda frentianteada (en Ecuador y Panamá), limpia-follaje de frente anteada (en Perú), carpintero gateador o limpiafronda frentiblanco,

Distribución y hábitat
Se distribuye de forma amplia pero bastante fragmentada: en las tierras altas de Costa Rica y oeste de Panamá, en el norte y centro sur de Venezuela, en la región andina desde Colombia, por Ecuador, Perú, hasta el centro de Bolivia, y desde el centro oeste y este de Brasil hacia el sur, por el este de Paraguay, hasta el extremo noreste de Argentina y sur de Brasil.

Esta especie es considerada localmente bastante común en sus hábitats naturales, el sub-dosel y los bordes de selvas húmedas de estribaciones montañosas y montanas bajas de las regiones andinas y adyacencias, y los bosques húmedos y en galería, hasta altitudes de 1800 m.

Descripción
Mide entre 18 y 19 cm de longitud y pesa entre 25 y 36 g. Tiene la cola larga y la frente contrastante y rectrices puntiagudas. En el sureste tiene la frente y una amplia lista superciliar de color pardo amarillento, corona y banda pos-ocular grises; por arriba es pardo oliváceo con las alas y la cola rufas. Por abajo es pardo amarillento uniforme. Las aves andinas son más apagadas, con menos contraste en el patrón de la cabeza y menos pardo amarillento en la frente; en la pendiente occidental, las aves son menores y más oscura en general, excepto en la garganta, y tienen pico más pálido.

Comportamiento
Anda solitario o en pareja, frecuentemente acompañando bandada mixtas. Suele permanecer en lo semi-abierto del bosque, saltando y hurgando en ramas horizontales, algunas veces en el follaje terminal de las mismas.

Alimentación
Se alimenta de insectos y sus larvas y arañas y sus huevos.

Reproducción
Su nido es una madriguera excavada en un barranco o en un hueco de algún árbol. Macho y hembra construyen un túnel de aproximadamente 105 cm de largo y 5 a 10 cm de diámetro, que cubre con fibras vegetales y en cuya profundidad la hembra pone los huevos. Han sido encontrados dos polluelos en el nido.

Vocalización

El canto es una serie rápida de notas agudas y metálicas, descendientes, algo como: «jui-ki-ki-ke-ke-ke-kuh-kuh».

Sistemática

Descripción original
La especie D. rufa fue descrita por primera vez por el naturalista francés Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot en 1818 bajo el nombre científico Dendrocopus rufus; su localidad tipo es: «Rio de Janeiro, Brasil».

Etimología
El nombre genérico femenino «Dendroma» se compone de las palabras del griego «dendros» que significa 'árbol', y «dromos» que significa 'corredor'; y el nombre de la especie «rufa», proviene del latín «rufus» que significa 'rojo'.

Taxonomía
Anteriormente colocada en el género Philydor, esta especie es hermana de Dendroma erythroptera; estudios genéticos recientes sugirieron que el par formado por ambas es hermano del género Ancistrops y que juntas no están ni cercanamente emparentadas con Philydor pero cercanas al clado formado por Clibanornis y Automolus. La solución encontrada fue separar estas dos especies en un género resucitado Dendroma bajo los nombres de Dendroma rufa y Dendroma erythroptera, ya que el género es femenino. El Comité de Clasificación de Sudamérica (SACC) aprobó esta separación en la Propuesta N° 819.

La identidad racial de la población del centro de Falcón (noroeste de Venezuela) es incierta; se presume que pertenezca a la subespecie columbiana. La subespecie nominal varía clinalmente en tamaño, con las aves menores en el lejano sur.

Subespecies
Según las clasificaciones del Congreso Ornitológico Internacional (IOC) y Clements Checklist/eBird, se reconocen siete subespecies, con su correspondiente distribución geográfica:

 Dendroma rufa panerythra , 1862 – tierras altas de Costa Rica y oeste de Panamá (al este hasta el oeste de Chiriquí y Bocas del Toro), y en los Andes centrales y orientales de Colombia (Antioquia, Caldas, y pendiente occidental desde Santander al sur hasta Cundinamarca; también en la Serranía de San Lucas).
 Dendroma rufa columbiana , 1860 – norte de Venezuela en el centro de Falcón (Sierra de San Luis) y en la cordillera de la Costa  (Yaracuy, y Carabobo al este hasta Miranda).
 Dendroma rufa cuchiverus , 1949 – Cerro Calentura (norte de Amazonas) y Cerro El Negro (noroeste de Bolívar), en el sur de Venezuela.
 Dendroma rufa riveti , 1906 – Andes occidentales desde Colombia (al sur desde el centro de Chocó) hacia el sur hasta el noroeste de Ecuador (al sur hasta Pichincha, también en El Oro).|
 Dendroma rufa boliviana , 1907 – piedemontes de la pendiente oriental desde Ecuador (al sur desde el oeste de Napo) al sur hasta el centro de Bolivia (al sur hasta Chuquisaca).
 Dendroma rufa chapadense , 1935 – suroeste de Brasil (Mato Grosso, sur de Goiás; registrado también en el extremo sur de Tocantins).
 Dendroma rufa rufa (, 1818) – este y sureste de Brasil (sureste de Bahía, Minas Gerais y Espírito Santo al sur hasta el sur de Mato Grosso do Sul y norte de Rio Grande do Sul), este de Paraguay y noreste de Argentina (Misiones, noreste de Corrientes).

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Videos, fotos y sonidos de Dendroma rufa en eBird.
 Sonidos y mapa de distribución de Dendroma rufa en xeno-canto.
 Fotos y sonidos de  limpa-folha-de-testa-baia Dendroma rufa en Wikiaves.

rufa
Aves de América del Sur
Aves de América Central
Taxones descritos por Louis Pierre Vieillot
Animales descritos en 1818

Dendroma rufa


Emilio Barzini, Baba romanındaki ve bu romandan uyarlanarak çekilen Baba filminde Richard Conte tarafından canlandırılan bir mafya babası.

1940'larda Amerika'daki İtalyan mafya ailelerinin lideridir. New York'taki 5 alileden en güçlü olan Barzini ailesinin lideridir ve bu liderliğini korumak için yükselişte olan Corleone ailesinin varlığından rahatsızlık duymaktadır. Corleoneleri yok etmek için zekice bir plan yapıp uyuşturucu kralı Solozzoyu ve Tataglia ailesini Don Vito Corleone'nin üstüne sürmüştür. Ancak Corleoneler Solozzo'yu öldürdü. Baba lakaplı Don Vito Corleone'nin ölümünden sonra ailenin başına geçen oğlu Don Michael Corleone tarafından iş yerinin çıkışında polis kıyafetli adamı Al Neri tarafından vurularak öldürüldü.

Kaynakça

Baba karakterleri
Kurgusal erkek karakterler
Kurgusal kanun kaçakları
Kurgusal mafya liderleri

Emilio Barzini


Xu Shen ( CE) was a Chinese calligrapher, philologist, politician, and writer of the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-189).  During his own lifetime, Xu was recognized as a preeminent scholar of the Five Classics. He was the author of Shuowen Jiezi, which was the first comprehensive dictionary of Chinese characters, as well as the first to organize entries by radical. This work continues to provide scholars with information on the development and historical usage of Chinese characters. Xu Shen completed his first draft in 100 CE but, waited until 121 CE before having his son present the work to the Emperor An of Han.

Life
Xu was born about 58 CE in the Zhaoling district of Run'an prefecture (today known as Luohe in Henan Province). He was a student of the scholar-official Jia Kui  (30-101). Under Jia, he established himself as a master in his own right and enjoyed a positive reputation. This education allowed him to hold several government offices at the prefecture level, and ultimately rise to a post in the royal library. Before undertaking the Shuowen, he was already a prolific writer. Although lost, one of his better known early works was a commentary on the Huainanzi, an important sociopolitical work from the second century BCE.

Xu Shen's life and work were shaped by the fierce division between Old Text and New Text schools of Confucian thought. These rival camps grew out of the wide proliferation of Confucian texts, which was brought on by the Emperor Wu of Han's elevation Confucianism to the state philosophy. Because knowledge of the Confucian canon was the primary qualification for government office, there was a large upswing in the rate of copying. These new additions were written in a standardized Han dynasty script. During the reign of Emperor Cheng of Han (r. 33-7 BCE), however, older manuscripts were discovered in the imperial archives and in the walls of Confucius's family mansion. These older texts were written in a pre-Qin, small seal script (xiaozhuan 小篆). Importantly, they also differed in their content and organization. A group of scholars, which came to be called the Old Text school, emerged and advocated for the use of this more ancient version. The New Text school meanwhile preferred the more recent versions. Since Han jurisprudence was based on the classics, the interpretation of even a single character could lead to concrete differences in legal opinions. The great variation in interpretations greatly troubled Xu. He was familiar with both schools: Jia Kui was a respected Old Text scholar, but Xu's official work required familiarity with the New Text editions. In an attempt to eliminate discrepancies between interpretations, Xu authored Different Meanings of the Five Classics (), a commentary, now lost, that incorporated interpretations from both the New and Old Text schools. Xu picked the readings that were best to his mind, regardless of school. Ultimately though, Xu decided that only a rigorous work on the development and history of each character could standardize the interpretation of the classics.

The Shuowen Jiezi

Xu Shen's desire to create an exhaustive reference work resulted in the Shuowen Jiezi (). The Shuowen has no standard English translation, and is sometimes rendered: "Explain the Graphs and Unravel the Written Words" or "Explaining Graphs and Analyzing Characters." The uniting principle behind each part of the massive project was, as Xu Shen writes in his postface, "to establish defined categories, (to) correct mistaken concepts, for the benefit of scholars and true interpretation of the spirit of language." Intended to be a comprehensive work, it encompasses 15 chapters and over 9,000 small seal script entries, and has a preface and a postface. Xu intentionally listed headwords in pre-Qin characters in order to provide their earliest possible forms, and thereby allow the most faithful interpretation. It is among the first character dictionaries which examined the evolution of characters in detail, and streamlined the "six category" approach to analyzing Chinese writing. It also created a system of 540 semantically organized radicals.

Linguistic theory
In the postface, Xu gives a brief account of the history of writing. According to legend, Chinese characters were first invented by Cang Jie, who was inspired by footprints to create a system of signs that refer to the natural world. These original graphs could then be combined to make meaningful characters with referents distinct from their component graphs. This was important for Xu Shen, who emphasized the productivity, even fertility, of Chinese writing. Despite the novel meanings of compound characters, Xu Shen believed that true understanding of composite characters was contingent on an understanding of their components. Providing clear explanation of these relationships lay at the heart of his motivation.
Central to Xu Shen's thought is the contrast between wen (文 patterns) and zi (字 characters), indeed these contrasting categories of graphs receive separate mention in the work's title. Even today, there is disagreement over the exact definitions of the two terms. The Song dynasty scholar Zheng Qiao () first presented the interpretation that wen and zi are the difference between non-compound and compound characters. More recently, other scholars, such as Françoise Bottéro (2002), have argued that the addition of a specifically phonetic element (and thus not simply compounding) marks the principal difference between wen and zi. From this original binary contrast, Xu Shen formally delineated for the first time the six categories () of Chinese characters.
 Indicators of Function (), whose forms are iconic without being based on concrete objects. Examples include 上 (shàng) and 下 (xià), indicating up and down respectively.
 Form Imaging or Pictographs (), such as 山 (shān), meaning mountain.
 Form and Sound (), which consist of a semantic element and an element indicating pronunciation. The character 汗 (hàn sweat), for example. contains the phonetic marker 干 (gān shield), and the semantic marker 氵(shuĭ water).
 Combining Meaning (), which unite two semantic elements. 明, for example contains the sun and the moon, and carries the meaning 'bright'.
 Reciprocally Glossing (), which arose from a divergence of one character into two separate characters still linked in sound and meaning, such as 老 (lăo) and 考 (kǎo).
 Loaning Characters (), which essentially indicates one character whose meaning has been broadened to contain multiple definitions. This is seen in bifurcated meanings and pronunciations of , which originally meant 'leader' (zhăng), but came to have the second meaning 'long' (cháng).
To organize the thousands of headwords, Xu Shen established 540 radicals, and ordered them from least to greatest complexity. Each radical then headed its own group, which in turn subsumed all composite characters which incorporated the specific radical. The total number of 540 has a cosmological weight, as it can be derived from the product of 6, 9, and 10. 6 and 9 are the numbers of Yin and Yang, and 10 a number signifying completion. This number symbolizes the exhaustive scope of the dictionary.

Within the dictionary itself, each entry first gives the character's meaning, and alternate orthographies. It also accounts for a character's meaning, occasionally pronunciation, and cites examples of its use in the classical texts.

Models and influences
Xu Shen had to rely on a large body of sources to collect the thousands of characters and variants that appear in the Shuowen. Many small script characters were taken from the Cangjiepian ( c. 220 BCE); ancient characters were collected from the texts found in Confucius's mansion, and Zhou characters were taken from the Historian Zhou's Primer (史籀, dated to c. 578 BCE, the reign of King Xuan).

The Shuowen has often been the subject of commentary and study. The earliest reported research was conducted in the Sui dynasty by Yu Yanmo (), though this work has not survived. Later in the Tang dynasty (618-907), Li Yangbing ( 713-741) prepared an edition, though this version is lost as well. The oldest surviving editions go back to a pair of brothers, Xu Xuan () and Xu Kai (). The pair lived in the Sui dynasty (581-618), and their work ensured the long-term survival of the Shuowen. The well-known philologist Duan Yucai (段玉裁 1735–1815) of the Qing dynasty (1644-1912) dedicated his life to studying the Shuowen, and produced the authoritative version and commentary still used today, the Shuowen Jiezi Zhu 說文解字註 (the Annotated Shuowen Jiezi).

Xu Shen's work also provides a valuable resource for linguistic research. Duan Yucai based much of his research on the Shuowen, and the philologist Zhu Junsheng's () phonological study Explanatory Book of Sounds 說文訓定生 was written as a companion to the Shuowen.

Given the number of dictionaries and philological works that draw heavily from the Shuowen, Xu Shen has towered over the field of Chinese lexicography, and his influence is still felt today.

Criticism
A number of Xu Shen's character analyses are erroneous, as the seal script differs considerably from the older bronzeware script and the even older oracle bone script, both of which were unknown at the time, also to Xu Shen. Karlgren, for example, disputes Xu Shen's interpretation of 巠 (jing) as depicting a subterranean water channel. Referring to the bronze script, he proposes a reading linked to weaving. Furthermore, Xu Shen does not account for historical phonological change that between the earliest days of Chinese writing and his own era. This results in inaccurate sound analyses.

See also
 List of Shuowen Jiezi radicals

References

Cited works
 Mair, Victor H. (ed.) (2001). The Columbia History of Chinese Literature. New York: Columbia University Press. . (Amazon Kindle edition.)

Further reading
He Jiuying 何九盈 (1995). Zhongguo gudai yuyanxue shi (中囯古代语言学史 "A history of ancient Chinese linguistics"). Guangzhou: Guangdong jiaoyu chubanshe.

58 births
147 deaths
1st-century Chinese calligraphers
1st-century Chinese writers
2nd-century Chinese calligraphers
2nd-century Chinese writers
Chinese lexicographers
Chinese philologists
Han dynasty government officials
Politicians from Luohe
Writers from Luohe

Xu Shen


කර්ස්ටි බ්ලැක්මන් (උපතේදී කර්ස්ටි වෙස්ට්, 1986) යනු,   ස්කොට්ලන්ත ජාතික පක්ෂයෙහි දේශපාලනඥයෙක් සහ  ඇබර්ඩීන් උතුර සඳහා 2015 මැයි මස සිට  පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රීවරියක වෙයි.

ආශ්‍රිත

1986 උපත්
ජීවත්වන්නෝ
 ඇබර්ඩීන් මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශ සඳහා එක්සත් රාජධානියෙහි පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රීවරුන්
ස්කොට්ලන්ත ජාතික පක්ෂය පාමවරුන්
ස්කොට්ලන්තයෙහි මන්ත්‍රණ සභිකයන්
එරා පාමවරුන් 2015–20
ස්කොට්ලන්ත මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශ සඳහා එක්සත් රාජධානියෙහි කාන්තා පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රීවරුන්

කර්ස්ටි බ්ලැක්මන්


التهاب الأقنية الصفراوية المصلب الابتدائي  هو مرض تمانعي يصيب الطرق الصفراوية مما يؤدي إلى تليف هذه الطرق. نتيجة لهذا التليف، تحتبس العصارة الصفراء في الطرق الصفراوية والكبد فينتج عن ذلك فشل الكبد وتليفها. والعلاج الشافي الوحيد لهذا المرض هو زراعة الكبد.

الأعراض المرضية
 تعب مزمن
 يرقان مصاحب لحكة شديدة
 أسهال دهني
 نقص الفيتامينات
 علامات تليف الكبد (كاليرقان وتجمع السوائل في الجسم كالأستسقاء وسهولة ظهور الكدمات)
 تغير لون البراز إلى اللون الفاتح نتيجة لنقص امتصاص الدهون وتراكمها في البراز
 تغير لون البول إلى اللون الغامق نتيجة لزيادة تركيز البليروبين المقترن

التشخيص
يتم التشخيص عن طريق التصوير الأشعاعي للطرق الصفراوية في ما يسمى ب. ويتم هذا التصوير عن طريق حقن صبغة ملونة في الطرق الصفراوية من خلال منظار معوي. وتعمل الصبغة على تلوين الصور الأشعاعية ليتمكن الجراح من رؤية قياس وأبعاد هذه الطرق. ومن الممكن الأستعاضة عن هذه الطريق بالرنين المغناطيسي .

معظم المرضى بالتهاب الطرق الصفراوية المصلب البدئي يتم رصد مضادات مناعية ذاتية لديهم. ومن أهم هذه المضادات هو p-ANCA. ولكن وجود هذا المضاد لا ينحصر على هذا المرض فقط. فهناك أمراض أخرى (كمرض واجنر مثلاً) يحملون نفس المضاد.

ومن التحليلات اللازمة لتشخيص هذا المرض: عدد كريات الدم، تحليل وظائف الكبد، تحليل وظائف الكلى، تركيز البليروبين، تحليل البراز لمعرفة كمية الدهون.

أسباب المرض
سبب المرض غير معروف إلى الآن، ولكن معضم الدراسات تشير إلى أن سبب المرض الرئيسي هو تكوين الجسم لمضادات ذاتية تؤدي إلى التهاب وتليف الطرق الصفراوية. ومما يؤكد على هذة النظرية هو وجود علاقة بين المرض وأمراض تمانعية أخرى داء الأمعاء الالتهابي، حيث وجد أن 70٪ من المصابين بالتهاب الطرق الصفراوية المصلب البدئي مصابين أيضاً بإما داء كرون أو التهاب القولون التقرحي. كما ان الأشخاص الذين يحملون HLA-A1,HLA-B8, HLA-DR3

الوبائيات
يصيب المرض الرجال أكثر من النساء. وعادة ما يظهر المرض بين سن 30 و60. ويتقدم المرض ببطء حيث عادة ما يكون الشخص مصاب لمدة طويلة قبل ظهور أية أعراض مرضية. ويشجع المرضى عادة تحري أورام الطرق الصفراوية كونها مرتبطة بهذا المرض

العلاج
معظم العلاجات مؤقتة لحين الحصول على متبرع للكبد. وتشمل هذه العلاجات التالي:
 يروسوديول (ursodiol): وجد أن هذا الدواء المشتق من العصارة الصفراء يحسن من وظائف الكبد لكنه لا يطيل من عمرها
 مثبطات الحكة
 مضادات حيوية
 كوليسترامين (cholestyramine): يقلل من امتصاص الأمعاء للعصارة الصفراء
 الفيتامينات كفيتامين أ وك وهـ ود (A, K, E, D)
 توسيع بعض الأنسدادات في الطرق الصفراوية عن طريق منظار معوي
 زراعة الكبد هو العلاج الوحيد طويل الأمد

علم الأوبئة
هناك بيانات قليلة نسبياً عن شيوع وانتشار التهاب الطرق الصفراوية المصلب البدئي. هناك دراسات في بلدان مختلفة تظهر أن المعدل السنوي للإصابة بهذا الالتهاب تتراوح بين 0.068-1.3 لكل 100000 شخص و0.22-8.5 لكل 100000 شخص. مع العلم أن التهاب الطرق الصفراوية المصلب البدئي مرتبط ارتباطاً وثيقاً بالتهاب القولون التقرحي. من الأرجح أن ترتفع المخاطر حيث يكون التهاب القولون أكثر شيوعاً.

المراجع

أمراض الجهاز الهضمي
أمراض المناعة الذاتية
أمراض نادرة
اضطرابات المجرى الصفراوي
التهابات
طب الكبد


Sadegh Moharrami (perzijski: صادق محرمی)  (Haštpar, 1. ožujka 1996.) iranski je nogometaš koji igra na poziciji desnog beka. Trenutačno igra za Dinamo Zagreb.

Klupska karijera

Malvan
Sadegh Moharrami prošao je nogometnu školu Malavana, gdje ga je u prvu momčad promovirao hrvatski trener Dragan Skočić. Za Malvan je debitirao 11. travnja 2014. godine protiv Fadžr Sepasi Širaza.

Persepolis
Dana 24. lipnja 2016. godine potpisao je dvogodišnji ugovor s Persepolisom. Za Persepolis je debitirao 21. rujna 2016. godine protiv Sepahan Isfahana. S Persepolisom kojeg je vodio Branko Ivanković, osvojio je dva prvenstva Irana.

Dinamo Zagreb
Dana 27. lipnja 2018. godine potpisao je petogodišnji ugovor s Dinamo Zagrebom. Za Dinamo je debitirao 27. srpnja 2018. godine protiv Rudeša. Prvi gol u svojoj igračkoj karijeri postigao je 21. svibnja 2023. kada je u HNL-u Rijeka izgubila 1:2 od Dinama.

Dinamo Zagreb II
Za Dinamovu drugu momčad igrao je samo jedanput i to protiv Varaždina 14. travnja 2019.

Lokomotiva Zagreb
Dinamo je Moharramija 2. rujna 2019. godine poslao na posudbu u Lokomotivu do kraja polusezone. Za Lokomotivu je debitirao 14. rujna 2019. godine protiv Gorice.

Reprezentativna karijera
Moharrami je bio dio momčadi iranske nogometne reprezentacije do 17 godina na AFC Prvenstvu do 16 godina – Iran 2012. i Svjetskom prvenstvu do 17 godina – UAE 2013. Ali Doustimehr ga je povezao na pripreme iranske nogometne reprezentacije do 20 godina za AFC Prvenstvu do 19 godina – Burma 2014. Za A selekciju iranske nogometne reprezentacije debitirao je protiv Uzbekistana 11. rujna 2018 godine.

Priznanja

Klupska
Persepolis
 Iranska Pro Liga (2): 2016./17., 2017./18.
 Iranski superkup (1): 2017.

Dinamo Zagreb
 1. HNL/HNL (5): 2018./19., 2019./20., 2020./21., 2021./22., 2022./23.
 Hrvatski nogometni kup (1): 2020./21.
 Hrvatski superkup (3): 2019., 2022., 2023.

Individualna
 Član momčadi godine Iranske Pro Lige (1): 2017./18.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Sadegh Moharrami , Iranska Pro Liga
 Sadegh Moharrami, Transfermarkt

Iranski nogometaši
Nogometaši Dinama
Nogometaši NK Lokomotive
Aktivni nogometaši

Sadegh Moharrami


El Departamento de Transporte de Ohio (en inglés: Ohio Department of Transportation, ODOT) es la agencia estatal gubernamental encargada en la construcción y mantenimiento de toda la infraestructura ferroviaria, carreteras estatales; así como sus autopistas federales, locales e interestatales excepto el Ohio Turnpike, además del transporte aéreo del estado de Ohio. La sede de la agencia se encuentra ubicada en Columbus, Ohio y su actual director es Jerry Wray.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Sitio web oficial (en inglés)

Agencias estatales de Ohio
Carreteras de Ohio
Transporte de Ohio
Agencias estatales de transporte de Estados Unidos

Departamento de Transporte de Ohio


Regimentul 41/71 Infanterie  a fost o unitate de nivel tactic de rezervă constituită la începutul anului 1917, prin contopirea Regimentului 41 Infanterie și Regimentului 71 Infanterie.

În timpul campaniei din anul 1916 cele două regimente au făcut parte din Brigada 22 Infanterie. Ca urmare a pierderilor suferite, în cadrul procesului de reorganizare a armatei de la începutul anului 1917, s-a decis contopirea celor două unități într-un singur regiment și păstrarea acestuia în organica Brigăzii 21 Infanterie, alături de Regimentul 57/58 Infanterie.

Campania anului 1917

În campania din anul 1917, Regimentul 41/71 Infanterie  a participat la acțiunile militare în dispozitivul de luptă al Diviziei 11 Infanterie, luând parte la Bătălia de la Mărășești. În această campanie, regimentul a fost comandat de locotenent-colonelul Scarlat Constantinov.

Note

Bibliografie
  ***, România în războiul mondial 1916-1919, vol I-IV, Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului, București, 1934-1941
 ***, Marele Cartier General al Armatei României. Documente 1916 – 1920, Editura Machiavelli, București, 1996
 ***, Istoria militară a poporului român'', vol. V, Editura Militară, București, 1989

Vezi și
Participarea României la Primul Război Mondial
Regimentul 41 Infanterie
Regimentul 71 Infanterie

Unități militare române din Primul Război Mondial

Regimentul 41/71 Infanterie (1916-1918)


Nacionalni park Los Alerces (španjolski: Parque Nacional Los Alerces) je nacionalni park u argentinskoj pokrajini Chubut. Ovo područje je presudno za očuvanje nekih od posljednjih nedirnutih patagonskih šuma u kojima obitava veliki broj endemičnih i ugroženih vrsta biljaka i životinja. Zbog toga je 2017. godine je upisan na UNESCO-ov popis mjesta svjetske baštine u Americi.

Zemljopis

Osnovan je još 1937. godine kako bise zaštitile šume andskog alerce (mapuche jezik: lahuán) drveća i pokriva površinu od 259.570 ha. Nalazi se na granici Argentine i Čilea, oko 50 km od grada Esquela. Djelovanje ledenjaka je stvorilo krajolik veličanstvenih morena, glacijalnih krugova i bistrih ledenjačkih jezera. Glavna šuma koju posjećuju turisti je Puerto Sagrario na sjevernom kraju jezera Lago Menéndez. Pored njega u parku se nalaze i druga jezera (Rivadavia, Futalaufquen i Krüger), te rijeka Frey. Također, uz park je izgrađena hidroelektrična brana kojom je nastalo veliko umjetno jezero Amutui Quimei, koja se prazni u rijeku Futaleufú koja otiče u Čile.

Klima

Klima u parku je u rasponu od umjerene do vlažne hladne klime s prosječnim temperaturama od 2 °C zimi do 14 °C ljeti. Prosječna količina padalina godišnje je 3.000 mm na zapadu i 800 mm na istoku parka, i uglavnom se događaju zimi kada tijekom najhladnijih mjeseci dolazi i do snježnog pokrivača.

Živi svijet

Vegetacija parka je sastavljena uglavnom od patagonske umjerene šume i planinskih livada ispod andskih vrhova. Park je dobio ime po drveću alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides), poznatomu i kao "patagonski čempres", koji je najviša vrsta drveta Južne Amerike, s visinama stabala od 40-70 m i promjera debla do 5 m. Najveći primjerak u parku se nalazi pored jezera Menendez, te je visok gotovo 60 m, ima promjer 2,2 m i star je oko 2.200 godinaPored ovog drveća u parku se nalaze i šume drveća arrayán (Luma apiculata), coihues (Nothofagus dombeyi) i lenga (Nothofagus pumilio). Jedan dio parka pokriva i valdivijska džungla, najveća na tlu Argentine, s bambusom i papratima.

Kralježnjaci u parku uključuju sisavce kao što su pudu (Pudu puda), andska mačka (Leopardus jacobitus) i neke od glavnih populacija ugrožene vrste južnoandskog jelena huemula (Hippocamelus bisulcus). Ptice u parku su brojne poput vrsta kao što su: torrent patka (Merganetta armata) i golubica Araucaria (Leptasthenura setaria), dok su prisutni i jedinstveni vodozemci kao što je žaba Batrachyla fitzroya, endem jezera Menendez koji je nedavno otkriven.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 službena web-stranica

Nacionalni parkovi u Argentini
Svjetska baština u Argentini

Nacionalni park Los Alerces


الحليمية  هي جنس من الديدان الأسطوانية وهي دودة تتطفل على الأعين والأنسج المتعلقة بها لدى الطيور والثدييات الثوية، بما في ذلك الاٍنسان. وتسمى أيضا دود العين ويشار للاٍصابة بأنواع الحليمية بداء الحليماوات. وعادتا ما يوجد الطور البالغ في الأجفان، الغدد الدمعية، القناة الدمعية، أو ما يسمى الجفن الثالث (الغشاء الراف أو الغشاء الرماش) وأحيانا توجد في مقلة العين بنفسها اٍما تحت الملتحمة أو في غشاء الجسم الزجاجي تجويف مقلة العين. كل أنواع الحليمية التي درسة دورات حياتها نقلت بأنواع من ثنائيات الأجنحة التي لا تعض مثل الذبابة، ولكن التي تتغذى على الدموع.

مراجع

طفيليات
ديدان أسطوانية

حجناوات

حليمية


Au cours de l'histoire, la ville de Huy et son ancien château (Li Tchestia) sont assiégés de nombreuses fois, dont :

Dans le cadre de la Deuxième Guerre de Liège :

 le siège de 1467

Dans le cadre de la Guerre de Quatre-Vingts Ans :

 siège de Huy (1595) : prise par surprise par les États généraux des Provinces-Unies, la ville est reprise par les Espagnols ;

Dans le cadre de la Guerre de Hollande :
 siège de Huy (1674) par les Allemands ;
 siège de Huy (1675) par les Français ;
 siège de Huy (1676) : destruction de la ville et du pontia ;
 siège de Huy (1678) par les Français ;

Dans le cadre de la Guerre de la Ligue d'Augsbourg :
 siège de Huy (1688) par les Français ;
 siège de Huy (1689) : destruction de la ville ;
 siège de Huy (1692) ;
 siège de Huy (1693) par les Français ;
 siège de Huy (1694) par les Alliés ;
 siège de Huy (1696) par les Français ;

Dans le cadre de la Guerre de Succession d'Espagne :
 siège de Huy (1703) par les Alliés ;
 siège de Huy (1705) par les Français.

Huy

Siège de Huy


Takuya Sonoda (født 23. november 1984) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Takuya Sonoda


Erdebil Eyaleti, (Farsça: استان اردبیل, Ostān-e Ardabīl, Azerice: Ərdəbil), İran'ın 31 eyaletinden birisidir.

İran'ın İran Azerbaycanı adı verilen ve 3 eyaletini kapsayan bölgesinde yer alır. Ülkenin kuzeyinde yer alan eyalet kuzeyinden Azerbaycan, doğusundan yine Azerbaycan ve Gilan Eyaleti, güneyinden Zencan ve batısından Doğu Azerbaycan ile çevrilidir. Eyaletin 5 şehristanının (Parsabad, Bilasavar, Germi, Meşkinşehr ve Namin şehristanları) Azerbaycan ile 282,5 km'lik sınırı vardır. Aras ve Belha nehirleri, bu sınırın 159 km'lik kısmını oluşturur.

Erdebil, 1993 yılında çoğunluğu Doğu Azerbaycan'dan olmak üzere Gilan'ın kuzey bölgeleri de buraya bağlanarak ostan yapılmıştır. Toplam yüzölçümü 17.881 km2, nüfusu 1.257.624 kişidir. Yönetim merkezi eyalete adını veren Erdebil şehridir. İran Azerileri yaşamaktadır.

Tarih
Erdebil bölgesinin tarihi Azerbaycan tarihinin bir parçasıdır. Çoğu İranlı tarihçiye göre, Erdebil şehri Sasani hükümdarı Firuz (457-489) tarafından kurulmuştur ve şehrin 1500 yıllık tarihi vardır. Avesta'ya göre ise, Zerdüşt, "Dan Usta" çayının (şimdiki Aras Nehri) yakınlarında doğmuş, "Avesta" kitabını Savalan Dağı'nın bulunduğu bölgede yazmış ve dinini Erdebil şehrinde tebliğ etmeye başlamıştır.

Araplar şehri kuşattığında, Erdebil İran'ın en büyük şehirlerindən biriydi ve Arap işgaline başarıyla dayanmıştır. Kent, Erdebil'in yerli hükümdarlarından Bani Sağın savaş karargahı olmuş, devletinin merkezini Marage'den buraya taşımış ve Moğol saldırılarından sonra da Erdebil Azeri Türkleri devletinin başkenti olarak kalmıştır. Safeviler devletinin kurucusu Şah İsmail'in hükümdarlığı zamanında bütün İran toprakları birleşmiş və Safevi devletinin başkenti Tebriz şehri olmuştur ve bu Şah Abbas'ın devrine dek sürmüştür. Safevilerin hakimiyeti devrinde ekonomik ve siyasi yönden Erdebil İran'ın en önemli şehirlerinden biri idi. Erdebil, İran'ı Avrupa'ya bağlayan önemli bir ticaret yolunun üstünde bulunması nedeniyle her devirde önemli olmuş ve gelişmiştir. İran'ın Gilan bölgesinden Avrupa'ya ipek ticaretinin ve Avrupa mallarının İran'a getirilmesinin merkezinde hep Erdebil olmuş, kent bu nedenle bir ticaret merkezine dönmüştür.

Eyaletin Osmanlı devleti idaresi altındayken nüfus tespiti yapılmış ve Liva-i Erdebil 8 nahiyeye ayrılmıştır. Bunlar; Erdebil, Serab (Sarab), Miyane, Pervane, Kanduvan, Germ (Germi), Heşt-rud (Haştrud), Tabtab.

Coğrafya ve iklim
Erdebil serin bir iklime sahiptir. Yaz ayları boyunca sıcaklık 35 °C geçmez. Kışları ise oldukça sert soğuklar görülür. Sıcaklığın -25 °C geçtiği zamanlar olur.

Eyalet arazisi güneyde Elbruz Dağları'nın uzantılarının oluşturduğu engebeler sayılmazsa genelde düzdür. Harika bir doğal yaşam alanı oluşturan ve önemli dağcılık merkezlerinden Savalan Dağı da bu eyalet sınırları içindedir. Eyalet geneli geniş ormanlarla kaplıdır ve turistik öneme sahiptir. Özellikle Halhal yöresi ve Savalan dağının doğu yüzünde yoğun bir orman örtüsü bulunur.

Eyaletteki en önemli düzlük Mugan Ovası'dır. 300-350.000 hektarlık alanı kaplayan ova eyaletin en önemli tarım ve hayvancılık merkezidir. Eyaletin kuzeyinde bulunan ve Azerbaycan ile İran arasında sınır oluşturan Aras Nehri eyaletteki en önemli akarsudur.

Nüfus

Erdebil Eyaleti'nin toplam nüfusu 1.257.624 (2006) olup bu nüfusun çoğunluğunu Azeriler, az miktarını da Talişler oluşturur. Eyalette ağırlıklı olarak Azerice konuşulmaktadır.

Bazı önemli kentler ve nüfusları şu şekildedir:
 Erdebil: 548.832
 Parsabad: 117.000
 Meskinşehr: 80.000
 Halhal (Az: Xalxal): 42.000
 Germi: 32.000

Yönetim yapısı
Erdebil Eyaleti kendi içinde 10 şehristana bu şehristanlarda 27 bahşa ayrılır. Eyalete bağlı olan  şehristanlar ve bahşlar aşağıdaki tabloda gösterilmiştir:

Eğitim
Bölgedeki önemli eğitim kurumları şunlardır: Erdebil Tıbbi Bilimler Üniversitesi, Mohageg Erdebili Üniversitesi, Erdebil İslami Azad Üniversitesi, Erdebil Payam Nur Üniversitesi, Erdebil Sure Üniversitesi, Halhal İslami Azad Üniversitesi, Parsabad İslami Azad Üniversitesi, Germi İslami Azad Üniversitesi

Günümüzde Erdebil
Günümüzde Erdebil bulunduğu bölgenin en büyük ve önemli şehirlerinden biridir. Kentte pek çok tarihi eser bulunur ki çoğunluğu Safeviler devrine aiddir. Ayrıca İran'dan Azerbaycan'a ulaşan ana karayolu Erdebil'den geçmektedir. Zengin tabiatı ve şifalı kaplıcaları ile bölge İran'ın turizm merkezlerinden birisidir.

Turizm
Eyaletin turistik yerleri şunlardır.
 Serayn Kaynak Suları: Erdebil'e 28 km. uzaklıktadır. Kaplıcanın suları romatizma ve sinir hastalıklarına iyi gelmektedir.
 Deşti Mugan: Erdebil'in tarım ve hayvancılık merkezidir. Turistik önemi vardır.
 Hudâ-âferin Köprüsü: Aras nehri üzerinde 100 m. arayla bulunan iki tarihi köprü. Bir kısmı Azerbaycan'a dahildir.
 Savalan Dağı
 Allah Allah Künbedi
 Halhal yöresinin ormanları

Dış bağlantılar
 Encyclopedia of Orient About Ardabil
 Erdebil,İran Carvan Tourism
 Erdebil  Encyclopædia Iranica
 Meşkinşehr ile ilgili site
 Halhal ile ilgili site
 Erdebil şehriyle ilgili site

Kaynakça

Erdebil (eyalet)