Alavoinen (en , en , en ) est une municipalité rurale du raïon d'Olonets en république de Carélie.

Géographie
La commune d'Alavoinen est située le long de la rivière Alavoisenjoki, à 19 kilomètres à l'ouest d'Olonets.

La municipalité d'Alavoinen a une superficie de .

Alavoinen est bordée au nord-ouest par Vitele du raïon d'Olonets, au nord-est par Kovera, à l'est par Tuuksi et Olonets, au sud-est par Mäkriä ainsi qu'au sud par l'oblast de Léningrad au dela du lac Ladoga.
Environ 69,8 % du territoire d'Alavoinen est constitué d'eau, 24,0 % de paysages naturels et 5,4 % de terres agricoles.

Kotkatjärvi est traversé par les rivières Alavoisenjoki et Tuuloksenjoki.

Démographie
Recensements (*) ou estimations de la population

Bibliographie

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

Liens externes

Village dans la république de Carélie
Raïon d'Olonets

Alavoinen


Ivanovčani su četvrt, koja se nalazi u sjeverozapadnom dijelu grada Bjelovara. Proteže se od ulice Petra Biškupa Vene, ulice Eugena Kumičića, ulice Andrije Hebranga, ulice Milana Šufflaya te potoka Jelinac.

Četvrt se sastoji od većinom nisko izgrađenih obiteljskih stambenih zgrada. Glavna prometnica je ulica Petra Biškupa Vene koja se izvan četvrti spaja sa sjevernom bjelovarskom obilaznicom.

Neke od važnijih zgradi i spomenika unutar četvrti su Spomenik poginulim Ivanovčancima u Prvome svjetskom ratu (adresa prilaz Andrije Hebranga 1) te stara ciglana istočno od groblja Borik koje se nalazi unutar četvrti Vojnović.

Povijest
Ivanovčani su u nedavnoj prošlosti bili vlastito ruralno naselje u krugu Bjelovara. Nekadašnji prostor sela Ivanovčani je pokrivalo cjelokupni prostor današnjeg naselja Sjever.

Godine 1776. zabilježen je nastanak i izgradnja tadašnje nove predgrađne četvrti unutar sastva Ivanovčana, Nazivom Novi Ivanovčani (danas prostor kružnoga toka Andrije Hebranga i Ivanovčanske ulice).

Tijekom 1929. godine Ivanovčani su administracijski ukinuti kao svoje naselje i pripojeni kao gradska čevrt gradu Bjelovaru. Slične sudbine zadesile su i ostala naselja poput Hrgovljana, Novih Plavnica, Velike Sredice i Male Sredice.

U Ivanovčanima je živio Kamilo Dočkal, koji se s obitelji kao dijete doselio iz Češke, a kasnije je postao ugledni svećenik i povjesničar.

Bjelovar

Ivanovčani


Hooker's Icones Plantarum, (abreviado Hooker's Icon. Pl.), fue una serie de libros ilustrados con descripciones botánicas que fue fundada en 1867 y editada con el nombre de Hooker's Icones Plantarum; or Figures, with brief Descriptive Characters and Remarks of New or Rare Plants. Fue precedida por Icon. Pl.

Para más información ver Icones Plantarum.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Descripción en IPNI

Revistas de botánica
Revistas científicas del Reino Unido
Revistas científicas en inglés
Publicaciones fundadas en 1867

Hooker's Icones Plantarum


Schweiz deltager i vinter-OL 2018 i Pyeongchang, Sydkorea i perioden 9. – 25. februar 2018.

Deltagere
Følgende atleter vil deltage i nedennævnte sportsgrene:

Medaljer

Medaljevindere

Eksterne henvisninger

Lande ved vinter-OL 2018
2018

Schweiz ved vinter-OL 2018


Nikolaj Nikolajevitj Semjonov ForMemRS (, ; født 15. april 1896 i Saratov i Det Russiske Kejserrige, død 25. september 1986 i Moskva, Sovjetunionen) var en russiske/sovjetisk fysiker og kemiker. Semjonov modtog nobelprisen i kemi i 1956 for sit arbejde med mekanismen for kemiske transformationer sammen med britten Cyril Norman Hinshelwood.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Semyonov's Nobel Foundation biography
 Semyonov's Nobel Lecture Some Problems Relating to Chain Reactions and to the Theory of Combustion
 N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics
 Biography of Nikolay Semyonov at NobelPrize.org.
 Semyonov's Nobel Lecture.
 Semyonov's Biography.
 Another Semyonov's Biography .

Kemikere fra Rusland
Nobelprismodtagere i kemi
Personer fra Sovjetunionen
Leninordenen

Nikolaj Semjonov


Desenul liniar este un film românesc din 1988 regizat de Olimpiu Bandalac.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1988 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1988

Desenul liniar


ලේඛකයෝ
නවසීලන්තය වෙනත් රටවලින් පැමිණි සංචාරකයන් (දකුණු අප්‍රිකාවේ උපත ලද රොබින් හයිඩි) හෝ වෙනත් රටවලට ගොස් නවසීලන්තය ගැන ලියු ඩෑන් ඩෙවිට් හා කැතරින් මෑන්ක්ස් ෆීල් වැනි බොහෝමයක් ලේඛකයන් ඔවුන්ගේ ලේඛකයන් යැයි ප්‍රකාශ කරයි.

අන්තර්ජාතිකව වඩා සුප්‍රසිද්ධ නවසීලන්ත ලේඛකයා වන්නේ කෙරී හුල්මේ වන අතර ඇය ඇයගේ  නව කථාවක් වන The Bone People සදහා බුකර් ත්‍යාගයක් දිනා ඇත.

විශේෂතා ලෙස සැමුවෙල් බට්ලර්ගේ Erewhon හැදින්විය හැක. එය නවසීලන්තයේදීත් නිර්මාණය වී නවසීලන්තයේ ඉදීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ලයවු අතර තාර්කිකව මූලික වශයෙන් ඉංග්‍රීසි සාහිත්‍යයට අයත් වෙයි. කාල් වෝල්ෆ් ෂේකර් තවත් විශේෂතාවක් ඇති කරයි. ඕක්ලන්තයේදී ලියන ලද ඔහුගේ Sojourn අයත් වන්නේ ජර්මානු සාහිත්‍යයටයි.

බොහෝමයක් නවසීලන්ත සාහිතයයන් ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාවෙන් ලිය වුණු නමුත් මඕරි ප්‍රකාශන ඉක්මනින් වර්ධනය විය.

ආශ්‍රිත

නවසීලන්තය

නවසීලන්ත සාහිත්‍යය


Motorul de rachetă este un motor utilizat pentru acționarea navelor spațiale.
Fiind un motor cu reacție, propulsia se realizează prin evacuarea cu mare viteză a unui jet gazos, dar, spre deosebire de motorul aeroreactor, funcționarea are loc independent de mediul exterior, carburantul și comburantul aflându-se în corpul rachetei.

Cel mai răspândit tip este motorul-rachetă termochimic, la care jetul de gaze, cu presiunea și temperatura ridicate, se realizează în urma unor reacții chimice puternic exoterme.
Motorul-rachetă termochimic utilizând combustibil solid sau lichid, este constituit din: camera de ardere, ajutaj reactiv, rezervoare de combustibil, sistem de alimentare, dispozitiv de aprindere.
Un dintre cele mai utilizate substanțe este propergolul, care poate fi:
 lichid, în care caz forța de tracțiune este reglată prin acționarea asupra debitului;
 solid: încărcătura este amplasată în camera de ardere, iar forța de propulsie este reglată prin modificarea suprafeței de ardere a blocului de propergol.

Alte tipuri de motoare-rachetă sunt:
 motorul-rachetă electric: utilizează energia electrică pentru accelerarea jetului format dintr-un fluid ionizat sau din plasma unui gaz.
 motorul-rachetă nuclear: utilizează energia termonucleară pentru a încălzi jetul de gaze sau utilizează pentru propulsie un jet de izotopi radioactivi.

Legături externe
  DEX online: definiție "rachetă"

Propulsie spațială
Motoare cu reacție

Motor de rachetă


Aplysina aerophoba, ist eine Art der Schwämme und gehört zur Klasse der Hornkieselschwämme. Aufgrund seiner Farbe wird er auch als Goldschwamm oder Goldener Zapfenschwamm bezeichnet. Das Artepitheton aerophoba stammt aus dem Griechischen und bedeutet Angst vor der Luft, da sich der Schwamm an der Luft blauschwarz verfärbt.

Merkmale
Aplysina aerophoba bildet Kolonien, die bis über 1 Meter Durchmesser erreichen können. Die einzelnen Röhren werden bis zu 4 cm hoch und erreichen 2,5 cm im Durchmesser und habe je ein Osculum. Der Schwamm ist hellgelb, mit einem leicht grünlich-rötlichem Farbton, der von Cyanobakterien herrührt, die im Mesohyl eingelagert sind. Dort tragen die Cyanobakterien bis zu 38 % der Biomasse des Schwammes bei. Bromhaltige Verbindungen können bis zu 12 % der Trockenmasse ausmachen. Bei Verletzungen des Gewebes werden Isoxazolinalkaloide zu Aeroplysinin-1 und in ein davon abgeleitetes Dienon umgewandelt, welche als chemische Verteidigung gegen Prädatoren, als auch als Mittel gegen Biofouling gedeutet werden.

Vorkommen
Das Verbreitungsgebiet umfasst das Mittelmeer und den Ostatlantik von Spanien und den Azoren südlich mindestens bis zu den Kanarischen Inseln. Die Art kann an Felsküsten zwischen 0,5 m und 20 m Tiefe relativ häufig sein.

Ökologie
Die Schnecke Tylodina perversa ernährt sich von dem Schwamm und legt ihre Eier daran ab.

Quellen

Weblinks

Schwämme
Porifera

Aplysina aerophoba


بلدية فال دي سان فايسينت ، هي إحدى بلديات منطقة كانتابريا, المصنفة على أنها مقاطعة أيضاً، في شمال إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 2.610 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2002).

مراجع

بلديات كانتابريا

فال دي سان فايسينت


Mansour Al-Hallaj () or Mansour Hallaj () ( 26 March 922) (Hijri  309 AH) was a Persian mystic, poet, and teacher of Sufism. He is best known for his saying: "I am the Truth" (Ana'l-Ḥaqq), which many saw as a claim to divinity, while others interpreted it as an instance of annihilation of the ego, allowing God to speak through him. Al-Hallaj gained a wide following as a preacher before he became implicated in power struggles of the Abbasid court and was executed after a long period of confinement on religious and political charges. Although most of his Sufi contemporaries disapproved of his actions, Hallaj later became a major figure in the Sufi tradition.

Life

Early years
Al-Hallaj was born around 858 in Pars Province of the Abbasid Empire to a cotton-carder (Hallaj means "cotton-carder" in Arabic) in an Arabized town called al-Bayḍā'. His grandfather was a Zoroastrian magus. His father moved to a town in Wasit famous for its school of Quran reciters. Al-Hallaj memorized the Qur'an before he was 12 years old and would often retreat from worldly pursuits to join other mystics in study at the school of Sahl al-Tustari. During this period al-Hallaj lost his ability to speak Persian and later wrote exclusively in Arabic. Al-Hallaj was a Sunni Muslim.

When he was twenty, al-Hallaj moved to Basra, where he married and received his Sufi habit from 'Amr Makkī, although his lifelong and monogamous marriage later provoked jealousy and opposition from the latter. Through his brother-in-law, al-Hallaj found himself in contact with a Zaydi Shi'i clan that supported the Zanj Rebellion.

Al-Hallaj later went to Baghdad to consult the famous Sufi teacher Junayd of Baghdad, but he was tired of the conflict that existed between his father-in-law and 'Amr Makkī and he set out on a pilgrimage to Mecca, against the advice of Junayd, as soon as the Zanj Rebellion was crushed.

Pilgrimages and travels

In Mecca he made a vow to remain for one year in the courtyard of the sanctuary in fasting and total silence. When he returned from Mecca, he laid down the Sufi tunic and adopted a "lay habit" in order to be able to preach more freely. At that time a number of Sunnis, including former Christians who would later become viziers at the Abbasid court, became his disciples, but other Sufis were scandalized, while some Muʿtazilis and Shias who held high posts in the government accused him of deception and incited the mob against him. Al-Hallaj left for eastern Iran and remained there for five years, preaching in the Arab colonies and fortified monasteries that housed volunteer fighters in the jihad, after which he was able to return and install his family in Baghdad.

Al-Hallaj made his second pilgrimage to Mecca with four hundred disciples, where some Sufis, his former friends, accused him of sorcery and making a pact with the jinn. Afterwards he set out on a long voyage that took him to India and Turkestan beyond the frontiers of Islamic lands. About 290/902 he returned to Mecca for his final pilgrimage clad in an Indian loin-cloth and a patched garment over his shoulders. There he prayed to God to be made despised and rejected, so that God alone might grant grace to Himself through His servant's lips.

Imprisonment and execution

After returning to his family in Baghdad, al-Hallaj began making proclamations that aroused popular emotion and caused anxiety among the educated classes. These included avowing his burning love of God and his desire to "die accursed for the Community", and statements such as "O Muslims, save me from God" ... "God has made my blood lawful to you: kill me". It was at that time that al-Hallaj is said to have pronounced his famous shath "I am the Truth". He was denounced at the court, but a Shafi'i jurist refused to condemn him, stating that spiritual inspiration was beyond his jurisdiction.

Al-Hallaj's preaching had by now inspired a movement for moral and political reform in Baghdad. In 296/908 Sunni reformers made an unsuccessful attempt to depose the underage caliph al-Muqtadir. When he was restored, his Shi'i vizier unleashed anti-Hanbali repressions which prompted al-Hallaj to flee Baghdad, but three years later he was arrested, brought back, and put in prison, where he remained for nine years.

The conditions of al-Hallaj's confinement varied depending on the relative sway his opponents and supporters held at the court, but he was finally condemned to death in 922 on the charge of being a Qarmatian rebel who wished to destroy the Kaaba, because he had said "the important thing is to proceed seven times around the Kaaba of one's heart." According to another report, the pretext was his recommendation to build local replicas of the Kaaba for those who are unable to make the pilgrimage to Mecca. The queen-mother interceded with the caliph who initially revoked the execution order, but the intrigues of the vizier finally moved him to approve it. On 23 Dhu 'l-Qa'da (25 March) trumpets announced his execution the next day. The words he spoke during the last night in his cell are collected in Akhbar al-Hallaj.  Thousands of people witnessed his execution on the banks of the Tigris River. He was first punched in the face by his executioner, then lashed until unconscious, and then decapitated or hanged. Witnesses reported that al-Hallaj's last words under torture were "all that matters for the ecstatic is that the Unique should reduce him to Unity", after which he recited the Quranic verse 42:18. His body was doused in oil and set alight, and his ashes were then scattered into the river. A cenotaph was "quickly" built on the site of his execution, and "drew pilgrims for a millennium" until being swept away by a Tigris flood during the 1920s.

Some question whether al-Hallaj was executed for religious reasons as has been commonly assumed. According to Carl W. Ernst, the legal notion of blasphemy was not clearly defined in Islamic law and statements of this kind were treated inconsistently by legal authorities. In practice, since apostasy was subsumed under the category of zandaqa, which reflected the Zoroastrian legacy of viewing heresy as a political crime, they were prosecuted only when it was politically convenient. Sadakat Kadri points out that "it was far from conventional to punish heresy in the tenth century," and it is thought he would have been spared execution except that the vizier of caliph al-Muqtadir wished to discredit "certain figures who had associated themselves" with al-Hallaj. (Previously al-Hallaj had been punished for talking about being at one with God by being shaved, pilloried and beaten with the flat of a sword, not executed because the Shafi'ite judge had ruled that his words were not "proof of disbelief.")

Teachings and practices
Al-Hallaj addressed himself to popular audiences encouraging them to find God inside their own souls, which earned him the title of "the carder of innermost souls" (ḥallāj al-asrār). He preached without the traditional Sufi habit and used language familiar to the local Shi'i population. This may have given the impression that he was a Qarmatian missionary rather than a Sufi. His prayer to God to make him lost and despised can be regarded as typical for a Sufi seeking annihilation in God, although Louis Massignon has interpreted it as an expression of a desire to sacrifice himself as atonement on behalf of all Muslims. When al-Hallaj returned to Baghdad from his last pilgrimage to Mecca, he built a model of the Kaaba in his home for private worship.

Al-Hallaj was popularly credited with numerous supernatural acts. He was said to have "lit four hundred oil lamps in Jerusalem's Church of the Holy Sepulchre with his finger and extinguished an eternal flame in a Zoroastrian fire temple with the tug of a sleeve."

Among other Sufis, al-Hallaj was an anomaly. Many Sufi masters felt that it was inappropriate to share mysticism with the masses, yet al-Hallaj openly did so in his writings and through his teachings. This was exacerbated by occasions when he would fall into trances which he attributed to being in the presence of God.

Hallaj was also accused of ḥulūl "incarnationism", the basis of which charge seems to be a disputed verse in which the author proclaims mystical union in terms of two spirits in one body. This position was criticized for not affirming union and unity strongly enough; there are two spirits left whereas the Sufi fana' texts speak of utter annihilation and annihilation in annihilation (the annihilation of the consciousness of annihilation), with only one actor, the deity, left. Saer El-Jaichi has argued "that in speaking of the unity with the divine in terms of ḥulūl, Hallaj does not mean the fusion (or, mingling) of the divine and human substances." Rather, he has in mind "a heightened sense of awareness that culminates in the fulfillment of a spiritual – super-sensory – vision of God's presence."

Edward Said succinctly described al-Hallaj as "quasi-Christlike."

There are conflicting reports about his most famous shaṭḥ,  Anā l-Ḥaqq "I am The Truth, " which was taken to mean that he was claiming to be God, since al-Ḥaqq "the Truth" is one of the names of God in Islam. While meditating, he uttered  The earliest report, coming from a hostile account of Basra grammarians, states that he said it in the mosque of al-Mansur, while testimonies that emerged decades later claimed that it was said in private during consultations with Junayd Baghdadi. Even though this utterance has become inseparably associated with his execution in the popular imagination, owing in part to its inclusion in his biography by Attar of Nishapur, the historical issues surrounding his execution are far more complex. In another controversial statement, al-Hallaj claimed "There is nothing wrapped in my turban but God, " and similarly he would point to his cloak and say,  Mā fī jubbatī illā l-Lāh "There is nothing in my cloak but God." He also wrote:

In the 11th volume of Ibn Kathir's book al-Bidaya wa-l-Nihaya, it is said that al-Hallaj used to deceive people by putting on plays with his hired men under the guise of spiritual healing, and extorting money from them by cunning and secret, and  it is also stated that,  he came to India to learn and practice Indian magic. Ibn Kathir also said in the book, "Abu Abd al-Rahman al-Sulami Amr ibn Uthman said on the authority of al-Makki: He said: "I was walking with al-Hallaj in some streets of Makkah and I read the Qur'an.  I was reciting, and he heard my recitation. And said: I can recite the same (recitation), so I left him". Narrated by Ibn Kathir, Abu Zari al-Tabari said, I heard Abu Ya'qub al-Aqta say: I gave my daughter in marriage to al-Husayn al-Hallaj when I saw his good conduct and diligence, and after a short time it became clear to me that  He is a deceitful sorcerer, a hateful infidel. Ibn Kathir also said, "Muhammad ibn Yahya al-Razi said: I heard Amr ibn Uthman cursing him and saying: If I could have killed him, I would have killed him with my own hands. I said to him: What did the Shaykh get on him? He  Said: "I read a verse of the Book of Allah and He said: I can compose like it and speak like it." Ibn Kathir also said, and Abu al-Qasim al-Qushayri mentioned in his letter in the chapter on preserving the hearts of the sheikhs: Amr bin Uthman entered the house of al-Hallaj when he was in Makkah, he (Hallaj) was writing something on paper and he (Amr) said to him  : What is it?  He (Hallaj) said: It is against the Qur'an. He said: Then he prayed for him and then he was not successful. Hallaj denied that Abu Ya'qub al-Aqta married him to his daughter.

Works
Al-Hallaj's principal works, all written in Arabic, included:

 Twenty-seven Riwāyāt (stories or narratives) collected by his disciples in about 290/902.
 Kitāb al-Tawāsīn, a series of eleven short works.
 Poems collected in Dīwān al-Hallāj.
 Pronouncements including those of his last night collected in Akhbār al-Hallāj.

His best known written work is the Book of al-Tawasin (), in which he used line diagrams and symbols to help him convey mystical experiences that he could not express in words. Ṭawāsīn is the broken plural of the word ṭā-sīn which spells out the letters  ṭā (ط) and sīn (س) placed for unknown reasons at the start of some surahs in the Quran. The chapters vary in length and subject. Chapter 1 is an homage to the Prophet Muhammad, for example, while Chapters 4 and 5 are treatments of the Prophet's heavenly ascent to Mi'raj. Chapter 6 is the longest of the chapters and is devoted to a dialogue of Satan (Iblis) and God, where Satan refuses to bow to Adam, although God asks him to do so. Satan's monotheistic claim—that he refused to bow before any other than God even at the risk of eternal rejection and torment—is combined with the lyrical language of the love-mad lover from the Majnun tradition, the lover whose loyalty is so total that there is no path for him to any "other than" the beloved. This passage explores the issues of mystical knowledge (ma'rifa) when it contradicts God's commands for although Iblis was disobeying God's commands, he was following God's will. His refusal is due, others argue, to a misconceived idea of God's uniqueness and because of his refusal to abandon himself to God in love. Hallaj criticizes the staleness of his adoration (Mason, 51-3). Al-Hallaj stated in this book:

Classical era views

Few figures in Islam provoked as much debate among classical commentators as al-Hallaj. The controversy cut across doctrinal categories. In virtually every major current of juridical and theological thought (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i Hanbali, Maturidi, Ash'ari, and also Shia Jafari) one finds his detractors and others who accepted his legacy completely or justified his statements with some excuse. His admirers among philosophers included Ibn Tufayl, Suhrawardi, and Mulla Sadra.

Although the majority of early Sufi teachers condemned him, he was almost unanimously canonized by later generations of Sufis. The principal Sufi interpretation of the shathiyat which took the form of "I am" sayings contrasted the permanence (baqā) of God  with the mystical annihilation (fanā) of the individual ego, which made it possible for God to speak through the individual. Some Sufi authors claimed that such utterances were misquotations or attributed them to immaturity, madness or intoxication, while others regarded them as authentic expressions of spiritual states, even profoundest experience of divine realities, which should not be manifested to the unworthy. Some of them, including al-Ghazali, showed ambivalence about their apparently blasphemous nature while admiring the spiritual status of their authors. Rumi wrote: "When the pen (of authority) is in the hand of a traitor, unquestionably Mansur is on a gibbet"

Modern views
The supporters of Mansur have interpreted his statement as meaning, "God has emptied me of everything but Himself. " According to them, Mansur never denied God's oneness and was a strict monotheist. However, he believed that the actions of man, when performed in total accordance with God's pleasure, lead to a blissful unification with Him. Malayalam author Vaikom Muhammad Basheer draws parallel between "Anā al-Ḥaqq" and Aham Brahmasmi, the Upanishad Mahāvākya which means 'I am Brahman' (the Ultimate Reality in Hinduism). Basheer uses this term to intend God is found within one's 'self'. There was a belief among European historians that al-Hallaj was secretly a Christian, until the French scholar Louis Massignon presented his legacy in the context of Islamic mysticism in his four-volume work La Passion de Husayn ibn Mansûr Hallâj.

Influence
Hallaj is highly revered by Yezidis, who composed a few religious hymns devoted to him. Elements of his views expressed in Kitab al-Tawasin can be found in their religion.

See also
 Arabic literature
 List of Persian poets and authors
 Sufism
 Hasan of Basra
 Rabi'a al-'Adawiyya
 Aham Brahmasmi
 Anal Haq

References

Rodziewicz, Artur (2022). The Mystery of Essence and the Essence of Mystery: Yezidi and Yaresan Cosmogonies in the Light of the Kitab al-Tawasin Macmillan. ISBN 978-981-16-6444-1.

Further reading

External links

In English:
   The Tawasin of Mansur al-Hallaj in English translation]
 Selected poetry by al-Hallaj in English translation
 Doctrine of Al-Hallaj by Al-Qushayri
 Articles at Poet Seers
 al-Hallaj at the Internet Medieval Source Book

In other languages:
 Rhythmic prose and poetry by Al-Hallaj recited in Arabic
 Kitâb al tawâsîn edited and annotated by Louis Massignon (in Arabic and French) (includes Persian translation and commentary by Ruzbihan Baqli).
 Louis Massignon (1922) La passion d'Al Hosayn-ibn-Mansour al-Hallaj, vol. 2 (in French)
 Akhbar al-Hallaj (in Arabic)
 Collected Works of Mansur Hallaj in Persian translation
 Diwan of Mansur Hallaj in Persian translation
 Diwan of Mansur Hallaj in Urdu Translation

850s births
922 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
9th-century Arabic-language writers
Persian Arabic-language poets
People executed for blasphemy
People executed for heresy
Executed Iranian people
Iranian Sufi saints
Sufi poets
10th-century executions by the Abbasid Caliphate
People from Fars Province
10th-century Iranian writers
9th-century Iranian writers
Iranian Muslim mystics
Executed philosophers

Al-Hallaj


Das Autobahnkreuz Hegau (Abkürzung: AK Hegau; Kurzform: Kreuz Hegau) ist ein Autobahnkreuz im Hegau bei Singen am Hohentwiel in Baden-Württemberg. Das Kreuz verbindet die Autobahnen 81 (Würzburg – Stuttgart – Singen – Schweiz) (Europastraße 41), 98 (AK Hegau – Stockach – Friedrichshafen) (Europastraße 54) und die B 33 (AK Hegau – Konstanz – Schweiz).

Geographie
Das Autobahnkreuz liegt auf dem Gebiet der Stadt Singen im Landkreis Konstanz. Es befindet sich etwa 100 km südlich von Stuttgart, etwa 20 km nordöstlich von Schaffhausen und etwa 30 km nordwestlich von Konstanz.

Die Lage dieses Autobahnkreuzes ist durch den Verlauf der A 81 und die Bebauung im Außenbereich der Stadt Singen festgelegt.

Auf der A 81 trägt das Autobahnkreuz die Anschlussstellennummer 40 und auf der A 98 die Nummer 11.

Geschichte
Nach den damaligen Planungen sollten sich in diesem Autobahnkreuz die A 98 Basel – Schaffhausen – Singen – Lindau und die A 81 Stuttgart – Singen – Konstanz kreuzen. Dies konnte jedoch nicht in dieser Form realisiert werden, da der Weiterbau der Bodenseeautobahn A 98 in Richtung Lindau aufgegeben wurde und nur bis Stockach realisiert wurde.

Das Teilstück der A 98 vom Autobahnkreuz in Richtung Schaffhausen wurde im Jahr 1977 auf Antrag der CDU im Landtag von Baden-Württemberg in A 81 umbenannt. Die Teilstrecke der damals in Bau befindlichen Weiterführung der A 81 in Richtung Konstanz wurde daraufhin in A 881 und kurze Zeit später in B 33 neu umbenannt. Die Widmung des als A 98 geplanten und gebauten Teilstücks in Richtung Stockach blieb dagegen bestehen.

Anfang der 1990er-Jahre wurde das Autobahnkreuz Singen in Autobahnkreuz Hegau umbenannt.

Bauform
Das nach Fertigstellung benannte Autobahnkreuz Singen (Arbeitsbezeichnung AK Schlatt) wurde verkehrsorientiert angelegt, das heißt das vorherrschende Verkehrsaufkommen Stuttgart – Singen – Zürich wird "über Eck" in Richtung Schaffhausen geführt. Auch die Verkehrsbeziehung Stuttgart – Lindau wurde als Hauptverkehrsbeziehung ausgebaut. Dagegen sind die Verkehrsbeziehungen Singen – Lindau, Singen – Konstanz und Konstanz – Lindau jeweils in Richtung und Gegenrichtung untergeordnet.

Verkehrsaufkommen

Einzelnachweise

Hegau
Bauwerk in Singen (Hohentwiel)
Bundesautobahn 81
Bundesautobahn 98
Erbaut in den 1980er Jahren
Verkehrsbauwerk im Landkreis Konstanz

Autobahnkreuz Hegau


An Epidendrum angustilobum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni William Fawcett ngan Alfred Barton Rendle. An Epidendrum angustilobum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Epidendrum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Epidendrum

Epidendrum angustilobum


Salzmimbre puede referirse a:

El nombre común de la planta Salix atrocinerea.
El nombre común de la planta Salix fragilis.

Salzmimbre


Baltički klint (est.: Balti klint, šve.: Baltiska klinten, rus.: Балтийско-Ладожский уступ, Глинт) erozijska je vapnenačka litica koja se nalazi na nekoliko otoka Baltičkoga mora u Estoniji, u Lenjingradskoj oblasti u Rusiji i na otocima Gotland i Öland u Švedskoj. Bio je prikazan na poleđini novčanice od 50 kruna iz 1928. i na novčanici od 100 kruna iz 1992.

Baltički klint aktivan je oblik reljefa koji se s vremenom djelomice povlači. Nije poznato je li i u kojoj mjeri baltički klint nastao u postglacijalno doba ili se razvio iz oblika sličnih liticama koje je oblikovala fenoskandijska ledena ploča. Na Gotlandu u 20. stoljeću stope povlačenja litica procijenjene su na 0,15 do 0,78 cm na godinu.

Geografija

Baltički klint proteže se otprilike 1200 km od otoka Öland u Švedskoj preko epikontinentalnog pojasa i estonskih otoka Osmussaar i Suur-Pakri do Paldiskija, zatim uz južnu obalu Finskoga zaljeva i rijeke Neve do područja južno od jezera Ladoga u Rusiji, gdje je nestaje ispod mlađih sedimentnih naslaga.

Litica doseže 55,6 m nadmorske visine na najvišoj visini u Ontiki u župi Kohtla u okrugu Ida-Viru u Estoniji. Presijecaju ga brojne rijeke, najveće od kojih su Narva, Luga, Ižora i Tosna, mnoge od njih tvore slapove i brzake slijevajući se niz liticu. Vodopad Valaste u župi Kohtla s padom od 25 m najviši je vodopad koji teče niz Baltički klint.

U Ölandu i Gotlandu duž klinta postoji niz morskih hridi poznatih kao raukovi. U slučaju Gotlanda, raukovi su formirani u vapnencu koji predstavljaju grebene koji su postojali u geološkoj epohi silura. Dok valovi udaraju o vapnenačke litice, već postojeće okomite pukotine erodiraju i šire se. S vremenom to dovodi do stvaranja špilja koje se stapaju s preostalom središnjom stijenskom masom oblikujući tako rauk. Područja s posebno visokim koncentracijama raukova su Fårö u sjevernome Gotlandu i Byrum u sjeverozapadnome Ölandu. Dok se neki raukovi pojavljuju pored ili kao dio litica, neki su udaljeniji od litice, a neki su potpuno neovisni od nje.

Vidi još
 Baltičko more

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Pregled sjevernoestonskog Klinta, pristupljeno 27. travnja 2023.

Baltičko more
Reljefni oblici u Švedskoj
Reljefni oblici u Estoniji

Baltički klint


An Becquerelia martii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Hans Heinrich Pfeiffer. An Becquerelia martii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Becquerelia, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Becquerelia

Becquerelia martii


Çakallıçullu, Kahramanmaraş ilinin Türkoğlu ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe

Coğrafya
Kahramanmaraş il merkezine 16 km, Türkoğlu ilçesine 7 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Türkoğlu'nun mahalleleri

Çakallıçullu, Türkoğlu


දඹුල්ල මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය අගෝස්තු 1947 සහ පෙබරවාරි 1989 අතරතුර  ශ්‍රී ලංකාවෙහි  මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශ අතුරින් එකක් විය. මෙම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය නම් ලද්දේ  මධ්‍යම පළාතේ  මාතලේ දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ,  දඹුල්ල නගරය අනුව යමිනි. ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ 1978 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව විසින්   පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රීවරුන් තෝරා පත්කර ගැනුම සඳහා සමානුපාතික නියෝජන මැතිවරණ ක්‍රමය හඳුන්වාදෙන ලදි. එවිට පැවැති බොහෝ දුරට  ඒක-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශ වූ කොට්ඨාශ 160 වෙනුවට බහු-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශ 22 ක් ඇති කරන ලදි. සමානුපාතික නියෝජනය යටතේ  පැවැත්වුණු පළමු මැතිවරණය වන 1989 මහා මැතිවරණයේදී  දඹුල්ල මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය වෙනුවට  මාතලේ බහු-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය  ආදේශ කරනු ලදුවත් බහු-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය තුල ඡන්ද කොට්ඨාශයක් ලෙස දඹුල්ල දිගටම පවතියි.

පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රීවරු
සූචිය

ආශ්‍රිත

දඹුල්ල මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය


Kale, Denizli ilinin bir ilçesidir. Antik yerleşim yeri olan Tabea şehrinin üzerine kurulmuş fakat bu şehir de daha sonra 1950'li yılların başında yaşayan halkı tarafından terk edilerek şehrin birkaç kilometre kuzeyine taşınmıştır.

Tabea antik kenti tarihi Afrodisias kentiyle komşu bir şehirdir. Karya bölgesinin Frigya sınırındaki en önemli şehirlerinden biri olup Büyük İskender'in fethederek geçtiği kentlerdendir. Anadolu tarihi açısından da çok ilginç bir yerdir. Tabea da tarihten bugüne dek kesintisiz yerleşim olmuş ve bugün her kültürden kalma eserleri görmek mümkündür. Karya döneminden kalma mermer taş üzerindeki yazıtlar, Büyük İskender'den sonra kurulan kent devlete ait gümüş ve bronz sikkeler, Roma Hamamı ; Bizans dönemi kalıntıları, şu an sadece minaresi ayakta olan Selçuklu dönemine ait camii, 18. yy Osmanlı Dönemine ait Cevherpaşa Camii, Ege Üniversitesi Prof. Dr. Bozkurt ERSOY'un Kazı başkanlığını yaptığı ekip tarafından restore edilmiştir.

İlçe merkezi Osmanlı döneminde Kale-Davaz olarak anılmaktadır. Şu andaki Tavas ilçesini de içine alan bu birim daha sonra Kale ve Tavas'ın ayrışmasıyla farklı adlarla anılmaya başlanmıştır. Bugünkü Tavas ilçesi tarihi Kale-Davaz beldesine bağlı Yarengüme adlı kasabanın bu ismi almasıyla kurulmuştur.
Osmanlı döneminde kuzey-güney hattında Kütahya ile Muğla arasındaki ticaret yollarının kilit noktası olarak önem kazanmış ve doğal kale görünümündeki yerleşim yeri güvenli bir alan olarak idari merkez işlevi de görmüştür.

Türkmen yörük kültürünün ilginç folklorik özelliklerine hâlâ rastlamak mümkündür. Bu açıdan Zeybek kültürünün de önemli alanlarındandır. Davas Zeybeği Kale ilçesinin yöresel oyunlarındandır. Davaz Zeybeği günümüzde Tavas Zeybeği olarak çıksa da asıl adı Davaz Zeybeğidir.

Çürüksu Vadisi ile Aydın Ovası'na aynı hat üzerinden bağlanabilen verimli bir ovaya hakim bir yerleşim birimidir.

Kale 1950 sonrası ilçenin ekonomik ve sosyal hayatını etkileyen dramatik bir göç eğrisine sahiptir.

Kale'nin ismi
İlçenin ilk adı olan "Tabas" incelendiğinde, Taba sözcüğünün kaya anlamına geldiği, kayalık bir tepe üzerinde kurulduğundan, bu adı aldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Ayrıca, Taba kelimesi, maiyetindekiler, bağlı olan insanlar"anlamına da geldiğinden, krala bağlı insanlar, kralın maiyetindekiler olarak nitelendirilebilir. Diğer taraftan; Tabae'nin bir başka adı Türklerle birlikte, Davas veya Tavas olarak günümüze kadar söylenip gelmiştir.

İlçe ilk olarak antik Tabas kentinin harabeleri üzerine kurulmuştur. Bu şehir, iki surlu bir kaledir. Kaleden dolayı, Kale Davaz olarak bilinir. 1950 yılından sonra ise, sadece Kale denilmeye başlanmıştır.

Kültür
İlçenin  yöresel yemeği "Kaledavaz " biber tatarı tüm Türkiye'de ün salmıştır.

Cevherpaşa Camii

Denizli-Muğla karayolu güzergahındaki Tabae Ören Yeri içinde bulunan Cevher Paşa Camii dikdörtgen planlı, kuzey tarafında son cemaat yeri, kuzeybatı köşesinde minaresi yer almaktadır.

Harimin doğu ve batı duvarında dörder, güney ve kuzey tarafında ikişer pencere açılmıştır. Dikine dikdörtgen formlu pencerelerin etrafı kesme taşla çevrelenmiş olup, üzeri sağır kemerle dekore edilmiştir. Son cemaat yerinin kuzey batısına bitişik minarenin kürsü kısmı yüksek tutularak caminin çatı seviyesine getirilmiştir. Kesme taşla kaplı minarenin birinci şerefesinin üzerindeki petek kısmından itibaren eski yıllarda yıkılmış olduğundan üzeri metal külahla örtülerek bodur bir minare görünümü kazandırılmıştır.

Caminin haremi dörder adet ahşap iki sütun sırasıyla üç sahına ayrılmıştır. Sütunların üzerine antik kompozit başlıklar yapılarak kalem işi teknikle boyanmıştır. Harimin kuzey bölümünde ise altı adet ahşap sütunun taşıdığı mahfil yer alır. Bu sütunlar da harimin diğer sütunları gibi dekore edilmiştir.

Mihrabı niş şeklinde olup içinde dökümlü perde ve ortada mizan terazisi işlenmiştir. Mihrabın üzerinde ise bitkisel motifli üçgen alınlık oluşturulmuştur. Harimin duvarlarında kare ve daire şeklinde boya ile panolar oluşturulmuş, içi yazı ve bitkisel geometrik desenlerle süslenmiştir.

Son cemaat yerinde altı adet ahşap sütun dizisi yer alır. Sonradan dışa karşı kapatılmıştır. Son cemaat yerinin iki tarafından ahşap merdivenle mahfile geçiş sağlanır. Son cemaat yerinden harime yuvarlak kemerli bir giriş kapısından geçilir. Kapının üzerindeki yazı bandında Hicri 1235 tarihi okunmaktadır. Bundan başka duvarlarda yazı panoları oluşturulmuştur.

Eğitim
Yüksek Öğretim Kurumuna bağlı Pamukkale Üniversitesi Kale Meslek Yüksek Okulu,Millî Eğitim Bakanlığına bağlı Mustafa Şipar Anadolu Lisesi,Etem Özsoy Çok Programlı Lisesi,Kale Başaranlar Mesleki ve Teknik Anadolu Lisesi ve Kale İmam Hatip Lisesi bulunmaktadır. 16 İlköğretim Okulu, 1 Mesleki Eğitim Merkezi ve 1 Halk Eğitim Merkezi vardır.
Bu okullarımızdan 5 İlköğretim ve 4 lise İlçe merkezinde,
2 İlköğretim Karaköy ve Gölbaşı Beldelerinde,
3 İlköğretim okulu Köylerimizde olmak üzere toplam 10 tane 8 yıllık İlköğretim,
Kayabaşı köyünde 5 Şubeli İlköğretim okulu ve diğer köylerimizde 5 Birleştirilmiş sınıf İlköğretim okulumuz vardır.
İlçede, kapasitesi 288 olan Cumhuriyet Yatılı İlköğretim Bölge Okulu (YİBO) pansiyonunda 127 kız, 124 erkek olmak üzere toplam 245 öğrenci bulunmaktadır.

Coğrafi Yapı
Kale Ege Bölgesinin İçbatı Anadolu Bölümünde Denizli iline bağlı Denizli-Muğla karayolu üzerinde Denizli il merkezine 75 km. Muğla iline ise 80 km. mesafede orta büyüklükte bir Anadolu şehridir.
İlçe Tavas,Beyağaç,Karacasu ilçeleri ve Muğla ili ile çevrilidir. Ilçenin yüzölçümü 533km2 olup eski yerleşim yerinin doğal kale oluşundan dolayi ilçemize Kale Davaz (Kale-Tavas)da denilmektedir. Kale ilçesi 29 derece Doğu meridyeni ile 37 derece Kuzey paralelinde yer almaktadır.

Akarsular

Akçay: Beyağaç Derebaşı mevkiinden başlayıp Sazak, Demirciler, Gökçeören, Muslugüme, Künar köylerini takip ederek İnceğiz köyü hudutlarından Kemer Barajına dökülür.

Yenidere Çayı: Tavas ilçesi hudutlarından başlayıp Kale ilçesinin Narlı,Yenidere,Künar ve İnceğiz köylerini takip ederek Akçay'a dökülür.

Küfrekdere Çayı: Ortatepe köyü hudutlarından başlayıp Yenidere çayına dökülür.

Bitki örtüsü

Kale ilçemiz Ege Bölgesinin İçbatı Anadolu bölümünde Akdeniz Bölgesinin geçiş alanında bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenle yazları sıcak ve kurak, kışları ılık ve yağışlı geçer. Akdeniz iklimi ile Karasal iklimin özellikleri de görülebilmektedir. Yıllık yağış tutarı 654mm.civarındadır. Hakim rüzgâr batı ve kuzey yönlerinden eser. En fazla yağış ocak ayında görülmektedir. En az yağış ise temmuz ayında görülmektedir.  İlçe Akdeniz iklimi tesirinde daha fazla kaldığından doğal bitki örtüsü Akdeniz bitki örtüsü oluşturmaktadır. Bunlar maki türleri ve iğne yapraklı ağaçlardır.İlçede geniş yer kaplayan saf karaçam kızılçam ve az miktarda ardıç ağaçlarından oluşmuş ormanlar mevcuttur. Bunların dışında münferit ve küçük topluluklar halinde çeşitli meşe türleri sedir, zeytin, kızılağaç, çınar ve karaağaç türleri vardır. Ayrıca ormanaltı örtüde kekik mantar, meyan ve garig formasyonu dediğimiz küçük ot toplulukları bulunmaktadır.

Jeolojik Yapı ve Jeomorfolojik Özellikler
İlçe topraklarının jeolojik yapısı oldukça karmaşıktır.İlçede denizel karbonifer kalkerleri hersiniyen stüktürü, karstik röliyefler bulunduğu gibi az eğimli oligosen tabakalar mesezoike ait kıvrımlı kalkerler, mesezoik yaşında serpantiner platolar miyosen dönemine ait monoklinal tabakalar dördüncü zamana ait alüvyon dolgu özelligi gösteren araziler mevcuttur.

Arazi yüzey şekilleri olarak engebeli ve dağlıktır. Sandıraz dağları ve Kepez en önemli dağ sıralarıdır. Bunların yanında küçük çapta mahalli isimlerle anılan ve pek tanınmayan çok sayıda dağ ile tepe mevcuttur. Karayayla köyündeki İtburnu Yeniköy'deki örük,Özlüce köyündeki Tandır ile Demirciler köyündeki Havut dağı bunlardan bazılarıdır.

Denizden yüksekliği 450m.ile 1500m. arasında değişmektedir.İlçe merkezinin ortalama yükseltisi 1050m civarındadır. İlçe sınırları içinde Akçay, Yenidere ve Küfrük dere deresi ile bunlara bağlı olan çok sayıda derelerle dik ve derin vadilerle oyulmuştur.

İlçe merkezi ile Karaköy kasabası Tavas ovası üzerinde kurulmuştur. Bunun dışında önemli bir düzlük yoktur.

Ekonomi
İlçenin ekonomisi genelde tarım ve hayvancılığa dayanır. Bunun yanında ormancılık, küçük sanayi ve el sanatları, ticaret, madencilik ekonomiye katkı yapmaktadır.

Tarım ve Hayvancılık
Tarım: İlçe arazisi % 72,2 ormanlık saha, % 21 tarım arazisi, % 1,8 kullanılmaz vasıfta olmak üzere ayrılmaktadır.

Buna göre:

Orman                  % 72,2            562,400 dekar
Tarım arazisi          % 21              152,500 dekar
Kullanılmaz arazi      % 1,8              13,000 dekar

İlçede 3500 aile çiftçilik yapmaktadır. İlçe arazisinin çok büyük kısmı sulanamadığından tarımda genellikle hububat ve tütün üreticiliği yapılmaktadır. Son yıllarda zeytincilik yapılmaktadır. Habibler, Demirciler, Alanyurt gibi sulu tarım yapılabilen yerlerde domates, biber üretimi yapılmakta ve artmaktadır. Seracılık yeni yeni gelişme göstermektedir.

Bankacılık ve ticaret
İlçede Ziraat Bankası ve Halk Bankası bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca Türkiye İş Bankası, Garanti Bankası, Denizbank ve Akbank BTM cihazları bulunmaktadır.İlçemiz Mal Müdürlüğüne kayıtlı 290 gelir vergisi, 547 basit usul, 45 kurumlar vergisi, 352 KDV mükellefi olmak üzere toplam 1234 vergi mükellefi bulunmaktadır.  2009 yılı bütçe gelirleri tahakkuk miktarı 10.204.553,03 TL dir. Tahsilât ise 7.487.558,13 TL. dir. İlçede 7300 MTV mükellefi vardır. Tescilli tescilsiz olmak üzere 3302 adet taşınmaz olup 300.395.467,19 m².
İlçede cumartesi günleri halk pazarı kurulmaktadır. Burada üreticiler ürettikleri ürünleri pazarlamaktadırlar. Ayrıca dayanıklı tüketim malları, manifatura ve gıda maddeleri ticareti yapan perakende ve toptan satış merkezleri mevcuttur.

Hayvancılık, Balıkçılık ve Arıcılık

Hayvancılık: İlçede istenilen düzeyde değildir. Arazinin dağlık ve engebeli oluşundan sığır ve koyun yetiştirmeye uygun değildir. İlçede büyük baş sığır 3630, tek tırnaklı 675, koyun 4000, keçi 8000, tavuk, kaz, hindi gibi kümes hayvanlarının sayısı ise 30800 civarındadır. Hayvancılıktan elde edilen ürünler ve miktarları şöyledir:
Süt 7000 ton, Et 300 ton civarında olup ayrıca yumurta tereyağı, peynir, yün, kıl, gibi hayvansal ürünler de elde edilmektedir. Bu ürünlerin tamamına yakını mahallinde tüketilmektedir.

Balıkçılık: Özlüce köyünde bulunan alabalık yetiştirme tesislerinde yıllık 65.000 adet alabalık üretimi yapılmaktadır.

Arıcılık: ilçede 500 adet yerli,1500 adet fenni kovan bulunmakta ve yıllık yaklaşık 15000 kg bal elde edilmektedir.
Kooperatif Durumu
İlçede beş ayrı köyde tarımsal amaçlı Orman Köylerini Kalkındırma Kooperatifi ilçe merkezinde bir, Karagöl (Gölbaşı) beldesinde bir olmak üzere iki adet Tarım Kredi Kooperatifi ayrıca Esnaf ve Sanatkârlar Kooperatifi ile Tütün Tarım Satış Kooperatifi bulunmaktadır.

Ormancılık: İlçedeki orman işletme şefliklerinden maden direği, sanayi odunu, kâğıt odunu olarak toplam üretimi 24982m3 dür. Yakacak odun ve lif yonga üretimi ise 11839 sterdir. İlçede orman arazisi yaklaşık 397.000dekar ile ilçe yüzölçümünün %75'ini kapsamaktadır.
Ormanda, karaçam, kızılçam, ardıç ve çeşitli meşe türleri bulunmaktadır.

Sanayi
Madencilik: ilçede zengin linyit yatakları bulunmaktadır. Mülk sınırları içerisinde 14 maden kömürü havzası bulunmaktadır. Altısı işletme ruhsatlı sekizi arama ruhsatlı olan bu havzalardaki kömür kalorisi 3500-6200arasında değişmekte olup yıllık toplam üretim kapasiteleri 100000 ton üretim ise 75 000 ton'dur.

Diğer Sanayi Kolları:İlçede küçük işletmeler şeklinde demircilik kaporta oto tamirciliği tornacılık mobilyacılık gibi işler de yapılmaktadır.
Kalemizde küçük sanayi sitesi yapım çalışmaları devam etmektedir.

Tarım

İlçemizin yüzölçümü 533000 dekar olup bunun 397000 dekarı orman arazisiyle toplam arazinin %75'i,125300 dekarı tarım alanı,700 dekarı çayır ve mera,10000 dekarı ise tarım dışı mesken alanları olarak ayrılmış durumdadır.
Tarım arazisinin 115000 dekarı tarla ürünleri 350 dekarı meyveciliğe 4450 dekarı sebzeciliğe 1000 dekarı bağcılığa 500 dekar zeytinciliğe 4000 dekarı çeşitli yem bitkilerine ayrılmıştır.Üretilen tarla ürünlerinin başında tütün buğday arpa, nohut, biber ve ceviz gelmektedir. Ayrıca mısır, yulaf, mercimek, patates, domates, kavun, karpuz, salatalık, ıspanak, pırasa, soğan gibi sebzeler yetiştirilmektedir.Meyvelerden ise zeytin, elma, nar, üzüm, iğde, armut, ayva, badem, erik, kayısı, kiraz gibi ürünler yetiştirilmektedir.
İlçede Yetiştirilen bazı ürünler şunlardır:

Tütün:Kireçli arazilerde daha iyi yetişebilen tütün ilçede 49000 dekarlık bir arazide dikilmekte ve yıllık ortalama 3900 ton tütün elde edilmekte bundan da 3000 aile geçimini sağlamaktadır.

Buğday:İlçede 26300 dekarlık bir alanda yaklaşık 6159 ton ürün elde edilmektedir.

Biber: ilçede üretilen biber çevre il ve ilçeler tarafından tanınmakta ve yaz aylarında biber festivali Kale Belediyesi tarafından her yıl düzenlenmektedir. Kale biberi kalitesi ve üretimi ile Kale ile özdeşleşmiştir. Biber ilçede 660 dekarlık bir alanda yıllık 600-700 tonluk üretimi ile önemli bir yere sahiptir. Biber festivalinde en iyi biber yarışması düzenlenmekte olup kaliteli ürün yetiştiren üreticiler ödüllendirilmektedir.

Ceviz: ilçenin bir diğer önemli tarım ürünü de kalitesiyle kendini kanıtlamış olan cevizdir. Ceviz 130 dekarlık bir alanda yıllık toplam üretim miktarı 75-100 ton civarındadır.

Spor
İlçede 1985 yılında kurulmuş Kale Spor ilçenin tek lisanslı kulübüdür. 85 yılı öncesinde ilçede Demir Spor, Ümit 62, Esnaf Spor gibi ilçe halkının kurmuş olduğu takımlar ile sık sık turnuvalar ile müsabakalar düzenlenmiştir. Bu kulüpler maddi sıkıntılardan dolayı kapanmış ve Kale Spor'a katılmışlardır. Kale Spor Pamukkale spor ile oynadığı play-off mücadelesinin ardından Bölgesel Amatör Lig'de mücadele etmeye hak kazanmıştır. Kale Spor taraftarları Denizli amatör grupları içinde ilk kez taraftar grubu kurmuşlardır. Taraftarlar 90 dk. takımına destekleriyle bilinmektedir. Tüm deplasmanlarda takımlarını yalnız bırakmamaktadır. Taraftarlar ilçe merkezinde bulunan Belediye Pasajındaki bir kahvehanede toplanmaktadır. Bunun için taraftarlar grubun adını Pasaj koymuşlardır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 T.C. Kale Belediyesi
 T.C. Kale Kaymakamlığı

Kale, Denizli


ඉන්දියානු සාම සාධක හමුදාව (IPKF; ; ) යනු  1987 හා 1990 අතරතුරදී ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සාම සාධක මෙහෙවර සඳහා පැමිණි ඉන්දියානු හමුදා බල ඇණියකි.

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 තමිල් නාඩු විමුක්ති හමුදාව

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ඉතිහාසය
ඉන්දියාවේ සන්නද්ධ හමුදාව
ඉන්දියානු සාම සාධක හමුදාව
දෙමළ ඊළම
1980 ගණන් වල ඉන්දියාව
ඉන්දියාව

ඉන්දියානු සාම සාධක හමුදාව


حي المصيف هو أحد أحياء شمال مدينة الرياض ويتبع لبلدية العليا، ويحده من الشمال الطريق الدائري الشمالي ومن الشرق طريق أبي بكر الصديق ومن الجنوب طريق الإمام سعود بن عبد العزيز بن محمد ومن الغرب طريق الملك عبد العزيز.

يجاوره من الشمال حي النفل ومن الشمال الشرقي حي الوادي ومن الشرق حي التعاون ومن الجنوب الشرقي حي النزهة ومن الجنوب حي المرسلات ومن الجنوب الغربي حي الملك فهد ومن الغرب حي المروج ومن الشمال الغربي حي الغدير.

الشوارع الرئيسية
يتخلله شوارع رئيسية هي:
 شارع ابن سينا
 شارع زهير بن أبي سلمى
 شارع الحسين بن علي ويعرف بين السكان باسم شارع المستوصف لوجود الوحدة الصحية بحي المصيف عليه.
 شارع ظبية بنت البراء ويعرف عند السكان باسم شارع الزمرد لتواجد مطعم الزمرد البخاري عليه.

يعتبر حي المصيف أول حي في العاصمة الرياض يقام فيه مركز اجتماعي.

أحياء الرياض

حي المصيف (الرياض)


id Software, ABD tabanlı, Ağustos 1991 senesinde John Carmack, John Romero, Tom Hall ve Adrian Carmack (John Carmack ile bir akrabalığı bulunmayan) tarafından kurulan, oyun geliştirici bir şirket. FPS türünün ilk öncüsü denilebilir.

Tarihçe
Video oyunları tarihine birçok başarılı örnekler sunduğu gibi, teknolojinin son nimetlerinden yararlanarak yarattıkları 3-boyut grafik motorları ile de kendilerinden oldukça söz ettirmiş ve diğer birçok oyunun yapımına vesile olmuşlardır.

QuakeCon fuarını geleneksel olarak her yıl düzenleyerek, başta Quake serilerinin severleri olmak üzere, tüm oyun severleri Teksas'ta buluşturmaktadırlar.

Şirket, 24 Haziran 2009'da ZeniMax Media tarafından satın alınmıştır. Eskiden oyunlarını Activision üzerinden yayınlatan şirket, şu an Rage adlı oyununu Bethesda üzerinden yayınlatmaktadır.

Oyunları
 Wolfenstein 3D
 Doom (1993)
 Doom 2
 Quake
 Quake 2
 Quake 3: Arena
 Quake 3: Team Arena
 Return to Castle Wolfenstein
 Doom 3
 Resurrection Of Evil
 Quake 4
 Doom (2016)
 Rage
 Commander Keen
 Doom Eternal

Dış bağlantılar
 id Software

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri merkezli video oyunu şirketleri
Video oyunu yapım şirketleri
Teksas merkezli şirketler
Mesquite, Teksas
1990'larda Teksas'ta kurulan oluşumlar
1991'de Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde kurulan oluşumlar
1991'de kurulan video oyunu şirketleri

İd Software


Les Rougon-Macquart  is the collective title given to a cycle of twenty novels by French writer Émile Zola. Subtitled Histoire naturelle et sociale d'une famille sous le Second Empire (Natural and social history of a family under the Second Empire), it follows the lives of the members of the two titular branches of a fictional family living during the Second French Empire (1852–1870) and is one of the most prominent works of the French naturalism literary movement.

Influences

Early in his life, Zola discovered the work of Honoré de Balzac and his famous cycle La Comédie humaine. This had a profound impact on Zola, who decided to write his own, unique cycle. However, in 1869, he explained in Différences entre Balzac et moi, why he would not make the same kind of book as Balzac:

In one word, his work wants to be the mirror of the contemporary society. My work, mine, will be something else entirely. The scope will be narrower. I don't want to describe the contemporary society, but a single family, showing how the race is modified by the environment. (...) My big task is to be strictly naturalist, strictly physiologist.

As a naturalist writer, Zola was highly interested by science and especially the problem of heredity and evolution. He notably read and mentioned the work of the doctor Prosper Lucas, Claude Bernard, and Charles Darwin as references for his own work. This led him to think that people are heavily influenced by heredity and their environment. He intended to prove this by showing how these two factors could influence the members of a family. In 1871, in the preface of , he explained his intent:

The great characteristic of the Rougon-Macquarts, the group or family which I propose to study, is their ravenous appetite, the great outburst of our age which rushes upon enjoyment. Physiologically the Rougon-Macquarts represent the slow succession of accidents pertaining to the nerves or the blood, which befall a race after the first organic lesion, and, according to environment, determine in each individual member of the race those feelings, desires and passions—briefly, all the natural and instinctive manifestations peculiar to humanity—whose outcome assumes the conventional name of virtue or vice.

Preparations

In a letter to his publisher, Zola stated his goals for the Rougon-Macquart: "1° To study in a family the questions of blood and environments. [...] 2° To study the whole Second Empire, from the coup d'état to nowadays."

Genealogy and heredity
Since his first goal was to show how heredity can affect the lives of descendants, Zola started working on the Rougon-Macquart by drawing the family tree for the Rougon-Macquart. Though it was to be modified many times over the years, with some members appearing or disappearing, the original tree shows how Zola planned the whole cycle before writing the first book.

The tree provides the name and date of birth of each member, along with certain properties of his heredity and his life:

 The prepotency : The prepotency is a term used by the doctor Lucas. It is part of a biological theory that tries to determine how heredity transmits traits through generations. Zola apply this theory to the mental state of his protagonists and uses terms from the work of the doctor Lucas: Election du père (Prepotency of the father, meaning the father is the main influence on the child), Election de la mère (Prepotency of the mother), Mélange soudure (Fusion of the 2 parents) or Innéité (No influence from either parent).
 Physical likeness: Whether the member looks like his mother or his father.
 Biographical information: his job and important facts of his life. Additionally, for members still living at the end of Le Docteur Pascal, their place of living at the end of the cycle may be included. Otherwise, the date of death is included.

Note: the gallery does not include the tree made for La Bete Humaine which included for the first time Jacques, the main protagonist of the book

For example, the entry for Jean Macquart on the 1878 tree read: Jean Macquart, né en 1831 - Election de la mère - Ressemblance physique du père. Soldat (Jean Macquart, born in 1831 - Prepotency of the mother - Physical likeness to his father. Soldier)

The study of the Second Empire

To study the Second Empire, Zola thought of each novel as a novel about a specific aspect of the life in his time. For example, in the list he made in 1872, he intended to make a "political novel", a "novel about the defeat", "a scientific novel", and a "novel about the war in Italy". The first three ideas led to Son Excellence Eugène Rougon, La Débâcle, and Le Docteur Pascal, respectively. However, the last idea would never be made into a book.

Indeed, at the beginning, Zola did not know exactly how many books he would write. In the first letter to his publisher, he mentioned "ten episodes". In 1872, his list included seventeen novels, but some of them would never be made (such as the one on the war in Italy), whereas others were to be added later on. In 1877, in the preface of L'Assommoir, he stated that he was going to write "about twenty novels". In the end, he settled for twenty books.

Story
Almost all of the main protagonists for each novel are introduced in the first book, . The last novel in the cycle, Le Docteur Pascal, contains a lengthy chapter that ties up loose ends from the other novels. In between, there is no "best sequence" in which to read the novels in the cycle, as they are not in chronological order and indeed are impossible to arrange into such an order. Although some of the novels in the cycle are direct sequels to one another, many of them follow on directly from the last chapters of , and there is a great deal of chronological overlap between the books; there are numerous recurring characters and several of them make "guest" appearances in novels centered on other members of the family.

The Rougon-Macquart
The Rougon-Macquart family begins with Adelaïde Fouque. Born in 1768 in the fictional Provençal town Plassans to middle-class parents (members of the French "bourgeoisie"), she has a slight intellectual disability. She marries Rougon, and gives birth to a son, Pierre Rougon. However, she also has a lover, the smuggler Macquart, with whom she has two children: Ursule and Antoine Macquart. This means that the family is split in three branches:

 The first, legitimate, one is the Rougons branch. They are the most successful of the children. Most of them live in the upper classes (such as Eugene Rougon who becomes a minister) or/and have a good education (such as Pascal, the doctor who is the main protagonist of Le Docteur Pascal).
 The second branch is the low-born Macquarts. They are urban working-class (L'Assommoir), farmers (La Terre), or soldiers (La Débâcle).
 The third branch is the Mourets (the name of Ursule Macquart's husband). They are a mix of the other two. They are middle-class people (bourgeois) and tend to live more balanced lives than the others.

Because Zola believed that everyone is driven by their heredity, Adelaide's children show signs of their mother's original deficiency. For the Rougon, this manifests as a drive for power, money, and excess in life. For the Macquarts, who live in a difficult environment, it is manifested by alcoholism (L'Assommoir), prostitution (Nana), and homicide (La Bête humaine). Even the Mourets are marked to a certain degree; in La Faute de l'Abbé Mouret, the priest Serge Mouret has to fight his desire for a young woman.

View of France under Napoleon III
As a naturalist, Zola also gave detailed descriptions of urban and rural settings, and different types of businesses. Le Ventre de Paris, for example, has a detailed description of the central market in Paris at the time.

As a political reflection of life under Napoleon III, the novel La Conquête de Plassans looks at how an ambitious priest infiltrates a small Provence town one family at a time, starting with the Rougons. La Débâcle takes place during the 1870 Franco-Prussian War and depicts Napoleon III's downfall. Son Excellence also looks at political life, and Pot-Bouille and Au Bonheur des Dames look at middle class life in Paris.

Note that Zola wrote the novels after the fall of Napoleon III.

List of novels
In an "Introduction" of his last novel, Le Docteur Pascal, Zola gave a recommended reading order, although it is not required, as each novel stands on its own.

Publication order
 (1871)
La Curée (1871–2)
Le Ventre de Paris (1873)
La Conquête de Plassans (1874)
La Faute de l'Abbé Mouret (1875)
Son Excellence Eugène Rougon (1876)
L'Assommoir (1877)
Une page d'amour (1878)
Nana (1880)
Pot-Bouille (1882)
Au Bonheur des Dames (1883)
La joie de vivre (1884)
Germinal (1885)
L'Œuvre (1886)
La Terre (1887)
Le Rêve (1888)
La Bête humaine (1890)
L'Argent (1891)
La Débâcle (1892)
Le Docteur Pascal (1893)

A recommended reading order
 (The Fortune of the Rougons) (1871)
Son Excellence Eugène Rougon (His Excellency Eugène Rougon) (1876)
La Curée (The Kill) (1871-2)
L'Argent (Money) (1891)
Le Rêve (The Dream) (1888)
La Conquête de Plassans (The Conquest of Plassans) (1874)
Pot-Bouille (Pot Luck) (1882)
Au Bonheur des Dames (The Ladies Paradise/The Ladies' Delight) (1883)
La Faute de l'Abbé Mouret  (The Sin of Abbé Mouret) (1875)
Une page d'amour (A Love Story) (1878)
Le Ventre de Paris  (The Belly of Paris) (1873)
La joie de vivre (The Bright Side of Life) (1884)
L'Assommoir  (The Drinking Den) (1877)
L'Œuvre (The Masterpiece) (1886)
La Bête humaine (The Beast Within) (1890)
Germinal (1885)
Nana (1880)
La Terre (The Earth) (1887)
La Débâcle (The Debacle) (1892)
Le Docteur Pascal (Doctor Pascal) (1893)

English translations
All of the twenty novels have been translated into English under various titles and editions. For many years, the novels were best known in bowdlerized editions of the late 19th and early 20th century, especially those published by Vizetelly & Co. Although the more well-known novels in the series received 20th century translations, and Elek Books published 11 new translations during the 1950s, many of the volumes remained largely out-of-print in the English language for decades after Zola's death. For instance, The Fortune of the Rougons was translated in 1898, and then not again until 2012. The Kill was translated in 1895, and then not again until 2004.

After about 1970, modern translations of the more famous novels in the series, such as L'Assommoir and Germinal, were released by publishers like Penguin and Modern Library. Between 1993 (The Masterpiece) and 2021 (The Assommoir), Oxford World's Classics published a complete run of all 20 novels in modern translation.

This list comprises first-edition English translations. Later reprints in different years or under different titles or publishers generally not included. Source for early translation information:

1.
 The Fortune of the Rougons (1886, tr. unknown for H. Vizetelly, Vizetelly & Co.)
 The Fortune of the Rougons (1898, tr. unknown edited by E. A. Vizetelly, Chatto & Windus)
 The Fortune of the Rougons (2012, tr. Brian Nelson, Oxford University Press)
2. La Curée
 The Rush for the Spoil (1886, tr. unknown for H. Vizetelly, Vizetelly & Co.)
 The Kill (1895, tr. A. Teixeira de Mattos, Lutetian Society)
 The Kill (2004, tr. Brian Nelson, Oxford University Press)
 The Kill (2004, tr. Arthur Goldhammer, Modern Library)
3. Le Ventre de Paris
 La Belle Lisa or The Paris Market Girls (1882, tr. Mary Neal Sherwood, T. B. Peterson Bros.)
 The Fat and the Thin (1888, tr. unknown for H. Vizetelly, Vizetelly & Co.)
 The Fat and the Thin (1896, tr. E. A. Vizetelly, Chatto & Windus)
 Savage Paris (1955, tr. David Hughes & Marie-Jacqueline Mason, Elek Books)
 The Belly of Paris (2007, tr. Brian Nelson, Oxford University Press)
 The Belly of Paris (2009, tr. Mark Kurlansky, Modern Library)
4. La Conquête de Plassans
 The Conquest of Plassans (1887, tr. unknown for H. Vizetelly, Vizetelly & Co.)
 A Priest in the House (1957, tr. Brian Rhys, Elek Books)
 The Conquest of Plassans (2014, tr. Helen Constantine, Oxford University Press)
5. La Faute de l'Abbé Mouret
 Abbé Mouret's Transgression (1886, tr. unknown for H. Vizetelly, Vizetelly & Co.)
 Abbé Mouret's Transgression (1900, tr. unknown edited by E. A. Vizetelly, Chatto & Windus)
 The Sin of the Abbé Mouret (1904, tr. M. Smyth, McLaren & Co.)
 The Abbé Mouret's Sin (1957, tr. Alec Brown, Elek Books, republished as The Sinful Priest in 1960)
 The Sin of Father Mouret (1969, tr. Sandy Petrey, Prentice-Hall)
 The Sin of Abbé Mouret (2017, tr. Valerie Minogue, Oxford University Press)
6. Son Excellence Eugène Rougon
 Clorinda or The Rise and Reign of His Excellency Eugène Rougon (1880, tr. Mary Neal Sherwood, T.B. Peterson & Bros.)
 His Excellency Eugène Rougon (1886, tr. unknown for H. Vizetelly, Vizetelly & Co.)
 His Excellency (1958, tr. Alec Brown, Elek Books)
 His Excellency Eugène Rougon (2018, tr. Brian Nelson, Oxford University Press)
7. L'Assommoir
 L'assommoir (1879, tr. Mary Neal Sherwood, T.B. Peterson & Bros.)
 Gervaise (1879, tr. E. Binsse, G. W. Carleton & Co.)
 The 'Assommoir' (1884, tr. unknown for H. Vizetelly, Vizetelly & Co.)
 L'Assommoir (1895, tr. Arthur Symons, Lutetian Society)
 The Dram Shop (1897, tr. unknown edited by E. A. Vizetelly, Chatto & Windus)
 Drink (1903, tr. S.J.A. Fitzgerald, Greening & Co.)
 The Dram Shop (1951, tr. Gerard Hopkins, Hamish Hamilton)
 The Gin Palace (1952, tr. Buckner B. Trawick, Avon Publications)
 L'Assommoir (1962, tr. Atwood H. Townsend, New American Library)
 L'Assommoir (1970, tr. Leonard Tancock, Penguin Books)
 L'Assommoir (1995, tr. Margaret Mauldon, Oxford University Press)
 The Drinking Den (2000, tr. Robin Buss, Penguin Books)
 The Assommoir (2021, tr. Brian Nelson, Oxford University Press)
8. Une Page d'amour
 Hélène: A Love Episode (1878, tr. Mary Neal Sherwood, T.B. Peterson & Bros.)
 A Love Episode (1886, tr. unknown for H. Vizetelly, Vizetelly & Co.)
 A Love Episode (1895, tr. E. A. Vizetelly, Hutchinson & Co.)
 A Page of Love (1897, tr. T. F. Rogerson, Geo Barrie & Son)
 A Love Episode (1905, tr. C. C. Starkweather, Société des Beaux-arts)
 A Love Affair (1957, tr. Jean Stewart, Elek Books)
 A Love Story (2017, tr. Helen Constantine, Oxford University Press)
9. Nana
 Nana (1884, tr. unknown for H. Vizetelly, Vizetelly & Co.)
 Nana (1895, tr. Victor Plarr, Lutetian Society)
 Nana (1926, tr. Joseph Keating, Cecil Palmer)
 Nana (1953, tr. Charles Duff, William Heinemann)
 Nana (1964, tr. Lowell Blair, Bantam Books)
 Nana (1972, tr. George Holden, Penguin Books)
 Nana (1992, tr. Douglas Parmee, Oxford University Press)
 Nana (2020, tr. Helen Constantine, introduction and annotation by Brian Nelson, Oxford University Press)
10. Pot-Bouille
 Piping Hot! (1885, tr. unknown for H. Vizetelly, Vizetelly & Co.)
 Pot-Bouille (1895, tr. Percy Pinkerton, Lutetian Society)
 Restless House (other versions of Pinkerton's translation)
 Pot Luck (1999, tr. Brian Nelson, Oxford University Press)

11. Au Bonheur des Dames
 Shop Girls of Paris (1883, tr. Mary Neal Sherwood, T.B. Peterson & Bros.)
 The Ladies' Paradise (1883, tr. Frank Belmont, Tinsley Bros.)
 Ladies' Delight (1957, tr. April Fitzlyon, John Calder)
 The Ladies Paradise (1995, tr. Brian Nelson, Oxford University Press)
 Au Bonheur des Dames (The Ladies' Delight) (2001, tr. Robin Buss, Penguin Books)
12. La joie de vivre
 How Jolly Life Is! (1886, tr. unknown for H. Vizetelly, Vizetelly & Co.)
 The Joy of Life (1901, tr. unknown edited by E. A. Vizetelly, Chatto & Windus)
 Zest for Life (1955, tr. Jean Stewart, Elek Books)
 The Bright Side of Life (2018, tr. Andrew Rothwell, Oxford University Press)
13. Germinal
 Germinal (1885, tr. Carlynne, Belford, Clarke & Co.)
 Germinal (1886, tr. Albert Vandam, Vizetelly & Co.)
 Germinal (1894, tr. Havelock Ellis, Lutetian Society)
 Germinal (1954, tr. L. W. Tancock, Penguin Books)
 Germinal (1962, tr. Willard R. Trask, Bantam Books)
 Germinal (1970, tr. Stanley Hochman, New American Library)
 Germinal (1993, tr. Peter Collier, Oxford University Press)
 Germinal (2004, tr. Roger Pearson, Penguin Books)
14. L'Œuvre
 The Masterpiece (1886, tr. G. D. Cox, T. B. Peterson & Bros.)
 His Masterpiece (1886, tr. Albert Vandam, Vizetelly & Co.)
 His Masterpiece (1902, tr. Albert Vandam edited by E. A. Vizetelly, Chatto & Windus)
 The Masterpiece (1946, tr. Katherine Woods, Howell Soskin)
 The Masterpiece (1950, tr. Thomas Walton, Elek Books)
 The Masterpiece (1993, tr. Roger Pearson's rev of Thomas Walton's tr., Oxford University Press)
15. La Terre
 The Soil ( 1888, tr. G. D. Cox, T. B. Peterson & Bros.)
 The Soil (1888, tr. unknown for E. A. Vizetelly, Vizetelly & Co.)
 La Terre (1895, tr. Ernest Dowson, Lutetian Society)
 Earth (1954, tr. Ann Lindsay, Elek Books)
 Earth (1962, tr. Margaret Crosland, New English Library)
 The Earth (1980, tr. Douglas Parmee, Penguin Books)
 The Earth (2016, tr. Brian Nelson and Julie Rose, Oxford University Press)
16. Le Rêve
 The Dream (1893, tr. Eliza E. Chase, Chatto & Windus)
 The Dream (2005, tr. Michael Glencross, Peter Owen)
 The Dream (2005, tr. Andrew Brown, Hesperus Press)
 The Dream (2018, Paul Gibbard, Oxford University Press)
17. La Bête humaine
 The Human Beast ( 1891, tr. G. D. Cox, T. B. Peterson)
 The Monomaniac (1901, tr. Edward Vizetelly, Hutchinson & Co.)
 The Human Beast (1937, tr. Louis Colman, Julien Press)
 The Human Beast (1954, tr. Frances Frenaye, Avon Publications)
 The Beast in Man (1958, tr. Alec Brown, Elek Books)
 La Bete Humaine (1977, tr. Leonard Tancock, Penguin Books)
 La Bete Humaine (1999, tr. Roger Pearson, Oxford University Press)
 The Beast Within (2008, tr. Roger Whitehouse, Penguin Books)
18. L'Argent
 Money (1891, tr. Benjamin R. Tucker, Benjamin R. Tucker)
 Money (1894, tr. E. A. Vizetelly, Chatto & Windus)
 Money (2014, tr. Valerie Minogue, Oxford University Press)
 Money (2016, tr. André Naffis-Sahely, Alma Books)
19. La Débâcle
 The Downfall (1892, tr. E. A. Vizetelly, Chatto & Windus)
 The Downfall or The Smash-up (1898, tr. E. P. Robins, The Cassell Co.)
 The Downfall (1902, tr. W. M. Sloane, P. F. Collier & Son)
 The Debacle (1968, tr. John Hands, Elek Books)
 The Debacle (1972, tr. Leonard Tancock, Penguin Books)
 La Débâcle (2000, tr. Elinor Dorday, Oxford University Press)
20. Le Docteur Pascal
 Doctor Pascal (1893, tr. E. A. Vizetelly, Chatto & Windus)
 Doctor Pascal (1901, tr. Mary J. Serrano, MacMillan Co.)
 Doctor Pascal (1957, tr. Vladimir Kean, Elek Books)
 Doctor Pascal (2020, tr. Julie Rose, Oxford University Press)

Adaptations
The BBC adapted the novels into a 27-episode (20 hour) radio drama series called Blood, Sex and Money by Emile Zola. The "radical re-imagining" was broadcast in three seasons on BBC Radio 4 between November 2015 and October 2016.

References

External links
 The Rougon-Macquart Novels of Emile Zola (for English-speaking Readers) provides an American enthusiast's introduction, insights and synopses.
Le Compagnon des Rougon-Macquart  : 1300+ pages (in French)

Novel series

Les Rougon-Macquart


AMOS or Advanced Mortar System is a Finno-Swedish 120 mm semi-automatic twin barrelled, breech loaded
mortar turret. AMOS has been fitted to a wide range of armoured vehicles, such as the Sisu Pasi, Patria AMV and Combat Vehicle 90. The Swedish Navy originally planned to fit AMOS to the CB90 assault craft, but found that it was too small to carry it. Instead, a project to develop the larger Combat Boat 2010 was launched specifically to carry AMOS. Sweden cancelled its acquisition of the AMOS in 2009 due to budget regulations by recommendations from Genomförandegruppen. In 2016 a new self propelled mortar system called Mjölner based on a CV90 hull was ordered by the Swedish armed forces, it is based on the AMOS and has many visual similarities but is not as advanced.

Design

When fitted to a vehicle, both GPS- and inertia positioning are used. The electronic fire-control system utilizes digital maps. The twin barreled AMOS is able to keep up rate of fire of 12 rounds per minute. Using its computer-controlled Multiple round simultaneous impact (MRSI) feature it is possible to set up a burst of up to 10 rounds that hit the target simultaneously. The first rounds are fired at higher angles with more propellant so that the rounds fly in a high arc. The next rounds are shot later with a slightly smaller angle and less propellant so that they fly a lower arc to the same target. This can be done seven times in a row, always adjusting the angle and power. The adjustment between shots is done by a computer. The strike of one AMOS unit roughly equals one strike of an artillery battery.

An AMOS turret has a full 360-degree field of fire at elevations of −3 to +85 degrees. AMOS is capable of both conventional indirect fire and direct fire for self-protection. In a typical installation, mounted on a Patria AMV or a similar vehicle, the vehicle can dash to the next position roughly 30 seconds after initiating the 14-round salvo, leaving minimal time for detection and counter-attack by enemy; evasion is the primary means of self-protection.

AMOS is manufactured and marketed by Finnish/Swedish Patria Hägglunds, a joint venture between Finnish Patria and Swedish BAE Systems Hägglunds. The system was to be known as the SSG120 in Swedish service. Ammunition for AMOS includes the Strix guided round and a modification of the Spanish Instalaza MAT-120 120 mm Mortar Cargo Round (although the latter is restricted from the Finnish inventory because of Finnish partnership in the Ottawa Treaty abolishing landmines). AMOS is capable of firing standard muzzle-loaded mortar rounds, but due to the breech-load design in the AMOS, the rounds have to be equipped with a short stub case at the base of the fins, similar to a sabot. When the round is fired, the case exits the breech system automatically.

Operators

Current operators

 18 AMOS ordered in 2010, delivered from 2013, all in service

Potential orders

 The Army is looking for 62 self-propelled mortars, capable of indirect, semi-direct and direct fire and most likely on the 8x8 Pandur II. The competitors are the Patria NEMO and the M120 Rak. The NEMO is the favorite.

Cancelled orders

 6 AMOS were in the end not ordered as 24 were initially ordered, but only 18 were purchased and supplied.

   40 AMOS was cancelled in 2009 due to financial reasons. It was expected to be installed on the CV90. In 2016, the Mjölner was selected to take over the role of the AMOS. 80 Mjölner turrets have been ordered so far.
   The AMOS purchase was cancelled in 2009 after studies finding out that fitting it to the Combat Boat 2010 was too expensive. Initially, the CB90 was the platform planned, but it was discovered to be too small to carry the AMOS.  In 2023, Sweden decided to manufacture such a ship, but with the Patria Nemo as a turret, 8 were ordered.

See also
 Patria NEMO
 Light-weight Combat Vehicle (LCV) System
 M120 Rak

References

External links
 AMOS at Patria Hägglunds's website Rev 7.3.2012
 AMOS Advanced Mortar System and Amos Brochure 2008 at www.patria.fi. Rev. 7.3.2012
Instalaza news web page

120 mm artillery
Mortars of Finland
Mortars of Sweden
Gun-mortars
Military vehicles introduced in the 2000s

AMOS


الضابط التابع يقصد في المجالات العسكرية وخاصة البحرية منها الضابط الذي لم ينه تدريبه الأولي بعد، ولا يعتبر الواحد منهم مؤهلا بعد للعمل العسكري لكن يتم اعتباره تجاوزا ضابط مكلف. ويوجد مثال مقرب لهذه الحالة في نظام الرتب العسكرية العراقية ( قبل عام 2003)، حيث كان يتم تدريب خريجين للدراسة الاعدادية (الثانوية العامة في مصر ) في دورة تاهيليه سريعه ( 6 إلى 9 أشهر ) ليتخرج بعدها برتبة نائب ضابط تلميذ حربي أو خريج معهد فني ( دبلوم ) ويدخل بعدها دورة تدريبة سريعه ليتخرج برتبة نائب ضابط تلميذ فني، وبعد مدة لا تزيد عن سنة يصل المرسوم الجمهوري الخاص بهم ليصبحوا ضباطا دائميين برتبة ملازم .

البحرية الملكية البريطانية
رتب عسكرية

ضابط تابع


Das Evangelisch-Lutherische Dekanat Schweinfurt ist eines der 19 Dekanate des Kirchenkreises Ansbach-Würzburg. Amtierender Dekan ist seit Oktober 2006 Oliver Bruckmann.

Geographie
Der Dekanatsbezirk liegt zwischen der Rhön und dem Maindreieck. Die Gemeinden im Norden liegen im Landkreis Bad Kissingen. Richtung Süden schließt sich Landkreis und Stadt Schweinfurt an. Ganz im Süden liegt die Kirchengemeinde Obereisenheim im Landkreis Würzburg.

Geschichte
Vor der bayerischen Zeit 1803 gab es im heutigen Dekanatsgebiet viele unterschiedliche Territorien. Die seit der Reformationszeit evangelisch geprägten Gemeinden konzentrieren sich auf das Lauertal und den Raum Schweinfurt. Den größten Flächenanteil hatte damals das Hochstift Würzburg, so dass das Schweinfurter Umland vorwiegend römisch-katholisch geprägt ist.

Reichsstadt und Reichsdörfer
Die Reformation wurde in der Reichsstadt Schweinfurt und deren Territorialorten Oberndorf, Weipoltshausen und Zell 1542 eingeführt. Die Reichsdörfer Gochsheim und Sennfeld folgten kurze Zeit später.

Reichsritterschaft
Die reichsritterschaftlichen Orte Euerbach, Obbach, Niederwerrn und Schwebheim schlossen sich ebenfalls der Reformation an. In Euerbach wurde sie durch Wolf von Steinau eingeführt. Eine Jahreszahl lässt sich nicht ermitteln. Es soll in der Amtszeit von Pfarrer Nikolaus Müller (1516–1531) erfolgt sein. In Obbach versuchte bereits Kasimir von Seckendorff die Reformation einzuführen, dem sich sein Schwiegersohn Ludwig von Hutten erfolgreich widersetzte. Kasimirs Sohn Hans Ludwig von Seckendorff gelang die erfolgreiche Einführung der evangelischen Lehre. In Niederwerrn berief Eyrich von Münster 1566 mit Stephan Schatz einen evangelischen Prädikanten, nachdem der Versuch, den Geldersheimer Pfarrer Braun zum Übertritt zur evangelischen Lehre zu bewegen, gescheitert war.

Grafschaft Castell
Das ganz im Süden des Dekanats liegende Obereisenheim gehörte im alten Reich zur Grafschaft Castell, in der 1546 die Lehre Luthers eingeführt wurde.

Gefürstete Grafschaft Henneberg
Die Lauertalgemeinden Maßbach, Poppenlauer, Rothausen, Thundorf, Volkershausen und Madenhausen waren durch die Grafen von Henneberg protestantisch geworden.

Kirchenburgen
Kunst- und kulturhistorisch hervorzuheben sind die Kirchenburgen im Dekanatsbezirk. Die größte und besterhaltene ist die Gochsheimer Kirchenburg im ehemaligen Reichsdorf Gochsheim. Dort befindet sich das Reichsdorfmuseum. Ebenfalls ein geschlossenes Bauensemble bildet die Kirchenburg in Euerbach. Die Kirchenburganlage von Niederwerrn ist heute noch zu erkennen, wenn auch die umliegenden Gebäude nicht mehr vollständig aus alter Bausubstanz bestehen.

Kirchengemeinden
Der Dekanatsbezirk Schweinfurt wurde zum 1. Januar 2023 neu gegliedert. Die meisten Kirchengemeinden schlossen sich zu Pfarreien zusammen. Statt bisher 19 gibt es nun lediglich noch 8 Pfarreien, d. h. Pfarrämter, die teilweise aus mehreren Kirchengemeinden, insgesamt 27, bestehen. In den Gemeinden lebten 2017 ca. 41500 Gemeindeglieder. Im Folgenden sind die Pfarreien und Kirchengemeinden sowie deren Kirchengebäude aufgeführt.
 Pfarreien mit jeweils einer Kirchengemeinde
 Bad Kissingen, Erlöserkirche (1847) mit Bad Bocklet, Johanneskirche (2002) und Oerlenbach, Friedenskirche
 Schweinfurt, Auferstehungskirche (1959)
 Obereisenheim, Evangelische Pfarrkirche ohne Patrozinium (1496) und Bergtheim, Matthäus-Gemeindezentrum
 Pfarrei Schweinfurt-Stadt
 Kirchengemeinde Schweinfurt-St. Johannis (ab 12. Jh.)
 Kirchengemeinde Schweinfurt-St. Salvator, (eigentlich Sancti-Salvatoris-Mundi) (ab. 14 Jh.)
 Schweinfurt, Christuskirche-Arche Dittelbrunn
 Schweinfurt, St. Lukas (1969)
 Schweinfurt, Dreieinigkeitskirche
 Schweinfurt, Gustav-Adolf-Kirche
 Pfarrei Mainbogen (Sitz: Sennfeld)
 Sennfeld, Dreieinigkeitskirche (1954)
 Gochsheim, St. Michael
 Schwebheim, Auferstehungskirche (1576 und 1957)
 Schonungen, Christuskirche (1954)
 Pfarrei Oberes Werntal (Sitz: Obbach)
 Obbach, Evangelische Pfarrkirche (1768)
 Niederwerrn, Evangelische Pfarrkirche
 Euerbach, St. Cosmas und St. Damian, Geldersheim, Frühmesskapelle
 Pfarrei Rheinfeld-Werneck (Sitz: Schweinfurt-Oberndorf)
 Schweinfurt-Oberndorf, Kreuzkirche (1940)
 Werneck, Schloßkirche
 Bergrheinfeld, Kirche "Zum guten Hirten" (1963)
 Pfarrei Zell-Lauertal (Sitz: Maßbach)
 Kirchengemeinde Maßbach, St. Bartholomäus
 Kirchengemeinde Poppenlauer, Auferstehungskirche
 Kirchengemeinde Rothhausen, St. Ägidius
 Kirchengemeinde Thundorf, Evangelische Kirche
 Kirchengemeinde Volkershausen, Evangelische Kirche
 Kirchengemeinde Madenhausen, St. Wendelin (1852)
 Kirchengemeinde Weipoltshausen, St. Bartholomäus (1584)
 Kirchengemeinde Zell, Matthäuskirche (1717)

Siehe auch
 Dekanat Schweinfurt-Stadt
 Kirchen in Schweinfurt

Literatur

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website

Einzelnachweise

Evang.luth. Dekanat Schweinfurt
Schweinfurt
Schweinfurt
Wikipedia:Gründungsdatum ungeklärt
Christentum in Schweinfurt

Evangelisch-Lutherisches Dekanat Schweinfurt


Crucea de Merit (în ) este o medalie de stat poloneză înființată pe 23 iunie 1923 și este acordată civililor pentru recunoașterea unor servicii aduse statului.

Ordinul are trei clase:

La data înființării sale, în anul 1923, Crucea de Merit a fost cea mai înaltă distincție civilă din Polonia. Acesta a fost acordat pentru cetățenii care și-au făcut datoria în domeniul lor pentru țară și societate ca întreg. Poate fi acordată de două ori la fiecare clasa aceleiași persoane.

Beneficiari
 Kazimierz Wichniarz (Crucea de Aur de Merit), 1956
 Moise Schorr (Crucea de Aur de Merit), rabin, istoric polonez, politician, învățat, asiriolog și orientalist.
 Michal Korwin-Szymanowski, de asemenea, cunoscut sub numele de Michel Korwin (Crucea de Aur de Merit 2015), Montreal, Canada.
 Bronisława Rychter-Janowska (Crucea de Aur de Merit 1939), artistă din Cracovia.
 Henri Strzelecki (Crucea de Aur de Merit 1990), co-fondator al Henri Lloyd.
 Henryk Staniewski (Crucea de Argint de Merit , Crucea de Aur de Merit 1998) Director al Departamentului de Rețele de calculatoare și de Comunicații în Lublin, Polonia
 Izabella Zielińska (Crucea de Aur de Merit 2011), pianistă polonez
 Michał Kwiatkowski (Crucea de Aur de Merit 2014), ciclist pe șosea polonez
 Jerzy Zralski (Crucea de Aur de Merit 2000), veteran în al doilea război mondial și scriitor
 Bogdan Labecki (Crucea de Aur de Merit 2013).
 Tomasz Miśkiewicz - pentru munca sa cu imigranții din Tineretul Islamic în 2006
 Michal Kuleczka (Crucea de Aur de Merit 2013).
 Bogdan Labecki (Crucea de Aur de Merit 2013).
 John Dodunski (Crucea de Merit 2013) - Noua Zeelandă - martie 2013
 Margaret Scannell născută Dodunski (Crucea de Merit 2013) - Noua Zeelandă - martie 2013
 Robert Dodunski (Crucea de Merit 2013) - Noua Zeelandă - martie 2013
 Tomasz Trembowski (Crucea de Bronz de Merit 2013) - Canada - mai 2013
 Elwira Grossman (Crucea de Aur de Merit 2013) - Scoția - august 2013
 Rudolf Gundlach (Crucea de Argint de Merit) - inventatorul periscopului pe tancul Gundlach
 Agnieszka Radwańska (Crucea de Aur de Merit) - jucătoare de tenis
 Katarzyna Maria Dziewanowska- (Crucea de Aur de Merit) cercetare științifică - Universitatea din Idaho 26 septembrie 2013
 Marcin Pawel Grzadka (Crucea de Argint de Merit) - Harcmistrz, co-fondator al YPCPA. și președinte al Quo Vadis Leadership Conference. - Canada - noiembrie 2013
 Natalia Kusendova (Crucea de Argint de Merit)

 Filip Slipaczek (Crucea de Argint de Merit 2014) - Marea Britanie - mai 2014
 Aleksandra Ziółkowska-Boehm (Crucea de Aur de Merit - 20 iunie 2014), SUA, scriitor și academician
 Tomasz Moczerniuk (Crucea de Argint de Merit) - New York - septembrie 2014
 Grzegorz Fryc (Crucea de Argint de Merit) - New York - septembrie 2014
 Adam Skorek (Crucea de Aur de Merit - 2004)
 Karol Kłos (Crucea de Aur de Merit - 27 octombrie 2014) - jucător de volei, campion mondial 2014
 Andrzej Wrona (Crucea de Aur de Merit - 27 octombrie 2014) - jucător de volei, campion mondial 2014
 Fabian Drzyzga (Crucea de Aur de Merit - 27 octombrie 2014) - jucător de volei, campion mondial 2014
 Paweł Zatorski (Crucea de Aur de Merit - 27 octombrie 2014) - jucător de volei, campion mondial 2014
 Mateusz Mika (Crucea de Aur de Merit - 27 octombrie 2014) - jucător de volei, campion mondial 2014
 Philippe Blain (Crucea de Aur de Merit - 27 octombrie 2014) - antrenor echipa națională de volei masculin a Poloniei - campioană mondială 2014
 John P. Lynch (Crucea de Aur de Merit - 3 noiembrie 2014) - CEO & Founder Lynka
 Michael Biegler (Crucea de Aur de Merit) - antrenorul german al echipei naționale de handbal
Thomas Gabriel Grasza Esq (Crucea de Aur de Merit - 11 noiembrie 2011) proiectant de timbre și monede și însemnat filatelist Canadiano-polonez de patru decenii.
 Joanna Zawadzka (Crucea de Aur de Merit - 2 mai 2014) - activistă a comunității în Scoția, director al Asociației Festivalului Cultural Polonez.

Referințe

Ordine, decorații și medalii ale Poloniei

Crucea de Merit (Polonia)


An Poa polychroa in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Ernst Rudolf von Trautvetter, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Aleksandr Alfonsovitj Grossgejm. An Poa polychroa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Poa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Poa

Poa polychroa


SNCLF est un sigle de 5 caractères pouvant désigner :

 SNCLF : la Société de neurochirurgie de langue française ;
SNCLF : la Société de neurophysiologie clinique de langue française

SnClF désigne en chimie le chlorofluorure d'étain(II), ou chlorofluorure stanneux, un composé inorganique de l'étain

Sigle de 5 caractères

SNCLF


Amijan Marcelin (latinski: Ammianus Marcellinus) (Antiohija, oko 330. – Rim, oko 400.) bio je rimski povjesničar. Podrijetlom je bio Grk. Svojim djelom Događaji (latinski: Res gestae) nastavio je Tacitovo djelo Povijesti (latinski: Historiae). Djelo Događaji pisano je u 31 knjizi te obrađuje rimsku povijest od početka vladavine cara Nerve do smrti cara Valensa u Bitci kod Hadrijanopola, tj. od 96. do 378. godine. Sačuvane su samo knjige 14–31., koje prikazuju povijest piščeva doba (353. – 378.). Donosi važne podatke o povijesti Ilirika. Smatra se najboljim rimskim povjesničarom nakon Tacita.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Amijan Marcelin, Proleksis enciklopedija
 Works by Ammianus Marcellinus at Project Gutenberg
 Works by or about Ammianus Marcellinus at Internet Archive
 Works by Ammianus Marcellinus at Perseus Digital Library
 Ammianus Marcellinus on-line project
 Ammianus Marcellinus' works in Latin at the Latin Library
 Ammianus Marcellinus' works in English at the Tertullian Project with introduction on the manuscripts
 Bibliography for Ammianus Marcellinus at Bibliographia Latina Selecta compiled by M.G.M. van der Poel

Rimski povjesničari

Amijan Marcelin


Made in Denmark er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1965 instrueret af Svend Aage Lorentz.

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1965

Made in Denmark (dokumentarfilm fra 1965)


يراد بها:

 الميدان
 الناحية
 فضاء بين دور الحي لا بناء فيه ولا سقف؛ صحن
 باحة

انظر أيضا
 ساحة التغيير
 ساحة التحرير
 ساحة الأحرار
 ساحات مدينة تونس
 الساحة (المدينة المنورة)

ساحة (توضيح)


El Torneo de la División Intermedia de Paraguay 2012 (Copa Tigo-Visión Banco, por motivos comerciales), del fútbol de la segunda categoría del fútbol paraguayo, denominado Bodas de Diamante del Club Sportivo 2 de Mayo, y en homenaje a Don Jesús Manuel Pallarés, expresidente de la entonces Liga Paraguaya de Fútbol, fue la 95.ª edición de un campeonato de Segunda División y la 16.ª edición de la División Intermedia, desde la creación de la división en 1997, organizada por la Asociación Paraguaya de Fútbol (APF). Se inició el 16 de marzo y otorgó al club campeón y subcampeón el ascenso directo a la Primera División.

Esta edición tiene como novedad el aumento del número de equipos de catorce a dieciséis. Además, los clubes que descenderán desde este campeonato serán tres, implemetándose el sistema de descenso por el puntaje promedio.

El campeonato permitió el ascenso de dos equipos del área metropolitana de Asunción a la Primera División. Pues, el club General Díaz de Luque, a falta de dos fechas para el final logró su pase por primera vez a la Primera División, y en la penúltima fecha obtuvo su primer campeonato en esta categoría. Por su parte, el equipo Deportivo Capiatá consiguió, también en la penúltima fecha, el vicecampeonato y el derecho a ascender a Primera División por vez primera en su corta historia.

Sistema de competición
El modo de disputa del campeonato fue de liga, es decir todos contra todos a partidos de ida y vuelta. Por lo mismo, contó con dos rondas compuestas por trece jornadas cada una con localía recíproca.

Se consagró campeón el club que sumó la mayor cantidad de puntos al cabo de las 30 fechas. Este y el subcampeón ascendererían automáticamente a la Primera División, ocupando en la temporada siguiente el lugar de los equipos que finalizaron últimos en la tabla de promedios. En caso de producirse igualdad entre dos contendientes, se definirían las posiciones en dos partidos extra. Si son más de dos, se resolvería según los siguientes parámetros:

1) saldo de goles;
2) mayor cantidad de goles marcados;
3) mayor cantidad de goles marcados en condición de visitante;
4) sorteo.

Producto de la clasificación
 El torneo consagrará al campeón número 16 en la historia de la División Intermedia.

 El campeón y subcampeón del torneo, obtendrán directamente su ascenso a la Primera División de Paraguay.

 Los tres equipos que finalicen últimos en la tabla de promedios, descenderán, a la Primera División B Metropolitana en caso de provenir de Asunción o del Departamento Central, o a la Primera División B Nacional en caso de ser del interior.

Ascensos y Descensos

</center>

Campeón

Puntaje Promedio
El promedio de puntos de un equipo es el cociente que se obtiene de la división de su puntaje acumulado en las últimas dos temporadas por la cantidad de partidos que haya jugado durante dicho período. Este determinará, al final de la temporada, el descenso de los equipos que acaben en los tres últimos lugares de la tabla. Equipos de Asunción o alrededores descienden a la Primera División B. Equipos del resto del país descienden a la Primera División Nacional B.

 Pos=Posición; Prom=Promedio; PT=Puntaje total; PJ=Partidos jugados

Véase también

 Asociación Paraguaya de Fútbol
 Segunda División de Paraguay
 Torneo Apertura 2012 (Paraguay)
 Temporada 2012 del fútbol paraguayo

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Sitio oficial de la Asociación Paraguaya de Fútbol
 Rsssf
 Teledeportes Digital
 Blog de Todo Ascenso Paraguay

Campeonato 2012
Fútbol en 2012
Deporte en Paraguay en 2012

División Intermedia 2012


Căpitanul Fracasse (în franceză: Le Capitaine Fracasse) este un roman istoric din 1863 al scriitorului francez Théophile Gautier. Este un roman de aventuri care are loc în secolul al XVII-lea. Povestea a fost adaptată de mai multe ori pentru film și televiziune.

Rezumat

Romanul prezintă povestea baronului de Sigognac din timpul domniei lui Ludovic al XIII-lea al Franței (în perioada 1610-1643), un nobil destituit care decide să-și abandoneze castelul pentru a se alătura unei trupe de teatru, totul datorită dragostei pe care o poartă unei tinere actrițe.

Adaptări
Listă de filme bazate pe roman:

 1919 Captain Fracasse
 1929 Captain Fracasse
 1940 Captain Fracasse
 1943 Captain Fracasse
 1961 Căpitanul Fracasse (Captain Fracasse), regia Pierre Gaspard-Huit
 1990 Captain Fracassa's Journey

Referințe

Bibliografie
 Goble, Alan. The Complete Index to Literary Sources in FilmIn dexul complet al surselor literare în film . Walter de Gruyter, 1 ianuarie 1999.

Romane istorice franceze
Romane din 1863
Romane de Théophile Gautier
Romane de capă și spadă

Căpitanul Fracasse


Sawyers ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Charles L. Sawyers (* 1959), US-amerikanischer Onkologe
 Jazmin Sawyers (* 1994), britische Weitspringerin
 Parker Sawyers (* 1984), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler und Synchronsprecher
 Romaine Sawyers (* 1991), Fußballspieler mit Staatsangehörigkeit von St. Kitts und Nevis

Siehe auch:
 Sawyer

Sawyers


Pamfilska inačica antičkoga grčkog jezika rabila se u prvom tisućljeću prije Krista u južnome obalnom području Pamfilije u Maloj Aziji.

Malen korpus (kratke inskripcije, posebno one sprovodne i dr.) ukazuje na to da je riječ o posebnoj jezičnoj inačici. Nejasne su njegove veze s drugim govorima grčkoga, ali neki su učenjaci razabrali važne izoglose s arkadociparskim, pa se oni mogu zajedno proučavati.

Podrijetlo
Lingvitički, čini se da je pamfilski mješavina dijalekata i to čak iz tri različite grupe dijalekata s utjecajima susjednih anatolijskih jezika. U antičkoj Grčkoj miješanje govora nije bilo rijetko, ali čak se i tada pamfilski ističe: čini se da je nastao tako intenzivnim miješanjem da se njegova originalna podgrupa više ne nazire. Također, nijedan drugi dijalekt grčkoga ne pokazuje promjene nastale dodirom s drugim jezicima koje toliko prožimaju govor.

Fonologija
Fonološki, pamfilski je doživio velike strukturalne promjene u dodiru s anatolijskim jezicima.

Suglasnici
Suglasnički se sustav jako izmijenio i postao sličniji onomu licijskog iako su razlike u suglasnicima antičkoga grčkog jezika i licijskog velike.

Plozivi
Grčki je imao tri skupine ploziva: bezvučne, zvučne i bezvučne aspirirane. Licijski je, s druge strane, imao samo jednu vrstu ploziva: bezvučne sa zvučnim alofonima pred nazalima. Ipak, licijski je imao puno frikativa i afrikata koji su mogli biti i zvučni i bezvučni. Oni su uključivali afrikatu [t͡s] (zapisuje se slovom ⟨z⟩, a izgovara slično hrvatskom c), frikativ [θ] (kao u engleskom three) i tri zvučna frikativa koji se zapisuju kao ⟨b⟩, ⟨d⟩ i ⟨g⟩.

Postoje neki pokazatelji da su se pamfilski bezvučni aspirirani plozivi frikativizirali. Najbolji je pokazatelj toga zamjenjivanje slova φ (koji u antičkome grčkom predstavlja [pʰ]) i digame ϝ (koja je označavala glas [w]). To bi imalo smisla samo ako su ta dva glasa u nekim slučajevima postala kakav bezvučni frikativ poput [f] ili [ɸ]. Tako se, primjerice, oblik φικατι rabio mjesto ϝίκατι ('dvadeset'). Nažalost, jedini primjer dolazi iz trećeg stoljeća prije Krista. Nadalje, bezvučni aspiranti u nekim su slučajevima postali obični bezvučni plozivi: σθ > στ, σχ > σκ i θρ > τρ. Ako su slova kojima su se inače u grčkom označavala bezvučni aspiranti ovdje označavala bezvučne frikative, ove se promjene mogu objasniti kao disimilacija.

Jaki dokazi pokazuju da su zvučni plozivi postali frikativi u nekim slučajevima: između samoglasnika slovo β (koje inače označava glas [b]) često se miješalo sa slovom W (koje je označavalo glas [w]), ovo pokazuje da je bilo postalo zvučnim frikativom (poput [v] ili [β]). Glas [d] (koje u grčkom alfabetu označava slovo δ) između samoglasnika obično se zapisivao slovom ρ (koje u grčkom obično označava glas [r]). Zato se smatra da je glas [d] između samoglasnika vjerojatno postao [ð]. Situacija s gamom (koja obično označuje [g]) nešto je kompliciranija: pred prednjim samoglasnicima često se zamjenjuje jotom koja prikazuje [j]. Moguće je da je [g] postao frikativ na drugim mjestima.

Aproksimanti
Licijski je imao dva aproksimanta, /w/ i /j/. Antički je grčki imao samo jedan: /w/, a narječja poput atičkog i jonskog izgubili su i nj. Pamfilski je imao oba. Došli su iz tri izvora:

 naslijeđeno /w/ koje se zapisuje kao ϝ ili W
 prividna fonemizacija polusamoglasnika između zatvorenih samoglasnika [u] i [i] i sljedećeg samoglasnika iako je važno napomenuti da se /j/ iz ovoga izvor također pojavljuje u drugim govorima
 promjena [g] > [j]

Likvide
Velika je razlika između licijskog i grčkog to što je licijski imao četiri slogotvorna suglasnika ([m̩], [n̩], [r̩], [l̩], hrvatski ima jedan: [r̩] kao u riječi prst). Neki dokazi pokazuju da je pamfilski posudio i, moguće, razvio slogotvorne glasove.

Samoglasnici
Pamfilski je doživio neke manje promjene samoglasnika, ali najvažnija jest nazalizacija.

Nazalizacija
Moguće je da je pamfilski razvio nazalne samoglasnike kontaktom s anatolijskim. Licijski je razvio nazalne samoglasnike nazalizacijom samoglasnika koju je pratio nestanak nazala u kodi i ozvučenje ploziva ako je koji bio ondje. Pamfilski pokazuje istu promjenu u svojim riječima. Osim toga, VN > ṼN > Ṽ > V (gdje V označuje samoglasnik, N nazal, a Ṽ nazalni samoglasnik) jako je čest put ove promjene.

Gramatika
Jedan je od rijetkih grčkih govora bez članova. Gramatički, čini se da se pamfilski nije previše promijenio, ali ipak je bilo anatolijskoga utjecaja.

Rječnik
U korpusu koji je trenutačno poznat nema anatolijskih posuđenica osim osobnih imena.

Pismo
Pamfilski je u pismu rabio neke znakove koji se zapisuju drukčije nego u ostatku Grčke, a upotrebljavao je i neka posebna slova, između ostalih to su:

Izvori

Povijesni jezici
Grčki jezik
Jezici po abecedi:P

Pamfilski dijalekt


Baudenkmäler nach Ortsteilen

Wittislingen

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Beutenstetterhof

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Schabringen

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Zöschlingsweiler

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Siehe auch
 Liste der Bodendenkmäler in Wittislingen

Anmerkungen

Literatur

Weblinks

Wittislingen
!

Liste der Baudenkmäler in Wittislingen


An Zamioculcas zamiifolia in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Conrad Loddiges, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Adolf Engler. An Zamioculcas zamiifolia in nahilalakip ha genus nga Zamioculcas, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Zamioculcas

Zamioculcas zamiifolia