Major Randolph Frederick Edward Spencer-Churchill  (28 May 1911 – 6 June 1968) was an  English journalist, writer, soldier, and politician. He served as Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Preston from 1940 to 1945.

The only son of British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill and his wife, Clementine Churchill, Baroness Spencer-Churchill, he wrote the first two volumes of the official life of his father, complemented by an extensive archive of materials. His first wife (1939–46) was Pamela Digby; their son, Winston, followed his father into Parliament.

Childhood

Randolph Churchill was born at his parents' house at Eccleston Square, London, on 28 May 1911. His parents nicknamed him "the Chumbolly" before he was born.

His father Winston Churchill was already a leading Liberal Cabinet Minister, and Randolph was christened in the House of Commons crypt on 26 October 1911, with Foreign Secretary Sir Edward Grey and Conservative politician F. E. Smith among his godparents. Randolph and his older sister Diana had for a time to be escorted by plain clothes detectives on their walks in the park, because of threats by suffragettes to kidnap them. He was a page at the marriage of the Prime Minister's daughter Violet Asquith to Maurice Bonham Carter on 1 December 1915.

He recalled the Zeppelin raids of 1917 as "a great treat", as the children were taken from their beds in the middle of the night, wrapped in blankets, and "allowed" to join the grown-ups in the cellar; he also recalled the Armistice celebrations at Blenheim Palace.

He went to Sandroyd School in Wiltshire, and later admitted that he had had a problem with authority and discipline. His headmaster reported to his father that he was "very combative". Winston, who had been neglected by his parents as a small boy, visited his son at prep school as often as possible. Randolph was very good-looking as a child and into his twenties. In his autobiography Twenty-One Years (pp. 24–25) he recorded that at the age of ten he had been "interfered with" by a junior prep school master, who made Randolph touch him sexually, only to leap embarrassed to his feet when a matron came in. At home, a maid overheard Randolph confiding in his sister Diana. He later wrote that he had never seen his father so angry, and that he had made a hundred-mile trip to demand that the teacher be dismissed, only to learn that the teacher had already been sacked.

He remembered that he and Diana returned from ice-skating in Holland Park on 22 June 1922 to find the house guarded and being searched by "tough-looking men" following the assassination of Field Marshal Henry Wilson.

Eton
Winston gave his son a choice of Eton College or Harrow School, and he chose the former. Randolph later wrote "I was lazy and unsuccessful both at work and at games … and was an unpopular boy". He was once said to have been given "six up" (i.e. a beating) by his house's Captain of Games (a senior boy) for being "bloody awful all round". Michael Foot later wrote that this was "the kind of comprehensive verdict which others who had dealings with him were always searching for." He once wrote apologising to his father for "having done so badly and disappointed you so much". During the General Strike he fixed up a secret radio set as his housemaster would not allow him to have one. In November 1926 his headmaster wrote to his father to inform him that he had caned Randolph, then aged 15, after all five of the masters then teaching him had independently reported him for "either being idle or being a bore with his chatter".

As a teenager Randolph fell in love with Diana Mitford, sister of his friend Tom Mitford. Tom Mitford was regarded as having a calming influence on him, although his housemaster Colonel Sheepshanks wrongly suspected Randolph and Tom of being lovers; Randolph replied, "I happen to be in love with his sister".

Randolph was "a loquacious and precocious boy". From his teenage years he was encouraged to attend his father's dinner parties with leading politicians of the day, drink and have his say, and he later recorded that he would simply have laughed at anyone who had suggested that he would not go straight into politics and perhaps even become Prime Minister by his mid-twenties like William Pitt the Younger. His sister later wrote that he "manifestly needed a father's hand" but his father "spoiled and indulged him", and did not take seriously the complaints of his schoolmasters. He was influenced by his godfather Lord Birkenhead (F. E. Smith), an opinionated and heavy-drinking man. Winston Churchill was Chancellor of the Exchequer from late 1924 until 1929. Busy in that office, he neglected his daughters in favour of Randolph, who was his only son. On a visit to Italy in 1927 Winston and Randolph were received by Pope Pius XI. In later life "relations between Winston and Randolph were always uneasy, the father alternately spoiling and being infuriated by the son."

In April 1928 Winston forwarded a satisfactory school report to Clementine, who was in Florence, commenting that Randolph was "developing fast" and would be fit for politics, the bar or journalism and was "far more advanced than I was at his age". His mother replied that "He is certainly going to be an interest, an anxiety & an excitement in our lives". He had cool relations with his mother from an early age, in part because she felt him to be spoiled and arrogant as a result of his father's overindulgence. Clementine's biographer writes that "Randolph was for decades a recurrent embarrassment to both his parents".

In what would turn out to be his final report on leaving Eton, Robert Birley, one of his history teachers, wrote of his native intelligence and writing ability, but added that he found it too easy to get by on little work or with a journalist's knack of spinning a single idea into an essay.

Oxford
Randolph went up to Christ Church, Oxford, in January 1929, partway through the academic year and not yet eighteen, after his father's friend Professor Lindemann had advised that a place had fallen vacant.

In May he spoke for his father at the May 1929 general election. Between August and October 1929 Randolph and his uncle accompanied his father (now out of office) on his lecture tour of the US and Canada. His diary of the trip was later included in Twenty-One Years. On one occasion he impressed his father by delivering an impromptu five-minute reply to a tedious speech by a local cleric. At San Simeon (the mansion of press baron Randolph Hearst) he lost his virginity to the Austrian-born actress Tilly Losch an erstwhile lover of his close friend Tom Mitford.

Randolph was already drinking double brandies at the age of nineteen, to his parents' consternation. He did little work or sport at Oxford and spent most of his time at lengthy lunch and dinner parties with other well-connected undergraduates and with dons who enjoyed being entertained by them. Randolph later claimed that he had benefited from the experience, but at the time his lifestyle earned him a magisterial letter of rebuke from his father (29 December 1929), warning him that he was "not acquiring any habits of industry or concentration" and that he would withdraw him from Oxford if he did not knuckle down to study. Winston Churchill had also received a similar and oft-quoted letter of rebuke from his own father, Lord Randolph Churchill, at almost exactly the same age.

Speaking tour of the US
Randolph dropped out of Oxford in October 1930 to conduct a lecture tour of the US. He was already in debt; his mother guessed correctly that he would never finish his degree. Contrary to his later claims, his father attempted to dissuade him at the time.

Unlike his father, who had become a powerful orator through much practice, and whose speeches always required extensive preparation, public speaking came easily to Randolph. His son later recorded that this was a mixed blessing: "because of the very facility with which he could speak extemporaneously [he] failed to make the effort required to bring him more success".

Randolph very nearly married Kay Halle of Cleveland, Ohio, seven years his senior. His father wrote begging him not to be so foolish as to marry before he had established a career. Clementine visited him in December, using money Winston had given her to buy a small car. Contrary to newspaper reports that she had crossed the Atlantic to put a stop to the wedding, she only learned of the engagement when she arrived. She found Randolph, to her horror, living in an extravagant suite of hotel rooms, but was able to write to Miss Halle's father, who agreed that it would be unwise for their children to marry.

Clementine wrote to her husband of one of Randolph's lectures "Frankly, it was not at all good" and commented that he should have had it well-practised by now, although she was impressed by his delivery. She went home in April 1931, having enjoyed Randolph's company in New York. She would later look back on the trip with nostalgia.

Randolph's lecture tour earned him $12,000 (£2,500 at the then rate of exchange, roughly £150,000 at 2020 prices). By the time of his mother's arrival he had already spent £1,000 in three months, despite being on a £400 annual parental allowance. He left the US owing $2,000 to his father's friend, the financier Bernard Baruch; a debt which he did not repay for thirty years.

Early 1930s
In October 1931 Randolph began a lecture tour of the UK. He lost £600 by betting wrongly on the results of the General Election; his father paid his debts on condition he gave up his chauffeur-driven Bentley, a more extravagant car than his father drove. In 1931 he shared Edward James's house in London with John Betjeman. By the early 1930s Randolph was working as a journalist for the Rothermere press. He wrote in an article in 1932 that he planned to "make an immense fortune and become Prime Minister" He warned that the Nazis meant war as early as March 1932 in his Daily Graphic column; his son Winston later claimed that he was the first British journalist to warn about Hitler.

In 1932 Winston Churchill had Philip Laszlo paint an idealised portrait of his son for his 21st birthday. Winston Churchill organised a "Fathers and Sons" dinner at Claridge's for his birthday on 16 June 1932, with Lord Hailsham and his son Quintin Hogg, Lord Cranborne and Freddie Birkenhead, the son of Winston's late friend FE Smith. Also present were Admiral of the Fleet Earl Beatty and his son, and Oswald Mosley (then still seen as a coming man). That year Randolph flew into a rage with Lord Beaverbrook, when his Daily Express singled him out in a story on the sons of great men, which sneered that "major fathers as a rule breed minor sons, so our little London peacocks had better tone down their fine feathers." "The function of the gossip writer", said Randolph, "is not among those which commend themselves mostly highly to my generation" (in middle age Randolph would himself become a highly paid London gossip columnist).

Randolph reported from the German elections in July 1932. Randolph encouraged his father to try to meet Adolf Hitler in summer 1932 whilst he was retracing the Duke of Marlborough's march to Blenheim (Winston was writing the Duke's life at the time); the meeting fell through at the last minute as Hitler excused himself. Randolph had an affair with Doris Castlerosse in 1932, causing a near fight with her husband. She later claimed to have had an affair with his father Winston in the mid 1930s, although Winston's biographer Andrew Roberts believes the latter claim unlikely to be true.

Randolph, then aged just 21, was sent to Paraguay in August 1932 by Beaverbrook's Daily Express. Just after his arrival in Asunción, he conducted an interview with Major Arturo Bray Riquelme, Director of the Military School and Commander of the R.I. 6 "Boquerón", formed from the officers and cadets of the Paraguayan Military School; this report was published in the Daily Express on Thursday, August 11, 1932, when the R.I. 6 was in full preparation to depart or at the war front in the Chaco. Arturo Bray was highly requested by the British Press, as the English knew that Bray was a British officer, hero of World War I, awarded with the highest medals of bravery bestowed by Britain and France.

At Lady Diana Cooper's fortieth birthday party in Venice that year a woman was deliberately burned on her hand with a cigarette by a thwarted lover, and Randolph sprang to her defence.

Randolph also became embroiled in the controversy of the February 1933 King and Country debate at the Oxford Union Society. Three weeks after the Union had passed a pacifist motion, Randolph and his friend Lord Stanley proposed a resolution to delete the previous motion from the Union's records. After a poor speech from Stanley, the president, Frank Hardie, temporarily handed over the chair to the librarian and opposed the motion on behalf of the Union, a very unusual move. The minutes record that he received "a very remarkable ovation". Randolph was then met by a barrage of hisses and stink bombs. His speech, facing what the minutes describe as a "very antipathetic and even angry house" was "unfortunate in his manner and phrasing" and was met with "delighted jeers". He then attempted to withdraw the motion. Hardie was willing to permit this, but an ex-president pointed out from the floor that a vote of the whole house was required to allow a motion to be withdrawn. The request to withdraw was defeated by acclamation and the motion was then defeated by 750 votes to 138 (a far better attendance than the original debate had attained). Randolph had persuaded a number of other former students, life members of the Union, to attend in the hope of carrying his motion. A bodyguard of Oxford Conservatives and police escorted Churchill back to his hotel after the debate. Sir Edward Heath recorded in his memoirs that after the debate some of the undergraduates had been intent on debagging him. Winston Churchill wrote praising his son's courage in addressing a large, hostile audience, adding that "he was by no means cowed".

Randolph's good looks and self-confidence soon brought him some success as a womaniser, but his attempt to seduce one young woman at Blenheim failed after she spent the night in bed for protection with his cousin Anita Leslie, while Randolph sat on the side of the bed talking at length of "when I am prime minister". Randolph, who had been lucky not to be named in court as one of her lovers, also comforted a tearful Tilly Losch in public at Quaglino's after her divorce in 1934, to the amusement of the other diners and the waiters.

In the 1930s, Winston's overindulgence of his son was one of several causes of coolness between him and Clementine. Clementine several times threw him out of Chartwell after arguments; at one time Clementine told Randolph she hated him and never wanted to see him again.

Early political career
Randolph Churchill's political career (like that of his son) was not as successful as that of his father or grandfather Lord Randolph Churchill. In an attempt to assert his own political standing he announced in January 1935 that he was a candidate in the Wavertree by-election in Liverpool; on 6 February 1935, an Independent Conservative on a platform of rearmament and opposition to Indian Home Rule. His campaign was funded by Lucy, Lady Houston, an eccentric ardent nationalist who owned the Saturday Review. In an attempt to encourage Randolph, Lady Houston sent him a poem:

    When the truth is told at Wavertree
    Wavertree will set India free
    And Socialist Mac will be up a tree
    With all his lies and hypocrisy
    Your Indian kinsfolk from over the sea
    Are crying to thee
    To save them from horrors you cannot see
    Gallant Randolph can set them free
    For Randolph is brave and Randolph has youth
    And is boldly determined to tell the truth
    Pitt war premier at twenty three
    So why not he?

The poem was widely disseminated in the press - but without the unflattering references to 'Socialist Mac[Donald],' who at the time was still Prime Minister of the Conservative-dominated National Government.

His involvement was criticised by his father for splitting the official Conservative vote and letting in a winning Labour candidate, although Winston appeared to support Randolph on the hustings. Michael Foot was an eyewitness at Wavertree, where he blamed Baldwin's India policy for hurting the Lancashire cotton trade. When he asked rhetorically, "And who is responsible for putting Liverpool where she is today?" a heckler shouted, "Blackburn Rovers!". "He collected 10,000 Independent votes in a few days and handed the seat on a platter to the Labour Party" as Foot later put it.

In March 1935, again with financial backing from Lady Houston, he sponsored an Independent Conservative candidate, Richard Findlay, also a member of the British Union of Fascists, to stand in a by-election in Norwood.  This attracted no backing from MPs or the press, and Findlay lost to the official Conservative candidate, Duncan Sandys, who in September that year became Randolph's brother-in-law, marrying his sister Diana. He had a violent row with his father about Norwood; Winston did not support him in any way this time, although he was suspected by other Conservatives of having done so. Duncan Sandys was the only one of Randolph's Conservative opponents to win; Randolph soon became jealous when Sandys joined the family and Churchill warmed to him.

Having blamed Baldwin and the party organization for his loss, Randolph libelled Sir Thomas White. Over the summer he was summoned to the High Court to pay damages of £1,000; when advised that without an apology his career in politics was over, he immediately backtracked.

Randolph Churchill was an effective manipulator of the media, using his family name to obtain coverage in newspapers such as the Daily Mail. In the November 1935 general election he stood as the official Conservative candidate at Labour-held West Toxteth; reportedly he was so unwelcome that they threw bananas. The Earl of Derby lent his support, and Randolph continued to aid the Conservative campaigning across the city. He stood for Parliament a third time, as a Unionist on 10 February 1936 in a by-election at Ross and Cromarty, opposed to the National Government candidacy of Malcolm MacDonald. Randolph's campaign was funded by Lady Houston for a third time. It was long and lively, carried out in wintry conditions in which Randolph and the other candidates drove many miles over narrow mountain tracks, carrying spades in their cars to dig themselves out of snowdrifts, to reach far areas of the large constituency. But although Randolph enjoyed it all enormously, he was defeated again. This embarrassed his father, who was hoping to be offered a Cabinet position at this time.

In September 1936, at his father's behest, Randolph pursued his younger sister Sarah to the US in a vain attempt to dissuade her from marrying the much older comedian Vic Oliver.

Lady Houston had backed Randolph's three attempts to stand for Parliament. He was better backed financially than his father had ever been. This support came to a halt when she died late in 1936. Freddie Birkenhead remarked that he was "unbowed but bloody as usual". Thereafter he used his employment as a Beaverbrook/Rothermere journalist to promote his political career and to warn of the dangers of Hitler. In 1937 he tried in vain to get an invitation from Unity Mitford to meet Hitler. The diarist "Chips" Channon speculated (15 April) that if Winston Churchill were to return to office under the new Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain the outcome might be "an explosion of foolishness after a short time", war with Germany or even "a seat for Randolph". Churchill warned the House of Commons (19 July 1937) that there were twelve-inch Spanish howitzers trained on Gibraltar. Channon recorded that this reduced the House's sympathies for Franco, but that when the House learned that the source was "Master Randolph" (as he described him) MPs were merely amused.

Virginia Cowles first met Randolph in New York in the early 1930s. He helped her to get a visa to report from the USSR in February 1939. She praised his courage but wrote that "going out with him was like going out with a time bomb. Wherever he went an explosion seemed to follow. With a natural and brilliant gift of oratory, and a disregard for the opinions of his elders, he often held dinner parties pinned in a helpless and angry silence. I never knew a young man who had the ability to antagonise so easily." At a dinner at Blenheim for Lady Sarah Spencer-Churchill's 18th birthday in July 1939 a drunk Randolph had to be removed after behaving badly to a woman who spurned his advances and starting a row with another man over Winston's reputation.

Military service

Early war, marriage and Parliament
In August 1938, Randolph Churchill joined his father's old regiment, the 4th Queen's Own Hussars, receiving a commission as a second lieutenant in the supplementary reserve, and was called up for active service on 24 August 1939. He was one of the oldest of the junior officers, and not popular with his peers. In order to win a bet, he walked the 106-mile round trip from their base in Hull to York and back in under 24 hours. He was followed by a car, both to witness the event and in case his blisters became too painful to walk further, and made it with around twenty minutes to spare.  To his great annoyance, his brother officers did not pay up.

On the outbreak of war, Randolph's father was appointed First Lord of the Admiralty. He sent Captain Lord Louis Mountbatten, along with Lieutenant Randolph Churchill, aboard  (which was based at Plymouth at the time) to Cherbourg to bring the Duke and Duchess of Windsor back to England from their exile. Randolph was on board the destroyer untidily attired in his 4th Hussars uniform; he had attached the spurs to his boots upside down. The Duke was mildly shocked and insisted on bending down to fit Randolph's spurs correctly.

Randolph was in love with Laura Charteris (she did not reciprocate) but his mistress at the time was the American actress Claire Luce, who often visited him in camp. He appears to have decided that as Winston's only son, it was his duty to marry and sire an heir in case he was killed, a common motivation among young men at the time. He quickly became engaged to Pamela Digby in late September 1939. It was rumoured that Randolph had proposed to eight women in the previous few weeks, and Pamela's friends and parents were not pleased about the match. She was charmed by Randolph's parents, both of whom warmed to her and felt she would be a good influence on him. They were married in October 1939. On their wedding night, Randolph read her chunks of Edward Gibbon's The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. She managed to become pregnant by the spring of 1940.

In May 1940, Randolph's father, to whom he remained close both politically and socially, became Prime Minister, just as the Battle of France was beginning. In the summer of 1940, Winston Churchill's secretary, Jock Colville, wrote (Fringes of Power p. 207) "I thought Randolph one of the most objectionable people I had ever met: noisy, self-assertive, whining and frankly unpleasant. He did not strike me as intelligent. At dinner he was anything but kind to Winston, who adores him". The polemic against appeasement Guilty Men (July 1940), in fact written anonymously by Michael Foot, Frank Owen, and Peter Howard, was wrongly attributed to Randolph Churchill.

Randolph was elected unopposed to Parliament for Preston at a wartime by-election in September 1940. Soon afterwards, his son Winston was born on 10 October 1940. During the first year of marriage, Randolph had no home of his own until Brendan Bracken found them a vicarage at Ickleford, near Hitchin, Hertfordshire. Pamela often had to ask Winston to pay Randolph's gambling debts.

North Africa
It was widely suspected, including by Randolph himself, that secret orders had been given that the 4th Hussars were not to be sent into action (they were, as soon as Randolph transferred out). Randolph transferred to No. 8 (Guards) Commando. In February 1941 they were sent out, a six-week journey via the Cape of Good Hope and the East Coast of Africa, avoiding the Central Mediterranean where the Italian navy and Axis air forces were strong. Randolph, who was still earning £1,500 per annum as a Lord Beaverbrook journalist, lost £3,000 gambling on the voyage. Pamela had to go to Beaverbrook, who refused her an advance on Randolph's salary. Declining his offer of an outright gift (it is unclear whether submitting to his sexual advances was a condition), she sold her wedding presents, including jewellery; took a job in Beaverbrook's ministry, arranging accommodation for workers being redeployed around the country; sublet her home and moved into a cheap room on the top floor of The Dorchester (very risky during the Blitz). By accepting hospitality from others most evenings she was able to put her entire salary towards paying Randolph's debts. She may also have had a miscarriage at this time. The marriage was as good as over, and she soon began an affair with her future husband Averell Harriman, who was also staying at the Dorchester at the time.

Once in Egypt, Randolph served as a General Staff (Intelligence) officer at Middle East HQ. Averell Harriman visited Randolph in Cairo in June 1941 to bring him news of his family. Randolph, who himself had a long-term mistress and several casual girlfriends at the time, had no idea yet that he was being cuckolded. He had recently been reduced to tears on being told to his face by a brother officer how deeply disliked he was, something of which he had previously had no idea. On 28 October 1941 he was promoted to the war-substantive rank of captain (acting rank of major) and put in charge of Army information at GHQ. For a time he edited a newspaper, Desert News, for the troops. He lived at Shepheard's Hotel. Anita Leslie, then in an ambulance company, wrote that "he could not cease trumpeting his opinions and older men could be seen turning purple with anger" and that he was "insufferable".

On leave in January 1942, he criticised the Tories for exculpating Winston Churchill's decision to defend Greece and Crete. He was sensitive to the "co-operation and self-sacrifice" of parts of the Empire that in 1942 were in more immediate danger than the British Isles, mentioning Australia and Malaya which suffered under Japanese threats of invasion. He was scathing of Sir Herbert Williams' Official Report into the Conduct of the War.

His father, who was under great stress following recent Japanese victories in the Far East, visited him briefly in Cairo in spring 1942. Randolph had a row with his parents so violent that Clementine thought Winston might have a seizure. In April 1942 he volunteered for the newly formed SAS – to his mother's dismay, because of the strain on his father. She contemplated cabling him forbidding him to go, but knew that Winston would want him to. He joined the SAS CO David Stirling and six SAS men on a mission behind enemy lines in the Libyan Desert to Benghazi in May 1942. The Benghazi Raid did not reach its goals and Randolph severely dislocated his back when his truck overturned in a road accident during the journey home. After a stay in Cairo he was invalided back to England. Randolph had sent few letters to Pamela, and many to Laura Charteris, with whom he was in love and who was in the process of getting divorced. Evelyn Waugh recorded that Pamela "hates him so much that she can't sit in a room with him". By November 1942 Randolph had formally left her; his parents, who adored their baby grandson Winston, sympathised with Pamela.

In November 1942 he visited Morocco to witness the American landings. Randolph encouraged the conversion of Vichy fighters to de Gaulle's army, submitting reports to Parliament on 23 February 1943. In May 1943 Randolph visited his father in Algiers, where he was celebrating the successful conclusion of the Tunisian Campaign. Randolph, along with his sister Sarah, accompanied his father to the Tehran Conference in November 1943. On the way back they quarrelled again about his failed marriage, which may have contributed to the serious heart attack which Winston Churchill suffered at Tunis. He visited his father, who was laid up with pneumonia, in Marrakesh in December 1943 (General Alexander gave him a lift on his plane). He was promoted to the temporary rank of major on 9 December.

Yugoslavia
Randolph had encountered Fitzroy Maclean in the Western Desert Campaign. Winston Churchill agreed to Randolph accepting Maclean's offer to join his military and diplomatic mission (Macmis) to Tito's Partisans in Yugoslavia, warning him not to get captured in case the Gestapo sent him Randolph's fingers one by one. He returned to England for training then in January or February 1944 he parachuted into Yugoslavia. Tom Mitford was also present in the group. He was later joined in Yugoslavia by Evelyn Waugh and Freddie Birkenhead. Round about this time he lost a bet to read various books of the Bible without speaking, but never paid up.

After the German airdrop outside Tito's Drvar headquarters in June 1944 ("Operation Knight's Leap") Randolph was awarded the MBE in August, having been recommended for a Military Cross. Fitzroy Maclean reported highly of his abilities at this stage. However, Maclean wrote of their adventures together, and some of the problems Churchill caused him, in his memoir Eastern Approaches. Tito had barely managed to evade the Germans and Churchill and Evelyn Waugh arrived on the island of Vis and met him on 10 July. In July 1944 he and Waugh were among the ten survivors of a Dakota crash. He suffered spinal and knee injuries. He cried when he learned that his servant had been killed, but behaved with "his usual loud rudeness" as an invalid. After discharge from hospital in Bari (in the "heel" of Italy), he convalesced with Duff and Diana Cooper in Algiers. His father visited him in Algiers on his way to Italy—they discussed French and British politics.

Randolph was ordered by Maclean to take charge of the military mission in Croatia. By September he was back in Yugoslavia, where Waugh recorded that he was drunk most days, needed to have things repeated back to him when sober, and behaved awfully even when sober. Waugh described him as "a flabby bully who rejoices in blustering and shouting down anyone weaker than himself and starts squealing as soon as he meets anyone as strong—he is a bore—with no intellectual invention or agility. He has a childlike retentive memory, and repetition takes the place of thought. He has set himself very low aims and has not the self-control to pursue them steadfastly." Lovell wrote that every observer, including Duff Cooper and Anita Leslie, recorded frequent "drunken ranting" from him at this period. On good days he could be excellent company. With Waugh he established a military mission at Topusko on 16 September 1944. One outcome was a formidable report detailing Tito's persecution of the clergy. It was "buried" by Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden (who also attempted to discredit Waugh) to save diplomatic embarrassment, as Tito was then seen as a required ally of Britain and an official "friend".

Tom Mitford, one of Randolph's few close friends, was killed in Burma, where the campaign was approaching its final stages, in March 1945.

Post-war
Having been demobilised with the war-substantive rank of captain, Randolph received a reserve commission in the 4th Hussars as a second lieutenant on 28 May 1946. He was promoted to captain on 1 November 1947, and remained in the reserves for the next 14 years. He relinquished his commission on 28 May 1961, retiring an honorary major.

Loss of parliamentary seat
Randolph's attendance in the Commons was irregular and patchy, which may have contributed to his defeat in July 1945. He had assumed he would hold his seat in 1945, but did not (he never actually won a contested election to Parliament).

Randolph had a blazing row with his father and Brendan Bracken at a dinner at Claridge's on 31 August. The argument was about his father's planned war memoirs, and Randolph stalked off from the table as he disliked being spoken to abruptly by his father in public. His father had misunderstood him to be talking about getting the help of a literary agent, whereas Randolph was in fact urging his father to get tax advice from lawyers, as indeed he eventually did. Randolph had to write later that day explaining himself.

Second marriage
Randolph was divorced from Pamela in 1946. His sister writes that after the war he led a "rampaging existence" as "he always had lances to break, and hares to start". He was loyal and affectionate, but "would pick an argument with a chair". Winston declared that he had a "deep animal love" for Randolph but that "every time we meet we seem to have a bloody row". Randolph believed that he could control his temper by willpower, but he could not do this when drunk and alcohol "fuelled his sense of thwarted destiny". His father no longer had the energy for argument, so reduced the time he spent with Randolph and the amount he confided in him. Randolph maintained good written relations with his mother, but she could not stand arguments and often retreated to her room when he visited. She was able to help him out of his financial difficulties, which he acknowledged, "spared him much humiliation".

As Winston Churchill's relations with his son cooled, he lavished affection on a series of surrogate sons, including Brendan Bracken and Randolph's brothers-in-law Duncan Sandys and, from 1947, Christopher Soames, as well as, to a certain extent, Anthony Eden. Randolph loathed all these men. He had still not entirely abandoned his youthful fantasy of one day becoming Prime Minister, and resented Eden's position as his father's political heir. Randolph used to refer to Eden as "Jerk Eden".

Noël Coward quipped that Randolph was "utterly unspoiled by failure". He was blackballed from the Beefsteak Club and on one occasion was slapped twice across the face by Duff Cooper at the Paris Embassy for making an obnoxious remark. He reported on the Red Army parade from Moscow. He was still trying to persuade Laura Charteris to marry him. Although they were on-off lovers, she told friends that Randolph needed a mother rather than a wife. In 1948 he tried to persuade Pamela to take him back, but she declined and, having converted to Catholicism, obtained a full annulment, soon beginning a relationship with Gianni Agnelli. Randolph accepted that he could never have Laura, with whom he had been in love for much of his adult life.

He courted June Osborne, his junior by eleven years. She was the daughter of Australia-born Colonel Rex Hamilton Osborne, D.S.O., M.C., of Little Ingleburn, Malmesbury, Wiltshire. Mary Lovell describes her as "a vulnerable and needy girl-woman". They had a stormy three-month courtship, during which at one point June, high on a mixture of Benzedrine and wine, ran toward the River Thames and threatened suicide, calling the police and accusing Randolph of indecent assault when he tried to prevent her. Evelyn Waugh wrote to Randolph (14 October 1948) that June "must be possessed of magnificent courage" to marry him. On 23 October he wrote to June at Randolph's request, urging her to see Randolph's good side, calling him "a domestic and home-loving character who has never had a home". Randolph and June were married in November 1948.

Randolph's son Winston, then aged eight, remembered June as "a beautiful lady with long, blonde hair" who made an effort to bond with her young stepson. Diana Cooper guessed at once after their honeymoon that Randolph and June were unsuited to one another. They had a daughter, Arabella (1949–2007). The marriage soon deteriorated; his sister Mary later wrote that "He does not seem to have possessed the aptitudes for marriage".

1950s

Candidate for Plymouth and Korean War
Randolph stood unsuccessfully for the Parliamentary seat of Plymouth Devonport in February 1950. His opponent Michael Foot wrote that he talked as though Plymouth belonged to him, and issued "a brilliant cascade of abuse" in all directions, including his own party workers.

Randolph reported on the Korean War from August 1950, six weeks after the initial North Korean invasion of the south. The American and South Korean forces were bottled into a perimeter around Pusan and Taegu. His father gave him a handwritten letter of introduction to General Douglas MacArthur. This was dangerous work: 17 war correspondents were killed, either by enemy fire or in air crashes, including the correspondents of The Times and the Daily Telegraph. Randolph was wounded on patrol near the Naktong River. Before seeking treatment he insisted on finishing his copy and giving it to the crew of a plane bound for Hong Kong.

While dining in Hong Kong, he had an altercation with the restaurant staff, who then proceeded to get the manually-operated lift stuck between floors, and to "accidentally" get grease on his new sharkskin suit while hauling him out. While Winston Churchill was researching his biography of his father, Alan Whicker, who had been Randolph's dining companion for the evening, confirmed the account which Randolph had given to his son at the time. He returned to Korea to report on the Inchon Landings, the liberation of Seoul and the UN forces' crossing of the 38th Parallel. He then returned to the UK for an operation (6 February 1951) on his wounded leg.

Mary Lovell records that repeated stories of Randolph's drunkenness, foul temper and financial difficulties date from this period. On one occasion, probably around this time, he became drunk and abusive in the first class cabin of a BOAC flight and had to be put off the plane at the earliest opportunity (the incident was hushed up to avoid embarrassing his father). Evelyn Waugh visited him in hospital, noting that there was no sign of his wife June, and observed that he had thought his own life dull "but when I see the alternative I am consoled".

Randolph was involved in an altercation on board a train at Nottingham on 22 February 1951. He was denied entry to the locked restaurant car by a railway employee, then later asked by the same man to leave the reserved seat in which he had been sitting. While he stood smoking in the corridor, the man (by Randolph's account) taunted him that he was "in the soup again". Randolph called the man "a bastard". At the next station Randolph was questioned by a plain-clothes policeman who had been summoned to board the train. The railwayman actually was illegitimate and he sued Randolph for slander, his lawyers arguing that it was "not in the public interest" for this fact to be revealed. The eminent barrister Sir Hartley Shawcross finally persuaded him to withdraw his lawsuit after eighteen months of correspondence.

He stood for Parliament for Devonport again in 1951. In 1951, as in 1950, Foot and Randolph exchanged invective in public, but got on well in private, often meeting for a drink at the end of the day when Randolph had been deserted by his own party workers, with whom he had a poor relationship. Foot and his wife Jill Craigie would sometimes even escort Randolph back to his train. Michael Foot later said to one of Randolph's researchers: "You and I belong to the most exclusive club in London: the friends of Randolph Churchill".

Having lost every parliamentary contest he ever fought (he had got in unopposed in 1940), he was desperately disappointed not to be able to get back into Parliament as the Conservatives returned to power.

Early 1950s: Winston's peacetime premiership
In the days after the 1951 general election, while his father was forming a government, Randolph amused himself by ringing up Conservative MPs who hurried to the phone on being told that "Mr Churchill" wished to speak to them urgently, assuming that they were about to be offered a ministerial position. During the post-war era Anthony Eden remained the Prime Minister's designated successor, yet when Eden married Clarissa Churchill in 1952, Randolph could hardly contain his utter contempt for his cousin's new husband. He dubbed his ranting phone calls the "Eden Terror". Randolph had long been jealous of Anthony Eden, and often wrote articles critical of him in the London Evening Standard. These articles helped to harm Eden's reputation. Eden did not reply in public, but complained privately to John Colville.

Randolph was a Gold Staff Officer at the Coronation in 1953. In a speech at a Foyle's literary luncheon at the Dorchester in September 1953 Randolph, who "had had a few drinks" asked why a rich man like the press baron Lord Rothermere (his former employer) needed to "prostitute" himself by printing details about the private lives of public figures, which Randolph described as "pornography for pornography's sake". Rothermere was not initially worried by this or the next speech. Randolph repeated his accusation at the Manchester Publishing Association on 7 October 1953 and in another speech. His lawyer and Sir Hartley Shawcross had both urged him to go ahead.

When sober Randolph could still be excellent company, as even his mother admitted, and could even switch off his "temper" when told that lunch was ready. He was assisted by Alan Brien to write the life of Lord Derby; while researching it in 1953, Randolph and June lived at Oving House near Aylesbury, which got him away from White's Club and his gambling friends. The family trustees agreed to buy Stour House, East Bergholt, near Colchester. For the first time he had a proper home of his own.

However, his marriage continued to deteriorate, with occasional reports that he had blacked his wife's eye or that she had left to stay with friends, or that she had flung all her clothes out of a window. There was one furious row at Chartwell, described as "gruesome" by June and "his familiar rudeness" by Mary Lovell. He called his brother-in-law Christopher Soames "a shit" and Eden "a jerk" while his father, still Prime Minister at the time, was so "shaken with fury" that he seemed about to have a seizure. Randolph retired upstairs for a further noisy row with his wife, declaring that he would never see his father again. Sir Winston patched up the argument at 1am.  On one occasion he reduced Queen's Restaurant in Sloane Square to silence by shouting at June over dinner that she was "a paltry little middle-class bitch always anxious to please and failing owing to her dismal manners". Eventually another diner remonstrated with him for speaking to his wife in that way; Randolph rebuked him for interfering in a private conversation, only to be told that it sounded like a public conversation to him. This may well have been the final straw, and June finally left him about a year later, in the summer of 1954.

Even on the eve of his father's resignation, Randolph told his cousin Clarissa Eden that he did not approve of her husband becoming Prime Minister.

Winston Churchill had declined a peerage at the end of the Second World War in 1945 (being offered the Dukedom of Dover), and then did so again on his retirement in 1955 (when he was offered the Dukedom of London), ostensibly so as not to compromise his son's political career by preventing him from serving in the House of Commons (life peerages, titles not inherited by sons, were not created until 1958).  The main reason was actually that Winston himself wanted to remain in the Commons—but by 1955, when his father resigned as Prime Minister, Randolph's political career was "already hopeless".

Late 1950s
Randolph introduced his father to Aristotle Onassis, on whose yacht Christina he was often to cruise, in January 1956.

He set up a private company, "Country Bumpkins", to market his pamphlet "What I said about the Press" (in his speeches in 1953), which most newsagents refused to stock, and soon found himself involved in a libel case. He was carefully briefed on precise details both of facts and of the intricacies of the law. He was very quick-witted under cross-examination. His political opponent Michael Foot spoke on his behalf in court in October 1956, risking his own job on the Daily Herald. He was awarded £5,000 damages in 1958. His son writes that he had been "completely self-controlled".

There is evidence that on a trip to the USA in this period, he fathered a daughter, Rhonda Noonan, in Oklahoma whom he placed for a closed adoption.  Paternity has not been established since no biological relative will comment on the question or provide a DNA sample to establish a likely blood relationship.

In January 1958 June filed for divorce from Randolph. He fell in love with Natalie Bevan when she called on him, a case of the 'thunderbolt' of sudden infatuation, witnessed by Patrick Kinross who was there at the time. She was accepted as his companion by the Churchill family, visiting Chartwell, Hyde Park Gate and the Christina. Although they became lovers in the late 1950s, Natalie remained married to her husband and never lived with Randolph.

In November 1958 he gatecrashed a dinner in his father's honour at the British Embassy in Paris (Sir Winston was receiving the Croix de Liberation from Charles de Gaulle, now returned to power in France); to general relief his mother, with whom he had not spoken in two years, addressed him as "dear boy".

In November and December 1958 Randolph published six articles in the Daily Express about the Suez Crisis. Soon afterward he published The Rise and Fall of Sir Anthony Eden (1959). Questions were asked about it in the House, and Evelyn Waugh called the book "despicable". Clement Attlee reviewed the book as "singularly offensive and inaccurate" and wrote that "Readers of this book will not learn much about Sir Anthony Eden, but they should get a full appreciation of Mr Randolph Churchill". Sir Winston was deeply embarrassed about the book: Attlee later told Eden that Churchill had told him that he should have made his review stronger, while Sir Winston told Eden that he saw little of Randolph these days and that whenever they met, as Eden recorded, "they only had a flaming row. Clemmie nodded sad assent". Eden's biographer Robert Rhodes James described the book as "a diatribe … best forgotten".

Since February 1959, as soon as it was clear that Nigel Nicolson was in trouble with his local Association, Randolph's open wish to be MP for Bournemouth was the subject of much press talk. He was interviewed for the candidacy by the local Conservative Association in May, but was not placed on the shortlist. This was his last attempt to enter Parliament; it had not helped his case that in Liverpool 25 years earlier he had said "I don't want to go into Parliament to represent a lot of stuffy old ladies in Bournemouth, I want to fight for really hard-pressed people".

Journalism
Randolph inherited something of his father's literary flair, carving out a successful career for himself as a journalist. He edited the "Londoner's Diary" in the Evening Standard and was one of the best-paid gossip columnists on Fleet Street. He edited collections of his father's speeches, which were published in seven books between 1938 and 1961.

Although he had no sentimental illusions about colonial peoples, he had no time for regimes based on supposed white superiority. He reported on Cyprus (where the British Army was fighting insurgents in the late 1950s) and Algeria (where French rule was coming to an end in the late 1950s and early 1960s). He particularly disliked the police state of South Africa, and on entering the country he was detained in customs for insisting on giving his thumbprint in ink (as a black person was expected to do) rather than signing the relevant entry form, until it was confirmed that he was entitled to do so. He obtained an interview with Hendrik Verwoerd, who was surrounded by revolver-toting bodyguards after addressing a rally in Boer territory. He particularly abhorred the Sharpeville Massacre, believing that "10 London bobbies" could have dispersed the crowd relatively peacefully.

1960s

Natalie and relations with parents
In 1960 Randolph published the life of Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby (described by Robert Blake as "a reputable if rather dull book" about a "dull man") to prove to the trustees of his father's papers that he was fit to write his official biography. In May 1960 Sir Winston Churchill approved of Randolph's writing his life. "At last his life had found a purpose" his son later wrote.

Natalie Bevan declined his proposal of marriage in August 1960, but by then they had settled into a stable relationship. Winston Churchill (the younger) never heard Randolph have a row with her. Jonathan Aitken and Michael Wolff were eyewitnesses to Bobby Bevan bringing Natalie over for the evening and waiting patiently downstairs while she and Randolph enjoyed a Cinq à sept. His divorce from his wife June became final in 1961. The locals called him "the Beast of Bergholt" and he had a reputation for not paying small tradesmen. His researchers included Martin Gilbert, Michael Wolff, Franklin Gannon, Milo Cripps, Michael Molian, Martin Mauthner and Andrew Kerr.

Jonathan Aitken first met him at Cherkley Court, the home of Aitken's great-uncle Lord Beaverbrook, where he was having a stand-up blazing row with the journalist Hugh Cudlipp who had made the mistake of criticising his father. In the early 1960s, after they had spoken together at an Oxford Union debate the previous evening, Randolph invited Aitken to drive him back to London and join him for lunch with his parents at 28 Hyde Park Gate. After Randolph had insisted on stopping three times for drinks on the way, they arrived late and with Randolph smelling of drink. Aitken beat a hasty retreat as Randolph had a blazing row with his mother while Sir Winston, then in his late 80s, turned red, shook his legs and beat his walking sticks together with anger.

Winston Churchill's secretary Anthony Montague Browne recorded an incident on board Aristotle Onassis's yacht in June 1963, in which Randolph "erupted like Stromboli", shouting abuse at his aged father, whom he accused of having connived for political reasons with his then wife's affair with Averell Harriman during the war, and calling a female diner who attempted to intervene "a gabby doll". Browne wrote that "[n]othing short of hitting him over the head with a bottle" would have stopped him. ... I had previously discounted the tales I had heard of Randolph. Now I believed them all." Sir Winston, too old to argue back, was physically shaking with rage, so that it was feared he might have another stroke, and afterwards made clear that he wanted his son off the boat. As he was taken off the next day (Onassis had got rid of him by arranging for him to interview the King of Greece) he was in tears, declaring his love for his father.

Conservative leadership contest, 1963
Randolph often reported on American politics, and in Washington, DC he often stayed with his former fiancée Kay Halle, who was by then an important Washington hostess during the Democratic administrations of the 1960s. Parties with Washington insiders were often enlivened by his displays of what Aitken describes as Randolph's "boorish aggression and drunken bad manners". The American journalist Joseph Alsop stalked off from one conversation muttering that Randolph should entitle his memoirs "How to Lose Friends and Influence Nobody".

In October 1963 he was in Washington (where he phoned through the news of Prime Minister Harold Macmillan's illness and impending resignation to President Kennedy). He flew home then travelled to Blackpool, where the Conservative Party Conference was in session. Randolph supported Lord Hailsham for the leadership rather than Macmillan's deputy Rab Butler. He knocked on the door of Butler's hotel room and urged him to withdraw from the contest, stressing the 60 telegrams which had been sent to him in support of Hailsham, many of them concocted by his team at East Bergholt. He distributed "Q" (for "Quintin", Lord Hailsham's first name) badges, pinning them on people; he tried to pin one on Lord Dilhorne's buttock without his noticing, but accidentally stabbed him with the pin, causing him to bellow with pain. After talking to Jonathan Aitken, who was working for Selwyn Lloyd at the time, he put £1,000 on the eventual winner Alec Douglas-Home at 6–1 to countervail his bet on Hailsham. Maurice Macmillan, Julian Amery and others were heard to say of Randolph's antics on behalf of Hailsham "if anyone can balls it up, Randolph can". He still hoped, somewhat unrealistically, for a peerage in Macmillan's resignation honours at the end of 1963.

In 1964 Churchill published The Fight for the Party Leadership. The former Cabinet minister Iain Macleod wrote a review in The Spectator strongly critical of Randolph's book, and alleging that Macmillan had manipulated the process of "soundings" to ensure that Butler was not chosen as his successor. Robert Blake wrote that Randolph was "blown out of the water" by Macleod's article (17 January 1964) and "for once … had no comeback".

Final years and biography of his father
In 1964 Randolph was laid low by bronchopneumonia which left him so frail he could only whisper. Later in the year he had a tumour, which turned out to be benign, removed from his lung. His mother visited him frequently in hospital after his lung operation. Randolph and Evelyn Waugh had barely spoken for 12 years, but they restored friendly relations that spring; Waugh commented that "It was a typical triumph of modern science to find the one part of Randolph which was not malignant and to remove it."

At his father's funeral in January 1965 Randolph walked for an hour in the intense cold, despite being not yet fully recovered from his lung operation. After his father's death, Randolph's relations with his mother, whose approval he had always craved, mellowed a little. Randolph organised a luncheon party for her 80th birthday at the Café Royal on 1 April 1965. She often sought and took his advice. He wrote a memoir of his early life, Twenty-One Years, published in 1965.

Winston Churchill's doctor Lord Moran published The Struggle for Survival in May 1966. Randolph wrote to The Times criticising him for publishing within 16 months of his patient's death and contrary to the wishes of the family. Diana Mosley wrote to her sister Nancy Mitford that at least Moran had not told the truth about Churchill's children: "Randolph vile & making him cry" while Diana was being given electric shocks for hysteria and Sarah was frequently being arrested.

Randolph never fully recovered from his 1964 operation. By this time his health was in serious decline. He had been consuming 80–100 cigarettes and up to two bottles of whisky per day for 20 years, far in excess of his father's consumption. Drink had long since destroyed his youthful good looks. Accompanied by Natalie Bevan, he often spent winters in Marrakesh and summers in Monte Carlo, sometimes visiting Switzerland. His kidneys were failing, so he seldom drank alcohol any more, and ate little, becoming emaciated. Mary Lovell writes that "though he still behaved with the arrogance of Louis XIV he was less explosive". Natalie spent the days with him before returning to her own house after helping him to bed.

In 1966 Randolph published the first volume of the official biography of his father. He and his team of researchers carried on working on his father's biography despite his being mortally ill and it brought him fulfilment which he had not previously known. He had finished only the second volume and half a dozen companion volumes by the time of his death in 1968. Five volumes were planned (it eventually ran to eight, under the guidance of Sir Martin Gilbert).

In 1966 he signed a contract with the American politician Robert F. Kennedy to write a biography of his elder brother, President John F. Kennedy, who had been assassinated in 1963. As a consequence, Randolph obtained access to the Kennedy archives, but he died before beginning work, on the day that Robert was assassinated.

Death
Randolph Churchill died of a heart attack during the night at his home, Stour House, East Bergholt, Suffolk and was found by one of his researchers the next morning, 6 June 1968. He was 57, and although he had been in poor health for years, his death was unexpected.

He is buried with his parents (his mother outliving him by almost a decade) and all four of his siblings (Marigold was previously interred in Kensal Green Cemetery in London) at St Martin's Church, Bladon near Woodstock, Oxfordshire.

His will was valued for probate at £70,597 (equivalent to £ in )..

Fictional depiction
H.G. Wells in The Shape of Things to Come, published in 1934, predicted a Second World War in which Britain would not participate but would vainly try to effect a peaceful compromise. In this vision, Randolph was mentioned as one of several prominent Britons delivering "brilliant pacifist speeches [which] echo throughout Europe", but fail to end the war.

Screen portrayals
Randolph Churchill was played by Nigel Havers in the Southern Television's 1981 drama series, Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years, set in the decade Winston (played by Robert Hardy) was out of office and Randolph himself attempted to enter parliament.

In 2002, Randolph Churchill was portrayed by actor Tom Hiddleston in The Gathering Storm, the BBC – HBO co-produced television biographical film about Winston Churchill in the years just prior to World War II.

ITV TV docudrama Churchill's Secret, a screenplay based on the book The Churchill Secret: KBO by Jonathan Smith. Broadcast in 2016, it starred Michael Gambon, and depicted Winston Churchill during the summer of 1953 when he suffered a severe stroke, precipitating therapy and resignation; the character of Randolph was played by the English actor Matthew Macfadyen.

Jordan Waller portrayed Randolph Churchill in the 2017 war drama Darkest Hour.

Ian Davies portrayed him in episode 5 of the 2022 TV series SAS: Rogue Heroes.

Works

Standalone books
 The Story of the Coronation (1953)
 They Serve The Queen (1953)
 Fifteen Famous English Homes (1954)
 Churchill: His Life in Photographs (1955; co-edited with Helmut Gernsheim)
 What I Said About the Press (1957)
 The Rise and Fall of Sir Anthony Eden (1959)
 Lord Derby: King of Lancashire (1959)
 The Fight for the Tory Leadership: A Contemporary Chronicle (1964; account of the 1963 Conservative leadership contest)
 Twenty-One Years (1965; autobiography of his youth)
 The Six Day War (1967; co-authored with his own son, Winston S. Churchill)

Edited volumes of his father's speeches
 Arms and The Covenant, released in the USA as While England Slept (1938; speeches October 1928 to March 1938)
 Into Battle (1940; speeches May 1938 to May 1940 - the first of seven volumes of Winston Churchill's wartime speeches, although the remaining six volumes were all edited by Charles Eade; Randolph Churchill resumed editing his father's speeches for the post-war volumes)
 The Sinews of Peace (1948; speeches October 1945 to December 1946)
 Europe Unite (1950; speeches January 1947 to December 1948)
 In the Balance (1951; speeches January 1949 to December 1950)
 Stemming the Tide (1953; speeches February 1951 to December 1952)
 The Unwritten Alliance (1961; speeches January 1953 to October 1959)

Official biography of his father
 Winston S. Churchill: Volume One: Youth, 1874–1900 (1966)
 Winston S. Churchill: Volume One Companion, 1874–1900 (1966, in two parts)
 Winston S. Churchill: Volume Two: Young Statesman, 1901–1914 (1967)
 Winston S. Churchill: Volume Two Companion, 1900–1914 (1969, in three parts; published posthumously with the assistance of Martin Gilbert, who wrote future volumes of the biography)

See also
Yugoslavia and the Allies

Notes

References

Footnotes

Primary sources
 TNA CAB 120/808, (March 1942 – May 1945)
 TNA FO 198/860, (1944)
 TNA HO 252/136, (1961–1962)
 CUCC HNKY 24/15, (1958)
 TNA FO 271/156315, (1961)

Glossary

TNA – The National Archives, Kew
CAB – British Cabinet Papers
FO – British Foreign Office Papers
HO – British Home Office Papers
CUCC – Cambridge University Churchill Archive Centre
HNKY – Collection of Maurice, Lord Hankey

Books

 (For early political career).

 , essay on Clementine written by Brian Harrison; essay on Randolph written by Robert Blake

 (a history of the Oxford Union Society during the first half of the twentieth century, based on official minutes)

Videos

 KJRH 2 the Point Interview with Russ McCaskey on 21 July 2013 - FBI Cover Up of Winston Churchill's Granddaughter
 KJRH Weekend Morning Interview with Deana Silk  on 12 May 2013 - Uncovering Your True Ancestry After a Three Decade Long Search
Speech by Rhonda Noonan to Rotary Club of Tulsa, 4 December 2013. Noonan's speech begins at 13:01.

External links
Randolph Churchill02
Randolph Churchill03

The Papers of Randolph Churchill held at Churchill Archives Centre

1911 births
1968 deaths
Military personnel from London
4th Queen's Own Hussars officers
Special Air Service officers
British Army personnel of World War II
British male journalists
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Children of prime ministers of the United Kingdom
English people of American descent
Members of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Sandroyd School
People educated at Eton College
People from Pimlico
People from East Bergholt
Randolph Churchill
Winston Churchill
UK MPs 1935–1945
Burials at St Martin's Church, Bladon
Sons of life peers

Randolph Churchill


Bigă (pl. bige din ) este un car de luptă roman, de obicei cu două roți, tras de doi cai.
Se utiliza în luptă sau în competiții de curse ale carelor de luptă, organizate în hipodrom.

Staterii de aur ai regelui macedonean Filip II (359—336), care au circulat și în Dacia, reprezintă pe față capul lui Apollon, iar pe revers un car cu doi cai (bigă). După părerea celor mai mulți numismați, biga reprezentată pe reversul monedei trebuie pusă în legătură cu victoria lui Filip la Jocurile Olimpice antice în anul 356.

Pe poarta a 3-a a Cetății Alba Carolina este reprezentată și întoarcerea victorioasă din războiul împotriva turcilor a mareșalului Eugeniu de Savoia, urcat într-o bigă trasă de doi lei și primirea sa triumfală din partea unei femei personificând Victoria, care îi oferă macheta cetății (relief, fațada exterioară a porții, deasupra intrării laterale stânga).

Note

Curse de cai
Sculptură
Vehicule cu tracțiune animală

Bigă (atelaj)


Le chemin de fer de Kola est une ligne ferroviaire inachevée dans l'oblast de Mourmansk débutée en 1950.

Historique
Environ  ont été planifiés afin de desservir les deux futures bases navales en projets, moins vulnérables que celles ayant été ciblée pendant la Deuxième guerre mondiale. Ces infrastructures devaient également permettre l'exploitation minière de gisements dans la région.

Un camp de travail correctionnel a été créé près de la gare de Titan, qui a dont la population aurait culminé à  prisonniers, répartis plus tard dans sept camps le long de la ligne (aux kilomètres 45, 59, 72, 82, 102, 119 et 137).

Selon certaines informations, en un peu plus d'un an, 110 km de rails ont été posés. Selon d'autres, en 1952,  de la route avaient été construits, et  de remblai posé.

Après la mort de Staline en mars 1953, la construction de la route a été arrêtée, à l'instar de nombreux grands chantiers à travers l'URSS, pourtant approuvés parles 4, 5 et 6 plan quinquennaux. La mise en pause s'est finalement soldée par un abandon. Depuis, certaines portions ont été démantelées.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Voie ferrée de Mourmansk

Liens externes

Ligne de chemin de fer en Russie
Transport dans l'oblast de Mourmansk

Voie ferrée de Kola


بلدية بُرج الحنش أو بوخالنثة أو (نقحرة: بوخالانكي) ، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة قرطبة إحدى مقاطعات إسبانيا، و التي تقع في منطقة الأندلس جنوب إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 7.841 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

انظر أيضًا
 قلعة الحنش

مراجع

أماكن ذات اسم عربي الأصل في شبه الجزيرة الإيبيرية
بلديات قرطبة

برج الحنش


Heine Jonsson eller Heine Jonsøn (født 1514 i Bergen, død 1576 på Radøy), på færøsk kaldet Heini Havreki ("Heine den Skibbrudne"), var den første lutherske præst på Færøerne.

Baggrund
Heini Havreki skulle ifølge traditionen være uægte søn af den islandske katolske præst Jon Haraldson (født 1480), der bosatte sig i Bergen. Mod denne teori taler, at Heini ikke er et islandsk fornavn, men snarere et hollandsk eller tysk, men det kan forklares med en hollandsk eller tysk mor. Han studerede teologi, men færdiggjorde ikke studierne, og man ved ikke ved hvilket universitet, han studerede.

Ankomst til Færøerne og familiestiftelse

Den mest udbredte overlevering fortæller, at den unge bergensiske teologistuderende Heini Havreki ønskede at ro en tur i en båd sammen med seks kammerater. En storm brød frem, og de førtes ud på åbent hav. Søsyge og udmattede nåede de den syvende nat endelig land ved Húsavík på øen Sandoy i det sydlige Færøerne. Med anvendelse af sine sidste kræfter slæbte Heini sine kammerater op på stranden. De nødstedte blev fundet ved daggry af en ung lokal kvinde ved navn Herborg, der gav dem ly i en hestestald. Således fik Heini tilnavnet "Havreki", altså "den skibbrudne" eller "havarerede". Jonssons frænder drog senere hjem til Norge, mens Heini giftede sig med Herborg og blev boende på Færøene. De fik sønnen Jógvan Heinason (1541–1602), der senere blev lagmand på øerne, og datteren Herborg (født 1542), hvorefter Herborg kort efter dør. Som enkemand giftede Heini sig i 1545 med norske Gyri Arnbjørnsdatter, som han fik søhelten Magnus Heinason (1545–1589) med.
En anden version af historien beretter, at Heini Jonsson strandede ved Nes på Eysturoy (hvor han senere var præst) eller en ø i  Norðoyar, og at han var den eneste overlevende ombord. Da han kom i land, skal han have bygget en kirke, gravlagt sine venner i nærheden, og derefter viet sit liv til at tjene Gud. Den gamle stavkirke i Nes siges han, at have bygget på den nærmest bekvemme beliggenhed af træ, han modtog han slægtninge i Norge.

Der er ingen skriftlige kilder til, hvordan Heini Havreki kom til Færøerne. Måske ankom han helt normalt med et handelsskib fra Bergen, og historien om den overlevende, der fandt sin brud, er blot et eventyr.

Gejstlig karriere på Færøerne
Den førse kilde om Heini Jonsøns liv på Færøerne er en kvittering for en levering træ fra 2. august 1533, hvor han nævnes som sognepræst på Streymoy. I 1534 blev han udnævnt til stedfortræder (famulus) for Færøernes sidste katolske biskop Ámundur Ólavsson i Kirkjubøur. I 1538 blev han sognepræst for hele Eysturoy, men uden at have sin embedsbolig på øen. Som famulus rejste Heini Jonsøn meget og var bl.a. i Bergen i 1538, året efter den norske reformation, hvor han må have mødt lutherske præster. Han spillede en aktiv rolle i Færøernes reformation, der fandt sted i enten 1538 eller 1539. På Ólavsøka (29. juli) i 1541 ordinerede den nye danske superintendent Jens Gregoriussen Riber Havreki til luthersk præst for Eysturoy i Nes kirke, der således blev den første protestantiske kirke i landet (se Fríðrikskirkjan). I 1551 udnævnte Riber Heini Havreki til sin stedfortræder i Færøernes Stift, og i 1557 bliver han Færøernes første lutherske provst og øernes øverste gejstlige. Det sker i forbindelse med, at Færøernes bispedømme blev nedlagt, og øerne lagt ind under Bergen Stift (Jens Riber havde forladt Færøerne året forinden). I 1566 rejser Havreki fra Færøerne og bliver sognepræst på Radøy i Hordaland i det vestlige Norge, hvor han dør ti år senere. De meget betydelige jordejendomme hans søn, lagmanden, besad på Eysturoy tyder på, at Herborg enten var af storbondeslægt og bosiddende på Eysturoy, eller at Heini Jonsson efter reformationen fik store kirkelige ejendomme i forpagtning som kongsjord.

Litteratur
 Hans Jacob Debes: Føroya søga 2. Tórshavn: Føroya Skúlabókagrunnur, 1990  (Google Books)
 Lucas Jacobsøn Debes: Færøernes Naturhistorie og politiske Historie. København 1757.
 Christian Høj et al.: Søga okkara. Tórshavn: Føroya Skúlabókagrunnur, 1999  (Google Books)
 George Vaughan Chichester Young: From the Vikings to the Reformation. A Chronicle of the Faroe Islands up to 1538. Shearwater Press, Isle of Man 1979.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Nes.fo - Prestagarðurin – søga  Nes præstegårds historie, hos Nes kommuna.
 www.look.no/anita/slekt  (norsk genealogi-netsted)

Præster fra Norge
Personer fra Bergen
Provster fra Færøerne
Skibbrudne

Heini Havreki


Kobjak, arheološko nalazište gradine na Čiovu, područje Grada Trogira, zaštićeno kulturno dobro

Opis dobra
Nastala od 8. st. pr. Kr. do 1. stoljeća. Na sjevernoj strani otoka Čiova nalazi se gradina Kobjak. Gradina ima sačuvan suhozidni bedem prstenastog oblika od kojeg je preostala veća sipina kamena. Gradina je vizualno kontaktirala s ostalim pretpovijesnim naseljima u okolini poput gradina na Sutiliji i Velom Bijaću. Kontrolirala je akvatorij Kaštelanskog zaljeva i Trogirski kanal. Bila je naseljena u brončano doba, a vjerojatno su je koristili stočari kao tor u srednjem vijeku. Zapadno od gradine nalazi se tumul koji je pripadao nekom od prvaka plemenske zajednice koja je naseljavala Kobjak.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-3574 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "arheološka baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene kopnene arheološke zone i nalazišta u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Čiovo
Povijest Trogira

Kobjak


Diakófti, en , est un village de l'île de Cythère, en Grèce.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du village compte .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Village en Attique
Cythère

Diakófti


This is a list of mayors of Tirana who have served since the Albanian Declaration of Independence of 1912.

Mayors (1912–present)

See also
 Politics of Albania

References

Tirana

List of mayors of Tirana


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Majcichov enthält die drei nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Majcichov im Okres Trnava.

Denkmäler

Legende

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

!
Majcichov


Bunraku steht für

 Bunraku, traditionelles japanisches Figurentheater
 Bunraku (2010), einen Film von Guy Moshe

Bunraku (Begriffsklärung)


ක්‍රියාකාරී කාණ්ඩ(functional groups)

👍සංයෝගයක ගුණ තීරණය කරන ප්රධාන
  කාණ්ඩ වේ.
👍මේවා කාබන් පරමාණුවකට කෙලින්ම
  සම්බන්ධ වී ඇත.

 Ex÷ OH   ඇල්කොහොල
     CHO  ඇල්ඩිහයිඩ
     NH2  ඇමීන
     COOH කාබොක්සිල් අම්ල

   🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹

ක්‍රියාකාරී කාණ්ඩ


El condado de Rius es un título nobiliario español otorgado por el rey Amadeo I el 11 de febrero de 1873.  Su nombre se refiere al apellido paterno del primer titular, el industrial tarraconense Mariano de Rius y Montaner.

Condes de Rius

Historia de los condes de Rius

 Mariano Rius Montaner (Tarragona, 8 de octubre de 1838-Escaladei, 12 de enero de 1894), I conde de Rius, industrial, mayordomo mayor del rey Amadeo I y político, hijo de Mariano Rius Espina y de Vicenta Montaner Avellaneda.
 Casado con Elisa Olózaga Camarasa, hija del ministro Salustiano de Olózaga. Le sucedió su nieto, hijo de María Elisa Rius y Olózaga (m. 1893) y de Fernando de Querol y Bofarull, alcalde de Tarragona y escritor:

 Joaquín de Querol y Rius, II conde de Rius, presidente de la Diputación de Tarragona.
 Casado con Carmen Muller y Ferrer. Le sucedió su hijo:

 Fernando de Querol y Muller (Tarragona, 3 de noviembre de 1917-Madrid, 4 de junio de 2001), III conde de Rius, teniente general del Ejército del Aíre.
 Casado con Teresa Moreno Uribe, hija del IV conde de Fontao. Sin sucesión. Le sucedió su hermano:

 Juan de Querol y de Müller IV conde de Rius.
 Casó con Juana de Quadras y Camps,  baronesa de Quadras. Le sucedió su hija:

 María Pilar de Querol y de Quadras, V condesa de Rius.

Referencias

Rius
Rius

Condado de Rius


Niki Cross (* 30. Mai 1985 in Brockton, Massachusetts) ist eine ehemalige US-amerikanische Fußballspielerin, die zuletzt in der Saison 2015 bei den Houston Dash unter Vertrag stand.

Karriere

Vereine
Cross begann bereits im Alter von fünf Jahren mit dem Fußballspielen, nachdem sie von ihren Eltern im ortsansässigen Verein angemeldet wurde. An der University of Connecticut (UConn) spielte sie von Januar 2003 bis Dezember 2006 bei den "Connecticut Huskies", bestritt 92 Ligaspiele und erzielte 13 Tore. Ein Jahr danach war sie bei SoccerPlus Connecticut aktiv, mit dem sie die U-23-Landesmeisterschaft gewann.

2008 bestritt sie sechs Ligaspiele für den schwedischen Erstligisten Umeå Södra FF, bevor sie vom 25. April 2009 bis 2. Mai 2010 für den US-amerikanischen Frauenfußball-Franchise Saint Louis Athletica und am 12. September 2010 für den FC Gold Pride in der Women's Professional Soccer (WPS) als Abwehrspielerin tätig war.

Vom 19. November 2010 (3. Spieltag) bis 28. Januar 2011 (12. Spieltag) absolvierte sie in Australien für die Frauenfußballabteilung der Newcastle United Jets neun Ligaspiele; auf Grund des Abstieges verließ sie den Verein.

Wieder in den Staaten zurückgekehrt, stand sie bei den Boston Breakers unter Vertrag. Vom 2. Mai 2011, ihrem Debüt beim 1:0-Sieg im Heimspiel gegen Sky Blue FC, bis zum 11. Juli 2011 (2:0-Sieg im Heimspiel gegen Atlanta Beat) bestritt sie sechs Ligaspiele. Sie absolvierte ebenso – auf Leihbasis – für das Nachwuchsteam Boston Aztec ein Ligaspiel.

Vom 3. September 2011 (16. Spieltag) bis 29. Oktober 2011 (22. Spieltag) bestritt sie für den norwegischen Erstligaaufsteiger Medkila IL sieben Ligaspiele und erzielte am 9. Oktober 2011 (20. Spieltag) im Heimspiel gegen die Frauenfußballabteilung von Sandvikens IF mit dem Treffer zum 4:0-Endstand in der 90. Minute auch ihr einziges Ligator. Nachdem auch dieser Verein als Tabellenvorletzter aus der Toppserien 2011 absteigen musste, wurde sie vom Bundesligisten FC Bayern München in der Winterpause unter Vertrag genommen.

"Angesichts der Langzeitverletzten, der schwierigen Situation in der Liga und der großen Pokal-Halbfinal-Chancen wollen wir neue Optionen haben und Akzente setzen." Mit diesen Worten der Managerin der Damenmannschaft des FC Bayern München, Karin Danner, wurde die in der Winterpause getätigte Verpflichtung von Niki Cross und Sarah Hagen begründet. Am 14. März 2012 gab sie ihr Debüt sowohl für den FC Bayern München als auch in der Bundesliga, als sie beim 1:1-Unentschieden im Auswärtsspiel gegen den Hamburger SV in der 89. Minute für Isabell Bachor zum Einsatz kam. Am 3. Oktober 2012 (5. Spieltag) erzielte sie beim 3:2-Sieg im Heimspiel gegen Bayer 04 Leverkusen mit dem Treffer zum zwischenzeitlichen 2:0 in der 22. Minute auch ihr erstes Bundesligator.

Zum Saisonende 2013/14 verließ sie den FC Bayern München und setzte ihre Karriere beim US-amerikanischen Erstligisten Washington Spirit fort. Ihr Debüt gab sie am 21. Juni 2014 bei einer 1:6-Heimniederlage gegen den Portland Thorns FC. Zur Saison 2015 wechselte Cross im Tausch für die mexikanische Nationalspielerin Arianna Romero zur Franchise der Houston Dash. Am 1. August 2015 beendete sie ihre aktive Karriere.

Erfolge
 WPS-Meisterin 2010
 DFB-Pokal-Siegerin 2012

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Fußballspieler (Schweden)
Fußballspieler (Saint Louis Athletica)
Fußballspieler (FC Gold Pride)
Fußballspieler (Newcastle United Jets)
Fußballspieler (Boston Breakers, 2008)
Fußballspieler (Boston Aztec)
Fußballspieler (FC Bayern München)
Fußballspieler (Washington Spirit)
Fußballspieler (Houston Dash)
DFB-Pokal-Sieger
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1985
Frau

Niki Cross


منتخب إسبانيا لكرة القدم للسيدات هو ممثل إسبانيا الرسمي في رياضة كرة القدم للسيدات.

سجل المشاركات

الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية
 1996 - 2012: لم يتأهل

بطولة العالم لكرة القدم للسيدات
 1991 - 2011: لم يتأهل
 2015: دور المجموعات
 2019: دور 16
 2023:  البطل

بطولة أوروبا لكرة القدم للسيدات
 1984: لم يشارك
 1987 - 1995: لم يتأهل
 1997:  المرتبة الثالثة
 2001 - 2009: لم يتأهل

انظر أيضًا
 منتخب إسبانيا لكرة القدم للرجال

مصادر

وصلات خارجية
  الموقع الرسمي للاتحاد الإسباني لكرة القدم

لاعبات منتخب إسبانيا لكرة القدم للنساء
منتخب إسبانيا الوطني لكرة القدم للنساء
منتخبات كرة قدم أوروبية للسيدات

منتخب إسبانيا لكرة القدم للسيدات


Europsko prvenstvo u rukometu za žene 2020. održavalo se od 3. do 20. prosinca 2020. u Danskoj. Uz Dansku domaćin je trebala biti i Norveška, no odustala je zbog pandemije koronavirusa.

Gradovi domaćini
  Herning
  Kolding

Ždrijeb

Ždrijeb je održan 18. lipnja 2020. u Beču.

Natjecanje po skupinama (prvi krug)

Skupina A

Skupina B

Skupina C

Skupina D

Natjecanje po skupinama (drugi krug)

Skupina I

Skupina II

Završnica

Poluzavršnica

Utakmica za 5. mjesto

Utakmica za 1. mjesto

Konačni plasman i statistika

Konačni plasman

|}

Zanimljivosti
 Ova bronca je prvo odličje za Hrvatsku na velikim natjecanjima.
 Dva para blizanki, sestre Stela i Paula Posavec i Larissa i Dora Kalaus, prve su koje su osvojile odličja na jednom natjecanju za istu djevojčad.

Vanjske poveznice
 Službena stranica

Izvori

Ž 2020

Europsko prvenstvo u rukometu za žene – Danska 2020.


Quiñones hace referencia a varios artículos:

Historia
Quiñón, sistema de reparto de la tierra y producción agrícola.
Quiñoneros, histórico cuerpo militar de la ciudad de Segovia.

Lugares
Quiñones del Río, localidad del municipio de Carrizo de la Ribera, en la provincia de León, comunidad autónoma de Castilla y León, España.

Nobleza
Casa de Quiñones, condado de Luna, uno de los más importantes linajes nobiliarios leoneses;
Quiñones de Benavente, línea de la Casa de Quiñones surgida en el ;

Personas
José Quiñones Gonzales, aviador y héroe peruano
Luz Mila Quiñones, bióloga colombiana.
Luis Enrique Quiñones García, futbolista colombiano.
Juan Carlos Suárez-Quiñones, político español

Quiñones


Little Cayman is one of three Islands that make up the Cayman Islands.  It is located in the Caribbean Sea, approximately 60 miles (96 km) northeast of East End, Grand Cayman and five miles (8 km) west of West End, Cayman Brac. Little Cayman is the least populous island of the three, with a permanent population of about 160 (2021) including seasonal residents/homeowners. The majority of the population are expatriate workers from Jamaica, the Philippines, and Honduras and from other Latin American countries as well as Canada, the USA, India, Australia, Scotland, England, and South Africa. There are a handful of local Caymanians estimated as fewer than 20. It is about 10 miles (16 km) long with an average width of 1 mile (1600 m) and most of the island is undeveloped. Almost the entire island is at sea level. The highest elevation is about 40 feet (12 metres). The rainy season, which consists of mostly light showers, occurs in Mid-April until June and again in mid-September to mid-October. There will be occasional quick rain showers in the early morning hours. The coolest months are from End of November until Mid March as the cold fronts coming in from the North which the temperature can drop into the low'70s. The Hottest and dryest months are in Summer starting mid-June to mid-September with temperatures between the mid-80s and high 90s. There are no large or predatory or venomous animals that pose a threat to humans.

Despite its small size, the island hosts a heritage festival and parade as part of Pirates Week, (November) and the annual LC Agriculture Show (May) which also occurs on all three Islands, but at different dates in that same month.

History

The first recorded sighting of Little Cayman, along with Cayman Brac, was by Christopher Columbus on May 10, 1503, on his fourth and final voyage, when heavy winds forced his ship off course. Columbus had found the two smaller sister islands (Cayman Brac and Little Cayman) and it was these two islands that he named "Las Tortugas"

The first settlement on the Island was in the 17th century when turtle fishermen set up camps that would supply pirate and military ship convoys with fresh meat (turtles, penned pigs, goats, poultry) and freshwater. There are freshwater springs that run underground in cavernous veins. After a raid by a Spanish privateer, these settlements were abandoned in 1671. The island was not resettled until 1833, when the second recorded settlement of Blossom Village was established by a few families, mostly with the surname Bawden or Bodden, Scotts, Ryan, and Ritch, who is said to have been part of Cromwell's army in Jamaica. By the early 20th century, a few hundred people (400 adults and children) lived on Little Cayman and sustained a living from and exported phosphate ore, coconuts, and marine rope made from the Cayman Islands National tree the Silver Thatch. There were also a few schooners being built by the Bodden family. While the first settlement and harbor were on the northside coastline in the area off of the "Bloody Bay Wall", Blossom Village was the second settlement in the early 1800s on the southside, on South Hole Sound, and is where the school, stores, post office, park, and the back sandy road are located today. After the 1932 hurricane which claimed scores of lives on the Brac and Little Cayman, many families decided to move to Cayman Brac. The South Hole Sound waters were also a lot deeper back then.

Attractions

 Scuba Diving

Little Cayman is famous for its scuba diving. The most popular dive site areas, Bloody Bay and Jackson's Bight''', are both located on the north side of the island, just west of its midpoint. The deeper sites on its south side are generally visited on winter days when the north side is too rough. Little Cayman features dive sites as shallow as 20 feet (6.1 m) and its walls are deep enough to be effectively infinite.

Bloody Bay, in particular, is consistently ranked as one of the world's top dive sites. Many dive operations claim the late Philippe Cousteau declared its wall to be one of the three best dives in the world, although this story may be fanciful. At its shallowest point, the drop-off begins at a depth of 18 feet (5.5 m), allowing divers who plan carefully to achieve a maximum depth of over 100 feet (30.5 m) but still enjoy exceptionally long dive times. But the wall is so famous primarily because sections of it are so sheer as to be effectively vertical, a rarity.

The most vertical section of the wall (the dive site "Great Wall West") was immortalized in 1999 by the Bloody Bay Wall Mural Project. A crew of photographers directed by Jim Hellemn photographed the wall piece by piece and the images were compiled into a single, highly detailed image of the entire wall. The photograph was reproduced in National Geographic magazine in 2001. In 2010, photographers returned to the same section of the wall in an effort to create a comparison image showing changes over the intervening decade.

The depth of Little Cayman's dropoffs is often exaggerated by local divemasters claiming depths of  or .  In truth, the 1000 m contour (3000+ ft) has been charted to be approximately one mile (1600 m) offshore on Little Cayman's Southside, and  offshore of Bloody Bay on the island's Northside (Ibid), distances far beyond the areas dived by recreational divers.

Little Cayman's reefs are exceptionally healthy for a regularly dived area and inhabited by a full range of typical Caribbean reef life, from seahorses to sharks, and including a notable population of green sea turtles, southern and eagle rays.

In 2010, local dive operators launched a concerted effort to eradicate the invasive, non-indigenous red lionfish (Pterois volitans), which appears to be limiting its population around Little Cayman. On Wednesday afternoons, divemasters from the various resorts on Little Cayman embark on a hunt for lionfish to cull the species. Since the hunts began, more grey Caribbean reef sharks (Carcharhinus perezii) are noticeable on dives. The lionfish are then sent to CCMI for research and after will be given out to restaurants to offer as a daily special.

 Booby Pond and Rookery(Little Cayman National Trust)

Little Cayman's Booby Pond Nature Reserve supports the largest red-footed booby population in the Caribbean and is a designated Ramsar wetland of international importance. The site encompasses . The Cayman Islands National Trust building on one edge of the pond offers two view decks with telescopes, and the building itself is open for a couple of hours on weekday afternoons. It contains exhibits about Little Cayman's flora and fauna as well as souvenirs. There is no entrance fee and donations are gladly accepted. Entry is FREE but donations big or small are happily appreciated towards the cause.

 Rock Iguanas and other fauna

Little Cayman has the only substantial population (estimated at 2,000) of the critically endangered Lesser Caymans iguana. Predation by feral cats, encroachment by humans into their habitat, and road deaths have reduced their population on Cayman Brac to less than 100. The rock iguanas are easy to spot on Little Cayman and the National Trust unveiled a boardwalk in December 2013 that allows visitors to view one of their nesting areas. There are no Blue Iguanas found on Little Cayman only in Eastern areas on Grand Cayman. There are Iguana warning slow down signs to be cautious in certain areas where they like to sun out on the road. The speed limit on Little Cayman is 25 mph (40 km/h).

Little Cayman also hosts the critically endangered hawksbill sea turtle, and the threatened West Indian whistling duck (Dendrocygna arborea''), also known as the black-billed whistling duck. The Tarpon Lake, a salt pond near the center of the island, boasts an unusual population of landlocked tarpon, a large silver fish that usually lives only in the ocean.

Owen Island

"Owen's Island" or "The Key" is a small islet off the south-western coast of Little Cayman, approximately 1000 ft (300m) from the nearest point on Little Cayman. Cayman's 4th island is rumoured to be named after a sailor named Owen who was on a ship named the "Sparrow Hawk" which anchored nearby multiple times and he always would visit the key declaring that it was his personal private island.  The islet features no buildings, homes, or human habitation, and is a popular day trip for families, honeymooners and adventurers. On the side nearest to Little Cayman, it has a white shallow sand bar which is suitable for children, swimming, and snorkeling. Owen's Island is privately owned and the owners allow public use with the expectation in respect & maintaining cleanliness when visiting.  To visit Owen Island, travelers typically cross South Hole Sound lagoon by small boat (or by water taxi) from a nearby Little Cayman resort.  On calm days, some may opt to use a kayak or standup paddleboard (available for rent at some resorts) and a few have even been known to swim/wade/snorkel the 300m out from the nearest point.

Point of Sand

Little Cayman has many rocky beaches suitable for walking or entry points for shore diving and snorkeling. But the island has only one truly fine swimming beach with an expanse of sand, a clean, sandy bottom, and a protective reef line: Point of Sand. Currents are often very strong, but the shallowest areas are suitable for careful wading even by nonswimmers. Point of Sand is located on the northeastern tip of Little Cayman and boasts a clear view of the West end of Cayman Brac five miles away. Indeed, the beach is sufficiently lovely that it attracts visitors from Cayman Brac who come over on boats. Sundays, in particular, find many local families using the beach, which is likely to be deserted on weekdays. The beach has a shelter with picnic tables and a barbecue, but no services of any kind and no water. Getting there requires a mini-bus service, rented car, or scooter; the determined and physically fit can get there on a bicycle.

Little Cayman Museum
A small collection focusing on local history is open for a few hours, usually weekday afternoons. There is no admission fee so donations after are appreciated and there is Tanya who has extensive knowledge of Rock Iguanas, bird life and she will happily educate and show you some of their burrows located behind the old museum.

Little Cayman Research Centre(Central Caribbean Marine Institute)

This 6,600 square foot research center is located on the north side of Little Cayman and is a part of the Central Caribbean Marine Institute (CCMI).  CCMI is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1998 to protect the future of coral reefs through research, conservation, and education.  Contact the staff there to schedule a very informative tour of the facility.

Accessibility and Services

Little Cayman is accessible by air (via Cayman Airways) via daily inter-island flights from both Cayman Brac and Grand Cayman. Its only airport, Edward Bodden Airfield is on the southwest tip of the island.  Little Cayman is not an entry point to the country; visitors and residents must land first on Grand Cayman (Owen Roberts International Airport) or Cayman Brac (Charles Kirkconnell International Airport) which are international airports. Sea vessels must also call into port with CBC (Immigration and Customs) either on Grand Cayman or Cayman Brac only if planning to anchor off any of the designated moorings on the North and South coasts of Little Cayman. Many moorings are for the use of the dive boats only and a maximum of four hours.

Little Cayman has one grocery-and-hardware store, one online grocery delivery store, one liquor store, one bank (CNB opens on Mondays and Thursdays) a 24hr ATM  with CI$ and US$ cash, three full-service restaurants, and one local food delivery service, two churches, and two-car rental operations and also an 11 seater mini-bus with transport/taxi service which offers pick up and drop off to beaches, bars, restaurants, and the airport as well as land tours and food delivery.

There are four small souvenir/resort wear shops. It is served by the Edward Bodden Airfield, a two-man police force, a five-man fire crew with one truck and rescue boat, a full-time postmaster, a power station operated by Cayman Brac Power and Light, a clinic staffed by two nurses, and a one-room school whose enrollment is usually in single digits. Cellular phone service offered by LIME and Digicel has almost completely eliminated reliance on landlines, which many residents maintain primarily to allow them to connect to the Internet, which can only be accessed by ADSL. There are certain areas on the North East side that get no reception. The water is safe to drink as all resorts have reverse osmosis desalination for drinking, bathing, and cooking.  Cistern or spring water is used for other dwellings and buildings. There is no shortage of potable drinking water.  There is a weekly food supply by sea or air, electricity (110V), fuel (gas CI$6.05 and diesel at CI$6.11 an imperial gallon), and propane gas.

Little Cayman Education Services is the sole educational provider on the island.

References

External links

 Little Cayman, Cayman Islands Tourism Official
CIA World Factbook entry on Grand Cayman (updated May 2, 2006)
Cayman Islands Government website of Cayman Islands Government

Little Cayman

Little Cayman