Die  Istra  war ein Kreuzfahrtschiff, das auf der Brodogradiliste-Uljanik-Werft in Jugoslawien für die Reederei Jadranska Linijska Plovidba gebaut wurde. Die zur gleichen Zeit gebaute Dalmacija war ihr Schwesterschiff.

Geschichte

Die ersten 28 Jahre

Die Istra wurde am 12. Juli 1964 vom Stapel gelassen. Fast ein Jahr später startete am 30. Mai 1965 die Jungfernfahrt. Die Istra bot in der ersten Klasse 165 und in der Touristenklasse 52 Passagieren Platz. Mit dem Schiff wurden, wie auch mit der Dalmacija, Kreuzfahrten im östlichen Mittelmeer zwischen Europa und dem Nahen Osten angeboten, die eine Dauer von 14 Tagen hatten. Während dieser zweiwöchigen Route wurden folgende Häfen angelaufen: Venedig, Triest, Rijeka, Split, Dubrovnik, Piräus, Alexandria, Port Said, Beirut, Limassol, Heraklion. Danach erfolgte die Rücktour via Piräus und Dubrovnik zurück nach Venedig. Beim Ausbruch des Sechstagekrieges wurden diese Routen stark verändert.

Die Istra war zur damaligen Zeit in Deutschland sehr populär und wurde von verschiedenen Charterunternehmen gebucht. Diese waren Seetours, Gastager, Touropa und Intermaris. Trotz des großen Erfolges und der Buchungen wurde das Schiff nach 28 Jahren durch den Eigentümer zum Verkauf ausgeschrieben.
In den Jahren 1974 und 1975 fuhr die Istra in der Karibik und lief u. a. die Häfen in Martinique, Guadeloupe, St. Lucia, Venezuela (La Gueira), Curaçao, Trinidad und Tobago, Dominikanische Republik, Puerto Rico (St. Juan), Saint Thomas und Grenada an.

Russischer Eigner
Im Mai 1993 kaufte die russische Goring Shipping Company das Schiff und benannte es in Astra um. Es wurde in der Ukraine registriert. Das Management übernahm das russische Reise- und Schifffahrtsunternehmen Caravella Shipping Company Ltd mit Sitz in Moskau. Am Schiff wurden einige Umbauten durchgeführt. Es erhielt einen blauen Streifen um den kompletten Rumpf sowie einen blau lackierten Schornstein mit dem Logo der Caravella Shipping Company Ltd in rot und weiß. Mit dem Schiff zielten die neuen Betreiber wiederum auf den europäischen Markt und vercharterten es an Eurocruises und Mono Company. Nach kurzer Zeit nahm Neckermann Seereisen die Astra in ihren Katalog auf. Wieder hatte es großen Erfolg, da die Größe für viele Gäste sehr ansprechend war.

Namensänderung in Astra I
1996 wurde die Astra bei Neckermann Seereisen durch die größere Astra II, ehemals Golden Odyssey ersetzt. Hierauf wurde die Astra in Panama registriert und in Astra I umbenannt. Die Namensänderung brachte dem Schiff keinen Erfolg. Die Vermarktung der Astra I wurde ausschließlich auf dem russischen Kreuzfahrtmarkt durchgeführt, was zu finanziellen Schwierigkeiten führte. Während eine Kreuzfahrt 1997 wurde das Schiff in Haifa in Israel am Liegeplatz an die Kette gelegt, da die Goring Shipping ausstehende Rechnungen nicht beglichen hatte. Als Folge wurde die Astra I 1999 versteigert; danach fand eine Überführung nach Lissabon statt.

Einsatz von 2000 bis 2012

Im Jahr 2000 wurden 15 Mio. US-$ für eine Totalrenovierung aufgebracht und das Schiff grundsaniert. Die Brücke und das Bootsdeck wurden zum Bug hin verschoben, die vorderen Fenster des Promenadendecks wurden verändert und teilweise entfernt, um Platz für die Hauptlounge, die Bar und das Casino zu schaffen. Ein großer Teil der verglasten Promenade wurde jedoch auf beiden Seiten des Schiffes erhalten und als Wintergarten bezeichnet. Die neue hochwertige Inneneinrichtung wurde von Arminio Lozzi und George Potamianos entworfen, welche besonderen Wert auf Lichteffekte und sanfte Farbtöne legten. Die Astra I wurde in Arion umbenannt und von Arcalia Management vermarktet. Bis September 2012 fuhr das Schiff für Classic International Cruises. Diese vermarkteten und betrieben mehrere Klassik-Kreuzfahrtschiffe weltweit. Danach wurde das Schiff außer Dienst gestellt, da die Reederei Insolvenz angemeldet hatte.

Das Ende

Anfang 2013 wurde die Arion an die Reederei Portuscale Cruises in Portugal verkauft, die das Schiff wieder für Kreuzfahrten einsetzen wollte und es im Mai 2013 in Porto umbenannte, es dann jedoch in Lissabon auflegte. Nachdem die Reederei nach Insolvenz aufgelöst worden war, wurde die ehemalige Istra im September 2018 zum Abbruch in die Türkei verkauft. Am 21. Oktober 2018 verließ das Schiff Lissabon im Schlepp der Opal in Richtung Aliağa, wo es am 5. November 2018 zum Abbruch gestrandet wurde.

Weblinks

 Website ssmaritime.com
 Website von Classic International Cruises

Einzelnachweise

Kreuzfahrtschiff
Passagierschiff (Kroatien)
Passagierschiff (Portugal)
Motorschiff
Verschrottung in Aliağa

Istra (Schiff, 1965)


Shockwave foi uma família de caminhões americanos movidos com motores a jato, incluindo Shockwave, um caminhão Peterbilt 359 de 1984, e Super Shockwave, um caminhão Chevrolet Task Force de 1957.

História e fim trágico

Shockwave foi o primeiro caminhão a jato construído. Atualmente detém o recorde mundial de caminhões de tamanho normal movidos a jato, atingindo uma velocidade de 605 km/h. O caminhão tinha três motores a jato Westinghouse J34-48 , com uma potência total de 36.000 cavalos de potência (26.845 kW; 36.499 PS), o que permitiu ao caminhão completar o quarto de milha em 6,63 segundos. Shockwave foi dirigido por Chris Darnell, que usou o caminhão para competir contra aviões indo a 300 milhas por hora (480 km/h) em uma corrida de arrancada em shows aéreos, muitas vezes vencendo. Consumia combustível a uma taxa igual a 400 galões por milha, ainda mais quando os pós-combustores eram acionados. Para desacelerar o caminhão no final de uma corrida eram necessários 2 pára-quedas aeronáuticos, já que freios convencionais não suportariam a alta velocidade.

Acidente fatal no Michigan

Em 2 de julho de 2022, às 13h10 EDT no Battle Creek Field of Flight and Balloon Festival no Battle Creek Executive Airport em Battle Creek, Michigan , o Shockwave Jet Truck sofreu um capotamento catastrófico após uma falha mecânica, matando o motorista Chris Darnell e destruindo o caminhão. A performance envolveu Darnell correndo contra duas aeronaves invertidas enquanto dirigia por uma grande exibição pirotécnica ao longo da pista do aeroporto, e foi demonstrada com sucesso por Darnell várias vezes no passado. O vídeo da tragédia mostrou o caminhão de Darnell ultrapassando um avião acima e prestes a ultrapassar outro quando seu caminhão pegou fogo e capotou. O proprietário e co-piloto da Darnell Motorsports, Neal Darnell, também pai de Chris, atribuiu a morte de seu filho a uma falha mecânica, disse ele em um post no Facebook naquela noite.

Super Shockwave

O Super Shockwave foi o mais recente dos dois caminhões. O caminhão também usava dois motores a jato modificados Westinghouse J34-48. O caminhão era um  Chevrolet Task Force de 1957. Na milha completa, o caminhão era capaz de atingir 336 milhas por hora (541 km/h). O Super Shockwave foi vendido pela família Shockley, comprado pela Hayden Proffitt Racing e renomeado como "Hot Streak II". Les Shockley obteve sua largada nas corridas por meio da tripulação do próprio Hayden Proffitt. O primeiro carro a jato de Hayden Proffitt foi batizado de "Hot Streak I".

Ver também
 Dragster
 Prova de arrancada
 Motor a reação

Veículos

Shockwave (caminhão a jato)


Kunitomo Suzuki (født 13. juli 1995) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Shonan Bellmare.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Kunitomo Suzuki


ඡායාරූපකරණයේ දී නිරාවරණය යනු ඡායාරූපයක් ලබා ගැනීමේ ක්‍රියාවලිය තුළ දී ඡායාරූප මාධ්‍ය (ඡායාරූප පටල හෝ සංවේදක) මත පතනය වීමට ඉඩ සැලසෙන සම්පූර්ණ ආලෝක ප්‍රමාණයයි. අනාවරණතාව තත්පරයට lux වලින් මනිනු ලබන අතර එය අනාවරක අගය සහ දර්ශන දීප්තිය මඟින් ගණනය කළ හැකිය.

ඡායාරූපකරණයේ නිවැරදි අනාවරණය

ඡායාරූපයක් සඳහා නිවැරදි අනාවරණය තීරණය කරනු ලබන්නේ යොදා ගත් මාධ්‍යයේ සංවේදීතාව අනුවය. ඡායාරූප පටයක් සඳහා සංවේදීතාව පට වේගය ලෙස පරිශීලනය වන අතර සම්මතකරණය සඳහා වූ අන්තර්ජාතික සංවිධානය (ISO)මඟින් ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළ පරිමාණයක් මත දී එය මනිනු ලැබේ. වේගවත් පටි වලට අඩු අනාවරණ අවශ්‍ය වන අතර එය ඉහළ ISO ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීමකින් යුක්ත වේ. අනාවරණය යනු කාලයේ හා ප්‍රකාශ සංවේදී ද්‍රව්‍ය මඟින් ලබා ගන්නා දීප්ති මට්ටමේ එකතුවකි. අනාවරණ කාලය කැමරාවක දී ෂටර වේගය මඟින් පාලනය වන අතර දීප්ති මට්ටම කාච විවර මඟින් පාලනය වේ. මන්දගාමී ෂටර වේග (මාධ්‍යයට දිගු කාලයක් තිස්සේ නිරාවරණය කිරීම) හා විශාල කාච විවර (වැඩි ආලෝකයක් ලබා ගන්නා), විශාල අනාවරණය කිරීම් නිපදවයි.

ISO 100 පටලයක් යොදා ගෙන ප්‍රසන්න දිනයක දී දළ වශයෙන් නිවැරදි අනාවරණයක් ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා තිබිය යුතු විවර ප්‍රමාණය හා ෂටර වේගය වන්නේ පිළිවෙලින් f/16 හා තත්පරයෙන් 1/100ය. මෙය සනී 16 නීතිය ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ. ප්‍රසන්න දිනයක දී f/16 විවරයක් යොදා ගැනීමේ දී ගැලපෙන ෂටර වේගය වන්නේ පටල වේගයට වඩා එකක් වැඩි අගයයි. (හෝ ආසන්නම සමාන අගයක්)

කෙසේ නමුත් නිවැරදි අනාවරණය ලෙස දෙයක් නොපවතී. මන්ද යත් ඡායාරූපකරුවෙක් ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට බලාපොරොත්තු වන ආචරණ මත පදනම්ව දර්ශන විවිධ ආකාරයෙන් අනාවරණය කළ හැකි බැවිනි.

ඡායාරූප ශිල්පය - නිදහස
මෙහි නිදහස යන්නෙන් අදහස් වන්නේ ඡායාරූපයක් කොතරම් දුරට අඩු වශයෙන් හෝ වැඩි වශයෙන් නිරාවරණය වීමට නිදහස තිබේද යන්නයි. සංඛ්‍යාක තිරයකට හෝ විනිවිදින තිරයක ඇති දිප්තතා පරාසයට වඩා වැඩි දීප්තතා පරාසයක් ග්‍රහණය කර ගැනීමේ හැකියාව සාමාන්‍ය සේයා පටලයක සතුවේ.

තීව්‍රා‍ලෝකය

අති දීප්තිය හේතුවෙන් රූපයේ දත්ත මැකීගිය ප්‍රදේශ පිළිස්සුනු තීව්‍රාලෝකය හෝ ඇවිලෙන තීව්‍රාලෝකය ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.

සංඛ්‍යාංක රූපයන්හි මෙම පිළිස්සීම ආපස්සට ගත නොහැක. නමුත් මෘදුකාංග භාවිතයෙන් කුඩා ප්‍රශ්නයක් නිරාකරණය කරගත හැක. පින්තූර RAW නැමැති මාධ්‍යයෙන් පටිගත කිරීම මඟින් මෙම ප්‍රශ්න යම්තාක් දුරට මඟහරවා ගත හැක.

සේයා පටලවල වැඩිපුර නිරාවරණය වු පෙදෙස් පැවැතියද, දත්ත ගබඩා කර ගැනීමේ හැකියාව එය සතුය. මෙසේ මඟ හැරෙන දත්ත මුද්‍රණයේදී හෝ සංඛ්‍යාංක බවට පරිවර්තනය කිරීමේදී නැවත ලබාගත හැක.

කළු පෙදෙස්

ඡායාරූපයක කොටසක ඇති අධික අඳුරු බව නිසා ඡායාරූපයේ දත්ත නොමැති වීම ''මැඬ පැවැත්වු කළු පෙදෙස්' ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. සංඛ්‍යාංක හසුකර ගැනීමක් අඩු වශයෙන් නිරාවරණය වීමට නැඹුරු වන අතර මේවා සෙවනැලි හඳුනාගැනීමට වැඩි ඉඩක් සලසා දෙයි.

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 නිරාවරණ කාලය

ඡායාරූපකරණය

නිරාවරණය (ඡායාරූපකරණය)


La 16-Hidroxidehidroepiandrosterona (16-OH DHEA) es un derivado de la dehidroepiandrosterona. En su forma sulfonada (Sulfato de 16-Hidroxidehidroepiandrosterona o 16-OH DHEAS), es un intermedio en la síntesis de estriol.

Referencias

Esteroides

16-Hidroxidehidroepiandrosterona


WD40  may refer to:
WD-40, widely available water-displacing spray
WD-40 Company, the company manufacturing the spray
WD40 repeat, a structural amino acid motif in proteins

WD40


المعهد العالي للبيولوجيا التطبيقية بمدنين هو إحدى المؤسسات العليا التابعة لجامعة قابس.

أرقام
طبقا لأرقام السنة الدراسية 2007-2008 يدرس بها 321 طالبا من بينهم 270 طالبة.

الإدارة
 المدير: الحبيب خميرة
 الكاتب العام: محمد العباسي

مراجع

التعليم في تونس
جامعة قابس


Økonomisk sociologi er studiet af sociale årsager til og virkninger af forskellige økonomiske fænomener. Feltet kan inddeles i en klassisk periode og en moderne, der er kendt som "Ny økonomisk sociologi".

Den klassiske periode beskæftigede sig især med moderniteten og dens aspekter, bl.a. rationalisering (i sociologisk forstand), sekularisering, urbanisering, social lagdeling og så videre. Eftersom sociologi primært opstod som en reaktion på den kapitalistiske modernitet, spillede økonomi en stor rolle i mange af de klassiske sociologiske undersøgelser. Udtrykket "økonomisk sociologi" blev skabt af William Stanley Jevons i 1879 og senere brugt i værker af Émile Durkheim, Max Weber og Georg Simmel mellem 1890 og 1920. Webers arbejde om forholdet mellem økonomi og religion og den kulturelle affortryllelse af det moderne Vesten er et typisk eksempel på den fremgangsmåde, der anvendtes i den økonomiske sociologis klassiske periode.

Moderne økonomisk sociologi omfatter undersøgelser af alle moderne sociale aspekter af økonomiske fænomener; økonomisk sociologi kan således betragtes som et felt i skæringspunktet mellem økonomi og sociologi. Hyppige forskningsområder indenfor moderne økonomisk sociologi omfatter de sociale konsekvenser af økonomiske handlinger, de sociale betydninger, som de indebærer, og de sociale interaktioner, som de letter eller hindrer.

Litteratur

 Deleuze, Gilles & Guattari, Felix (2009): Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Penguin Classics
 Foucault, Michel (2008): Sikkerhed, territorium, befolkning. Hans Reitzels forlag
 Harvey, David (2018): Marx, Capital, and the Madness of Economic Reason. Oxford University Press
 Hudson, Michael (2017): J is for Junk Economics: A Guide to Reality in an Age of Deception. Islet
 Huffington, Clare, Armstrong, David (ed.) (2004): Working Below the Surface. The Emotional Life of Contemporary Organizations. Karnac Books
Marx, Karl (1970): Kapitalen - kritik af den politiske økonomi, bind 1-3. Rhodos, oversat af Kjeld Ø. Nielsen
 Mazzucato, Mariana (2018): The Value of Everything – Making and Taking in the Global Economy. Public affairs
 Piketty, Thomas (2014): Kapitalen i det 21. århundrede. Gyldendal
Rasmussen, Steen Borg (2013): Økonomi i et sociologisk perspektiv. Columbus
Scheuer, S. (2001). Økonomisk Sociologi. I Den store Danske Encyklopædi Gyldendal.
 Santner, Eric (2015): The Weight of All Flesh. On the Subject-Matter of Political Economy. Oxford University Press
 Streeck, Wolfgang (2016): How Will Capitalism End? Verso
 Wolff, Richard (2016): Capitalism's Crisis Deepens: Essays on the Global Economic Meltdown. Haymarket Books

Se også

 Adfærdsøkonomi
 Socioøkonomi

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

 Economic Sociology - the European Website

Sociologi
Sociologiske fagområder

Økonomisk sociologi


Il duello (título original en italiano;en español, El duelo) es una commedia per musica en un acto con música de Giovanni Paisiello y libreto de Giovanni Battista Lorenzi. Se estrenó en el Teatro Nuovo de Nápoles durante la primavera del año 1774.

Enlaces externos

Óperas de Giovanni Paisiello
Óperas en italiano
Óperas de 1774
Óperas estrenadas en Nápoles

Il duello


Takashi Fukunishi (født 1. september 1976) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Japans fodboldlandshold

|-
|1999||3||0
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|2000||0||0
|-
|2001||2||0
|-
|2002||10||0
|-
|2003||6||0
|-
|2004||18||5
|-
|2005||14||1
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|2006||11||1
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!Total||64||7
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Eksterne henvisninger

Japan National Football Team Database

Fodboldspillere fra Japan
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 2002
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 2006

Takashi Fukunishi


Charles Osgood (* 25. Februar 1809 in Salem, Massachusetts; † 2. Juni 1890 ebenda) war ein amerikanischer Maler.

Leben
Charles Osgood kam 1809 als Sohn des Kapitäns Nathaniel Osgood und seiner Frau Elizabeth, geborene Cowan, zur Welt. Er war das zweite von acht Kindern. In Salem besuchte er die Mr. Archer's School. Er erhielt seine künstlerische Ausbildung in Boston beim Porträtmaler Chester Harding (1792–1866) und kopierte einige seiner Werke, wie das Bildnis von Präsident John Quincy Adams. Bereits im Alter von 18 Jahren eröffnete er sein erstes Atelier. Im Folgejahr ging er zurück nach Salem, wo er, nur unterbrochen von einem einjährigen Aufenthalt in New York City um 1840, bis an sein Lebensende lebte. 1838 heiratete er Susan (Susannah) Ward, die 1844 nach der Geburt des vierten Kindes verstarb. Über seine Frau war Osgood mit dem Maler Abel Nichols (1815–1860) verwandt und erteilte ihm Malunterricht.

Im Werk von Charles Osgood finden sich zwar auch einige Landschaftsbilder, sein Hauptschaffen lag jedoch auf Bildnissen – teilweise als Miniaturmalerei ausgeführt – von Bürgern aus Salem und der Umgebung. Allein von 1827 bis 1863 schuf er so annähernd 1000 Werke. Zu seinen bekanntesten Arbeiten gehört das Porträt des ebenfalls aus Salem stammenden Schriftstellers Nathaniel Hawthorne. Als Salems führender Porträtmaler in der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts fand er 1863 Aufnahme ins Essex Institute, eine wissenschaftlich-kulturelle Gesellschaft. Aufgrund seiner Bedeutung als Chronist seiner Zeit und der Regionalgeschichte im Raum Salem und Boston finden sich seine Werke meist in historischen Häusern und lokalen Geschichtsmuseen wie dem Peabody Essex Museum in Salem und dem Worcester Historical Museum. Zu den wenigen Kunstmuseen, die seine Werke zeigen, gehören das Indiana University Art Museum in Bloomington (Indiana) und das Bowdoin College Museum of Art in Brunswick (Maine).

Literatur
 Glenn B. Opitz: Mantle Fielding's Dictionary of American Painters, Sculptors & Engravers. Apollo Book, Poughkeepsie 1987, ISBN 0-938290-04-5.
 George C. Groce, David H. Wallace: The New-York Historical Society's Dictionary of Artists in America 1564–1860. Yale University Press, New Haven 1979, ISBN 0-300-00519-9.
 Frederic A. Sharf: Charles Osgood: The Life and Times of a Salem Portrait Painter. In: Essex Institute Historical Collections 102, 1966, S. 203–212.
 John H. Wright, Frederic A. Sharf: Charles Osgood (1809–1890), The Prolific Portrait Painter of Salem, Massachusetts. Essex Institute, Salem (Massachusetts) 1978.

Weblinks

Maler (Vereinigte Staaten)
Porträtmaler
Person (Salem, Massachusetts)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1809
Gestorben 1890
Mann

Charles Osgood


Pran Jaye Par Vachan Na Jaye () is a 1974 Hindi-language film produced by Ratan Mohan and directed by  S. Ali Raza. The film stars Sunil Dutt, Rekha, Iftekhar, Premnath, Jeevan, Bindu, Madan Puri, Ranjeet and Jayshree T. The film's music is by O. P. Nayyar.

Plot
Raja Thakur (Sunil Dutt) is an outlaw who fights oppression and corruption in his own unique way. This Robin Hood like figure is a feared and respected figure among the villagers and when he attends a dance performance given by the famous dancer Janiya (Rekha), he finds himself attracted to her. He shows his feelings openly but this proves to be a hindrance to Janiya - people now consider her to be the exclusive property of the outlaw and fear to ask her to perform for them. A rival gang kidnaps Janiya and invoke the wrath of Raja Thakur. Now Raja Thakur will have to leave the rural area, where he rules, and go into an unknown territory, to deal with unknown gangsters, and he must do so in order to keep his word.

Cast
Sunil Dutt	... Raja Thakur
Rekha ... Janniya
Bindu ... Lily
Ranjeet ... Bandit
Jeevan ...	Dharamdas
Madan Puri	... Jagmohan
Premnath ... Mangal Singh
Iftekhar ... Seth Dhanraj

Music
The music was composed by O.P. Nayyar and the lyrics were by S.H. Bihari & Ahmed Wasi.
All composition are sung by Asha Bhosle. Asha Bhosle won Filmfare Best Playback Singer - Female for the song "Chain Se Humko Kabhi". Though this song is part of soundtrack, this song was never used in film.

Location
 Jabalpur
 Bhedaghaat
 DhuanDhaar
 Bandar Kundni
 Panchivati Ghaat
 Narmada Ghaat
 Jabalpur city

Awards
Filmfare Best Female Playback Award for Asha Bhosle singing "Chain Se Humko Kabhi"

External links

1974 චිත්‍රපට
ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍රපට
1970s Hindi-language films
Films scored by O. P. Nayyar

ප්‍රාණ් ජායේ පර් වචන් නා ජායේ


Ada Florence Kinton, née le  à Battersea et décédée le  à Huntsville, est une artiste, éducatrice, officier de l'Armée du salut et rédactrice en chef canadienne d'origine anglaise.

Biographie
Originaire de Londres, Ada Florence Kinton est la fille de John Louis Kinton, enseignant la littérature dans un collège, et de Sarah Curtis Mackie, tous deux méthodistes. Après avoir terminé ses études secondaires, elle fréquente une école d'art et obtient un certificat de maîtrise en art, à l'âge de vingt-trois ans. Immédiatement après la mort de son père en décembre 1882, elle rend une visite prolongée à ses frères, Edward et Mackie, qui ont émigré dans la région de Muskoka, en Ontario.

Ada Florence Kinton retourne en Angleterre, et enseigne l'art dans un pensionnat pour dames, puis intègre un cours de troisième cycle à la South Kensington School of Art.

En 1883, Ada Florence Kinton rencontre le général William Booth, fondateur de l'Armée du salut. En 1886, elle se rend au Canada et enseigne l'art à Kingston, puis à Toronto. En 1889, elle rejoint l'Armée du salut à Toronto. Elle travaille dans diverses institutions de l'Armée du salut, comme la maison des alcooliques, le refuge pour enfants et la maison d'aide pour les femmes. L'Armée du salut était la seule organisation religieuse de l'époque dans laquelle les femmes étaient autorisées à devenir l'équivalent du clergé.

En 1892, Ada Florence Kinton devient la rédactrice adjointe de l'édition canadienne de . Elle écrit des articles pour le journal, et réalise également des illustrations.

En 1891, elle est nommée capitaine de l'Armée du salut. En 1893, le nouveau leader canadien Herbert Booth lui demande d'être la secrétaire particulière de sa femme. Elle doit également s'occuper des enfants du couple Booth. Lors d'un voyage avec les Booth en Australie, elle développe une tuberculose. Après s'être reposée chez sa sœur à Huntsville, elle reprend ses voyages avec la famille aux États-Unis. Elle fait une rechute de la tuberculose en 1903, et retourne à Huntsville.

Ada Florence Kinton est morte à Huntsville, à l'âge de 46 ans.

En 1907, l'autobiographie Just One Blue Bonnet : the Life Story of Ada Florence Kinton, artist and salvationist est publiée avec sa sœur, Sara Amelia Kinton Randleson comme éditrice.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Artiste canadien
Artiste anglaise
Femme de lettres canadienne
Femme de lettres britannique
Armée du salut
Personnalité méthodiste
Naissance en avril 1859
Naissance à Londres
Décès en mai 1905
Décès en Ontario
Décès à 46 ans
Illustratrice canadienne
Rédactrice en chef
Mort de la tuberculose

Ada Florence Kinton


The cardinal tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi) is a freshwater fish of the family  Characidae of order Characiformes. It is native to the upper Orinoco and Negro Rivers in South America. Growing to about  total length, the cardinal tetra has the striking iridescent blue line characteristic of the genus Paracheirodon laterally bisecting the fish, with the body below this line being vivid red in color, hence the name "cardinal tetra". The cardinal tetra's appearance is similar to that of the closely related neon tetra, with which it is often confused; the neon's red coloration extends only about halfway to the nose, and the neon's blue stripe is a less vibrant blue.

The cardinal tetra is a very popular aquarium fish, but is less widespread than the neon tetra because until recently, it was difficult to breed in captivity. However, many breeders are now producing the fish; in most cases, one can determine if the cardinal tetra is bred or wild-caught due to damaged fins on wild-caught specimens. Some ichthyologists believe fishkeepers should continue to support the sustainable cardinal fishery of the Amazon Basin, since thousands of people are employed in the region to capture fish for the aquarium trade. If those fishermen lost their livelihoods catching cardinals and other tropical fish, they might turn their attention to engaging in deforestation.

Taxonomy
American ichthyologist Leonard Peter Schultz described the cardinal tetra in 1956 as Cheirodon axelrodi. The specific epithet honors ichthyologist Herbert R. Axelrod. Hyphessobrycon cardinalis is an obsolete synonym. The fish's common name, cardinal tetra, refers to the brilliant red coloration, reminiscent of a cardinal's robes. P. axelrodi is also often called the red neon tetra.

The species exists in a number of different color forms or phenotypes. A "gold" and "silver-blonde" form exists in the Rio Negro drainage that has less blue in the longitudinal stripe. The normal form from the Rio Negro drainage has a blue stripe, which extends to the adipose fin, while the Orinoco drainage phenotype has a stripe that stops posterior to the adipose. The Orinoco phenotype may represent a subspecies of P. axelrodi.

Description

The cardinal tetra has bright red ventral parts and an iridescent blue line that runs horizontally along its body. The characteristic iridescence of this and related fishes, such as the neon tetra, is a structural color, caused by refraction of light within guanine crystals that develop within special cells called iridocytes in the subcutaneous layer. The exact shade of blue seen depends on the viewing angle of the viewer relative to the fish - if the viewpoint changes so as to look at the fish more from below, the colour will change hue, becoming more deeply sapphire blue and even indigo. Change of viewpoint to one above the fishes, however, and the color becomes more greenish. Cardinal tetras appear to grow larger in captivity than they do in the wild. They have a large stomach and small gut.

Distribution
Cardinal tetras are found on the upper Orinoco and the Negro, which are located in Colombia and Venezuela and Brazil, respectively.

Feeding
The cardinal tetra forages in areas of slow-moving, shallow water. It is predominantly predatory, feeding on tiny animals found on underwater plants, roots, and leaf litter. Creatures commonly eaten include the larvae of chironomid midges and microcrustaceans such as water fleas (Cladocera) of the families Moinidae, Macrotrichidae, and Daphniidae, and copepods of the family Harpacticidae. Other organisms eaten include other fly larvae, insect eggs, rotifers, and testate amoebae.

Breeding and lifespan
The cardinal tetra, in the wild, swims upstream in large numbers to parts of its native river habitat completely enclosed above by rainforest canopy. Such waters are subject to heavy shading by the rainforest trees, and virtually no sunlight reaches them. Here, the fishes spawn in large aggregations.  If the fishes are ready to spawn, the male, which will be the slimmer of the two fishes in outline,  pursues the female into fine-leaved plants; her fuller outline, which usually indicates the presence of ripe eggs within her reproductive tract, should be readily apparent at this point. If the female is ready, she allows the male to swim alongside her, and together, the pair release eggs and sperm.

The fish might also be effectively an annual species with a lifespan of just a single year in nature. It lives for several years in captivity. For those seeking to breed them in the aquarium, the best way to do so is by mimicking the same natural setup.

A study conducted in Manaus, Brazil, subjected cardinal tetras to adverse water conditions for 96 hours. The fish perished at a low temperature of 19.6 °C and high of 33.7 °C, and pH below 2.9 or above 8.8.

See also
List of freshwater aquarium fish species
Project Piaba

References

External links

 Video of  Cardinal Tetras feeding
 Cardinal tetra, Paracheirodon axelrodi, Practical Fishkeeping magazine
 Life in the shallows - the Rio Negro, Practical Fishkeeping magazine
 River to retailer - the Cardinal tetra fishery in Brazil, Practical Fishkeeping magazine

axelrodi
Tetras
Taxa named by Leonard Peter Schultz
Fish described in 1956
Freshwater fish of Brazil
Freshwater fish of Colombia
Fishkeeping
Freshwater fish of Venezuela

Cardinal tetra


Aderus dissimilis é uma espécie de besouro da família Aderidae. A espécie foi descrita cientificamente por Manuel Martínez de la Escalera em 1922.

Distribuição geográfica
Habita em Bioko (Fernando Póo) (Guiné Equatorial).

Referências

dissimilis
Biota da Guiné Equatorial
Coleópteros descritos em 1922

Aderus dissimilis


Karl Friedrich Good (* 8. September 1841 in Sargans; † 19. Oktober 1896 in Mels) war ein Schweizer Jurist und Politiker.

Biografie
Nach dem Besuch der Primarschule in Mels und des Katholischen Gymnasiums und der Kantonsschule in St. Gallen studierte Karl Friedrich Good von 1859 bis 1862 an den Universitäten München, Heidelberg und Zürich Rechtswissenschaften. In Heidelberg schloss er sich 1861 dem Corps Helvetia an.

Nach Abschluss des Studiums übernahm er 1863 die väterlicher Anwaltskanzlei in Mels. Von 1895 bis 1896 war er Präsident des Kassationsgerichts des Kantons St. Gallen. Als liberaler Politiker gehörte er von 1879 bis 1882 und von 1885 bis 1896 dem St. Gallener Grossen Rat an, in den Jahren 1881, 1885, 1889 und 1896 als dessen Präsident. Auf eidgenössischer Ebene war er von 1886 bis 1896 für den Kanton St. Gallen Mitglied des Ständerats.

Karl Friedrich Good war eine der führenden Persönlichkeiten der liberalen Partei im Kanton St. Gallen.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ständerat (St. Gallen)
Kantonsrat (St. Gallen, Person)
Rechtsanwalt (Schweiz)
Richter (Schweiz)
Corpsstudent (19. Jahrhundert)
Schweizer
Geboren 1841
Gestorben 1896
Mann

Karl Friedrich Good


La Ligne Rouge est une ligne du Métro de Doha. Elle s'étend du nord au sud à travers Doha, de son terminus sud d'Al Wakra jusqu'à son terminus nord de Lusail, plus une branche desservant l'Aéroport international Hamad. C'est la première ligne du système, avec une première partie ouverte le 8 mai 2019.

Carte

Stations

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Métro de Doha
 Métro léger de Lusail

Liens externes
 Doha metro - Lusail Tram - Qatar Rail
 Red Line Qatar Rail
 UrbanRail.Net Doha Metro & Tram

Doha, rouge
Doha, rouge
Métro de Doha

Ligne rouge du métro de Doha


Lungu steht für:
 Lungu (Volk), eine bantusprachliche Ethnie in Sambia
 der Lungwebungu (Lungué Bungo), ein Fluss, der in Angola auf dem Plateau der Stadt Chingamba
 Lungu (Rapla), ein Dorf im Kreis Rapla in Estland

Lungu ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Adrian Lungu (* 1960), rumänischer Rugby-Union-Spieler
 Alexandru Lungu (* 1974), rumänischer Judoka
 Alick Lungu (* 2002), malawischer Fußballspieler
 Andrei Lungu (* 1989), rumänischer Fußballspieler
 Arthur Lungu (* 1976), sambischer Fußballspieler
 Beatrice Lungu (* 1956), sambische Sprinterin
 Chisamba Lungu (* 1991), sambischer Fußballspieler
 Dan Lungu (* 1969), rumänischer Autor und Hochschullehrer
 Edgar Lungu (* 1956), sambischer Präsident
 George Cosmas Zumaire Lungu (* 1960), sambesischer Geistlicher, Bischof von Chipata
 Gheorghe Lungu (* 1978), rumänischer Boxer
 Grant Lungu (* 1986), malawischer Fußballspieler
 Ion Lungu (1921–1988), rumänischer Fußballspieler
 Ireen Lungu (* 1997), sambische Fußballspielerin
 John Lungu (* 1966), sambischer Fußballspieler
 John Nteze Lungu (* 1978), tansanischer Fußballspieler
 Luka Lungu (* 1986), sambischer Fußballspieler
 Misheck Lungu (* 1980), sambischer Fußballspieler
 Paul Lungu (1946–1998), Bischof von Monze
 Vladislav Lungu (* 1977), moldawischer Fußballspieler

Lungu


La Caldera de Caviahue, también llamada Caldera de Copahue o Caldera de Caviahue-Copahue es una depresión circular en la Cordillera de los Andes de la provincia argentina de Neuquén, formada producto de un colapso al vaciarse una cámara magmática. La caldera se ubica inmediatamente al este del volcán Copahue que se ubica en la frontera de Argentina con Chile.

Fuentes
El englazamiento en la región de la caldera de Caviahue-Copahue (Provincia del Neuquén): Su reinterpretación, González Díaz, EF.

Cavidahue
Cavidahue
Departamento Ñorquín

Caldera de Caviahue


El soñador (Las ruinas de Oybin) es un cuadro del pintor Caspar David Friedrich, realizado en 1835, que se encuentra en el Museo del Hermitage de San Petersburgo, Rusia.

Realizado cinco años antes de su muerte, el cuadro representa a un personaje solitario en medio de las ruinas del Monasterio de Oybin, símbolo de lo perecedero y transitorio. Como en otras obras de temática similar (por ejemplo, Abadía en el encinar, 1810) la mezcla de arquitectura gótica y naturaleza representa el contraste ideal en la mente del artista. Las ruinas representan la alegoría de la religión del pasado, frente a la fuerza vital de los árboles y la luz. En la obra sobrevuela la idea de que la naturaleza ha vencido a la iglesia. Como un "memento mori" invita a meditar en la vanidad de los asuntos humanos.

Friedrich logra trasmitir gran misticismo por medio de una luz propia del crepúsculo que inunda todo el lienzo.

La obra parece reflejar el espíritu de soledad y melancolía que debió embargar al autor ante la proximidad de su propia muerte.

Esta obra se puede incluir entre las denominadas pinturas crepusculares calificadas como las pinturas del espíritu por excelencia.

Véase también
 Romanticismo alemán
 Sublime
 Anexo:Cuadros de Caspar David Friedrich

Referencias

Colecciones del Museo del Hermitage
Cuadros de 1835

El soñador


Vila Allnoch je zgrada u mjestu i općini, Samobor. Zaštićeno je kulturno dobro.

Opis
Slobodnostojeća jednokatnica, tlocrtne L forme, duljim je krilom položena duž Starogradske ulice. Ulično krilo sagrađeno je tijekom prve polovine 19. st. o čemu svjedoče pročeljni elementi klasicističke provenijencije, dok je stražnje perivojno krilo dograđeno krajem 19. st. Vila je imala perivoj koji je očuvan samo u tragovima. Glavno je krilo organizirano na način da središnji ulazni hodnik flankiraju prostorije prizemlja. Stubište, u stražnjem dijelu kuće, vodi na kat koji je koncipiran nizom amfiladno vezanih prostorija s orijentacijom na ulicu. Dio stražnjeg perimetralnog zida je početkom 20. st. ostakljen uz pomoć vrijedne željezne konstrukcije dekorirane secesijskim motivima.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-4669 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "profana graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene stambene građevine u Zagrebačkoj županiji
Građevine u Samoboru

Vila Allnoch


Le sillon carotidien de l'os sphénoïde (ou gouttière carotidienne ou gouttière du sinus caverneux ou gouttière caverneuse ou gouttière en S) est une rainure osseuse en forme de S italique située sur la face latérale du corps du sphénoïde, au-dessus de l'attache de chaque grande aile de l'os sphénoïde.

Elle loge l'artère carotide interne et le sinus caverneux.

Notes et références

Crâne

Sillon carotidien de l'os sphénoïde


An Dactyloctenium hackelii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni János Johannes Wagner ngan Friedrich Vierhapper. An Dactyloctenium hackelii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dactyloctenium, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo kulang hin datos.

Mabibilngan ini ha Socotra. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dactyloctenium

Dactyloctenium hackelii


Kromozom 12, toplamda 22 çift olan otozomal insan kromozomlarından onikincisidir. İnsanlarda normalde bir çift halinde bulunur. 132 milyon baz çiftine ve toplam hücre DNA'sının %4 ya da %4,5'ine sahiptir. Kromozom 12, muhtemelen 1,000 ile 1,300 arasında gen içermektedir.

Genler
Kromozom 12 üzerinde bulunan genlerden bazıları:
 ACVRL1: aktivin A reseptör tip II-benzer 1
 COL2A1: kollajen tip II, alfa 1
 HPD: 4-hidroksifenilpiruvat dioksigenaz
 LRRK2: lösin-zenginleştirilmiş tekrar kinaz 2
 MMAB: metilmalonik asiduria (kobalamin eksikliği) cblB tip
 MYO1A: myozin IA
 NANOG: NK-2 tip homeodomain gen
 PAH: fenilalenin hidroksilaz
 PPP1R12A: protein fosfotaz 1, düzenleyici (inhibitor) altünite 12A
 PTPN11: protein tirozin fosfotaz, non-reseptör tip 11 (Noonan sendromu 1)

Hastalıklar
Kromozom 12 üzerinde bulunan genlerle ilgili olan hastalıkların bazıları:
 kollajenopati
 ırsi hemorajik telangiektasia
 hipokondrogenez
 Kniest displazi
 olgunlaşmış saldırı diyabet genç tip 3
 metilmalonik asidemi
 sendromik olmayan sağırlık
 sendromik olmayan sağırlık, otozomal baskın
 Noonan sendromu
 Parkinson hastalığı
 Fenilketonüri
 spondiloepimetafizal displazi Strudwick tipi
 spondiloepifizal displazi geriliği
 spondiloperiferal displazi
 Stickler sendromu
 Stickler sendromu, COL2A1
 Tirozinemi

Kromozom 12 (insan)


Splatoon 2 er et third-person shooter udviklet af Nintendo EPD og udgivet af Nintendo. Det er en opfølger til Splatoon, og indeholder en historiedrevet singleplayer-kampagne, samt en online multiplayer-tilstand, hvor op til otte spillere kan kæmpe i fire mod fire-kampe. Spillet blev annonceret i januar 2017 og udgivet internationalt den 21. juli 2017. I 2018 havde spillet solgt næsten fem millioner kopier verden over.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Officiel hjemmeside

Computerspil fra 2017
Nintendo Switch-spil
Third-person shooter

Splatoon 2


Paul Kosla (:în ebraică:פאול קוסלה,numele la naștere: Paul (Pinhas) Șmulovici, n.1922 Piatra Neamț - d.2004) a fost un dirijor, pianist, aranjor, compozitor și pedagog israelian, originar din România. S-a distins în domeniul muzicii ușoare și de estradă.

Biografie
Paul Kosla s-a născut sub numele de Paul (Pinhas) Șmulovici într-o familie evreiască din Piatra Neamț.
, Educația sa muzicală a început din copilărie, la vârsta de 9 ani, învățând primele instrumente muzicale. La 13 ani era deja un instrumentist versat la pian, acordeon și trombon. La 15 ani a fondat împreună cu fratele său, Herman, un duet care s-a numit Duo Kosla, după dealul Cozlea de lângă Piatra Neamț.
În România a cântat în mai multe formații de orchestră, inclusiv în cadrul unor spectacole de teatru și radiodifuzate.

În anul 1950 a emigrat în Israel. Colaborarea cu fratele său, Herman Kosla, a continuat și în Israel. A activat acolo ca aranjor muzical, compozitor, ca director muzical și dirijor ale ansamblurilor unor teatre de revistă din Tel Aviv - "Li La Lo" și "Do Re Mi", sub conducerea lui Moshe Walin și George Val.
A colaborat îndeaproape cu soția sa (din 1950), cântăreața și actrița Dorothea Livio, și ea originară din România, atât la teatrele muzicale, cât și în turnee de spectacole prin lume, unele organizate de Fondul United Jewish Appeal.
A compus sute de cântece și șlagăre, o bună parte din ele pentru spectacole în ebraică și în idiș. De asemenea a predat lecții în domeniul muzicii, inclusiv în cadrul unei școli particulare pe care a condus-o cu fratele său, Herman. O vreme a cântat la pian în cursul unor croaziere ale companiei israeliene de navigație ZIM (Tzim).

Kosla a murit in anul 2004, la 82 ani, după ce a suferit un timp de boala Alzheimer. A lăsat soția, Dorothea Livio (născută în 1930), precum și fiul lor comun, muzicianul Eilon Kosla, care s-a stabilit în Olanda. A avut și un fiu vitreg, din prima căsătorie a soției, astrofizicianul Mario Livio.

Cântece
Aviv poréah (Primăvară înfloritoare) - pe text de Fischer
aranjamente muzicale pentru cântece de Harry Reininger, pentru versiuni ebraice ale unor cântece de Domenico Modugno, Jerome Kern, Richard Rodgers, Emmett Babe Wallace,
Hugo Friedhofer,Marino Marini,Carmen Lombardo,

Legături externe
Shimon Lev Ari - Madrikh Meá Shaná latheatron haivrí - Ghid la Centenarul teatrului ebraic, on line 2008  - în ebraică
saitul de cântece în ebraică Bait Lazemer-  al doilea număr Aviv poréakh- Primăvară înfloritoare] - cântec de Paul Kosla, în interpretarea lui Ben Sharon și Ruth Sharon, pe You Tube

Note

Dirijori israelieni
Compozitori israelieni
Evrei români

Paul Kosla


State disability insurance is a type of insurance for workers who are ill, unable or injured. It partially replaces wages in the event a worker is unable to perform their work due to a disability.
In some states, there are many types of organisations that provide different disability insurance. These organisations have specific definitions regarding what is a disability and how a person should qualify in order to receive the benefit.

State disability insurance in the United States
State disability insurance is provided in many states and in one commonwealth in United States. Disability insurance (also known as state disability insurance, statutory disability programs or state disability benefits) is a kind of insurance, which is funded by mandatory contribution of employees.

Employees can lower the tax they have to pay to their state, by the fact that their contributions are tax-deductible.

There is a difference between the states in details of the state disability insurance and tax-deductive.

Statutory disability insurance in New York State
In New York State, there is a disability benefits insurance, that provides temporary cash benefits paid to an eligible wage earner to partially replace wages lost, whether the wage earner is disabled by an off-the-job illness or injury or for disabilities arising from pregnancy.

Who is required to provide state disability benefits insurance according to New York State disability insurance
Each employer, who hires one and more employees on each of 30 days in any calendar year, is required to provide state disability benefits insurance for their employees. These employees have to provide it unless they are considered exempt.

Among those employees, who are not considered exempt belongs
 Each employer of one or more employees on each of 30 days in any calendar year becomes a "covered" employer four weeks after the 30th day of such employment.
 Employees or recent employees of a "covered" employer, who have worked at least four consecutive weeks.
 Employees of an employer who elects to provide benefits by filing an Application for Voluntary Coverage.
 Employees who change jobs from one "covered" employer to another "covered" employer are protected from the first day on the new job. Generally, an eligible employee does not lose protection during the first 26 weeks of unemployment, provided he/she is eligible for and is claiming unemployment insurance benefits.
 Domestic or personal employees who work 40 or more hours per week for one employer.

Among those employees, who are considered exempt belongs
 A minor child of the employer.
 Government, railroad, maritime or farm laborers.
 Ministers, priests, rabbis, members of religious orders, sextons, Christian Science readers.
 Individuals that volunteer their services for nonprofit organizations and receive no compensation. Compensation includes stipends, room and board, and other "perks" that have monetary value. (Stipends used solely to offset expenses incurred while performing activities for the nonprofit are not counted as stipends.)
 An executive officer of an incorporated religious, charitable or educational institution, and persons engaged in a professional or teaching capacity in or for a religious, charitable, or educational institution (Section 501(c)(3) under the IRS tax code), and persons receiving rehabilitation services in a sheltered workshop operated by such institutions under a certificate issued by the U.S. Department of Labor.
 Persons receiving aid from a religious or charitable institution, who perform work in return for such aid.
 One or two corporate officers who either singly or jointly own all of the stock and hold all of the offices of a corporation that employs no other employees.
 Golf caddies.
 Daytime students in elementary or secondary school, who work part-time during the school year or their regular vacation period.
 Employees who change to jobs in an exempt employment or with a "non-covered" employer, and work in such employment for more than four weeks, lose protection until they work four consecutive weeks for a "covered" employer.

Statutory disability insurance in the United Kingdom
In the UK, people can apply for Disability Living Allowance (DLA) if they are under 16. If they are above 16, they can apply for Personal Independence Payment (PIP).

Disability Living Allowance (DLA)
DLA is made up of two parts: the care component and the mobility component. The person can get DLA if they are eligible for at least one of the components.

The person is eligible for the care component if they cannot do everyday tasks (e.g. washing, dressing, eating, using the toilet etc.) and there is no one who can care for them or if they live alone. There are three levels: lowest (for occasional help), middle (for frequent help or constant supervision), and highest (for nonstop supervision).

The person is eligible for the mobility component if they have a walking disability, have no legs, are blind, are at least 80% deaf, have behavioural problems or need walking supervision. There are two levels: lower (for guidance or supervision outdoors) and higher (for more severe walking difficulties).

Personal Independence Payment (PIP)
Personal Independence Payment helps the person financially, if they have a chronic illness or if they are disabled. They receive between £23.20 and £148.85 per week if they are 16 or older and have not reached State Pension age.

State disability insurance in the Czech Republic
In the Czech Republic, prior to 2010, disabled people were divided into two categories based on the seriousness of their disability.
These two categories were partial invalidity and full invalidity.

Since 2010, there is just one category of benefits, the invalidity pension, which is divided into three degrees corresponding with the severity of the person's disability. The severity is measured by how disruptive the disability is.

An invalid pension cannot be collected along with an old-age pension.

Degrees of disability:

 35–49%: first degree disability
 50–69%: second degree disability
 70–100%: third degree disability

Conditions for reaching the invalidity pension
 They have any of the three disability degrees, which are mentioned above.
 They are under 65.
 They do not comply with the conditions for the purpose of obtaining a standard old-age pension.
 They have previously completed the stipulated periods of pension insurance.

The lowest amount of money they can receive in any degree of disability is CZK 770.00 (€30) per month. The base amount is CZK 2,700.00 (€105) per month. It is a fixed portion of an invalidity pension.

Eligibility for an invalidity pension is based on a required term of insurance based on: the applicant's age required term of insurance:

 Under 20: less than one year
 20–22: one year
 22–24: two years
 24–26: three years
 26–28: four years
 Over 28: five years
 Over 38: ten years

For instance, if the person was born in 1953, their disability was recognized in 2014 and they are insured for 44 years, they get from the State Invalidity pension of CZK 13,262.00 (€516) per month.

References

External links
 Complete Disability Lawyers in NY

Disability law
Insurance
Types of insurance

State disability benefits


Secole: Secolul al VI-lea î.Hr. - Secolul al V-lea î.Hr. - Secolul al IV-lea î.Hr.

Decenii: Anii 450 î.Hr. | Anii 440 î.Hr. | Anii 430 î.Hr. | Anii 420 î.Hr. | Anii 410 î.Hr. - Anii 400 î.Hr. - Anii 390 î.Hr. | Anii 380 î.Hr. | Anii 370 î.Hr. | Anii 360 î.Hr. | Anii 350 î.Hr.

Anii: 413 î.Hr. | 412 î.Hr. | 411 î.Hr. | 410 î.Hr. | 409 î.Hr. - 408 î.Hr. - 407 î.Hr. | 406 î.Hr. | 405 î.Hr. | 404 î.Hr. | 402 î.Hr.

Evenimente

Arte, științe, literatură și filozofie

Nașteri
 Eudoxus din Knidos, astronom, matematician grec, discipol al lui Platon, cunoscut mai ales pentru faptul că a fost printre primii care a încercat să formuleze o teorie privind mișcarea planetelor (d. 355 î.Hr.)

Decese

408 î.Hr.

408 î.Hr.


La réaction de Peterson, ou oléfination de Peterson, est une réaction d'oléfination entre un carbanion  (1) et une cétone ou un aldéhyde pour former un  (2) qui donne un alcène (3) par élimination :

Il s'agit d'une réaction importante en synthèse organique car elle permet la formation diastéréosélective d'alcènes cis ou trans à partir d'un intermédiaire  ; le traitement acide (ci-dessous en haut) ou basique (en bas) de ce dernier donne en effet des alcènes de stéréochimie opposée :

Dans la mesure où deux stéréoisomères différents peuvent se former lors de la première étape pouvant chacun être traités de deux manières différentes, il existe quatre voies de réaction possibles :

Lorsque le carbanion  ne porte que des substituants alkyle, hydrogène ou donneurs d'électrons, il est possible de contrôler l'orientation stéréochimique du produit de la réaction car cette dernière se déroule lentement à basse température, ce qui permet d'isoler le β-hydroxysilane intermédiaire et de le traiter de manière appropriée avec un acide ou une base pour obtenir le produit souhaité :

Lorsque le carbanion α-silyle porte des substituants accepteurs d'électrons, la réaction de Peterson forme directement un alcène, de sorte que l'intermédiaire β-hydroxysilane ne peut être isolé.

Notes et références

Réaction organique
Réaction de couplage
Réaction de substitution
Réaction formant une liaison carbone-carbone

Réaction de Peterson


The Odawa (also Ottawa or Odaawaa ) are an Indigenous American people who primarily inhabit land in the Eastern Woodlands region, now in jurisdictions of the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. Their territory long preceded the creation of the current border between the two countries in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Their peoples are federally recognized as Native American tribes in the United States and have numerous recognized First Nations bands in Canada. They are one of the Anishinaabeg, related to but distinct from the Ojibwe and Potawatomi peoples.

After migrating from the East Coast in ancient times, they settled on Manitoulin Island, near the northern shores of Lake Huron, and the Bruce Peninsula in the present-day province of Ontario, Canada. They considered this their original homeland. After the 17th century, they also settled along the Ottawa River, and in what became the present-day states of Michigan and Wisconsin. They also occupied other areas of the Midwest south of the Great Lakes in what became the United States. In the 21st century, there are a total of approximately 15,000 Odawa living in Ontario, Canada, and in Michigan and Oklahoma (former Indian Territory, United States).

The Ottawa dialect is part of the Algonquian language family. This large family is made up of  numerous smaller tribal groups or "bands," which are commonly called a "Tribe" in the United States and "First Nation" in Canada. Their language is considered a divergent dialect of Ojibwe, characterized by frequent syncope.

Tribe name
Odawaa (syncoped as Daawaa, is believed to be derived from the Anishinaabe word adaawe, meaning "to trade," or "to buy and sell"). This term is common to the Cree, Algonquin, Nipissing, Innu, Odawa, and Ojibwe. The Potawatomi spelling of Odawa and the English derivative "Ottawa" are also common. The Anishinaabe word for "Those men who trade, or buy and sell" is Wadaawewinini(wag).

Fr. Frederic Baraga, a Catholic missionary in Michigan, transliterated this and recorded it in his A Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language as "Watawawininiwok," noting that it meant "men of the bulrushes", associated with the many bulrushes in the Ottawa River. But, this recorded meaning is more appropriately associated with the Matàwackariniwak, a historical Algonquin band who lived along the Ottawa River.

The only tribe in the United States that is Odawa are the Little Traverse Bay Band of Odawa Indians; the rest are considered Ottawa.

Their neighbors applied the "Trader" name to the Odawa because in early traditional times, and also during the early European contact period, they were noted as intertribal traders and barterers. The Odawa were described as having dealt "chiefly in cornmeal, sunflower oil, furs and skins, rugs and mats, tobacco, and medicinal roots and herbs."

The Odawa name in its English transcription is the source of the place names of the city of Ottawa, Ontario, and the Ottawa River. The Odawa home territory at the time of early European contact, but not their trading zone, was well to the west of the city and river named after them.

Ottawa, Ohio, is the county seat of Putnam County, developed at the site of the last Ottawa reservation in Ohio. There is also an Ottawa, Kansas.

Language

The Odawa dialect is considered one of several divergent dialects of the Ojibwe language group, noted for its frequent syncope. In the Odawa language, the general language group is known as Nishnabemwin, while the Odawa language is called Daawaamwin. Of the estimated 5,000 ethnic Odawa and additional 10,000 people with some Odawa ancestry, in the early 21st century an estimated 500 people in Ontario and Michigan speak this language. The Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma has three fluent speakers.

Early history

Oral histories and early recorded histories

According to Anishinaabeg tradition, and from recordings in Wiigwaasabak (birch bark scrolls), the Odawa people came from the eastern areas of North America, or Turtle Island, and from a region called Dawnland along the East Coast (where there are numerous Algonquian-language peoples).

Directed by the miigis (luminescent) beings, the Anishinaabe peoples moved inland along the Saint Lawrence River. At the "Third Stopping Place" near what is now Detroit, Michigan, the southern group of Anishinaabeg divided into three groups, the Ojibwe, Odawa, and Potawatomi.

There is archaeological evidence that the Saugeen complex people, a Hopewell-influenced group who were located on the Bruce Peninsula during the Middle Woodland period, may have evolved into the Odawa people. The Hopewell tradition was a widely extended trading network operating from about 200BCE to 500 CE. Some of these peoples constructed earthwork mounds for burials, a practice that ended about 250 CE. The Saugeen mounds have not been excavated.

The Odawa, together with the Ojibwe and Potawatomi, were part of a long-term tribal alliance called the Council of Three Fires. Together they fought the nations of the Iroquois Confederacy (who came from the East) and the Dakota people.

In 1615 French explorer Samuel de Champlain met 300 men of a nation which, he said, "we call les cheueux releuez" (modern French: cheveux relevés (hair lifted, raised, rolled up)), near the mouth of the French River. Of these, he said: "Their arms consisted only of a bow and arrows, a buckler of boiled leather and the club. They wore no breech clouts, their bodies were tattooed in many fashions and designs, their faces painted and their noses pierced." In 1616, Champlain left the Huron villages and visited the "Cheueux releuez," who lived westward from the lands of the Huron Confederacy.

The Jesuit Relations of 1667 reported that three tribes lived in the same town: the Odawa, the Kiskakon Odawa, and the Sinago Odawa. All three tribes spoke the same language.

Fur trade
Due to the extensive trade network maintained by the Odawa, many of the North American interior nations became known to Europeans by the names the Odawa used for them, rather than by the nations' own names (endonyms). For example, these exonyms include Winnebago (from Wiinibiigoo) for the Ho-Chunk, and Sioux (from Naadawensiw) for the Dakota. From the early days of the colony of New France, the Odawa became so important to the French and Canadians in fur trade that before 1670, colonists in Quebec (then called Canada) usually referred to any Algonquian speaker from the Great Lakes region as an Odawa. In their own language, the Odawa (like the Ojibwe) identified as Anishinaabe (Neshnabek) meaning "people."

The mostly highly prized fur was beaver, popular in Europe. Other furs traded included deer, marten, raccoon, fox, otter, and muskrat. In exchange the Odawa received "hatchets, knives, kettles, traps, needles, fish hooks, cloth and blankets, jewelry and decorative items, and later firearms and alcohol." Up to the time of Nicolas Perrot, the Odawa had a monopoly on all fur trade that came through Green Bay, Wisconsin, or Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. They allegedly did "their best to exploit" the tribes in those areas "who did not use the canoe, by bartering with them bits of iron and steel and worn-out European articles for extravagant quantities of furs." For example, "the Crees gave the Ottawas 'all their beaver robes for old knives, blunted awls, wretched nets and kettles used until they were past service.'"

Wars and refugees

The Odawa had disputes and warfare with other tribes, particularly over the lucrative fur trade. For example, the tribe once waged war against the Mascouten. In the mid-17th century the Odawa allied with other Algonquian tribes around the Great Lakes against the powerful Mohawk people (of present-day New York) and their Iroquois allies in the Beaver Wars. The European introduction of guns and other weapons to some of their trading partners had disrupted the traditional balance of power in the region and changed economic risks and rewards. All indigenous peoples on both sides were disrupted or decimated; some groups, such as the Iroquoian-speaking Erie, were exterminated as tribes. But by the mid-17th century, the tribes were more severely affected by new infectious diseases than warfare. Lacking acquired immunity to these European diseases, they suffered epidemics with high fatalities.

In 1701 the French colonists built Fort Detroit and established a trading post. Many Odawa moved there from their traditional homeland of Manitoulin Island near the Bruce Peninsula, and Wyandot (Huron) also moved near the post. Some Odawa had already settled across northern Michigan in the Lower Peninsula, and more bands established villages around and south of Detroit. Their area extended into present-day Ohio.

With movements of the tribes in relation to warfare and colonial encroachment, the tribes settled in roughly the following pattern:
"Sandwiched between the French, in the north and west, and the English, in the south and east, the Miami settled in present-day Indiana and western Ohio; the Ottawa settled in Northwest Ohio along the Maumee, the Auglaize, and the Blanchard rivers; the Wyandot settled in Central Ohio; the Shawnee in Southwest Ohio; and the Delaware (Lenape) in Southeast and Eastern Ohio."

In the mid-18th century, the Odawa allied with their French trading partners against the British in the Seven Years' War, known as the French and Indian War in the North American colonies. They made raids against Anglo-American colonists. The Odawa chief Pontiac has historically been reported to have been born at the confluence of the Maumee and Auglaize rivers, where modern Defiance, Ohio, later developed. In 1763, after the British had defeated France, Pontiac led a rebellion against the British, but he was unable to prevent British colonial settlement of the region.

A decade later, Chief Egushawa (also spelled Agushawa), who had a village at the mouth of the Maumee River on Lake Erie (where Toledo later developed) led the Odawa as an ally of the British in the American Revolutionary War. He hoped to build on their support to exclude European-American colonists from his territory in northwest Ohio and southern Michigan. The defeat of the British by the United States had a far-ranging influence on British-allied Native American tribes, as many were forced to cede their land to the United States.

Following the Revolutionary War, in the 1790s, Egushawa, together with numerous members of other regional tribes, including the Wyandot and Council of Three Fires, Shawnee, Lenape, and Mingo, fought the United States in a series of battles and campaigns in what became known as the Northwest Indian War. The Indians hoped to repulse the European-American pioneers coming to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains, but were finally defeated.

In 1792 President George Washington sent Major Alexander Truman, his servant William Lynch, and guide/interpreter William Smalley on a peace mission to the tribes. Truman and Lynch were killed; Truman was apparently killed prior to April 20, 1792 at Lower Tawa Town, an Ottawa village (Ottawa, Putnam County Ohio). In a campaign during 1794, Anthony Wayne built a string of forts in the upper Maumee River watershed, including Fort Defiance, across the river from the site of Pontiac's birth.  While the British had encouraged the Native American efforts, they did not want to get drawn into open conflict again with the United States and withdrew from offering direct support to the tribes. Wayne's army defeated several hundred members of the Indian confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, near the future site of Maumee, Ohio and about 11 miles upriver of present-day Toledo.

Raid on Pickawillany

In the winter of 1751–1752, Charles Langlade began assembling an allied war party of Odawa, Potawatomi, and Ojibwe warriors who traveled to Pickawillany. They attacked the village in mid-morning on June 21, 1752, and killed thirteen Miami men and captured five English traders. Down to as few as twenty warriors the Miami tried to negotiate terms of surrender, and Langlade promised to allow the Miami men to return home if they handed over the English. The Miami sent only three of the five Englishmen. When the Englishmen reached Langlade's lines, one of his men stabbed one of them to death, scalped the Englishman, and ripped his heart out and ate it in front of the Miami men. Langlade's men seized the Miami chief Memeskia. He was killed, boiled and eaten in front of his warriors. Afterward the Odawa released the Miami women and left for Detroit with four captured Englishmen and more than $300,000 worth (in today's dollars) of trade goods.

This French-led victory over the English is believed to have led to the French and Indian War and contributed to the Seven Years' War on the European continent.

Treaties and removals
In 1795, under the Treaty of Greenville, the Odawa and other members of the Western Confederacy ceded all of Ohio to the United States, except the northwest area. This was part of the area controlled by the Detroit Odawa.

In 1807, the Detroit Odawa joined three other tribes, the Ojibwe, Potawatomi and Wyandot people, in signing the Treaty of Detroit under pressure from the United States. The agreement, between the tribes and William Hull, representing the Michigan Territory, gave the United States a large portion of today's Southeastern Michigan and a section of northwest Ohio near the Maumee River.

Many Odawa bands moved away from the European Americans into northern Michigan. The tribes retained communal control of relatively small pockets of land in the territory of the Maumee River. Bands of Odawa-occupied areas known as Roche de Boeuf, and Wolf Rapids on the upper Maumee River.

In 1817, in the first treaty involving land cessions after the War of 1812, the Ohio Odawa ceded their lands, accepting reservations at Blanchard's Creek and the Little Auglaize River in Ohio (34 square miles total). These were only reserves, for which they were paid annuities for ten years. Pressure continued to build against the Odawa as European-American settlers moved into the area.

After passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830, the US government arranged for the Odawa to cede their reserves in 1831. The four following bands eventually all removed to areas of Kansas, then part of Indian Territory: the Blanchard's Creek, Little Auglaize, Roche de Boeuf, and Wolf Rapids bands.

Modern history
The population of the different Odawa groups has been estimated. In 1906, the Ojibwe and Odawa on Manitoulin and Cockburn Island were 1,497, of whom about half were Odawa. There were 197 Odawa listed as associated with the Seneca School in Oklahoma, where some Odawa had settled after the American Civil War. In 1900 in Michigan there were 5,587 scattered Ojibwe and Odawa, of whom about two-thirds are Odawa.

In the early 21st century, the total number of enrolled members of the federally recognized Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma numbers about 4,700. There are about 10,000 persons who identify as Odawa in the United States, with the majority in Michigan. Another several thousand live in Ontario, Canada.

There has been one major anthropological study of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians. Jane Willetts Ettawageshik devoted approximately two years of study in the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians community. Ettawageshik recorded Anishinaabe stories that speak of how the Anishinaabe people related to their land, to their people, and various other means of communicating their values, outlooks and histories in and around Northern Michigan. These stories have been translated into English by  Howard Webkamigada and published as the book Ottawa Stories from the Springs, Anishinaabe dibaadjimowinan wodi gaa binjibaamigak wodi mookodjiwong  ezhinikaadek.

Known villages
The following are or were Odawa villages:

Former villages not on reserves/reservations
 Aegakotcheising
 Agushawas' Village
 Anamiewatigong
 Apontigoumy
 Machonee
 Menawzhetaunaung
 Michilimackinac
 Ogontz's Village
 Saint Simon Mission
 Shabawywyagun
 Wequetong

Former reserves/reservations and their villages
By the end of the eighteenth century, the Ottawa in Ohio were concentrated in the northwest area along the Maumee River (which has its mouth at Lake Erie.)

The reservations and reserves listed below resulted from the Treaty of Greenville (1795), and following ones. These are listed by Frederick Webb Hodge in his 1910 history of American Indians North of Mexico. Also see Lee Sultzman, "Ottawa History"
 Auglaize Reserve, Ohio – Oquanoxa's Village
 Blanchard's Fork Reserve, Ohio – Lower Tawa Town, Upper Tawa Town
 North Maumee River Reserve, Ohio – Meshkemau's Village, Wassonquet's Village, Waugau's Village
 Obidgewong Reserve, Ontario – Obijewong, Ontario (located  east of Evansville, Ontario)
 Roche de Bœuf Reserve, Ohio – Nawash's Village, Tontaganie's Village
 South Maumee River Reserve, Ohio –  34-mile square reserve on the south side of the river. McCarty's Village ("Tushquegan") was the principal one, located near Presque Isle. Ottokee and his band lived at the mouth of the Maumee River; he was a son of Otussa and grandson of chief Pontiac. His group were the last of the Odawa to remove in 1839 from Ohio to Kansas.
 Wolf Rapids Reserve, Ohio – Kinjoino's Village ("Anpatonajowin" (Aabitanagaajiwan))
 Ottawas of Blanchard's Fork Indian Reservation, Kansas – Ottawa
 Ottawas of Roche de Bœuf and Wolf Rapids Indian Reservation, Kansas

Current reserves/reservations and associated villages
 Grand Traverse Indian Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land, Michigan – Peshawbestown
 Little River Indian Reservation, Michigan – Manistee, Muskegon
 Little Traverse Bay Indian Reservation, Michigan ("Wequetonsing" (Wiikwedoonsing)) – Charlevoix, Cross Village, L'Arbre Croche ("Waganakisi" (Waaganaakizi)), Middle Village, Petoskey
 M'Chigeeng 22 Indian Reserve, Ontario – M'Chigeeng (formerly known as "West Bay")
 Ottawa OTSA, Oklahoma – Miami, Oklahoma
 Point Grondine Indian Reserve, Ontario – Beaverstone
 Sheshegwaning 20 Indian Reserve, Ontario – Sheshegwaning
 Walpole Island 46 Indian Reserve, Ontario (Bakejiwanong [Bkejwanong]) – Foreplex, Myersville, Wallaceburg, Walpole Island, Williamsville
 Wiikwemkoong Unceded Reserve, Ontario – Buzwah, Kaboni, Maiangowi, Murray Hill, South Bay, Two O'Clock, Wabozominissing, Wikwemikong, Wikwemikonsing
 Zhiibaahaasing 19 Indian Reserve, Ontario (formerly known as "Cockburn Island 19 Indian Reserve")
 Zhiibaahaasing 19A Indian Reserve, Ontario – Zhiibaahaasing

Governments

Recognized/status Odawa governments
United States:
 Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians, Michigan (formerly Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 2)
 Little River Band of Ottawa Indians, Michigan (formerly Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 7)
 Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians, Michigan (formerly Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 1)
 Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma

Canada:
 M'Chigeeng First Nation (formerly "West Bay First Nation")
 Sheshegwaning First Nation, Ontario
 Walpole Island First Nation, on unceded territory of Walpole Island located between Ontario and Michigan
 Wiikwemkoong First Nation, located on the Wiikwemkoong Unceded Reserve, Ontario
 Zhiibaahaasing First Nation, Ontario (formerly "Cockburn Island First Nation")

Other recognized/status governments with significant Odawa populations
Canada:
 Aamjiwnaang First Nation (Sarnia), Ontario
 Aundeck-Omni-Kaning First Nation (Sucker Creek), Ontario
 Chippewas of Kettle & Stony Point, Ontario
 Chippewas of Nawash Unceded First Nation, Ontario (formerly "Cape Croker First Nation")
 Chippewas of the Thames (Caradoc), Ontario
 Garden River First Nation, Ontario
 Mattagami First Nation, Ontario
 Mississauga First Nation, Ontario
 Sagamok Anishnawbek First Nation, Ontario
 Saugeen First Nation, Ontario
 Serpent River First Nation, Ontario
 Sheguiandah First Nation, Ontario
 Thessalon First Nation, Ontario
 Wasauksing First Nation (Parry Island), Ontario
 Whitefish Lake First Nation, Ontario
 Whitefish River First Nation (Birch Island), Ontario

United States:
 Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians of Michigan (formerly Gun Lake Band of Grand River Ottawa Indians and as part of Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Units 3 and 4)
 Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Nation, Michigan

Unrecognized Odawa governments
 Burt Lake Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians, Michigan (formerly "Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 8", currently recognized by Michigan)
 Genesee Valley Indian Association (formerly Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 9)
 Grand River Bands of Ottawa Indians, Michigan (formerly Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 3, currently recognized by Michigan)
 Mackinac Bands of Chippewa and Ottawa Indians, Michigan (formerly "Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Units 11 through 17", currently recognized by Michigan)
 Maple River Band of Ottawa, Michigan
 Muskegon River Band of Ottawa Indians, Michigan (formerly "Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 5")
 Ottawa Colony Band of Grand River Ottawa Indians, Michigan (currently recognized only as part of the Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians of Michigan) (formerly part of Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 3)

Notable Odawa people

 Jean-Baptiste Assiginack, chief and public servant
 Andrew Blackbird (ca. 1814/7–1908), tribal leader, historian, and author of tribal histories
 Kelly Church, black ash basket weaver and birch bark biter
 Cobmoosa (1768–1866), chief
 Egushawa (ca. 1726–1796), war chief
 Enmegahbowh (ca. 1807–1902), first Native American to be ordained as an Episcopal priest
 Magdelaine Laframboise, Odawa-French fur trader and businesswoman, also supported public education for children on Mackinac Island; added in 1984 to Michigan's Women's Hall of Fame
 Daphne Odjig (1919-2016), Woodlands style painter and member of the Indian Group of Seven
 Petosegay (1787–1885), merchant and fur trader
 Pontiac (ca. 1720–1769), chief. Leader of Pontiac's War against British and Americans
 Wawatam (fl. 1762 – 1764), chief

References

Further reading
 Cappel, Constance, Odawa Language and Legends: Andrew J. Blackbird and Raymond Kiogima, Xlibris, 2006. (self-published)
 Cappel, Constance, The Smallpox Genocide of the Odawa Tribe at L'Arbre Croche, 1763: The History of a Native American People, Edwin Mellen Press, 2007. (described by academic journal as a vanity press)
 McClurken, James A. Our People, Our Journey: The Little River Band of Ottawa Indians. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2009. This work was a 2010 Michigan Notable Book selected by the Library of Michigan.
 McDonnell, Michael A.  Masters of Empire: Great Lakes Indians and the Making of America.  New York  Hill and Wang, 2015.  Maps. 416 pp. .
 Wolff, Gerald W., and Cash, Joseph H. The Ottawa People, Phoenix, Arizona: Indian Tribal Series, 1976.

External links

"Ottawa History" Shultzman, L. (2000). First Nations Histories.
Frederick Webb Hodge, "Ottawa", Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, Vol. N-Z, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1910, pp. 167–172, full text online
"The Middle Woodland Period", The Archaeology of Ontario
Odawa at The Canadian Encyclopedia
Odawa – First Nations seeker

Official tribal websites
Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians
Little River Band of Ottawa Indians
Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians
Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma

Anishinaabe groups
Algonquian peoples
Great Lakes tribes
First Nations in Ontario
Native American tribes in Michigan
Native American tribes in Oklahoma
Algonquian ethnonyms

Odawa


Proba feminină de aruncare a suliței de la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016 a avut loc în perioada 16-18 august la Stadionul Olimpic.

Formatul competiției

Fiecare atletă a avut dreptul la trei aruncări. Atletele care au trecut peste baremul de calificare s-au calificat direct în finală. Dacă se calificau mai puțin de 12 atlete, tabelul finalei se completa până se ajungea la 12. Pentru finală fiecare atletă a avut dreptul la trei aruncări, după care primele opt clasate au avut dreptul la încă trei aruncări.

Recorduri
Înaintea acestei competiții, recordurile mondiale și olimpice erau următoarele:

Rezultate

Calificări
Baremul de calificare: 63,00 m (C) sau printre primele 12 aruncătoare (c)

Finala

Legendă

RA Record african | AM Record american | AS Record asiatic | RE Record european | OCRecord oceanic | RO Record olimpic | RM Record mondial | RN Record național | SA Record sud-american | RC Record al competiției | DNF Nu a terminat | DNS Nu a luat startul | DS Descalificare | EL Cea mai bună performanță europeană a anului | PB Record personal | SB Cea mai bună performanță a sezonului | WL Cea mai bună performanță mondială a anului

Referințe

Legături externe
 Rezultate finală

Atletism la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016

Atletism la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016 - Aruncarea suliței (feminin)


Mazunte es un pequeño pueblo sobre la costa del Pacífico en Oaxaca, México. Está localizado a 22 km del suroeste de San Pedro Pochutla sobre la carretera costera 200, a unos 10 km al este de Puerto Ángel y sólo a 1 km de San Agustinillo y a 264 km al sur de la capital de Oaxaca. Existen dos etimologías para el nombre. Algunas fuentes señalan que "Mazunte" se deriva de la frase en Nahuatl "maxotetia" que significa "por favor deposita huevos aquí." Sin embargo, los residentes de edad avanzada de la comunidad señalan que ésta viene de la palabra "mizontle," usada por la gente local para referirse a las especies de cangrejo que eran muy abundantes en el área.

Mazunte es famoso por sus tortugas marinas. Durante la primera mitad del siglo XX, había poca población, pero esto cambió cuando se desarrolló un mercado para la carne y huevos de tortuga, debido a que muchas tortugas que vienen de Mazunte ponen huevos. Para la década de los 70, Mazunte fue el centro de la caza de tortugas marinas en México, con su propio matadero. La preocupación por la disminución del número de tortugas con el tiempo llevó a una prohibición absoluta de su carne y huevos en México y la mayoría de las familias de Mazunte se vieron desfavorecidas de su principal fuente de ingresos. Para reemplazarlo, el ecoturismo se basó en la conservación de tortugas y el desarrollo de cosméticos naturales. Las atracciones principales de Mazunte en la actualidad son el Centro Mexicano de la Tortuga y los Cosméticos Naturales de Mazuntle.

Historia
Hasta mediados del siglo XX, muy poca gente vivía en esta área por estar aislada y de difícil acceso. Había sólo dos o tres casas pertenecientes a familias que sobrevivían de la pesca y de la agricultura. La población empezó a incrementar con el establecimiento de la caza de la tortuga, que se inició en las cercanías de San Agustinillo. En la década de 1970, un matadero de tortugas fue construido en San Agustinillo, haciendo del área el centro de explotación de tortugas, y el pueblo se hizo completamente dependiente del comercio de carne y huevos de tortuga, estos últimos considerados como afrodisíaco. Legalmente cerca de 30,000 animales al año eran asesinados, pero algunos ambientalistas creen que con la toma ilegal pudo haber sido más del doble.

La idea del ecoturismo basado en las tortugas marinas comenzó en la década de 1970 cuando una compañía llamada Pesquera Industrial de Oaxaca (PIOSA) empezó a preocuparse por la sobre explotación de las tortugas marinas y propuso una industria basada en la cría y liberación de tortugas, así como el seguimiento de la captura comercial. Se fundó un centro que fue adquirido en 1985 por el Instituto Nacional de la Pesca, nombrándolo después Daniel León de Guevara. En 1971, México prohibió la recolección de huevos. Para 1988, el número de nidos se redujo a 100,000 de un promedio anterior de 900,000. Después de la moratoria de las tortugas marinas, el número de nidos aumentó de nuevo rápidamente.

El comercio de carne y huevos de tortuga fue prohibido por el gobierno federal mexicano en 1990, y la mayoría de habitantes del lugar perdió su principal fuente de ingresos. El gobierno y las organizaciones privadas intervinieron para ofrecer alternativas. El gobierno federal estableció el Centro Mexicano de la Tortuga para hacer de las tortugas marinas un recurso turístico. La comunidad fue también atendida por un grupo ambientalista conocido como Ecosolar en la Ciudad de México y desarrolló un plan para la educación del ambiente, reforestación y ecoturismo. A finales de 1993, estos grupos, junto con la Acción Forestal Tropical plantaron cerca de 6, 000 árboles y fueron construidos búngalos. para los huéspedes a partir de materiales tradicionales, como hojas de palma y adobe. Estos búngalos originalmente se construyeron junto a las casas de las familias, con invitados compartiendo las comidas en familia y acompañando a los pescadores al mar.

En 1993, Anita Roddick, fundadora de The Body Shop, fue invitada a visitar Mazunte. Impresionada con los esfuerzos de aquí, se alcanzó un acuerdo para distribuir cosméticos hechos aquí con ingredientes locales. Este esfuerzo también resultó en la creación de Cosméticos Naturales de Mazunte, una corporación de quince familias que producen y venden su propia línea de cosméticos desde 1996.
La comunidad se ha declarado a sí misma como "Reserva Económica Ecológica Campesina", han detenido la caza de tortugas y sus huevos y han trabajado para su preservación. El número de huevos de tortuga incrementó de 60,000 en 1988 a cerca de 700,000 en 1995 y el número continúa aumentando.

En 1997, Mazunte fue devastado por el Huracán Pauline y por el Rick, los cuales causaron destrucción y un colapso económico. El 13 de junio de 2012, por la noche, el huracán Carlotta devastó Mazunte con vientos de 55 km/h y rachas de 75 km/h.
El 13 de agosto de 2015, el Gobierno Estatal a través de la Coordinación Estatal de Protección Civil de Oaxaca (CEPCO), informó que ese mismo día a las 10 a. m., llegó a Mazunte y a otras comunidades vecinas un tornado en el mar llamado "Tromba Marina" o "Turbonada", lo cual entró al pueblo y levantó algunas palapas y árboles.
Para reconstruir el turismo, se llevan a cabo eventos anuales, tales como: el Festival Internacional de Jazz, que este noviembre de 2015 cumple su décima edición, y el Festival Internacional de Circo, que el febrero pasado fue su quinta edición.
Desde la prohibición y el cambio en la economía, el ingreso familiar ha mejorado en un promedio de 17%. Antes, muchas viviendas no tenían agua potable, electricidad, escuelas o centros de salud. Pero ahora ya hay agua potable universal, tres escuelas y una mayor variedad en la dieta. Los precios de la tierra se han incrementado al igual que las rentas.

La comunidad

Mazunte es un pequeño pueblo el cual, el 25 de septiembre de 2015, fue declarado por la Secretaría de Turismo (SECTUR) "Pueblo Mágico", junto con otros 27 pueblos más. Es considerado así ya que tiene las siguientes características:

 Conserva atributos simbólicos y una bella arquitectura.
 Es protagonista de hechos trascendentales y leyendas.
 Pueblo muy antiguo por su historia y cultura .
 Una cotidianidad intacta .
 Sus habitantes mantienen sus costumbres y tradiciones.

Mazunte está ubicado entre una amplia playa, a 1 km de la playa y de la Sierra Madre del Sur. Paralela a la playa está la Avenida Paseo del Mazunte, la calle principal, la cual conecta el pueblo con otros cercanos. El área tiene árboles caducifolios los cuales tiran hojas en estaciones secas. Acerca de veinte especies diferentes pueden ser encontrados aquí, al igual que un buen número de cactus y manglares. Sigue siendo un pueblo rural, con mañanas llenas con el sonido del canto de los gallos. El pueblo es más grande que San Agustinillo, pero la diferencia principal es que su arquitectura se basa en el uso de materiales naturales. Mazunte tiene códigos de construcción que se estipula que todas las construcciones son mezcladas con estructuras ya existentes. La comunidad tiene reglas estrictas acerca de cómo, dónde y qué debe ser construido en la comunidad. Parte de la razón de esto es para desalentar la especulación de la tierra y el desarrollo.

En la década de los 90's migro una gran cantidad de italianos a Mazunte y otros pueblos cercanos de la costa oaxaqueña. Su presencia se observa por la gastronomía de los restaurantes establecido a lo largo de la costa, por la peculiaridad de la degustación como pizza cocinada en horno de leña, así como, las distintivas pastas que se ofrecen en los restaurantes. Cosméticos Naturales de Mazunte es una empresa de una cooperativa de la comunidad dedicada a hacer cosméticos de alta calidad 100% ecológicos. Esto comenzó hace una década con el patrocinio de la compañía británica The Body Shop, y el gobierno federal mexicano. Este y otros proyectos fueron también apoyados por organismos no-gubernamentales como las embajadas de Canadá, Francia e Inglaterra, así como universidades, tales como la Stanford, el Instituto Politécnico Nacional y la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, las cuales ayudaron en el diseño industrial, el conocimiento de productos locales y la realización de cosméticos. La empresa produce champú, acoandicionador, gel de baño, jabón y otros artículos. y es una atracción turística también, con turibuses estacionados enfrente que les permite a los visitantes ver cómo la empresa trabaja y poder comprar. La empresa tiene el eslogan de "el milagro de Mazunte".

El Festival de Jazz Mazunte dio inicio en el 2005 y se lleva a cabo anualmente. Es uno de los más largos en el estado de Oaxaca. El Festival del 2009 incluyó artistas como Kati Mejía de Estados Unidos., Samuel Piña del estado de Tabasco, el Trío de Adrián Oropeza, la Big Band Jazz de Oaxaca, así como el guitarrista flamenco David Jenkins.

La Fiesta Anual de Mazunte se realiza en enero, e incluye eventos como carrozas, concurso de Miss Bikini y de aguja pesca.

El transporte público en Mazunte está basado en camionetas que han sido equipadas para recoger pasajeros y carga. Estas camionetas conectan Mazunte con el cercano San Agustinillo, Zipolite y la ciudad de Pochutla.

Las playas
Mazunte está a un  tramo de playa con una ensenada aislada en el extremo oeste. Los barcos en esta playa ofrecen paseos a Zipolite, Puerto Ángel, Estacahuite, La Mina, La Boquilla y Ventanilla. Dependiendo de la estación, es posible ver ballenas, delfines, tortugas, mantarrayas y otras especies acuáticas. Alquiler para los deportes acuáticos también están disponibles. La playa principal y la cala en el extremo oeste tienen una serie de pequeños hoteles y restaurantes. Todas las playas tienen salvavidas durante las temporadas turísticas. Hay otras dos playas aisladas y no desarrolladas en el área, Playa Mermejita en Punta Cometa y Playa Escobilla sólo al oeste de las playas principales.

Centro Mexicano de la Tortuga

La idea de promover tortugas marinas como una base ecoturística comenzó en la década de 1970 cuando la caza de tortugas en Mazunte y otras comunidades costeras cercanas estaban en su apogeo. Una organización para promover la idea fue fundada en aquel tiempo, la cual se convirtió en un pequeño centro 1985, operado por el Instituto Nacional de la Pesca y lo nombraron Daniel León de Guevara.

El Centro Mexicano de la Tortuga es lo que se llamó "museo de la tortuga" decretado por el gobierno federal en el año de 1991, después de que se instauró la veda "total y permanente" de tortugas marinas. Se empezó a construir en 1992 y se terminó en noviembre de 1993. Abrió sus puertas al público en marzo de 1994. El Centro Mexicano de la Tortuga es un acuario y centro de investigación dedicado a las tortugas, especialmente a las tortugas marinas. La instalación comprende cuatro hectáreas localizadas en Mazunte justo al lado de la playa, cerca de donde se encontraba el rastro de tortugas marinas ubicado en San Agustinillo. El Centro cuenta con ejemplares de todas las tortugas marinas originarias de México, así como seis especies de tortugas de agua fresca y dos de tierra. Contiene tanques y otros hábitats en los cuales una variedad de especies de tortugas pueden ser vistas. Los edificios en el sitio están diseñados para ser similares a los de su alrededor, tanto tradicionales como modernos. Tanques al aire libre tienen las especies de tortugas de diferentes años e incluyen incubadoras naturales y artificiales para los huevos. La instalación también comprende un cuarto de usos múltiples, tienda de regalos y un jardín de cactus. Los objetivos de la investigación incluyen el desarrollo de técnicas para la gestión, incremento y conservación de las especies de tortugas del país, así como promover conocimiento y el turismo ecológico basado en tortugas. Esta instalación recibe 60,000 visitantes al año.

Punta Cometa

El extremo oeste de la playa de Mazunte es bordeado por Punta Cometa, que es una pequeña península o montaña que sobresale de la costa. Punta Cometa es también conocida como "Cerro Sagrado". Es el punto más meridional del estado de Oaxaca y un importante lugar de paso para las aves migratorias y mamíferos marinos, como las ballenas. Hay también una pequeña playa virgen llamada Mermejita en el lado oeste.

En la época prehispánica, esta zona fue un enclave militar de los Aztecas, quienes construyeron un pequeño muro alrededor de Punta Cometa, los restos de lo que ahora localmente se llama "corral de piedra". Durante el periodo colonial, el área se convirtió en un bastión para las fuerzas españolas y los piratas, quienes usaban la ubicación de Punta Cometa para estudiar el mar con 180 grados de visibilidad. Hay también historias acerca de los Aztecas y de tesoros de piratas escondidos aquí.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Ciudades balnearias de México
Playas de México
Testudinidae
Localidades del estado de Oaxaca
Pueblos Mágicos de Oaxaca

Mazunte


Geremi Sorele Njitap Fotso ya da bilinen adıyla Geremi (d. 20 Aralık 1978, Bafoussam, Kamerun) Kamerunlu eski millî futbolcudur.

Futbol kariyeri
Bir zamanlar Gençlerbirliği formasını da giyen Geremi 3 sezon Real Madrid, 3 sezon Chelsea ve bir dönem de Newcastle United forması da giymiştir. Sağ kanatta görev yapan futbolcu Kamerun millî futbol takımı kadrosunda da yer almaktadır. 2010 yılından itibaren MKE Ankaragücü'ne transfer olmuştur.

Özel hayatı
Geremi'nin babası Samuel, eski bir futbolcu ve 1970'lerde Kamerun millî takımı oyuncusuydu. Bir forvet olan Samuel, güçlü şutu ve serbest vuruşları nedeniyle "Zehirli ok" lakaplıydı. Geremi'nin babasına futbolcu statüsü nedeniyle beş eş izin verildi ve Geremi'nin Kamerun'da 17 kardeşi bulunmaktadır.

Geremi'nin kuzeni Pierre Webó da profesyonel bir futbolcuydu ve 2010 FIFA Dünya Kupası'nda Geremi ile birlikte Kamerun millî takımında oynadılar.

Başarıları

Real Madrid

 1999/00 Şampiyonlar Lig şampiyonluğu
 1999/00 Şampiyonlar Lig şampiyonluğu

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 Olimpiyat Oyunları Şampiyonluğu
 2000 Kamerun
 Afrika Uluslar Kupası Şampiyonluğu
 2000 Kamerun
 2002 Kamerun
 Afrika Uluslar Kupası 2.liği
 2008 Kamerun
 FIFA Konfederasyonlar Kupası 2.liği
 2003 Kamerun

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Dış bağlantılar
 BBC profili

1978 doğumlular
Bafoussam doğumlular
Kamerunlu futbolcular
Kamerun millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Gençlerbirliği SK yabancı futbolcuları
Real Madrid CF futbolcuları
Middlesbrough FC futbolcuları
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MKE Ankaragücü GSK yabancı futbolcuları
1998 Afrika Uluslar Kupası futbolcuları
2000 Afrika Uluslar Kupası futbolcuları
2000 Yaz Olimpiyatları futbolcuları
2001 FIFA Konfederasyonlar Kupası futbolcuları
2002 Afrika Uluslar Kupası futbolcuları
2002 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
2003 FIFA Konfederasyonlar Kupası futbolcuları
2004 Afrika Uluslar Kupası futbolcuları
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Altın Olimpiyat madalyalı Kamerunlu sporcular
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Süper Lig futbolcuları
UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi'ni kazanan futbolcular
2000 Yaz Olimpiyatları'nda madalya kazananlar
Altın Olimpiyat madalyalı futbolcular

Geremi Njitap


O Priorado Conventual de São Bento, Digos, Davuo do Sul, Filipinas, é um mosteiro beneditino da Congregação dos Beneditinos Missionários de São Ottilien. Fundado em 1983 a pedido do Bispo Generoso Camiña da Diocese de Digos, o mosteiro alberga actualmente 21 monges. O Prior Conventual Pe. Edgar Friedmann é o superior da comunidade.

História

Criando uma Fundação
Em 1981, o bispo Generoso Camiña, da Diocese Católica Romana de Digos, pediu ao abade Notker Wolf para estabelecer um mosteiro de missionários beneditinos na ilha de Mindanao. O arcebispo Wolf visitou Digos no outono daquele ano e, em seguida, apresentou um relatório ao Conselho da Congregação. O Conselho decidiu que uma fundação deveria ser feita, sob a autoridade do próprio Conselhoo e não de um determinado mosteiro da Congregação.

No entanto, a decisão do Conselho não foi aprovada por unanimidade entre os monges beneditinos missionários. Alguns monges expressaram preocupação com o declínio do número de monges nos mosteiros europeus, questionando se uma fundação nas Filipinas, não uma área tradicionalmente servida pelos missionários beneditinos, era prudente. Além disso, a situação política tumultuada de Mindanao forneceu mais motivos de preocupação.

Apesar dessas questões, a fundação planejada prosseguiu. No outono de 1982, Odo Haas, abade emérito de St Maurus e St Placidus Abbey, Waegwan, e dois outros monges beneditinos missionários chegaram a Digos. Esta equipe inicial logo se juntou a dois monges coreanos. Tal combinação representou a primeira ocasião em que monges de uma "abadia-mãe" européia e monges da fundação de uma abadia-mãe trabalharam juntos para estabelecer uma nova comunidade monástica.

Trabalho Apostólico
A comunidade monástica do Priorado Conventual de Digos sustenta-se a si própria e à comunidade local através de vários apostolados.

 Agricultura: Fazendas e hortas produzem várias culturas, frutas e vegetais, especialmente coco e manga.
 Pecuária: Gado leiteiro e porcos são criados no mosteiro.
 Orchidaria: A produção de flores ocorre em Digos e na Casa de Estudo de Santo Anselmo, Davao.
 "Loja do Mosteiro": Recentemente estabelecido, este local vende chocolate ao leite e ao leite produzidos pelo mosteiro. O mosteiro também entrega leite para escolas locais.
 "Clínica de São Bento": Uma equipe de monges e médicos voluntários presta assistência médica gratuita a pessoas empobrecidas. Além disso, clínicas gratuitas são oferecidas ocasionalmente em outras localidades.
 Programa de Bolsas: Cerca de cem estudantes universitários são auxiliados em seus esforços para a obtenção da graduação.
 Casa de Retiros: Inaugurado logo após a fundação do mosteiro, o centro de retiros permite retiros individuais e em grupo. Os retirantes muitas vezes juntam-se à comunidade monástica para a liturgia.

Dependências
A Casa de Estudo de Santo Anselmo, Davao, Mindanau, Filipinas é a única casa dependente do Priorado Conventual de São Bento. A fundação, 45 km de Digos, foi criado em 1988 para monges envolvidos em estudos clericais na escola teológica de Davao. Atualmente, cinco monges beneditinos missionários residem na casa de estudos de Santo Anselmo, assim como alguns monges do mosteiro beneditino Silvestre em Cebu.  O superior da casa de estudos é o Pe. Filipe Calambro.

Referências

Leitura adicional

 Godfrey Sieber, OSB, The Benedictine Congregation of Saint Ottilien, St Ottilien: EOS Verlag, 1992. pp 98–101
Igreja Católica nas Filipinas
Beneditinos

Priorado Conventual de Digos


José Júlio de Oliveira Baptista foi um político português.

Biografia
Natural do lugar da Passarela, localidade situada na Freguesia de Lagarinhos, no Concelho de Gouveia, no Distrito da Guarda, era filho de Joaquim Lourenço Borges Saraiva e de sua mulher, descendente de José Lourenço Borges (Passarela, Lagarinhos, Gouveia, 9 de Janeiro de 1777 - ?), Alferes de Milícias da Passarela, e de sua mulher Felizarda de Almeida Saraiva (Lapa, Tourais, Seia, bap. 1 de Maio de 1780 - ?), o qual era irmão de Maria Borges (Passarela, Lagarinhos, Gouveia, 17 de Fevereiro de 1780 - ?), solteira e sem geração, Teresa Borges (Passarela, Lagarinhos, Gouveia, 17 de Janeiro de 1782 - ?), solteira e sem geração, João Lourenço Borges (Passarela, Lagarinhos, Gouveia, 30 de Dezembro de 1783 - ?), Padre, que fez Inquirições de genere em 1798 e escritura de património em 1806 (Arquivo da Universidade de Coimbra, Ordenações Sacerdotais, Caixas 612 e 679) e Ana Borges (Passarela, Lagarinhos, Gouveia, 18 de Março de 1788 - ?), solteira e sem geração, cujos avós paternos foram José Lourenço (Passarela, Lagarinhos, Gouveia, 10 de Dezembro de 1751 - ?) e de sua mulher Maria Borges (Passoinhos, Vila Nova do Casal, bap. 3 de Abril de 1745 - ?), descendente dum tio paterno de Brás Garcia de Mascarenhas, que viveram na Passarela "de suas fazendas". e irmão de Joaquim Saraiva de Oliveira Baptista. Ignoram-se as datas de nascimento e morte, bem como o local onde faleceu.

Formou-se em Direito pela Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Coimbra em 1864. Da sua vida profissional sabe-se apenas que, no final do ano de 1872, exercia as funções de Delegado do Procurador Régio na Comarca de Tavira, sendo transferido para a Ilha de São Jorge, nos Açores, onde veio a exercer idêntico cargo até data indeterminada.

Afecto ao Partido Progressista, foi eleito Deputado pelo Círculo Eleitoral Uninominal de Tavira em 1879, prestando juramento a 14 de Janeiro de 1880.

No Palácio de São Bento, fez parte da 1.ª Comissão Parlamentar de Verificação de Poderes, da qual foi o Relator, em 1880, da Comissão Parlamentar de Legislação Civil de 1880 a 1881 e da Comissão Parlamentar de Infracções em 1880, tendo ocupado, ainda, as funções de Secretário da Mesa do Parlamento em 1881.

A sua carreira no hemiciclo não foi das politicamente mais relevantes, confinando-se à defesa dos interesses do seu Círculo Eleitoral. Estreou-se nas lides parlamentares mandando para a Mesa um Requerimento onde se pediam esclarecimentos sobre a actuação dalguns Administradores de Concelho do Algarve, a 30 de Janeiro de 1880, e, cerca de um mês depois, fez o mesmo com um Requerimento relacionado com o exercício da Justiça em Alcoutim e Castro Marim, a 31 de Janeiro de 1880. Apresentou depois pequenas alterações ao Projecto de Lei da Contribuição de Registo defendido pela Comissão Parlamentar da Fazenda, a 14 de Fevereiro de 1880, e voltou aos assuntos locais enviando para a Mesa uma Representação dos Escriturários da Repartição da Fazenda do Concelho de Tavira, pedindo aumento de ordenado, a 25 de Fevereiro de 1880. Foi, igualmente, Portador de vários Requerimentos dalguns Militares do Batalhão de Caçadores N.º 4 que solicitavam melhoria da reforma, a 5 de Abril de 1880, e renovou a iniciativa do Projecto de Lei apresentado por José Luciano de Castro Pereira Corte-Real, a 15 de Abril de 1879, que tinha por fim autorizar o Governo a conceder à Câmara Municipal de Tavira o edifício que servia de Estação de Guarda principal, a 6 de Abril de 1880. Apresentou um Projecto de Lei que permitia ao Governo mandar proceder a obras de melhoramento no Porto de Tavira no valor de 10.000$000 de réis anuais, a 24 de Maio de 1880, e mandou para a Mesa uma nova Representação dos Escriturários da Fazenda do mesmo Concelho de Tavira, onde estes pediam melhoria de vencimentos e a promoção na carreira, como já haviam feito no ano anterior, a 31 de Janeiro de 1881. Sempre em defesa dos interesses locais, enviou para a Mesa uma Representação da Câmara Municipal de Tavira, pedindo autorização para aplicar à construção dum mercado a quantia de 3.500$000 réis do cofre da Viação Municipal, a 15 de Fevereiro de 1881, exposição que esteve na origem da apresentação dum Projecto de Lei no mesmo sentido, a 16 de Fevereiro de 1881. Na mais demorada intervenção da sua curta carreira parlamentar, a 21 de Março de 1881, veio expor os factos da questão que travou em Dezembro de 1872 com o então Ministro da Justiça, Augusto César Barjona de Freitas, quando, na sua qualidade de Delegado do Procurador Régio na Comarca de Tavira, foi transferido para idêntico lugar na Ilha de São Jorge por influência dum General "que tudo podia e mandava nesta terra (Tavira), e que era íntimo amigo e compadre do querelado". Na origem da disputa, esteve a actuação de José Júlio de Oliveira Baptista nos tumultos de 8 de Dezembro daquele ano de 1872, a propósito do estabelecimento, naquele Concelho Algarvio, do novo sistema de pesos e medidas. Na ocasião, os vendedores, aproveitando a ignorância dos compradores, defraudaram os seus clientes na "medidagem", originando tumultos. O Comandante do Batalhão de Caçadores N.º 4 foi, então, responsabilizado por José Júlio de Oliveira Baptista pelo uso excessivo de força militar, que deu origem a cinco mortos e a várias dezenas de feridos.

Naturais de Gouveia (Portugal)
Alumni da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Coimbra
Juízes de Portugal
Políticos do Partido Progressista (Portugal)
Deputados do Reino de Portugal

José Júlio de Oliveira Baptista


Değirmenözü, Antalya ilinin Manavgat ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Köyün Yerleşim tarihi kesin olarak bilinmemekle birlikte,

Adını, Dere kenarlarına buğday, mısır unu vs. öğütmek için kurulmuş su değirmenlerinden almaktadır. Köyde keşfedilmemiş 3 Mağara, Kaya mezarları yanı sıra St Paul yolu (St Paul trail) ve kanyonlar bulunmaktadır.

Köyün birde Demirci Mehmet Efe hikâyesi vardır.

Demirci Mehmet Efe Değirmenözü'nde zulümler yapmış bazı insanları asmış bazı köyleri ise yakmıştır. Demirci Mehmet Efe Değirmenözü köyü imamının evine yerleşir köylülere kötü davranmaya başlayınca köylüler yavaş yavaş dağılırlar, bir kısmı dağlara çıkarlar, bir kısmı başka yerlere gitmeye başlarlar. Beydili Aşiretinden Kosat Efe, tüm bölgeyi idare altına almış herkesi sindirmişti. Bu Kosat Efe'yi yok etmek isteyen Demirci Efe, onları mücadeleye çekmek ve Değirmenözü köylülerine ders vermek için bütün köyü yakar ve köyden çıkar. Bir güz mevsiminde meydana gelen bu olayda köyün tüm hasadı evleri ile beraber yanmış, köylüler açlık ve sefalet içinde o yılı geçirmişler. Köyde o yıllardan beri hala ayakta kalan binalar bulunmaktadır.

Coğrafya
Antalya il merkezine 120 km, Manavgat ilçesine 90 km, Serik İlçesine 76 km, uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Nüfusun 129'u erkek, 125' i kadındır.

Değirmenözü, Manavgat