Gustav Lascaris Avrakotos (14 de Janeiro de 1938 - 1 de Dezembro de 2005) foi um oficial de casos (agente secreto) americano e chefe da Força Tarefa Afegã da Agência Central de Inteligência (CIA). Avrakotos ingressou na CIA em agosto de 1962 e foi enviado para a Grécia em 1963. Após o golpe de estado grego de 1967 e o estabelecimento de uma junta militar de extrema direita, Avrakotos tornou-se o principal ponto de ligação entre a CIA e o regime grego.

Ele trabalhou de perto com o regime grego até retornar a um posto nos EUA em 1978. Ele trabalhou para a CIA nos EUA até o final de 1982, quando encontrou um cargo no gabinete do Oriente Médio da CIA, que incluía a supervisão do trabalho da agência no Afeganistão.

No ano seguinte, tornou-se chefe interino do Grupo de Operações do Sul da Ásia, que incluiu o envolvimento na Operação Ciclone, o programa da CIA para armar e financiar os mujahideen afegãos em sua guerra contra os soviéticos. Ele adquiriu armas e munições de várias fontes e trabalhou com o representante do Texas, Charlie Wilson, para construir uma coalizão de apoiadores internacionais para financiar, armar e treinar os mujahidin.

Ele deixou a CIA em 1989 depois de ter sido transferido para a Divisão da África da CIA, uma posição de relativa obscuridade dentro da organização, depois de escrever um memorando se opondo ao envolvimento da CIA no Caso Irã-Contras. Depois de trabalhar para a empresa de defesa "TRW Inc." e depois para a News Corporation, ele retornou à CIA como contratado entre 1997 e 2003.

Avrakotos era pouco conhecido do público até 2003, quando o jornalista George Crile publicou Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History, uma história do envolvimento dos EUA na guerra soviético-afegã. O livro foi a base do filme Charlie Wilson's War, lançado em 2007 (Jogos do Poder), no qual Avrakotos é interpretado por Philip Seymour Hoffman.

Vida pregressa
Gust Avrakotos nasceu em 14 de janeiro de 1938 em Aliquippa, Pensilvânia, filho de Oscar, um fabricante de refrigerantes greco-americano da ilha de Lemnos, e sua esposa Zafira. O casal também teve uma filha. Gust se formou orador da Escola de  Aliquippa em 1955 e frequentou a faculdade no Carnegie Instituto de Tecnologia (CIT); ele trabalhou brevemente na Siderúrgica Jones and Laughlin em Aliquippa para ganhar dinheiro para seus estudos, mas deixou o os estudos depois de dois anos por problemas financeiros na família.

Depois de trabalhar vendendo cerveja e cigarros para bares frequentados por imigrantes da Europa Oriental e Central, Avrakotos terminou de pagar as dívidas da família em 1959. Ele voltou para a faculdade na Universidade de Pittsburgh e se formou summa cum laude. (com distinção) Ele foi entrevistado para um cargo na IBM quando um de seus professores, Richard Cottam – que também trabalhou na CIA – sugeriu que ele se encontrasse com um entrevistador da Agência Central de Inteligência (CIA). Embora o salário fosse apenas um terço que ele poderia ganhar na IBM, Avrakotos ingressou na CIA em 1º de agosto de 1962.

Trabalho na Central de Inteligência - CIA
Avrakotos inicialmente se sentiu como um estranho na CIA. A organização dependia fortemente de funcionários de universidades da Ivy League e a origens de classe trabalhadora de Avrakotos que o tornavam um funcionário de origens socialmente diversas dos demais. Mais tarde, ele disse: "Quase todo mundo era de sangue azul na CIA em 1961 quando eu entrei. Eles estavam apenas começando a deixar os judeus subirem naquele ano. Mas ainda não havia negros, hispânicos ou mulheres - apenas alguns gregos e poloneses simbólicos."  Embora tenha desenvolvido amizade com alguns dos oficiais bem-nascidos da organização, "ele passou a detestar um certo tipo de sangue azul com uma raiva que beirava o ódio de classe", segundo o jornalista George Crile.  Ao longo de seu tempo na CIA, sua abordagem contundente e uso de obscenidades no discurso do dia-a-dia irritaram muitos de seus superiores.

Atuação na Grécia

Após extenso treinamento para trabalho de campo, Avrakotos foi enviado para a Grécia em 1963. Ele passou algum tempo construindo relacionamentos na sociedade grega, inclusive dentro das forças armadas. Após o golpe de estado grego de 1967 e o estabelecimento de uma junta militar de extrema direita, Avrakotos tornou-se o principal ponto de ligação entre a CIA e o regime.  Ele construiu conexões com importantes membros do governo grego, Crile escreveu:

todos começaram a vida como camponeses antes de ingressar no exército e sentiam uma afinidade com esse carismático americano da classe trabalhadora cujos pais vieram de Lemnos. Eles podiam falar grego com ele. Ele bebia e se divertia com eles, e eles sabiam do fundo do coração que ele compartilhava seu feroz anticomunismo.

Avrakotos almoçava regularmente com os coronéis e socializava com eles à noite e nos fins de semana. Ele também forneceu conselhos sancionados oficialmente e sugestões mais práticas que não têm apoio oficial: quando Andreas Papandreou, o ex-primeiro-ministro da Grécia, foi encarcerado, Avrakotos lhes deu a mensagem oficial de que Papandreou deveria ser autorizado a deixar o país para os EUA , e também os aconselhou extraoficialmente a "atirar no desgraçado porque ele vai voltar para assombrá-lo".

Em dezembro de 1975, o chefe da estação da CIA em Atenas – e superior de Avrakotos – Richard Welch, foi morto a tiros em sua porta por três membros do Grupo 17 de Novembro, uma organização terrorista de guerrilha urbana de extrema esquerda após seu disfarce como membro do a CIA foi divulgada . Dois meses depois, o disfarce de Avrakotos também foi descoberto, e ele foi ridicularizado pela imprensa radical grega; com a publicidade, sua vida também ficou ameaçada. Vários de seus amigos do regime foram assassinados e Avrakotos aumentou seu trabalho de campo para garantir se tornasse um alvo em potencial  Sua atuação na Grécia terminou em 1978.

Retorno aos Estados Unidos
Em seu retorno aos EUA, Avrakotos foi enviado para Boston, onde deveria recrutar empresários estrangeiros visitantes – algo em que ele se destacava, de acordo com Crile. Dois dos empresários iranianos que ele recrutou forneceram informações em tempo real à CIA sobre mudanças de segurança na Embaixada dos Estados Unidos em Teerã durante a Operação Garra de Águia.

Com a invasão do Afeganistão pela União Soviética em dezembro de 1979, Avrakotos viu uma oportunidade para a guerra se tornar a versão soviética da Guerra do Vietnã dos Estados Unidos. Ele fez seu assistente, John Terjelian, escrever um relatório descrevendo a possibilidade de tal resultado. Depois de três anos trabalhando em Boston, ele foi transferido para a sede da agência em Langley, Virgínia, de onde foi enviado para várias missões. Alguns membros da equipe lhe deram o apelido de "Dr. Sujo" porque as missões que ele empreenderia eram delicadas e difíceis. Ele estava preocupado por ter sido classificado na posição de um oficial que realiza um trabalho tão sujo e ficou encantado por ser designado como chefe de estação em Helsinque, Finlândia. Ele fez um curso de língua finlandesa em preparação para seu cargo, mas antes que pudesse ser destacado, uma mudança na hierarquia da CIA levou ao cancelamento de sua estadia lá porque Avrakotos foi considerado muito pouco educado.

Em setembro de 1981, ele foi informado dessa decisão por William Graver, chefe da Divisão Européia. Avrakotos ofendeu seu superior e saiu da reunião. Quando mais tarde chamado ao escritório de Graver para se desculpar, Avrakotos repetiu o insulto e novamente saiu. Para evitar demissão ou censura, Avrakotos pediu a um amigo da divisão latino-americana que lhe arranjasse um emprego, ainda trabalhando em Langley, e evitou todas as áreas do prédio onde poderia encontrar algum dos superiores que teriam iniciado um processo disciplinar.

Trabalhar com o Grupo de Operações do Sul da Ásia

A posição na divisão latino-americana era apenas temporária e, no final de 1982, Avrakotos logo encontrou uma posição no gabinete do Oriente Médio na agência, que incluía a supervisão do trabalho da CIA no Afeganistão, incluindo o envolvimento na Operação Ciclone, o programa da CIA para armar e financiar os mujahidin afegãos. Em 1983, foi nomeado chefe interino do Grupo de Operações do Sul da Ásia.

Seu trabalho inicial no grupo envolveu o fornecimento de armas e munições para os mujahidin, inicialmente .303 cartuchos para os 100.000 rifles do tipo Lee-Enfield da Primeira Guerra Mundial.  Ele viajou para o Egito para obter bicicletas e carrinhos de mão que foram transformados em bombas e comprou rifles de precisão; embora fosse ilegal para ele, como membro da CIA, vendê-los a estrangeiros, ele os reclassificou como "dispositivos defensivos individuais, dispositivos de visão noturna de longo alcance com escopos". Ele também aconselhou os instrutores das Forças Especiais dos EUA que treinavam os mujahideen a usar métodos de guerra irregulares contra os soviéticos, dizendo aos treinadores: "Ensinem os mujahideen a matar: bombas caseiras, carros-bomba. Mas nunca me diga como você está fazendo isso. por escrito. Basta fazê-lo."

Em 1983, o financiamento do Congresso para a CIA para uso no Afeganistão era de US$ 15 milhões. Naquele ano, o representante do Texas, Charlie Wilson, persuadiu o Comitê de Apropriações a fornecer US$ 40 milhões adicionais para a atividade da CIA no país; US$ 17 milhões foram destinados especificamente para armas anti-helicóptero. No início de 1984, Avrakotos se encontrou com Charlie Wilson e – contra os regulamentos da CIA – pediu mais US$ 50 milhões para ajudar os mujahideen. Wilson garantiu que o dinheiro fosse disponibilizado..

Por volta de 1984, Avrakotos nomeou Michael G. Vickers do grupo paramilitar da CIA para a Operação Ciclone para renovar a estratégia para os mujahidien  Vickers exortou-os a abandonar os fuzis velhos Lee-Enfield em favor de uma mistura de armas como as metralhadoras pesadas AK-47 e 14,5 mm, e introduzir novas táticas, treinamento e logística. O financiamento para a Operação Ciclone aumentou ano a ano e, em 1985, US$ 250 milhões foram fornecidos à CIA. Este montante foi metade do seu orçamento operacional Naquele ano, a operação recebeu um grande impulso, depois que um programa da Marinha de US$ 300 milhões foi cancelado e os fundos foram transferidos para a operação da CIA.

Desde o final da década de 1970, a CIA enviava as armas para os mujahidin através da Inteligência Inter-Serviços do Paquistão.  Durante a década de 1980, Avrakotos ajudou Wilson a persuadir autoridades do Egito, Israel e Arábia Saudita a aumentar o apoio e o financiamento para a operação; os sauditas se comprometeram a igualar secretamente todos os gastos da CIA contra os mujahideen. Nações como o Reino Unido, Egito, China e Israel forneceram armas para combater os soviéticos. Crile observa que a situação internacional era única: o Paquistão forneceu instalações de treinamento, armas e assessores; A Arábia Saudita e os EUA forneceram centenas de milhões de dólares, o Reino Unido, Egito, China e Israel forneceram armas; apoio de diferentes tipos veio de vários países muçulmanos e os serviços de inteligência do Reino Unido, França, Canadá, Alemanha, Cingapura e outros deram apoio.

Em 1986, Avrakotos estava preocupado com um plano do tenente-coronel Oliver North, membro da equipe do Conselho de Segurança Nacional para trocar armas em troca de reféns – o caso Irã-Contras.  Avrakotos considerava que Oliver North era parte de uma "grupo lunático" seguindo uma agenda imprudente que daria errado para a CIA. Ele escreveu um memorando para a administração da CIA, descrevendo suas preocupações sobre as atividades de North e questionando a legalidade e moralidade das ações da organização, mas como Irã-Contra tinha apoio presidencial, sua intervenção foi considerada indesejada e Avrakotos foi transferido para a Divisão da África da CIA.

Divisão africana
Avrakotos estava prestes a se casar com um colega da CIA; seu filho do primeiro casamento também era membro da CIA. Avrakotos percebeu que se ele fizesse um barulho sobre suas ações, ambos poderiam sofrer profissionalmente.  Ele permaneceu num gabinete da CIA na África – uma posição de relativa obscura dentro da organização – até 1989, quando deixou a CIA.

Depois da CIA
Avrakotos trabalhou para a empreiteira de defesa "TRW Inc." em Roma, e depois para a News Corporation, trabalhando em Roma e em McLean, na Virgínia; ele começou um boletim informativo de inteligência de negócios na empresa. Entre 1997 e 2003, ele retornou à CIA como contratado . Avrakotos morreu de derrame em 1 de dezembro de 2005 no Hospital Inova Fairfax, no norte da Virgínia. Ele foi enterrado na Igreja Ortodoxa Grega de Sta. Catarina, em Falls Church, Virginia  em 6 de dezembro de 2005.

Vida e honrarias
Avrakotos foi casado duas vezes. O primeiro casamento, com Judy, terminou em divórcio antes de 1978. O segundo, comClaudette – que também trabalhava na CIA – durou 19 anos, desde o casamento em 1986 até a morte dele. Ele e Judy tiveram um filho, Gregory.  Em 1988, Avrakotos recebeu a Medalha de Mérito de Inteligência  e, em 2015, um projeto de lei foi apresentado ao Congresso para conceder-lhe a Medalha de Ouro do Congresso . Muitos dos que conheceram Avrakotos de forma não profissional não sabiam de seu trabalho na CIA, particularmente no que diz respeito ao Afeganistão. Isso mudou em 2003, quando Criles publicou "Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History" (Guerra de Charlie Wilson: a história extraordinária da maior operação secreta da história), sua história da Operação Ciclone, que o fez famoso. O ator e produtor Tom Hanks comprou os direitos do livro, que serviu de base para o filme Charlie Wilson's War(Jogos do Poder) lançado em 2007, no qual Avrakotos é interpretado por Philip Seymour Hoffman.

Referências

Notas
(a) Tanto a Coca-Cola Company quanto a PepsiCo reduziram os preços de seus produtos na região e Oscar foi forçado a fechar seu negócio; Gust começou a trabalhar para pagar dívidas residuais do negócio.

(b) Seu diploma era em economia ou matemática.

(c)  US$ 50 milhões em 1983 equivalem a aproximadamente US$ 136.034.080 em 2022, de acordo com cálculos baseados namedida de inflação do Índice de Preços ao Consumidor dos Estados Unidos .

(d) US$ 250 milhões em 1985 equivalem a aproximadamente US$ 629.873.144 em 2022, de acordo com cálculos baseados namedida de inflação do Índice de Preços ao Consumidor dos Estados Unidos .

(e) US$ 300 milhões em 1985 equivalem a aproximadamente US$ 755.847.772 em 2022, de acordo com cálculos baseados na medida de inflação do Índice de Preços ao Consumidor dos Estados Unidos .

(f) O plano era vender armas secretamente ao governo Khomeini da República Islâmica do Irã  que era objeto de um embargo internacional de armas . Os lucros foram para financiar ogrupo rebelde de direita Contras na Nicarágua ; o financiamento dos Contras pelo governo dos EUA foi proibido pelo Congresso dos EUA. Os carregamentos de armas faziam parte de um processo para libertar reféns americanos mantidos pelo Hezbollah , um grupo paramilitar ligado à Guarda Revolucionária Islâmica do Irã . Israel deveria enviar armas para o Irã, para os EUA reabastecê-las e para Israel pagar os EUA.

Fontes

Literatura

 Adams, Jefferson (2014). Strategic Intelligence in the Cold War and Beyond. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-3176-3769-1.

 Crile, George (2003). Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-4124-8.

 Davis, Mike (2007). Buda's Wagon: A Brief History of the Car Bomb. London: Verso. ISBN 978-1-8446-7132-8.

 Ewans, Martin (2005). Conflict in Afghanistan: Studies in Asymmetric Warfare. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-4153-4160-8.

 Johnson, Chalmers (2008). Nemesis: The Last Days of the American Republic. New York: Henry Holt & Co. ISBN 978-0-8050-8728-4.

 Krishnan, Armin (2018). Why Paramilitary Operations Fail. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-71631-2. ISBN 978-3-319-71630-5.

 Prados, John (2007). Safe for Democracy. Chicago, Il: Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 978-1-5666-3574-5.

Notícias

 "Coups Inside NATO: A Disturbing History". Yerepouni Daily News. July 28, 2016. p. 12.

 "Gust Avrakotos". Florida Today. December 6, 2005. p. 6.

 "Gust Avrakotos". The State. December 26, 2005. p. 5.

 Labbe, J. R. (September 7, 2008). "Charlie Wilson: Guns Ammo and Mules Defeat the Red Army". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. p. D.1.

 Sullivan, Patricia (December 25, 2005). "CIA agent Gust L. Avrakotos dies at age 67". Washington Post. p. C08. Retrieved September 16, 2018.

 Tady, Scott (December 19, 2007). "CIA agent and Aliquippa native helped down the Soviets". Beaver County Times. Archived from the original on April 26, 2009. Retrieved December 23, 2007.
Nascidos em 1938
Universidade de Pittsburgh
Mortos em 2005
Espiões
CIA

Gust Avrakotos


Bistrenje je tehnološki postupak smanjenja mutnosti alkoholnog napitka, obično vina.

Nakon što završi alkoholna fermentacija u vinima, snažno se talože razne tvari. Tim taloženjima vino se oslobađa nestabilnog dijela nekih svojih sastojaka. Bistrenje se zbiva spontano i nakon protjeka vremena dobivamo vino dobre bistrine i zadovoljavajuže stabilnosti. Potrošači žele bistra i stabilna vina, a proizvođači ih žele što prije staviti na tržište. Prirodnim putem ne može se tako brzo postići bistrina vina, pa se dodaju razna organska i mineralna sredstva.

Kod voćnih vina, dopušteno je bistrenje s jednim ili više sredstava za enološku upotrebu. Kod voćnih vina ta sredstava su: jestiva želatina, morunji mjehur, kazein ili kalijev kazeinat, bjelanjak jajeta, bentonit, silicij dioksid u obliku gela ili koloidne otopine, kaolin, tanin i pektolitički enzimi.

Pri bilo kakvom bistrenju, prvo se u laboratoriju određuje koliko treba bistrila. Nakon pokusa u laboratoriju izdaje es receptura kako će se bistriti vino u odgovarajućoj posudi u podrumu. Slijedi glavno bistrenje u podrumu. Vinu se ne smije ništa raditi od trenutka otkad je poslan uzorak u laboratorij sve dok nije gotov postupak bistrenja.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Prvi hrvatski vinogradarski portal - pretok i bistrenje vina, piše Nenad Bižić, dipl.ing.agr.

Enologija

Bistrenje (vinarstvo)


Bill Viola (født 25. januar 1951 i Queens, New York City) er en moderne videokunstner hvis værker, har fokus på grundlæggende menneskelige erfaringer, som fødsel, død og aspekter af bevidsthed.

I Danmark har han bl.a. været udstillet på Louisiana Museum of Modern Art, ARoS Aarhus Kunstmuseum og Copenhagen Contemporary.

Opvækst og uddannelse
Viola er opvokset i Queens, New York, og Westbury. På en bjergferie med familien, oplevede han næsten at drukne i en sø, en oplevelse, som han beskriver som "... den smukkeste verden, jeg nogensinde har set i mit liv" og "uden frygt," og "fredfyldt."

Viola blev færdiguddannet fra Syracuse University i 1973 med en Bachelor i Fine Arts. Han studerede Experimental Studios of the College of Visual and Performing Arts, og fulgte her bl.a. det såkaldte Synapse experimental program, som
udviklet sig til CitrusTV.

Karriere
Viola's første job efter være blevet færdiguddannet som videotekniker var på Everson Museum of Art i Syracuse. I perioden 1973 til 1980 optrådte han bl.a. med komponisten David Tudor i bandet Rainforest (der senere skiftede navn til Composers Inside Electronics). Fra 1974-1976 arbejdede Viola som teknisk leder hos , et videoproduktionsselskab i Firenze. Her mødte han videokunstnerne Nam June Paik, Bruce Nauman, og Vito Acconci. Fra 1976 til 1983 var han huskunstner hos WNET Thirteen Television Laboratory i New York. Han rejste til Salomonøerne og Indonesien i 1976 og 1977, for her at lave optagelser af traditionelle ritualer og skikke.
IllArticle nameArt/tapes/221st language codeitI 1983 blev han underviser i Advanced Video på California Institute of the Arts, i Californien.

Senere i 2000 blev han valgt til American Academy of Arts and Sciences. I 2002 færdiggjorde han Going Forth By Day, et arbejde bestilt af Deutsche Guggenheim, Berlin og Guggenheim Museum, New York.

I 2003 blev The Passions udstillet i Los Angeles, London, Madrid og Canberra.

Bill Viola Studio
Bill Viola Studio er drevet af hans kone, Kira Perov, der er administrerende direktør. Hun har arbejdet med Viola siden 1978 styring og hjælpe Viola med hans videobånd og installationer samt dokumentation af hans arbejde. Alle publikationer fra studiet er redigeret af Perov.

Observance
Observance 2002, er et arbejde, der delvis skal fortolkes som en reaktion på den September 11, 2001 Terrorangreb. Kameraet er her placeret i øjenhøjde en med række af personer i forskellige aldre. Som værket udfolder sig, ser man hver enkelt person i en tilstand af intens—men rolig—sorg.

Soloudstillinger
 1973 "New Video Work," Everson Museum of Art, Syracuse, New York
 1974 "Bill Viola: Video and Sound Installations," The Kitchen Center, New York
 1979 "Projects: Bill Viola," The Museum of Modern Art, New York
 1983 "Bill Viola," ARC, Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, France
 1985 "Summer 1985," Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles
 1985 "Bill Viola," Moderna Museet, Stockholm, Sweden
 1987 "Bill Viola: Installations and Videotapes," The Museum of Modern Art, New York
 1988 "Bill Viola: Survey of a Decade," Contemporary Arts Museum, Houston, Texas
 1989 "Bill Viola," Fukui Prefectural Museum of Art, Fukui City, Japan, part of The 3rd Fukui International Video Biennale.
 1990 "Bill Viola: The Sleep of Reason," Fondation Cartier pour l'Art Contemporain, Jouy-en-Josas, France
 1991 "Bill Viola: The Passing," South London Gallery, London, England
 1992 "Bill Viola: Nantes Triptych," Chapelle de l'Oratoire, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Nantes, France
 1992 "Bill Viola," Donald Young Gallery, Seattle, Washington (five installations)
 1992 "Bill Viola: Two Installations," Anthony d'Offay Gallery, London, England
 1992 "Bill Viola. Unseen Images," Stadtische Kunsthalle Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany. Travels to: Moderna Museet, Stockholm, Sweden (1993); Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia, Madrid, Spain (1993); Cantonal Museum of Fine Arts, Lausanne, Switzerland (1993); Whitechapel Art Gallery, London, England (1993), Tel Aviv Museum of Art, Israel (1994)
 1994 "Bill Viola: Stations," American Center inaugural opening, Paris, France
 1994 "Bill Viola: Território do Invisível/Site of the Unseen," Centro Cultural/Banco do Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
 1995 "Buried Secrets," United States Pavilion, 46th Venice Biennale, Venice, Italy. Travels to Kestner-Gesellschaft, Hannover, Germany (1995); Arizona State University Art Museum (1996)
 1996 "Bill Viola: New Work," Savannah College of Art and Design, Savannah, Georgia (installation)
 1996 "Bill Viola: The Messenger," Durham Cathedral, Visual Arts UK 1996, Durham, England. Travels to South London Gallery, London, England (1996); Video Positiva-Moviola, Liverpool, England; The Fruitmarket Gallery, Edinburgh, Scotland; Oriel Mostyn, Llandudno, Wales; The Douglas Hyde Gallery, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland (1997); La Chapelle Saint Louis de la Salpetriere, Paris
 1997 "Bill Viola: Fire, Water, Breath," Guggenheim Museum (SoHo), New York
 1997 "Bill Viola: A 25-Year Survey" organized by the Whitney Museum of American Art (catalogue). Travels to Los Angeles County Museum of Art; Whitney Museum of American Art, New York (1998); Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam (1998) (catalogue); Museum für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt, Germany (1999); San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, California (1999); Art Institute of Chicago, Illinois (1999–2000)
 2000 "The World of Appearances," Helaba Main Tower, Frankfurt, Germany (permanent installation)
 2000 "Bill Viola: New Work," James Cohan Gallery, New York
 2000 "Bill Viola: Stations," Museum für Neue Kunst|ZKM Karlsruhe, Germany
 2001 "Bill Viola: Five Angels for the Millennium," Anthony d'Offay Gallery, London
 2002 "Bill Viola: Going Forth By Day," Deutsche Guggenheim, Berlin
 2003 "Bill Viola: The Passions," Getty Museum, Los Angeles
 2003 "Bill Viola," Kukje Gallery, Seoul
 2003 "Bill Viola: Five Angels for the Millennium," Ruhrtriennale, Gasometer, Oberhausen, Germany
 2003 "Bill Viola: The Passions," National Gallery, London
 2004 "Bill Viola: Temporality and Transcendence," Guggenheim, Bilbao, Spain
 2005 "Bill Viola: The Passions," Fundación "la Caixa," Madrid, Spain
 2005 "Bill Viola Visions," ARoS Aarhus Kunstmuseum, Aarhus, Denmark
 2005 "Bill Viola," James Cohan Gallery, New York, USA
 2005 "Tristan und Isolde," fully staged opera premiere at the Opéra National de Paris, France
 2006 "Bill Viola – Video", 2006 Recipient of the NORD/LB Art Prize, Kunsthalle Bremen, Bremen, Germany
 2006 "LOVE/DEATH The Tristan Project," Haunch of Venison (two venues), London, UK
 2007 "Bill Viola: Hatsu-Yume (First Dream)", Mori Art Museum, Tokyo, Hyōgo Prefectural Art Museum, Kobe, Japan, including the 56-minute title piece and many works from the artist's private collection.
 2007 "Bill Viola: Four hands (2001), Kilkenny Arts Festival, Ireland.
 2007 "Ocean without a shore", San Gallo Church, Venice, Italy.
 2008 "Bill Viola: Hatsu-Yume (First Dream)", [CACMalaga], Spain until 30 April.
 2008 "Visioni interiori", Palazzo delle Esposizioni, Rome, Italy.
 2008-9 "Bill Viola: Ocean without a shore", National Gallery of Victoria, Australia.
 2009 "Bill Viola: Intimate work", Museum De Pont, Tilburg, Netherlands.
 2010-11 "Bill Viola: The Raft", Australian Centre for the Moving Image (ACMI) and Kaldor Public Art Projects, Australia.
 2011-12 "The Crossing," SCAD Museum of Art, Savannah, Georgia.
 2012 "Bill Viola: Reflections", Villa Panza, Varese, Italy.
 2013 "Bill Viola: Three Women", Puertas de Castilla, Murcia, Spain.
 2017 "Rinascimento Elettronico", Strozzi Palace and other museums, Florence, Italy.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 En reise i levende bilder (24. januar 2021)

Italiensk-amerikanere
Amerikanere i 1900-tallet
Amerikanere i 2000-tallet

Bill Viola


NGC 5812 est une galaxie elliptique située dans la constellation de la Balance. Sa vitesse par rapport au fond diffus cosmologique est de , ce qui correspond à une distance de Hubble de . NGC 5812 a été découverte par l'astronome germano-britannique William Herschel en 1785.

À ce jour, près d'une quinzaine de mesures non basées sur le décalage vers le rouge (redshift) donnent une distance de , ce qui est à l'intérieur des valeurs de la distance de Hubble. L'écart-type très élevé de cette échantillon provient d'une des mesures qui est incohérente avec une valeur de . Si on enlève celle-ci, la distance devient .

Un disque entourant le noyau
Grâce aux observations du télescope spatial Hubble, on a détecté un disque de poussière autour du noyau de NGC 5812. La taille de son demi-grand axe est estimée à  pc (~ années-lumière).

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des objets du New General Catalogue

Liens externes

 NGC 5812 sur le site du professeur C. Seligman

5812
Constellation de la Balance
Galaxie elliptique
Objet céleste découvert en 1785
Objet céleste découvert par William Herschel

NGC 5812


Agrilus dingoides é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Curletti & Aberlanc, 2010.

Referências

dingoides

Agrilus dingoides


මහාචාර්ය  රාහුල අනුර අත්තලගේ   (ඉංග්‍රීසි: Rahula Anura Attalage) යනු  මොරටුව විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයයේ  නියෝජ්‍ය උප කුලපති හා යාන්ත්‍රික ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යා මහාචාර්ය වරයායි.

කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයේ ඔහුගේ අධ්‍යාපනය නිම කිරීමෙන් පසුව, හේ මොරටුව විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය වෙතින් යාන්ත්‍රික ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව පිළිබඳ ගෞරව උපාධියක් ලබමින් සමත් විය.

ශක්ති තාක්ෂණවිද්‍යාව පිළිබඳ ඔහුගේ පශ්චාත් උපාධිය හේ ලබා ගත්තේ, තායිලන්තයේ ආසියානු තාක්ෂණ ආයතනය වෙතිනි.

ඔහු, ප්‍රංශයේ ඉකෝල් දිස් මින් ඩි පැරී වෙතින් ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යා උපාධියක් සහ ශක්ති ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව පිළිබඳ අචාර්ය උපාධියක්ද දරයි.

මොරටුව විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයෙහි විශිෂ්ට පර්යේෂණ කටයුතු පිළිබඳ ත්‍යාගය පිටපිට පස් වතාවක් දිනා ගැනුමට මහාචාර්ය අත්තලගේ සමත් විය.

මොරටුව විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ, ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යා පීඨයේ, පශ්චාත් උපාධි ආයතනයේ අධ්‍යක්ෂ තනතුරද හේ හොබවයි.

සාමාන්‍ය ආශ්‍රිත

ආශ්‍රිත

 කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසු මහාචාර්ය වරුන්

චරිත කතා
ආසියානු තාක්ෂණ ආයතනයේ උපාධිධරයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික ඉංජිනේරුවෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික බෞද්ධයෝ
ලාංකික සිංහලයෝ
ආදි නාලන්දියයෝ
මහාචාර්යවරු - ශ්‍රී ලංකා

රාහුල අනුර අත්තලගේ


Alboran Denizi Akdeniz'in en batısında İspanya'nın güney kıyılarıyla Fas'ın kuzey kıyıları arasında kalan bölgedir. Cebelitarık Boğazı üzerinden Atlantik Okyanusu'na açılır.

Bölgedeki Alboran Adası İspanya'nın kontrolündedir.

Ayrıca bakınız
Cebelitarık Boğazı

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Akdeniz'deki marjinal denizler
Cezayir'deki yeryüzü şekilleri
Fas'taki su kütleleri
İspanya'daki su kütleleri
Fas sınırları
Cezayir sınırları
Fas-İspanya sınırı
İspanya sınırları

Alboran Denizi


Glazba u 1969. godini.

Svijet

Izdanja
Objavljeni studijski, koncertni i kompilacijski albumi, singlovi, maksi singlovi, EP-ovi.
Za poznate glazbenike koje su tad objavili djelo, ali nisu ga objavili nosaču zvuka kod izdavačke kuće, nego u vlastitom izdanju, to ulazi ovdje. Isto vrijedi i za one glazbenike koji (ni)su djelovali u doba kad nije bilo nosača zvuka, nego su djelo objavili u pisanom obliku.

Koncertne turneje
Održane koncertne turneje.
 The Rolling Stones – American Tour 1969, 1969.

Istaknuti koncerti
Povijesno važni koncerti, prvi povijesni koncert nekog glazbenog subjekta ili posljednji (oproštajni) koncert nekog glazbenog subjekta.
 Johnny Cash u Zatvoru San Quentin, album At San Quentin, (24. veljače 1969.)

Europska natjecanja
Europska glazbena natjecanja.

 Pjesma Eurovizije:

Osnivanja
Osnivanja poznatih izdavačkih kuća, sastava, prvi glazbeni angažman, glazbenih emisija na radiju, televiziji, glazbenih časopisa ili portala, pokretanje glazbene manifestacije, izgradnja poznate koncertne dvorane ili otvaranje poznatog glazbenog kluba, pojava (nastanak ili dolakak) glazbenog pravca i sl.
Black Sabbath

Gašenja i raspuštanja
Gašenja ili preuzimanja poznatih izdavačkih kuća, sastava, glazbenih emisija na radiju, televiziji, glazbenih časopisa ili portala, glazbene manifestacije, raspuštanja glazbenih subjekata i sl.

Rođenja
Rođenja poznatih glazbenika i osoba u svezi s glazbom.
 14. siječnja – Dave Grohl
 5. veljače – Bobby Brown
 24. srpnja –  Jennifer Lopez
 12. kolovoza – Tanita Tikaram
 5. rujna – Dweezil Zappa
 3. listopada – Gwen Stefani
 9. listopada – PJ Harvey

Smrti
Smrti poznatih glazbenika i osoba u svezi s glazbom.

Ostalo
Uvođenje novih nosača zvuka, medijskog servisa i distribucijskog kanala i sl.

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Kandidiranje za europska i svjetska natjecanja
Hrvatski kandidat za Pjesmu Eurovizije na Jugoviziji.

Festivali

Nagrade

Izdanja
Objavljeni studijski, koncertni i kompilacijski albumi, singlovi, maksi singlovi, EP-ovi.
Za poznate glazbenike koje su tad objavili djelo, ali nisu ga objavili nosaču zvuka kod izdavačke kuće, nego u vlastitom izdanju, to ulazi ovdje. Isto vrijedi i za one glazbenike koji (ni)su djelovali u doba kad nije bilo nosača zvuka, nego su djelo objavili u pisanom obliku.

Osnivanja
Osnivanja poznatih izdavačkih kuća, udruga, sastava, prvi glazbeni angažman, glazbenih emisija na radiju, televiziji, glazbenih časopisa ili portala, pokretanje glazbene manifestacije, izgradnja poznate koncertne dvorane ili otvaranje poznatog glazbenog kluba, pojava (nastanak ili dolakak) glazbenog pravca i sl.

Gašenja i raspuštanja
Gašenja ili preuzimanja poznatih izdavačkih kuća, sastava, glazbenih emisija na radiju, televiziji, glazbenih časopisa ili portala, glazbene manifestacije, raspuštanja glazbenih subjekata i sl.

Rođenja
Rođenja poznatih glazbenika i osoba u svezi s glazbom.

Smrti
Smrti poznatih glazbenika i osoba u svezi s glazbom.

Ostalo
Uvođenje novih nosača zvuka, medijskog servisa i distribucijskog kanala i sl.

Izvori

1969.
Godine 20. stoljeća

Glazba u 1969.


Dieter Bohlen (; born Dieter Günter Bohlen, 7 February 1954) is a German songwriter, producer, singer and television personality. He first achieved fame as a member of the pop duo Modern Talking in the 1980s, and has since produced numerous German and international artists. He is also a judge on casting shows Deutschland sucht den Superstar and Das Supertalent.

Life and career

1954–1984: Early life and career beginnings

Bohlen is the eldest son of building contractor Hans Bohlen (born 1928) and his wife Edith (born 1936), and grew up in East Frisia. His maternal grandmother is originally from Königsberg. He was named Dieter Günter Bohlen but later expressed dissatisfaction with his second given name and had it officially struck. He has a younger brother named Uwe. The family later moved to Eversten (Oldenburg). In his youth, Bohlen was a member of the Socialist German Workers Youth for a while and shortly of the German Communist Party, though he is not a member of any party nowadays. After getting his Abitur at the Wirtschaftsgymnasium der Berufsbildenden Schulen in Oldenburg-Haarentor, he moved to Göttingen. There, he studied business administration at his parents' request at the Georg-August-Universität, finishing his studies in 1978 with a degree.

Bohlen was still in school when he started writing music. In the late 1970s, he worked as a songwriter at the Hamburg-based label Intersong for numerous Schlager singers. In 1978, he founded the short-lived duo Monza with Holger Garbode. Their first single, "Hallo Taxi Nummer 10", written and produced by Tony Hendrik, was Bohlen's first record and was unsuccessful. Monza released a second single, "Heiße Nacht in der City", a German-language cover of Nick Gilder's "Hot Child in the City", which also was unsuccessful. In 1980, he began working for the Berlin-based label Hansa. That same year, under the pseudonym Steve Benson, he released a solo single in English, "Don't Throw My Love Away". It was followed in 1981 by two other singles under that name, "Love Takes Time" and "(You're A Devil With) Angel Blue Eyes". None of them reached the top 100, which led to the abandonment of the project in 1981. Soon after, he joined the band Sunday, with which he appeared on the ZDF-Hitparade in early 1982 with the song "Halé, hey Louise". The song was covered by artists such as Ricky King. In 1983, Bohlen wrote the song "Mit 17" for Bernd Clüver, which reached the third place of the German pre-selection for the Eurovision Song Contest.

1984–present: Successes as a producer
After Bohlen produced six unsuccessful singles in German for Schlager singer Thomas Anders from 1982 to 1984, they founded the pop duo Modern Talking. The band topped the German singles chart five times in a row with "You're My Heart, You're My Soul", "You Can Win If You Want", "Cheri, Cheri Lady", "Brother Louie", and "Atlantis Is Calling (S.O.S. For Love)", and were also successful in other European countries as well as in Asia and Africa. In 1987, the band split up and Bohlen founded his solo project Blue System, which he ended ten years later. He also continued writing and producing for other artists, including C. C. Catch (whom he discovered), Sheree (whom he signed when she was fifteen years old), and boy band Touché.

In 1986, Bohlen wrote the title song "Midnight Lady" of Tatort episode , which was performed by former Smokie singer Chris Norman and was major hit in Central Europe, topping several charts. The song appeared on Norman's second solo album Some Hearts Are Diamonds, which was produced by Bohlen. In 1988, he wrote the title song of Tatort episode , "Silent Water", which he performed himself as Blue System. In 1989, two songs written and produced by him were sent to the Eurovision Song Contest: Nino de Angelo represented Germany with the song "Flieger" and reached place 14, while Thomas Forstner represented Austria with the song "Nur ein Lied" and reached place 5. Also in 1989, Bohlen wrote the soundtrack to the ZDF series Rivalen der Rennbahn, which was certified platinum in Germany that same year and reached the top 5 in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland.

In 1991, Bohlen produced Roy Black's final album Rosenzeit. From 1991 to 1993, he worked with Bonnie Tyler on the albums Bitterblue, Angel Heart, and Silhouette in Red. The collaboration spawned a number of successful singles, such as "Bitterblue", "Against the Wind" (which was used as the title song of Tatort episode ), and "Fools Lullaby". In 1992, another Bohlen composition represented Austria at the Eurovision Song Contest. Titled "Zusammen geh'n", it was performed by Tony Wegas and reached place 10. In 1998, Modern Talking made a successful comeback, releasing singles such as "You're My Heart, You're My Soul '98, "You Are Not Alone", or Formula One songs "Win the Race" and "Ready for the Victory", but split up again in 2003.

In 2002, Deutschland sucht den Superstar (often shortened as DSDS), the German version of Pop Idol and American Idol, was launched with Bohlen as one of the judges. While the other judges are changed regularly, he has been a judge each season. He has produced most of the winners, yielding several hits such as "We Have a Dream". That same year, he published his first book, an autobiography titled Nichts als die Wahrheit, written in collaboration with Bild journalist Katja Kessler, which sold over a million copies in Germany and got a Goldene Feder. A second autobiography written with Kessler, Hinter den Kulissen, was published the next year. It was criticised for its unfairness and charges were pressed by his former bandmate Thomas Anders. Frank Farian published the book Stupid Dieser Bohlen: Die Wahrheit und nichts als die Wahrheit über den Pop-Hochstapler as a response, in which he tried to expose Bohlen as a fraud. Both Nichts als die Wahrheit and Hinter den Kulissen were also released as audiobooks read by Bohlen. In 2004, he won the ECHO for Producer of the Year, while "We Have a Dream" earned the ECHO for Rock/Pop Single of the Year (National).

In March 2006, Dieter: Der Film, a satirical cartoon film based on Nichts als die Wahrheit, premiered. Bohlen did not voice his own role, but voiced the narrator. He wrote and produced the entirety of the film's soundtrack, which includes the previously unreleased Modern Talking song "Shooting Star". Later that year, he produced the song "Be My Boyfriend" for the duo Indiggo, which reached the seventh place of the Romanian pre-selection for the Eurovision Song Contest 2006. Also in 2006, he published his third book, Meine Hammer-Sprüche.

In 2007, the German installment of the Got Talent franchise, Das Supertalent, was launched with Bohlen as one of the judges. Similarly to Deutschland sucht den Superstar, the fellow judges are changed regularly but he has been a judge each season. In 2008, he published two more books, Nur die Harten kommen in den Garten! Der Weg zum Superstar and Der Bohlenweg: Planieren statt Sanieren.

In 2010, Bohlen began working with Schlager singer Andrea Berg. All of her albums produced by him (Schwerelos, Abenteuer, Atlantis, and Seelenbeben) topped the German and Austrian album charts. He ended their collaboration per email on 17 March 2018. On 3 April 2019, Bohlen and Berg announced they would publish two new songs together.

Artistry
Bohlen's productions are characterised by simply structured compositions. In the 1980s and 1990s, often working in the studio with Spanish producer Luis Rodríguez, he produced Euro disco and Eurodance songs for Modern Talking, Blue System, and C. C. Catch with falsetto choruses. Those choruses were achieved with the help of session singers, such as Rolf Köhler, Michael Scholz, and Detlef Wiedeke. With Deutschland sucht den Superstar winners, Bohlen tends to focus on pop ballads.

Copyright expert Paul Hertin from Berlin repeatedly claimed that Bohlen plagiarized several songs and thus breached copyright. For example, Hertin says that Bohlen used the melody of Babyface's "What If" for the production of Yvonne Catterfeld's "Für dich". Based on Hertin's expert assessment regarding the plagiarism allegations, the Berlin prosecutor's office initiated a preliminary investigation against Bohlen, which was dropped.

Other ventures

Casting shows

Bohlen has been on Deutschland sucht den Superstar, the German version of Pop Idol and American Idol, since the show was launched in 2002. He often makes blunt and controversial comments, including insults and wisecracks about contestants and their singing abilities (such as "You sing like a garden gnome on ecstasy" or "Your voice sounds like Kermit getting his arse kicked"), which led to comparisons with Simon Cowell in the German-speaking press. He earns 1.2 million euros per season. He has worked with most of the winners and occasionally with other candidates, such as first season third-placer Daniel Küblböck, yielding several major hits. Since the show was launched in 2007, Bohlen has also been a judge on Das Supertalent, the German installment of the Got Talent franchise, being the only judge to have been on every season.

Products and endorsements
Bohlen has signed numerous advertising deals with companies such as Müller Milch, Makro Markt, S.Oliver, O₂, Roller (Möbelhaus), Wiesenhof, the Deutsche Bahn, and Unilever. He has been a longtime advertising partner of Camp David. In 2020, he had been the face of Camp David for 10 years.

Between 2002 and 2008, Bohlen published five books, ranging from autobiographies to advice books. In 2005, he released a perfume named Provocation. In 2011, he founded the clothing label "Needs Clothing" along with Felix Werner. In 2013, he released a line of wallpapers through P+S.

Personal life

From 1983 to 1989, Bohlen was married to Erika Sauerland, who he had met in 1974 in Göttingen. They have three children: Marc, Marvin, and Marielin. From 1989 to 1996, he was in a relationship with television personality and singer Nadja Abd el Farrag, also known under the stage name Naddel. On 13 May 1996, Bohlen married model Verona Feldbusch in Las Vegas, but they separated after four weeks. The divorce was finalised on 27 May 1997. From 1997 to 2001, he was in a relationship with Abd el Farrag again.

From 2001 to 2006, Bohlen lived with model and dancer Estefania Küster. Their son Maurice Cassian was born on 7 July 2005. Since 2006, he has been in a relationship with Fatma Carina Walz, who he met in Mallorca, Spain, where one of the casting events for Deutschland sucht den Superstar was held. They have a daughter named Amelie (born 22 March 2011) and a son named Maximilian (born 7 September 2013).

Bohlen lives in the village of Tötensen near Hamburg. He is left-handed, but was forced to learn how to write with his right hand at grammar school. He plays tennis with his left hand because he started tennis after leaving school. According to an article by the Manager Magazine in 2018, Bohlen has a net worth of €250 million, making him one of the thousand richest Germans.

Discography

Solo releases

Albums

Singles

With Modern Talking

With Blue System

No. 1 hits in West Germany/Germany

Artists with Bohlen as producer (selection)

Awards

 1985: Goldene Stimmgabel, Most successful composer and producer
 1998: VIVA Comet – Lifetime Achievement Award
 2001: Top of the Pops Award, Top Artist Germany
 2003: German Book Prize, Second according to the public audience
 2003: Goldene Feder
 2003: Media Control Award, 25 Jahre Media Control
 2003: GQ Man of the Year
 2003: Unsere Besten, position No. 30 as the greatest German ever
 2003: Bambi, Pop National
 2004: Echo, best national producer
 2004: Echo, Single of the year We have a dream
 2008: Platin-Otto, Lifetime achievement award

Literature

By Dieter Bohlen
 Dieter Bohlen, Katja Kessler: Nichts als die Wahrheit, Heyne, Munich 2002,
 Dieter Bohlen, Katja Kessler: Hinter den Kulissen, Blanvalet, Munich 2003,
 Dieter Bohlen: Meine Hammer-Sprüche, Heyne, Munich 2006,
 Dieter Bohlen: Nur die Harten kommen in den Garten! Der Weg zum Superstar, Heyne, Munich 2008,
 Dieter Bohlen: Der Bohlenweg – Planieren statt Sanieren, Heyne 2008, ; also as audio by Random House Audio, spoken by Bohlen,

About Dieter Bohlen
 Frank Farian, Reginald Rudorf, Dieter Kaltwasser – Stupid Dieser Bohlen. Die Wahrheit und nichts als die Wahrheit über den Pop-Hochstapler, Franks Kleiner Buchverlag, Berlin 2004,

References

External links

Official website
 Dieter Bohlen on Instagram

 Dieter Bohlen on laut.de (in German)

1954 births
Living people
German autobiographers
German electronic musicians
German male musicians
German pop musicians
German pop singers
German record producers
German male songwriters
German television personalities
Eurodisco musicians
Deutschland sucht den Superstar judges
Mass media people from Lower Saxony
Modern Talking members
Musicians from Lower Saxony
People from Wesermarsch
University of Göttingen alumni
RTL Group people

Dieter Bohlen


Konstal 102N je dvodijelni tramvaj, koji se proizvodio od 1967. do 1969. godine u tvornici Konstalu. Tramvaj je odvojen od tipa Konstal 13NS. Proizvedeno je 47 tramvaja za poljske javne prijevoznike. Kasnija proizvodnja se odvijala u dvije serije (102N, 802N). Za tramvaj je moguće ugraditi postolja za 1435 mm (tip 102N), ali i kolosijek širine 1000 mm (tip 802N).

Konstrukcija
Konstal 102N je jednosmjerni šesteroosovinski zglobni tramvaj. Po mehanizmu je tramvaj sličan tipu Konstal 13NS. Pod je visok 940 mm nad kolosijekom. Stolice od laminata su raspoređene sistemom 1+1. U svakom dijelu se nalaze dvoja četverokrilna vrata kontrolirana od strane vozača.

Tipovi
 102N (Gdanjsk, gornjošleska konurbacija, Krakov, Poznanj, Wrocław)
 802N (Bydgoszcz, Łódź)

Galerija

Izvori

102N

Konstal 102N


කෘතීන්

කාව්‍ය
 නිරුත්තර සමාධිය (1997) ෂේන් මැකෙල්වි සමඟ
 පිළිහුඩුවී (2002) ගොඩගේ සාහිත්‍ය සම්මානය

නවකතා
 බත්තලංගුණ්ඩුව

කෙටිකතා
 මේරි නම් වූ මරියා (2000) වාරණයට ලක් වී ඇත
 යාළුවන්ගෙයි මගෙයි කතා

කෙටි නාට්‍ය නිෂ්පාදන
 සඳ එළිය ගිනි අරන් (1997) යෞවන සම්මාන
 මැන්ටල් කතාවක් (1998)

සිනමා තිර නාටක
 ජීවිතය අන් තැනක

ටෙලි නාට්‍ය පිටපත්
 දෙසැම්බරයේ දවසක් (2005) ඒකාංගික
 ඒ සොඳුරු තාරුකාව (2005) ඒකාංගික
 සමනලුන්ට වෙඩි තියන්න (2005) ප්‍රාසාංගික
 පිහාටු සහ මල් (2006) ඒකාංගික
 සිල්පරයක ස්නේහය (2006) ඒකාංගික
 වීදියක් සහ ඉන් ඔබ්බට (2006) ඒකංගික

ළමා කතා
 සඳමල්ගේ කතා

සිංහල ලේඛකයින්

මංජුල වෙඩිවර්ධන


Thrust reverser anvendes af fly til at reducere flyets landingsdistance, og til at aflaste hjulbremserne. Thrust reverser bremser ved at flymotor(erne) retter udstødningsgassen, eller en anden luftstrøm, fremad. Thrust reverser aktiveres kort efter at hjulene har kontakt med landingsbanen og kan reducere landingen med en fjerdedel eller mere. Af støjhensyn er thrust reversers ikke tilladt i alle lufthavne. Nogle fly kan også bakke op til 30 km/t på jorden.

Konstruktion
På jetfly består reverseringsanordningen sædvanligvis af skjolde som udfældes bag jetmotorens udstødningsdyse, således at udstødningsgassen, der normalt er rettet bagud, i stedet for omdirigeres og rettes skråt fremad, hvilket giver en bremsende kraft. Designet varierer mellem forskellige flytyper.
På propelfly anvendes propeller med stilbare blade til at give en fremadrettet luftstrøm.

Anvendelse
Thrust reversers aktiveres manuelt af piloten, kort efter at flyet har ramt landingsbanen, og piloten vurderer at landingen kan gennemføres. Håndtaget der styrer thrust reverseren er ofte kombineret med gashåndtaget og aktiveres ofte sammen med spoilerne. Man øger også motorens omdrejninger, som giver en stærk lydeffekt der kan høres i flyets kabine, og i lufthavnen.

Automatisk thrust reverser anvendes næsten aldrig, fordi det ville udgøre en sikkerhedsrisiko. Selv om de fleste landinger er udramatiske, er der situationer, hvor landingen skal afbrydes meget sent. Nogle gange endda efter, at hjulene rører landingsbanen. I en sådan situation, kan en automatisk thrust reverser forårsage at flyet mister så meget fart, at det ikke kan lette igen.

Når det bruges korrekt, giver thrust reversers en betydeligt reduceret bremselængde, hvilket giver en større sikkerhedsmargin. De fleste luftfartsmyndigheder strækningsgodkender dog kun flytyper til lufthavne, hvis de kan lande uden thrust reverser.

Thrust reverser kan også øge effektiviteten af travle lufthavne, fordi flyene hurtigere kan forlade landingsbanen.

Thrust reverser under flyvning
Moderne passagerfly anvender udelukkende thrust reverser til landing, men der er fly, der bruger dem i andre faser af flyvningen. Hawker Siddeley Trident, et ældre fly med op til 180 pladser, kunne opnå en nedstigningshastighed på 3.050 m/min ved hjælp af thrust reversers, men sjældent brugt. Det store militære transportfly Boeing C-17 Globemaster bruger thrust reverser til at dykke med 4.600 m/min i krigszoner, hvor en stejl indflyvning før landing reducerer risikoen for at blive skudt ned. Det tidligere svenske kampfly Saab 37 Viggen brugte thrust reverser lige før landingen. Hensigten var at kunne udnytte nogle vejstrækninger på almindelige svenske veje som interimistiske landingsbaner i krigstid.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Reducing Landing Distance

Luftfartøjskomponenter
Forbrændingsmotorer
Aerodynamik

Thrust reverser


An Alopecurus marssonii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Carl Haussknecht. An Alopecurus marssonii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Alopecurus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Alopecurus

Alopecurus marssonii


El reyezuelo de Formosa (Regulus goodfellowi) (火冠戴菊鳥 en caracteres chinos) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Regulidae. Es endémico de Taiwán donde habita los bosques de la isla.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

goodfellowi
Aves de Taiwán
Taxones descritos por William Robert Ogilvie-Grant

Regulus goodfellowi


Yoshinori Ishigami (født 4. november 1957) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Japans fodboldlandshold

|-
|1984||1||0
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|1985||8||0
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|1986||3||0
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!Total||12||0
|}

Eksterne henvisninger

Japan National Football Team Database

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Yoshinori Ishigami


An Dryadella perpusilla in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Friedrich Fritz Wilhelm Ludwig Kraenzlin, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carlyle August Luer. An Dryadella perpusilla in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dryadella, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dryadella

Dryadella perpusilla


නෙළුම් යනු මල් වර්ගයකි. සියපත්, තඹර, පියුම්, පද්ම යන නම්වලින් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ ද මෙම පුෂ්පයමයි.මීට අමතරව හෙළ බසින් නෙළුම් මල හැඳින්වීමට නලිනි,අරවින්දම්,නීලෝත්පලම්,සහස්ස්‍ර පත්‍රජම්,කුමුදු,කුවල්‍ය,පුණ්ඩරීක,පන්කරුහම් හා පන්කජම් සමාන පද භාවිතවේ. රතු නෙළුම් හා සුදු නෙළුම් වශයෙන් ප්‍රධාන ආකාර දෙකකින් යුක්ත මෙම පුෂ්පයට සියපත් යන නම යෙදී ඇත්තේ එහි පෙති සියයක් ඇති නිසා යැයි කියති.

බෞද්ධ සාහිත්‍යයේ නෙළුම් මලට හිමි වන්නේ අද්විතීය ස්ථානයකි. සිදුහත් කුමරු නෙළුම් මල් සතක් මතින් ගමන් කළ පුවතේ සිට නොයෙකුත් අවස්ථාවන් හි දී මෙම පුෂ්පය සම්බන්ධ සිද්ධි ගණනාවක් බෞඬ සාහිත්‍යයෙහි හමු වේ.
සිංහල ගීත වල ද අපට නොයෙක් අවස්ථා වල මෙම පුෂ්පය හමු වේ. සිසිර සේනාරත්නයන්ගේ "ඕළු නෙළුම් නෙරිය රඟා ලා", ලතා වල්පොලගේ "නෙළුම් මානෙල් මඩේ පිපුණත්" හා එම්. එස්. ප්‍රනාන්දු හා ඇන්ජලීන් ගුණතිලක ගැයූ "නෙළුම් මලේ පෙති කඩලා" මෙයට උදාහරණ වශයෙන් දිය හැකි ජනප්‍රිය ගී වලින් කිහිපයකි.
නෙලුම් මල පිවිතුරු බවට උපමාව කර ගන්නා අතරම මෙම ශාකයට අයත් අල ආහරයට ගනී.
සිංහල ජන ගී අතර නෙළුම් කවි වැදගත් තැනක් ගනී. නමුත් ඉන් අදහස් වනුයේ නෙළුම් මල් පිළිඳව නොව නෙලීම හෙවත් කැඩීම/කැපීම යන අදහසයි.

උද්භිද විද්‍යාව
කොළ ජලය මතුපිට පාවෙන අතර පිපිනු නෙළුම් මල් ජලයෙන් උඩට පැමිණෙයි.මුල්, පොකුණේ හෝ ගංගා පතුලේ පස මත රෝපණය වේ.නෙළුම් වලින් ඇතැම් විශේෂ මල් හට ගන්නේ රාත්‍රී කාලයේදීය.එහෙත් වැඩිමනක් විශේෂ මල් හටගත්නේ දිවා කාලයේය.සපුෂ්ප ශාකයක් බැවින් ලිංගික ප්‍රජනනයෙන් වර්ගයා බෝකරයි.සතුන් මගින් පරාගනය සිදුවේ.

සංස්කෘතික වැදගත්කම
බෞද්ධ හා හින්දු බැතිමතුන් නෙළුම් පූජනීය ශාකයක් වශයෙන් භාවිතයට ගනු ලබයි.

ගෞතම බුදුන් වහන්යේගේ උත්පත්තියෙන් අනතුරුව නැගීසිට සක්මන් කළ බවත් සිරි පතුළ තබන සෑම තැනකම නෙළුම් මල් පිපී සිරි පතුළ ඒ මත තැබූ බවත් බෞද්ධ ග්‍රන්ථවල සදහන් වේ.

හින්දූන්ගේ විෂ්ණු හා ලක්ෂ්මී රෝස නෙළුම් මත යෝදාගනිමින් නිර්මාණය කර ඇත. In the representation of Vishnu as Padmanabha (Lotus navel), a lotus issues from his navel with Brahma on it. Goddess Sarasvati is portrayed on a white-colored lotus.

භාවිතයන්

මල්, බීජ, දළු, සහ "මුල්" සියලු කොටස් මෙහි ආහාරයට ගත හැකි වේ.ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ, සිහින්ව කැපූ නෙළුම් අල පෙති පොල්කිරි සහ කුළු බඩු යොදා පිසගත් ව්‍යංජනය (නෙළුම් අල ව්‍යංජනය ) ඉතා ජනප්‍රිය ව්‍යංජනයක් ලෙස භාවිතා කරනු ලබයි.

නෙළුම් ශාකයේ විවිධ කොටස් අය්‍රර්වෙද වෛද්‍ය ක්‍රමය තුල විවිධ ඖෂධ සෑදීමට යොදා ගනී.

බෞද්ධ හා හින්දු බැතිමතුන් නෙළුම් මල් බුදුන් වහන්සේට හා දෙවියන්ට පූජා කිරීමට යොදා ගනී.

ගැලරිය

මල්

නෙළුම්


Ratnovce este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Piešťany din regiunea Trnava. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 1.073 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Ratnovce este atestată documentar din 1240.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Ratnovce


Čekrk (tur. çıkrık) je jednostavno priručno vitlo koje se sastoji se od dva kolotura različitih polumjera, međusobno čvrsto spojenih zajedničkom osovinom. Veći kolotur, oko kojega je namotano uže za potezanje, naziva se kolo, a manji, produžen u obliku valjka na koje se namata uže s teretom, naziva se vreteno. Sila potezanja razmjerno je manja u odnosu na silu u teretnom užetu prema omjeru polumjera vretena i kola.

Male dizalice
Za prigodno dizanje tereta, to jest ono koje se rijetko i neredovito obavlja, upotrebljavaju se male dizalice veoma različitih konstrukcijskih oblika. Podne dizalice imaju male visine dizanja, a ovjesne dizalice pomoću užeta ili lanca ostvaruju velik podizaj.

Ovjesne dizalice
Najstarije i najpoznatije ručne dizalice jesu koloturi s konopom ili čeličnim užetom omotanim oko više užetnika. S obzirom na njihov prijenosni omjer izgrađuju se samo do nosivosti 250 kilograma. Na montažnim radovima koloture potiskuju pužni čekrci i čekrci s čelnim zupčanicima jer se njima mnogo lakše rukuje. Da bi promjer zakretanja nosivog dijela bio što manji, daje se prednost lancima. Pogon je ručni pomoću beskonačnog lanca prebačenog preko lančanika.

Pužni čekrk
Pužni čekrci grade se za nosivosti od 0,5 do 25 tona i za visinu dizanja do 10 metara, vlastite mase od 25 do 700 kilograma i korisnosti η = 0,55 - 0,70. Kao nosivi lanci za terete do 10 tona upotrebljavaju se kolutni lanci, a za terete od 10 tona zglobni lanci.

Čekrk s čelnim zupčanicima
Čekrci s čelnim zupčanicima u usporedbi s pužnim čekrcima istog prijenosa teži su i skuplji, ali imaju bolju korisnost (od 0,75 do 0,85) pa je potrebna manja pogonska sila. Izrađuju se za nosivosti od 0,25 do 10 tona i visinu dizanja do 10 metara.

Motorna dizalica
Za učestala dizanja upotrebljavaju se motorne dizalice. Za nosivost od 0,5 do 8 tona najčešće se upotrebljava najrašireniji tip motorne dizalice: užetni električni čekrk. Postoje i električni čekrci nosivosti do 32 tone. Normalne visine dizanja iznose do 10 metara, a iznimno i do 40 metara, brzina je dizanja obično od 0,1 do 0,2 m/s, a ako je ugrađen mehanizam za polagano dizanje, moguće su i brzine od samo 0,02 do 0,03 m/s. Električni čekrk može biti izrađen tako da se objesi o nepomičnu gredu, odnosno nosač, pa se njim radi na jednom mjestu. Kad ima mehanizam za vožnju, onda služi kao vitlo koje se kreće po nosaču, ili kao vitlo na dvije tračnice.

Ako se čekrk s čelnim zupčanicima opremi motornim pogonom, dobiva se lančani električni čekrk. Takvi su čekrci po dimenzijama i težini mnogo manji od onog s užetima. Upotrebljavaju se za dizanje manjih tereta, do 5 tona. Umjesto elektromotora, pogon lančanog čekrka može biti i zračnim ili pneumatskim motorom, pa je to onda lančani pneumatski čekrk. Pogon stlačenim zrakom omogućuje jednostavnu i robustnu konstrukciju s lakim reguliranjem brzine dizanja pomoću jednostavnih prigušnih ventila. To povećava sigurnost rada u prostorijama gdje postoji opasnost od eksplozije i vatre.

Slike

Čekrk u bosanskoj kuhinji
Čekrk je predmet iz tradicionalne bosanske kuhinje, u kojoj je posuđe uglavnom od bakra, kositreno, pojedino od srebra ili s pozlatom. Čekrk djeluje na načelu poluge odnosno vitla. Pomoću njega koristi se vodu iz vodotokova kao pogon za okretanje ražnja, zalijevanje vrtova i rashlađivanje voća, prije svega lubenica i pića.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Dizalice
Hidrotehnika

Čekrk


A surface marker buoy, SMB, dive float or simply a blob is a buoy used by scuba divers, at the end of a line from the diver, intended to indicate the diver's position to people at the surface while the diver is underwater. Two kinds are used; one (SMB) is towed for the whole dive, and indicates the position of the dive group throughout the dive, and the other, a delayed surface marker buoy, DSMB  or decompression buoy, is deployed towards the end of the dive as a signal to the surface that the divers have started to ascend, and where they are going to surface. Both types can also function as a depth reference for controlling speed of ascent and accurately maintaining depth at decompression stops. Surface marker buoys are also used by freedivers in open water, to indicate the approximate position of the diver when submerged. They may also be used to support a catch bag or fish stringer by underwater hunters and collectors. A DSMB is considered by recreational scuba divers and service providers to be a highly important item of safety equipment, yet its use is not part of the entry level recreational diver training for all training agencies, and there are significant hazards associated with incompetent use.

A "safety sausage" or "signal tube" is a low volume tubular buoy inflated at or near the surface to increase visibility of the diver in the water. A DSMB can be put to this service when necessary. When used by a diver to indicate their position, any of these may be described as a personal marker buoy.

Another function for a buoy deployed by a diver is to mark the position of an underwater point of interest. In this use the buoy is attached to the target until the position has been recorded, or until the marking function is no longer required. A wider range of equipment is used for this function, including the same equipment that would normally be used for marking the position of the diver. A problem associated with this use is how to hold the buoy in position at the point of interest but still be able to retrieve it from the surface.

Standard buoy

Primary function

Surface marker buoys are floated on the surface during a dive to mark the diver's position during drift dives, night dives, mist or disturbed sea conditions such as Beaufort force 2 or greater. The buoy lets the dive boat follow the divers and highlights their position to other boat traffic which makes it easier to stay clear. In some waters divers may be required to use a float to mark their presence. The US Coast Guard has conducted a public education campaign to get divers to add identification information to their dive-floats, to help them identify and find lost divers, and so divers who lost their floats can advise the Coast Guard that, if found, their float should be regarded as a false alarm.

Other uses

Occasionally an SMB is used in conditions of poor visibility where there is a risk of inadvertently penetrating an overhead environment, to ensure that there is a guideline leading out of the overhead to the surface.

In an emergency where buoyancy control is lost due to a BCD leak, the SMB can be used to compensate for buoyancy loss to the extent of the buoyancy of the surfaced buoy. This may require considerably more effort to wind in the line, but finning upwards will help. The buoyancy of any SMB can be used to help maintain a constant depth at decompression stops, and the process of winding in the line can help maintain a steady ascent rate.

Competitors in the underwater sport underwater orienteering are required to tow a SMB with a buoyancy of at least  during competition swims. This is both for safety, and to allow the judges to monitor the route taken by the diver and to score the points for time and accuracy. Such SMBs are designed for low drag, which is a useful feature in any SMB that will be towed by the diver.

A GPS tracker can be mounted on the SMB to record a dive track. This can be downloaded and used to establish positions of underwater landmarks with reasonable accuracy depending on surface conditions and current. Position of a point of interest can be established by the timestamp on a photograph taken of the feature if the camera clock is synchronised with the GPS unit. The position will be most accurate when the buoy line is tensioned to float as close as possible to directly above the diver.

Spearfishers also use surface marker buoys to mark the position of the speargun in case it is necessary to let go after spearing a fish or for any other reason. These are towed on a line attached to the speargun handle. Similar buoys with catch bags are used by freedivers for other underwater hunting and gathering activities. They serve as a place to gather and transport the catch, and may be equipped with a means of hooking to the bottom to stop them drifting away while the diver is busy.

A surface marker buoy is considered an essential tool in the initial project phases for establishing a coral nursery, when exploratory dives are being conducted to find suitable sites for nurseries, donor sites and transplantation sites. The SMB is used to mark these areas until a GPS position can be recorded.

Construction
Buoys for this use are usually either inflated and sealed by a valve or cap, or made from buoyant material, so they cannot deflate or flood during the dive, rendering them ineffective. High-visibility colours such as red, orange and yellow are popular. Sometimes the float includes a small diving flag. If the buoy is to be towed by the diver at any speed, a low drag float and small diameter line can reduce the drag significantly. The torpedo buoys used by lifesavers are sometimes used as surface marker buoys as they are visible, tough, available, and reasonably low drag.

To avoid losing the reel, a lanyard may be used to attach the diving reel to the diver. This lanyard can clip to the buoyancy compensator or go around the wrist. If the lanyard clips to the buoyancy compensator, the user should take care to release it if there is surface boating activity, as boats may drag divers up by their SMB reels. The DIR diving philosophy considers unsafe any attachment of the diver to equipment or objects which end above the water surface in waters where boats may operate, due to high risk associated with snagging the object on a boat and dragging the diver upwards in spite of their decompression obligation or maximum ascent speed limit.

Hazards
 Although a primary function of a SMB is to notify boat users of the presence and location of divers in the water, it can happen that the buoy or line becomes snagged on a moving vessel. This will pull the line upwards, and if it is fastened to the diver, will pull the diver upwards, probably at an unsafe speed, putting the diver at moderate to severe risk of decompression illness.
 In areas where the variation of current with depth is strong, a diver being towed by an SMB may not be able to control their speed and direction of drift sufficiently to avoid being dragged against obstacles on the bottom, or to stay with other members of the group.
 In areas of high relief, the line may snag far above the diver. If the current is strong the diver may have to abandon the buoy to avoid being swept upwards in an arc.
 Loose line in the water is an entanglement hazard. A diver's equipment can snag on even a taut SMB line. In most cases this does not prevent the diver from surfacing, but it is possible to snag on both the diver and part of the fixed environment. Usually this can be cut loose if the diver has an appropriate cutting tool.

Decompression buoy

A delayed surface marker buoy (DSMB), decompression buoy, or deco buoy is an inflatable buoy which can be deployed while the diver is submerged and generally only towards the end of the dive. The buoy marks the diver's position underwater so the dive boat crew can locate the diver even though the diver may have drifted some distance from the dive site while doing decompression stops. A reel and line connect the buoy on the surface to the diver beneath the surface. A DSMB can help the diver maintain accurate depth during a decompression stop. Alternative means of marking one's position while doing decompression stops are shot-lines, uplines and decompression trapezes.

A closed DSMB, inflated through a valve, is likely to be more reliable, by remaining inflated, than an open ended buoy which seals by holding the opening under water. A decompression buoy is not intended to be used to lift heavy weights: for this purpose divers use a lifting bag.

Design
There are at least four methods of keeping the air in the inflated deco buoy.  The buoy can be:
 open ended (preferably with a small weight built into the bottom end to keep the opening submerged to prevent the air escaping then the float is lying horizontal at the surface, which will happen whenever there is no tension on the line);
 open ended self-sealing buoys (the air in the buoy expands as the buoy ascends and is kept in by a flap valve neck at the bottom of the buoy);
 sealed, with an inflation valve and a pressure relief valve;
 sealed, with a built in air supply and a pressure relief valve.

Divers following the recommendations of some training organisations carry two differently coloured deco buoys underwater so that they can signal to their surface support for help and still remain underwater decompressing. For example, in some circles in Europe, a red buoy indicates normal decompression and a yellow buoy indicates a problem, such as shortage of gas, that the surface support should investigate and resolve. Although in other circles, two buoys (any colour) up one line means the same, currently the protocol is not universally accepted even within Europe. While the usual colours are red, yellow and orange, bright pink, lime green, bicoloured red and yellow, and black buoys are also available and may show up well in particular circumstances. It is quite common to have one or more stripes of reflective tape, which reflect light back towards the source. This works well if searchers have a good light source.

Some types of buoy provide an attachment for a strobe light, cyalume stick or writing slate, which can convey signals to the surface support. Reflective tape may be used to make the buoy more visible at night.
Length is usually from . Visibility at a distance in waves is largely determined by height.

The size of a decompression buoy is to some extent at the diver's discretion. A tall buoy is more visible in rough water, and a larger diameter is visible at a greater distance. A large volume holds more gas and is more buoyant, which is helpful for some purposes, but is a greater hazard during deployment in the event of a reel jam.

Deployment practice

Reliably safe deployment in difficult conditions depends on sufficient practice and familiarity with the equipment and the specific technique to be used for inflation.
Deployment may be from the bottom, as an aid to ascent and as a signal indicating position, from midwater, to indicate position, maintain decompression depth, and warn boat traffic, or at the surface as a means of attracting attention.
The DSMB bag is unrolled. It may be necessary to connect it to the line on the reef or spool, but in many cases it is stored already connected. A quick but secure method of connection such as a bolt snap avoids delays and task loading distraction.
The reel or spool is unclipped from the diver's harness if this has not already been done. The risk of uncontrolled ascent if the reel jams during deployment and is connected to the diver is generally considered unacceptable.
A small amount of gas is introduced into the bag to vertically align the buoy, and allow the diver to check that the assembly is ready to deploy the line freely. Any clip or locking device restricting line deployment is released. A friction brake should allow easy but slightly restrained rotation to prevent inertia overwind. The diver adjusts buoyancy to ensure that they do not float upwards excessively during the deployment. The amount of buoyancy adjustment will vary with depth and the method of filling the buoy, but ascending a few metres during deployment is generally considered to just be the start of ascent.
Sufficient gas to adequately inflate the buoy when at the surface is introduced, taking into account the expansion due to reduced ambient pressure during ascent, by one of the following methods, and the bag released to ascend. A ratchet reel should be held with the pawl disengaged, a spool allowed to spin on a finger or in a cupped hand:
 The valve of the integral inflation cylinder is cracked open.
 The bottom opening of the buoy is held open above the exhaust opening of the demand valve in use for breathing, and a few breaths exhaled.
 A demand valve mouthpiece is held under the bottom opening and the DV purged.
 A low pressure inflation hose end is pushed onto the inflation tube of the buoy, which automatically releases gas into the buoy. When released it will automatically disconnect.
 The mouthpiece of the buoyancy compensator control valve is held under the bottom opening and the contents of the BC discharged into the buoy. If more gas is needed, the inflate and dump valves are opened together and gas flows into the buoy bypassing the BCD. This procedure requires the valve to be higher than the BC bladder to induce air flow by hydrostatic pressure difference.
 A dedicated valve on an extra low pressure hose can be used at the bottom opening of the buoy.
 The diver can orally inflate the buoy through an oral inflation valve, if fitted.
In all cases, the amount of slack line should be kept to a minimum to reduce the risk of fouling on the diver or equipment, and the reel or spool held away from the diver while unrolling. The diver should ensure slightly negative buoyancy to allow sufficient filling without being dragged up by the partly filled buoy to a depth where expanding gas makes buoyancy control difficult. This is easier at depth, but the risk of injury if dragged up is also greater.
The diver checks that there are no line snags on any equipment, and takes up any slack by winding the line onto the reel or spool, before starting the ascent.
Tension should be maintained on the line during ascent to avoid entanglement, by reeling it in as fast as the diver ascends. This is easily controlled by maintaining slight negative buoyancy at all times.

Deployment problems and hazards

Several problems may be encountered when deploying decompression buoys.
 The reel jams after the buoy is inflated, dragging the diver up. This can be compounded by expansion of the gas in a dry suit, and gas in the buoyancy compensator, all of which must be dealt with at the same time, and fast enough to prevent an uncontrolled ascent. To avoid this, a diver can:
 before the dive, ensure that the line is rolled up on the reel under appropriate tension without overwinds;
 ensure that the line  on the reel is free from knots, loops or tangles;
 use a simpler system or a reel which cannot jam (e.g. a weighted spool of line);
 detach the lanyard connecting the diver to the reel before inflating the buoy and ensure no equipment is snagged on the buoy or reel. If the reel jams it is simply abandoned;
 attach two reels to each other in series. If one fails the other is unlocked to reel out its line.
 The diver or part of the diver's equipment gets snagged or entangled on the buoy or line, dragging the diver up, with possibly fatal consequences. To avoid this, a diver may:
 tie the lanyard of the reel to something solid on the sea bed before inflating the buoy, giving time to sort the problem out. This is not always practicable - the buoy may be deployed in midwater:
 avoid bights of slack line which could loop around anything while filling the buoy;
 keep the buoy and line away from the diver's other equipment during deployment, particularly away from equipment that the diver cannot easily see or reach. In effect this means keeping the line and buoy in front of, and above the diver as much as possible.
 The diver removes the primary demand valve from his or her mouth to inflate the buoy, and is therefore at a disadvantage in dealing with any other problems that might arise as the deco buoy goes up. The ways to avoid this include:
 using a deco buoy with its own air supply;
 using a secondary demand valve, such as an octopus, to inflate the buoy;
 using a sealed buoy with an inflation valve, which is filled by blowing directly into the valve inlet or by attaching a medium-pressure inflation hose from the buoyancy compensator (BCD) or dry suit (the valve does not retain the hose connector, like the BCD or suit inflator valve, and the hose can be easily pulled off the valve when the buoy is sufficiently filled);
 holding an open ended buoy above the primary demand valve exhaust port and direct several exhalations up into the open end of the buoy. This technique is also useful in cold conditions to prevent a freeflow caused by high flow rate due to pressing the purge button.
Filling an open-ended DSMB from the buoyancy compensator power inflator head. This also allows the diver to dump gas from the BCD into the DSMB, keeping a constant buoyancy for part of the filling procedure. If there is not enough gas in the BCD, the power inflator can be used to supply more gas to the DSMB by pressing the inflate and deflate buttons simultaneously, diverting the inflation gas through the exhaust valve to the DSMB. Once the DSMB reaches the surface, it will support the diver and buoyancy can be readjusted under controlled conditions.
The demand valve develops a free-flow while filling the DSMB. This can deplete the contents of the scuba cylinder rapidly, and since the DSMB is commonly deployed at the end of the dive, when the breathing gas has reached a critically low level, this can put the diver in a situation of inadequate gas supply for a safe ascent. This risk is greater in very cold conditions when regulator freezing is possible. This can be avoided by:
not using a demand valve to fill the DSMB;
using a desensitised demand valve which is less likely to free-flow;
Using exhaled gas from the DV exhaust port.
 The reel over-rotates, causing a loose bight, which can snag or jam the reel. This can be avoided by having sufficient friction in the reel spindle that the drag slows rotation rapidly when there is not enough tension in the line to maintain unrolling, or by holding a hand against the reel to slow it down.

Safety sausage

A safety sausage or signal tube is an inflatable buoy used when the diver is at the surface to indicate the diver's position to the dive boat, reducing the risk of losing contact when air, light or sea conditions decrease the visibility of the divers from the boat.  The sausage is a plastic tube that is normally inflated by putting one end under water and purging the second stage underneath to inflate it. Inflated tubes are normally about  tall. Uninflated sausages roll up and fit in a buoyancy compensator pocket.  Commercial boat dive operations, especially at offshore reefs or areas known for strong currents or mercurial weather, may require divers to carry safety sausages or an equivalent.  A safety sausage is not a substitute for a surface marker buoy or diver down flag, though some divers use the term safety sausage to refer to a DSMB as well as a signal tube.

The safety sausage is claimed to have been invented by New Zealand diver Bob Begg in 1984 after a search and rescue exercise organized by the Dunedin Marine Search and Rescue Advisory Committee failed to find the two divers equipped with yellow scuba cylinders, yellow BCDs, and a yellow catch bag, in an unsuccessful air search of about 3 hours, during which the aircraft with experienced spotters flew directly over the divers at least once without seeing them. The divers were eventually spotted by a fishing boat.

Point of interest markers

Small deployable marker buoys are available that are provided with a length of line wrapped around the hard foam buoy, and with a small weight which almost balances the buoyancy. These can be deployed by a diver to mark a point of interest and can be recovered from the surface after the dive. They are deployed by releasing the weight from the buoy and allowing the line to unroll as the buoy floats to the surface. If the line is long enough the buoy will float at the surface with slack in the line and the weight will anchor it in place. If the line is too short the buoy will support the weight above the bottom and drift away.

See also

References

Sources

Underwater diving safety equipment
Buoy markers

Surface marker buoy


Kuruluş dönemi Osmanlı sadrazamları listesi  Alâüddin Paşa'dan  Çandarlı Halil Paşa'ya kadar, yani 1320-1453 döneminde, sadaret başlangıç tarihine göre sıralanmış Osmanlı sadrazamları listesi.

Osmanlıların ilk devirlerinde divanda ulema sınıfından gelme yalnız bir vezir vardı. Daha sonra vezir sayısı artınca birinci vezire vezir-i azam denildi. I. Murad devrinde Çandarlı Ali Paşa vezirken Kara Timurtaş Paşa'ya da vezirlik verilince Ali Paşa'ya birinci vezir yani vezir-i azam denilmişti.

Liste

Notlar

Kaynakça

Konuyla ilgili yayınlar

Ayrıca bakınız
Osmanlı sadrazamları listesi

&Kuruluş dönemi
Sadrazam
Sadrazam
Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'ndaki makam sahiplerinin listeleri


هي نوع من البامية لا تزرع إلا في الشام
تتميز بأنها طويلة يصل طول الواحدة إلى أكثر من 10 سم.
يتم تقطيعها مثل الفاصوليا الخضراء، وتطبخ مثل البامية العادية.

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

نباتات

البامية الشامي


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|landsliðsleikir (mörk)= 34 (1)
|mfuppfært= nóv 2021
|lluppfært=
}}Antonio Rüdiger''', fæddur 3. mars 1993, er þýskur knattspyrnumaður sem spilar með Real Madrid og þýska landsliðinu. Rüdiger er af bæði þýskum og síerraleónskum uppruna, faðir hans er þýskur og móðir hans er frá Sierra Leone. Hann er hálfbróðir knattspyrnumannsins Sahr Senesie.

Þann 9. júlí árið 2017 keypti Chelsea Antonio Rüdiger frá A.S. Roma. Hann hélt til Real Madrid 5 árum síðar.

Rüdiger spilaði sinn fyrsta landsleik fyrir Þýskaland þann 13. maí árið 2014 í markalausu jafntefli á móti Pólverjum.

Heimildir
http://www.bbc.com/sport/football/40550502 |titel=Antonio Rudiger: Chelsea sign Roma defender for an initial fee of £29m |utgivare=bbc.com
https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/55292/Antonio_Rudiger.html*
https://www.dfb.de/news/detail/antonio-ruediger-manchmal-musst-du-volles-risiko-gehen-31460/

Þýskir knattspyrnumenn

Antonio Rüdiger


Moritz Geiger (født 26. juni 1880 i Frankfurt, død 9. september 1937 i Seal Harbor, Maine) var en tysk fænomenologisk filosof. Han var en af München-fænomenologerne. Ud over fænomenologi var han interesseret i psykologi, erkendelsesteori, matematikkens filosofi og æstetik.

Liv

Moritz Geiger studerede jura på Münchens universitet i 1898, så skiftede han til litteraturhistorie i 1899, for til sidst at studere filosofi og psykologi i 1900 under Theodor Lipps. 1901-1902 studerede han eksperimentel psykologi under Wilhelm Wundt i Leipzig. Da han vendte tilbage til München i 1904, blev han en del af cirklen af studerende omkring Lipps, sammen med Adolf Reinach, Theodor Conrad, Aloys Fischer, Max Scheler og Dietrich von Hildebrand. I 1906 overværede Geiger Edmund Husserls forelæsninger i Göttingen, og blev til en del af München-fænomenologerne, sammen med Reinach, Conrad, Fischer og Pfänder. Han blev til medredaktør af tidsskriftet Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung.

I 1915 blev han underviser i München, og efter Første Verdenskrig blev han ansat i Göttingen (1923). Da nazisterne fjernede ham fra han stilling på grund af hans jødiske aner i 1933 rejste han til USA, hvor han underviste på Vassar College i New York og på Stanford University.

Flere af hans elever blev berømte, f.eks. Hedwig Conrad-Martius, Klaus Berger, Hans-Georg Gadamer, Walter Benjamin og Karl Löwith.

Moritz Geiger var nevø til Lazarus Geigers.

Teoretiske bidrag

Moritz Geiger var tilhænger af den fænomenologiske måder af "ren selv-givet faktualitet", uden begrængning af fordomme af nogen art, uden at man baserede virkeligheden på nogen mere fundamental, ikke-given sfære. (F.eks. stof.) I hans fænomenologi har alle fakta lige meget værdi, uanset om det er sanseligt eller ej. Han er også berømt for at have grundlagt æstetisk fænomenologi.

Et andet af hans bidrag er klargørelsen af det psykologiske begreb om empati. I en forelæsning om empatiens mening og væsen, afholdt på den 4. kongres for eksperimentel psykologi i Innsbruck, beskriver Geiger alle de forskellige begreber om empati der fandtes på hans tid, fra æstetiske til evolutionære teorier, fra de fænomenologiske fakta af "fremmede udtryksbevægelser" og "fremmede personligheder" over behandlingen, påvirker af tysk idealisme, af "undermenneskelige entiteters animation", til de æstetiske aspekter af empati.

Han påvirkede matematikeren Saunders Mac Lane.

Udvalgte værker
 Bemerkungen zur Psychologie der Gefühlselemente und Gefühlsverbindungen. I Archiv für die gesamte Psychologie. 1904, S. 233–288.
 Methodologische und experimentelle Beiträge zur Quantitätslehre. I Theodor Lipps (Hg.): Psychologische Untersuchungen. Band I, 1907, S. 325–522.
 Zum Problem der Stimmungseinfühlung. In: Zeitschrift für Ästhetik. Band 6, 1911, S. 1–42.
 Das Bewußtsein von Gefühlen. I Münchener Philosophische Abhandlungen. 1911, S. 125–162.
 Beiträge zur Phänomenologie des ästhetischen Genusses. I Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung. Band 1, 1913, S. 567–684.
 Das Unbewusste und die psychische Realität. I Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung. Band 4, 1921, S. 1–138.
 Die philosophische Bedeutung der Relativitätstheorie. Vorlesung 1921.
 Systematische Axiomatik der Euklidischen Geometrie. 1924.
 The Philosophical Attitudes and the Problems of Essence and Subsistence. I Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress of Philosophy. Havard 1927, S. 272–278.
 Zugänge zur Ästhetik. Der Neue Geist Verlag, Leipzig 1928.
 Die Wirklichkeit der Wissenschaften und die Metaphysik. Hildesheim 1930, Nachdruck: Olms 1966.
 Alexander Pfänders methodische Stellung. I Neue Münchener Philosophische Abhandlungen. 1930, S. 1–16.
 Die Bedeutung der Kunst. Zugänge zu einer materialen Wertästhetik. Gesammelte, aus dem Nachlass ergänzte Schriften. Udg. af. Klaus Berger und Wolfhart Henckmann. Wilhelm Fink, München 1976, .

Litteratur
 Geiger, Moritz. I: Anton Hügli, Poul Lübcke: Philosophielexikon: Personen und Begriffe der abendländischen Philosophie von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart. Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1991, .
 Lexikon deutsch-jüdischer Autoren. Band 8, Saur, München 2000, S. 362–365
 Gerhard J. Bellinger, Brigitte Regler-Bellinger: Schwabings Ainmillerstraße und ihre bedeutendsten Anwohner: Ein repräsentatives Beispiel der Münchner Stadtgeschichte von 1888 bis heute. Books on Demand, Norderstedt 2003, S. 475–482. - ; 2. Aufl. 2012, ; E-Book 2013, .
 Oswald Schwemmer: Geiger, Moritz. I: Jürgen Mittelstrass (Hrsg.): Enzyklopädie Philosophie und Wissenschaftstheorie. 2. Auflage. Band 3, Metzler, Stuttgart/Weimar 2008, .

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

Fænomenologi
Filosoffer fra Tyskland

Moritz Geiger


Kâf Vilayeti (Arapça:ولاية الكاف) Tunus'un kuzeybatısında yer alan ve Cezayir'e sınırı olan bir vilayet.

4.965 km² yüzölçümündeki vilayetin nüfusu 258.300 kişidir. Vilayetin merkezi El Kâf şehridir.

El-Kâf (il)


Friedrich Wilhelm Paetzel (* 6. Juni 1864 in Soldin; † 30. Januar 1944 in Berlin-Tempelhof) war ein deutscher Politiker (SPD).

Leben
Nach dem Besuch der Volksschule absolvierte Paetzel eine Formerlehre und arbeitete danach bis 1891 als Formergehilfe. Anschließend war er bis 1933 als Expedient bzw. Buchhändler bei der Buchhandlung Vorwärts bzw. der Buchhandlung J. H. W. Dietz in Berlin-Neukölln tätig. Gleichzeitig wirkte er als Mitarbeiter an Tageszeitungen und Zeitschriften.

Paetzel trat in die SPD ein und war von 1913 bis 1919 Stadtverordneter in Neukölln. Von 1919 bis 1921 war er Mitglied der Verfassunggebenden Preußischen Landesversammlung. Im Anschluss wurde er als Abgeordneter in den Preußischen Landtag gewählt, dem er bis 1933 angehörte.

Nach der Machtübernahme der Nationalsozialisten musste Paetzel seinen Beruf aufgeben. Er erhielt kein Ruhegehalt und wurde überwacht.

Werke (Auswahl)
 Das Rothe Jahr 1903. (Wilhelm Paetzel, Hrsg. Sylvester-Festzeitung 1902)
 Die Arbeit. (Wilhelm Paetzel, Hrsg. Sylvester-Festzeitung 1903)
 25 Jahre Kampf und Sieg: 1878 bis 1903. (Wilhelm Paetzel, Hrsg. Gedenk-Festzeitung)
 Karl Marx zum Gedenken (20. Todestag). (Wilhelm Paetzel, Hrsg. März-Festzeitung für 1903)
 März 1904. (Wilhelm Paetzel, Hrsg. März-Festzeitung für 1904)
 Siedlung. Die neue Zeit / Hrsg.: Parteivorstand der SPD, Berlin, 1920, 38.1919-1920, 1. Bd.(1920), H. 14, Wilhelm Paetzel S. 305 – 308. Digitalisat
 Die preußische Agrargesetzgebung seit der Revolution. Die neue Zeit / Hrsg.: Parteivorstand der SPD, Berlin, 39.1920-1921, 1. Bd.(1921), H. 16, Wilhelm Paetzel S. 382 - 387 Digitalisat

Literatur
 Ernst Kienast (Hrsg.): Handbuch für den Preußischen Landtag, Ausgabe für die 5. Wahlperiode, Berlin 1933, S. 369/370.
 Herrmann A. L. Degener (Hrsg.): Wer ist's? 9. Ausgabe, Leipzig 1928, S. 1150/1151.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Preußischen Landtags (Freistaat Preußen)
SPD-Mitglied
Deutscher
Geboren 1864
Gestorben im 20. Jahrhundert
Mann

Wilhelm Paetzel


معاد هي إحدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء جبيل في محافظة جبل لبنان. تقع في الجهة الشمالية من قضاء جبيل وهي تبعد 60 كلم عن بيروت و15 كلم عن قلعة جبيل وترتفع 500م عن سطح البحر.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في محافظة جبل لبنان
مدن لبنان

معاد (جبل لبنان)


فريدة النقاش كاتبة صحفية ومعارضة يسارية مصرية. وأول امرأة تصبح رئيسة تحرير لجريدة الأهالي التي تصدر عن حزب التجمع الوطني التقدمي الوحدوي المعارض في مصر.

من مواليد 1 مارس 1940 في مدينة أجا في محافظة الدقهلية شمال القاهرة. حصلت على ليسانس الآداب من جامعة القاهرة العام 1962، عملت في عدة مؤسسات إعلامية مثل وكالة أنباء الشرق الأوسط وجريدتي الجمهورية والأخبار المصريتان، إضافة لكونها رئيسة تحرير جريدة الأهالي فهي رئيسة تحرير مجلة أدب ونقد المعروفة، وهي زوجة المعارض السياسي حسين عبد الرازق. وأخت الصحفي رجاء النقاش.

كما أنها عضو مؤسس لحزب التجمع الوطني التقدمي الوحدوي، فهي عضو في عدة جمعيات ومؤسسات مدنية ونسوية وأهلية لحقوق الإنسان وحقوق المرأة.

مصادر

وصلات خارجية

 روافد: حوار توثيقي مع فريدة النقاش. العربية نت
 جريدة الأهالي
 الموسوعة الإسلامية
 «قاسم أمين» معاصرنا، الأهالي
 الديموقراطية والعلمانية، الحوار المتمدن

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من أجا
خريجو جامعة القاهرة
سياسيات مصريات
صحفيات مصريات
مواليد 1359 هـ
مواليد 1940
نسويون مصريون
ماركسيون مصريون

فريدة النقاش


Dinko Žutelija (Beograd, 4. listopada 1948.), hrvatski nogometaš, lijevo krilo Hajduka, Zagreba i Osijeka. Na koncu karijere otišao u Ameriku, kako bi igrao u tadašnjoj NASL ligi.

Izvori

Hrvatski nogometaši
Nogometaši NK Osijeka
Nogometaši Hajduka
Nogometaši NK Zagreba

Dinko Žutelija


Cerería o candelería es un establecimiento comercial donde se venden productos elaborados con cera, como velas, cirios, exvotos de cera, etc. Las velas comercializadas pueden ser artesanales (obra de cereros) o industriales. Fueron un comercio importante en la vida cotidiana antes de que la electricidad se incorporara a las viviendas.

Historia
Desde muy antiguo la cerería era el lugar donde el artesano cerero realizaba y vendía productos de cera. En algunas ocasiones era considerado un oficio o habitación de la casa real donde se guardaba y repartía la cera. La industria y comercialización en forma de gremios no se regularizó en países como España hasta mediados del . Tras la conquista de América la comercialización de cera y su labra se hace muy popular en México.

En 1834 el ingeniero Joseph Morgan creó una máquina que permitía la producción de velas en molde. Años después la bombilla de luz (en 1879) comienza a ser comercializada, la demanda de velas decae y el número de cererías comienza a decaer. Aunque su uso venía ya siendo amenazado por la aparición del quinqué.

Desde finales del  se ha ido substituyendo progresivamente la cera por la parafina (derivado del petróleo) en muchos de los productos expuestos. Es frecuente que estas tiendas se encuentren en las cercanías de un templo religioso. En la actualidad es un local comercial y oficio en vías de extinción debido a la baja demanda de productos de cera.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Tiendas
Cera

Cerería


Cet article énumère les compositions de toutes les équipes participantes à la Ligue professionnelle masculine de hockey sur gazon 2019. Les neuf équipes nationales étaient tenues d'enregistrer un effectif jusqu'à 32 joueurs.

Belgique
La composition suivante de la Belgique pour la Ligue professionnelle de hockey sur gazon 2019.

Entraîneur :  Shane Mcleod

Les joueurs suivants ont concouru en phase de groupe, mais n'ont pas été inclus dans l'équipe nationale belge pour la phase finale. Mise à jour le 23 juin 2019.

Les joueurs suivants ont été répertoriés pour concourir, mais n'ont participé à aucun match. Mise à jour le 30 juin 2019.

Australie
La composition suivante de l'Australie pour la Ligue professionnelle de hockey sur gazon 2019.

Pays-Bas
La composition suivante des Pays-Bas pour la Ligue professionnelle de hockey sur gazon 2019.

Argentine
La composition suivante de l'Argentine pour la Ligue professionnelle de hockey sur gazon 2019.

Allemagne
La composition suivante de l'Allemagne pour la Ligue professionnelle de hockey sur gazon 2019.

Grande-Bretagne
La composition suivante de la Grande-Bretagne pour la Ligue professionnelle de hockey sur gazon 2019.

Nouvelle-Zélande
La composition suivante de la Nouvelle-Zélande pour la Ligue professionnelle de hockey sur gazon 2019.

Espagne
La composition suivante de l'Espagne pour la Ligue professionnelle de hockey sur gazon 2019.

Références

Ligue professionnelle de hockey sur gazon

Composition des équipes masculines de hockey sur gazon à la Ligue professionnelle 2019


Under The Surface er det fjerde studiealbum af den danske sanger og sangskriver Christopher, der udkom den 22. februar 2019 via Warner Music Danmark.

Spor
26:20

Referencer

Album fra 2019
Hugo Helmig-album

Under the Surface


An Pentaschistis scandens in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Hans Peter Linder. An Pentaschistis scandens in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pentaschistis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pentaschistis

Pentaschistis scandens


هروب مومياء أو فرار مومياء فيلم مصري تركي من إنتاج عام 2002و2003، الفيلم بطولة ماجد المصري، نيللي كريم، فتحي عبد الوهاب، سامي العدل وجاءت البطولة التركية من خلال مشاركة الفنانين تيومان، نورغول يشيلتشاي، وسلامة شاهين، الفيلم من إخراج المخرج التركي مراد أكداش والمخرج المنفذ محمد الشريف.

قصة الفيلم
تدور أحداث الفيلم بين مصر وتركيا حيث يحكي عن شاب يدعى «حسن» يعمل هو ومعاونيه «ماجد» و«داليا» كباحثي آثار لدى العالم الملياردير «صلاح مهران» وعند توصلهم لمومياء رمسيس الرابع في الأقصر يطمع فيها حسن ويحاول الاستيلاء عليها بمفرده.

خاصة بعد عرض رجل الأعمال الثري المريض المقتنع بأنه لن يشفى من ذلك المرض إلا من خلال دواء وحيد «أكسير الشباب» يكمن داخل إحدى المومياوات الفرعونية القديمة، فيكلف عصابة دولية لسرقة تلك المومياء من مصر وتسافر المومياء إلى تركيا عن طريق تبديل التوابيت وتعمل شرطة الإنتربول على تعقب هذه العصابة والقبض عليها وتقع ابنة العالم المصري «فاطمة» في حب «أحمد» أحد الضباط الأتراك المكلفين بالقبض على العصابة وتستغل العصابة هذه العلاقة لتمارس ضغوطها وتتوالى الأحداث في إطار أفلام الأكشن والإثارة بالإضافة إلى الكوميديا.

بطولة
 ماجد المصري: حسن
 نيللي كريم: داليا
 فتحي عبد الوهاب: ماجد
 نورغول يشيلتشاي: فاطمة
 سامي العدل: البروفيسور يحيى
 سلامة شاهين
 ثيومان
 نورسيلي إيديز

فريق العمل
 تصوير: هايل: مصور
 إخراج: مراد اكتاش: مخرج
 توزيع: ROTANA STUDIOS - WARNER BROS. - أوسكار للتوزيع ودور العرض - الماسة للإنتاج الفني: موزع
 موسيقى: سلامة لاشين: الألحان والموسيقى التصويرية
 إنتاج: ROTANA STUDIOS - WHITE PRODUCTION - WARNER BROS. - SHOW TV - العدل فيلم: منتج

روابط خارجية

مصادر

 رابط الفيلم علي موقع السينما

أفلام إنتاج 2002
أفلام إنتاج 2003
أفلام باللغة التركية
أفلام باللغة العربية
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 2003
أفلام نيللي كريم
أفلام وارنر برذرز
أفلام حركة كوميدية تركية
أفلام كوميدية في 2002
أفلام سامي العدل
أفلام ماجد المصري

هروب مومياء (فيلم)


Un lago paternóster es un lago que forma parte de una serie de lagos glaciares que están conectados por una única corriente o un sistema de cauces trenzados.  El nombre proviene de las palabras de inicio de la oración cristiana del Padre nuestro cuando se rezaba en latín (pater noster). Los lagos paternóster se llaman así por su parecido con las cuentas de un rosario, en el que las cuentas que señalan las oraciones están enlazadas mediante una cuerda o cadena fina.

Los paternóster aparecen en valles alpinos, subiendo uno tras otro hasta la cabeza del valle, llamada circo o corro, que a menudo también tiene un lago de circo.  Los lagos paternóster fueron creados por las morrenas terminales, o por diques de piedra, que se formaron por el avance y la posterior retirada hacia arriba, y que luego fueron rellenados por el derretimiento del hielo.  La variación local de los tipos de roca también puede ser un factor en la creación de estos lagos. Un glaciar que encuentre roca más débil en su base, será capaz de erosionarla más profundamente que cuando atraviese rocas menos blandas. El resultado final será la formación de lagos en aquellos lugares donde estaban los lechos rocosos más débiles.

Hay excelentes ejemplos de esto en la Sierra Nevada californiana, donde muchos cursos de agua que discurren por encima de los 3.000 m de altitud tienen lagos paternóster.

El estadounidense Parque nacional de los Glaciares tiene otro buen ejemplo de lagos paternóster. Cinco lagos en fila —Shelbourne, Swiftcurrent, Josephine, Grinnel y Upper Grinnel— forman un buen rosario que ha propiciado espectaculares fotografías. La forma en U del valle confirma que fue formado hace mucho tiempo por la acción de un glaciar, ya que su forma se opone a la característica forma en V cortada por un río.

Más buenos ejemplos de lagos paternóster se pueden encontrar en otros parques canadienses: en el Parque nacional Waterton Lakes, los tres lagos Carthew se encuentran en un circo suspendido, lo que refleja su origen glacial, con el lago Anderson a menor altitud pero aún claramente parte de esta procesión de lagos paternóster;  en el Parque nacional Yoho, los lagos Ohara, Oesa y las tres grandes pozas en la corriente que conectan ambos dan un total de cinco lagos / estanques escalonados. La presencia de un glaciar de roca en la zona subraya fuertemente los orígenes de los glaciares de esta cadena de lagos.

Notas

Enlaces externos

Accidentes fluviales y lacustres

Lago paternóster


Letlands kvindefodboldlandshold repræsenterer Letland i internationale fodboldturneringer for kvinder.

Letlands kvindefodboldlandshold fik deres internationale debut i kvalifikationen til EM i fodbold for kvinder 1995, men trak sig derefter ud af alle kvalifikationer indtil kvalifikationen til EM i fodbold i 2009.

Resultater

VM i fodbold for kvinder

EM i fodbold for kvinder

Aktuel trup
Følgende spillere blev indkaldt til truppen til kvalifikationen til EM i fodbold for kvinder 2017. Kampene blev spillet fra 4. april - 9. april 2015.
Kampe og mål er opdateret pr. 6. april 2015, efter kampen mod Moldova.

Referencer

Kvindefodboldlandshold
Kvindefodboldlandshold

Letlands kvindefodboldlandshold


An Ranalisma in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Ranalisma in nahilalakip ha familia nga Alismataceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Ranalisma

Ranalisma


Estonia a participat la Jocurile Olimpice ca țară independentă de la ediția din 1920 de la Paris până la invazia și ocuparea sovietică din 1940, apoi începând cu Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1992. Codul CIO este EST.

Medalii după olimpiadă

Medalii la Jocurile de vară

Medalii la Jocurile Olimpice de iarnă

Sportivii cei mai medaliați

Referințe
  Estonia la Comitetul Internațional Olimpic
  Rezultate olimpice ale Estoniei  pe Sports Reference

Estonia la Jocurile Olimpice


Plusieurs  possèdent un quai de la Marne :

Quai de la Marne à Dieppe
 Quai de la Marne à Fécamp
 Quai de la Marne à Joinville-le-Pont
 Quai de la Marne à Paris

Voir aussi

Marne, quai
Marne, quai

Quai de la Marne


O mare varietate de sporturi sunt practicate în Armenia. Fotbalul este cel mai popular sport. Alte sporturi populare sunt wrestlingul, halterele, judoul, șahul și boxul, sporturi la care a obținut performanțe notabile la nivel internațional. Relieful muntos al Armeniei facilitează practicarea sporturilor de iarnă precum schiatul dar și cățărături. Armenia este membră activă a UEFA, FIB și a Federației Internaționale de Hochei pe Gheață (IIHF). Găzduiește și Jocurile Panarmene.

Armenia la JO ca parte a URSS
Înainte de anul 1992, armenii participau la Jocurile Olimpice ca reprezentanți ai URSS-ului, obținând multe medalii. Primele medalii câștigate de un armean în istoria modernă a Jocurilor Olimpice a fost Hrant Shahinyan, care a câștigat două medalii de aur și două de bronz în proba de gimnastică de la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1952 de la Helsinki. În ultimul interviu luat înainte de moartea sa, el a declarat că "Sportivii armeni au fost nevoiți să-și întreacă cu mult adversarii pentru a fi acceptați în echipa sovietică. Dar, în ciuda acestor dificultăți, 90% din atleții armeni, componenți ai echipei olimpice sovietice, s-au întors cu medalii.".

Fotbal
La fotbal, echipa armeană care a avut cel mai mare succes în perioada sovietică a fost FC Ararat Erevan. Aceasta a reușit să câștige Liga Superioară a URSS în 1973 și să se claseze de două ori pe locul al doilea în 1971 și 1976. A ajuns până în sferturile Cupei Campionilor Europeni 1974-1975, reușind să învingă în retur pe Bayern München cu scorul de 1-0.

Echipa națională de fotbal a Armeniei a jucat primul meci ca țară independentă în 1992. Printre cei mai importanți jucători care și-au reprezentat țara la nivel internațional se numără Andranik Eskandarian, Andranik Teymourian, Edgar Manucharyan, Yura Movsisyan, Arthur Petrosyan, Sargis Hovsepyan, Roman Berezovsky,  Hamlet Mkhitaryan și fiul său Henrikh Mkhitaryan, golgheterul naționalei.

Șah
Armenia a câștigat Campionatul European de Șah pe echipe la masculin în 1999 și la feminin în 2003. Levon Aronian a câștigat Cupa Mondială de Șah în 2005.

Note

Legături externe
 Comitetul Olimpic Armean

Sport în Armenia

Sportul în Armenia