Free Software Foundation (FSF) grants two annual awards. Since 1998, FSF has granted the award for Advancement of Free Software and since 2005, also the Free Software Award for Projects of Social Benefit.

Presentation ceremonies
In 1999 it was presented in the Jacob Javits Center European Meeting (FOSDEM). Since 2006, the awards have been presented at the FSF's annual members meeting in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Advancement of Free Software award

This is annually presented by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) to a person whom it deems to have made a great contribution to the progress and development of free software, through activities that accord with the spirit of free software.

Winners
Source: Award for the Advancement of Free Software

1998 Larry Wall
 for numerous contributions to Free Software, notably Perl. The other finalists were the Apache Project, Tim Berners-Lee, Jordan Hubbard, Ted Lemon, Eric S. Raymond, and Henry Spencer.

1999 Miguel de Icaza
 for his leadership and work on the GNOME Project. The other finalists were Donald Knuth for TeX and METAFONT and John Gilmore for work done at Cygnus Solutions and his contributions to the Free Software Foundation.

2000 Brian Paul
 for his work on the Mesa 3D Graphics Library. The other finalists were Donald Becker for his work on Linux drivers and Patrick Lenz for the open source site Freshmeat.

2001 Guido van Rossum
 for Python. The other finalists were L. Peter Deutsch for GNU Ghostscript and Andrew Tridgell for Samba.

2002 Lawrence Lessig
 for promoting understanding of the political dimension of free software, including the idea that "code is law". The other finalists were Bruno Haible for CLISP and Theo de Raadt for OpenBSD.

2003 Alan Cox
 for his work advocating the importance of software freedom, his outspoken opposition to the USA's DMCA as well as other technology control measures, and his development work on the Linux kernel. The other finalists were Theo de Raadt for OpenBSD and Werner Koch for GnuPG.

2004 Theo de Raadt
 for his campaigning against binary blobs, and the opening of drivers, documentation and firmware of wireless networking cards for the good of everyone. The other finalists were Andrew Tridgell for Samba and Cesar Brod for advocacy in Brazil.

2005 Andrew Tridgell
 for his work on Samba and his BitKeeper client which led to the withdrawal of gratis BitKeeper licenses, spurring the development of git, a free software distributed revision control system for the Linux kernel. The other finalists were Hartmut Pilch founder of the Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure for his combatting of the Software Patent Directive in Europe and Theodore Ts'o for his Linux kernel filesystem development.

2006 Theodore Ts'o
 for his work on the Linux kernel and his roles as a project leader in the development of Kerberos and ONC RPC. The other finalists were Wietse Venema for his creation of the Postfix mailserver and his work on security tools, and Yukihiro Matsumoto for his work in designing the Ruby programming language.

2007 Harald Welte
 for his work on GPL enforcement (Gpl-violations.org) and Openmoko

2008 Wietse Venema
 For his "significant and wide-ranging technical contributions to network security, and his creation of the Postfix email server."

2009 John Gilmore
 For his "many contributions and long term commitment to the free software movement."

2010 Rob Savoye
 For his work on Gnash
Additionally, a special mention was made to honor the memory and contribution of Adrian Hands, who used a morse input device to code and successfully submit a GNOME patch, three days before he died from ALS.

2011 Yukihiro Matsumoto
 the creator of Ruby, for his work on GNU, Ruby, and other free software for over 20 years.

2012 Fernando Pérez
 for his work on IPython, and his role in the scientific Python community.

2013 Matthew Garrett
 for his work to support software freedom in relation to Secure Boot, UEFI, and the Linux kernel

2014 Sébastien Jodogne
 for his work on easing the exchange of medical images and developing Orthanc.

2015 Werner Koch
 the founder and driving force behind GnuPG. GnuPG is the de facto tool for encrypted communication. Society needs more than ever to advance free encryption technology.

2016 Alexandre Oliva
 for his work in promoting Free Software and the involvement in projects like the maintenance of linux-libre and the reverse engineer of the proprietary software used by Brazilian citizens to submit their taxes to the government.

2017 Karen Sandler
 for her dedication to Free Software as the former Executive Director of GNOME Foundation, current Executive Director of Software Freedom Conservancy, co-organizer of Outreachy, and through years of pro bono legal advice.

2018 Deborah Nicholson
 Deborah was the director of community operations at the Software Freedom Conservancy, Stallman praised her body of work and her unremitting and widespread contributions to the free software community. "Deborah continuously reaches out to, and engages, new audiences with her message on the need for free software in any version of the future. "

2019 Jim Meyering
 a prolific free software programmer, maintainer and writer, having contributed significantly to the GNU Core Utilities, GNU Autotools and Gnulib.

2020 Bradley M. Kuhn
for his work in enforcing the GNU General Public License (GPL) and promoting copyleft through his position at Software Freedom Conservancy.

2021 Paul Eggert
 a computer scientist who teaches in the Department of Computer Science at the University of California, Los Angeles, contributor to the GNU operating system for over thirty years and current maintainer of the Time Zone Database.

2022 Eli Zaretskii
 Contributor and co-maintainer of GNU Emacs, for over thirty years, with more than two hundred active contributors.

Social benefit award
Source: The Award for Projects of Social Benefit

The Free Software Award for Projects of Social Benefit is an annual award granted by the Free Software Foundation (FSF). In announcing the award, the FSF explained that:

According to Richard Stallman, former President of FSF, the award was inspired by the Sahana project which was developed, and was used, for organising the transfer of aid to tsunami victims in Sri Lanka after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. The developers indicated that they hope to adapt it to aid for other future disasters.

This is the second annual award created by the FSF. The first was the Award for the Advancement of Free Software (AAFS).

Winners
The award was first awarded in 2005, and the recipients have been:
2005 Wikipedia
The Free Encyclopedia
2006 The Sahana FOSS Disaster Management System
"An entirely volunteer effort to create technology for managing large-scale relief efforts"
2007 Groklaw
"An invaluable source of legal and technical information for software developers, lawyers, law professors, and historians"
2008 Creative Commons
"[For] foster[ing] a growing body of creative, educational and scientific works that can be shared and built upon by others [and] work[ing] to raise awareness of the harm inflicted by increasingly restrictive copyright regimes."
2009 Internet Archive
For collecting freely available information, archiving the web, collaborating with libraries, and creating free software to make information available to the public.
2010 Tor
For writing software to help privacy online.
2011 GNU Health
For their work with health professionals around the world to improve the lives of the underprivileged.
2012 OpenMRS
"A free software medical record system for developing countries. OpenMRS is now in use around the world, including South Africa, Kenya, Rwanda, Lesotho, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Uganda, Tanzania, Haiti, India, China, United States, Pakistan, the Philippines, and many other places."
2013 GNOME Foundation's Outreach Program for Women
OPW's work benefits society, "addressing gender discrimination by empowering women to develop leadership and development skills in a society which runs on technology".
2014 Reglue
which donates refurbished Linux computers to underprivileged children in Austin, TX.
2015 Library Freedom Project
a partnership among librarians, technologists, attorneys, and privacy advocates which aims to make real the promise of intellectual freedom in libraries. By teaching librarians about surveillance threats, privacy rights and responsibilities, and digital tools to stop surveillance, the project hopes to create a privacy-centric paradigm shift in libraries and the local communities they serve.
2016 SecureDrop
an open-source software platform for secure communication between journalists and sources (whistleblowers)
2017 Public Lab
a non-profit organization that facilitates collaborative, open source environmental research in a model known as Community Science
2018 OpenStreetMap
a collaborative project to create a free editable map of the world. Founded by Steve Coast in the UK in 2004, OpenStreetMap is built by a community of over one million community members and has found its application on thousands of Web sites, mobile apps, and hardware devices. OpenStreetMap is the only truly global service without restrictions on use or availability of map information.
2019 Let's Encrypt
a Certificate Authority (CA) that provides an easy way to obtain and install free TLS/SSL certificates.
2020 CiviCRM
free program that nonprofit organizations around the world use to manage their mailings and contact databases
2021 SecuRepairs
an association of information security experts who support the right to repair
2022 GNU Jami
Free software tool for decentralized, secure, encrypted videoconferencing.

Award for outstanding new Free Software contributor
The third annual award created by the FSF, the award is presented to an exceptional newcomer to the free software community.

Winners
The award was first awarded for 2019 at LibrePlanet 2020, and the recipients have been:
2019 Clarissa Lima Borges
Outreachy internship work focused on usability testing for various GNOME applications.
2020 Alyssa Rosenzweig
Leads the Panfrost project, a project to reverse engineer and implement a free driver for the Mali series of graphics processing units (GPUs) used on a wide variety of single-board computers and mobile phones.
2021 Protesilaos Stavrou
A philosopher who since 2019 has become a mainstay of the GNU Emacs community through his blog posts, conference talks, livestreams, and code contributions.
 2022 Tad (SkewedZepplin)
Lead developer of DivestOS, which aims to remove proprietary binaries, and supports free software, security, privacy, and extending usefulness of older devices. Also a contributor to Replicant.

Award Committee

 1998: Peter H. Salus, Scott Christley, Rich Morin, Adam Richter, Richard Stallman, and Vernor Vinge
 1999: Peter H. Salus, no further details found
 2000: no details found
 2001 The selection committee included: Miguel de Icaza, Ian Murdock, Eric S. Raymond, Peter H. Salus, Vernor Vinge, and Larry Wall
 2002 The selection committee included: Enrique A. Chaparro, Frederic Couchet, Hong Feng, Miguel de Icaza, Raj Mathur, Frederick Noronha, Jonas Öberg, Eric S. Raymond, Guido van Rossum, Peter H. Salus, Suresh Ramasubramanian, and Larry Wall
 2003 The selection committee included: Enrique A. Chaparro, Frederic Couchet, Miguel de Icaza, Raj Mathur, Frederick Noronha, Jonas Öberg, Bruce Perens, Peter H. Salus, Suresh Ramasubramanian, Richard Stallman, and Vernor Vinge
 2004: Suresh Ramasubramanian, Raj Mathur, Frederick Noronha, Hong Feng, Frederic Couchet, Enrique A. Chaparro, Vernor Vinge, Larry Wall, Alan Cox, Peter H Salus, Richard Stallman
 2005: Peter H. Salus (chair), Richard Stallman, Alan Cox, Lawrence Lessig, Guido van Rossum, Frederic Couchet, Jonas Öberg, Hong Feng, Bruce Perens, Raj Mathur, Suresh Ramasubramanian, Enrique A. Chaparro, Ian Murdock
 2006: Peter H. Salus (chair), Richard Stallman, Andrew Tridgell, Alan Cox, Lawrence Lessig, Vernor Vinge, Frederic Couchet, Jonas Öberg, Hong Feng, Raj Mathur, Suresh Ramasubramanian
 2008: Suresh Ramasubramanian (Chair), Peter H. Salus, Raj Mathur, Hong Feng, Andrew Tridgell, Jonas Öberg, Vernor Vinge, Richard Stallman, and Fernanda G. Weiden.
 2009: Suresh Ramasubramanian (Chair), Peter H. Salus, Lawrence Lessig, Raj Mathur, Wietse Venema, Hong Feng, Andrew Tridgell, Jonas Öberg, Vernor Vinge, Richard Stallman, Fernanda G. Weiden and Harald Welte.
 2010: Suresh Ramasubramanian (Chair), Peter H. Salus, Raj Mathur, Wietse Venema, Hong Feng, Andrew Tridgell, Jonas Öberg, Vernor Vinge, Richard Stallman, Fernanda G. Weiden and Harald Welte.
 2011: Suresh Ramasubramanian (Chair), Peter H. Salus, Raj Mathur, Wietse Venema, Hong Feng, Andrew Tridgell, Jonas Öberg, Vernor Vinge, Richard Stallman, Fernanda G. Weiden and Harald Welte.
 2012: Suresh Ramasubramanian (Chair), Peter H. Salus, Raj Mathur, Wietse Venema, Hong Feng, Andrew Tridgell, Jonas Öberg, Vernor Vinge, Richard Stallman, Fernanda G. Weiden and Harald Welte.
 2013: Suresh Ramasubramanian (Chair), Wietse Venema, Hong Feng, Andrew Tridgell, Jonas Öberg, Vernor Vinge, Richard Stallman, Fernanda G. Weiden, Rob Savoye and Harald Welte.
 2014: Suresh Ramasubramanian (Chair), Marina Zhurakhinskaya, Matthew Garrett, Rob Savoye, Wietse Venema, Richard Stallman, Vernor Vinge, Hong Feng, Fernanda G. Weiden, Harald Welte, Jonas Öberg, and Yukihiro Matsumoto.

See also

 List of computer-related awards

References

External links
 Official Advancement of Free Software Award site
 Official Free Software Award for Projects of Social Benefit site

Awards established in 1998
Free Software Foundation
Free-software awards
Lists of award winners

FSF Free Software Awards


Delta Monocerotis (δ Monocerotis/δ Mon) es una estrella de la constelación del Unicornio de magnitud aparente +4.15 y situada a una distancia de 374,89 años luz aproximadamente. Es un sistema binario de estrellas.

En la tradición astrológica árabe, Delta Monocerotis es conocida con el nombre de Kardegán o Kartaján.

La estrella principal es una estrella blanca, de tipo A, clase espectral A2V, la compañera se sitúa a menos de 3 segundos de arco tiene una magnitud aparente +11,5.

Referencias
 Catálogo SIMBAD

Estrellas
Constelación de Monoceros

Delta Monocerotis


බුදු දහමට අනුව ප්‍රාණියෝ විවිධාකාරය. මොවුන් මරණින් මතු වෙනත් ඕනෑම ප්‍රාණී ආකාරයකට ප්‍රතිසන්ධි වනු ඇත. බුදු දහමට අනුව ප්‍රාණියෙකුගේ ප්‍රාණය නිරුද්ධ කිරීම පාපකර්මයකි.

ආශ්‍රිත
 බුදු දහම

ප්‍රාණියෝ
බුදු දහම

ප්‍රාණියෝ (බුදු දහම)


معاهد الصحة الوطنية (بالإنجليزية National Institutes of Health، رمزها «إن آي إتش») هي الوكالة الرئيسية لحكومة الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية المسؤولة عن البحوث المتعلقة بالطب الحيوي والصحة العامة. تأسست الوكالة في أواخر سبعينيات القرن التاسع عشر، وتُعتبر الآن جزءًا من وزارة الصحة والخدمات البشرية في الولايات المتحدة، وتقع أغلب المنشآت التابعة لها في مدينة بيثيسدا في ولاية ماريلاند.

تُجري معاهد الصحة الوطنية أبحاثها العلمية الخاصة من خلال برنامج البحوث الداخلي (آي آر بي) وتوفر تمويلًا كبيرًا للبحوث الطبية الحيوية التي تجريها المنشآت غير التابعة لها من خلال برنامج البحوث الخارجي.

اعتبارًا من عام 2013، امتلك برنامج الأبحاث الخارجي 1200 باحث رئيسي وأكثر من 4000 حائز على زمالة ما بعد الدكتوراه في البحوث الأساسية والانتقالية والسريرية (البحث الانتقالي هو عملية تطبيق المعارف الصادرة عن العلوم البيولوجية الأساسية والتجارب السريرية على التقنيات والأدوات الموجهة نحو الاحتياجات الطبية المعقدة، وعلى عكس العلوم التطبيقية، تهتم البحوث الانتقالية بتحسين نتائج الصحة) كونها أكبر مؤسسة أبحاث طبية حيوية في العالم، واعتبارًا من عام 2003 قدمت الفروع الخارجية 28% من التمويل السنوي للبحوث الطبية الحيوية في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، أو نحو 26.4 مليار دولار أمريكي.

يضم المعهد الوطني للصحة 27 منشأةً ومركزًا مستقلًا للتخصصات الطبية الحيوية المختلفة، وهو مسؤول عن تحقيق العديد من الإنجازات العلمية، بما في ذلك اكتشاف الفلورايد الذي يقي من تسوس الأسنان، واستخدام الليثيوم لعلاج اضطراب ثنائي القطب، وتصنيع لقاحات ضد التهاب الكبد والمستدمية النزلية (إتش آي بي) وفيروس الورم الحليمي البشري (إتش بي في).

في عام 2019، احتلت معاهد الصحة الوطنية المرتبة الثانية في العالم في مجال العلوم الطبية الحيوية حسب مؤشر نيتشر، الذي ضم أكبر المساهمين في الأوراق البحثية المنشورة في فروع المجلات الرائدة بين عامي 2015 و2018.

التاريخ
تعود جذور معاهد الصحة الوطنية إلى منظمة خدمة المستشفيات البحرية التي ظهرت في أواخر تسعينيات القرن الثامن عشر، والتي قدمت المساعدة الطبية للرجال المرضى والمصابين بالعجز التابعين للقوات البحرية الأمريكية.

بحلول عام 1870، تطورت شبكة من المستشفيات البحرية يديرها مسؤول طبي في المكتب الداخلي التابع لوزارة المالية. وفي أواخر سبعينيات القرن التاسع عشر، رصد الكونغرس أموالًا للتحقيق في أسباب الأوبئة مثل الكوليرا والحمى الصفراء، وأنشأ المجلس الوطني للصحة، فأصبحت البحوث الطبية مبادرةً حكوميةً رسميةً.

في عام 1887، أُنشئ مختبر لدراسة البكتيريا تحت اسم «مختبر الصحة» في المستشفى البحري في مدينة نيويورك، وفي بدايات العقد الأول من القرن العشرين، بدأ الكونغرس بتخصيص الأموال لخدمة المستشفيات التابعة للبحرية.

بحلول عام 1922 غيرت هذه المنظمة اسمها إلى «خدمات الصحة العامة» وانشأت مختبرًا متخصصًا للاستقصاءات المتعلقة بالسرطان في كلية الطب في جامعة هارفرد. كان ذلك نقطة بداية التعاون مع الجامعات.

في عام 1930، تغير توصيف «مختبر الصحة» إلى «المعهد الوطني للصحة» بموجب قانون رانسيدل، وخُصص مبلغ 750,000 دولار لإنشاء بنائين تابعين للمعاهد الصحية الوطنية (إن آي إتش)، وعلى مدى العقود القليلة التالية، زاد الكونغرس تمويل المعاهد الصحية الوطنية بشكل كبير، وأُنشئت ضمنها أيضًا مراكز مختلفة ومؤسسات لإجراء برامج بحثية نوعية.

في عام 1944، أُقر قانون خدمات الصحة العامة، وأصبح المعهد الوطني للسرطان جزءًا من المعاهد الصحية الوطنية.

وفي عام 1948، تغير الاسم من «المعهد الصحي الوطني» إلى «المعاهد الصحية الوطنية».

في ستينيات القرن العشرين، حقن عالم الفيروسات والباحث في السرطانات تشيستر إم سوثام خلايا سرطان هيلا (هيلا عبارة عن نسيج من الخلايا «الخالدة» المأخوذة من سرطان عنق الرحم من مريضة في عام 1951، والتي وُجد أنها تملك نشاطًا تكاثريًا كبيرًا وقدرةً كبيرة على البقاء حية، ما أدى إلى استخدامها الواسع في الأبحاث العلمية) في أجسام مرضى في المستشفى اليهودي للأمراض المزمنة. ولاقت التجربة اهتمامًا إعلاميًا كبيرًا عندما استقال ثلاثة أطباء بعد رفضهم حقن المرضى دون موافقتهم.

كانت معاهد الصحة الوطنية مصدرًا رئيسيًا لتمويل أبحاث سوثام، واشترطت عدم إجراء أي من الأبحاث التي تشمل عينات بشرية دون الحصول على موافقتها. اكتشفت «إن آي إتش» بعد التحقيق في جميع معاهدها المستفيدة أن الغالبية من هذه المؤسسات لم تحم حقوق العينات البشرية، ومنذ ذلك الحين فرضت معاهد الصحة الوطنية على جميع المعاهد المستفيدة أن تنال موافقة مجلس الاستعراض المؤسساتي على أي مقترحات بحثية تتضمن تجارب على البشر.

في عام 1967، أُنشئ قسم البرامج الطبية الإقليمية ليدير المنح المقدَّمة لإجراء أبحاث القلب والسرطان والسكتات الدماغية، وفي نفس العام، ضغط مدير المعاهد الصحية الوطنية على البيت الأبيض لزيادة التمويل الفيدرالي، وبالتالي زيادة البحث والسرعة التي يمكن من خلالها تقديم الفوائد الصحية للناس.

شُكلت لجنة استشارية للإشراف على تطوير معاهد الصحة الوطنية وبرامجها البحثية. بحلول عام 1971، كانت أبحاث السرطان في أوجها، ووقع الرئيس نيكسون على قانون السرطان الوطني، وأسس برنامجًا وطنيًا للسرطان، ولائحة السرطان الرئاسية (لائحة مكونة من ثلاثة أشخاص يرفعون التقارير إلى رئاسة الولايات المتحدة عن تطورات وإنجازات البرنامج الوطني للسرطان)، والمجلس الاستشاري الوطني للسرطان، و15 مركزًا جديدًا للبحوث والتدريب والبيان العملي.

شكل تمويل معاهد الصحة الوطنية مصدرًا للخلاف في الكونغرس في أغلب الأحيان، إذ كان بمثابة وكيل عن التيارات السياسية في ذلك الوقت.

في عام 1992 حصلت معاهد الصحة الوطنية على %1 تقريبًا من ميزانية التشغيل للحكومة الفيدرالية، وسيطرت على أكثر من %50 من إجمالي تمويل البحوث الصحية و%85 من إجمالي التمويل للدراسات الصحية في الجامعات. وبينما يتزايد التمويل الحكومي للبحوث في التخصصات الأخرى بمعدل مماثل للتضخم المالي منذ سبعينيات القرن العشرين، تضاعف تمويل البحوث لمعاهد الصحة الوطنية ثلاث مرات تقريبًا أثناء تسعينيات القرن العشرين والعقد الأول من القرن الحادي والعشرين، ولكنه ظل ثابتًا تقريبًا منذ ذلك الحين.

بحلول تسعينيات القرن العشرين، توجه تركيز لجنة معاهد الصحة الوطنية إلى أبحاث الحمض النووي «دي إن إيه» وأطلقت مشروع الجينوم البشري.

مدراء معاهد الصحة الوطنية الأمريكية
مكتب مدير معاهد الصحة الوطنية «إن آي إتش» هو المكتب المركزي المسؤول عن وضع سياسة هذه المعاهد وعن تخطيط برامج وأنشطة جميع أقسام المعاهد وإدارتها وتنسيقها. يلعب مدير معاهد الصحة الوطنية دورًا فعالًا في صياغة نشاطات الوكالة وآفاقها المستقبلية، وهو مسؤول عن توجيه المعاهد والمراكز عبر تحديد الاحتياجات والفرص، وخاصةً في المساعي التي تتضمن معاهد المتعددة.

يوجد ضمن هذا المكتب «قسم تنسيق البرامج والتخطيط والمبادرات الاستراتيجية» مع12  قسمًا بما في ذلك:

 مكتب المجلس الاستشاري لأبحاث الإيدز.
 مكتب البحوث المتعلقة بصحة المرأة.
 مكتب الوقاية من الأمراض.
 مكتب بحوث الأقليات الجنسية والجندرية.
 مكتب بحوث الصحة القبلية.
 مكتب تقييم البرامج وأدائها.

المدراء السابقون:

 جوزيف كانيون، خدم أغسطس 1887 - 30 أبريل 1899
 ميلتون روزناو، خدم 1 مايو 1899 - 30 سبتمبر 1909
 جون أندرسون، خدم 1 أكتوبر 1909 - 19 نوفمبر 1915
 جورج مكوي، خدم 20 نوفمبر 1915 - 31 يناير 1937
 لويس طومسون، خدم 1 فبراير 1937 - 31 يناير 1942
 رولا داير، خدم 1 فبراير 1942 - 30 سبتمبر 1950
 ويليام سابرل، الابن، خدم 1 أكتوبر 1950 - 31 يوليو 1955
 جيمس أوغسطين شانون، خدم 1 أغسطس 1955 - 31 أغسطس 1968
 روبرت مارستون، خدم 1 سبتمبر 1968 - 21 يناير 1973
 روبرت ستون، وخدم 29 مايو 1973 - 31 يناير 1975
 دونالد فريدريكسون، خدم 1 يوليو 1975 - 30 يونيو 1981
 جيمس وينغاردن، خدم 29 أبريل 1982 - 31 يوليو 1989
 بيرناداين هيلي، خدم 9 أبريل 1991 - 30 يونيو 1993
 هارولد فرموس، خدم 23 نوفمبر 1993 - 31 ديسمبر 1999
 إلياس زرهوني، خدم 2 مايو 2002 - 31 أكتوبر 2008
 فرانسيس كولينز، خدم 17 أغسطس 2009 - الحاضر [13]

الموقع والحرم الخاص بمعاهد الصحة الوطنية
يُجرى البحث الداخلي بشكل أساسي ضمن الحرم الرئيس في مدينة بيثيسدا ومدينة روكفيل التابعتين لولاية ماريلاند والأماكن المحيطة به. يستضيف حرم باي فيو في مدينة بالتيمور التابعة لولاية ماريلاند برامج البحوث التابع للمعهد الوطني للتقدم في العمر، والمعهد الوطني لتعاطي المخدرات، والمعهد الوطني لأبحاث الجينوم البشري والتي تحوي فريقًا يشمل نحو 1000 عالم وعامل.

يستضيف مختبر فريدريك الوطني لأبحاث السرطان في مدينة فريدريك في ماريلاند ومنطقة ريفرسايد للأبحاث العديد من أقسام المعهد الوطني للسرطان، بما فيها مركز أبحاث السرطان، مكتب العمليات العلمية، فرع دعم العمليات الإدارية، قسم وبائيات ومورثات السرطان، وقسم علاج وتشخيص السرطان.

يقع المعهد الوطني لعلوم الصحة البيئية في منطقة المثلث في بيدمونت التابعة لكارولاينا الشمالية.

مراجع

أبحاث التمريض
العلوم والتكنولوجيا في ماريلند
تأسيسات سنة 1887 في ماريلند
تأسيسات سنة 1930 في ماريلند
صناعة علوم الحياة
مبان ومنشآت في بيثيسدا
مراكز أبحاث وتنمية ممولة اتحاديا
مستشفيات أسست في 1887
مستشفيات في ماريلند
معاهد أبحاث طبية في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية
معاهد أبحاث في ماريلند
معاهد بحوث دولية
منظمات أسست في 1930
مواقع جذب سياحي في مقاطعة مونغومري (ميريلاند)
وكالات حكومية أسست في 1887
وكالات وزارة الصحة والخدمات الإنسانية في الولايات المتحدة
معاهد أبحاث طبية في ماريلند
منظمات السرطان مقرها في الولايات المتحدة

معاهد الصحة الوطنية الأمريكية


Bilgi gediği, iletişimde haberin unusurlarının (5N 1K) birkaçının dezenformayona yol açmak için açıklanmamamasıyla oluşturulur. Bu şekilde maskelenen olay, aslında okur kitleden gizlenmiş olur.

Komplo teorilerinin oluşturulmasında da büyük etken olan bilgi gedikleri, istenilen yönde bir kamuoyu oluşturulması yönünde büyük öneme sahiptir. Bu tür haberlerde genelde "kim"in, "ne"yi, "nerede", "ne zaman" yaptığı açıklanırken, "neden"i, "nasıl"ı ve "nereden"i açıklanmaz.

İletişim

Bilgi gediği


Friedhelm Konietzka (født 2. august 1938, død 12. marts 2012) var en tysk fodboldspiller (angriber) og senere -træner.

I løbet af sin aktive karriere spillede Konietzka for henholdsvis Borussia Dortmund og 1860 München i sit hjemland, samt for FC Winterhur i Schweiz. Hos både Dortmund og 1860 München var han med til at vinde det tyske mesterskab. Han står desuden noteret for at have scoret det første mål nogensinde i Bundesligaen, for Dortmund mod Werder Bremen 24. august 1963.

Konietzka spillede desuden ni kampe og scorede tre mål for Vesttysklands landshold. Hans første landskamp var en venskabskamp mod Jugoslavien 30. september 1962, hans sidste en VM-kvalifikationskamp mod Cypern 24. april 1965.

Efter at have afsluttet sin aktive karriere var Konietzka igennem flere årtier en succesfuld træner. Han stod blandt andet i spidsen for FC Zürich, som han vandt tre schweiziske mesterskaber med. Senere stod han også i spidsen for blandt andet Bayer Uerdingen, Borussia Dortmund og FC Luzern.

Konietzka begik selvmod 12. marts 2012. Han blev 73 år.

Titler
Bundesligaen
 1963 med Borussia Dortmund
 1966 med 1860 München

DFB-Pokal
 1965 med Borussia Dortmund

Schweizisk mesterskab
 1974, 1975 og 1976 med FC Zürich (træner)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Tyskland
Fodboldspillere fra Borussia Dortmund
Fodboldspillere fra 1860 München
Fodboldspillere fra FC Winterthur
Fodboldtrænere fra Tyskland

Friedhelm Konietzka


Learning pathways through statutory assessment: Key Stages 2 and 3, also known as the Daugherty Report is a government review of the educational assessment system for Key Stages 2 and 3 (11- and 14-year-olds) in Wales. The review was commissioned by Jane Davidson of the National Assembly for Wales in June 2003 and undertaken by a group led by Professor Richard Daugherty from the University of Wales, Aberystwyth.

The group were given the task of reviewing the nature and suitability of the national statutory assessments, looking in particular at the timing of the tests, and what uses the resulting data are put to. The impact of the tests on the primary to secondary transition was also investigated.

The interim report, released on 22 January 2004, was perceived by the media as supporting a complete abolishment of the statutory tests at both Key Stages 2 and 3. The report suggested that 10-year-old pupils (year 5) should take aptitude tests. The aim of these should be to inform teaching in year 6, and later in secondary school, whilst noting that the results of these could be collected for monitoring purposes. It also recommended that teacher assessments at the end of year 6 remain compulsory.

At Key Stage 3, the interim report suggested that the current assessment system be phased out after three years, and replaced with assessments at the end of year 8 or beginning of year 9. Over this three years, a system for moderation of teacher assessments would be developed. It would be up to secondary schools to ensure that consistent teacher assessments had occurred in their feeder schools.

Inter-country monitoring would be achieved by using a sample of attainments linked to the OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment. The report also noted the importance of developing formative assessment practices.

The review group has worked closely with ACCAC, who are also undertaking an assessment review due for release in April 2004, the same time as the final Daugherty Report is published.

Members of the review group
Richard Daugherty (Chair)
Gareth Morgans, headteacher, Carmarthenshire
Irene Perry, headteacher, Conwy
Michael Bassett, teacher, Rhondda Cynon Taff
Mark Ansell, teacher, Aberystwyth
Helen Cleaves, parent-governor, Monmouthshire
Sioned Bowen, Director of Education, Denbighshire
John Valentine Williams, Chief Executive of ACCAC
Susan Lewis, HM Chief Inspector, Estyn
Keith Davies, Head of Standards and Performance Division of the Welsh Assembly

External links
Text of the interim report (PDF)
Article on the interim report in The Guardian

Education in the United Kingdom

Daugherty Report


In cryptography, the Tiny Encryption Algorithm (TEA) is a block cipher notable for its simplicity of description and implementation, typically a few lines of code. It was designed by David Wheeler and Roger Needham of the Cambridge Computer Laboratory; it was first  presented at the Fast Software Encryption workshop in Leuven in 1994, and first published in the proceedings of that workshop.

The cipher is not subject to any patents.

Note that this cipher is unrelated to the TETRA Encryption Algorithm.

Properties

TEA operates on two 32-bit unsigned integers (could be derived from a 64-bit data block) and uses a 128-bit  key. It has a Feistel structure with a suggested 64 rounds, typically implemented in pairs termed cycles. It has an extremely simple key schedule, mixing all of the key material in exactly the same way for each cycle. Different multiples of a magic constant are used to prevent simple attacks based on the symmetry of the rounds. The magic constant, 2654435769 or 0x9E3779B9 is chosen to be , where  is the golden ratio (as a nothing-up-my-sleeve number).

TEA has a few weaknesses. Most notably, it suffers from equivalent keys—each key is equivalent to three others, which means that the effective key size is only 126 bits. As a result, TEA is especially bad as a cryptographic hash function. This weakness led to a method for hacking Microsoft's Xbox game console, where the cipher was used as a hash function. TEA is also susceptible to a related-key attack which requires 223 chosen plaintexts under a related-key pair, with 232 time complexity.  Because of these weaknesses, the XTEA cipher was designed.

Versions

The first published version of TEA was supplemented by a second version that incorporated extensions to make it more secure. Block TEA (which was specified along with XTEA) operates on arbitrary-size blocks in place of the 64-bit blocks of the original.

A third version (XXTEA), published in 1998, described further improvements for enhancing the security of the Block TEA algorithm.

Reference code

Following is an adaptation of the reference encryption and decryption routines in C, released into the public domain by David Wheeler and Roger Needham:

#include <stdint.h>

void encrypt (uint32_t v[2], const uint32_t k[4]) {
    uint32_t v0=v[0], v1=v[1], sum=0, i;           /* set up */
    uint32_t delta=0x9E3779B9;                     /* a key schedule constant */
    uint32_t k0=k[0], k1=k[1], k2=k[2], k3=k[3];   /* cache key */
    for (i=0; i<32; i++) {                         /* basic cycle start */
        sum += delta;
        v0 += ((v1<<4) + k0) ^ (v1 + sum) ^ ((v1>>5) + k1);
        v1 += ((v0<<4) + k2) ^ (v0 + sum) ^ ((v0>>5) + k3);
    }                                              /* end cycle */
    v[0]=v0; v[1]=v1;
}

void decrypt (uint32_t v[2], const uint32_t k[4]) {
    uint32_t v0=v[0], v1=v[1], sum=0xC6EF3720, i;  /* set up; sum is (delta << 5) & 0xFFFFFFFF */
    uint32_t delta=0x9E3779B9;                     /* a key schedule constant */
    uint32_t k0=k[0], k1=k[1], k2=k[2], k3=k[3];   /* cache key */
    for (i=0; i<32; i++) {                         /* basic cycle start */
        v1 -= ((v0<<4) + k2) ^ (v0 + sum) ^ ((v0>>5) + k3);
        v0 -= ((v1<<4) + k0) ^ (v1 + sum) ^ ((v1>>5) + k1);
        sum -= delta;
    }                                              /* end cycle */
    v[0]=v0; v[1]=v1;
}
Note that the reference implementation acts on multi-byte numeric values. The original paper does not specify how to derive the numbers it acts on from binary or other content.

See also
 RC4 – A stream cipher that, just like TEA, is designed to be very simple to implement.
 XTEA – First version of Block TEA's successor.
 XXTEA – Corrected Block TEA's successor.
 Treyfer – A simple and compact encryption algorithm with 64-bit key size and block size.

Notes

References

External links

 Test vectors for TEA
 JavaScript implementation of XXTEA with Base64
 PHP implementation of XTEA (German language)
 JavaScript implementation of XXTEA
 JavaScript and PHP implementations of XTEA (Dutch text)
 AVR ASM implementation
 SEA Scalable Encryption Algorithm for Small Embedded Applications (Standaert, Piret, Gershenfeld, Quisquater - July 2005 UCL Belgium & MIT USA)

Broken block ciphers
Computer security in the United Kingdom
Feistel ciphers
Free ciphers
History of computing in the United Kingdom
University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory
Articles with example C code

Tiny Encryption Algorithm


Hugh Darwen (* 1943 in Warwick) ist ein britischer Informatiker. Er war grundlegend beteiligt an der Entwicklung der Theorie der relationalen Datenbank.

Leben
Darwen arbeitete von 1967 bis 2004 bei IBM. Dort war er von 1978 bis 1982 Chef-Architekt für das Business System 12, ein Datenbanksystem, das die Prinzipien des relationalen Modells sehr getreu umsetzen sollte. In dieser Zeit arbeitete er eng mit Christopher J. Date zusammen und vertrat IBM in den SQL-Ausschüssen der ISO (JTC1 SC32 WG3 Database languages, WG4 SQL/MM). Seit 2011 lehrt er an der University of Warwick am  und ist Tutor bei der Open University. Er doziert dort über die Sprache Tutorial D, die er zusammen mit Chris Date entwickelt hat. Seine frühen Werke veröffentlichte er unter dem Pseudonym Andrew Warden, beides ein Anagramm seines Nachnamens.

Neben seiner Arbeit zum Thema Datenbanken hat er ein Buch über das Kartenspiel Bridge geschrieben und betreibt eine Website zu diesem Thema.

Werke (Auswahl)
 C. J. Date, Andrew Warden: Relational database writings, 1985-1989, Band 2, Verlag Addison-Wesley, 1990, ISBN 0201508818
 Chris J. Date, Hugh Darwen: SQL- der Standard: SQL/92 mit den Erweiterungen CLI und PSM, Verlag Pearson Deutschland GmbH, 1998, ISBN 3827313457
 Hugh Darwen, Chris J. Date: Relational Database Writings: 1994 - 1997, Band 4, Verlag Addison-Wesley, 1998
 Darwen: Bridge Magic, Verlag Faber and Faber, 1973, ISBN 0571102506
 C. J. Date, Hugh Darwen, Nikos A. Lorentzos: Time and Relational Theory. Temporal Databases in the Relational Model and SQL. 2. Auflage. Morgan Kaufmann, Waltham, Massachusetts 2014, ISBN 978-0-12-800675-7.

Einzelnachweise

Informatiker
Brite
Geboren 1943
Mann

Hugh Darwen


Ruhr bölgesi, Almanya'nın Kuzey Ren-Vestfalya eyâletinde bulunan, 5.3 milyonluk nüfusu ve 4.435 km²'lik alanıyla Almanya'nın en büyük metropolitan yerleşim merkezidir. Duisburg, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Essen, Gelsenkirchen, Bochum, Oberhausen, Bottrop ve Dortmund bu bölgenin belli başlı merkezi kentleridir. Ruhr bölgesi halk arasında Pott veya Kohlenpott olarak da anılır. Yakın bir zamana kadar esas gelir kaynağı kömür ve çelik üretimininden sağlanan bölge, bugün ise Almanya'nın Bilişim Teknolojisi (IT), lojistik ve alternatif enerji merkezidir.

 <font color="darkblue">(polycentric)

Ruhr bölgesi


Laser propulsion is a form of beam-powered propulsion where the energy source is a remote (usually ground-based) laser system and separate from the reaction mass. This form of propulsion differs from a conventional chemical rocket where both energy and reaction mass come from the solid or liquid propellants carried on board the vehicle.

History
The basic concepts underlying a photon-propelled "sail" propulsion system were developed by Eugene Sanger and the Hungarian physicist György Marx.  Propulsion concepts using laser-energized rockets were developed in the 1970s by Arthur Kantrowitz and Wolfgang Moekel, with a variant using laser ablation pioneered by Leik Myrabo. An exposition of Kantrowitz's laser propulsion ideas was published in 1988.

Laser propulsion systems may transfer momentum to a spacecraft in two different ways. The first way uses photon radiation pressure to drive momentum transfer and is the principle behind solar sails and laser sails. The second method uses the laser to help expel mass from the spacecraft as in a conventional rocket. Thus, the first uses the laser for both energy and reaction mass, while the second uses the laser for energy, but carries reaction mass.  Thus, the second is fundamentally limited in final spacecraft velocities by the rocket equation.

Laser-pushed lightsail
A laser-pushed lightsail is a thin reflective sail similar to a solar sail, in which the sail is being pushed by a laser, rather than the sun.  The advantage of lightsail propulsion is that the vehicle does not carry either the energy source or the reaction mass for propulsion, and hence the limitations of the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation to achieving high velocities are avoided. Use of a laser-pushed lightsail was proposed initially by Marx in 1966,  as a method of interstellar travel that would avoid extremely high mass ratios by not carrying fuel, and analyzed in detail by physicist Robert L. Forward in 1989.    Further analysis of the concept was done by Landis, Mallove and Matloff, Andrews and others.

A large diameter beam is required so that only a small portion misses the sail due to diffraction, and the spacecraft must have strong pointing stability capabilities so it can tilt its sails fast enough to follow the center of the beam. These requirements increase in importance as mission complexity increases, such as when moving from interplanetary to interstellar missions, and when moving from flyby missions to one-way landing missions and then to  return missions.

The laser may alternatively consist of a large phased array of small devices that receive their energy directly from solar radiation.

The laser-pushed sail is proposed as a method of propelling a small interstellar probe by the Breakthrough Starshot project.

Another method of moving a much larger spacecraft to high velocities is by using a laser system to propel a stream of much smaller sails. Each alternative mini sail is slowed down by a laser from the home system so that they collide at ionising velocities. The ionising collisions could then be used to interact with a powerful magnetic field on the spacecraft to provide a force to power and move it.

An extension of the idea is to utilize nuclear materials on the mini sails. These materials would undergo fission or fusion, greatly increasing the magnitude of the imparted force. However, this approach would require much higher collision velocities compared to non-nuclear implementations.

Photon recycling
Metzgar and Landis proposed a variant on the laser-pushed sail, in which the photons reflected from the sail are re-used by re-reflecting them back to the sail by a stationary mirror; a "multi-bounce laser-based sail."  This amplifies the force produced by recycling the photons, resulting in considerably higher force produced from the same laser power. There is also a multi-bounce photonic sail configuration which uses a large Fresnel lens around a laser generating system. In this configuration the laser shines light on a probe sail accelerating it outwards which is then reflected back through the Fresnel lens to be reflected off a larger more massive reflector probe going in the other direction. The laser light is reflected back and forth many times improving the force transmitted but importantly allows the large lens to remain in a more stable position as it is not greatly influenced by the laser lights momentum.

An optical cavity allows greater re-use of photons, but keeping the beam in the cavity becomes much more challenging. An optical cavity can be made with two high-reflectance mirrors, forming a Fabry–Pérot optical resonance cavity in which any small movement of mirrors would destroy the resonance condition and null photonic thrust. Such optical cavities are used for gravitational wave detection as in LIGO, for their extreme sensitivity to the movement of mirror. Bae originally proposed to use photon recycling for use in a nanometer accuracy formation flight of satellites for this reason. Bae, however, discovered that in an active optical cavity formed by two high-reflectance mirrors and a laser gain medium in between, similar to the typical laser cavity, photon recycling becomes less sensitive to the movement of mirrors. Bae named the laser thruster based on the photon recycling in an active optical cavity Photonic Laser Thruster (PLT).  In 2015 his team demonstrated the number of photon recycling up to 1,540 over a distance of a few meters and photonic thrusts up to 3.5 mN with the use of a 500 W laser system. In a laboratory demonstration, a Cubesat (0.75 kg in weight) was propelled with PLT.

Laser energized rocket
There are several forms of laser propulsion in which the laser is used as an energy source to provide momentum to propellant that is carried on board the rocket.  The use of a laser as the energy source means that the energy provided to the propellant is not limited by the chemical energy of the propellant.

Laser thermal rocket
The laser thermal rocket (heat exchanger (HX) thruster) is a thermal rocket in which the propellant is heated by energy provided by an external laser beam.  The beam heats a solid heat exchanger, which in turn heats an inert liquid propellant, converting it to hot gas which is exhausted through a conventional nozzle. This is similar in principle to nuclear thermal and solar thermal propulsion. Using a large flat heat exchanger allows the laser beam to shine directly on the heat exchanger without focusing optics on the vehicle. The HX thruster has the advantage of working equally well with any laser wavelength and both CW and pulsed lasers, and of having an efficiency approaching 100%. The HX thruster is limited by the heat exchanger material and by radiative losses to relatively low gas temperatures, typically 1000–2000 °C. For a given temperature, the specific impulse is maximized with the minimum molecular weight reaction mass, and with hydrogen propellant, that provides sufficient specific impulse as high as 600–800 seconds, high enough in principle to allow single stage vehicles to reach low Earth orbit. The HX laser thruster concept was developed by Jordin Kare in 1991; a similar microwave thermal propulsion concept was developed independently by Kevin L. Parkin at Caltech in 2001.

A variation on this concept was proposed by Prof. John Sinko and Dr. Clifford Schlecht as a redundant safety concept for assets on orbit. Packets of enclosed propellants are attached to the outside of a space suit, and exhaust channels run from each packet to the far side of the astronaut or tool. A laser beam from a space station or shuttle vaporizes the propellant inside the packs. Exhaust is directed behind the astronaut or tool, pulling the target towards the laser source. To brake the approach, a second wavelength is used to ablate the exterior of the propellant packets on the near side.

In 2022 a paper was published by researchers from McGill University proposing a laser thermal propulsion system to be used to send a spacecraft to Mars in 45 days. One of the main advantages of using the proposed laser thermal propulsion system for sending spacecraft to Mars is reducing astronaut exposure to cosmic rays by reducing the transit time outside of Earth's Magnetosphere.

Laser mirror rocket

In this design a lens and/or parabolic mirror focuses laser light into a small hole in a mirror that leads into a tube which is highly reflective inside and completely open at the other end. A phased-array laser is pulsed from Earth at the spacecraft where the laser light is focused into the tube to a waiting mobile mirror disc which will be the reaction mass. The pulse of laser light becomes trapped in the tube, bouncing back and forth and accelerating the mirror disc out at very high velocity. The mirrors are moved into position inside the tube from magazines on the side of the craft after the laser pulse has switched off. Accelerations of millions of g's are possible for these small highly reflective mirrors, and velocities over short distances can reach into the tens of kilometers per second, allowing specific impulses in the thousands. For example if a mirror disc is accelerated over 10 m at 2 million g it will reach a velocity of 20 km/s at the exit, this is over four times higher than the exhaust velocity of a hydrogen/oxygen rocket motor which is around 4.5 km/s. A comparison of specific impulses between the space shuttle's hydrogen/oxygen engines which has a specific impulse of 453 and the above cited example yields a specific impulse of 2034 for the mirror rocket which is a significant improvement. Clever control of the discs would allow much longer acceleration periods as well and therefore higher exit velocities. Jordin Kare calculated that these mirrored discs could theoretically be pushed to around 32 million g but would be at the limit of any material's strength and subject to total failure. The propulsion design can be used on spacecraft going out directly from Earth's orbit or coming towards the Earth as in a returning elliptical orbit.

Ablative laser propulsion
Ablative laser propulsion (ALP) is a form of beam-powered propulsion in which an external pulsed laser is used to burn off a plasma plume from a solid metal propellant, thus producing thrust. The measured specific impulse of small ALP setups is very high at about 5000 s (49 kN·s/kg), and unlike the lightcraft developed by Leik Myrabo which uses air as the propellant, ALP can be used in space.

Material is directly removed from a solid or liquid surface at high velocities by laser ablation by a pulsed laser. Depending on the laser flux and pulse duration, the material can be simply heated and evaporated, or converted to plasma. Ablative propulsion will work in air or vacuum. Specific impulse values from 200 seconds to several thousand seconds are possible by choosing the propellant and laser pulse characteristics. Variations of ablative propulsion include double-pulse propulsion in which one laser pulse ablates material and a second laser pulse further heats the ablated gas, laser micropropulsion in which a small laser on board a spacecraft ablates very small amounts of propellant for attitude control or maneuvering, and space debris removal, in which the laser ablates material from debris particles in low Earth orbit, changing their orbits and causing them to reenter.

University of Alabama Huntsville Propulsion Research Center has researched ALP.

Pulsed plasma propulsion
A high energy pulse focused in a gas or on a solid surface surrounded by gas produces breakdown of the gas (usually air). This causes an expanding shock wave which absorbs laser energy at the shock front (a laser sustained detonation wave or LSD wave); expansion of the hot plasma behind the shock front during and after the pulse transmits momentum to the craft. Pulsed plasma propulsion using air as the working fluid is the simplest form of air-breathing laser propulsion. The record-breaking lightcraft, developed by Leik Myrabo of RPI (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute) and Frank Mead, works on this principle.

Another concept of pulsed plasma propulsion is being investigated by Prof. Hideyuki Horisawa.

CW plasma propulsion
A continuous laser beam focused in a flowing stream of gas creates a stable laser sustained plasma which heats the gas; the hot gas is then expanded through a conventional nozzle to produce thrust. Because the plasma does not touch the walls of the engine, very high gas temperatures are possible, as in gas core nuclear thermal propulsion. However, to achieve high specific impulse, the propellant must have low molecular weight; hydrogen is usually assumed for actual use, at specific impulses around 1,000 seconds. CW plasma propulsion has the disadvantage that the laser beam must be precisely focused into the absorption chamber, either through a window or by using a specially-shaped nozzle. CW plasma thruster experiments were performed in the 1970s and 1980s, primarily by Dr. Dennis Keefer of UTSI and Prof. Herman Krier of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.

Laser electric propulsion
A general class of propulsion techniques in which the laser beam power is converted to electricity, which then powers some type of electric propulsion thruster.

A small quadcopter has flown for 12 hours and 26 minutes charged by a 2.25 kW laser (powered at less than half of its normal operating current), using 170 watt photovoltaic arrays as the power receiver, and a laser has been demonstrated to charge the batteries of an unmanned aerial vehicle in flight for 48 hours.

For spacecraft, laser electric propulsion is considered as a competitor to solar electric or nuclear electric propulsion for low-thrust propulsion in space. However, Leik Myrabo has proposed high-thrust laser electric propulsion, using magnetohydrodynamics to convert laser energy to electricity and to electrically accelerate air around a vehicle for thrust.

See also
Elevator:2010
List of laser articles
Optical lift
Rocket engine

References

External links

 Investigations Into a Potential Laser-NASP Transport Technology.  Proceedings of the NASA/USRA Advanced Design Program 6th Annual Summer Conference.  NASA. June 1990.
 Final report of NIAC study on HX launch system

Propulsion
Spacecraft propulsion
Emerging technologies

Laser propulsion


Çandarlı İbrahim Paşa veya Çandarlı İbrahim Çelebi (d. 1429 - ö. 1499), II. Bayezid saltanatında 1498-1499 yılları arasında sadrazamlık yapmış Osmanlı devlet adamıdır. Çandarlılar ailesine mensup olup bu ailenin çıkardığı ön planda yer almış son ferttir. II. Murad'a veziriâzamlık yapmış dedesi Çandarlı İbrahim Paşa'dan ayırmak için Çandarlı İkinci İbrahim Paşa şeklinde anılır.

Hayatı
İstanbul'un fethinden sonra idam edilen Çandarlı Halil Paşa'nın en küçük oğlu olup, ilmiye sınıfında yetişmiştir. 1453 yılında Edirne kadısı olarak bulunuyordu. 1465'te kazasker olup, 1474'te vezirlikle Amasya şehzadesi Bayezid'in lalalığına tayin edilmiş ve daha sonra görevinden alınarak İstanbul'a geri dönmüştür. II. Bayezid devrinde Anadolu kazaskeriyken, 1485'te Rumeli kazaskeri ve 1486'da divanda üçüncü vezir, bir sene sonra da ikinci vezir olmuştur. 1498'de sadrazam olup, 1499'da İnebahtı Seferinde ordugahta ölmüştür.

Değerlendirme
Tarihçiler; ilim ve fazilet sahibi, iyi ahlaklı, cömert, iyiliksever ve tedbirli olduğunda hemfikirdir.

Eserleri
İstanbul' da 1478'de yaptırdığı Çandarlızade Atik İbrahim Paşa Camii bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca İznik'te yaptırdığı bir cami ve Kastamonu'da medresesi vardır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Danişmend, İsmail Hâmi, (1961) Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, İstanbul:Türkiye Yayınevi.
 Tektaş, Nazım (2002) Sadrazamlar-Osmanlı'da İkinci Adam Saltanatı, İstanbul:Çatı Kitapları.

Osmanlı sadrazamları
İbrahim Paşa 2

II. Çandarlı İbrahim Paşa


කන්දේවෙල අම්බලම ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ හේවා හැට ප්‍රදේශයේ ඉදිකොට ඇති ඉපැරණි අම්බලම් කිහිපය අතුරින් එකකි. එය හඟුරන්කෙත - මහනුවර මාර්ගයේ කන්දේවෙල ග‍්‍රාමය තුල පිහිටා ඇත.

අතීතය

ඉදිකිරීම් ආකෘතිය
ටැම්පිට ආකෘතියේ ඉදිකිරීම් අනූව යමින්, පො‍ලවේ සෘඡුකෝණාශ්‍රාකාර කොටසක විශාල ගල් හතරක් තබා ඒ මත විශාල දැව කඳන් සමබර කොට අම්බලම ඉදිකොට තිබෙයි. වහලය කොත් ස්වරූපයකින් යුක්ත වන අතර, එය කැණිමඬල ආධාරයෙන් මතුකොට තිබෙයි.

ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය
2005 වර්ෂයේදී පමණ මෙම අම්බලම පුරාවිද්‍යා ස්ථානයක් වශයෙන් තහවුරු කොට තිබෙයි. මීට අමතරව අම්බලමෙහි වූ පැරණි පෙති උළු ඉවත්කොට ඒ වෙනුවට නව උළු සහ දිරා ගිය පැරණි දැව වෙනුවට නව දැව යොදා ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කොට ඇත.

මූලාශ්‍ර

අම්බලම්
මහනුවර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පුරාවිද්‍යා ආරක්‍ෂිත ස්මාරක

කන්දේවෙල අම්බලම


Philip Warren Anderson (Indianapolis, 13. prosinca 1923. – Princeton, New Jersey, 29. ožujka 2020.) bio je američki fizičar. Doktorirao na Harvardovu Sveučilištu 1949. godine. Radio je u Laboratorijima Bell Telephone (od 1949. do 1984.), kao profesor teorijske fizike na Sveučilištu u Cambridgeu (od 1967. do 1975.), a od 1975. na Sveučilištu u Princetonu. Za temeljna teorijska istraživanja elektronske strukture magnetskih i neuređenih sustava s N. F. Mottom i J. H. Van Vleckom dobio je Nobelovu nagradu za fiziku 1977. godine. Autor je više knjiga kao Concepts of Solids (1963) i Basic Notions of Condensed Matter Physics (1984).

Izvori

Američki fizičari
Dobitnici Nobelove nagrade za fiziku

Philip Warren Anderson


An Pariana lanceolata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carl Bernhard von Trinius. An Pariana lanceolata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pariana, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pariana

Pariana lanceolata


Catedrala Adormirea Maicii Domnului din Damasc servește drept catedrală patriarhală a Bisericii Antiohiei.

Catedrale din Siria
Biserici din Damasc
Biserici cu hramul Sfânta Maria


Color photography is photography that uses media capable of capturing and reproducing colors. By contrast, black-and-white or gray-monochrome photography records only a single channel of luminance (brightness) and uses media capable only of showing shades of gray.

In color photography, electronic sensors or light-sensitive chemicals record color information at the time of exposure. This is usually done by analyzing the spectrum of colors into three channels of information, one dominated by red, another by green and the third by blue, in imitation of the way the normal human eye senses color. The recorded information is then used to reproduce the original colors by mixing various proportions of red, green and blue light (RGB color, used by video displays, digital projectors and some historical photographic processes), or by using dyes or pigments to remove various proportions of the red, green and blue which are present in white light (CMY color, used for prints on paper and transparencies on film).

Monochrome images which have been "colorized" by tinting selected areas by hand or mechanically or with the aid of a computer are "colored photographs", not "color photographs". Their colors are not dependent on the actual colors of the objects photographed and may be inaccurate.

The foundation of all practical color processes, the three-color method was first suggested in an 1855 paper by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell, with the first color photograph produced by Thomas Sutton for a Maxwell lecture in 1861.  Color photography has been the dominant form of photography since the 1970s, with monochrome photography mostly relegated to niche markets such as art photography.

History

Three-color processes

The three-color method, which is the foundation of virtually all practical color processes whether chemical or electronic, was first suggested in an 1855 paper on color vision by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell.

In his studies of color vision, Maxwell showed, by using a rotating disk with which he could alter the proportions, that any visible hue or gray tone could be made by mixing only three pure colors of light – red, green and blue – in proportions that would stimulate the three types of cells to the same degrees under particular lighting conditions.  To emphasize that each type of cell by itself did not actually see color but was simply more or less stimulated, he drew an analogy to black-and-white photography: if three colorless photographs of the same scene were taken through red, green and blue filters, and transparencies ("slides") made from them were projected through the same filters and superimposed on a screen, the result would be an image reproducing not only red, green and blue, but all of the colors in the original scene.

The first color photograph made according to Maxwell's prescription, a set of three monochrome "color separations", was taken by Thomas Sutton in 1861 for use in illustrating a lecture on color by Maxwell, where it was shown in color by the triple projection method. The test subject was a bow made of ribbon with stripes of various colors, apparently including red and green. During the lecture about physics and physiology, not photography, Maxwell commented on the inadequacy of the results and the need for a photographic material more sensitive to red and green light. A century later, historians were mystified by the reproduction of any red at all because the photographic process used by Sutton was, for all practical purposes, insensitive to red light and only marginally sensitive to green. In 1961, researchers found that many red dyes also reflect ultraviolet light, coincidentally transmitted by Sutton's red filter, and surmised that the three images were probably due to ultra-violet, blue-green and blue wavelengths, rather than to red, green and blue.

Screen-plate era

The Joly screen process emerged as a simpler and somewhat more economical alternative, requiring no specialized camera or viewer. Instead, it necessitated a unique color-compensating filter for the camera lens and a particular holder for the photographic plates. The core of the system resided within the holder: a clear glass plate meticulously ruled with fine lines of three colors, creating a consistent, repeating pattern across its entire surface. Rather than capturing three separate photographs through individual colored filters, this method employed numerous narrow strips (the colored lines) to allow the essential color information to be recorded in a single, composite image. After developing the negative, a positive transparency was produced, and a viewing screen—with red, green, and blue lines matching the taking screen's pattern—was precisely aligned and applied, rendering the colors visible. The transparency and screen were notably similar to the monochrome liquid crystal elements and overlay of ultra-thin red, green, and blue color filter stripes that generate the color image in a typical LCD display. This invention was attributed to Irish scientist John Joly, who, like many inventors, ultimately discovered that the fundamental concept had been preemptively outlined in Louis Ducos du Hauron's 1868 patent, which had since expired.

Digital photography

Artists' perspectives
Photographers differed in opinion about color photography when it was introduced. Some fully embraced it when it was available to the public in the late 1930s, while others remained skeptical of its relevance in photography.

Proponents
Paul Outerbridge was an American photographer prominent for his early use and experiments in color photography. He began writing a monthly column on color photography for the U.S. Camera Magazine around 1930. Outerbridge became known for the high quality of his color illustrations, made by a highly complex tri-color carbro process. In 1940 he published his seminal book Photographing in Color, using high quality illustrations to explain his techniques.

Ferenc Berko, a classic photographer who lived during the rise of color film, was one of the photographers who immediately recognized the potential of color film. He saw it as a new way to frame the world; a way to experiment with the subjects he photographed and how he conveyed emotion in the photograph.

John Hedgecoe, another photographer who lived during this time period, was another example of those who preferred color. He published a book entitled The Art of Color Photography, which explained the importance of understanding the "special and often subtle relationships between different colors". He also described the psychological and emotional power of color on the viewer since certain colors, he argues, can make people feel a certain way.

Skeptics
According to Eggleston, his former idol, Henri Cartier-Bresson, said to him at a party, "William, color is bullshit", and then not another word.

Harold Baquet, for instance—a relatively current photographer known best for documenting New Orleans civil rights—was not keen on color. He preferred to take pictures mainly using black-and-white film. When asked about his reasoning for this preference during an interview, he replied, "The less is more. Sometimes the color distracts from the essential subject. Sometimes, light, line, and form is enough, allowing you to explore the sculptural qualities of that third dimension, that illusional dimension of depth. And it's fun". This aversion to color was due mainly to a fear of losing simplicity in his pictures. He worried that color gave the eye too much to take in.

See also
People

Other topics

Notes

References

General references
 Coe, Brian (1978). Colour Photography: the first hundred years 1840–1940. Ash & Grant.
 Coote, Jack (1993). The Illustrated History of Colour Photography. Fountain Press Ltd., .
 Preservation of Photographs. Kodak publication, no. F-30. (1979). Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co.
 Paine, C. (1996). Standards in the Museum Care of Photographic Collections. London, UK: Museums & Galleries Commission. .
 Keefe, L.E.; & Inch, D. (1990). The Life of a Photograph: Archival processing, matting, framing, storage. Boston, MA: Focal Press. , .
 Lavédrine, B.; Gandolfo, J.-P.; Monod, S. (2003). A Guide to the Preventive Conservation of Photograph Collections. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Conservation Institute. , .
 Photograph Preservation and the Research Library. (1991). Mountain View, CA: The Research Libraries Group. .
 Penichon, Sylvie (2013). Twentieth-Century Color Photographs: Identification and Care. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Publications. .
 Reilly, J.M.; et al. (1998). Storage Guide for Color Photographic Materials. Albany, NY: University of the State of New York.
 Ritzenthaler, M.L.; Vogt-O'Connor, D. (2006). Photographs: Archival care and management. Chicago, IL: Society of American Archivists. , .
 Sipley, Louis Walton. (1951). A Half Century of Color, New York, NY: Macmillan.
 Caring for Photographs: Display, storage, restoration. Life library of photography. (1982). Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books. .
 Weinstein, R.A.; Booth, L. (1977). Collection, Use, and Care of Historical Photographs. Nashville, TN: American Association for State and Local History. .
 Wilhelm, H.G.; Brower, C. (1993). The Permanence and Care of Color Photographs: Traditional and digital color prints, color negatives, slides, and motion pictures. Grinnell, IA: Preservation Pub. Co. .
 Wythe, D. (2004). Museum Archives: An introduction. Chicago, IL: Society of American Archivists. , .

Further reading

Mathew Carey Lea in 1887 article appearing in Scientific American entitled "Photography in Natural Colors".

Photography
Scottish inventions

Color photography


El tipo de dato time_t es un tipo de dato de la biblioteca ISO-C definido para el almacenamiento de valores de tiempo del sistema. Estos valores se devuelven desde la función  time() de la biblioteca estándar. Este tipo es un typedef definido en la cabecera <time.h>. ISO-C define time_t como un tipo aritmético, pero no especifica ningún rango, resolución, o codificación en particular de la misma. Tampoco especifica los significados de las operaciones aritméticas aplicadas a los valores de tiempo.

Implementación
Unix y los sistemas compatibles con POSIX, implementan time_t como un entero (generalmente de 32 o 64 bits), que representa el número de segundos desde el inicio del tiempo Unix: la medianoche del 1 de enero de 1970 UTC (sin contar los segundos intercalares). Algunos sistemas manejan correctamente los valores negativos, mientras que otros no lo hacen. Los sistemas que utilizan un tipo time_t entero de 32 bits son susceptibles a los problemas del año 2038.

Además de la función time(), ISO-C también especifica otras funciones y tipos de conversión de sistema de valores de tiempo time_t en los tiempos del calendario y viceversa.

Ejemplo
El siguiente código en C devuelve la hora actual, le da formato de cadena, y lo escribe en la salida estándar.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>

/*
 * El resultado debe ser algo así como
 * Fri 2008-08-22 15:21:59 WAST
 */

int main(void)
{
    time_t     now;
    struct tm *ts;
    char       buf[80];

    /* Obtener la hora actual */
    now = time(0);

    /* Formatear e imprimir el tiempo, "ddd yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss zzz" */
    ts = localtime(&now);
    strftime(buf, sizeof(buf), "%a %Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %Z", ts);
    printf("%s\n", buf);

    return 0;
}

La conversión a la hora civil
Usando GNU date, un valor dado time_t  se puede convertir en su equivalente en la fecha del calendario:

 $ date -ud@1234567890
 Mon Oct 07 23:31:30 UTC 2016

Del mismo modo, usando BSD date:

 $ date -ur 1234567890
 Mon Oct 07 23:31:30 UTC 2016

Véase también

 Biblioteca estándar de C
 Reloj en tiempo real
 Tiempo de sistema
 Tiempo Unix
 Problema del año 2038

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Unix
Escalas de tiempo

Time t


La Coupe du monde de snowboard 2014-2015 est la  de la Coupe du monde de snowboard organisé par la Fédération internationale de ski.

Programme

Classements

Slalom

Général

Slalom Parallèle

Slalom-Géant Parallèle

Freestyle

Général

Half-Pipe

Slopestyle

Big Air

Cross

Calendrier et podiums

Hommes

Slalom

Freestyle

Cross

Femmes

Slalom

Freestyle

Cross

Par Équipe

Notes er références

Liens externes
  Accueil - Snowboard, sur fis-ski.com.
  Accueil - Snowboard-Slalom, sur fis-ski.com.
  Accueil - Snowboard-Freestyle, sur fis-ski.com.
  Accueil - Snowboard-Cross, sur fis-ski.com.

2015-2016
Snowboard en 2015
Snowboard en 2016
snowboard

Coupe du monde de snowboard 2015-2016


Calostemmateae, biljni tribus iz porodice zvanikovki, dio je potporodice Amaryllidoideae. Sastoji se od dva roda s ukupno osam vrsta lukovičastih geofita iz Australije, zapadnog Pacifika i tropske Azije.

Tribus je opisao 1996. Tipični rod je Calostemma

Rodovi
 Calostemma R.Br.
 Proiphys Herb.

Izvori

Amaryllidoideae

Calostemmateae


Swerdlowski (russisch ) ist der Name folgender Ortschaften in Russland:
 Swerdlowski (Moskau), Siedlung städtischen Typs in der Oblast Moskau

 Swerdlowski (Kemerowo), Siedlung in der Oblast Kemerowo
 Swerdlowski (Krasnodar), Weiler in der Region Krasnodar
 Swerdlowski (Kursk), Siedlung in der Oblast Kursk
 Swerdlowski (Orenburg), Siedlung in der Oblast Orenburg

Siehe auch:
 Swerdlowske

Swerdlowski


İngiliz puanteri, duruşuyla avın istikametini gösteren bir ferma puanter av köpeği ırkı. Çoğunlukla sadece puanter olarak adlandırılır.

Birinci sınıf bir av köpeği olan, ilk yetiştirildiği yer (İtalya, İspanya ya da Fransa) tam olarak aydınlatılamamış olmakla birlikte, günümüzdeki görünümünü İngiltere'de almış olan İngiliz puanteri, genellikle çeşitli renkler üstüne beneklidir. Omuzdan yere yüksekliği 58,5 – 71 cm, ağırlığı 20,5 – 34 kg arasında değişir. Özellikle koku alma duyusunun güçlülüğü, hızı ve fermasıyla ünlüdür.

Galeri

Puanterler

İngiliz puanteri


Heavy est une plateforme d'agrégation d'informations basée à New York . Elle opère via son site Web Heavy.com et sa plate-forme en espagnol, AhoraMismo.com. Le site Web est spécialisé dans les articles « 5 principales informations », qui regroupent des faits sur des sujets et des personnes tendance.

Références

Liens externes

Site web lancé en 1999

Heavy (site web)


Sophie-Charlotte de Salm-Dhaun, (en allemand : Sophie-Charlotte Wild und Rheingräfin zu Dhaun und Kyrburg), née à Dhaun le  et morte à Gelnhausen le , est une Wild und Rheingräfin zu Dhaun und Kyrburg, devenue, par mariage, en 1743, comtesse palatine de Birkenfeld à Gelnhausen.

Biographie

Famille
Sophie-Charlotte, née à Dhaun le , est la sixième fille et le septième des dix enfants de Charles Wildgraf zu Dhaun und Kyrburg (1675-1733) et de Louise comtesse de Nassau-Sarrebrück à Ottweiler (1686-1773), cousins germains mariés en 1704.

Mariage et postérité
Elle épouse à Dhaun, le , Jean de Birkenfeld-Gelnhausen, né à Gelnhausen le , second fils de Jean de Birkenfeld-Gelnhausen et de sa seconde épouse Esther-Marie de Witzleben. Lorsque son frère aîné Frédéric Bernard de Birkenfeld-Gelnhausen meurt le , Jean de Birkenfeld-Gelnausen lui succède en qualité de comte palatin de Birkenfeld à Gelnhausen et Sophie-Charlotte devient comtesse palatine consort de Birkenfeld à Gelnhausen.

De cette union naissent huit enfants, titrés comtes et comtesses palatins de Birkenfeld à Gelnhausen :

 Jean Charles Louis de Birkenfeld-Gelnhausen (Gelnhausen  - Mannheim ), sans alliance ;
 Christiane Louise de Birkenfeld-Gelnhausen (Gelnhausen  - Gera ), elle épouse en 1773 le comte Henri XXX Reuss zu Gera (1727-1802), sans postérité ;
 Jeanne Sophie de Birkenfeld-Gelnhausen (Gelnhausen  - Gelnhausen ) ;
 Guillaume en Bavière (Gelnhausen  - Bamberg ), succède à son père en 1780, puis titré duc en Bavière en 1799, épouse en 1780 Marie-Anne de Deux-Ponts-Birkenfeld à Rappolstein (1753-1827), dont postérité ;
 Frédérique de Birkenfeld-Gelnhausen (Gelnhausen  - morte à Gelnhausen le jour de sa naissance) ;
 Sophie Henriette de Birkenfeld-Gelnhausen (Gelnhausen  - Gelnhausen ) ;
 Christian de Birkenfeld-Gelnhausen (Gelnhausen  - Gelnhausen ) ;
 Jean de Birkenfeld-Gelnhausen (Gelnhausen  - Gelnhausen ).

Sophie-Charlotte de Salm-Dhaun est la trisaïeule d'Élisabeth de Wittelsbach, impératrice d'Autriche connue sous le nom de Sissi. La famille grand-ducale luxembourgeoise et les familles royales italienne et belge sont des descendantes de Sophie-Charlotte de Salm-Dhaun. Elle meurt à Gelnhausen, à l'âge de , le . Son mari lui survit jusqu'en 1780.

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 .

Liens externes

Naissance en août 1719
Naissance à Hochstetten-Dhaun
Naissance dans le rhingraviat de Salm-Dhaun
Décès en mars 1770
Décès à Gelnhausen
Décès dans le landgraviat de Hesse-Cassel
Décès à 50 ans

Sophie-Charlotte de Salm-Dhaun


Judith Lewis (født Rumelt) (født 27. juli 1973) er bedre kendt som Cassandra Clare, der er hendes forfatternavn. Hun er en amerikansk forfatter, der mest er kendt for ungdomsbogserien The Mortal Instruments (Dødens Instrumenter).

Bibliografi

Bogserien The Mortal Instruments (Dødens Instrumenter)
 City of Bones (27. marts 2007)
 City of Ashes (28. marts 2008)
 City of Glass (4. marts 2009)
 City of Fallen Angels (5. april 2011)
 City of Lost Souls (8. maj 2012)
 City of Heavenly Fire (27. maj 2014)

Triologien The Infernal Devices (Djævelske Mekanismer)

 Clockwork Angel (31. august 2010)
 Clockwork Prince (6. december 2011)
 Clockwork Princess (19. marts 2013)

The Mortal Instruments - ekstra bøger ('companion books')
 The Shadowhunter's Codex (med Joshua Lewis) (29. oktober 2013)
 The Bane Chronicles (med Sarah Rees Brennan & Maureen Johnson) (2013–2014)
 Tales From the Shadowhunter Academy (med Sarah Rees Brennan, Maureen Johnson & Robin Wasserman) (2015)
 A History of Notable Shadowhunters and Denizens of Downworld (illustreret af Cassandra Jean) (18. februar 2016)

Fantasyforfattere fra USA

Cassandra Clare


Lightbeam (in der Entwicklungsphase Collusion genannt) ist ein Browser-Plug-in für Mozilla Firefox, das grafisch anzeigt, wie mit Cookies von Dritten das Benutzerverhalten aufgezeichnet wird. Die Erweiterung wurde unter der Mozilla Public License veröffentlicht und wird von der Ford Foundation unterstützt.

Entwickler der Software ist Atul Varma von Mozilla Labs, einer zur Mozilla Foundation gehörenden Einrichtung.

Geschichte
Collusion wurde im Juli 2011 von seinem Entwickler vorgestellt und auch in Deutschland bekanntgemacht, wobei vor allem auf die Bedeutung für den Datenschutz und den Schutz der Privatsphäre hingewiesen wurde. Doch erst die Vorstellung durch den damaligen Chief Executive Officer von Mozilla, Gary Kovacs, im Februar 2012 rief ein starkes Medienecho hervor.

Die britische Tageszeitung The Guardian startete im April 2012 gemeinsam mit Mozilla die Aktion Tracking the trackers, bei der Collusion verwendet wurde. In Deutschland nahmen sich daraufhin unter anderem ZEIT online, Schieb.de und taz.de des Themas an.

Ab der Version 1.0.2, veröffentlicht am 23. Oktober 2013, wurde Collusion unter dem Namen Lightbeam angeboten und weiterentwickelt. Mit Integration der Berichte über erkannte Verfolgungselemente in Firefox 70 als Teil des verbesserten Schutzes vor Aktivitätenverfolgung in Firefox für Desktop entschloss sich Mozilla, die offizielle Unterstützung der Erweiterung Lightbeam im Oktober 2019 zu beenden.
Lightbeam wird jedoch weiterentwickelt und ist als Firefox-Add-On weiterhin erhältlich.

Alternative
Lightbeam funktioniert nicht, wenn im Firefox-Menü unter Einstellungen→Datenschutz das Anlegen einer Chronik abgeschaltet wurde. Auswertbare Daten liegen dann auf dem eigenen Computer nicht mehr vor. Bei den Drittanbietern fallen die Daten natürlich weiterhin an.

Ohne spezielle Browser-Erweiterung kann man sich auf der Website MyShadow.org einen Eindruck davon verschaffen, welche Daten durch Surf-Tracking anfallen.

Siehe auch
 Anonymität im Internet: Tracking-Cookies
 Anwendungsbeschreibung

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website
 Thunderbeam-Lightbeam for Chrome

Einzelnachweise

Add-on
Anonymität
Freie Software
Mozilla
World Wide Web

Lightbeam


Pages using infobox swimmer with national team parameter
Pages using infobox swimmer with show-medals enabled

චෙරන්ත ද සිල්වා (උපත 1996 ජූලි 12) ශ්‍රී ලාංකික පදක්කම්ලාභී පිහිනුම් ක්‍රීඩකයෙකි, ඔහු FINA ලෝක ශූරතා 5 ක්, FINA ලෝක කුසලාන 3 ක්, පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය ක්‍රීඩා 2 ක්, එක් ආසියානු ක්‍රීඩා උළෙලක් මෙන්ම එක් දකුණු ආසියානු ක්‍රීඩා උළෙලක් ද ජයග්‍රහණය කර ඇත. ද සිල්වා ජාතික වාර්තා 6කට හිමිකම් කියයි (මීටර් 50, මීටර් 100 සහ මීටර් 200 සහ සමනල එස්සීඑම් සහ එල්සීඑම්) එසේම ඔහු 2018, චීනයේ හැංෂු හි පැවති 14 වැනි FINA ලෝක පිහිනුම් ශූරතාවලිය (මීටර් 25) සඳහා ලෝක ශූරතා B ප්‍රමිතීන් 4 ක් (B cut) සමඟ සුදුසුකම් ලැබීය. ඔහුට මීටර් 50 සමනල ආර (SCM) ඉසව්වේදී 23.48 ක් වාර්තා කරමින් A ප්‍රමිතිය (A cut) යාන්තමින් මග හැරී ගියේය. ශ්‍රී ලංකාව A ප්‍රමිතිය ලබාගත් පළමු ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයා ලෙස ඉතිහාසයට එක්විය හැකිව තිබියදී තත්පර 0.2 කින් ඔහුට එය මග හැරී ගියේය.

ද සිල්වා පාසල් මට්ටමින්, පළාත් සහ ජාතික මට්ටමින් "වසරේ හොඳම ක්‍රීඩකයා" සම්මානයෙන් පිදුම් ලැබීය.

චිත්‍රපටකරණය
ලොව ප්‍රථම පිහිනුම් ක්‍රීඩකයාගේ චිත්‍රපටයේ කොටස්කරුවෙකු වීමේ ගෞරවය ද සිල්වාට හිමි විය. "Lane zero-The Lane of Dreams" ලෙස නම් කර ඇති අතර එය 2016 රියෝ ඔලිම්පික් උළෙල සඳහා ඔහුගේ සහ ඔහුගේ කණ්ඩායමේ සාමාජිකයාගේ සූදානම පෙන්නුම් කරයි. මෙම සම්මානලාභී වාර්තා චිත්‍රපටයේ අධ්‍යක්ෂක Manuel Tera මෙම වාර්තා චිත්‍රපටය විස්තර කරන්නේ මෙවැනි "සංවර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතින රටවල පිහිනුම් ක්‍රීඩකයින් පිරිසක් ප්‍රථම වරට ඔලිම්පික් ක්‍රීඩා උළෙලට සුදුසුකම් ලැබීමට උත්සාහ කරන අරගලය පිළිබඳ විශේෂාංග-දිග වාර්තා චිත්‍රපටයකි. ඔබේ සිහින ලුහුබැඳීම සහ දුෂ්කරතා ජය ගැනීම පිළිබඳ කතාවක්."  වාර්තා චිත්‍රපටය ඉතාලියේ ක්‍රීඩා චිත්‍රපට උළෙලේ  නම් කර ඇති අතර එය "හොඳම ශබ්දය" සඳහා සම්මානයක් ලබා ගැනීමට සමත් විය. මේ වන විට මෙම වාර්තා චිත්‍රපටය උතුරු සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවට මෙන්ම යුරෝපයේ රටවල් කිහිපයකටද අලෙවි කර ඇත.

කථා වස්තුව

සංවර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතින රටවල පිහිනුම් ක්‍රීඩකයින් පිරිසක් තායිලන්තයේ අති නවීන ක්‍රීඩා මධ්‍යස්ථානයක දැඩි පුහුණුවක් ලබති. ප්‍රථම වතාවට නිසි පහසුකම් සහිතව සහ ලෝක මට්ටමේ පුහුණුකරුවෙකුගේ මගපෙන්වීම යටතේ ක්‍රියා කරන ඔවුන් සෑම අවස්ථාවකදීම විශ්මයජනක ප්‍රගතියක් ලබා ගනිමින් ඔවුන්ගේ පෞද්ගලික හොඳම මට්ටමින් දියුණු වෙමින් සිටියි. ඔලිම්පික් ක්‍රීඩා උළෙලට සුදුසුකම් ලැබීමට ඔවුන්ට තවත් වසරක කාලයක් ඉතිරිව තිබේ. ඔවුන්ගෙන් බොහෝ දෙනෙකුට, එය තම රටෙන් කෙනෙකු ඔවුන්ගේම කුසලතාවයෙන් සමත් වන පළමු අවස්ථාව වනු ඇත. ළඟාවිය නොහැකි පිහිනුම් තටාකවලින් පිරුණු රටක, ෂාජන් සහ සජිනා යනු මුහුදේ පුහුණුවීම් කරන මාලදිවයින් සහෝදරියන් දෙදෙනෙකි. හිමාලයේ රත් වූ තටාක නොමැති නිසා නේපාල සොෆියාට පිහිනීමට හැක්කේ ගිම්හාන කාලය තුළ පමණි. ඊරෝයි යනු අන්තර්ජාලයේ වීඩියෝ නරඹමින් විලක පුහුණු වන රුවන්ඩියානු පිරිමි ළමයෙකි. මේවා චරිතවලින් කිහිපයක් පමණි, පැති මංතීරුවල ධාවන වන සහ සෑම විටම අන්තිමයා වන නාඳුනන ක්‍රීඩක ක්‍රීඩිකාවන් පිළිබඳ කතාවකි. දැන් ඔවුන් ඔවුන්ගේ ජීවිත සදහටම වෙනස් කරන අත්දැකීමක ගිලී සිටිති.

වෘත්තීය දිවිය

FINA ලෝක ශූරතා

2013 4 වැනි FINA ලෝක කනිෂ්ඨ පිහිනුම් ශූරතාව-ඩුබායි
ද සිල්වා මීටර් 50 නිදහස් ආර 24.32 සහ 100 සමනල ආර 57.79 ඉසව් 2කට සහභාගි විය.

2014 FINA ලෝක පිහිනුම් ශූරතා (මීටර් 25)-දෝහා
ද සිල්වා පසුව 2014 කටාර්හි දෝහා හි පැවති FINA ලෝක පිහිනුම් ශූරතාවලියට සහභාගී වූ අතර එහිදී ඔහු විවෘත මීටර් 50 සමනල ආර, විවෘත මීටර් 100 සමනල ආර, විවෘත මීටර් 50 නිදහස් ආර සහ විවෘත මීටර් 100 නිදහස් ආර යන ඉසව්වල පිහිනුම්වල නිරත විය.

2015 16 වැනි FINA ලෝක ශූරතා-කසාන්
ද සිල්වා පිරිමි (2) කාන්තා (2) මිශ්‍ර සහාය දිවීමේ කණ්ඩායමට සහභාගි විය.

2017 17 වැනි FINA ලෝක ශූරතා-බුඩාපෙස්ට්
මීටර 50 සමනල ආර ඉසව්වට මෙන්ම මීටර 100 සමනල ආර ඉසව්වට ද සහභාගි වීමට හැකි වූ ඔහු පිළිවෙලින් 25.15 සහ 55.09 කින් ලෝක ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් 49 සහ 55 ලබා ගැනීමට සමත් විය.

2018 14 වැනි FINA ලෝක පිහිනුම් ශූරතාවලිය (මීටර් 25)- හැංෂු
"පිරිමි සහ කාන්තා පිහිනුම් කණ්ඩායම් දෙකෙන් චෙරන්ත ද සිල්වා, තිමලි බණ්ඩාර සහ සවිඳි ජයවීර ශූරතාවලියේ ආරම්භක දින දෙකේදීම සංචිතය ලබා ගත් නමුත් තියුණු තරඟයක් මධ්‍යයේ අවසන් පූර්ව වටයට යාමට නොහැකි වූ විට පිදුරු පහරක් එල්ල කිරීමට සිදුවිය."

2014 පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය ක්‍රීඩා - ග්ලාස්ගෝ
ද සිල්වා 2014 ග්ලාස්ගෝ හි පැවති පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය ක්‍රීඩා උළෙලට සහභාගී වූ අතර මීටර් 50 සහ මීටර් 100 නිදහස් ආර සහ මීටර් 50 සහ මීටර් 100 සමනල ආර යන ඉසව්වලට සහභාගී වූ නමුත් මූලික වටය පසුකර යාමට අපොහොසත් විය.

2016 දකුණු ආසියානු ක්‍රීඩා - ගුවහාටි
2016 වසරේ ඉන්දියාවේ ගුවහාටි හි පැවති දකුණු ආසියානු ක්‍රීඩා උළෙලට ද සිල්වා සහභාගී වූ අතර එහිදී ඔහු රන් පදක්කමක්, රිදී පදක්කම් 4ක් සහ ලෝකඩ පදක්කම් දෙකක් දිනා ගත්තේය.

2017 7 වැනි ජාතික කෙටි පාඨමාලා පිහිනුම් ශූරතාව - සිංගප්පූරුව
2017 දෙසැම්බර් මාසයේදී විදේශීය ජාතික වාර්තාවක් බිඳ දමමින් ශ්‍රී ලංකාව වෙනුවෙන් ඉතිහාසයක් පිහිටුවීමට ද සිල්වා සමත් විය. සිංගප්පූරු ඔලිම්පික් ක්‍රීඩක ක්වා වෙන් සෙන්ග්ගේ මීටර් 50 සමනල ආර වාර්තාව බිඳ දැමීමට ද සිල්වා සමත් වූ අතර එමඟින් එය තත්පර 23.48ක් දක්වා අලුත් විය.  (ඔහු මෙම තරඟයේදී සිංගප්පූරු ජාතික වාර්තාව සහ ශ්‍රී ලංකා ජාතික වාර්තාව බිඳ දැමූ අතර, නව තරඟ වාර්තාවක්ද පිහිටුවීය.) ද සිල්වාගේ දස්කම්වල විශේෂත්වය වූයේ දින දෙකක් වැනි කෙටි කාලයක් තුළ තරග ඉසව් 10ක් (මූලික හා අවසන් තරග) හරහා වාර්තා 11ක් බිඳ දැමීමට ඔහුට හැකි වීමයි. (වාර්තා සාරාංශය: උණුසුම් තරඟ, අවසන් තරඟ සහ තරඟ වාර්තාවක්. )

2018 පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය ක්‍රීඩා - ගෝල්ඩ්කෝස්ට්
2018 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී ද සිල්වා ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ 2018 පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය ක්‍රීඩා කණ්ඩායමට නම් කරන ලදී.   මෙය ඔහු පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය ක්‍රීඩා උළෙලේ 2 වැනි නියෝජනය විය. චෙරන්ත ශ්‍රී ලංකාව වෙනුවෙන් අවසන් මහා තරගයට පිවිසීමට ඉතිහාසගත කළ මීටර් 4 × 100 නිදහස් ආර සහය දිවීමේ කණ්ඩායමේ සාමාජිකයෙකි. "ගෝල්ඩ් කෝස්ට් හි 4 දෙනෙකුගෙන් යුත් පිහිනුම් කණ්ඩායම් නියෝජනය, පිරිමි මීටර් 4x100 නිදහස් ආර ඉසව්වේ අවසන් මහා තරගයට පිවිසියේය."   කෙසේ වෙතත්, කණ්ඩායමට අනපේක්ෂිත නුසුදුස්සෙකු වීමේ සිදුවීමක් සිදුවී ඇති අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස 4 දෙනෙකුගෙන් යුත් කණ්ඩායම දැඩි කැළඹීමක් ඇති විය.

2018 ආසියානු ක්‍රීඩා උළෙල
2018 පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය ක්‍රීඩා උළෙලේ සාර්ථකත්වයෙන් පසුව අගෝස්තු මාසයේ පැවති 2018 ආසියානු ක්‍රීඩා උළෙල සඳහා ද සිල්වා තේරී පත් විය.

ශිෂ්‍යත්ව

ශ්‍රී ලංකා රජයේ ශිෂ්‍යත්වය
2014 වසරේදී හිටපු ක්‍රීඩා අමාත්‍ය මහින්දානන්ද අලුත්ගමගේ මහතා ෆ්ලොරිඩාවේ ජැක්සන්විල් හි බොලෙස් පාසලේ පුහුණුවීම් සඳහා ද සිල්වාට අනුග්‍රහය දැක්වීය.

FINA/තාන්‍යාපුර ශිෂ්‍යත්වය
ද සිල්වා තායිලන්තයේ ෆුකෙට්හි තාන්‍යාපුර ජලජ පුහුණු මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ පුහුණු කිරීම සඳහා ශ්‍රී ලංකා ජල ක්‍රීඩා සංගමය (SLASU) විසින් 2015 දී  තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී.  ඔහුගේ ශිෂ්‍යත්වය ඉදිරි වසර 4 සඳහා අඛණ්ඩව අලුත් කර ඇත. 2015,2016,2017 සහ 2018 අනුපිළිවෙලින්  ශ්‍රී ලංකා ජල ක්‍රීඩා සංගමය (SLASU) විසින් තෝරාගත් වඩාත්ම සුදුසු පිහිනුම් ක්‍රීඩකයා ලෙස තෝරාගත් ශිෂ්‍යත්ව ඔහුට පිරිනමන ලදී.

ජයග්‍රහණ

ශ්‍රී ලංකා ජාතික වාර්තා

යොමු කිරීම්

ජීවමාන ජනයා
1996 උපත්
Articles with hCards
Pages with unreviewed translations

චෙරන්ත ද සිල්වා


An Tropidia angulosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni John Lindley, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carl Ludwig von Blume. An Tropidia angulosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tropidia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Tropidia (Orchidaceae)

Tropidia angulosa


Florent Vassault est un réalisateur et monteur français né le  à Aix-en-Provence.

Biographie
Ancien étudiant de l'ESRA, Florent Vassault a été distingué par une nomination au César du meilleur montage en 2020 pour son travail avec Anny Danché sur La Belle Époque de Nicolas Bedos.

Avec Arnaud Gaillard, en 2011, il a réalisé Honk, documentaire sur les mécanismes d'application de la peine de mort aux États-Unis, « un beau film digne de son sujet ».

Filmographie

Monteur
 2009 : Safari d'Olivier Baroux
 2010 : Le Mac de Pascal Bourdiaux
 2013 : Le Vol des cigognes de Jan Kounen (téléfilm)
 2014 : Fiston de Pascal Bourdiaux
 2015 : Qui c'est les plus forts ? de Charlotte de Turckheim
 2017 : Braqueurs d'élite (Renegades) de Steven Quale
 2019 : La Belle Époque de Nicolas Bedos
 2019 : L'Autre Continent de Romain Cogitore
 2021 : OSS 117 : Alerte rouge en Afrique noire de Nicolas Bedos
 2021 : Mes très chers enfants d'Alexandra Leclère
 2022 : Le Tigre et le Président de Jean-Marc Peyrefitte
 2023 : Une zone à défendre de Romain Cogitore

Réalisateur

Courts métrages
 1999 : L'Échappée
 2007 : Bernard Thomas, les secrets de la gloire (coréalisateurs : Jean-Rodolphe Petit Grimmer et Samuel Mathiou)

Longs métrages
 2011 : Honk (coréalisateur : Arnaud Gaillard)
 2017 : Linda Lou, jurée numéro 2

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Florent Vassault sur film-documentaire
 Biographie de Florent Vassault sur le site de France Inter

Réalisateur français
Monteur français
Naissance en mai 1979
Naissance à Aix-en-Provence

Florent Vassault


Svijet

Književna djela

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Književna djela

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

 12. prosinca – Andrija Kačić Miošić, hrvatski pučki pjesnik i fratar (* 1704.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Književnost u 1760.


هنري الثاني (18 أبريل 1503 - 25 مايو 1555) كان أكبر أبناء خوان الثالث ملك نافارا, و الملكة كاتالينا الأولى, هي أخت فرانسيس فويبس، ملك نافار، ولد في سانجوسي في أبريل 1503.

عندما ماتت كاثرين في المنفى عام 1517, نجح هنري في المطالبة بحقه في حكم نافارا, الذي عارضه فرناندو الثاني ملك أراغون وتحت حماية الملك فرانسوا الأول ملك فرنسا تم إعلانه ملك نافار، بعد مؤتمرات مطولة ومحادثات في نويون في عام 1516 في مونتبيلير عام 1518, تم بذل جهد في عام 1521 من أجل تتويجه وجلوسه على العرش, ولكن القوات الفرنسية التي طوقت البلد لم تستجيب للمطالبات.

في عام 1525 تم أخذ هنري كأسير بعد معركة بافيا, ولكنه تمكن من الهرب, وفي عام 1526 تزوج من مارغريت دي أنغولم (11 أبريل 1492 - 1549), أخت الملك فرانسوا الأول وأرملة شارلز, دوق الينكون. وعن طريقها تمكن من إنجاب جين ألبرت (1528 - 1572), وهي والدة هنري الرابع ملك فرنسا، هنري الذي كانت عنده كراهية للهوجينوت, مات في باو في 25 مايو 1555.

زواجه

في 1526, تزوج مارغريت دي أنغولم وأصبحت معه ملكة نافارا قرينة (11 أبريل 1492 - 21 ديسمبر 1549) وأنجبا:
 خوانا الثالثة ملكة نافارا (1528-1572)
 ابن (مات صغيرا).

مراجع

أسرة ألبرت
أشخاص في القرن 16 من مملكة نبرة
أمراء أندورا
أمراء أندورا القرن 16
إسبان من أصل فرنسي
حكام أطفال من العصر الحديث
ملوك نافارا
مواليد 1503
مواليد في سانغويسا
وفيات 1555

هنري الثاني ملك نافار


Ko Yong-hui (også Ko Yong-hee, født 26. juni 1953 i Osaka, død 13. august 2004) var den nordkoreanske leder Kim Jong-ils tredje kendte partner, omend det er uklart, om hun var hans ægtefælle eller elskerinde.

Ko tilhørte den koreanske minoritet i Japan og blev uddannet til danserinde. Hun kom til Nordkorea i begyndelsen af 1960-erne og tiltrak sig Kim Jong-ils opmærksomhed som medlem i dansegruppen Mansudae. Hun fik tre børn med Kim Jong-il: Kim Jong-chul, Kim Jong-un & Kim Yo-jong. Ko er undertiden beskrevet som Kim Jong-ils favorit, men fremtrådte aldrig offentligt.

Hun døde ifølge usikre oplysninger af cancer i Paris, hvortil hun var rejst for at få behandling. Ifølge oplysninger fra Sydkorea var det Ko, som udvalgte Kim Ok som Kim Jong-ils sekretær.

Familietræ

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger
North Korea Leadership Watch

Nordkorea

Ko Yong-hui


Leopold Freiherr von Andrian zu Werburg (Berlín, 9 de mayo de 1875-Friburgo, 19 de noviembre de 1951) fue un escritor austríaco.

Fue miembro del círculo « Joven Viena » y su obra más conocida es Der Garten der Erkenntnis.

Al terminar la Primera Guerra Mundial, Andrian fue el primer director de la ópera de Viena, puesto que dejó tras la abdicación del emperador de Austria. Entre las dos guerras, Andrian evolucionó hacia una mentalidad más cristiana y conservadora y se exilió a Brasil durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial.

Pidió ser enterrado en los Alpes austríacos donde pasó los momentos más felices de su juventud. Andrian tuvo muchísima correspondencia con el dramaturgo austríaco Hugo von Hofmannsthal que le tenía mucho cariño.

Obras
Der Garten der Erkenntnis. Erzählung. Schmidt-Dengler, Graz, 1895
Gedichte. De Zilverdistel, Haarlem, 1913
Das Fest der Jugend. Des Gartens der Erkenntnis erster Teil und die Jugendgedichte. Fischer, Berlín, 1919
Die Ständeordnung des Alls. Rationales Weltbild eines katholischen Dichters. Kösel & Pustet, München, 1930
Österreich im Prisma der Idee. Katechismus der Führenden. Schmidt-Dengler, Graz, 1937
Das Fest der Jugend. Die Jugendgedichte und ein Sonett. Schmidt-Dengler, Graz, 1948
Leopold Andrian und die Blätter für die Kunst. Gedichte, Briefwechsel mit Stefan George und anderes. Mit einer Einleitung hrsg. von Walter H. Perl. Hauswedell, Hamburg, 1960
Frühe Gedichte. Hrsg. von Walter H. Perl. Hauswedell, Hamburg, 1972
Fragmente aus "Erwin und Elmire". Mit einer Einleitung und Kommentar hrsg. von Joëlle Stoupy. Castrum-Peregrini, Ámsterdam, 1993
Der Garten der Erkenntnis und andere Dichtungen. Mit einem Nachwort hrsg. von Dieter Sudhoff. Igel, Oldenburg, 2003

Referencias y enlaces externos
 Biografía

Escritores de Austria del siglo XX
Escritores de Austria del siglo XIX
Escritores en alemán
Nacidos en Berlín
Fallecidos en Friburgo (Suiza)
Monárquicos de Austria
Escritores LGBT
Personas LGBT de Austria

Leopold Andrian


Patio de una casa de Delft es un cuadro del pintor Pieter de Hooch, realizado en 1658, que se encuentra en la National Gallery de Londres.

A diferencia de su compatriota Johannes Vermeer, más intimista en la descripción de la vida burguesa de sus días, de Hooch centró su obra pictórica en una temática basada en la vida tranquila de sus contemporáneos en paseos, calles y patios en los que, con un detallismo preciosista, representa las particularidades arquitectónicas, los elementos cotidianos y hasta las acciones de los personajes.

En el orden característico que refleja la obra de Pieter de Hooch resaltan los elementos descolocados (escoba, cubo, etc.) pero dentro de un orden y arreglo.

Véase también
 Anexo:Cuadros de Pieter de Hooch
 Escena de género
 Pintura de los Países Bajos

Enlaces externos

Referencias

Colecciones de la National Gallery de Londres
Cuadros de 1658
Escenas de género
Niños en la pintura

Patio de una casa de Delft


Eduard Winkelmann (June 25, 1838 – February 10, 1896) was a German historian.

Biography
He was born at Danzig (Gdańsk) in the Province of Prussia. He studied at the universities of Berlin and Göttingen, worked at the Monumenta Germaniae historica, and in 1869 became professor of history at the University of Bern, and four years later at Heidelberg. He also spent some time in the Russian Empire, where he was headmaster at the knight and chapter school in Reval (Tallinn) beginning in 1860, and was later appointed professor at the University of Dorpat (1865). He died at Heidelberg.

Works
Winkelmann wrote a Geschichte der Angelsachsen bis zum Tode König Ælfreds (Berlin, 1883); and his residence in Russia induced him to compile a Bibliotheca Livoniae historica (St Petersburg, 1869–1870, and Berlin, 1878); but his chief works deal with the history of the Holy Roman Empire during the Later Middle Ages.

The most important of these are:
 Philipp van Schwaben und Otto IV van Braunschweig (Leipzig, 1873–1878)
 Geschichte Kaiser Friedrichs II und seiner Reiche 1212–1235 (Berlin, 1863) and 1235–1250 (Reval, 1865)
 Kaiser Friedrich II (Leipzig, 1889–1898)
 Writings on Friedrich II in the Jahrbücher der deutschen Geschichte (Leipzig, 1862)

He edited the Acta imperii inedita (Innsbruck, 1880-1885), and with Julius Ficker, Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter Wilhelm, Alfons X und Richard (Innsbruck, 1882, 1901).

Among Winkelmann's other works are:
 Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte (1872)
 Allgemeine Verfassungsgeschichte (Leipzig, 1901)
 Urkundenbuch der Universität Heidelberg (Heidelberg, 1886) (Bd. 1, Bd. 1).

References

External links

1838 births
1896 deaths
Writers from Gdańsk
People from the Province of Prussia
19th-century German historians
19th-century German male writers
German male non-fiction writers
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
University of Göttingen alumni
Academic staff of Heidelberg University
Academic staff of the University of Tartu
Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities

Eduard Winkelmann


Antônio Aparecido de Marcos Filho (Ibaté, 5 de agosto de 1966) é um prelado brasileiro da Igreja Católica, bispo auxiliar de Brasília.

Biografia
Estudou Filosofia no Seminário Diocesano de São Carlos, em São Carlos entre 1992 e 1994 e Teologia na Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, no período de 1995 a 1998. Licenciou-se em Filosofia pela Instituto de Ciências Sociais e Humanas (2018) Especializou-se lato sensu em Sagrada Escritura pelo Centro Universitário Claretiano (2021).

Foi ordenado diácono em 11 de dezembro de 1998 e ordenado padre em 10 de setembro de 1999, sendo incardinado na Diocese de São Carlos.

Foi administrador paroquial de Nossa Senhora do Vale em Araraquara (1999-2001); pároco do Divino Espírito Santo, em Dois Córregos (2001-2005); pároco de São João Batista, em Bocaina (2005-2009); pároco de Nossa Senhora Aparecida, em Barra Bonita (2009); pároco de Sant'Ana, em Araraquara (2009-2017); e pároco de São Sebastião do Patrimônio da Serra, em Brotas (2017-2018).

Foi também vigário paroquial de São Nicolau de Flüe, em São Carlos (2018-2019); vigário paroquial de Nossa Senhora Aparecida, em São Carlos (2020); coordenador de Região Pastoral (2000); membro do Conselho de Presbíteros e do Colégio de Consultores (2017-2022); membro do Conselho de Formadores (2017-2022); membro da Comissão Diocesana para a proteção de menores e pessoas em situação de vulnerabilidade (2019-2022) e Reitor do Seminário Propedêutico (2017-2018). Atualmente é Reitor do Seminário Diocesano de São Carlos – Teologia e Pároco de São João Batista, em São Carlos.

Em 21 de dezembro de 2022, o Papa Francisco o nomeou como bispo auxiliar da Brasília, concedendo o título de bispo titular de Centenaria. Foi sagrado bispo em 25 de fevereiro de 2023, na Catedral de São Carlos, por Dom Paulo Cezar Cardeal Costa, arcebispo de Brasília, coadjuvado por Dom Luiz Carlos Dias, bispo de São Carlos e Dom Eduardo Malaspina, bispo de Itapeva.

Ligações externas

Naturais de Ibaté
Alunos da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas
Bispos auxiliares de Brasília

Antônio Aparecido de Marcos Filho