Energy conservation is the effort to reduce wasteful energy consumption by using fewer energy services. This can be done by using energy more effectively (using less energy for continuous service) or changing one's behavior to use less service (for example, by driving less). Energy conservation can be achieved through efficient energy use, which has some advantages, including a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and a smaller carbon footprint, as well as cost, water, and energy savings.

Green engineering practices improve the life cycle of the components of machines which convert energy from one form into another.

Energy can be conserved by reducing waste and losses, improving efficiency through technological upgrades, improving operations and maintenance, changing users' behaviors through user profiling or user activities, monitoring appliances, shifting load to off-peak hours, and providing energy-saving recommendations. Observing appliance usage, establishing an energy usage profile, and revealing energy consumption patterns in circumstances where energy is used poorly, can pinpoint user habits and behaviors in energy consumption. Appliance energy profiling helps identify inefficient appliances with high energy consumption and energy load. Seasonal variations also greatly influence energy load, as more air-conditioning is used in warmer seasons and heating in colder seasons. Achieving a balance between energy load and user comfort is complex yet essential for energy preservation. On a large scale, a few factors affect energy consumption trends, including political issues, technological developments, economic growth, and environmental concerns.

User Oriented Energy Conservation
User behavior has a significant effect on energy conservation. It involves user activity detection, profiling, and appliance interaction behaviors. User profiling consists of the identification of energy usage patterns of the user and replacing required system settings with automated settings that can be initiated on request. Within user profiling, personal characteristics are instrumental in affecting energy conservation behavior. These characteristics include household income, education, gender, age, and social norms.

User behavior also relies on the impact of personality traits, social norms, and attitudes on energy conservation behavior. Beliefs and attitudes toward a convenient lifestyle, environmentally friendly transport, energy security, and residential location choices affect energy conservation behavior. As a result, energy conservation can be made possible by adopting pro-environmental behavior and energy-efficient systems. Education on approaches to energy conservation can result in wise energy use. The choices made by the users yield energy usage patterns. Rigorous analysis of these usage patterns identifies waste energy patterns, and improving those patterns may reduce significant energy load. Therefore, human behavior is critical to determining the implications of energy conservation measures and solving environmental problems. Substantial energy conservation may be achieved if users' habit loops are modified.

User Habits
User habits significantly impact energy demand; thus, providing recommendations for improving user habits contributes to energy conservation. Micro-moments are essential in realizing energy consumption patterns and are identified utilizing a variety of sensing units positioned in prominent areas across the home. The micro-moment is an event that changes the state of the appliance from inactive to active and helps in building users' energy consumption profiles according to their activities. Energy conservation can be achieved through user habits by following energy-saving recommendations at micro-moments. Unnecessary energy usage can be decreased by selecting a suitable schedule for appliance operation. Creating an effective scheduling system requires an understanding of user habits regarding appliances.

Off-peak scheduling
Many techniques for energy conservation comprise off-peak scheduling, which means operating an appliance in a low-price energy hour. This schedule can be achieved after user habits regarding appliance use are understood. Most energy providers divide the energy tariff into high and low-price hours; therefore, scheduling an appliance to work an off-peak hour will significantly reduce electricity bills.

User Activity Detection
User activity detection leads to the precise detection of appliances required for an activity. If an appliance is active but not required for a user's current activity, it wastes energy and can be turned off to conserve energy. The precise identification of user activities is necessary to achieve this method of energy conservation.

Energy conservation opportunities by sector

Buildings

Existing buildings
Energy conservation measures have primarily focused on technological innovations to improve efficiencies and financial incentives with theoretical explanations obtained from the mentioned analytical traditions. Existing buildings can improve energy efficiency by changing structural maintenance materials, adjusting the composition of air conditioning systems, selecting energy-saving equipment, and formulating subsidy policies. These measures can improve users' thermal comfort and reduce buildings' environmental impact. The selection of combinatorial optimization schemes that contain measures to guide and restrict users' behavior in addition to carrying out demand-side management can dynamically adjust energy consumption. At the same time, economic means should enable users to change their behavior and achieve a low-carbon life. Combination optimization and pricing incentives reduce building energy consumption and carbon emissions and reduce users' costs.

Energy monitoring through energy audits can achieve energy efficiency in existing buildings. An energy audit is an inspection and analysis of energy use and flows for energy conservation in a structure, process, or system intending to reduce energy input without negatively affecting output. Energy audits can determine specific opportunities for energy conservation and efficiency measures as well as determine cost-effective strategies. Training professionals typically accomplish this and can be part of some national programs discussed above. The recent development of smartphone apps enables homeowners to complete relatively sophisticated energy audits themselves. For instance, smart thermostats can connect to standard HVAC systems to maintain energy-efficient indoor temperatures. In addition, data loggers can also be installed to monitor the interior temperature and humidity levels to provide a more precise understanding of the conditions. If the data gathered is compared with the users' perceptions of comfort, more fine-tuning of the interiors can be implemented (e.g., increasing the temperature where A.C. is used to prevent over-cooling). Building technologies and smart meters can allow commercial and residential energy users to visualize the impact their energy use can have in their workplaces or homes. Advanced real-time energy metering can help people save energy through their actions.

Another approach towards energy conservation is the implementation of E.C.M.s in commercial buildings, which often employ Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) experienced in energy performance contracting. This industry has been around since the 1970s and is more prevalent than ever today. The US-based organization E.V.O. (Efficiency Valuation Organization) has created a set of guidelines for ESCOs to adhere to in evaluating the savings achieved by E.C.M.s. These guidelines are called the International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol(IPMVP).

Energy efficiency can also be achieved by upgrading certain aspects of existing buildings. Firstly, making thermal improvements by adding insulation to crawl spaces and ensuring no leaks achieves an efficient building envelope, reducing the need for mechanical systems to heat and cool the space. High-performance insulation is also supported by adding double/triple-glazed windows to minimize thermal heat transmission. Minor upgrades in existing buildings include changing mixers to low flow greatly aids in water conservation, changing light bulbs to LED lights results in 70-90% less energy consumption than a standard incandescent or C.F.L. bulb, changing inefficient appliances with Energy Star-rated appliances will consume less energy, and finally adding vegetation in the landscape surrounding the building to function as a shading element. A window windcatcher can reduce the total energy use of a building by 23.3%.

Energy conservation through users' behaviors requires understanding household occupants' lifestyle, social, and behavioral factors in analyzing energy consumption. This involves one-time investments in energy efficiency, such as purchasing new energy-efficient appliances or upgrading the building insulation without curtailing economic utility or the level of energy services, and energy curtailment behaviors which are theorized to be driven more by social-psychological factors and environmental concerns in comparison to the energy efficiency behaviors. Replacing existing appliances with newer and more efficient ones leads to energy efficiency as less energy is wasted throughout. Overall, energy efficiency behaviors are identified more with one-time, cost-incurring investments in efficient appliances and retrofits, while energy curtailment behaviors include repetitive, low-cost energy-saving efforts.

To identify and optimize residential energy use, conventional and behavioral economics, technology adoption theory and attitude-based decision-making, social and environmental psychology, and sociology must be analyzed. The techno-economic and psychological literature analysis focuses on the individual attitude, behavior, and choice/context/external conditions. In contrast, the sociological literature relies more on the energy consumption practices shaped by the social, cultural, and economic factors in a dynamic setting.

New buildings
Many steps can be taken toward energy conservation and efficiency when designing new buildings. Firstly, the building can be designed to optimize building performance by having an efficient building envelope with high-performing insulation and window glazing systems, window facades strategically oriented to optimize daylighting, shading elements to mitigate unwanted glare, and passive energy systems for appliances. In passive solar building designs, windows, walls, and floors are made to collect, store, and distribute solar energy in the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer.

The key to designing a passive solar building is to best take advantage of the local climate. Elements to be considered include window placement and glazing type, thermal insulation, thermal mass, and shading. Optimizing daylighting can decrease energy waste from incandescent bulbs, windows, and balconies, allow natural ventilation, reduce the need for heating and cooling, low flow mixers aid in water conservation, and upgrade to Energy star rated appliances consume less energy. Designing a building according to LEED guidelines while incorporating smart home technology can help save a lot of energy and money in the long run. Passive solar design techniques can be applied most easily to new buildings, but existing buildings can be retrofitted.

Mainly, energy conservation is achieved by modifying user habits or providing an energy-saving recommendation of curtailing an appliance or scheduling it to low-price energy tariff hours. Besides changing user habits and appliance control, identifying irrelevant appliances concerning user activities in smart homes saves energy. Smart home technology can advise users on energy-saving strategies according to their behavior, encouraging behavioral change that leads to energy conservation. This guidance includes reminders to turn off lights, leakage sensors to prevent plumbing issues, running appliances on off-peak hours, and smart sensors that save energy. Such technology learns user-appliance activity patterns, gives a complete overview of various energy-consuming appliances, and can provide guidance to improve these patterns to contribute to energy conservation. As a result, they can strategically schedule appliances by monitoring the energy consumption profiles of the appliances, schedule devices to the energy-efficient mode, or plan to work during off-peak hours.

Appliance-oriented approaches emphasize appliance profiling, curtailing, and scheduling to off-peak hours, as supervision of appliances is key to energy preservation. It usually leads to appliance curtailment in which an appliance is either scheduled to work another time or is turned off. Appliance curtailment involves appliance recognition, activity-appliances model, unattended appliance detection, and energy conservation service. The appliance recognition module detects active appliances to identify the activities of smart home users. After identifying users' activities, the association between the functional appliances and user activities is established. The unattended appliance detection module looks for active appliances but is unrelated to user activity. These functional appliances waste energy and can be turned off by providing recommendations to the user.

Based on the smart home recommendations, users can give weight to certain appliances that increase user comfort and satisfaction while conserving energy. Energy consumption models of energy consumption of appliances and the level of comfort they create can balance priorities among smart home comfort levels and energy consumption. According to Kashimoto, Ogura, Yamamoto, Yasumoto, and Ito, the energy supply reduces based on the historical state of the appliance and increases according to the comfort level requirement of the user, leading to a targeted energy-saving ratio. Scenarios-based energy consumption can be employed as a strategy for energy conservation, with each scenario encompassing a specific set of rules for energy consumption.

Transportation

Transporting people, goods, and services represented 29% of U.S. energy consumption in 2007. The transportation sector also accounted for about 33% of U.S. carbon dioxide emissions in 2006, with highway vehicles accounting for about 84% of that, making transportation an essential target for addressing global climate change (E.I.A., 2008). Suburban infrastructure evolved during an age of relatively easy access to fossil fuels, leading to transportation-dependent living systems.[citation needed] The amount of energy used to transport people to and from a facility, whether they are commuters, customers, vendors, or homeowners, is known as the transportation energy intensity of the building. Land is developing at a faster rate than population growth, leading to urban sprawl and, therefore, high transportation energy intensity as more people need to commute longer distances to jobs. As a result, the location of a building is essential in decreasing embodied emissions.

In transportation, state and local efforts in energy conservation and efficiency measures tend to be more targeted and smaller in scale. However, with more robust fuel economy standards, new targets for the use of alternative transportation fuels, and new efforts in electric and hybrid electric vehicles, EPAct05 and EISA provide a new set of national policy signals and financial incentives to the private sector and state and local governments for the transportation sector. Zoning reforms that allow greater urban density and designs for walking and bicycling can greatly reduce energy consumed for transportation. Many Americans work in jobs that allow for remote work instead of commuting daily, which is a significant opportunity to conserve energy.[citation needed] Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) provide a solution to traffic congestion and C.E.s caused by increased vehicles. ITS combines improvements in information technology and systems, communications, sensors, controllers, and advanced mathematical methods with the traditional world of transportation infrastructure. It improves traffic safety and mobility, reduces environmental impact, promotes sustainable transportation, and increases productivity. The ITS strengthens the connection and cooperation between people, vehicles, roads, and the environment while improving road capacity, reducing traffic accidents, and improving transportation efficiency and safety by alleviating traffic congestion and reducing pollution. It makes full use of traffic information as an application service, which can enhance the operational efficiency of existing traffic facilities.

The most significant energy-saving potential is that there are the most problems in urban transportation in various countries, such as management systems, policies and regulations, planning, technology, operation, and management mechanism. Improvements in one or several aspects will improve road transportation. Efficiency has a positive impact, which leads to the improvement of the urban traffic environment and efficiency.

In addition to ITS, transit-oriented development (T.O.D.) significantly improves transportation in urban areas by emphasizing density, proximity to transit, diversity of uses, and streetscape design. Density is important for optimizing location and is a way to cut down on driving. Planners can regulate development rights by exchanging them from ecologically sensitive areas to growth-friendly zones according to density transfer procedures. Distance is defined as the accessibility of rail and bus transits, which serve as deterrents for driving. For transit-oriented development to be feasible, transportation stops must be close to where people live. Diversity refers to mixed-use areas that offer essential services close to homes and offices and include residential spaces for different socioeconomic categories, commercial and retail. This creates a pedestrian shed where one area can meet people's everyday needs on foot. Lastly, the streetscapes design involves minimal parking and walkable areas that calm traffic. Generous parking incentivizes people to use cars, whereas minimal and expensive parking deters commuters. At the same time, streetscapes can be designed to incorporate bicycling lanes and designated bicycle paths and trails. People may commute by bicycle to work without being concerned about their bicycles becoming wet because of covered bicycle storage. This encourages commuters to utilize bicycles rather than other modes of transportation and contributes to energy saving. People will be happy to walk a few blocks from a train stop if there are attractive, pedestrian-friendly outdoor spaces nearby with good lighting, park benches, outdoor tables at cafés, shade tree plantings, pedestrian courts that are blocked off to cars, and public internet connection. Additionally, this strategy calms traffic, improving the intended pedestrian environment.

New urban planning schemes can be designed to improve connectivity in cities through networks of interconnected streets that spread out traffic flow, slow down vehicles, and make walking more pleasant. By dividing the number of road links by the number of road nodes, the connectivity index is calculated. The higher the connectivity index, the greater the route choices and the better the pedestrian access. Realizing the transportation impacts associated with buildings allows commuters to take steps toward energy conservation. Connectivity encourages energy-conserving behaviors as commuters use fewer cars, walk and bike more, and use public transportation. For commuters that do not have the option of public transportation, smaller vehicles that are hybrid or have better mileage can be used.

Consumer products

Homeowners implementing ECMs in their residential buildings often start with an energy audit. This is a way homeowners look at what areas of their homes are using, and possibly losing energy. Residential energy auditors are accredited by the Building Performance Institute (BPI) or the Residential Energy Services Network (RESNET). Homeowners can hire a professional or do it themselves or use a smartphone to help do an audit.

Energy conservation measures are often combined into larger guaranteed Energy Savings Performance Contracts to maximize energy savings while minimizing disruption to building occupants by coordinating renovations. Some ECMs cost less to implement yet return higher energy savings. Traditionally, lighting projects were a good example of "low hanging fruit" that could be used to drive implementation of more substantial upgrades to HVAC systems in large facilities. Smaller buildings might combine window replacement with modern insulation using advanced building foams to improve energy for performance. Energy dashboard projects are a new kind of ECM that relies on the behavioral change of building occupants to save energy. When implemented as part of a program, case studies, such as that for the DC Schools, report energy savings up 30%. Under the right circumstances, open energy dashboards can even be implemented for free to improve upon these savings even more.

Consumers are often poorly informed of the savings of energy-efficient products. A prominent example of this is the energy savings that can be made by replacing an incandescent light bulb with a more modern alternative. When purchasing light bulbs, many consumers opt for cheap incandescent bulbs, failing to take into account their higher energy costs and lower lifespans when compared to modern compact fluorescent and LED bulbs. Although these energy-efficient alternatives have a higher upfront cost, their long lifespan and low energy use can save consumers a considerable amount of money. The price of LED bulbs has also been steadily decreasing in the past five years due to improvements in semiconductor technology. Many LED bulbs on the market qualify for utility rebates that further reduce the price of the purchase to the consumer. Estimates by the U.S. Department of Energy state that widespread adoption of LED lighting over the next 20 years could result in about $265 billion worth of savings in United States energy costs.

The research one must put into conserving energy is often too time-consuming and costly for the average consumer when there are cheaper products and technology available using today's fossil fuels. Some governments and NGOs are attempting to reduce this complexity with Eco-labels that make differences in energy efficiency easy to research while shopping.

To provide the kind of information and support people need to invest money, time and effort in energy conservation, it is important to understand and link to people's topical concerns. For instance, some retailers argue that bright lighting stimulates purchasing. However, health studies have demonstrated that headache, stress, blood pressure, fatigue and worker error all generally increase with the common over-illumination present in many workplace and retail settings. It has been shown that natural daylighting increases productivity levels of workers, while reducing energy consumption.

In warm climates where air conditioning is used, any household device that gives off heat will result in a larger load on the cooling system. Items such as stoves, dishwashers, clothes dryers, hot water, and incandescent lighting all add heat to the home. Low-power or insulated versions of these devices give off less heat for the air conditioning to remove. The air conditioning system can also improve efficiency by using a heat sink that is cooler than the standard air heat exchanger, such as geothermal or water.

In cold climates, heating air and water is a major demand for household energy use. Significant energy reductions are possible by using different technologies. Heat pumps are a more efficient alternative to electrical resistance heaters for warming air or water. A variety of efficient clothes dryers are available, and the clothes lines requires no energy- only time. Natural-gas (or bio-gas) condensing boilers and hot-air furnaces increase efficiency over standard hot-flue models. Standard electric boilers can be made to run only at hours of the day when they are needed by means of a time switch. This decreases energy use vastly. In showers, a semi-closed-loop system could be used. New construction implementing heat exchangers can capture heat from wastewater or exhaust air in bathrooms, laundry, and kitchens.

In both warm and cold climate extremes, airtight thermal insulated construction is the largest factor determining the efficiency of a home. Insulation is added to minimize the flow of heat to or from the home, but can be labor-intensive to retrofit to an existing home.

Global Impact

Energy conservation entails changing user behaviors to use electricity more efficiently, reducing the amount of fuel needed to generate electricity and, therefore, the amount of greenhouse gases emitted. This is achieved on a smaller, individual scale; however, its effects can be global when many people engage in individual action toward energy conservation.

The growth of global energy use has raised concerns over supply, exhaustion of energy use, and severe environmental impacts. The global contributions from residential and commercial buildings towards energy consumption have steadily increased, reaching figures between 20% and 40% in developed countries. Coupled with rapid population growth, increasing pressure for building services, and enhanced comfort levels, an upward energy demand trend is expected. Therefore, energy efficiency and conservation is a prime objective for regional, national, and international energy policy.

When users limit their energy usage, they decrease their environmental impact. The act of energy conservation can help slow global warming, therefore saving coastal cities from disappearing underwater, improving water quality and protecting reefs and other fragile ecosystems, improving air quality, and reducing allergens leading to a reduced risk of respiratory health issues, and decreasing the effects on mental health, injuries, and fatalities caused by severe weather. On an economic scale, energy conservation can also lower individual utility bills, create jobs, provide users with opportunities for tax credits and rebates and help stabilize electricity prices and volatility. Simple changes to the types of appliances used can significantly impact energy efficiency and cost. Changes to the electricity bill, natural gas bill, and water bill can reflect efforts toward energy conservation.

Energy conservation and efficiency work hand in hand with improving the global impact. On a global basis, energy efficiency works behind the scenes to improve energy security, lower energy bills, and move countries closer to reaching climate goals. According to the IEA, some 40% of the global energy efficiency market is financed with debt and equity. Energy Performance Investment is one financing mechanism by which E.C.M.s can be implemented now and paid for by the savings realized over the project's life. While all 50 states, Puerto Rico and Washington, D.C., have statutes allowing companies to offer energy savings performance contracts, success varies because of variations in the approach, the state's degree of involvement, and other factors. Homes and businesses are implementing energy-efficiency measures that include low-energy lighting, insulation, and even high-tech energy dashboards to cut bills by avoiding waste and boosting productivity.[citation needed]

Energy conservation can also prevent developments that extract natural resources from expanding and preserving natural areas. For instance, energy conservation benefits wildlife and natural regions by lessening the demand for new power plants. Reducing the reliance on finite sources moves the economy towards large-scale energy independence — the more energy conserved, the more energy independent the nation can become. Small steps towards energy conservation can have a positive impact, given the finite nature of energy sources. When users conserve energy and use it more efficiently, they prolong the existence of fossil fuels and directly reduce greenhouse gas emissions entering the Earth's atmosphere. After limiting the access of cars to the city center in Madrid, nitrogen oxide levels fell by 38%, and carbon dioxide decreased by 14.2% in the city center.

Energy conservation prolongs the existence of fossil fuels by limiting energy consumption. The slower non-renewable resources are consumed, the more time is available to develop alternatives to energy solutions. Slowing down the diminishment of fossil fuels will prevent the increase in the cost of drilling and mining—the cost to the consumer increases as a result of this additional expense. The more we rely on renewable energy sources, the longer fossil fuels will last, and the rate at which their prices will rise will be slowed.

Many international energy conservation standards exist to reduce energy demand and increase efficiency. The standards also help reduce greenhouse gas emissions by reducing energy demand and use, slowing global warming. To encourage homeowners to conserve energy, the U.S. Department of Energy and numerous state governments offer rebate programs and tax credits connected to energy efficiency. The following are a few of the policies and incentives:

American Council to an Energy-Efficient Economy National Energy Policy (2009)

Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (2009)

Department of Energy, Energy Projections to the Year 2010 (1983)

Department of Energy, Energy Security Report (1987)

Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007

Energy Information Administration (E.I.A.) (1995, 2008, 2009)

Energy Policy Act (1992, 2005)

Federal Energy Administration National Energy Outlook (1976)

International Energy Agency

Energy Policies of IEA Countries (2006a)

International Energy Agency

Light's Labour's Lost Policies for Energy-efficient Lighting (2006b)

and National Energy Act (1992

Energy conservation by countries

Asia
Although energy efficiency is expected to play a vital role in cost-effectively cutting energy demand, only a small part of its economic potential is exploited in Asia. Governments have implemented a range of subsidies such as cash grants, cheap credit, tax exemptions, and co-financing with public-sector funds to encourage energy-efficiency initiatives across several sectors. Governments in the Asia-Pacific region have implemented a range of information provision and labeling programs for buildings, appliances, and the transportation and industrial
sectors. Information programs can simply provide data, such as fuel-economy labels, or actively seek to encourage behavioral changes, such as Japan's Cool Biz campaign that encourages setting air conditioners at 28-degrees Celsius and allowing employees to dress casually in the summer.

China's government has launched a series of policies since 2005 to effectively promote the goal of reducing energy-saving emissions; however, road transportation, the fastest-growing energy-consuming sector in the transportation industry, lacks specific, operational, and systematic energy-saving plans. Road transportation is the highest priority to achieve energy conservation effectively and reduce emissions, particularly since social and economic development has entered the "new norm" period. Generally speaking, the government should make comprehensive plans for conservation and emissions reduction in the road transportation industry within the three dimensions of demand, structure, and technology. For example, encouraging trips using public transportation and new transportation modes such as car-sharing and increasing investment in new energy vehicles in structure reform, etc.

European Union
At the end of 2006, the European Union (EU) pledged to cut its annual consumption of primary energy by 20% by 2020. The EU Energy Efficiency Directive 2012 mandates energy efficiency improvements within the EU.

As part of the EU's SAVE program, aimed at promoting energy efficiency and encouraging energy-saving behavior, the Boiler Efficiency Directive specifies minimum levels of efficiency for boilers utilizing liquid or gaseous fuels.

There is steady progress on energy regulation implementation in Europe, North America, and Asia, with the highest number of building energy standards being adopted and implemented. Moreover, the performance of Europe is highly encouraging concerning energy standard activities. They recorded the highest percentage of mandatory energy standards compared to the other five regions.

In 2050, energy savings in Europe can reach 67% of the 2019 baseline scenario, amounting to a demand of 361 Mtoe in an "energy efficiency first" societal trend scenario. A condition is that there be no rebound effect, for otherwise the savings are 32% only or energy use may even increase by 42% if techno-economic potentials are not realized.

India

The Petroleum Conservation Research Association (PCRA) is an Indian governmental body created in 1978 that engages in promoting energy efficiency and conservation in every walk of life. In the recent past, PCRA has organised mass media campaigns in television, radio, and print media. This is an impact-assessment survey by a third party that revealed that due to these larger campaigns by PCRA, the public's overall awareness level has gone up leading to the saving of fossil fuels worth crores of rupees, besides reducing pollution.

The Bureau of Energy Efficiency is an Indian government organization created in 2001 that is responsible for promoting energy efficiency and conservation.

Protection and Conservation of Natural Resources are done by Community Natural Resources Management (CNRM).

Iran
Supreme leader of Iran Ali Khamenei had regularly criticized energy administration and high fuel consumption.

Japan

Since the 1973 oil crisis, energy conservation has been an issue in Japan. All oil-based fuel is imported, so domestic sustainable energy is being developed.

The Energy Conservation Center promotes energy efficiency in every aspect of Japan. Public entities are implementing the efficient use of energy for industries and research. It includes projects such as the Top Runner Program. In this project, new appliances are regularly tested on efficiency, and the most efficient ones are made the standard.

Middle East
The Middle East holds 40% of the world's crude oil reserves and 23% of its natural gas reserves. Conservation of domestic fossil fuels is, therefore, a legitimate priority for the Gulf countries, given domestic needs as well as the global market for these products. Energy subsidies are the chief barrier to conservation in the Gulf. Residential electricity prices can be a tenth of U.S. rates. As a result, increased tariff revenues from gas, electricity, and water sales would encourage investment in natural gas exploration and production and generation capacity, helping to alleviate future shortages.

Households in the MENA region are responsible for 53% of energy use in Saudi Arabia and 57% of the UAE's ecological footprint. This is partially due to poorly designed and constructed buildings, mainly under a cheap energy model that has left them without contemporary control technology or even proper insulation and efficient appliances. Building energy consumption can be cut by 20% under a combination of insulation, efficient windows and appliances, shading, reflective roofing, and a host of automated controls that adjust energy use.

Governments could also set minimum energy efficiency and water use standards on importing appliances sold inside their countries, effectively banning the sale of inefficient air conditioners, dishwashers, and washing machines. Administration of the laws would essentially be a function of national customs services. Governments could go further, offering incentives – or mandates – that air conditioners of a certain age be replaced.

Lebanon
In Lebanon and since 2002 The Lebanese Center for Energy Conservation (LCEC) has been promoting the development of efficient and rational uses of energy and the use of renewable energy at the consumer level. It was created as a project financed by the International Environment Facility (GEF) and the Ministry of Energy Water (MEW) under the management of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and gradually established itself as an independent technical national center although it continues to be supported by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) as indicated in the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed between MEW and UNDP on 18 June 2007.

Nepal
Until recently, Nepal has been focusing on the exploitation of its huge water resources to produce hydropower. Demand-side management and energy conservation were not in the focus of government action. In 2009, bilateral Development Cooperation between Nepal and the Federal Republic of Germany has agreed upon the joint implementation of the "Nepal Energy Efficiency Programme". The lead executing agencies for the implementation are the Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS). The aim of the program is the promotion of energy efficiency in policymaking, in rural and urban households as well as in the industry.

Due to the lack of a government organization that promotes energy efficiency in the country, the Federation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FNCCI) has established the Energy Efficiency Centre under his roof to promote energy conservation in the private sector. The Energy Efficiency Centre is a non-profit initiative that is offering energy auditing services to the industries. The Centre is also supported by Nepal Energy Efficiency Programme of Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit.

A study conducted in 2012 found out that Nepalese industries could save 160,000-megawatt hours of electricity and 8,000 terajoules of thermal energy (like diesel, furnace oil, and coal) every year. These savings are equivalent to annual energy cost cut of up to 6.4 Billion Nepalese Rupees.
As a result of Nepal Economic Forum 2014, an economic reform agenda in the priority sectors was declared focusing on energy conservation among others. In the energy reform agenda, the government of Nepal gave the commitment to introduce incentive packages in the budget of the fiscal year 2015/16 for industries that practices energy efficiency or use efficient technologies (incl. cogeneration).

New Zealand
In New Zealand the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority is the Government Agency responsible for promoting energy efficiency and conservation. The Energy Management Association of New Zealand is a membership-based organization representing the New Zealand energy services sector, providing training and accreditation services with the aim of ensuring energy management services are credible and dependable.

Nigeria
In Nigeria, the Lagos State Government is encouraging Lagosians to imbibe an energy conservation culture. In 2013, the Lagos State Electricity Board (LSEB) ran an initiative tagged "Conserve Energy, Save Money" under the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. The initiative is designed to sensitize Lagosians around the theme of energy conservation by influencing their behavior through do-it-yourself tips. In September 2013, Governor Babatunde Raji Fashola of Lagos State and the campaign ambassador, rapper Jude "MI" Abaga participated in the Governor's conference video call on the topic of energy conservation.

In addition to this, during the month of October (the official energy conservation month in the state), LSEB hosted experience centers in malls around Lagos State where members of the public were encouraged to calculate their household energy consumption and discover ways to save money using a consumer-focused energy app. To get Lagosians started on energy conservation, solar lamps and energy-saving bulbs were also handed out.

In Kaduna State, the Kaduna Power Supply Company (KAPSCO) ran a program to replace all light bulbs in Public Offices; fitting energy-saving bulbs in place of incandescent bulbs. KAPSCO is also embarking on an initiative to retrofit all conventional streetlights in the Kaduna Metropolis to LEDs which consume much less energy.

Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka currently consumes fossil fuels, hydro power, wind power, solar power and dendro power for their day to day power generation. The Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority is playing a major role regarding energy management and energy conservation. Today, most industries are requested to reduce their energy consumption by using renewable energy sources and optimizing their energy usage.

Turkey
Turkey aims to decrease by at least 20% the amount of energy consumed per GDP of Turkey by 2023 (energy intensity).

United Kingdom
The Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy is responsible for promoting energy efficiency in the United Kingdom.

United States
The United States is currently the second-largest single consumer of energy, following China. The U.S. Department of Energy categorizes national energy use in four broad sectors: transportation, residential, commercial, and industrial.

About half of U.S. energy consumption in the transportation and residential sectors is primarily controlled by individual consumers. In the typical American home, space heating is the most significant energy use, followed by electrical technology (appliances, lighting, and electronics) and water heating. Commercial and industrial energy expenditures are determined by businesses entities and other facility managers. National energy policy has a significant effect on energy usage across all four sectors.

Since the oil embargoes and price spikes of the 1970s, energy efficiency and conservation have been fundamental tenets of U.S. energy policy. The scope of energy conservation and efficiency measures has been broadened throughout time by U.S. energy policies and programs, including federal and state legislation and regulatory actions, to include all economic sectors and all geographical areas of the nation. Measurable energy conservation and efficiency gains in the 1980s led to the 1987 Energy Security Report to the President (DOE, 1987) that "the United States uses about 29 quads less energy in a year today than it would have if our economic growth since 1972 had been accompanied by the less- efficient trends in energy use we were following at that time" The DOE Strategy and the legislation included new strategies for strengthening conservation and efficiency in buildings, industry, and electric power, such as integrated resource planning for electric and natural gas utilities and efficiency and labeling standards for 13 residential appliances and equipment categories. Lack of a national consensus on how to proceed interfered with developing a consistent and comprehensive approach. Nevertheless, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct05; 109th U.S. Congress, 2005) contained many new energy conservation and efficiency provisions in the transportation, buildings, and electric power sectors.

The most recent federal law to increase and broaden U.S. energy conservation and efficiency laws, programs, and practices is the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA). Over the next few decades, it is anticipated that EISA will significantly reduce energy use because it has more standards and targets than previous legislation. Both acts reinforce the importance of lighting and appliance efficiency programs, targeting an additional 70% lighting efficiency by 2020, introducing 45 new standards for appliances, and setting up new standards for vehicle fuel economy. The Federal Government is also promoting a new 30% model code for efficient building practices in the construction industry. Additionally, according to the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE), the EISA's energy efficiency and conservation initiatives will cut carbon dioxide emissions by 9% in 2030. These requirements cover appliance and lighting efficiency, energy savings in homes, businesses, and public buildings, the effectiveness of industrial manufacturing facilities, and the efficiency of electricity supply and end use. Expectations are high for increased energy savings due to these initiatives, which have already started contributing to new federal, state, and local laws, programs, and practices across the U.S.

The development and use of alternative transportation fuels (whose supply is expected to expand by 15% by 2022), renewable energy sources, and other clean energy technologies have also received more attention and financial incentives. Recent policies also emphasize growing the use of coal with carbon capture and sequestration, solar, wind, nuclear, and other clean energy sources.

In February 2023 the United States Department of Energy proposed a set of new energy efficiency standards that, if implemented, will save to users of different electric machines in the United States around 3,500,000,000$ per year and will reduce by the year 2050 carbon emissions by the same amount as emitted by 29,000,000 houses.

Mechanisms to Promote Conservation

Governmental mechanisms
Governments at the national, regional, and local levels may implement policies to promote energy efficiency. Building energy rules can cover the energy consumption of an entire structure or specific building components, like heating and cooling systems. They represent some of the most frequently used instruments for energy efficiency improvements in buildings and can play an essential role in improving energy conservation in buildings. There are multiple reasons for the growth of these policies and programs since the 2000s, including cost savings as energy prices increased, growing concern about the environmental impacts of energy use, and public health concerns. The policies and programs related to energy conservation are critical to establishing safety and performance levels, assisting in consumer decision-making, and explicitly identifying energy-conserving and energy-efficient products. Recent policies include new programs and regulatory incentives that call for electric and natural gas utilities to increase their involvement in delivering energy-efficiency products and services to their customers. For example, the National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency (NAPEE) is a public-private partnership created in response to EPAct05 that brings together senior executives from electric and natural gas utilities, state public utility commissions, other state agencies, and environmental and consumer groups representing every region of the country. The success of building energy regulation in effectively controlling energy consumption in the building sector will be, to a great extent, associated with the adopted energy performance indicator and the promoted energy assessment tools. It can help overcome significant market barriers and ensure cost-effective energy efficiency opportunities are incorporated into new buildings. This is crucial in emerging nations where new constructions are rapidly developing, and market and energy prices sometimes discourage efficient technologies. The building energy standards development and adoption showed that 42% of emerging developing countries surveyed have no energy standard in place, 20% have mandatory, 22% have mixed, and 16% proposed.

The major impediments to implementing building energy regulations for energy conservation and efficiency in the building sector are institutional barriers and market failures rather than technical problems, as pointed out by Nature Publishing Group (2008). Among these, Santamouris (2005) includes a lack of owners' awareness of energy conservation benefits, building energy regulations benefits, insufficient awareness and training of property managers, builders, and engineers, and a lack of specialized professionals to ensure compliance. Based on the above information, the development and adoption of building energy regulations, such as energy standards in developing countries, are still far behind compared to building energy regulation adoption and implementation in developed countries.

Building energy standards are starting to appear in Africa, Latin America, and Middle East regions, even though this is a new development going to the result obtained in this study. The level of progress on energy regulation activities in Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East is increasing, given the higher number of energy standard proposals recorded in these regions. According to the Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors, several codes are being developed in developing countries with UNDP and GEF support. These typically include elemental and integrated routes to compliance, such as a fundamental method defining the performance requirements of specific building elements. However, they are still far behind in building energy regulation development, implementation, and compliance compared to developed nations. Also, decision-making regarding energy regulations is still from the government only, with little or no input from non-governmental entities. As a result, lower energy regulation development is recorded in these regions compared to regions with integrated and consensus approaches.

Additionally, there is growing government involvement in the development and implementation of energy standards; 62% of Middle Eastern respondents, 45% of African respondents, and 43% of Latin American respondents indicated that existing government agencies, such as building agencies and energy agencies, are involved in implementing building energy standards in their respective nations, as opposed to 20% of European respondents, 38% of Asian respondents, and 0% of North American respondents, who indicated the involvement of existing agencies. Several North African nations, like Tunisia and Egypt, have programs relating to building energy standards, while Algeria and Morocco are now seeking to establish building energy standards, according to the Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors. Similarly, Egypt's residential energy standard became law in 2005, and their commercial standard was anticipated to follow. The standards provide minimal performance requirements for applications involving air conditioners and other appliances and elemental and integrated pathways. However, it was claimed that enforcement legislation was still required in 2005. Additionally, Morocco launched a program in 2005 to create thermal energy requirements for construction, concentrating on the hospitality, healthcare, and communal housing industries.

Mandatory energy standards
Energy standards are the primary way governments foster energy efficiency as a public good. A recognized standard-setting organization prepares a standard. Standards developed by recognized organizations are often used as the basis for the development and updating of building codes. They allow innovative approaches and techniques to achieve effective energy utilization and optimum building performance. Besides, it encourages cost-effective energy use of building components, including building envelope, lighting, HVAC, electrical installations, lift and escalator, and other equipment. Energy-efficiency standards have been expanded and strengthened for appliances, building equipment, and lighting. For example, appliances and equipment standards are being developed for a new range of devices, including reduction goals for "standby" power that keeps consumer electronic products in a ready-to-use mode. Some devices require certain levels of energy performance from a car, building, appliance, or other technical equipment. If the vehicle, building, appliance, or equipment does not meet these standards, there may be restrictions on its sale or rent. In the U.K., these are called "minimum energy efficiency standards" or MEES and were applied to privately rented accommodation in 2019.

Energy codes and standards are vital in setting minimum energy-efficient design and construction requirements. Buildings should be developed following energy standards to save energy efficiently. They specify uniform requirements for new buildings, additions, and modifications. National organizations like the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers publish the standards (ASHRAE). State and municipal governments frequently use energy standards as the technical foundation for creating their energy regulations. Some energy standards are written in a mandatory and enforceable language, making it simple for governments to add the standards' provisions directly to their laws or regulations.

The American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) is a well-known example of a standard-making organization. This organization dates to the nineteenth century and is international in its membership (About ASHRAE 2018). Examples of ASHRAE standards that relate to energy conservation in the built environment are:
 Standard 62.1-2016 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality.
 Standard 90.2-2007 Energy Efficient Design of Low-Rise Residential Buildings.
 Standard 100-2018 Energy Efficiency in Existing Buildings.
 Standard 189.1-2014 Standard for the Design of High-Performance Green Buildings.

The Residential Energy Services Network is a crucial benchmark for energy reduction (RESNET). The Home Energy Rating System (HERS) of RESNET, which is based on the International Code Council's (ICC) energy code, is used to rate home energy consumption with a standard numerical scale that examines factors in home energy use (About HERS 2018). The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) has acknowledged the HERS assessment system as a national benchmark for evaluating energy efficiency. The International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) of the ICC requires an energy rating index, and the main index used in the residential building sector is HERS. The mortgage financing sector makes substantial use of the HERS index. A home's expected energy usage may impact the available mortgage funds based on the HERS score, with more energy-efficient, lower energy-using homes potentially qualifying for a better mortgage rate or amount.

Mandatory energy labels

Many governments require that a car, building, or piece of equipment be labeled with its energy performance. This allows consumers and customers to see the energy implications of their choices, but does not restrict their choices or regulate which products are available to choose from.

It also does not enable easily comparing options (such as being able to filter by energy-efficiency in online stores) or have the best energy-conserving options accessible (such as energy-conserving options being available in the frequented local store). (An analogy would be nutritional labeling on food.)

A trial of estimated financial energy cost of refrigerators alongside EU energy-efficiency class (EEEC) labels online found that the approach of labels involves a trade-off between financial considerations and higher cost requirements in effort or time for the product-selection from the many available options which are often unlabelled and don't have any EEEC-requirement for being bought, used or sold within the EU. Moreover, in this one trial the labeling was ineffective in shifting purchases towards more sustainable options.

Energy taxes
Some countries employ energy or carbon taxes to motivate energy users to reduce their consumption. Carbon taxes can motivate consumption to shift to energy sources with fewer emissions of carbon dioxide, such as solar power, wind power, hydroelectricity or nuclear power while avoiding cars with combustion engines, jet fuel, oil, fossil gas and coal. On the other hand, taxes on all energy consumption can reduce energy use across the board while reducing a broader array of environmental consequences arising from energy production. The state of California employs a tiered energy tax whereby every consumer receives a baseline energy allowance that carries a low tax. As for usage increases above that baseline, the tax increases drastically. Such programs aim to protect poorer households while creating a larger tax burden for high energy consumers.

Developing countries specifically are less likely to impose policy measures that slow carbon emissions as this would slow their economic development. These growing countries may be more likely to support their own economic growth and support their citizens rather than decreasing their carbon emissions.

The following pros and cons of a carbon tax help one to see some of the potential effects of a carbon tax policy.

Pros of Carbon Tax include:

 Making polluters pay the external cost of carbon emissions.
 Enables greater social efficiency as all citizens pay the full social cost.
 Raises revenue which can, in turn, be spent on mitigating the effects of pollution.
 Encourages firms and consumers to search for non-carbon producing alternatives (ex. solar power, wind power, hydroelectricity, or nuclear power).
 Reduces environmental costs associated with excess carbon pollution.

Cons of Carbon Tax include:

 Businesses claim higher taxes which can discourage investment and economic growth.
 A carbon tax may encourage tax evasion as firms may pollute in secret to avoid a carbon tax.
 It may be difficult to measure external costs and how much the carbon tax should truly be.
 There are administration costs in measuring pollution and collecting the associated tax.
 Firms may move production to countries in which there is no carbon tax.

Non-Governmental Mechanisms

Voluntary energy standards
Another aspect of promoting energy efficiency is using the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) voluntary building design standards. This program is supported by the US Green Building Council. The "Energy and Atmosphere" Prerequisite applies to energy issues, it focuses on energy performance, renewable energy, and other. See green building.

Reactions against conservation
Former US President Donald Trump had opposed water regulation. He made a law easing shower head output power damping regulations which the Biden administration repealed. The Trump administration allowed creation of more powerful and faster dishwashers.

See also

 Annual fuel use efficiency
 Domestic energy consumption
 Energy conservation law
 Energy crisis
 Energy monitoring and targeting
 Energy recovery
 Energy storage
 Green computing
 High-temperature insulation wool
 Induced demand
 Jevons paradox
 Khazzoom–Brookes postulate
 List of energy storage projects
 List of low-energy building techniques
 Low Carbon Communities
 Marine fuel management
 Minimum energy performance standard
 One Watt Initiative
 Overconsumption
 Passive house
 Renewable heat
 Smart grid
 Superinsulation
 Thermal efficiency
 Window film
 Zero-energy building

References

Further reading
 GA Mansoori, N Enayati, LB Agyarko (2016), Energy: Sources, Utilization, Legislation, Sustainability, Illinois as Model State, World Sci. Pub. Co.,
 Alexeew, Johannes; Carolin Anders and Hina Zia (2015): Energy-efficient buildings – a business case for India? An analysis of incremental costs for four building projects of the Energy-Efficient Homes Programme. Berlin/New Delhi: Adelphi/TERI
 Gary Steffy, Architectural Lighting Design, John Wiley and Sons (2001)
 Lumina Technologies, Analysis of energy consumption in a San Francisco Bay Area research office complex, for the (confidential) owner, Santa Rosa, Ca. 17 May 1996

External links

bigEE – Your guide to energy efficiency in buildings
Energy saving advice and grants for UK consumers
Energy efficiency and renewable energy at the U.S. Department of Energy
EnergyStar – for commercial buildings and plants
Ulrich Hottelet: Want to Save the Earth? Pick a Clothesline, Atlantic Times, November 2007
Energy Efficiency in Asia and the Pacific Asian Development Bank
Energy Saving Tips Save up to $100 on power bills per year by switching off any unused appliances.

Conservation
Conservation
Conservation
Sustainable energy

Energy conservation


Uvariodendron mbagoi est une espèce de plantes dicotylédones de la famille des Annonaceae, sous-famille des Annonoideae, originaire de Tanzanie. Elle fait partie, avec Uvariodendron dzomboense et Uvariodendron schmidtii, d'une série de trois nouvelles espèces du genre Uvariodendron décrites en 2021.

C'est un arbre ou arbuste pouvant atteindre de 3 à 6 mètres de haut, et de 5 à 10 cm de diamètre à hauteur de poitrine (dhp). Le bois tranché dégage une forte odeur de bergamote (odeur d'agrumes de Citrus bergamia Risso).

L'épithète spécifique, « mbagoi », est un hommage à Frank Mbago, conservateur de l'herbier de l'Université de Dar es Salam, à qui l'on doit la découverte de cette espèce.

Notes et références

Liens externes

 .

Annonaceae
Espèce d'Angiospermes (nom scientifique)

Flore endémique de Tanzanie

Uvariodendron mbagoi


Caulacanthaceae, porodica crvenih algi, dio reda Gigartinales. Postoji osam priznatih rodova s desetak vrsta.

Rodovi
 Catenella Greville 5
 Caulacanthus Kützing  3
 Feldmannophycus Augier & Boudouresque 1
 Heringia J.Agardh 1
 Montemaria A.B.Joly & Alveal 1
 Pseudocaulacanthus Huisman 1
 Sterrocladia F.Schmitz  2
 Taylorophycus E.Y.Dawson 2

Izvori

Gigartinales

Caulacanthaceae


Te lude osamdesete!, film Everybody Wants Some!!
Everybody Wants Some!! (pjesma Van Halena) s albuma iz 1980. Women and Children First
Everybody Wants Some (pjesma Danger Dangera), s albuma iz 1991. Screw It!
Tri pjesme s Galacticova albuma iz 1998. Coolin' Off
"Everybody Wants Some. Pt. 1"
"Everybody Wants Some, Pt. 2"
"Everybody Wants Some, Pt. 3"
Everybody Wants Some (pjesma Erike Jayne)

Everybody Wants Some!!


Bale, belli figürlere, adım atışlara dayalı dans ve müzikli gösteri türüdür. İtalyan Rönesans döneminde ortaya çıkmış daha sonra Fransa ve Rusya da gelişmiş bir performans sanatıdır. Dünya çapında yayılarak birçok başka dansı etkilemiştir.

Bale dansı, mimik, müzik, duygu ve dekor sanatlarının ileri standartta birleştirilerek kullanan bir tiyatro gösterisi olarak tanımlanabilir. Asıl eleman olarak kullanılan dans aslında İtalyanca "dans" anlamına gelen "ballo" ya da "balletto" sözcüğünden türetilmiştir.

Bale uzun yıllar süren bir eğitimle öğrenilir, çoğunlukla müzikli yapılır. Erkek dansçılara "balet - yalnız bu deyim sadece Türkiye'de kullanılmaktadır. Dünyanın diğer ülkelerinde erkek sanatçılara bale dansçısı denir - ", kadın dansçılara "balerin" denir. Balede tayt, mayo ve "tütü" denilen özel etek ve bunun gibi giysiler kullanılır. Bale terminolojisinde ayakların tam parmak ucunda durmasını sağlayan ayakkabıya "point" ya da "puant" denir. Bale yapılmadan önce esneme hareketleri mutlaka yapılmalıdır; yoksa ısınılmadan hareketler yapıldığı için kaslar yırtılabilir ya da vücudun bir yerini incitebilir.

Bale eseri, bir bale prodüksiyonu için yaratılan koreografi ve müzikten oluşur. En bilindik örneklerinden biri, koreografisi Merius Pepita ve Lev Ivanov'a, müziği Tchaikocsky'e ait olan, fındıkkıran balesidir.
Bale eserleri profesyonel bale dansçıları tarafından performe edilir. Klasik bale dansçıları genellikle klasik müzik eşliğinde, detaylı kostüm ve dekorlarla sergilenirken; modern baleler genelde daha sade kostümlerle ve daha az dekor kullanılarak sahnelenir.

Tarihçe
Bale ilk olarak İtalya'da rönesans döneminden görülmektedir. Mim sanatçılarının Orta Çağ ve rönesans tiyatro gösterilerinde ve geleneksel halk gösterilerindeki dans adımları bugünkü balenin temellerini oluşturur. O zamanlarda koreografik bir düzeni olmayan bale Dominic de Piacenza ve Antonio Cornazzo'nun ilk koreografik kompozisyon denemeleri ve adımlara isim vermeleriyle gelişmiş bu noktada Fransızlar çok etkilenmiş ve bunun sonucunda bugünkü balenin ilk tohumları 1581'de Catherine de Medici'nin "Beaujoyeux" adlı Le Ballet Comique de la Reine tarafından sahnelenen gösterisiyle atılmıştır.

Fransa'da IV. Henri tarafından desteklenen bale tüm Avrupa'ya, oradan da 16. ve 17. yüzyılın sonlarında da Danimarka ve İsveç'e kadar yayılmıştır. Balenin altın çağı kendisi de iyi bir dansçı olan XIV. Louis döneminde başlamıştır. Bu döneme kadar halk tarafından dans edilirken bir kez profesyonel dansçılar kostüm maske ve peruklar kullanarak dans etmeye başlamışlardır. 18. yüzyılda bale tamamen kendini opera sanatından soyutlayarak özgür bir sanat formuna kavuşmuştur. Bunun da tohumları George Noverre tarafından atılmış ve bugün sahnede gördüğümüz bale sanatı onun koyduğu kurallar üzerine kurulmuştur.

18. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Rusya'ya ulaşan bale St.Petersburg'da Petipa ve Saint-Leon ile hayat bularak gelişmiş ve bugün hala sahnelenen Uyuyan Güzel Balesi, Fındıkkıran Balesi ve Kuğu Gölü Balesi gibi tanınmış eserler buradan tüm dünyaya yayılmıştır.

20. yüzyılda,bale diğer dans türlerini de etkilemeye başlamıştır ve balenin alt türleri oluşmaya başlamıştır. Bunlardan en bilinenleri, modern bale ve Amerikalı koreograf George Balanchine'in geliştirdiği neoklasik baledir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Dans Fiziği
 ballet.org.uk
 Bale Videoları
 Andros on Ballet
  Bale ayakkabılarının tarihi

Fransızcadan Türkçeye geçen sözcükler

Bale


Das Wort des Jahres wird in Südtirol seit 2005 in den drei Landessprachen deutsch, italienisch und ladinisch ermittelt.

Gesamtübersicht

Wort des Jahres

Unwort des Jahres

Spruch des Jahres

Weitere Wörter des Jahres

 Sudtirol
Liste (Wörter)
Sprachpreis
Auszeichnung (Südtirol)
Kultur (Südtirol)

Wort des Jahres (Südtirol)


Hrvatski kup u vaterpolu za žene za sezonu 2017./18. je osvojila "Mladost" iz Zagreba.
Natjecanje je održano u studenom i prosincu 2017. godine.

Sustav natjecanja
U natjecanju je sudjelovalo pet klubova, a natjecanje se igralo u dva dijela - kvalifikacijskom turniru i završnici. Na kvalifikacijskom turniru su ekipe igrale jednokružnu ligu te su se četiri najuspješnije ekipe plasirale u završnicu koja je igrana kup-sustavom.

Sudionici
 Suzuki Bura - Split
 Mladost - Zagreb
 OVK POŠK - Split
 Primorje EB - Rijeka
 Viktoria - Šibenik

Rezultati

Kvalifikacijski turnir
Igrano od 10. do 12. studenog 2017. u Šibeniku.

Završnica
Igrano 15. i 16. prosinca 2017. u Zagrebu.

Najbolji strijelci

Unutrašnje poveznice
 Hrvatski kup u vaterpolu za žene
 Prvenstvo Hrvatske 2018.

Vanjske poveznice
 hvs.hr

Izvori

 hvs.hr, Kup RH seniorke - Sezona 2017/2018, pristupljeno 29. listopada 2018.
 furkisport.hr/hvs, Kup Hrvatske seniorke 2017/18, rezultati, pristupljeno 29. listopada 2018.
 furkisport.hr/hvs, Kup Hrvatske seniorke 2017/18, kvalifikacijski turnir , pristupljeno 29. listopada 2018.
 furkisport.hr/hvs, Kup Hrvatske seniorke 2017/18, strijelci, pristupljeno 29. listopada 2018.

2017

Kup Hrvatske u vaterpolu za žene 2017.


Iulia Helbet () este o jucătoare de tenis de câmp din Republica Moldova.

Activitate
Helbet a câștigat două titluri la dublu în circuitul feminin ITF. La 13 septembrie 2010 a ocupat cea mai bună poziție a carierei la simplu, nr. 1085 în lume, iar la 27 iulie 2015 ea a atins poziția 590 în clasamentul la dublu.

Finale ITF
{|
|

Dublu: 5 (2–3)

Note

Vezi și
 Fed Cup

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1988
Jucătoare de tenis moldovene
Oameni din Chișinău
Oameni în viață

Iulia Helbet


Kuglački klub Novska (KK Novska; Novska) je muški kuglački klub iz Novske, Sisačko-moslavačka županija.
U sezoni 2018./19. klub se natjecao u 1. B hrvatskoj ligi - Sjever.

O klubu
Klub se više sezona natjecao u Prvoj hrvatskoj ligi, ali je isključen iz nje 2012. godine radi administrativnih nepravilnosti.
Klub se ponovno u Prvu ligu plasirao 2014. i 2017. godine.

2010. godine je klub osvojio NBC kup, čija je završnica održana u Splitu.

Uspjesi
 NBC kup
 pobjednik: 2010.

 1. hrvatska liga
 trećeplasirani: 2008./09., 2009/10.

 1. B hrvatska liga - Sjever
 prvak: 1999./2000., 2016./17.
 doprvak: 2018./19.

 2. hrvatska liga - Sjever
 prvak: 2013./14.

Pregled plasmana po sezonama

Poznati igrači
Antonio Sajko

Unutrašnje poveznice
 Novska

Vanjske poveznice
 Kuglački Klub Novska, facebook stranica
 aplikacija.kuglanje.hr, Kuglački klub Novska
 sportilus.com, KUGLAČKI KLUB NOVSKA NOVSKA
 novska.hr, GRADSKA KUGLANA NOVSKA
 kssmz.hr - Kuglački savez Sisačko-moslavačke županije

Izvori

 bisnode.hr, KUGLAČKI KLUB " NOVSKA " NOVSKA

Novska
Novska

Kuglački klub Novska


Islandsk hvinand (Bucephala islandica) er en andefugl, der lever på Island og i Nordamerika.

Noter
  Netfugl.dk
  Avibase - the world bird database

Andefugle
Hvinand
Nordamerikas fugle

Islandsk hvinand


Colmano o Colman de Stockerau,  de Irlanda o de Melk (Irlanda, segunda mitad del  - Stockerau, 1012) fue un religioso irlandés o escocés, muerto en Austria mientras viajaba como peregrino. Es venerado como santo por la Iglesia católica.

Biografía

Colmano era un monje originario de Irlanda o Escocia, quizás de una estirpe real. Mientras hacía un peregrinaje a Jerusalén, al pasar por Stockerau, a unos veinte kilómetros de Viena. Al ser acusado de ser espionaje, fue detenido, Como no hablaba alemán, no se pudo defender y fue colgado junto a otros ladrones, muriendo en la horca.

Veneración

En 1015, sus reliquias fueron llevadas a Melk por el obispo Megingar y en demanda del margrave Enrique I de Austria. Inmediatamente, Colmano fue objeto de un culto popular que se extendió por toda Austria, donde muchas capillas e iglesias le fueron dedicadas, Suabia, Palatinado, Hungría y Baviera.

Una leyenda dice que su cuerpo se mantuvo incorrupto durante 18 meses, sin que las bestias se acercaran. El mismo bastidor de la horca arraigó y florecieron ramas y hojas: una de las ramas se conserva en el altar mayor de la iglesia de los franciscanos de Stockerau.

Notas

Enlaces externos
Saints of October 13: Coloman
Patron Saints: Coloman

Santos de Austria
Sacerdotes católicos de Irlanda
Santos católicos de Irlanda del siglo XI
Ejecutados de Irlanda
Sacerdotes católicos del siglo XI
Fallecidos en Baja Austria

Colmano de Stockerau


Yasuhiro Tominaga (født 22. maj 1980) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Nagoya Grampus Eight, Sagan Tosu og Consadole Sapporo.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Yasuhiro Tominaga


Hunza este un mic popor (comunitate) care trăiește în nordul Pakistanului. Valea Hunza este situată la altitudini între 1600 și 3000 m, fiind încastrată între munții Hindukuș și Karakorum, cele mai înalte masive muntoase din Asia Centrală. Ea este considerată o regiune enigmatică și fascinantă prin măreția peisajelor și prin ceea ce s-a afirmat despre locuitorii ei, faptul că sunt printre cei mai longevivi oameni din lume, datorită stilului de viață, alimentației pe bază de vegetale, exercițiului fizic, vieții liniștite și aerului curat.

Criticii rămân sceptici: multe pledează în favoarea faptului că, în realitate, hunzakuții au o speranță de viață de numai 50-60 de ani. Ca și în alte regiuni similare, viața grea în ținutul sărac și-ar fi spus cuvântul. Radiația UV existentă în munți ar produce frecvent îmbătrânirea rapidă a pielii și cancer de piele, iar în absența oricăror facilități medicale, mortalitatea infantilă ar fi de peste 30%. O persoană din 10 ar muri înainte de 40 de ani.

Chiar dacă adevărul rămâne ascuns, criticii par să aibă dreptate. Medicii japonezi, în cercetările lor, au descoperit puține indicii privind o longevitate neobișnuită a hunzakuților, dar au consemnat unele cazuri de cancer, afecțiuni cardiace și tuberculoză.

Îndoieli în privința longevității provoacă și faptul că, până de curând, în Himalaia nu au existat registre de stare civilă. Când un hunzakut moare, nu se poate spune precis ce vârstă are.

Din 1978 o șosea asfaltată leagă Valea Hunza de restul lumii, din 1980 un autobuz descarcă cu regularitate valuri de turiști în valea hunzakuților, iar tot mai mulți săteni au început să cumpere băuturi carbogazoase și tablete de ciocolată, comercializate de-a lungul arterelor principale, în loc să cultive caise și cereale.

Note

Grupuri etnice din Pakistan

Hunza


هنا قائمة ببطولات أستراليا المفتوحة لسنة 2005:

الكبار

فردي رجال

 مارات زافين هزم  لايتون هيويت, 1-6, 6-3, 6-4, 6-4

فردي سيدات

 سيرينا ويليامز هزم  ليندسي دافنبورت, 2-6, 6-3, 6-0

زوجي رجال

 واين بلاك و كيفين أولايت هزم  بوب براين و مايك براين, 6-4, 6-4

زوجي سيدات

 سفتلانا كوزنتسوفا و أليشيا موليك هزم  ليندسي دافنبورت و كورينا مورارايو, 6-3, 6-4

زوجي مختلط

 سامانثا ستسور و سكوت درابر هزم  لايزل هوبر و كيفين أولايت, 6-2, 2-6, 7-6(6)

الشباب

فردي أولاد
دونالد يونغ () هزم سن يونج كيم (), 6-2, 6-2

فردي بنات
فيكتوريا أزارنيكا () هزم أغنيس سزافاي (), 6-2, 6-2

زوجي أولاد
سن يونج كيم () وتشو هوان ياي ()

زوجي بنات
فيكتوريا أزارنيكا () وماريانا إيراكوفيتش ()

مراجع

أحداث يناير 2005 الرياضية في أوقيانوسيا
بطولات أستراليا المفتوحة حسب السنة
ملبورن في عقد 2000
كرة مضرب أسترالية في 2005
أحداث يناير 2005 الرياضية في أستراليا

أستراليا المفتوحة 2005


Midvinterblot osmi je studijski album švedskog death metal sastava Unleashed. Diskografska kuća Steamhammer/SPV objavila ga je 6. listopada 2006.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje

 Unleashed

 Johnny – bas-gitara, vokal
 Tomas – ritam gitara
 Fredrik – solo-gitara, inženjer zvuka, produkcija
 Anders – bubnjevi

 Ostalo osoblje

 Peter In de Betou – mastering
 Michael Larsson – fotografije
 Sebastian Ramstedt – dizajn, grafički dizajn

Izvori

Albumi iz 2006.
Albumi sastava Unleashed

Midvinterblot


(4278) Harvey ist ein Hauptgürtelasteroid, der am 22. September 1982 von Ted Bowell vom Lowell-Observatorium aus entdeckt wurde.

Weblinks

Hauptgürtelasteroid unter 50 km Durchmesser
Levin-Familie
Astronomisches Objekt (entdeckt von Edward L. G. Bowell)

(4278) Harvey


Artele vizuale ale amerindienilor reprezintă totalitatea artelor vizuale tradiționale ale amerindienilor, din Preistorie până în prezent. Acestea includ lucrări din America de Sud, Mesoamerica, America de Nord (incluzând Groenlanda) și cele ale yupicilor siberieni.

Indigeni în America de Nord
Arta în Statele Unite ale Americii

Artele vizuale ale amerindienilor


was a town located in Haibara District, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan.

As of April 1, 2005, the town had an estimated population of 25,656 and a population density of 441 persons per km². The total area was 58.14 km².

On October 11, 2005, Sagara, along with the town of Haibara (also from Haibara District), was merged to create the city of Makinohara, and thus no longer exists as an independent municipality.

During the Edo period, Sagara was the center of Sagara Domain. It was incorporated as a town in 1889.

Dissolved municipalities of Shizuoka Prefecture
Makinohara, Shizuoka

Sagara, Shizuoka


Julie Wilhelmine Hagen-Schwarz (Prangli, 27. listopada 1824. – Tartu, 20. listopada 1902.), estonska slikarica njemačkog podrijetla poznata po brojnim portretima.

Kći je njemačkog slikara Augusta Matthiasa Hagena. Za slikanje se počela zanimati u najranijoj dobi te je poduku od oca počela dobivati još u ranom djetinjstvu. Diplomirala je na Sveučilištu u Tartuu te je zahvaljujući stipendiji nastavila studij u Njemačkoj, ponajprije u Dresdenu, a kasnije i u Münchenu. Tri godine kasnije vraća se u Tartu te zahvaljujući stipendiji cara Nikole I. odlazi na studij u Italiju, u pratnji bolesnog oca koji u Italiju odlazi radi liječenja.

U Estoniju se vraća 1854. kao poznata slikarica zahvaljujući sudjelovanju u nekoliko izložbi diljem Europe. Ubrzo se udaje za astronoma Petera Carla Ludwiga Schwarza, s kojim na medeni mjesec odlazi u Sibir, čije je pojedine dijelove Schwarz morao mapirati za potrebe Ruskog geografskog društva. Godine 1858. postaje prva žena koja postaje članicom Ruske carske umjetničke akademije u Sankt Peterburgu, u kojem je održala više desetaka izložbi. Za života je naslikala više od 700 portreta.

Galerija

Izvori
 Eesti kunsti ja arhitektuuri biograafiline leksikon. Tallinn, 1996. (Estonski umjetnički i arhitektonski biografski leksikon)
 Natuknica u Estonskoj enciklopediji, svezak 14, str. 77

Estonski umjetnici
Slikari

Julie Wilhelmine Hagen-Schwarz


Avunca, Tunceli ilinin Mazgirt ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün eski ismi "Keştun" olup 1960 yılı nüfus sayımından itibaren Avunca adıyla kayıtlarda yer almaktadır.

Coğrafya
Tunceli il merkezine 44 km, Mazgirt ilçesine 11 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Mazgirt belde ve köyleri

Avunca, Mazgirt


«La antena» puede referirse a:

 La Antena (f.1992), periódico regional venezolano.
 La antena (2007), película argentina.

La Antena


9550 Victorblanco este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
9550 Victorblanco este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Stația Anderson Mesa de Edward L. G. Bowell. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,64 ua, o excentricitate de 0,09 și o înclinație de 8,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 9001-10000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1985
Centura de asteroizi

9550 Victorblanco


5162 Piemonte este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
5162 Piemonte este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Stația Anderson Mesa de Edward L. G. Bowell. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,02 ua, o excentricitate de 0,07 și o înclinație de 11,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 5001-6000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Familia Eos

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1982
Centura de asteroizi
Piemonte

5162 Piemonte


Hrvatska nogometna liga (također i kao Hrvatska republička nogometna liga, Jedinstvena hrvatska nogometna liga) je bila liga trećeg ranga natjecanja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1982./83.
Sudjelovalo je 16 klubova, a prvak je bio Šibenik.

Za sezonu 1983./84. Hrvatska liga je podijeljena na četiri skupine – Istok, Jug, Sjever i Zapad, te nitko nije ispao u niži stupanj natjecanja.

Ljestvica

 Slavonska Požega – tadašnji naziv za Požegu

Rezultatska križaljka

Izvori:

Poveznice
 Prvenstvo Hrvatske u nogometu
 Dalmatinska nogometna liga 1982./83.
 Regionalna nogometna liga Rijeka – Pula 1982./83.
 Regionalna nogometna liga Slavonije i Baranje 1982./83.
 Liga Zagrebačke nogometne regije 1982./83.

Izvori
 Ivan Jurić: Narona / Neretva : 1919 - 1994, Metković, 1995., , str. 228.

1982-83
1982-83 Hrvatska

Hrvatska nogometna liga 1982./83.


River sınıfı refakat muhribi, Avustralya Kraliyet Deniz Kuvvetleri'nde hizmet etmiş olan refakat muhribi.

1950 yılında Avustralya Hükûmeti denizaltı savunma harbi amacı ile kullanılacak altı adet fırkateyn için sipariş verdi. 1958-1961 yılları arasında Avustralya'daki yerel Cockatoo Island ve Williamstown tersanelerinde tasarımı İngiliz yapımı Rothesay sınıfı (Tip 12) fırkateynlerini esas alan dört adet tekne inşa edildi. Bu gemiler hizmete girdikten sonra ikinci nesil River sınıfı refakat muhribi olarak tanımlandı. Planlanan iki adet Tip12 fırkateynin inşası iptal edildi.

10 Şubat 1964 tarihinde D-04 HMAS Voyager güney sahilinde, New South Wales bölgesi, Jervis körfezi'nde R-21 HMAS Melbourne uçak gemisi ile çarpıştı ve battı. Hükûmet HMAS Voyager yerine iki adet fazladan River sınıfı gemi siparişi verdi. 1965-1968 yılları arasında inşa edilen iki teknenin tasarımı daha önceki dört fırkateyne dayanıyordu. Ancak, son gemilerin üst güverte yapısı İngiliz yapımı Leander sınıfı (Tip 12M) fırkateynine benzer. Avustralya Kraliyet Donanması'nda görev yapan River sınıfı muhriplerin borda numaraları ve isimleri aşağıdaki gibidir:

Rothesay sınıfı (Tip 12) gemiler:
 DE-45 HMAS Yarra refakat muhribi
 DE-46 HMAS Parramatta refakat muhribi
 DE-48 HMAS Stuart refakat muhribi
 DE-49 HMAS Derwent refakat muhribi

Leander sınıfı (Tip 12M) gemiler:
 DE-50 HMAS Swan refakat muhribi
 DE-53 HMAS Torrens refakat muhribi

Zaman içinde gemiler Ikara ve Seacat SAM füzeleri ile donatıldı ve elektronik ekipmanları modernize edildi. Bugün River sınıfı gemilerin tümü hizmet dışı kalmıştır. HMAS Swan ve HMAS Torrens muhripleri hedef gemi olarak kullanıldı ve batırıldı.

Fırkateyn sınıfları
Refakat muhripleri

River sınıfı refakat muhribi


An Aegilotriticum triticoides in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Esprit Requien ngan Antonio Bertoloni, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Van Slageren. An Aegilotriticum triticoides in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aegilotriticum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Aegilotriticum

Aegilotriticum triticoides


The year 1728 in science and technology involved some significant events.

Astronomy
 James Bradley uses stellar aberration (first observed in 1725) to calculate the speed of light to  be approximately 301,000 km/s.
 James Bradley observes nutation of the Earth's axis.

Botany
 September – Bartram's Garden, the oldest surviving botanic garden in North America, is established in Philadelphia by John Bartram.

Exploration
 July 14 – August 14 – Vitus Bering sails northward from the Kamchatka Peninsula, through the Bering Strait, and rounds Cape Dezhnev.

Physiology and medicine
 Pierre Fauchard publishes Le Chirurgien Dentiste, ou, Traité des Dents, the first comprehensive text on dentistry, including the first description of orthodontic braces.

Births
 February 13 – John Hunter, Scottish surgeon, pathologist and comparative anatomist (died 1793)
 March 20 – Samuel-Auguste Tissot, Swiss physician (died 1797)
 April 16 – Joseph Black, Scottish physicist and chemist (died 1799)
 August 26 – Johann Heinrich Lambert, Swiss polymath (died 1777)
 September 3 – Matthew Boulton, English mechanical engineer (died 1809)
 October 27 – James Cook, English explorer (died 1779)

Deaths
 April 25 – John Woodward, English naturalist (born 1665)
 August 11 – William Sherard, English botanist (born 1659)
 Caleb Threlkeld, Irish botanist (born 1676)

References

18th century in science
1720s in science

1728 in science


Les Gelae étaient une tribu scythe mentionnée par Strabon et d'autres écrivains anciens comme vivant sur les rives sud de la mer Caspienne, dans ce qui est aujourd'hui la province iranienne de Gilan. Le nom de la province pourrait éventuellement être dérivé des Gelae.

Sources classiques
Selon Strabon, les tribus du sud de la Caspienne comprenaient les Gelae, les Cadusii, les Mardes, les Witii et les Anariacae. Si, comme cela semble probable, cette description représente avec précision leur distribution d'ouest en est, alors les Gelae auraient vécu directement à l'est de la rivière Araxes, le long de la frontière de l'Arménie. Leur territoire est supposé avoir été relativement improductif, de peu de valeur agricole ou minérale. Pline considère que les Gelae et les Cadusii sont synonymes, Cadusii étant le nom de la tribu en grec et Gelae étant son équivalent oriental.

Notes et références

Cadusii

Gelae (tribu scythe)


Gíraffinn (latína: Camelopardalis) er dauft stjörnumerki ofarlega á norðurhimni. Stjörnumerkinu var fyrst lýst af flæmska stjörnufræðingnum Petrus Plancius árið 1612.

Tenglar
 Gíraffinn á Stjörnufræðivefnum

Stjörnumerki

Gíraffinn


Parryella, monotipski rod mahunarki iz tribusa Amorpheae, dio potporodice Faboideae. Jedina vrsta je P. filifolia, grm koji raste na području Four Cornersa (Arizona, Utah, Colorado, Novi Meksiko) ..

P. filifolia je korisni grm iz čijih se stabljika izrađuju metle i košare, koristi se i u medicini, te za izradu insekticida. Značajna je i za kontrolu erozije.

Sinonimi

Izvori

Amorpheae
Flora Arizone
Flora Novog Meksika
Flora Utaha
Flora Colorada

Parryella


Macário (, nome secular: Mykola Ivanovych Maletych, ucraniano: Микола Малетич; Nascido em 1 de outubro de 1944) é um Bispo da Igreja Ortodoxa de Ucrânia (OCU) e membro permanente do Santo Sínodo Permanente da OCU, com o título de metropolita de Leópolis.

Antes do Conselho de Unificação em dezembro de 2018, ele era o Primaz da Igreja Ortodoxa Autocéfala Ucraniana (UAOC), uma jurisdição que não tinha reconhecimento por parte de outras Igrejas Ortodoxas; ele foi restaurado à plena comunhão eclesiástica por decisão do Santo Sínodo do Patriarcado de Constantinopla em outubro de 2018.

Biografia
Em 1973 e novamente em 1974, tentou e não conseguiu se matricular no Seminário Teológico de Odessa da Igreja Ortodoxa Russa. Em 10 de agosto de 1975, foi ordenado sacerdote dentro da jurisdição do Patriarcado de Moscou. Ele serviu principalmente na Ucrânia e na região de Rostóvia. Em 1982, concluiu a Academia Teológica de Moscou. Em 1989, renunciou à canônica Igreja Ortodoxa Ucraniana (Patriarcado de Moscou) e se associou à Igreja Ortodoxa Autocéfala Ucraniana (UAOC). A partir de novembro de 1996, foi Bispo governante da Diocese de Leópolis da UAOC e, em seguida, assumiu também a jurisdição sobre a Diocese de Volínia. Em 2011, foi elevado à dignidade de Metropolita de Leópolis.

Após a morte do Primaz da UAOC, Metropolita Metódio (Kudriakov), em fevereiro de 2015, foi eleito local-tenente do Trono Metropolitano da Igreja Ortodoxa Autocéfala Ucraniana. Em 4 de junho de 2015, foi eleito Metropolita e o novo Primaz da Igreja Ortodoxa Autocéfala Ucraniana. No Conselho de Unificação em Quieve, em 15 de dezembro de 2018, juntamente com os bispos, sacerdotes e leigos da UAOC, juntou-se à Igreja Ortodoxa da Ucrânia (OCU), um novo corpo eclesiástico que em janeiro de 2019 recebeu autocefalia pelo Patriarcado de Constantinopla. Passou a se tornar um membro permanente do Santo Sínodo Permanente da OCU.

Em 5 de janeiro de 2020, ele chefiou a delegação da OCU à residência do Patriarca de Constantinopla em Istambul e concelebrou a Divina Liturgia com o Patriarca Bartolomeu I, marcando o primeiro aniversário da autocéfalas da OCU. Ele convidou formalmente o Patriarca Bartolomeu em nome do Primaz da OCU, Epifânio I da Ucrânia, para visitar a Ucrânia.

Religiosos da Ucrânia

Macário de Leópolis


Le cimetière juif d'Oświęcim est lieu d'inhumation juif situé à Oświęcim, en Pologne, à l'intersection des rues Dąbrowskiego et Wysokie Brzegi. Le cimetière s'étend sur une superficie de 1,7 ha et compte plus de 1000 matzevot, dont le plus ancien date de 1757. La dernière inhumation a eu lieu en 2000.

Histoire

Création,
Le cimetière juif d'Oświęcim a été créé au milieu du XVIIIe siècle. Il a été précédé d'un cimetière antérieur, établi vers 1588 (des documents conservés indiquent que cette année un terrain a été donné à la communauté juive locale pour la construction d'un cimetière et d'une synagogue). Le cimetière d'origine a été fermé à la fin du XVIIIe siècle en raison de la réglementation de l'époque exigeant que les cimetières soient déplacés hors des villes. En 1784, un site a été marqué dans Oświęcim pour un nouveau cimetière juif, qui existe maintenant.

Seconde Guerre mondiale
Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, en , le cimetière est fermé par les autorités d'occupation allemandes, puis presque entièrement dévasté par les nazis. Les matzevot ont été utilisés comme matériaux de construction, jetés dans la rivière Soła, abandonnés ailleurs dans la ville. Les résidents locaux les ont trouvés à divers endroits après la fin de la guerre. Certaines des pierres tombales sont retournées au cimetière après la guerre.

Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le but de la destruction des cimetières était d'anéantir la culture juive. Afin d'humilier encore plus les communautés juives, les nazis ont souvent forcé les Juifs à participer à la destruction et à la réutilisation des matzevot - incl. contraints au travail forcé pour la réparation des routes, des trottoirs et des bâtiments, en utilisant, entre autres, pierres tombales comme matériaux de construction.

De plus, les autorités d'occupation ont limité la superficie du cimetière sur trois côtés, réduisant considérablement sa superficie. Une caserne pour travailleurs forcés a été établie dans la zone qui appartenait autrefois au cimetière. Les vestiges de la période de la Seconde Guerre mondiale sont, entre autres deux abris antiaériens en béton.

Après la fin de la guerre, malgré le retour dans la ville d'un petit groupe de survivants juifs, aucune inhumation n'a eu lieu au cimetière. Un petit groupe de résidents juifs qui sont revenus à Oświęcim après la guerre, ont lancé des activités visant à ranger le cimetière et à le restaurer. Pendant cette période, la zone du cimetière a été partiellement nettoyée et le mur qui l'entoure a été rénové (l'absence de clôture a contribué aux incidents de vol).

Au cours de cette période, le concept de nouveaux déplacements du cimetière a émergé, ce qui a été empêché par l'initiative de Leon Schönker, le président de la Congrégation religieuse juive d'Oświęcim, qui a demandé que la zone existante soit laissée comme cimetière historique.

Dans les années 1970 et 1980, le cimetière a été dévasté à plusieurs reprises par des vandales locaux. En 1987-1988, le cimetière est rénové et rangé. Bientôt, un ohel fut érigé sur les tombes de la famille Scharf, financé par Asher Scharf de New York.

En ,  tombales du cimetière ont été renversées par des inconnus. Quelques jours auparavant, deux grandes croix gammées avaient été peintes sur le mur du cimetière. Ceux-ci ont été enlevés par la police municipale.

Depuis 2014, des volontaires de la Fondation Matzevah, Action Reconciliation Service For Peace (ARSP) et des volontaires locaux ont réparé plusieurs pans du mur extérieur, installé les matzevot dans 25 supports en béton et installé un chemin de gravier menant à un Ohel à l'arrière du cimetière. Aussi depuis 2014 le cimetière est un monument classé. Selon l'Institut national du patrimoine culturel et son registre des monuments, le cimetière est l'un des cimetières les mieux conservés et les mieux restaurés de Małopolska ; les pierres tombales préservées ont une valeur artistique considérable et le paysage de haute verdure donne un caractère de parc.

Début du
En 2000, le dernier habitant juif d'Oświęcim, Szymon Kluger (décédé le 26 mai 2000), a été enterré au cimetière. Son corps a été placé dans un Ohel spécialement construit. Dans les années 2003-2004, le cimetière a été réaménagé.

Sépultures et pierres tombales
Parmi les personnes enterrées au cimetière juif d'Oświęcim figurent :

 Jakub Haberfeld (1839–1904) - président de la communauté religieuse israélienne d'Oświęcim, conseiller, propriétaire d'une usine de vodka et de liqueur.
 Jozef Thieberg (1855-1916). La pierre tombale de Józef Thieberg a été retrouvée lors de la démolition d'un des monuments du cimetière catholique près d'Oświęcim. Thieberg était conseiller à Oświęcim et président de la communauté religieuse d'Oświęcim dans les années 1910-1916.
 Wiktor Owadja Leibler (1869–1929) - propriétaire de l'hôtel Herz à Oświęcim, conseiller et militant d'organisations sionistes. Liebler a également été l'un des fondateurs du gymnase d'Oświęcim (aujourd'hui le Fr. Stanisław Konarski à Oświęcim) et membre actif de la Croix-Rouge.

Formes de pierre tombale

Les matzevot plats classiques en grès sont la forme prédominante du cimetière juif d'Oświęcim. En raison du matériau, ces pierres tombales se délaminent souvent et se détériorent avec le temps. D'autres formes présentes dans le cimetière sont des obélisques et de petites pierres tombales verticales.

Des représentations décoratives ou symboliques liées au symbolisme et au mysticisme du judaïsme étaient souvent placées sur les pierres tombales. Les symboles les plus communs apparaissant dans le cimetière d'Oświęcim sont les motifs d'une couronne, d'un palmier et d'un chandelier à cinq branches.

Les matzevot du cimetière ont la forme typique d'un rectangle debout fermé par un arc en plein cintre, ou parfois fermé par un pignon. Le fleuron contient le plus souvent des éléments décoratifs, symboliques ou la formule initiale d'une inscription. Dans le cas de certaines pierres tombales, la partie texte est séparée du sommet par une corniche profilée. Sur le mur avant de la matzevah, il y a une inscription, généralement en hébreu. Sur plusieurs tombes de couples mariés, il y a des matzevot jumeaux fermés par des arcs en plein cintre.

Dans le cimetière, la pierre tombale d'Abraham Aba a été trouvée. C'est la plus ancienne matzevah trouvée dans le cimetière, actuellement restaurée et incluse dans l'exposition du Musée juif d'Oświęcim. Abraham Aba est mort le 21 octobre 1757.

Obélisques
L'obélisque est un poteau monolithique à quatre côtés, effilé vers le haut et tronqué au sommet, sur le piédestal et le piédestal. Les inscriptions sont placées à la fois sur le piédestal et dans la partie supérieure de l'obélisque (où sont également placés des éléments décoratifs et symboliques). Les monuments de ce type ont été financés par des citadins plus aisés (y compris la famille Haberfeld).

Stèles
La forme d'une stèle est formée de plaques verticales fermées par deux demi-colonnes et surmontées d'un fronton, le plus souvent en forme d'arc ou de triangle. Le plus souvent, il y a un panneau d'inscription entre les demi-colonnes et des représentations symboliques au sommet.

Articles connexes
 Synagogue d'Oświęcim
 Grande synagogue d'Oświęcim

Références

Oświęcim

Cimetière juif d'Oświęcim


An Urochloa panicoides in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ambroise Marie François Joseph Palisot de Beauvois. An Urochloa panicoides in nahilalakip ha genus nga Urochloa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo diri gud kababarak-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Urochloa

Urochloa panicoides


මදනායක වෙද මහත්තයා හෙවත් මදනායක වෙදදුරු , ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ වෙසෙන සිංහල වෙද මහතෙකි.

මූලාශ්‍ර

ආශ්‍රිත
 ආයුර්වේදය
 සිංහල වෙදකම

සිංහල වෙදකම

මදනායක වෙද මහත්තයා


Reper (fr. repère: znak, oznaka) je prirodno izrazita ili posebno obilježena referentna točka s obzirom na koju se provodi mjerenje neke veličine. U vojništvu je reper dobro vidljiv istaknuti predmet na terenu, a ucrtan na zemljovidu, koji služi pri određivanju vodoravnih kutnih udaljenosti za dojavu ciljeva. Napose je važan u topništvu, gdje predstavlja točku poznatih koordinata, za koju su prethodnim gađanjem pronađeni točni elementi za prijenos vatre na stvarni cilj.

Nivelmanski reper ili nivelirski reper u geodeziji oznaka je visinske točke precizno određene visine, koja služi kao osnova za određivanje visina okolnih točaka. Obično je u obliku čelične pločice s naznačenom nadmorskom visinom, ili nosača sa zaobljenim vrhom, a postavlja se na neko stabilno mjesto (zgrada, most ili slično).

Vidljivost

Vidljivost je najveća udaljenost na kojoj se danju na obzoru (horizontu) na svijetloj pozadini neba golim okom dobro razabire taman predmet, a noću svjetlost poznate jačine. Vidljivost se utvrđuje danju s pomoću takozvanog repera (izrazitih predmeta kojima je udaljenost poznata, na primjer tornjeva, drveća), a noću s pomoću svjetala. U meteorologiji se vidljivost određuje u različitim smjerovima. U vremenskim prognozama obično se objavljuje najmanja vidljivost.

Za razliku od optičke vidljivosti, koja zavisi od brojnih već navedenih čimbenika, u praksi služi pojam meteorološka vidljivost, pod kojom se podrazumijeva najveća udaljenost na kojoj motritelj normalnog vida uz postojeću prozirnost atmosfere može vidjeti i raspoznati taman predmet određenih mjera (takozvani reper), kad se on ističe na nebu prema obzoru (horizontu). Kutni promjer predmeta treba da bude veći od 20'. Vidljivost se određuje u vodoravnom ili približno vodoravnom smjeru, pa se takva vidljivost naziva vodoravnom vidljivošću (kraće vidljivost). Na aerodromima se određuje i okomita i kosa vidljivost.

Izvori

Geodetski instrumenti i oprema

Reper (geodezija)