Stefanie Vögele (Leuggern, Suiza, 10 de marzo de 1990) es una extenista suiza.

En individuales, su puesto más alto en el ranking de la WTA fue el 42, alcanzado el 11 de noviembre de 2013, mientras en dobles, ha llegado a ser 103 del mundo en enero de 2015.

Biografía
Vögele es entrenada por el checoslovaco Ivo Werner. Ella tiene tres hermanas y habla alemán, inglés y francés. Fue introducida al mundo del tenis a los cuatro años de edad por sus padres.

Carrera tenística

2009
En los primeros cinco meses del año, Vögele participó en muchos eventos de la WTA, necesitando jugar a través de las fases clasificatorias en la mayoría de torneos. Durante este periodo nunca ganó un partido del cuadro principal de algún torneo de la WTA. Vögele también participó en torneos de la ITF.

En junio, Vögele participó en el Torneo de Birmingham, venciendo a la sexta sembrada Ekaterina Makarova en ruta a la actuación de los cuartos de final, donde cayó frente a Na Li, cuarta sembrada. Jugando en Wimbledon por primera vez, perdió ante la campeona defensora Venus Williams.

Vögele tuvo fuertes actuaciones en julio, avanzando a la segunda ronda y semifinales en el Torneo de Praga y Torneo de Portoroz, respectivamente.

2010
En el Abierto de Australia, perdió en segunda ronda ante Victoria Azarenka. Jugando su tercer Torneo de Roland Garros, perdió ante Serena Williams en primera ronda. En Wimbledon, perdió en primera ronda ante María Kirilenko. Y en el US Open perdió en primera ronda ante Kateryna Bondarenko.

2011
En 2011, Stefanie falló en clasificar al cuadro principal de los Grand Slams. Perdió en primera ronda de la fase clasificatoria de Australian Open ante Lesia Tsurenko. En Roland Garros venció a María Irigoyen y Misaki Doi antes de perder ante Heather Watson. Perdió en la fase clasificatoria de Wimbledon ante Carla Suárez Navarro. En el US Open, venció a Lenka Wienerová, antes de perder ante Aleksandra Wozniak.

2012
En 2012, participó en el Abierto de Australia y US Open, perdiendo en primera ronda en ambos.

2013
Perdió en la primera ronda del Australian Open ante Tamira Paszek. Alcanzó las semifinales de Family Circle Cup en Charleston, Carolina del Sur, en el cual se incluye una victoria sobre la número nueve del mundo en ese momento Caroline Wozniacki en los cuartos de final. Alcanzó el mejor resultado de su carrera avanzando a la tercera ronda del abierto francés, después de vencer a Heather Watson en primera ronda. En Roland Garros avanzó hasta la tercera ronda donde perdió en manos de María Kirilenko. En Wimbledon y US Open cayó en primera ronda.

Títulos WTA (0; 0+0)

Individual (0)

Finalista (1)

Títulos ITF

Sencillos (8)

Actuación en Torneos Grand Slam

Individual

Dobles

Enlaces externos

Tenistas femeninas de Suiza
Nacidos en el cantón de Argovia

Stefanie Vögele


L'hôpital Middlemore est un hôpital public majeur de la banlieue d'Ōtāhuhu, à Auckland, en Nouvelle-Zélande. L'hôpital compte environ 800 lits. Il y a 24 blocs opératoires répartis sur deux sites.

Histoire
En 1943, pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, a commencé la construction d'un hôpital de 300 lits à Otahuhu, près du parcours de golf de Middlemore. Il a été construit pour accueillir les militaires malades et blessés de la guerre dans le Pacifique et connu sous le nom d'hôpital militaire d'Otahuhu. La construction a duré trois ans, mais en 1945, lorsque la guerre dans le Pacifique a pris fin, il n'y avait plus besoin d'un hôpital militaire et il est devenu un hôpital civil, administré par le Conseil de l'hôpital d'Auckland. Le conseil d'administration de l'hôpital d'Auckland a décidé en 1944 que l'hôpital serait connu sous le nom de Middlemore Hospital, le nom de la ferme familiale Thompson près de l'endroit où l'hôpital a été construit, faisant référence à un membre de la famille du XVIII siècle. L'hôpital a officiellement ouvert ses portes le . Le Dr H.J.A. Colvin a été nommé surintendant médical et Miss O.M. Hollan comme matrone en 1947.

Une unité de chirurgie plastique a été créée initialement sous la direction des chirurgiens  et  qui ont fait la navette de Wellington de 1947 à 1950; ils ont été suivis par William Manchester (qui s'était formé avec ), John Peat (un orthodontiste), Michael Flint (qui s'était formé avec Harold Gillies) et Joan Chapple.

L'hôpital Middlemore est le plus grand hôpital d'Auckland, avec environ  employés qui traitent plus de  patients hospitalisés et plus de  patients externes par an (données de 2007). Le service d'urgence (ED) est le service d'urgence mixte (adulte / pédiatrique) le plus fréquenté d'Australasie, avec un recensement annuel de  patients en 2011, et le taux de présentations aux services d'urgence augmentant à un taux de 5 à 8 % par an. En 2014, l'hôpital de Middlemore a traité plus de patients en chirurgie générale que tout autre hôpital du pays ( patients, soit plus de 32 admissions par jour), avec environ 75 % d'entre eux se présentant aux urgences. Ce nombre a également augmenté régulièrement au cours des dernières années et fait de l'hôpital: l'hôpital de chirurgie générale et d'urgence, le plus achalandé du pays. Il est également connu pour s'occuper d'une part supérieure à la moyenne de femmes enceintes, le personnel accouchant généralement plus de 20 bébés par jour.

Opérations
Middlemore est exploité par , qui offre des soins hospitaliers tertiaires et spécialisés, ainsi qu'une gamme d'autres services de santé et sociaux, à la population des comtés de Manukau. Le secteur définie s'étend d'Ōtāhuhu à  et compte une population de  personnes. La population de cette région d'Auckland continue de croître à un rythme plus rapide que le reste du pays (3,2 % par an), ce qui, conjugué à l'augmentation de l'âge de la population, devrait nécessiter une augmentation du nombre de lits d'hospitalisation à plus de  d'ici 2020.

Des services d'hospitalisation sont également fournis dans plusieurs établissements affiliés  : Centre de chirurgie Manukau, Kidz First Children's Hospital, Pukekohe Hospital, Franklin Memorial Hospital, Botany Downs Maternity Unit et Papakura Maternity Unit, ainsi que des unités dédiées à la santé mentale et à la réadaptation. Les services ambulatoires sont principalement fournis à Manukau SuperClinic et Botany SuperClinic. Les spécialisations tertiaires comprennent la chirurgie digestive, la chirurgie vasculaire, la chirurgie orthopédique, la chirurgie buccale et maxillo-faciale, les brûlures et la chirurgie plastique, l'odontologie, ainsi que la médecine spécialisée, la médecine physique et de réadaptation, la dialyse rénale et les soins intensifs néonatals.

De nouvelles installations

Nouveau bloc de services cliniques (bâtiment Harley Gray)
Un nouveau bloc de services cliniques de cinq étages a été officiellement ouvert en avril 2014. Le bâtiment a été nommé d'après le chirurgien orthopédiste Harley Gray qui était chirurgien orthopédiste à Middlemore jusqu'en 2001 et a été nommé Compagnon de l'Ordre du Mérite de la Nouvelle-Zélande en 2003.

Ko Awatéa
Le Ko Awatea Center a été construit en 2011, il a été conçu pour être un centre d'éducation, d'amélioration et d'innovation pour soutenir les systèmes de santé et les services publics. Le nom, Ko Awatea, signifie « première lumière ». Le nom provient de tangata whenua, indicatif de la valeur que les Maoris accordent à Ko Awatea et de son rôle dans le CMH.

Bloc Edmund Hillary
Le bloc Edmund Hillary est un immeuble de six étages pour patients hospitalisés construit en 2009.

Unité de soins intensifs
En juin 2008, une nouvelle unité de soins intensifs a été commandée, décrite comme la plus avancée de Nouvelle-Zélande.

Centre national des brûlés
En juin 2006, l'hôpital a ouvert son nouveau service spécialisé de traitement des brûlures, le National Burn Centre. L'installation constitue la base des opérations du National Burn Service qui prend en charge les patients les plus gravement brûlés de la région et du pays (environ 400 brûlés locaux et régionaux par an).

Installations affiliées

Centre de chirurgie de Manukau
Le centre de chirurgie de Manukau propose des services de chirurgie d'un jour et de chirurgie programmée et aiguë pour les patients qui ne devraient pas avoir besoin d'accéder aux soins intensifs ou à la radiologie interventionnelle.

SuperClinique de Manukau
La Manukau SuperClinic (MSC) propose des rendez-vous ambulatoires spécialisés et des procédures de jour.

Hôpital pour enfants Kidz First
Le Kidz First Children's Hospital est spécialement conçu pour fournir des soins de santé centrés sur la famille et desservir la communauté culturellement diversifiée des comtés de Manukau.

Campus clinique du sud d'Auckland
Le campus clinique du sud d'Auckland (South Auckland Clinical Campus, SACC) basé à l'hôpital Middlemore est une division universitaire de la faculté des sciences médicales et de la santé de l'université d'Auckland. Le campus coordonne l'enseignement clinique et la recherche en partenariat avec les comtés de Manukau Health et a établi des groupes de recherche axés sur la récupération améliorée après la chirurgie, les soins intégrés, l'éducation médicale, la chirurgie orthopédique, la santé des femmes du Pacifique et la chirurgie plastique.

Références

Liens externes

 Conseil de santé du district de Manukau des comtés (organisme officiel responsable de l'hôpital)
 Base de données des groupes/organisations internationaux de soutien aux brûlés et des camps de brûlés
 Photographies de l'hôpital Middlemore conservées dans les collections patrimoniales des bibliothèques d'Auckland.

Auckland
Hôpital en Nouvelle-Zélande
Fondation en 1947

Hôpital Middlemore


Dagmara Domińczyk ( ; n. 17 iulie 1976) este o actriță și scriitoare polonezo-americană. Ea a apărut în filme precum Rock Star (2001), Contele de Monte Cristo (2002), Kinsey (2004), Ai încredere în bărbați! (2005), Dragostea ucide (2006), Alergând ca apucații (2006), Higher Grounds (2011), The Letter (2012), Imigranta (2013), și Big Stone Gap (2014).

În 2013 a publicat The Lullaby of Polish Girls, inspirată din copilăria sa. Este căsătorită cu actorul Patrick Wilson, cu care are doi copii.

Viața timpurie și educația
Domińczyk s-a născut în Kielce, ca fiică a lui Aleksandra și Mirosław Domińczyk, un membru al mișcarii poloneze Solidaritatea. S-a mutat cu familia ei la New York în 1983 solicitând azil din cauza asocierilor politice ale părinților ei (implicarea tatălui în Amnesty International și Solidaritatea). Ea este sora mai mare a actrițelor Marika Domińczyk și Veronika Domińczyk.

Domińczyk a absolvit liceul Fiorello H. LaGuardia din Manhattan. Ea a continuat să studieze la Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, pe care a absolvit-o în 1998.

Cariera
În 1999, Domińczyk și-a făcut debutul pe Broadway ca dublura lui  Anna Friel din piesa Closer. În 2001, ea a jucat ca Tania Asher în Star Rock, și în 2002, a jucat rolul logodnicii lui Edmond Dantes, Mercedès Iguanada, în Contele de Monte Cristo.

În 2011, Domińczyk a jucat în Higher Ground, film cu care Vera Farmiga a debutat ca regizoare, în care personajul ei are o tumoare pe creier. În 2012 joacă alături de Winona Ryder și James Franco în The Letter. În 2013 joacă în Imigranta, care îi are în distribuție pe Marion Cotillard, Joaquin Phoenix și Jeremy Renner.  În 2014, Domińczyk a jucat în thrillerul politic polonez Jack Strong, regizat de Władysław Pasikowski.

References

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1976
Actrițe americane din secolul al XX-lea
Actrițe americane din secolul al XXI-lea
Oameni în viață

Dagmara Domińczyk


Oscar Hammerstein may refer to:

Oscar Hammerstein I (1846–1919), cigar manufacturer, opera impresario and theatre builder
Oscar Hammerstein II (1895–1960), Broadway lyricist, songwriting partner of Jerome Kern and Richard Rodgers

Oscar Hammerstein


Das Tagore-Gymnasium (bis 2013: Tagore-Schule) ist ein sprachlich-künstlerisch betontes öffentliches Gymnasium im Berliner Bezirk Marzahn-Hellersdorf. Namenspate ist der bengalische Dichter, Philosoph und Maler Rabindranath Tagore. 2006 wurde dem Gymnasium der Name Tagore-Schule verliehen. Die Schule entstand im Zuge der Marzahner Schulschließungen aus der Zusammenlegung folgender Schulen: Oberschule an der Weide, Einstein-Oberschule, Karl-Schiller-Oberschule, Walter-Felsenstein-Oberschule und Mahatma-Gandhi-Oberschule.

Die Gebäude
Die beiden Schulgebäude und eine der beiden Sporthallen wurden von 2003 bis 2009 modernisiert. Der ehemals betonierte Schulhof wurde in den Jahren 2009–2011 mit Wasserspielen, Amphitheater und einem Garten im indischen Stil mit mosaikverzierten Sitzbänken umgestaltet. Die Gebäude sind jeweils rund 120 Meter lang.

Aufgrund der großen Schüleranzahl wird seit dem Schuljahr 2010/2011 die Kiezsporthalle (ehemals: Turnhalle der Döblinschule) zusätzlich genutzt.

Außerunterrichtliches

Patenschaften mit Indien
Seit der Gründung der Tagore-Schule übernehmen Klassen die Patenschaft über ein indisches Kind aus Chaibasa. Im Jahr 2011/2012 haben mehrere Klassen ein Patenkind. Die Patenkinder werden finanziell unterstützt und es bestehen Brieffreundschaften.

Partnerschulen
Im Jahr 2002 schlossen die Lutheran-High-School in Chaibasa und die Mahatma-Gandhi-Schule eine Partnerschaft. Mehrmals besuchten sich Lehrer und Schüler gegenseitig. Da die Mahatma-Gandhi-Schule im Sommer 2007 geschlossen wurde, übernahm das Tagore-Gymnasium diese Schulpartnerschaft und führt sie seitdem fort.

Arbeitsgemeinschaften
Am Tagore-Gymnasium werden derzeit 20 Arbeitsgemeinschaften angeboten. Unter anderem gibt es eine Homepage-AG, eine Multimedia-AG, die auch den Schulfilm produziert, sowie die Robo-AG, die an den Robocup-Turnieren teilnimmt.

Malerarbeiten an der Karl-Friedrich-Friesen Grundschule
Die künstlerische Ausrichtung der Schule spiegelte sich auch in der ehrenamtlichen Arbeit wider. So haben zwölf Schülerinnen und Schüler Wandbereiche im Foyer der Karl-Friedrich-Friesen Grundschule gestaltet. Zwischen der Karl-Friedrich-Friesen Schule und dem Tagore-Gymnasium besteht ein Kooperationsvertrag.

Förderverein
Das Tagore-Gymnasium wird durch einen Förderverein unterstützt, der Aktivitäten und Investitionen trotz der schwierigen finanziellen Situation im Land Berlin ermöglicht.

Weblinks

 Offizielle Homepage der Tagore-Schule
 Förderverein der Tagore-Schule

Einzelnachweise

Gymnasium in Berlin
Gegründet 2006
Schule in Berlin-Marzahn

Tagore-Gymnasium (Berlin)


Karolína Peake (* 10. Oktober 1975 in Prag) ist eine tschechische Politikerin (LIDEM). In der Regierung Nečas war sie anfangs als Stellvertretende Ministerpräsidentin für Korruptionsbekämpfung zuständig. Am 12. Dezember 2012 wurde sie zur Verteidigungsministerin ernannt, aber bereits am 20. Dezember 2012 wieder abberufen.

Leben
Nach dem Studium der Rechtswissenschaften an der Karlsuniversität arbeitete Peake zwei Jahre in einer Anwaltskanzlei. Später war sie als Anwältin und Übersetzerin tätig.

1997 bis 1998 war Karolína Peake Mitglied der Partei ODS, trat politisch jedoch nicht näher in Erscheinung. 2006 bis 2010 war sie für die Partei Věci veřejné (VV) Mitglied in der Vertretung des 1. Prager Stadtbezirkes. 2007 wurde sie ordentliches Parteimitglied. 2010 kandidierte sie erfolgreich für die tschechische Abgeordnetenkammer, in der sie seitdem Mitglied ist. Im April 2011 übernahm sie nach dem Parteiausschluss der Fraktionsvorsitzenden Kristýna Kočí kurzzeitig die Funktion der Fraktionsvorsitzenden der VV in der Abgeordnetenkammer. Dann trat sie zum 1. Juli 2011 als Vizepremier mit der Zuständigkeit für Korruptionsbekämpfung in die Regierung Petr Nečas ein.

Nach der Verurteilung des VV-Fraktionsvorsitzenden Vít Bárta wegen Abgeordnetenbestechung kam es im April 2012 innerhalb der VV zu einem intensiven Streit über den Verbleib in der Regierung. Karolína Peake trat hierbei stets für den Verbleib in der Regierung ein. Im Laufe des Konfliktes trat sie mit den weiteren amtierenden Ministern der VV und einer Reihe weiterer Parlamentsabgeordneter aus der VV aus und sicherte so zunächst den Verbleib in der Regierung. Im Mai 2012 kündigte sie sodann die Gründung einer eigenen Partei mit dem Namen LIDEM – liberální demokraté an. Auf dem Gründungsparteitag der LIDEM am 3. November 2012 in Brno wurde Peake mit 68 von 70 Stimmen zur Vorsitzenden gewählt. Am 8. August 2013 trat sie vom Vorsitz zurück, nachdem sie bei der Vertrauensabstimmung der Regierung Jiří Rusnok entgegen der Parteilinie nicht gegen die Regierung gestimmt, sondern nicht an der Abstimmung teilgenommen hatte.

Nach dem Rücktritt von Alexandr Vondra übernahm sie am 12. Dezember 2012 statt der Zuständigkeit für Korruptionsbekämpfung das Amt der Verteidigungsministerin der Tschechischen Republik. Sie blieb Vizeregierungschefin. Nach nur acht Tagen im Amt wurde sie von Staatspräsident Václav Klaus auf Betreiben von Ministerpräsident Petr Nečas wegen eines Streits um die Personalpolitik im Ministerium wieder von diesem Amt entlassen, wodurch eine erneute Regierungskrise ausgelöst wurde. Nečas begründete seinen Schritt mit "totalem Vertrauensverlust" angesichts der von Peake angeordneten Abberufung des ersten Stellvertretenden Verteidigungsministers Vlastimil Picek an ihrem ersten Tag im Amt.

Karolína Peake ist mit dem Australier Charles Peake verheiratet, mit dem sie zwei Söhne hat. Die Familie lebt in Prag.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website
 Karolína Peake auf der Webseite des Parlaments

Einzelnachweise

Politiker (Tschechien)
Politiker (21. Jahrhundert)
Tscheche
Tschechoslowake
Geboren 1975
Frau

Karolína Peake


El Conservatorio de Música de la Universidad de Magallanes es un conservatorio de música ubicado en el centro de la ciudad de Punta Arenas, en la Región de Magallanes y de la Antártica Chilena. Fue creado en el año 1989 con el fin de promover una formación musical de niños y jóvenes de la Patagonia chilena y la difusión de música docta dentro de la comunidad regional.

Docencia
El Director del Conservatorio de Música de la Universidad de Magallanes es el maestro Sergio Pérez Bontes (Compositor y pianista), el cual trabaja con un cuerpo docente de 9 profesores de diferentes áreas del conocimiento musical.

Cursos
 Violín
 Viola
 Violonchelo
 Contrabajo
 Piano
 Guitarra
 Canto (Femenino y Masculino)
 Coro
 Percusión
 Flauta Traversa

Fondos
El Conservatorio de Música de la Universidad de Magallanes ha sido beneficiado por el Fondo de Desarrollo para la Cultura y las Artes, Fondart Nacional, en el año 1996 y 2001.

Véase también
Universidad de Magallanes
Campus Central de la Universidad de Magallanes
Universidad de Magallanes Televisión
Instituto de la Patagonia

Enlaces externos
 Página oficial de la Universidad de Magallanes
 Página oficial Conservatorio de Música de la Universidad de Magallanes

Universidad de Magallanes
Escuelas de música de Chile
Organizaciones fundadas en 1989
Punta Arenas
Conservatorios


Oscar Turner ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Oscar Turner (Politiker, 1825) (1825–1896), amerikanischer Politiker
 Oscar Turner (Politiker, 1867) (1867–1902), amerikanischer Politiker

Oscar Turner


Andrea Benetti (født 15. januar 1964 i Bologna, Italien) er en italiensk maler.

Benetti skrev 2006 Manifesto dell'Arte Neorupestre ('Manifest for ny hulekunst' ?), som han 2009 præsenterede på den 53. Venedigbiennale ved Università Ca' Foscari Venezia.

Benettis kunst er inspireret af en direkte og indirekte henvisning til de første former for kunst lavet af det forhistoriske menneske. Han brugte stilistiske træk fra hulemalerierne og skabte værker med stiliserede zoomorfe og antropomorfe motiver, geometriske og abstrakte former med farvefelter, som skulle skabe en etisk og filosofisk bro mellem forhistorie og samtidighed, understreget ved brugen af vegetabilske pigmenter og teknikker som basrelief og graffiti.
Hans arbejde findes i nationale og udenlandske kunstsamlinger (bl.a. De Forenede Nationer, Vatikanet og Quirinalet).

I 2020 blev Benetti tildelt "Nettuno-prisen" i byen Bologna.

Galleri

Museer og samlinger (udvalg)
 FNs kunstsamling ( New York, USA)
 Vatikanets kunstsamling ( Città del Vaticano )
 MACIA - Italiensk museum for moderne kunst i Amerika ( San José - Costa Rica )
 Quirinal Art Collection ∙ Italiens præsidentskab for republikken ∙ (Rom - Italien)
 Palazzo Montecitorio ∙ Italiensk parlament ∙ Chamber Of Deputie (Rom - Italien)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Hjemmeside for Andrea Benetti (it./en.)
 Andrea Benetti på Treccani-encyklopædi
 Bibliografi
 Andrea Benetti - Præsentationsvideo

Malere fra Italien
Personer fra Bologna

Andrea Benetti


Gleina ist ein Ortsteil der Gemeinde Nobitz im Landkreis Altenburger Land in Thüringen.

Lage
Gleina liegt sechs Kilometer südlich der Stadt Altenburg im Ackerbaugebiet des Altenburger-Schmöllner Lösshügellandes und rechts der Blauen Flut. Das Dorf ist Anlieger der Bundesstraße 7.

Geschichte
Am 22. März 1286 wurde das Dorf erstmals urkundlich genannt. Es ist aus einer sorbische Ansiedlung hervorgegangen. Glina bedeutet in der sorbischen Sprache = Lehm.

Gleina gehörte zum wettinischen Amt Altenburg, welches ab dem 16. Jahrhundert aufgrund mehrerer Teilungen im Lauf seines Bestehens unter der Hoheit folgender Ernestinischer Herzogtümer stand: Herzogtum Sachsen (1554 bis 1572), Herzogtum Sachsen-Weimar (1572 bis 1603), Herzogtum Sachsen-Altenburg (1603 bis 1672), Herzogtum Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg (1672 bis 1826). Bei der Neuordnung der Ernestinischen Herzogtümer im Jahr 1826 kam der Ort wiederum zum Herzogtum Sachsen-Altenburg.
Nach der Verwaltungsreform im Herzogtum gehörte er bezüglich der Verwaltung zum Ostkreis (bis 1900) bzw. zum Landratsamt Altenburg (ab 1900). Das Dorf gehörte ab 1918 zum Freistaat Sachsen-Altenburg, der 1920 im Land Thüringen aufging. 1922 kam es zum Landkreis Altenburg.

Gleina wurde am 1. Juli 1950 nach Burkersdorf b. Lehndorf eingemeindet.
Bei der zweiten Kreisreform in der DDR wurden 1952 die bestehenden Länder aufgelöst und die Landkreise neu zugeschnitten. Somit kam Gleina als Ortsteil von Burkersdorf mit dem Kreis Altenburg an den Bezirk Leipzig, der seit 1990 als Landkreis Altenburg zu Thüringen gehörte und 1994 im Landkreis Altenburger Land aufging. Durch Eingemeindung der Gemeinde Burkersdorf mit ihren Ortsteilen kam Gleina am 1. Januar 1973 zur Gemeinde Lehndorf. Mit dem Aufgehen der Gemeinde Lehndorf in der Einheitsgemeinde Saara wurde Gleina am 1. Januar 1996 ein Ortsteil dieser Gemeinde, bis diese wiederum am 31. Dezember 2012 zu Nobitz kam. In Gleina existiert heute auf einem Bauernhof ein Landhotel.

Radarstation
Das Rittergut Schellenberg wurde 1960 von der NVA übernommen. Drei Wohnblöcke wurden für die Soldaten und deren Familien dazugebaut. Auf der gegenüberliegenden höchsten Erhebung im Altenburger Raum, der Wachtstange, auf der bereits im Zweiten Weltkrieg eine Flakstellung aufgestellt war, wurde 1961 ein Funkmessposten mit Radar errichtet. Daraus wurde später die Funktechnische Kompanie (FuTK) 312 der NVA-LSK/LV.

Diese wurde am 3. Oktober 1990 durch die Bundeswehr übernommen und unter NATO-Gesichtspunkten weiterbetrieben. Im Zeitraum 1994/95 wurde der weithin sichtbare Radarturm mit dem RRP 117 gebaut. Dieser ging dann 1996 in Betrieb, die alten russischen Funkmeßstationen (P-37 und PRW-13) wurden verschrottet.
1995 wurde die Einheit umorganisiert und als Abgesetzter Technischer Zug (AbgTZg) 254 neu aufgestellt. Am 1. Oktober 2002 erfolgte dann eine Umbenennung des Zuges in AbgTZg 355. Unterstellt ist der Zug dem Einsatzführungsbereich 3.

Weblinks

 Gleina auf der Webseite der Gemeinde Nobitz

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Nobitz)
Ort im Landkreis Altenburger Land
Ersterwähnung 1286
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Altenburger Land)
Gemeindeauflösung 1950
Deutscher Ortsname slawischer Herkunft

Gleina (Nobitz)


Der Wetterturm in Rinnegg in der Gemeinde Sankt Radegund bei Graz in der Steiermark hat eine Geschichte, die sich bis auf das Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts zurückverfolgen lässt. Er diente einst zum Wetterläuten, um aufziehende Unwetter zu vertreiben. Vermutlich läutete man seine Glocken auch, um böse Geister und die Schöcklhexen zu vertreiben.

Lage
Der Turm steht in der Ortschaft Rinnegg in der Wetterturmstraße 14.

Geschichte

Die 1787 durchgeführte Josephinische Landesaufnahme gibt an, dass zu jener Zeit an dieser Stelle bereits ein Turm stand. Kaiser Joseph II. verbot im Jahr 1783 das Wetterläuten. Obwohl Leopold II. das Verbot aufhob, begann der Turm zu verfallen und wurde vom wilden Wein überwuchert. Im Herbst 2006 wurde das Bauwerk vom Pflanzenbewuchs befreit und das Dach erneuert.

Beschreibung
Der Wetterturm unbekannten Erbauungsdatums ist in der Form eines romanischen Turms aus Natursteinmauerwerk erbaut. Er hat einen beinahe quadratischen Grundriss und ein mit Lärchenschindeln gedecktes Zeltdach. Über dem gemauerten, straßenseitigen Eingang ist ein Pultdach. Steinerne Gesimse unterteilen den Turm in drei Geschosse. Im obersten, dem Glockengeschoss, befinden sich auf jeder Seite zwei gekuppelte Rundbogenfenster (Schallöffnungen).

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Baudenkmal (Steiermark)
Sankt Radegund bei Graz
Turm in der Steiermark
Glockenturm
Turm in Europa
Grazer Bergland
Wasserscheide Drau – Raab

Wetterturm (St. Radegund bei Graz)


Corocore es una ligera embarcación costera malaya, de fondos planos, mucha manga, cabezas o extremidades muy levantadas y apta para navegar a remo y vela.

Suele denominársela también con los nombres de corocora y corocoa, pero en realidad el corocore es el buque, si bien parecido por su construcción y aspecto general a los dos dichos, de menor tonelaje y más veloz que aquellos.

Referencias

Embarcaciones de vela
Embarcaciones de remo

Corocore


Papa Grgur XIV. za vrijeme svoga pontifikata (1590. – 1591.) održao je 2 konzistorija na kojima je imenovao ukupno 5 kardinala.

Konzistorij 19. prosinca 1590. (I.)
 Paolo Emilio Sfondrati, nećak Njegove Svetosti

Konzistorij 6. ožujka 1591. (II.)

 Ottavio Paravicini, alesandrijski biskup, nuncij u Švicarskoj
 Ottavio Acquaviva d'Aragona, stariji, referent Sudišta Apostolske signature pravde i milosti, majordom Njegove Svetosti
 Odoardo Farnese, opat commendatarius Grottaferrate
 Flaminio Piatti, saslušatelj Svete Rimske rote

Vidi još
 Kardinalski zbor
 Konzistorij

Izvori

Grgur 14
Kardinalski zbor

Kardinalska imenovanja pape Grgura XIV.


Ferenc Simó Kissolymossy (n. 11 aprilie 1801, Odorheiu Secuiesc – d. 19 decembrie 1869, Cluj) a fost un pictor maghiar din Transilvania.

Biografie

Anii tinereții, educație
A fost fiul unui avocat. După absolvirea gimnaziului a studiat în perioada 1818–1823, cu întreruperi, la Academia de Arte Vizuale (Akademie der bildenden Künste) din Viena, avându-i ca profesori pe Carl Gsellhofer și Karl v. Sales. A urmat un "stagiu" artistic fertil la Viena în perioada 1823-1826.

Maturitate artistică
Din 1826 a lucrat la Buda (azi parte din Budapesta), realizând pentru Academia Ungară de Științe (Magyar Tudományos Akadémia (MTA)) o serie de portrete ale unor personalități marcante ale vieții literare.

Din 1831 s-a mutat la Cluj, unde și-a început activitatea didactică ca profesor la Școala Normală de Desen (1836-1866) și apoi la Liceul Romano-Catolic (1866-1869), până la moarte. I-a avut ca elevi pe Bertalan Székely și Géza Dósa (1846–1871).

Portretele sale vădesc o simplitate formală specifică clasicismului și este considerat un reprezentant de seamă a picturii din Epoca Biedermeier. Conform informațiilor documentare, Simó Ferenc era retribuit pentru un portret cu atâția florini de aur câți erau necesari pentru a acoperi întreaga suprafață a tabloului.

La Muzeul de Artă din Cluj este expus portretul Eszterei Sombori, portret-pereche cu cel reprezentându-l pe Miklos Sombori (1832).

Note

Nașteri în 1801
Nașteri pe 11 aprilie
Decese în 1869
Decese pe 19 decembrie
Decese în Cluj-Napoca
Maghiari din secolul al XIX-lea
Maghiari din Transilvania
Oameni din Odorheiu Secuiesc
Pictori maghiari
Pictori portretiști
Pictori din secolul al XIX-lea
Profesori maghiari

Ferenc Simó de Kissolymossy


A 19-a ediție a Campionatului European de Atletism s-a desfășurat între 7 august și 13 august 2006 la Göteborg, Suedia. Au participat 1263 de sportivi, veniți din 48 de țări.

Stadionul Olimpic
Probele au avut loc pe Stadionul Ullevi din Göteborg. Acesta a fost construit în anul 1958 pentru Campionatul Mondial de Fotbal din 1958. A găzduit și Campionatul Mondial de Atletism din 1995.

Rezultate
RM - record mondial; RE - record european; RC - record al competiției; RN - record național; PB - cea mai bună performanță a carierei

Masculin

Feminin

Clasament pe medalii

Participarea României la campionat
27 de atleți au reprezentat România.

 Marian Oprea – triplusalt - locul 3
 Nicoleta Grasu – disc - locul 3
 Claudia Ștef – 20 km marș - locul 5
 Adina Anton – lungime - locul 5
 Corina Dumbrăvean – 1500 m - locul 6
 Ioan Vieru – 4x400 m - locul 6 – 400 m - locul 10
 Vasile Boboș – 400 m - locul 25 – 4x400 m - locul 6
 Cătălin Cîmpeanu – 400 m - locul 28 – 4x400 m - locul 6
 Florin Suciu – 200 m - locul 33 – 4x400 m - locul 6
 Adelina Gavrilă – triplusalt - locul 7
 Angela Moroșanu – 200 m - locul 8 – 400 m garduri - locul 16
 Sergiu Ursu – disc - locul 9
 Cristina Casandra – 3000 m obstacole - locul 10
 Alexandru Mihăilescu – 110 m garduri - locul 11
 Constantina Tomescu – 10 000 m - locul 11
 Ana Maria Groza – 20 km marș - locul 11
 Silviu Casandra – 20 km marș - locul 15
 Liliana Popescu – 800 m - locul 15
 Felicia Moldovan – suliță - locul 16
 Bogdan Tudor – lungime - locul 17
 Gheorghe Gușet – greutate - locul 17
 Alina Gherasim – maraton - locul 17
 Mihaela Neacșu – 800 m - locul 19
 Mihaela Melinte – ciocan - locul 20
 Viorica Țigău – lungime - locul 21
 Daniel Donovici – triplusalt - locul 23
 Alina Militaru – lungime - locul 23

Participarea Republicii Moldova la campionat
Cinci atleți au reprezentat Republica Moldova.

 Ion Luchianov – 3000 m obstacole - locul 15
 Roman Rozna – ciocan - locul 20
 Inna Gliznuța – înălțime - locul 20
 Aleksandra Zelenina – lungime - locul 28 – triplusalt - locul 21
 Ivan Emilianov – greutate - locul 26

Note

Legături externe

  EUROPEAN ATHLETICS CHAMPIONSHIPS - GÖTEBORG 2006

Atletism
2006
Göteborg
Atletism

Campionatul European de Atletism din 2006


Elbruz Dağı ( — Bengü dağ;  — Konik şekilde dağ; Çerkesçe: Oşhamaho/Oşhamaf — Kutlu [Uğurlu] Dağ; ), 5.642 m yükseklikle (batı zirvesi; doğu zirvesi: 5.621 m) Kafkasların ve Rusya'nın en yüksek dağı. Elbruz; şu sıralar faal olmayan, yoğun olarak buzullarla kaplı, çift zirveli bir stratovolkandır. İki zirve arasındaki mesafe 1.500 metre olup zirve noktası güney krater kenarında bulunur. 70'ten fazla buzul, Elbruz'dan aşağıya, vadiye akar. Toplam 145 km² buzla örtülüdür.

Araplar Orta Çağ'da, Cebelü'l-Elsina جبل ال السنة "Dillerin Dağı" diye adlandırırlardı. Elbruz, "Ruhların Kralı", "Tanrıların Tahtı", "Mutluların Yeri " ve "Kutsal Yükseklik" diye de adlandırılır.

Eğer Kafkaslar Avrupa'nın sınırı olarak kabul edilirse Elbruz Avrupa'nın en yüksek dağıdır.

Coğrafya
Elbruz, Rusya Federasyonu Güney Federal Okrugu içindeki Kuzey Kafkasya ekonomik bölgesinde, Kabardey-Balkarya'da, Gürcistan sınırının 11 km kuzeyinde, Tiflis'in yaklaşık 270 km kuzey batısında yer alır.

Avrupa'ya mı yoksa Asya'ya mı dahil edilmesi gerektiği tartışmalıdır. Kimileri Kafkaslar'ın ve dolayısıyla Elbrus'un dahili Avrasya sınırını oluşturduğu teorisini öne sürerken, Kafkasların kuzeyi Kuma-Manych Depresyonu'nu(en) sınır olarak tanımlayan bir görüş de vardır.

Kıtalar sadece tek bir karasal alan oluşturduğundan, fiziksel ve coğrafi olarak bakıldığında sadece tek bir Avrasya mevcut olabilir. Bu yüzden, sınırın nerede olduğu meselesi tam olarak açıklığa kavuşamaz. Tarihi bağlamda sınır sıkça yer değiştirmiştir ve bir sınırın tarihi dayanakları olan yönlendiricisi de mevcut değildir.

Elbruz'un Avrupa veya Asya içinde konuşlandırılması, Avrupa'nın en yüksek dağı meselesiyle de bağlantılıdır. Buna göre bu unvana sahip dağ artık Mont Blanc olmayacaktır. Günümüzde, Strahlenberg'in (1676 - 1747) tespit ettiği Asya sınırı yaygın kabul görmektedir. Strahlenberg, aldığı jeodezi göreviyle, daha önce kabul edilen Avrupa sınırını Don Nehri'nden Ural Dağları'na çekmiştir. En güney doğudaki sınır olarak Kafkasların kuzeyindeki Kuma-Manych Depresyonu'nu(en) seçer. Bu anlayışa göre Elbruz Asyalıdır.

Jeoloji

Elbruz Holosen devrinde 14x17 km boyutlarında bir kaldera içinde oluşmuş, andesit-dazit stratovolkandır. Son patlaması, yaklaşık 2000 yıl önce (MS 50 ± 50 yıl) olmuş, bir çeşit volkanik kayaç türü olan ignimbritler, patlamaların kül yığınları ve lav akıntıları 250 km² lik bir alana yayılmıştır. Doğu zirvesinde 250 m çapında yanardağ krateri kalmıştır. Bugün Elbruz, zirve yakınındaki solfatar (gaz faaliyeti) ve sıcak su kaynağı ile volkanik faaliyetlerin çok zayıf işaretlerini gösterir. Masif buz takkesinin hızla erimesi ve yeniden bir faaliyet artışında oluşan lahardan (yanardağ yamacından akan çamurlu akıntı), Elbruz ve çevresi için potansiyel tehlike oluşturmaktadır.

Tarihçe

İlk tırmanış
Doğu zirvesine ilk çıkış, 22 Temmuz 1829'da Kabardey Çerkes'i Killar Xhaçirov tarafından, Elbruz'un eteğindeki Rus general Emanuel'in kampından zirveye tırmanışla başarılmıştır. Kamp, Elbruz çevresini araştırmak için yapılan bilimsel keşif gezisinin (ekspedisyon) konaklama noktasıydı. Bu keşif gezisine akademisyenler Kupfer, Meyer ve Fransız Ménétries dahildi. Carl Anton Meyer, Elbruz ve çevresinin ilk yükseklik verilerini elde eder.

5.642 m yükseklikteki batı zirvesine ilk tırmanış ise, 28 Temmuz 1874'te İngiliz Frederick Gardiner, Florence Crauford Grove, Horace Walker ve ekspedisyonun İsviçreli lideri Peter Knubel tarafından başarılır.

Diğer başarılı tırmanışlar:
 1868, Douglas William Freshfield
 1868, Adolphus Warburton Moore ve C. C. Tucker
 1884, M. v. Dèchy
 1888, Albert Mummery
 1891, Gottfried Merzbacher
 1890/96, A.W. Pastuchow (askeri topoğraf), batı- ve doğu zirvesi. Elbruz Masifi'nin ilk fiziksel haritasını hazırlar. 4.690 metredeki bir kayalık grup bu dağcının adını almıştır.
 1929 ilk kayak tırmanışı, Leopoldo Gasparotto ve Hugo Tomaschek

İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nda Elbruz

1. ve 2. dağ tümeninin 10.000 kişilik Alman dağ komandoları (Gebirgsjäger), 14 Ağustos 1942'de 4.000 metre yükseklikteki Khotiutau geçidini aşarak, sürprize uğrayıp savaşmadan geri çekilen Elbruz Kulübesi personelini gafil avlarlar. Aralarında Josef Martin Bauer'in de bulunduğu Alman dağ komandolarının 21 alpinisti 21 Ağustos 1942'de buradan yola çıkarak zor hava şartları altında batı zirvesine tırmanır ve buraya Reich'ın savaş bayrağını çekerler. Bu olay NS-propagandasınca, alpinistlerin usta işi başarısı olarak kutlanır. Elbruz Kulübesinin fethi hakkında Sovyetlerde, kulübenin başarılı bir şekilde bombalandığı yönünde yorumların da yer aldığı efsaneler oluşur. Ancak isabet alan sadece, kulübenin alt taraflarında bulunan yakıt deposudur. 27 Eylül 1942'de Elbruz'da, Alman ve Sovyet dağ komandoları arasında yüksek irtifada bir dağ muharebesi meydana gelir. Elbruz Kulübesi, Ocak 1943'ün başına kadar Alman işgali altında kalır. Bundan kısa süre sonra batı zirvesinde yeniden Sovyet bayrağı dalgalanır.

Dağ kulübeleri
11 bilim insanı, 1929'da 4.160 m yükseklikte Prijut 11 (Barınma 11) adını verdikleri küçük bir kulübe kurarlar. 1932'de aynı yerde, 40 kişi alabilen daha büyük bir kulübe inşa edilir. 1939'da 4.200 metrenin biraz daha üst kısmında, Rus seyahat acentesı Intourist, döviz sağlamak için Elbruz'un zirvesine gidecek olan ve özellikle batıdan gelen turistleri barındırmak üzere alüminyum giydirmeli daha da büyük bir kulübe kurar.

Bu kulübe kısa zamanda yüksek dağ kışlasına dönüşür ve birbiri ardına Rus ve Alman birliklerine üs noktası olarak hizmet eder.

16 Ağustos 1998'de ocaktan çıkan yangınla kulübe tamamen yanar. 2001 yazında yeni Diesel Hut (Diesel Kulübesi) Prijut 11 harabesinin birkaç metre altında açılır.

1933 yılında iki zirve arasındaki belende kurulan acil durum barınağı, birkaç yıl sonra çöker. Bu kulübenin kalıntıları günümüze kadar gelmiştir. Bundan başka, kısa telesiyejin sonunda, teleferiğin ikinci sektörünün üst kısmında, eski fıçılardan bir kulübe kümesi (Barrel Huts) vardır. Bunlar bugün, birçok zirve tutkunu tarafından aklimatizasyon (iklime alışma, ortama alışma, iklimuyum) amacıyla ve tırmanış için destek noktası olarak kullanılır.

Teleferik
Elbruz Teleferiği, Elbruz'un eteklerinde, 2.300 metredeki vadi istasyonu Polana Asau'dan, iki sektörde 3.550 metre yükseklikteki bir kayak bölgesine götürür. 1968 yılında kurulan Elbruz Teleferiği'nin toplam uzunluğu 3.620 metredir. Bunun, Polana Asau ve Staryj Krugosor arasındaki ilk sektörü 1.860 metre uzunluğa sahipken, Staryj Krugosor ile Mir arasındaki ikinci sektör 1.760 metre uzunluğundadır. Üçüncü bir sektör planlanmış olup, ikinci sektörün dağ istasyonunda inşası şimdiden öngörülmüştü. Ancak bu planların gerçekleşmesi şüphesiz kestirilemez.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Peakware (İngilizce)
 Elbrus - Avrupa'nın en yüksek dağı? (Almanca)
 Elbrus Info Site (İngilizce)
 'Priut 11' 'in tarihi  (İngilizce)
 Diesel Hut  (İngilizce)

Kafkasya'daki stratovolkanlar
Rusya'daki stratovolkanlar
İnaktif yanardağlar
Yedi Zirveler
Kabardino-Balkarya
Karaçay-Çerkesya
Beşbinlikler

Elbruz Dağı


Cirtomium (lat. Cyrtomium), biljni rod vazdazelenih paprati iz porodice papratki, Dryopteridaceae, raširen poglavito po Kini i istočnoj Aziji (35 vrsta) i dvije vrste u tropskoj i Južnoj Africi.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Dryopteridoideae

Cirtomium


Die Holy Trinity Church oder Englische Kirche war eine anglikanische Kirche in Pontresina im Oberengadin. Das 1882 nach Plänen des englischen Architekten Richard Popplewell Pullan erbaute und 1975 abgebrochene neugotische Gotteshaus gilt als sein Hauptwerk und als bedeutendstes Werk des englischen Kirchenbaus in der Schweiz.

Vorgeschichte

Gottesdienste in der eigenen Sprache und im eigenen Ritus waren ein Bedürfnis der englischen Touristen, die ab der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts mit dem Aufkommen des Tourismus die schweizerischen Fremdenorte besuchten. Anfangs dienten dazu Räume in Hotels oder Kirchen anderer Konfessionen. Ab 1870 entstanden mit der ersten englischen Kirche der Schweiz in Zermatt eigene Kirchenbauten, meist von englischen Architekten entworfen.

Vor dem Bau der Englischen Kirche fanden die anglikanischen Gottesdienste während der Sommersaison jeweils in der evangelisch-reformierten Dorfkirche San Niculò statt. Der englische Architekt und Archäologe Richard Popplewell Pullan besuchte 1872 Pontresina und erstellte einen Vorschlag für eine kleine Kirche für die englischen Besucher. Das gegründete Komitee war aber nicht sehr erfolgreich, nur wenige Spenden flossen und die Pläne zerschlugen sich.

Neuen Schwung erhielt das Projekt Ende der 1870er Jahre durch den englischen Geistlichen J. W. Ayre von der St. Mark's Church an der North Audley Street in London. Die Zahl der englischen Gäste hatte sich in dieser Zeit verdreifacht, was das Bedürfnis verstärkte, aber auch ein grösseres Gebäude erforderte.

Das lokale Hotelgewerbe unterstützte das Projekt. Der Präsident des Kreises Oberengadin, Gian Saratz aus der Hotelierfamilie Saratz, stiftete ein Stück Land für den Kirchenbau im neuen Ortsteil Bellavita, der ab 1870 zwischen dem Unterdorf Laret und dem Oberdorf St. Spiert entstand. Florian Zambail, Inhaber des Hotels Roseg, das viele englische Gäste beherbergte, spendete das Land für die Zufahrtsstrasse. Lorenz Gredig vom Hotel Krone gab 20 Pfund in den Kirchenbaufond, dazu kamen weitere Spenden von circa 700 Pfund. Der englische Komponist Arthur Sullivan organisierte in Pontresina 1880 eine Wohltätigkeitsvorstellung seiner 1866 komponierten komischen Oper Cox and Box und übernahm darin die Partie des Cox.

Die anglikanische Missionsorganisation Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts organisierte den Bau der Kirche, deren Kosten auf total 1300 Pfund geschätzt wurden. An ihrer Jahresversammlung am 20. Februar 1880 konnte das Continental Chaplaincies Committee bereits von der Grundsteinlegung und der Errichtung der Fundamente 1879 berichten. Der Kirchenbaufonds war in diesem Jahr zudem durch die Spenden der Gäste um 400 Pfund gewachsen. Die im Architekturarchiv der Gebrüder Ragaz vorhandenen Pläne und ein Brief Pullans sprechen für die Ausführung des Baus durch das lokale Bauunternehmen aus Samedan, das in den 1880er Jahren weitgehend alle Hotelbauten in Pontresina ausführte. Bereits 1882 waren die Bauarbeiten abgeschlossen und die Kirche konnte am 19. August 1882 geweiht werden. Die Fertigstellung des Innenausbaus dauerte allerdings noch bis 1884.

Architektur

Den Grundriss der Kirche bildete ein südwestlich ausgerichtetes Längsrechteck mit geraden Stirnseiten, an der Südostseite durchbrochen durch das leicht vorspringende Seitenportal. Die Aussenwände aus unregelmässig geschichtetem Bruchsteinmauerwerk aus lokalem Gestein knüpften an örtliche Bautraditionen an. Die niedrigen Aussenmauern der Seitenschiffe gliederten Strebepfeiler, ebenfalls in Bruchsteinmauerwerk, und gepaarte Spitzbogenfenster, im Inneren unter einem Tudorbogen zusammengefasst. Die hölzernen Wände des Hochschiffes überragten die Seitenschiffe nur wenig. Das steile Satteldach des Mittelschiffes war wie die Dächer der beiden Seitenschiffe mit Eternit bedeckt. Ein Dachreiter mit Spitzhelm bekrönte die gestufte Silhouette der Kirche. Im Dachreiter eine kleine Glocke (40 kg) gegossen im Jahre 1872 von der Giesserei Theus, Felsberg.

Im Gegensatz zur strengen, rauen und eher rustikalen Gestaltung des Äusseren stand die Innenraumgestaltung, die beinahe ausschliesslich in Holz erfolgte. Dieses Gestaltungselement hob Pullan in seinen 1883 erschienenen Studies in Architectural Style hervor, in denen er seine Kirche in Pontresina beschrieb: The walls are of local stone, but the piers, nave, arches and clerestory are of pitch pine, which gives a novel character to the interior. – Die Mauern sind aus lokalem Gestein, aber die Pfeiler, Schiff, Bogen und Obergaden sind aus Pech-Kiefer, was dem Inneren einen neuartigen Charakter gibt.

Hölzerne Bündelpfeiler mit geschnitzten Kapitellen trugen die spitzbogigen, mit einem Wimperg bekrönten Arkaden. Darauf ruhten die Obergaden aus Holz mit je zwei Dreipassfenstern in den hinteren Jochen und je zwei Vierpassfenstern in den Jochen beim Chor. Auch die offene Dachkonstruktion mit einer Holzdecke über Mittel- und Seitenschiffen ruhte durch Gurtbögen und Stützen auf diesen Pfeilern. Diese tragenden Bauelemente hob Pullan durch dunklere Bemalung des Holzes ab. Auch das Altarretabel erhielt gemalte Ornamente auf der naturbelassenen, ungebeizten Holzoberfläche.

Zur speziellen Raumatmosphäre trugen die qualitätvollen, farbigen Glasfenster bei. Zum Teil waren sie Geschenke, etwa das grosse Chorfenster in prachtvoller Glasmalerei, welches mehrere tausend Franken gekostet hat, gespendet von den Schauspielern und Theatermanagern Squire und Effie Bancroft vom Londoner Theatre Royal Haymarket, langjährige Gäste in Pontresina. Ein Geschenk von Helena von Großbritannien und Irland war das Antependium, gestickt von den Damen der Royal School of Needlework.

Nutzung, Verkauf und Abriss
Nach ihrer Fertigstellung war die Kirche jeweils in der Sommersaison von Mitte Juni bis Mitte September in Betrieb. Die Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts entsandte für diese Zeit einen Pfarrer, der üblicherweise im Hotel Kronenhof wohnte. Mit Einführung der Wintersaison in Pontresina nach der Jahrhundertwende wurde die Kirche auch im Winter genutzt und zur Finanzierung der Heizung ein spezieller Heizungsfonds eingerichtet.

Durch die schwindende Zahl der Kirchgänger mit dem gesellschaftlichen Wandel im Verlauf des 20. Jahrhunderts verlor die Holy Trinity Church ihre Bedeutung. Schliesslich kaufte die politische Gemeinde Pontresina 1967 das Grundstück und die Kirche wurde profaniert. Einige liturgische Kultgegenstände und Kleider aus der ehemaligen Kirche gelangten durch eine Schenkung in das Kulturarchiv Oberengadin. Die drei Chorfenster schenkte die Gemeinde Pontresina 1974 dem Rhätischen Museum in Chur. Nach einigen Jahren Leerstand liess die Gemeinde 1975 die Kirche abbrechen.

Literatur
 André Meyer: Englische Kirchen in der Schweiz. In: Zeitschrift für schweizerische Archäologie und Kunstgeschichte. 29(1972), S. 70–81.
 André Meyer: The Holy Trinity Church in Pontresina. In: Das Werk. 59(1972), S. 4–5.
 Richard Popplewell Pullan: Studies in Architectural Style. Speaight and Sons, London 1883, S. 9, S. 15, Tafel 9 und Tafel 48.

Siehe auch
 Sta. Maria (Pontresina)
 San Niculò (Pontresina)
 San Spiert

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Bauwerk in Pontresina
Pontresina
Pontresina
Pontresina
Holy Trinity Church, Pontresina
Holy Trinity Church, Pontresina
Pontresina
Pontresina
Pontresina
Pontresina

Holy Trinity Church (Pontresina)


Stephen Marshall Katz, auch Stephen Katz (* 10. August 1946 in Los Angeles) ist ein US-amerikanischer Kameramann.

Leben und Wirken
Der jüngere Bruder der Drehbuchautorin Gloria Katz erlernte sein Handwerk in der zweiten Hälfte der 1960er Jahre am California Institute of the Arts und am Art Center College of Design, wo er Design und Fotografie studierte. 1970 wollte Katz gerade ein Fotostudio in New York eröffnen, als er gefragt wurde, ob er nicht Lust hätte, eine Produktion von Jonathan Demme zu fotografieren.

Seitdem ist Katz ein gefragter Kameramann zahlreicher zumeist wenig spektakulärer Filme, überwiegend preiswerte B-Produktionen, die er anfänglich vor allem für die Produktionsfirmen Roger Cormans fotografierte. Zu seinen Arbeiten zählen vor allem Komödien wie die Kultfilme Kentucky Fried Movie und Blues Brothers aber auch einige Thriller, (Melo-)Dramen, Horror- und Exploitationfilme.

Filmografie (Auswahl)

 1971: Angels Hard as They Come
 1972: Messiah of Evil
 1973: Your Three Minutes are Up
 1975: Best Friends
 1975: Las Vegas Lady
 1975: Die Bronx-Katzen (Switchblade Sisters)
 1976: Kentucky Fried Movie (The Kentucky Fried Movie)
 1976: The Four Deuces
 1976: Bittersweet Love
 1977: Joyride
 1978: Our Winning Season
 1979: The Little Dragons
 1979: Blues Brothers
 1982: Coming Soon
 1985: Last Resort
 1986: Nacht Mutter ('night, Mother)
 1987: Sister, Sister
 1987: Adams kesse Rippe (And God Created Woman)
 1987: Endlich wieder 18 (18 Again!)
 1989: Wer ist Harry Crumb? (Who's Harry Crumb?)
 1990: Backstreet Dreams
 1991: Mord 101 (Murder 101)
 1992: Teuflische Intrigen (Ulterior Motives)
 1993: Das Biest hinter der Maske (Deadly Relations)
 1993: Vorsicht Nachbarn (It Runs in the Family)
 1994: Der Mann, der niemals starb (The Man Who Wouldn't Die)
 1994: Vom Glück verraten (Escape From Terror: The Teresa Stamper Story)
 1995: Timemaster – Aus der Zukunft zurück (Timemaster)
 1995: Blackmail
 1995: Sharons Geheimnis (Sharon's Secret)
 1996: Vergessene Schrecken (Stolen Memories: Secrets from the Rose Garden)
 1996: Mrs. Santa Claus
 1998: Gods and Monsters
 1998: Die Entführung von Häuptling Rothaut (The Ransom of Red Chief)
 1999: Baby Geniuses
 1999: The Lot (Fernsehserie) (auch Regie)
 2000: Geppetto, der Spielzeugmacher (Geppetto)
 2000: The Darkling
 2001: Stumme Schreie im See II (Return to Cabin by the Lake)
 2001: Her Majesty
 2002: A Death in the Family
 2003: Paradise
 2004: The Dust Factory – Die Staubfabrik (The Dust Factory)
 2006: Ich werde immer wissen, was du letzten Sommer getan hast (I'll always know, what you did last summer)
 2008: Secrets of a Hollywood Nurse (auch Coproduktion)

Weblinks

 Stephen M. Katz Kurzbiografie

Einzelnachweise

Kameramann
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1946
Mann

Stephen M. Katz


الحُرض أو الأُشنان أو ملح القِلي أو القلِي اختصارًا أو البوتاس أو البُوطَاس هو ملح يستخرج من رماد أخشاب بعض النباتات وهو شكل غير نقي لكربونات البوتاسيوم (K2CO3). يوجد البوتاس على هيئة معدن في القشرة الأرضية؛ واستخدم منذ العصور القديمة في تصنيع الزجاج والصابون والسماد.

وقد أصبح المصطلح غامضًا نوعًا ما نظرًا لاستبداله في الأسمدة بأملاح البوتاسيوم الأرخص، مثل كلوريد البوتاسيوم KCl أو أكسيد البوتاسيوم K2O)ا، والتي يطلق عليها حاليًا نفس الاسم الشائع في بعض الأحيان. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، يعرف هيدروكسيد البوتاسيوم (KOH) بالاسم الشائع البوتاس الكاوي، مما يعطي مصدرًا إضافيًا للالتباس.

عنصر البوتاسيوم في الإنجليزية يستمد اسمه من البوتاس. هناك العديد من المركبات الكيميائية التي تحتوي على البوتاسيوم وتستخدم كلمة البوتاس في أسمائها التقليدية:

حاليا ساسكاتشوان هي المنطقة الأكثر إنتاجا لهذه المادة.

أصل التسمية
أقدم ظهور لكلمة أشنان كان في اللغة السومرية بلفظة (شينا-ا)، ثم الآشورية البابلية (شُنُو).
بعد ذلك في منقطة الشرق القديم. وهي في اللغات الشرق القديم كتالي:
 السومرية (شينا-ا، أو شينو)
الآشورية البابلية (شُنُو)
  الفينيقية (شنن)
 العبرية (شنان)
 الآرامية (شونيا)
 السريانية (أشينو أو شونيو)
 العربية (أشنان)
 الفارسية (أشنان)

انظر أيضًا
بورق

الملاحظات

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
 تجارة البوتاس في أمريكا الشمالية
 إنتاج البوتاس في شمال السويد: تاريخ والتأثيرات البيئية على الاستثمار قبل الصناعي للغابات
 إنهم يحرقون الخشب ويبيعون الرماد
 خريطة مصنعي السماد الزراعة العالمية

أسمدة
أملاح
بوتاسيوم
كيماويات زراعية
معادن البوتاسيوم

بوتاس


Ak balık (Leuciscus cephalus), Tatlısu kefali, Ak kefal, Kepenez ya da Kasna olarak da bilinir, sazangiller (Cyprinidae) familyasına ait bir balık türü.

Özellikleri
40 ila 100 cm boyuna (en büyük tutulmuşları 80 cm ve 5,71 kilo) ulaşan ak balığın uzun ve yanları yassı bir füze şeklinde vücudu vardır. Kafası büyük ve ağzı geniştir. Dış görünüşü ile Leuciscus idus balığına çok benzer, ama bundan daha büyük ve kenarları koyu renk olan pulları vardır, anal yüzgeci dışarıya doğru dönüktür, karın ve göğüs yüzgeçleri kızıl renktir.

Yaşam şekli

Bir tatlısu balığı olan ak balık hızlı akan ırmaklarda suyun üst bölümlerinde yaşar. Ama bu ırmakların yavaş akan bölümlerinde, yani kayaların arkasında durmayı tercih eder. Böceklerden ve diğer küçük hayvanlarla beslenir, ama bazen su bitkilerini de yer. Belli bir büyüklüğe varmış olanları küçük balıklar ve kurbağalarıda yerler. Üreme zamanları Nisan ile Haziran arasındadır. Dişileri bu zamanda 100.000 yumurtayı çakıl taşlarının ve su bitkilerinin üzerine bırakır.

Beslenme

Ak balık diğer sazangillerdeki gibi dişleri olmadığından dolayı yırtıcı balık olarak görülmez ama aslında her şeyi yiyen bir balıktır. Yedikleri şeylerin bazıları şunlardır; yosun ve diğer su bitkileri, su böcekleri ve bunların kurtları, sülükler, midyeler ve solucanlardır. Yaşlandıkca sık sık diğer küçük balıkları avlamaya başlar. Hatta bazen suda yüzen bir fareyi bile kaptığı izlenmiştir.

Avlanma
Balıkçılar ak balığı tutmak için yem olarak meyve bile kullanırlar. Ak balık kiraz, üzüm tanesi veya böğürtlen ile tutulabilir. Ak balığı meyve ile tutmak için hatta o balığın kendi yaşadığı suda çalılardan ve ağaçlardan suya düşen meyveleri tanıyıp tanımaması bile önemli değildir. Ak balıklar daima meyve ile tutulabilirler.

Dağılımı

Ak balık, iskoçya'nın, İrlanda'nın ve İskandinavya'nın kuzeyi haricinde Avrupa'nın her yerinde bulunur. Ak balığı Türkiye'nin her yerinde, hatta en ufak çaylarında bile bulmak mümkündür.

Dış bağlantılar
 DSI'nin internet sayfasında Akbalık

Sazangiller
Tatlı su balıkları
Türkiye'deki balıklar
Türkiye endemik balıkları
Balıklar
Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

Ak balık


The Johnstown Flood, sometimes referred to locally as Great Flood of 1889, occurred on Friday, May 31, 1889, after the catastrophic failure of the South Fork Dam, located on the south fork of the Little Conemaugh River,  upstream of the town of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, United States. The dam ruptured after several days of extremely heavy rainfall, releasing 14.55 million cubic meters of water. With a volumetric flow rate that temporarily equaled the average flow rate of the Mississippi River, the flood killed 2,208 people and accounted for  in damage.

The American Red Cross, led by Clara Barton and with fifty volunteers, undertook a major disaster relief effort. Support for victims came from all over the U.S. and eighteen foreign countries. After the flood, survivors suffered a series of legal defeats in their attempts to recover damages from the dam's owners. This led to American law changing from a fault-based regime to one of strict liability.

History

The city of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, was founded in 1800 by Swiss immigrant Joseph Johns (anglicized from "Schantz") where the Stonycreek and Little Conemaugh rivers joined to form the Conemaugh River. It began to prosper with the building of the Pennsylvania Main Line Canal in 1836 and the construction of the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Cambria Iron Works in the 1850s. By 1889, Johnstown's industries had attracted numerous Welsh and German immigrants. With a population of 30,000, it was a growing industrial community known for the quality of its steel.

The high, steep hills of the narrow Conemaugh Valley and the Allegheny Mountains to the east kept the development of Johnstown close to the riverfront areas. The valley had large amounts of runoff from rain and snowfall. The area surrounding the city is prone to flooding due to its location on the rivers, whose upstream watersheds include an extensive drainage basin of the Allegheny plateau. Adding to these factors, slag from the iron furnaces of the steel mills was dumped along the river to create more land for building. Developers' artificial narrowing of the riverbed to maximize early industries left the city even more flood-prone. The Conemaugh River, immediately downstream of Johnstown, is hemmed in by steep mountainsides for about . A roadside plaque alongside Pennsylvania Route 56, which follows this river, proclaims that this stretch of valley is the deepest river gorge in North America east of the Rocky Mountains.

South Fork Dam and Lake Conemaugh

High above the city, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania built the South Fork Dam between 1838 and 1853 as part of a cross-state canal system, the Main Line of Public Works. Johnstown was the eastern terminus of the Western Division Canal, supplied with water by Lake Conemaugh, the reservoir behind the dam. As railroads superseded canal barge transport, the Commonwealth abandoned the canal and sold it to the Pennsylvania Railroad. The dam and lake were part of the purchase, and the railroad sold them to private interests.

Henry Clay Frick led a group of Pittsburgh speculators, including Benjamin Ruff, to purchase the abandoned reservoir, modify it, and convert it into a private resort lake for their wealthy associates. Many were connected through business and social links to Carnegie Steel. Development included lowering the dam to make its top wide enough to hold a road and putting a fish screen in the spillway. Workers lowered the dam, which had been  high, by . These alterations are thought to have increased the vulnerability of the dam. Moreover, a system of relief pipes and valves, a feature of the original dam which had previously been sold off for scrap, was not replaced, so the club had no way of lowering the water level in the lake in case of an emergency.

The Pittsburgh speculators built cottages and a clubhouse to create the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, an exclusive and private mountain retreat. Membership grew to include more than fifty wealthy steel, coal, and railroad industrialists. Lake Conemaugh at the club's site was  in elevation above Johnstown. The lake was about  long, about  wide, and  deep near the dam. The dam was  high and  long.

Events of the flood

On May 28, 1889, a low-pressure area formed over Nebraska and Kansas. By the time this weather pattern reached western Pennsylvania two days later, it had developed into what would be termed the heaviest rainfall event that had ever been recorded in that part of the U.S. The United States Army Signal Corps estimated that  of rain fell in 24 hours over the region. During the night of May 30, small creeks became roaring torrents, ripping out trees and debris. Telegraph lines were downed and rail lines were washed away. Before daybreak, the Little Conemaugh River and Stoney Creek, which form the main stem of the Conemaugh River at their confluence in Johnstown, were threatening to overtop their banks.

On the morning of May 31, in a farmhouse on a hill just above the South Fork Dam, Elias Unger, president of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, awoke to the sight of Lake Conemaugh swollen after a night-long heavy rainfall. Unger ran outside in the still-pouring rain to assess the situation and saw that the water was nearly cresting the dam. He quickly assembled a group of men to save the face of the dam by trying to unclog the spillway, where an iron grate and a broken fish trap had become obstructed with debris from the swollen waterline. Other men tried digging a ditch at the other end of the dam, on the western abutment which was lower than the dam crest. The idea was to let more water out of the lake to try to prevent overtopping of the crest in the center, where the dam was structurally weakest, but the effort was unsuccessful. Most men remained on top of the dam, some plowing earth to raise the crest above the water, while others tried to pile mud and rock on the face to save the eroding wall.

John Parke, an engineer for the South Fork Club, briefly considered cutting through the dam's end near the abutments, where the pressure would be less, in order to create another spillway, but eventually decided against it as doing so would have quickly ensured the failure of the dam. Twice, under orders from Unger, Parke rode on horseback to a telegraph office in the nearby town of South Fork to send warnings to Johnstown explaining the dangerous situation unfolding at the dam. Parke did not personally take a warning message to the telegraph tower – he sent a man instead. The warnings ultimately were not passed to the authorities in Johnstown, however, as there had been many false alarms in the past of the dam not holding against flooding, and most people felt the danger was not serious enough to warrant urgent delivery of the messages. Unger, Parke, and the rest of the men continued working until exhaustion to save the face of the dam; they abandoned their efforts at around 1:30 PM, fearing that their efforts were futile and recognizing that the dam was at risk of imminent collapse. Unger ordered all of his men to fall back to high ground on both sides of the dam where they could do nothing but watch and wait. During the day in Johnstown, the situation worsened as water levels rose to as high as  in the streets, trapping some people in their houses.

Between 2:50 and 2:55 PM the South Fork Dam breached. Lidar analysis of the Lake Conemaugh basin reveals that it contained 14.55 million cubic meters (3.843 billion gallons) of water at the moment the dam collapsed. Witnesses reported that the lake took only 35–45 minutes to empty completely after the dam began to fail, though modern dam-breach computer modeling reveals that it likely took approximately 65 minutes for most of the lake to empty. The first town to be hit by the flood was South Fork, immediately downstream; the town was on high ground, and most of the people escaped by running up the nearby hills when they saw the dam spill over. Between twenty and thirty houses were destroyed or washed away, and four people were killed.

Continuing on its way downstream to Johnstown,  by river to the west, the water picked up debris such as trees, houses, and animals. At the Conemaugh Viaduct, a  railroad bridge, the flood was momentarily stemmed when debris jammed against the stone bridge's arch. But within seven minutes, the viaduct collapsed, allowing the flood to resume its course. Owing to the delay at the stone arch, the flood waters gained renewed hydraulic head, resulting in a stronger, more abrupt wave of water hitting places downstream than otherwise might have been expected. The small town of Mineral Point,  below the viaduct, was the first populated place to be hit with this renewed force. About thirty families lived on the village's single street. After the flood, there were no structures, no topsoil, no subsoil in Mineral Point – only the bedrock was left. The death toll here was approximately sixteen people. In 2009, studies showed that the flood's flow rate through the narrow valley exceeded , comparable to the flow rate of the Mississippi River at its delta, which varies between .

The village of East Conemaugh was the next populated area to fall victim to the flood. One witness on high ground near the town described the water as almost obscured by debris, resembling "a huge hill rolling over and over". From his idle locomotive in the town's railyard, engineer John Hess heard and felt the rumbling of the approaching flood. Throwing his locomotive into reverse, he raced backward toward East Conemaugh, the whistle blowing constantly. His warning saved many people who reached high ground. When the flood hit, it picked up the still-moving locomotive off the tracks and floated it aside; Hess himself survived, but at least fifty people died, including about twenty-five passengers stranded on trains in the village.

Just before reaching the main part of Johnstown, the flood surge hit the Cambria Iron Works in the town of Woodvale, sweeping up railroad cars and barbed wire. Of Woodvale's 1,100 residents, 314 died in the flood. Boilers exploded when the flood hit the Gautier Wire Works, causing black smoke seen by Johnstown residents. Miles of barbed wire became entangled with the rest of the debris in the flood waters.

Fifty-seven minutes after the dam collapsed, the flood reached Johnstown. Residents were caught by surprise as the wall of water and debris bore down, traveling at speeds of  and reaching a height of  in places. Some people, realizing the danger, tried to escape by running towards high ground, but most were hit by the surging floodwater in their homes and workplaces. Many people were crushed by pieces of debris, and others became caught in barbed wire from the wire factory upstream. Those who reached attics or roofs, or managed to stay afloat on pieces of floating debris, waited hours for help to arrive.

The Stone Bridge, a substantial arched structure, carried the Pennsylvania Railroad across the Conemaugh River in the center of Johnstown. The debris carried by the flood, now including twisted steel rails, boxcars, entire buildings, and the bodies of the flood's victims, formed a temporary dam at the bridge, forcing the flood surge to roll upstream along the channel of the Stoney Creek River. Eventually, gravity caused the surge to return to the dam, resulting in a second wave that hit the city from a different direction. Some people who had been washed downstream became trapped in an inferno as the debris that had piled up against the bridge caught fire; at least eighty people died there. The fire burned for three days. After floodwaters receded, the pile of debris at the bridge was seen to cover , and reached  in height. It took workers three months to remove the mass of debris, the delay owing in part to the huge quantity of barbed wire from the ironworks entangled with the wreckage. Dynamite was eventually used.

Victims

The total death toll from the flood was calculated originally as 2,209 people, making the disaster the largest loss of civilian life in the U.S. at the time. This number of deaths was later surpassed by fatalities in the 1900 Galveston hurricane and the September 11 attacks. However, as pointed out by historian David McCullough, a man reported as presumed dead had survived; Leroy Temple returned to Johnstown eleven years after the disaster and revealed he had extricated himself from the flood debris at the Stone Bridge, walked out of the valley, and relocated to Beverly, Massachusetts. After the revelation of Temple's survival, the official death toll was 2,208.

According to records compiled by the Johnstown Area Heritage Association, bodies were found as far away as Cincinnati, Ohio, and as late as 1911; 99 entire families died in the flood, including 396 children; 124 women and 198 men were widowed; 98 children were orphaned; and one third of the dead, 777 people, were never identified; their remains were buried at Johnstown's Grandview Cemetery.

Investigation

On June 5, 1889, five days after the flood, the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) appointed a committee of four prominent engineers to investigate the cause of the disaster. The committee was led by the esteemed James B. Francis, a hydraulic engineer best known for his work related to canals, flood control, turbine design, dam construction, and hydraulic calculations. Francis was a founding member of the ASCE and served as its president from November 1880 to January 1882. The committee visited the site of the South Fork Dam, reviewed the original engineering design of the dam and modifications made during repairs, interviewed eyewitnesses, commissioned a topographic survey of the dam remnants, and performed hydrologic calculations.

The ASCE committee completed their investigation report on January 15, 1890, but its final report was sealed and not shared with other ASCE members or the public. At ASCE's annual convention in June 1890, committee member Max Becker was quoted as saying, "We will hardly [publish our investigation] report this session, unless pressed to do so, as we do not want to become involved in any litigation." Although many ASCE members clamored for the report, it was not published in the society's transactions until two years after the disaster, in June 1891. William Shinn, a former partner of industrialist Andrew Carnegie, became the new president of ASCE in January 1890. He gave the investigation report to outgoing Becker to decide when to release it to the public. Becker kept it under wraps until the time of ASCE's convention in Chattanooga, Tennessee, in 1890. The long-awaited report was presented at that meeting by James Francis. The other three investigators, William Worthen, Alphonse Fteley, and Max Becker, did not attend.

In their final report, the ASCE committee concluded the dam would have failed even if it had been maintained within the original design specifications, i.e., with a higher embankment crest and with five large discharge pipes at the dam's base. This claim has since been challenged. A hydraulic analysis published in 2016 confirmed that the changes made to the dam by the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club severely reduced its ability to withstand major storms. Lowering the dam by as much as  and failing to replace the discharge pipes at its base cut the dam's safe discharge capacity in half. This fatal lowering of the dam greatly reduced the capacity of the main spillway and virtually eliminated the action of an emergency spillway on the western abutment. Walter Frank first documented the presence of that emergency spillway in a 1988 ASCE publication. Its existence is supported by topographic data from 1889 which shows the western abutment to be about one foot lower than the crest of the dam remnants, even after the dam had previously been lowered as much as three feet by the South Fork Club. Adding the width of the emergency spillway to that of the main spillway yielded the total width of spillway  capacity that had been specified in the 1847 design of William Morris, a state engineer.

Legal
In the years following the disaster, some survivors blamed the members of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club for their modifications to the dam. They were accused of failing to maintain the dam properly, so that it was unable to contain the additional water of the unusually heavy rainfall. The club was successfully defended in court by the firm of Knox and Reed (later Reed Smith LLP), whose partners Philander Knox and James Hay Reed were both club members. Knox and Reed successfully argued that the dam's failure was a natural disaster which was an Act of God, and no legal compensation was paid to the survivors of the flood. The club was never held legally responsible for the disaster. The perceived injustice aided the acceptance, in later cases, of "strict, joint, and several liability," so that even a "non-negligent defendant could be held liable for damage caused by the unnatural use of land."

Individual members of the South Fork Club, millionaires in their day, contributed to the recovery in Johnstown. Along with about half of the club members, co-founder Henry Clay Frick donated thousands of dollars to the relief effort. After the flood, Andrew Carnegie built the town a new library.

Popular feeling ran high, as is reflected in Isaac G. Reed's poem:Many thousand human lives-
Butchered husbands, slaughtered wives
Mangled daughters, bleeding sons,
Hosts of martyred little ones,
(Worse than Herod's awful crime)
Sent to heaven before their time;
Lovers burnt and sweethearts drowned,
Darlings lost but never found!
All the horrors that hell could wish,
Such was the price that was paid for— fish!https://archive.org/stream/StillCastingShadowsASharedMosaicOfU.s.HistoryVol.I1620-1914/StillCastingShadows1_djvu.txt (in which, text-search for text "Mining a similar vein")

Aftermath

Immediately afterward

The Johnstown Flood was the worst flood to hit the U.S. in the 19th century. 1,600 homes were destroyed, $17 million in property damage levied (approx. $550 million in 2022), and  of downtown Johnstown were completely destroyed. Debris at the Stone Bridge covered thirty acres, and clean-up operations were to continue for years. Cambria Iron and Steel's facilities were heavily damaged; they returned to full production within eighteen months.

Working seven days and nights, workmen built a wooden trestle bridge to temporarily replace the Conemaugh Viaduct, which had been destroyed by the flood. The Pennsylvania Railroad restored service to Pittsburgh,  away, by June 2. Food, clothing, medicine, and other provisions began arriving by rail. Morticians traveled by railroad. Johnstown's first call for help requested coffins and undertakers. The demolition expert "Dynamite Bill" Flinn and his 900-man crew cleared the wreckage at the Stone Bridge. They carted off debris, distributed food, and erected temporary housing. At its peak, the army of relief workers totaled about 7,000.

One of the first outsiders to arrive was Clara Barton, the founder and president of the American Red Cross. Barton arrived on June 5, 1889, to lead the group's first major disaster relief effort; she did not leave for more than five months. Donations for the relief effort came from all over the U.S. and overseas. $3,742,818.78 was collected for the Johnstown relief effort from within the U.S. and eighteen foreign countries, including Russia, France, Germany, Great Britain, Australia, and the Ottoman Empire.

Frank Shomo, the last known survivor of the 1889 flood, died March 20, 1997, at the age of 108.

Subsequent floods
Floods have continued to be a concern for Johnstown, which had major flooding in 1894, 1907, 1924, 1936, and 1977. The biggest flood of the first half of the 20th century was the St. Patrick's Day flood of March 1936. That flood also reached Pittsburgh, where it was known as the Pittsburgh Flood of 1936. Following the 1936 flood, the United States Army Corps of Engineers dredged the Conemaugh River within the city and built concrete river walls, creating a channel nearly  deep. Upon completion, the Corps proclaimed Johnstown "flood free".

The new river walls withstood Hurricane Agnes in 1972, but on the night of July 19, 1977, a severe thunderstorm dropped  of rain in eight hours on the watershed above the city and the rivers began to rise. By dawn, the city was under water that reached as high as . Seven counties were declared a disaster area, suffering $200 million in property damage, and 78 people died. Forty were killed by the Laurel Run Dam failure. Another 50,000 were rendered homeless as a result of this "100-year flood". Markers on a corner of City Hall at 401 Main Street show the height of the crests of the 1889, 1936, and 1977 floods.

Legacy

At Point Park in Johnstown, at the confluence of the Stonycreek and Little Conemaugh rivers, an eternal flame burns in memory of the flood victims.

The Carnegie Library in Johnstown is now operated by the Johnstown Area Heritage Association, which has adapted it for use as the Johnstown Flood Museum.

Portions of the Stone Bridge have been made part of the Johnstown Flood National Memorial, established in 1969 and managed by the National Park Service. In 2008, the bridge was restored in a project including new lighting as part of commemorative activities related to the flood.

Combined with the failure of the Walnut Grove Dam less than a year later, the Flood brought national attention to the issue of dam safety.

Effect on the development of American law

Survivors of the flood were unable to recover damages in court because of the South Fork Club's ample resources. First, the wealthy club owners had designed the club's financial structure to keep their personal assets separated from it and, secondly, it was difficult for any suit to prove that any particular owner had behaved negligently. Though the former reason was probably more central to the failure of survivors' suits against the club, the latter received coverage and extensive criticism in the national press.

As a result of this criticism, in the 1890s, state courts around the country adopted Rylands v. Fletcher, a British common law precedent which had formerly been largely ignored in the United States. State courts' adoption of Rylands, which held that a non-negligent defendant could be held liable for damage caused by the unnatural use of land, foreshadowed the legal system's 20th-century acceptance of strict liability.

Depiction in media

Film and television
 The Johnstown Flood, a 1926 American silent epic film directed by Irving Cummings. A print is held at George Eastman House.
 The Johnstown Flood, a 1946 animated film. Mighty Mouse uses time-reversal power to undo the flood and prevent the dam from breaking in the first place. One of a series of cartoons where he stops disasters that actually happened.
 Slap Shot, a 1977 film was filmed in Johnstown. Renamed to the fictitious "Charlestown" for the film, there are several references to an also-fictitious "1938 flood", when the character Reg Dunlop (Paul Newman) refers to a statue of a dog that had warned the town of the coming flood. Radio announcer Jim Carr also refers to Charlestown's nickname "Flood City".
 The Johnstown Flood, a 1989 short documentary film which won the Best Documentary Academy Award in 1990.
 In the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles series, when New York City is flooded in the episode "20,000 Leaks Under the City", Burne Thompson says it is the biggest story since the Johnstown Flood.
 The Star Trek: The Original Series novel Rough Trails (2006) (third part of the Star Trek: New Earth mini-series) by L.A. Graf recreates the Johnstown Flood set on another planet.
 "Bloody Battles" episode of The Men Who Built America, a part of the 2012 miniseries docudrama.

Theater
"A True History of the Johnstown Flood" by Rebecca Gilman.
By the early 20th century, entertainers developed an exhibition portraying the flood, using moving scenery, light effects, and a live narrator. It was featured as a main attraction at the Stockholm Exhibition of 1909, where it was seen by 100,000 and presented as "our time's greatest electromechanical spectacle", and was probably the Johnstown Flood attraction at the 1908 Franco-British Exhibition at Shepherd's Bush, London, which was seen by 715,000 people. The stage was  wide, and the show employed a total of 13 stagehands.

Music
"Mother Country", written by singer-songwriter John Stewart in 1969, contains the lyrics "What ever happened to those faces in the old photographsI mean, the little boys Boys? Hell they were men Who stood knee deep in the Johnstown mud In the time of that terrible flood And they listened to the water, that awful noise And then they put away the dreams that belonged to little boys."
"Highway Patrolman", a track from Bruce Springsteen's 1982 album Nebraska, mentions a song titled "Night of the Johnstown Flood".

Literature

Poems
"The Pennsylvania Disaster", a poem by William McGonagall
"By the Conemaugh", a poem by Florence Earle Coates

Short stories
Brian Booker's "A Drowning Accident", in One Story (Issue #57, May 30, 2005), was largely based on the Johnstown Flood of 1889.
Caitlín R. Kiernan featured the flood in her "To This Water (Johnstown, Pennsylvania, 1889)", in her collected Tales of Pain and Wonder (1994).
Donald Keith's science fiction serial Mutiny in the Time Machine was published in Boys' Life magazine beginning in Dec 1962. It involved a Boy Scout troop discovering a time machine and travelling to Johnstown just prior to the flood.

Historical works
 Willis Fletcher Johnson wrote in 1889 a book called History of the Johnstown Flood (published by Edgewood Publishing Co.), likely the first book account of the flood.
James Herbert Walker wrote the 1889 The Johnstown Horror or Valley of Death, published by National Publishing Company.
Gertrude Quinn Slattery, who survived the flood as a six-year-old girl, published a memoir entitled Johnstown and Its Flood (1936).
Historian and author David McCullough's first book was The Johnstown Flood (1968), published by Simon & Schuster.
Weatherman and author Al Roker wrote Ruthless Tide: The Heroes and Villains of the Johnstown Flood, America's Astonishing Gilded Age Disaster.

In fiction
 Rudyard Kipling noted the flood in his novel, Captains Courageous (1897), as the disaster that destroyed the family of the minor character "Pennsylvania Pratt".
 Marden A. Dahlstedt wrote the young adult novel, The Terrible Wave (1972), featuring a young girl as the main character, the book is inspired by the memoir of Gertrude Quinn (Slattery) who was six years old at the time of the flood.
 John Jakes featured the flood in his novel, The Americans (1979), set in 1890 and the final book in the series of The Kent Family Chronicles.
 Rosalyn Alsobrook wrote Emerald Storm (1985), a mass market historical romance set in Johnstown. The characters Patricia and Cole try to reunite with each other and loved ones after the flood.
 Kathleen Cambor wrote the historical novel In Sunlight, In a Beautiful Garden (2001), based on events of the flood. The book was a New York Times Notable Book of the Year.
Peg Kehret's fantasy novel, The Flood Disaster, features two students assigned a project on the flood who travel back in time.
Murray Leinster's fantasy novel The Time Tunnel (1967) features two time travelers who were unable to warn the Johnstown population of the coming disaster.
Catherine Marshall's novel Julie features a teenage girl living in a small Pennsylvania town below an earthen dam in the 1930s; its events parallel the Johnstown Flood.
Paul Mark Tag's science fiction novel Prophecy features the flood.
 Richard A. Gregory wrote The Bosses Club, The conspiracy that caused the Johnstown Flood, destroying the iron and steel capital of America (2011), a historical novel that proposes a theory of the involvement of Andrew Carnegie and other wealthy American industrialists in the Johnstown Flood, told through the lives of two survivors.
 Judith Redline Coopey wrote Waterproof: A Novel of the Johnstown Flood (2012), a story of Pamela Gwynedd McCrae from 1889–1939 through flashbacks.
 Kathleen Danielczyk wrote Summer of Gold and Water (2013) which tells story of life at the lake, the flood and a coming together of the classes.
Colleen Coble wrote The Wedding Quilt Bride (2001) which tells the story of a romance between a member of the club's granddaughter and a man brought in to see if the dam was really in trouble. It follows him trying to convince the people of the danger and then the flood.
 Michael Stephan Oates wrote the historical fiction novel Wade in the Water (2014), a coming of age tale set against the backdrop of the Johnstown flood.
Jeanette Watts's  Wealth and Privilege (2014) portrays the Fishing and Hunting Club at its heyday, and then the main characters scramble for their lives in the Flood at the novel's climax.
Mary Hogan's The Woman In the Photo (2016) writes about two young women in present-day and Johnstown, Pennsylvania in 1889.
Jane Claypool Miner wrote Jennie (1989), a historical fiction romance written about a young girl who rides the flood from South Fork to Johnstown and survives. She then works as a telegraph operator for the reporters flooding the town while advocating for the people living there.

See also
 Austin, Pennsylvania Dam Failure
 St. Francis Dam disaster
 Vajont Dam disaster

References

Bibliography

Coleman, Neil M.  Johnstown's Flood of 1889 – Power Over Truth and the Science Behind the Disaster (2018).  Springer International Publishing AG.  256 pp. 978-3-319-95215-4    978-3-319-95216-1 (eBook)
Coleman, Neil M., Wojno, Stephanie, and Kaktins, Uldis. (2017).  The Johnstown Flood of 1889 – Challenging the Findings of the ASCE Investigation Report. Paper No. 29-10.  Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. Vol. 49, No. 2.    https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2017NE/webprogram/Paper290358.html.  .
Coleman, Neil M., Kaktins, Uldis, and Wojno, Stephanie (2016). Dam-Breach hydrology of the Johnstown flood of 1889 – challenging the findings of the 1891 investigation report, Heliyon,
Coleman, Neil M., Wojno, Stephanie, and Kaktins, Uldis. (2016).  Dam-breach hydrology of the Johnstown Flood of 1889 – Challenging the findings of the 1891 investigation report.  Paper No. 178-5.  Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. Vol. 48, No. 7.  https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2016AM/webprogram/Paper283665.html.
Coleman, Neil M., Davis Todd, C., Myers, Reed A., Kaktins, Uldis (2009). "Johnstown flood of 1889 – destruction and rebirth" (Presentation 76-9). Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, Vol. 41, No. 7, p. 216.
Davis T., C., Coleman, Neil M., Meyers, Reed A., and Kaktins, Uldis (2009). A determination of peak discharge rate and water volume from the 1889 Johnstown Flood (Presentation 76-10). Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, Vol. 41, No. 7, p. 216.
Kaktins, Uldis, Davis Todd, C., Wojno, S., Coleman, N.M. (2013).  Revisiting the timing and events leading to and causing the Johnstown Flood of 1889.  Pennsylvania History, v. 80, no. 3, 335–363.
 Johnson, Willis Fletcher. History of the Johnstown Flood (1889).
 McCullough, David. The Johnstown Flood (1968);
 O'Connor, R. Johnstown – The Day The Dam Broke (1957).

External links

 "Johnstown Flood Memorial", National Park Service
 Johnstown Flood Museum – Johnstown Area Heritage Association
 A Valley of Death Three Rivers Tribune (Three Rivers Michigan) #45 Vol. XI June 7, 1889
 Benefit event for Johnstown Flood Sufferers held on June 14, 1889
 "The Johnstown Flood", Greater Johnstown/Cambria County Convention & Visitors Bureau

 Google Earth view showing Johnstown and the South Fork Dam site
 "Johnstown Flood', by Jeffrey J. Kitsko, Pennsylvania Highways, January 27, 2015.
 "'It's still controversial': Debate rages over culpability of wealthy club members" by David Hurst The Tribune-Democrat, May 25, 2014. Retrieved July 22, 2019.

19th-century floods in the United States
1880s floods
1889 in Pennsylvania
1889 meteorology
1889 natural disasters in the United States
Andrew Carnegie
Dam failures in the United States
Disasters in Pennsylvania
Floods in Pennsylvania
History of Johnstown, Pennsylvania
Johnstown, Pennsylvania
May 1889 events

Johnstown Flood


James Aaron Butts (South Los Angeles, Kalifornija, SAD, 9. svibnja 1950.) je bivši američki atletičar koji se natjecao u troskoku.

Butts je tijekom studija bio sveučilišni NCAA prvak u troskoku dok ga je matično sveučilište UCLA uvrstilo u svoju kuću slavnih 2014. godine.

Na Olimpijadi u Montréalu osvojio je srebro čime je postao prvi američki troskokaš s olimpijskom medaljom nakon Levija Caseyja (srebro u Amsterdamu 1928.). Olimpijade u Münchenu i Moskvi je propustio zbog četvrtih mjesta u nacionalnim kvalifikacijama dok se od većih uspjeha ubraja i bronca na Panameričkim igrama 1979.

Nakon diplome, natjecao se za atletski klub Tobias Striders a tijekom priprema za Olimpijadu 1976. radio je dva posla kako bi mogao prehraniti sebe te majku i sestru. Zbog toga je tek u pet sati ujutro imao vremena za trening.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Buttsov profil na Sports-reference.com

Američki atletičari
Troskokaši

James Butts


Seven bir soyadıdır ve şu anlamlara gelebilir:
Abdülkadir Seven (1891–1971), Türk asker
Mehmet Seven (d. 1947), Türk siyasetçi
Mehmet Selim Seven (1892–1955), Türk siyasetçi
Selim Seven (1892–1955), Türk siyasetçi
Tayfun Seven (d. 1980), Türk futbolcudur
Übeydullah Seven (1923–1997), Türk siyasetçi

Türkçe soyadları

Seven


Richard Lewis (born 1969) is the former leader of two conservative Christian political parties in New Zealand, Destiny New Zealand and The Family Party. He led both these parties from their formation to deregistration.

Lewis was born in Auckland, New Zealand. At the age of twenty-two, he joined the New Zealand Police. He served as a police officer for eleven years. In 2001, he became the manager of Destiny Social Services, a branch of the Auckland-based Destiny Church. In 2003 Lewis was instrumental in the establishment of the Destiny New Zealand political party, which derived primarily from Destiny Church which is headed by Brian Tamaki.

The party went on to stand 42 candidates in the 2005 general election, and was one of only three parties to stand in all 7 Māori electorates. The party did not win any electorate seats and received 0.62% of the party vote, which did not meet the 5% threshold to achieve parliamentary representation. It was the highest polling party outside of parliament. Lewis himself stood as his party's candidate for Manukau East and came third behind the two major party candidates from Labour and National with 1,111 votes (3.4%).

In 2007, Destiny New Zealand was disbanded, with Lewis instead becoming leader of the newly formed The Family Party.

However, The Family Party failed to gain access into parliament again in the 2008 election. Lewis, who stood as the candidate for Manurewa, gained only 514 votes. The party deregistered in April 2010.

References

1969 births
Living people
Politicians from Auckland
Politicians of Protestant political parties
New Zealand police officers
Leaders of political parties in New Zealand
The Family Party politicians
Conservatism in New Zealand
New Zealand people of Māori descent
Unsuccessful candidates in the 2005 New Zealand general election
Unsuccessful candidates in the 2008 New Zealand general election

Richard Lewis (New Zealand politician)


8027 Robertrushworth este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
8027 Robertrushworth este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Palomar de Henry E. Holt. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,19 ua, o excentricitate de 0,17 și o înclinație de 7,7° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 8001-9000
 Centura de asteroizi

Note

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1991
Centura de asteroizi

8027 Robertrushworth


Nicolás Andrés Burdisso (d. 12 Nisan 1981, Córdoba), Arjantinli eski millî futbolcudur.

Futbola 1997'de, Boca Juniors'un altyapısında başladı. 1999'da A takımına yükseldi. Defans pozisyonunda oynayan Burdisso, 2004'te Inter'e transfer oldu. 2009'da ise, yine Serie A'da mücadele eden Roma ile anlaştı. Kardeşi Guillermo Burdisso da kendi gibi futbolcudur.

1981 doğumlular
Arjantinli futbolcular
Arjantin millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
CA Boca Juniors futbolcuları
FC Internazionale Milano futbolcuları
AS Roma futbolcuları
Genoa CFC futbolcuları
Arjantinli gurbetçi futbolcular
İtalya'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
İtalya'daki Arjantinli gurbetçiler
Serie A futbolcuları
2004 Yaz Olimpiyatları futbolcuları
2006 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
2007 Copa América futbolcuları
2010 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
2011 Copa América futbolcuları
Yaşayan insanlar
Defans futbolcuları
Primera División (Arjantin) futbolcuları

Nicolás Burdisso


رابطة الدوري السعودي للمحترفين أو رابطة دوري المحترفين السعودي، هي هيئة تعنى بتظيم وتطوير وحل إشكالات الدوري السعودي للمحترفين، وهي تابعة للاتحاد السعودي لكرة القدم، ولكنها مستقلة مادياً وإدارياً.

تحافظ على كافة الحقوق التجارية للأندية وشعاراتها، ومسابقات الدوري للفئة الممتازة، تم إستحداثها في عام 2008، بمسمى «هيئة»، وفي فبراير 2012 حُولت إلى رابطة.

المهام

 فرض القواعد واللوائح التنظيمية، وإدارة وتنظيم دوري المحترفين.
 تحقيق مصلحة الأندية الأعضاء في الدوري وتمثيلهم.
 تساعد في تنمية الأندية من خلال توجيهها وتقديم الاستشارات.
 وضع مراقبين ومنسقيين لمباريات الدوري.
 توزيع المخصصات المالية على الأندية.
 التعاون مع الاتحاد الدولي لكرة القدم والجهات المعنية بالأمر، فيما يتعلق بالمنافسات الدولية وقوانين اللعبة.

الأهداف

 الوصول بالدوري السعودي للمحترفين للمراكز العشرة الأولى في العالم.
 رفع المدخول المادي للأندية من خلال إعطاءهم صلاحية بإنشاء شركات تجارية تابعة لها.
 تطوير وتأهيل الكوادر العاملة في الأندية والرابطة.
 تطوير المادة الإعلامية والإعلام الإلكتروني الخاص بالرابطة.
 تنظيم حفل الختام والتتويج للدوري، وحفل توزيع الجوائز.
 تنظيم مباراة بين نجوم الدوري وأحد الفرق والمنتخبات العالمية.

رؤساء مجلس الإدارة

 الأمير نواف بن فيصل بن فهد آل سعود (أغسطس 2008 إلى فبراير 2012)
 محمد النويصر (فبراير 2012 إلى يناير 2016)
 ياسر بن حسن بن محمد المسحل (يناير 2016 إلى أكتوبر 2017)
 عادل بن محمد عزت (ديسمبر 2017 إلى مارس 2018)
 مسلي آل معمر (مارس 2018 إلى مارس 2020)
 عبدالعزيز العفالق (سبتمبر 2020 حتى الآن)

المديرون التنفيذيون

 محمد النويصر (أغسطس 2008 إلى فبراير 2012)
 ياسر بن حسن بن محمد المسحل (يوليو 2013 إلى يناير 2016)
 سعد اللذيذ (يونيو 2016 إلى يناير 2017)
 عبد العزيز الحميدي (يناير 2017 حتى الآن)

الأدوار والاختصاصات الرئيسية التي تقوم الرابطة بتنفيذها

 التنظيم والإدارة والتسويق لدوري الدرجة الممتازة.
 إنشاء ونشر وتعديل القواعد والتنظيمات الخاصة بالعمليات في دوري الدرجة الممتازة، واتخاذ كافة الخطوات لفرض القواعد واللوائح التنظيمية ذات الصلة.
 تمثيل الأندية الأعضاء والتصرف فيما يحقق مصلحتهم في جميع الأوقات.
 تقديم الخدمات التوجيهية والاستشارية للأندية الأعضاء حسب الضرورة للمساعدة في تنميتها، وقد يشمل ذلك الورش أو التوجيه أو أي شكل مناسب آخر من أشكال الدعم.
 تكليف المراقبين والمنسقين لمباريات دوري الدرجة الممتازة، وتملك الرابطة سلطة تعيين جهة خارجية لإدارة العملية إذا كان ذلك مناسباً.
 التفاوض وبيع جميع العقود التجارية فيما يخص دوري الدرجة الممتازة، وتملك الرابطة سلطة تعيين جهة خارجية لإدارة العملية إذا كان ذلك مناسباً.
 إدارة وتشغيل الخدمات الإعلامية الملائمة لدوري الدرجة الممتازة.
 توزيع المخصصات المالية على الأندية الأعضاء.
 تطوير أنشطة المسؤولية الاجتماعية للأندية الأعضاء والشركات الخاصة بدوري الدرجة الممتازة.
 تطبيق لائحة تراخيص الأندية السعودية، حسب السلطات التي يفوضها الاتحاد للرابطة.
 التعاون مع الاتحاد ومجلس الاتحاد الدولي لكرة القدم والأطراف الأخرى المعنية في المملكة في كل الأمور المتعلقة بالمنافسات الدولية وقوانين اللعبة.

مراجع

كرة القدم في السعودية
هيئات حكومية سعودية

رابطة دوري المحترفين السعودي


Herding is the act of bringing individual animals together into a group (herd), maintaining the group, and moving the group from place to place—or any combination of those. Herding can refer either to the process of animals forming herds in the wild, or to human intervention forming herds for some purpose. While the layperson uses the term "herding" to describe this human intervention, most individuals involved in the process term it mustering, "working stock", or droving.

Some animals instinctively gather together as a herd. A group of animals fleeing a predator will demonstrate herd behavior for protection; while some predators, such as wolves and dogs have instinctive herding abilities derived from primitive hunting instincts. Instincts in herding dogs and trainability can be measured at noncompetitive herding tests. Dogs exhibiting basic herding instincts can be trained to aid in herding and to compete in herding and stock dog trials. Sperm whales have also been observed teaming up to herd prey in a coordinated feeding behavior.

Herding is used in agriculture to manage domesticated animals. Herding can be performed by people or trained animals such as herding dogs that control the movement of livestock under the direction of a person. The people whose occupation it is to herd or control animals often have herd added to the name of the animal they are herding to describe their occupation (shepherd, goatherd, cowherd).

A competitive sport has developed in some countries where the combined skill of man and herding dog is tested and judged in a "trial", such as a sheepdog trial. Animals such as sheep, camel, yak, and goats are mostly reared. They provide milk, meat and other products to the herders and their families.

References

Animal migration

Herding


Californisk topvagtel () er en topvagtelart, der lever i det vestlige Nordamerika - fra sydlig Britisk Columbia til spidsen af Baja California.

Noter
Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Californiens fugle
Topvagtler

Californisk topvagtel