كاترينا كيف   من مواليد (16 يوليو 1983) بهونغ كونغ البريطانية، هي ممثلة وعارضة بريطانية-هندية، ظهرت في أفلام هندية، تيلوجوية، ومالايالامية. منذ عام 2003، بدأت بظهورها في العديد من الأفلام التجارية الناجحة، والتي جعلتها واحدة من أشهر الممثلات في بوليوود في الوقت الحالي.

في بداية حياتها

كاترينا كَيف ولدت في هونغ كونغ لأب كشميري مسلم هو محمد كايف، وأم مسيحية بريطانية، هي سوزان.، كاترينا كيف من خريجي جامعة هارفارد وكانت محامية حتى انخرطت بعد ذلك في الأعمال الخيرية. انفصل والدى كَيف عندما كانت صغيرة جداً. ولديها سبعة اشقاء. تربت في هاواي ومن ثم انتقلت للعيش مع والدتها في إنجلترا. في سن الرابعة عشر التحقت بالعمل كعارضة؛ وظيفتها الأولى كانت للإعلان عن شركة للمجوهرات. ثم واصلت العمل كعارضة في لندن.

مهنة

عملت كيف في لندن كعارضة أدى إلى اكتشافها من قبل المخرج كايزاد جوستاد، الذي قدم لها دوراً في فيلمه بووم (2003). وانتقلت إلى مومباي وقدمت العديد من العروض هناك. وتردد السينمائيين في البداية التوقيع معها لأنها لا تستطيع تحدث الهندية.

كَيف شهدت نجاحاً مع ابهيشيك باتشان في فيلم ساركار عام 2005 حيث كانت تلعب دور صغير كصديقته. ومن انطلاقاتها، ماين بيار كيون كيا (2005)، حيث تم جمعها مع سلمان خان، وفيه حصلت على جائزة ستاردست لأحسن أداء في الممثلات الإناث.

ظهرت كاترينا عام 2007 في فيلم ناماستي لندن، حيث تألقت كفتاة بريطانية بجوار أكشاي كومار للمرة الثانية بعد أن تراجع شباك التذاكر في هومكو ديوانا كار غاى. ومنذ ذلك الحين ظهرت في سلسلة من النجاحات في شباك التذاكر والتي تشمل أبني، الشريك، ومرحبا بكم.

في عام 2008 قامت بلعب دورٍ سيءٍ في فيلم السباق لعباس موستان. لعبت دور سكرتيرة سيف علي خان التي كانت على علاقة غرامية سراً مع أخيه غير الشقيق والمعادي له ( لُعِب هذا الدور من قبل أكشاي خانا ). ثم ظهرت في قائمة شباك تذاكر أنيس بازمي لسينغ ايز كينج جنباً إلى جنب مع أكشاي كومار للمرة الرابعة. اُخر أعمال كَيف هذه السنة، سبهاش غايز يوفراج، والذي حقق فشلاً غير متوقع نقدياً وتجارياً.

وظهورها الأول لعام 2009، كان في نيويورك، مع جون ابراهام حقق نجاحاً فنياً وتجارياً. وقد تم تقدير أداء كيف من قبل الناقد تاران أدارش حيث كتب أن، "كاترينا تمنحك أكبر مفاجأة. وحيث أنها معروفة بأدوارها البراقة، أثبتت كاتريناأنه يمكنها أن تحقق الكثير إذا منحها المخرج والكاتب دوراً جوهرياً. فهي رائعة. في الواقع، سوف يرى الناس، كاترينا مختلفة هذه المرة.

أفلام

الجوائز

 2006: جائزة ستاردست لأحسن أداء نسبة إلى الممثلين (الإناث)، عن ماين بيار كيون كيا
 2008: جوائز زي سين، جائزة الممثل الهندي البريطاني
 2008: جوائز IIFA، جائزة المغنية الأكثر أناقة لهذا العام
 2008: جوائز سابسى لأفضل كوان، أفضل بطلة، عن سينغيز كينج
 2009 : جائزة راجيف غاندي

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
إنجليز مغتربون في الهند
بريطانيات في القرن 21
بريطانيون مغتربون في الهند
بريطانيون من أصل هندي
عارضات أزياء بريطانيات
ممثلات أفلام بريطانيات
ممثلات أفلام تيلوغوية
ممثلات أفلام هندية
ممثلات أفلام هونغ كونغيات
ممثلات أوروبيات في بوليوود
ممثلات أوروبيات في من الهند
ممثلات بريطانيات في القرن 21
ممثلات بريطانيات في الهند
ممثلات بريطانيات من أصل هندي
ممثلات في أفلام بوليوود من أصل أوروبي
ممثلات في سينما المالايالامية
ممثلات من أصل أوروبي في أفلام هندية
ممثلات هونغ كونغيات في القرن 21
مواليد في هونغ كونغ البريطانية
هونغ كونغيون من أصل إنجليزي
هونغ كونغيون من أصل هندي
إنجليز من أصل كشميري

كاترينا كيف


ගොංගල සහ කුකුළුගල සබරග මු කඳු අතරින් ප්‍රධානතම කඳු වේ.

සබරගමු කඳු


Kršćanska zastava (eng. Christian Flag) je ekumenska zastava s ciljem predstavljanja kršćanstva i kršćanskoga svijeta.

Zastava je prvi put korištena 26. rujna 1897. godine u Brighton kapeli u Brooklynu, New York, SAD. Današnju inačicu su dizajnirali Charles C. Overton i Ralph Diffendorfer, 1907. godine.

Katolička, pravoslavna, kao i neke protestantske crkve koriste neslužbeno ovu zastavu.

Boje
Zastava je bijele boje, dok se u gornjem lijevom kutu nalazi plavo polje. Na plavom polju se nalazi crveni križ simbol Isusove krvi prolivene na Golgoti. Bijela boja predstavlja Kristovu čistoću, dok plava boja simbolizira vjernost, istinu i iskrenost.

Galerija

Vidi još
 Kršćanski simboli
 Zastava Vatikana

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 The Christian Flag na crwflags.com

Zastave
Kršćanstvo

Kršćanska zastava


البكيلة وتتكوّن من مطحون السمح بإضافة السمن او [زيت زيتون] والتمر

المراجع
 مقالة الأكلات الشعبية الأردنية؛ جريدة الرأي- الجزء الرابع- العدد 13843؛ يوم الأحد 31 آب، 2008م؛ للصحفية نسرين الضمور

مطبخ أردني

البكيلة


«Becket» puede referirse a:

Santo
 Tomás Becket (1118-1170), Arzobispo de Canterbury.

Obras basadas en Tomás Becket
 Becket (1884), obra de Alfred Tennyson.
 Becket (1959), obra de teatro de Jean Anouilh, basada en la vida del anterior.
 Becket (1923), película basada en la obra de Alfred Tennyson.
 Becket (1964), película basada en la obra de Jean Anouilh.

Toponimia
 Becket, pueblo en Berkshire County, Massachusetts, Estados Unidos.

Becket


An Vriesea longiscapa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ernst Heinrich Georg Ule. An Vriesea longiscapa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Vriesea, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Vriesea

Vriesea longiscapa


Andreas Mikkelsen (Oslo, Noruega; 22 de junio de 1989) es un piloto de rally noruego que ha competido en el Campeonato del Mundo y en el Intercontinental Rally Challenge. Fue campeón del IRC en 2011 y 2012, siendo el único piloto en haberlo logrado. En 2011 compitió en el mundial con Volkswagen Motorsport pilotando un Škoda Fabia S2000. Luego corrió desde 2013 hasta 2016 con el Volkswagen Polo R WRC, resultando tercero en los campeonatos 2014, 2015 y 2016, acumulando tres victorias y 20 podios.

Trayectoria

Mikkelsen comenzó su trayectoria deportiva a los doce años en la modalidad de esquí y formó parte de la selección junior de Noruega. También participó en motocross pero una lesión en una rodilla hizo que abandonara estas disciplinas y se cambiara a los rallyes con dieciséis años.

2006

Se trasladó a Gran Bretaña en el año 2006 donde se examinó para obtener el carnet de conducir y debutó con diecisiete años en el Quinton Stages Rally con un Ford Focus RS WRC logrando la victoria y convirtiéndose en el piloto más joven en vencer en dicha prueba. Ese mismo año recibió el apoyo del finés Marcus Gronholm que le ayudó a mejorar su estilo de conducción y siguió participando en pruebas británicas donde logró varios podios y la victoria en el Coracle Stages, Plains Forest Rally, Bulldog National Rally y GON Granite & Marble Cambrian Rally. También participó en otras pruebas fuera del país como el Cork 20 International Rally (Irlanda) donde fue quinto y en el Alexela Saaremaa Rally, en Estonia donde venció. A final de año debutó en una prueba del Campeonato del Mundo, el Rally de Gran Bretaña, con el Ford Focus RS WRC'04 y en el equipo Stobart VK Ford Rally Team, donde abandonó por accidente en el décimo quinto tramo.

2007

En 2007 continuó participando en diversas pruebas de Gran Bretaña y realizó un pequeño programa en el campeonato del mundo de ocho pruebas de nuevo con el Ford Focus RS WRC. Participó en Noruega, Portugal, Finlandia, Alemania, Cataluña, Córcega, Irlanda y Gran Bretaña y sus mejores resultados fueron dos décimos puestos en las dos primeras pruebas y un noveno en Irlanda. Sin embargo fue excluido en Córcega y abandonó de nuevo en su segunda participación en Gran Bretaña. La única victoria que logró ese año fue en el Skibbereen Fastnet Stages Rally, prueba del Campeonato de Irlanda de Rally.

2008

Al año siguiente alternó de nuevo pruebas del mundial con otras, esta vez mayoritariamente en su país natal. Debutó en el rally de Suecia logrando el quinto puesto, su mejor resultado hasta entonces y que le permitió sumar sus primeras puntos en el mundial. Sumó luego dos victorias consecutivas en pruebas noruegas, el KNA Rally Finnskog y el Numedalsrally además de subir al podio en otra, el Rally Sorland. Su participación en el mundial continuó en Cerdeña donde sufrió un accidente, en Turquía, Finlandia y Alemania, siendo un undécimo puesto su mejor resultado. Tras lograr la victoria en el Rally Larvik y un tercer puesto en el Rally Hedemarken, participó en el Rally Cataluña donde fue octavo y sumó un punto, y en el Rally de Córcega donde terminó undécimo.

2009

En 2009 participó en seis pruebas del Campeonato de Noruega de Rally limitando su participación en el mundial a dos pruebas: Noruega y Polonia. Logró dos terceros puestos en el Sigdalsrally y el Aurskog-Holand Rally y la victoria en el Rally Sorland. En la última cita del certamen, el Rally Larvik, atropelló a un espectador, una niña de diez años, en el segundo tramo provocándole la muerte. En el momento del accidente pensó en retirarse de la competición, aunque decidió seguir adelante, y desde entonces lleva el nombre de la niña, Elise, en el casco como homenaje. A pesar de ello consiguió el título en la categoría de grupo N del campeonato noruego. Debutó en el Intercontinental Rally Challenge con un Opel Corsa S2000 en el Rally de Zlín finalizando en la posición 33º. En el mundial sumó dos abandonos y participó en otras pruebas como el KMK-Trofén, Rally Bohemia y el Rally Costa Brava, en esta última donde logró su primera victoria sobre asfalto a bordo del Škoda Fabia S2000.

2010

En 2010 disputó pruebas tanto del Campeonato de Noruega, del IRC y del Campeonato del Mundo, en este último dentro del recién creado Campeonato Mundial Super 2000 donde logró la victoria en Gran Bretaña con el Škoda Fabia S2000 finalizando décimo de la general y primero en dicha categoría. Alternó sus participaciones con distintos coches. Corrió con el Subaru Impreza STi consiguiendo varios podios, con el Ford Fiesta S2000 en el IRC, donde disputó siete pruebas y sumó un podio en Escocia terminando séptimo en la clasificación final del campeonato.

IRC: 2011 - 2012

Durante las temporadas 2011 centró sus participaciones en el IRC, corriendo de nuevo con el Škoda Fabia S2000 en el equipo Škoda UK. Disputó las once citas del calendario, sumando puntos en Canarias, Córcega, Yalta y Zlín, dos podios en Azores y San Remo, y las victorias en Escocia y Chipre que le permitieron proclamarse campeón del certamen por delante del checo Jan Kopecký por tanto sólo un punto. Fuera de esta certamen corrió el Rally de Finlandia donde abandonó por avería mecánica y consiguió varias victorias en pruebas de Italia y Francia, como el Ronde de la Giraglia, Rally de San Marino y Azzano Rally - Terre del Nordest que le permitió además obtener el título en el Campeonaot de Rally de Tierra de Italia.

En su cuarto año en el IRC mejoró los resultados del año anterior. Sumó dos victorias en Azores y Rumania y cinco segundos puestos en Canarias, Irlanda, Italia, San Marino y Chipre, lo que le permitió proclamarse de nuevo campeón del certamen, la única persona que lograría dos veces el título en dicho campeonato, puesto que ese fue el último año en disputarse. En el campeonato del mundo corrió ocho rallies, donde sumó puntos en Alemania y Cerdeña, con sendos séptimos puestos. Sumó dos abandonos y terminó décimo cuarto de la general en el campeonato de pilotos.

Volkswagen 2013 - 2016

En 2013 se convirtió en piloto oficial de Volkswagen donde disputó ocho carreras con el Volkswagen Polo R WRC y teniendo de compañeros a Sébastien Ogier y Jari-Matti Latvala. No debutó hasta la tercera cita del año, Portugal y su mejor resultado fue el cuarto logrado en Cerdeña. Sumó puntos en seis pruebas y terminó décimo en la clasificación final del campeonato.

En 2014, Mikkelsen consiguió su primer podio en el Rally de Suecia, donde arribó segundo. Luego repitió dicho resultado en Polonia y Francia, fue tercero en Alemania y Australia, y cuarto en Portugal, Argentina, Italia y Finlandia. Por tanto, finalizó tercero en el campeonato de pilotos, por detrás de sus compañeros Sébastien Ogier y Jari-Matti Latvala.

El noruego siguió como tercer piloto oficial de Volkswagen en el Campeonato Mundial 2015. Obtuvo su primer triunfo en el Rally de Cataluña, fue segundo en Polonia y resultó tercero en siete carreras. De este modo, repitió el tercer puesto de campeonato, por detrás de Ogier y Latvala.

En 2016, Mikkelsen triunfó en Polonia y Australia, arribó segundo en Monte Carlo y Portugal, y tercero en Argentina y Córcega. De este modo, obtuvo nuevamente el tercer puesto de campeonato.

Ante el retiro de Volkswagen como equipo oficial, Mikkelsen quedó sin butaca para la temporada 2017 del Campeonato Mundial de Rally.

Victorias

Victorias en el WRC

Victorias en el WRC-2

Victorias en el WRC-3

Victorias en el IRC

Victorias en el ERC

Resultados

WRC

WRC-2

WRC-3

IRC

ERC

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Sitio web oficial
 Ficha en WRC

Pilotos de rally de Noruega
Pilotos de Škoda Motorsport
Pilotos de Volkswagen en el Campeonato Mundial de Rally
Pilotos de Hyundai World Rally Team
Pilotos de la Copa Porsche Carrera

Andreas Mikkelsen


Randver eller Randvér var mytologisk konge af danerne og svearne ifølge Hervors saga.

Biografi
Randver var sandsynligvis søn af Redbad og Aud (Auðr), en datter af Skåne-, Daner- og Svearkongen Ivar Vidfadme.

Han blev på et tidspunkt  i det 8. århundrede udpeget til konge eller regent i svearriget og muligvis i Vestgötaland tillige.

Han var gift med Ingild, datter af en ikke nærmere identificeret sveakonge.

Han skulle på mødrene side have været halvbror til Harald Hildetand.

Hervarar saga oplyser to steder noget om Randvers død. Det ene sted nævnes det, at Randver "døde en pludselig død" og det andet sted, at han "faldt i England" (engelske kilder giver dog ingen oplysninger om et sådan dødsfald, og derfor må oplysningen nok behandles med såvel forsigtighed som skepsis). Han blev efterfulgt af sin søn  (muligvis identisk med Sigfred).

Anetavle
Et forsøg på en mulig anetavle for Randver

Se også
Ráðbarðr

Fodnoter

Noter

Nordiske folkesagnkonger

Randver


The Shining (roman) - Stephen King'in bir romanı
 The Shining (film) - Stephen King'in aynı adlı romanından Stanley Kubrick'in yaptığı sinema uyarlaması
 Shining (grup) - İsveçli black metal grubu

Shining


Jonatan Leandoer Håstad (født 18. juli 1996), bedre kendt under navnet "Yung Lean" er en Svensk rapper og sangskriver fra Stockholm. Yung Lean udgav sit debut-mixtape kaldt "Unknown Death 2002" samt en håndfuld andre singler til YouTube, under hans rapgruppes navn Sadboys (bestående af Gud, Yung Lean, Yung Sherman), heriblandt var store hits som "Ginseng Strip 2002", "Kyoto" og "Yoshi City". De er alle produceret af Gud (tidligere Yung Gud), som også er medlem af Sadboys. Yung Lean udgav sit debut album "Unknown Memory" i slutningen af sommeren 2014 efterfulgt af en to måneder lang tour gennem Nordamerika. Yung Lean udgav hans andet studiealbum Warlord d. 25 februar 2016. Yung Leans tredje album Stranger blev udgivet 10. november 2017. Yung Lean bliver tit sammenlignet med den populære popgruppe ABBA i de svenske medier, fordi begges tekster er baserer på følelser, og fordi begge kommer fra Sverige.

Yung Lean har samarbejdet med flere større kunstnere, såsom Travis Scott, Frank Ocean og Ballout. Også samarbejdet med Drain Gang (tidligere Gravity Boys Shield Gang) bestående af Bladee, ECCO2K, Thaiboy Digital, Whitearmor og Yung Sherman er ikke til at overse, eftersom Yung Lean har udgivet over over 30 sange med de forskellige medlemmer fra Drain Gang, hvis man ikke tæller Yung Sherman med (i hvilket tilfælde det er mange flere).

Liv og opvækst
Yung Lean blev født i Hviderusland, men voksede op i Sverige som søn af en svensk far, som er forfatter og oversætter, og en mor af russisk afstamning, som arbejder med LGBTQ-rettigheder. Et par år senere flyttede de til Rusland, fordi hans mor ville have at han skulle have samme opvækst som hun fik da hun var ung. Det fik han desværre ikke, da han blev drillet i børnehaven og ikke passede ind. Håstad selv nævner en episode, hvor han var blevet givet en høj hvid hat (I stil med Ku Klux Klans), og stillet over i hjørnet, hvor han stod og kiggede i det, han selv vil sige var 5 timer. De flyttede derfor tilbage til Sverige, hvor Håstad fik resten af sin opvækst.

Udgivelser

Albums

 Unknown Memory (2014)
 Warlord (2016)
 Drabbad av sjukdom [Under band-navnet "Död Mark"] (2016)
 Stranger (2017)
 Poison Ivy (2018)
 Starz (2020)

Mixtapes
 Unknown Death 2002 (2013)
 Frost God (2016)
EP
 Lavender (2013)

Noter

Rappere
Personer fra Stockholm

Yung Lean


[[File:Art Restoration, Painting and Frame Restoration, before and after, Oliver Brothers Art Restoration, Boston.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Before and After.|Okvir prije i nakon zahvata.]]
Konzerviranje-restauriranje okvira slike postupak je kojim se aktivno djeluje na očuvanju okvira starih i novijih slika. Konzervacija i restauracija uključuje i čišćenje i nadoknadu izgubljene ornamentacije te pozlatu i eventualno toniranje.

Svrha okvira slike jest dvojaka: okvir štiti sliku i doprinosi njezinu strukturalnom integritetu te je vizualno ističe.
 Procjena autentičnosti okvira za slike

Utvrđivanje autentičnosti okvira važno je za razumijevanje međuodnosa njega i slike. Okvir se smatra izvornim ako zadovoljava sljedeće kriterije:
ako je okvir kreirao i dizajnirao ili odabrao umjetnik
ako je okvir odabrao prvotni vlasnik ili trgovac slikama
ako je okvir primjeren razdoblju iz kojeg je i slika te je nastao u isto vrijeme
ako se radi o galerijskom okviru
ako je okvir replika izvornog okvira
Autentičan, izvoran okvir odražava duh vremena u kojem je nastao. Za dobrobit uokvirenoga djela okvir može biti prilagođen kako bi uključivao i zaštitno staklo i pozadinsku zaštitu.
Uzroci propadanja

Često rukovanje, obnova dekoracije, modifikacija, atmosfersko zagađenje i propadanje neki su od brojnih činitelja koji potiču konzervatore i restauratore da se specijaliziraju za ovu problematiku. Iako je drvo najčešće korišten materijal, pojavljuju se i okviri od gipsa, stakla, plastike i metala. Svaki je od ovih materijala također podložan propadanju i oštećenjima.

Skriveni nedostatci
Nedostatci materijala rabljena za izradu također su jedan od potencijalnih rizika. Drvo je, kao najčešći materijal okvirā, osjetljivo na okolišne uvjete u kojima se djelo nalazi. Podložno je napadu štetnika i općenitu propadanju zbog starenja materijala. Metali su skloni koroziji, plastika deformacijama, a staklo je osjetljivo na lomljenje.

Vlaga i temperatura
Promjene u vlazi i temperaturi uzrok su iskrivljenja i pucanja. Zbog stezanja nosioca može doći i do otpadanja ornamentacije. Nadalje, propadanje okvira može štetiti i samoj uokvirenoj slici.
Ljepilo
 Propadanje ljepila koje je korišteno za sklapanje okvira može prouzročiti raspadanje okvira. Životinjska veziva osjetljiva su na promjene vlage i temperature, a to pak može biti uzrok iskrivljenja okvira.
Delaminacija
Delaminacija je razmjerno česta pojava na pozlaćenim ili oslikanim okvirima. Vlaga koja putuje napuklinom u pozlati ili oslikom uzrokuje otpadanje pozlaćenih ili oslikanih slojeva.

Zagađenje zraka
Industrijalizacija tijekom osamnaestog i devetnaestog stoljeća dovela je do povećane zagađenosti zraka u urbaniziranim područjima. Usprkos tomu što su čuvane u interijeru, i slike i okviri stradali su od oštećenja uzrokovanih zagađenjem.

Konzervatorski postupci
Preventivna zaštita
Najjednostavniji postupak preventivne zaštite okvira jest periodično oprašivanje, najčešće s pomoću kista ili nečega što upija: spužve ili meke krpe.

Konzerviranje restauriranje
Nakon prve procjene stanja okvira treba utvrditi opseg eventualnog zahvata. Neke od faza rada na okviru jesu:

 Rastavljanje

U nekim slučajevima okvir se mora rastaviti. Tijekom ovog postupka može se vidjeti konstrukcija te strukturalni integritet okvira. Ovaj postupak ujedno olakšava i daljnji rad na predmetu.

 Čišćenje

Prvo se izvrše probe kako bi se ustanovio najbolji način rada. Od mogućih materijala spomenut ćemo triamonijev citrat, Plextol B500, etil-akrilat, EA, metil-metakrilat i MMA.

 Nadomještanje ukrasa i profilacije

Propala ili oštećena ornamentacija može se nadomjestiti ako je potrebno. Nerijetko se na predmetu nalaze grubo i loše načinjeni stari nadomjesci koje mogu sadržavati i izvorne dijelove. Ovisno o stanju, u rad se može uključiti i rezbar koji će rekonstruirati izgubljene dijelove profilacije, to jest mogu se nanovo odliti u gipsu ili ih se može retuširati reverzibilnom vrstom gipsa. Jedan od uobičajenih materijala jest i mješavina tutkala, smole, lanenog ulja i venecijanskog terpentina. Nakon što se ključni elementi ornamentacije obnove, treba podlijepiti i podlogu za pozlatu (gesso'') vrućim zečjim tutkalom.

 Pozlata

 Nakon obnove ornamentacije kod pozlaćenih se okvira potom mora nanijeti sloj bolusa koji je pak mješavina obojene gline, veziva i masnoće, a služi kao podloga za nanošenje zlatnih listića. Bolus je obično crvene ili sive boje. Dakako, boja mora biti usklađena s bojom izvorno korištenog materijala. Treba specificirati koja će se vrsta pozlate upotrebljavati ili na mikstionu ili na polimentu. Pozlata na polimentu zahtjevnija je i skuplja inačica.

 Toniranje

Kada je pozlata postavljena, treba je toniranjem uskladiti s izvornom. To se najčešće izvodi vodenim bojama i tutkalom kao vezivom.

Dodatna literatura
El marco en España: historia, conservación y restauración. 2009. Madrid.

Izvori

Konzervacija

Konzerviranje-restauriranje okvira slika


Robert Goldwater (23 de novembro de 1907 - 26 de março de 1973) foi um historiador de arte, estudioso de artes africanas e o primeiro diretor do Museu de Arte Primitiva, Nova York, de 1957 a 1973. Ele era casado com a artista americana nascida na França e escultora Louise Bourgeois.

Livros

 Le Primitivisme dans l'art moderne. Denise Paulme. Paris : Presses universitaires de France (1988)
 The paintings of Arshile Gorky : a critical catalogue; por Jim M Jordan;  Robert John Goldwater. Nova York : Londres : Nova York University Press (1982)
 Symbolism. Londres : Penguin Books (1979)
 Robert Goldwater : a memorial exhibition, October 1973 – February 1974, The Museum of Primitive Art, New York; por Robert John Goldwater;  Metropolitan Museum of Art, Dept. of Primitive Art, Nova York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art (1973)
 Art of Oceania, Africa, and the Americas from the Museum of primitive art. Nova York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art (1969)
 What is modern sculpture? Nova York, Museum of Modern Art; distributed por Nova York Graphic Society, Greenwich, Conn. (1969)
 Space and dream. M. Knoedler & Co. Nova York, Walker (1968; 1967)
 Primitivism in modern art. N.Y., Wittenborn (1966); Vintage books (1966)
 Senufo sculpture from West Africa. Museum of Primitive Art, Nova York, N.Y. Greenwich, Conn., Distributed por Nova York Graphic Society (1964)
 The Great Bieri. Museum of Primitive Art, Nova York (1962)
 Traditional art of the African nations; Museum of Primitive Art, Nova York, Distrib. University Publishers (1961)
 Bambara sculpture from the Western Sudan. Museum of Primitive Art, Nova York, distrib. University Publishers (1960)
 Lipchitz. Londres : A. Zwemmer (1958)
 Modern art in everyday life. Nova York, Abrams (1955)
 Modern art in your life. Nova York, Museum of Modern Art (1953)
 Abstraction in art. Nova York, Abrams (1953)
 Vincent Van Gogh (1853–1890); por Meyer Schapiro; Robert John Goldwater; Nova York : H.N. Abrams (1953; 1952)
 Rufino Tamayo. Nova York, Quadrangle Press (1947)
 Artists on art, from the XIV to the XX century. 100 illustrações.; por Robert John Goldwater;  Marco Treves. Nova York, Pantheon books (1958; 1947; 1945)
 Primitivism in modern painting. Nova York, Londres, Harper & Brothers (1967; 1938)
 Paul Gauguin. Nova York, H.N. Abrams (1928)

Links externos

 Robert Goldwater's obituary, written by Robert Rosenblum in The New York Times
 Primitivism in modern painting / by Robert J. Goldwater
 holdings of writings by Robert Goldwater ´- Robert Goldwater Library

Historiadores dos Estados Unidos

Robert Goldwater


Ioannis (Yiannis) Psycharis (grego: Ιωάννης (Γιάννης) Ψυχάρης; francês: Jean Psychari; 1854–1929) foi um filólogo francês de origem grega, autor e promotor do grego demótico.

Biografia
Psycharis nasceu em 15 de maio de 1854 em Odessa (na atual Ucrânia, então parte do Império Russo), em uma família de mercadores de ascendência Chiot. Sua mãe morreu quando ele era criança, e ele foi criado por sua avó em Marselha. Ele também passou algum tempo com seu pai em Constantinopla e depois mudou-se para Paris.

Carreira
Psycharis foi diretor de estudos na École pratique des hautes études depois de 1885, e depois professor na École des langues orientales de 1903 a 1928, sucedendo Émile Legrand.

Em 1886, fez uma viagem à Grécia da qual escreveu My Journey, defesa do grego demótico (com algumas observações sobre a pronúncia do grego antigo), que o ligava à integração nacional (Megali Idea). Assim ele se tornou o mentor do lado demótico na questão da língua grega. Por causa de sua posição, a favor de Demotiki, ele foi fortemente criticado tanto pela política conservadora quanto pelo estabelecimento educacional na Grécia (mais notavelmente o professor Georgios Hatzidakis), e foi frequentemente atacado por vários jornais.

Psycharis foi o popularizador do termo diglossia, que descreve o uso simultâneo de uma comunidade linguística da língua materna genuína dos dias atuais, o vernáculo, e um dialeto de séculos anteriores na história da língua. O vernáculo é de baixo prestígio e é desencorajado ou totalmente proibido para uso escrito e uso falado formal, enquanto o dialeto obsoleto é de alto prestígio e é usado para a maioria da comunicação escrita e para discursos formais por instituições de autoridade, como governo e instituições religiosas. Diglossia foi uma questão importante na sociedade e política grega nos séculos XIX e XX.

Psycharis também propôs uma ortografia inovadora para o grego que nunca pegou, apesar de ser o foco de várias tentativas sérias de implementação que continuaram até o final do século XX. Um livro didático de grego moderno para estudantes estrangeiros, Ellinika Tora (grego agora), emprega algumas de suas sugestões, como substituir rho por lambda quando a pronúncia do glide é condicionada pelos outros sons ao seu redor – assim αδερφός (aderfos) em vez do padrão αδελφός (adelphos). Embora essa e outras sugestões reflitam com mais precisão a pronúncia verdadeira, elas parecem ter poucas chances de serem adotadas.

Durante o caso Dreyfus, Psycharis defendeu Alfred Dreyfus, que havia sido falsamente acusado de traição por ser judeu. Além disso, Psycharis apoiou a publicação de J'accuse…! de seu amigo Emile Zola ...!, uma carta pública em defesa de Dreyfus.

Morte
Psycharis morreu em Paris em 29 de setembro de 1929. Ele está enterrado em Chios.

Obra

Referências

Ligações externas

Filólogos da França

Ioannis Psycharis


A nonholonomic system in physics and mathematics is a physical system whose state depends on the path taken in order to achieve it. Such a system is described by a set of parameters subject to differential constraints and non-linear constraints, such that when the system evolves along a path in its parameter space (the parameters varying continuously in values) but finally returns to the original set of parameter values at the start of the path, the system itself may not have returned to its original state. Nonholonomic mechanics is autonomous division of Newtonian mechanics.

Details
More precisely, a nonholonomic system, also called an anholonomic system, is one in which there is a continuous closed circuit of the governing parameters, by which the system may be transformed from any given state to any other state. Because the final state of the system depends on the intermediate values of its trajectory through parameter space, the system cannot be represented by a conservative potential function as can, for example, the inverse square law of the gravitational force.  This latter is an example of a holonomic system: path integrals in the system depend only upon the initial and final states of the system (positions in the potential), completely independent of the trajectory of transition between those states.  The system is therefore said to be integrable, while the nonholonomic system is said to be nonintegrable.  When a path integral is computed in a nonholonomic system, the value represents a deviation within some range of admissible values and this deviation is said to be an anholonomy  produced by the specific path under consideration.  This term was introduced by Heinrich Hertz in 1894.

The general character of anholonomic systems is that of implicitly dependent parameters.  If the implicit dependency can be removed, for example by raising the dimension of the space, thereby adding at least one additional parameter, the system is not truly nonholonomic, but is simply incompletely modeled by the lower-dimensional space.  In contrast, if the system intrinsically cannot be represented by independent coordinates (parameters), then it is truly an anholonomic system.  Some authors make much of this by creating a distinction between so-called internal and external states of the system, but in truth, all parameters are necessary to characterize the system, be they representative of "internal" or "external" processes, so the distinction is in fact artificial.  However, there is a very real and irreconcilable difference between physical systems that obey conservation principles and those that do not.  In the case of parallel transport on a sphere, the distinction is clear: a Riemannian manifold has a metric fundamentally distinct from that of a Euclidean space.  For parallel transport on a sphere, the implicit dependence is intrinsic to the non-euclidean metric.  The surface of a sphere is a two-dimensional space.  By raising the dimension, we can more clearly see the nature of the metric, but it is still fundamentally a two-dimensional space with parameters irretrievably entwined in dependency by the Riemannian metric.

By contrast, one can consider an X-Y plotter as an example of a holonomic system where the state of the system's mechanical components will have a single fixed configuration for any given position of the plotter pen. If the pen relocates between positions 0,0 and 3,3, the mechanism's gears will have the same final positions regardless of whether the relocation happens by the mechanism first incrementing 3 units on the x-axis and then 3 units on the y-axis, incrementing the Y-axis position first, or operating any other sequence of position-changes that result in a final position of 3,3. Since the final state of the machine is the same regardless of the path taken by the plotter-pen to get to its new position, the end result can be said not to be path-dependent. If we substitute a turtle plotter, the process of moving the pen from 0,0 to 3,3 can result in the gears of the robot's mechanism finishing in different positions depending on the path taken to move between the two positions. See this very similar gantry crane example for a mathematical explanation of why such a system is holonomic.

History
N. M. Ferrers first suggested to extend the equations of motion with nonholonomic constraints in 1871.
He introduced the expressions for Cartesian velocities in terms of generalized velocities.
In 1877, E. Routh wrote the equations with the Lagrange multipliers. In the third edition of his book  for linear non-holonomic constraints of rigid bodies, he introduced the form with multipliers, which is now called the Lagrange equations of the second kind with multipliers. The terms the holonomic and nonholonomic systems were introduced by Heinrich Hertz in 1894.
In 1897, S. A. Chaplygin first suggested to form the equations of motion without Lagrange multipliers.
Under certain linear constraints, he introduced on the left-hand side of the equations of motion a group of extra terms of the Lagrange-operator type.
The remaining extra terms characterise the nonholonomicity of system and they become zero when the given constrains are integrable.
In 1901 P. V.Voronets generalised Chaplygin's work to the cases of noncyclic holonomic coordinates
and of nonstationary constraints.

Constraints
Consider a system of  particles with positions  for  with respect to a given reference frame. In classical mechanics, any constraint that is not expressible as

is a non-holonomic constraint. In other words, a nonholonomic constraint is nonintegrable and in Pfaffian form:

 is the number of coordinates.
 is the number of constraint equations.
 are coordinates.
 are coefficients.

In order for the above form to be nonholonomic, it is also required that the left hand side neither be a total differential nor be able to be converted into one, perhaps via an integrating factor.

For virtual displacements only, the differential form of the constraint is

It is not necessary for all non-holonomic constraints to take this form, in fact it may involve higher derivatives or inequalities. A classical example of an inequality constraint is that of a particle placed on the surface of a sphere, yet is allowed to fall off it:

 is the distance of the particle from the centre of the sphere.
 is the radius of the sphere.

Examples

Rolling wheel
A wheel (sometimes visualized as a unicycle or a rolling coin) is a nonholonomic system.

Layperson's explanation
Consider the wheel of a bicycle that is parked in a certain place (on the ground).  Initially the inflation valve is at a certain position on the wheel.  If the bicycle is ridden around, and then parked in exactly the same place, the valve will almost certainly not be in the same position as before. Its new position depends on the path taken. If the wheel were holonomic, then the valve stem would always end up in the same position as long as the wheel were always rolled back to the same location on the Earth. Clearly, however, this is not the case, so the system is nonholonomic.

Mathematical explanation

It is possible to model the wheel mathematically with a system of constraint equations, and then prove that that system is nonholonomic.

First, we define the configuration space. The wheel can change its state in three ways: having a different rotation about its axle, having a different steering angle, and being at a different location. We may say that  is the rotation about the axle,  is the steering angle relative to the -axis, and  and  define the spatial position. Thus, the configuration space is:

We must now relate these variables to each other. We notice that as the wheel changes its rotation, it changes its position. The change in rotation and position implying velocities must be present, we attempt to relate angular velocity and steering angle to linear velocities by taking simple time-derivatives of the appropriate terms:

The velocity in the  direction is equal to the angular velocity times the radius times the cosine of the steering angle, and the  velocity is similar. Now we do some algebraic manipulation to transform the equation to Pfaffian form so it is possible to test whether it is holonomic, starting with:

Then, let's separate the variables from their coefficients (left side of equation, derived from above). We also realize that we can multiply all terms by  so we end up with only the differentials (right side of equation):

The right side of the equation is now in Pfaffian form:

We now use the universal test for holonomic constraints. If this system were holonomic, we might have to do up to eight tests. However, we can use mathematical intuition to try our best to prove that the system is nonholonomic on the first test. Considering the test equation is:

we can see that if any of the terms , , or  were zero, that that part of the test equation would be trivial to solve and would be equal to zero. Therefore, it is often best practice to have the first test equation have as many non-zero terms as possible to maximize the chance of the sum of them not equaling zero. Therefore, we choose:

We substitute into our test equation:

and simplify:

We can easily see that this system, as described, is nonholonomic, because  is not always equal to zero.

Additional conclusions
We have completed our proof that the system is nonholonomic, but our test equation gave us some insights about whether the system, if further constrained, could be holonomic. Many times test equations will return a result like  implying the system could never be constrained to be holonomic without radically altering the system, but in our result we can see that  can be equal to zero, in two different ways:
 , the radius of the wheel, can be zero. This is not helpful as the system in practice would lose all of its degrees of freedom.
  can be zero by setting  equal to zero. This implies that if the wheel were not allowed to turn and had to move only in a straight line at all times, it would be a holonomic system.
There is one thing that we have not yet considered however, that to find all such modifications for a system, one must perform all eight test equations (four from each constraint equation) and collect all the failures to gather all requirements to make the system holonomic, if possible. In this system, out of the seven additional test equations, an additional case presents itself:

This does not pose much difficulty, however, as adding the equations and dividing by  results in:

which with some simple algebraic manipulation becomes:

which has the solution  (from ).

Refer back to the layman's explanation above where it is said, "[The valve stem's] new position depends on the path taken. If the wheel were holonomic, then the valve stem would always end up in the same position as long as the wheel were always rolled back to the same location on the Earth. Clearly, however, this is not the case, so the system is nonholonomic." However it is easy to visualize that if the wheel were only allowed to roll in a perfectly straight line and back, the valve stem would end up in the same position! In fact, moving parallel to the given angle of  is not actually necessary in the real world as the orientation of the coordinate system itself is arbitrary. The system can become holonomic if the wheel moves only in a straight line at any fixed angle relative to a given reference. Thus, we have not only proved that the original system is nonholonomic, but we also were able to find a restriction that can be added to the system to make it holonomic.

However, there is something mathematically special about the restriction of  for the system to make it holonomic, as  in a Cartesian grid. Combining the two equations and eliminating , we indeed see that  and therefore one of those two coordinates is completely redundant. We already know that the steering angle is a constant, so that means the holonomic system here needs to only have a configuration space of . As discussed here, a system that is modellable by a Pfaffian constraint must be holonomic if the configuration space consists of two or fewer variables. By modifying our original system to restrict it to have only two degrees of freedom and thus requiring only two variables to be described, and assuming it can be described in Pfaffian form (which in this example we already know is true), we are assured that it is holonomic.

Rolling sphere
This example is an extension of the 'rolling wheel' problem considered above.

Consider a three-dimensional orthogonal Cartesian coordinate frame, for example, a level table top with a point marked on it for the origin, and the x and y axes laid out with pencil lines.  Take a sphere of unit radius, for example, a ping-pong ball, and mark one point B in blue.  Corresponding to this point is a diameter of the sphere, and the plane orthogonal to this diameter positioned at the center C of the sphere defines a great circle called the equator associated with point B.  On this equator, select another point R and mark it in red.  Position the sphere on the z = 0 plane such that the point B is coincident with the origin, C is located at x = 0, y = 0, z = 1, and R is located at x = 1, y = 0, and z = 1, i.e. R extends in the direction of the positive x axis.  This is the initial or reference orientation of the sphere.

The sphere may now be rolled along any continuous closed path in the z = 0 plane, not necessarily a simply connected path, in such a way that it neither slips nor twists, so that C returns to x = 0, y = 0, z = 1.  In general, point B is no longer coincident with the origin, and point R no longer extends along the positive x axis.  In fact, by selection of a suitable path, the sphere may be re-oriented from the initial orientation to any possible orientation of the sphere with C located at x = 0, y = 0, z = 1.  The system is therefore nonholonomic.  The anholonomy may be represented by the doubly unique quaternion (q and −q) which, when applied to the points that represent the sphere, carries points B and R to their new positions.

Foucault pendulum
An additional example of a nonholonomic system is the Foucault pendulum.  In the local coordinate frame the pendulum is swinging in a vertical plane with a particular orientation with respect to geographic north at the outset of the path.  The implicit trajectory of the system is the line of latitude on the Earth where the pendulum is located.  Even though the pendulum is stationary in the Earth frame, it is moving in a frame referred to the Sun and rotating in synchrony with the Earth's rate of revolution, so that the only apparent motion of the pendulum plane is that caused by the rotation of the Earth.  This latter frame is considered to be an inertial reference frame, although it too is non-inertial in more subtle ways.  The Earth frame is well known to be non-inertial, a fact made perceivable by the apparent presence of centrifugal forces and Coriolis forces.

Motion along the line of latitude is parameterized by the passage of time, and the Foucault pendulum's plane of oscillation appears to rotate about the local vertical axis as time passes.  The angle of rotation of this plane at a time t with respect to the initial orientation is the anholonomy of the system.  The anholonomy induced by a complete circuit of latitude is proportional to the solid angle subtended by that circle of latitude.  The path need not be constrained to latitude circles.  For example, the pendulum might be mounted in an airplane.  The anholonomy is still proportional to the solid angle subtended by the path, which may now be quite irregular.  The Foucault pendulum is a physical example of parallel transport.

Linear polarized light in an optical fiber
Take a length of optical fiber, say three meters, and lay it out in an absolutely straight line.  When a vertically polarized beam is introduced at one end, it emerges from the other end, still polarized in the vertical direction.  Mark the top of the fiber with a stripe, corresponding with the orientation of the vertical polarization.

Now, coil the fiber tightly around a cylinder ten centimeters in diameter.  The path of the fiber now describes a helix which, like the circle, has constant curvature.  The helix also has the interesting property of having constant torsion.  As such the result is a gradual rotation of the fiber about the fiber's axis as the fiber's centerline progresses along the helix.  Correspondingly, the stripe also twists about the axis of the helix.

When linearly polarized light is again introduced at one end, with the orientation of the polarization aligned with the stripe, it will, in general, emerge as linear polarized light aligned not with the stripe, but at some fixed angle to the stripe, dependent upon the length of the fiber, and the pitch and radius of the helix.  This system is also nonholonomic, for we can easily coil the fiber down in a second helix and align the ends, returning the light to its point of origin.  The anholonomy is therefore represented by the deviation of the angle of polarization with each circuit of the fiber.  By suitable adjustment of the parameters, it is clear that any possible angular state can be produced.

Robotics
In robotics, nonholonomic has been particularly studied in the scope of motion planning and feedback linearization for mobile robots.

See also
Holonomic constraint
Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics
Falling cat problem
Goryachev–Chaplygin top
Parallel parking problem
Pfaffian constraint
Udwadia–Kalaba equation
Lie group integrator

References

Algebraic topology
Differential geometry
Differential topology
Dynamical systems

Nonholonomic system


Forlæggerforeningen este o asociație a editurilor daneze. Asociația a fost fondată în 1837 sub numele Den Danske Forlæggerforening (Asociația Editurilor Daneze). Asociația a primit numele actual, la reuniunea anuală din 8 decembrie 2005, după câteva luni în care a fost denumită Dansk Forlæggerforening (Asociația Editurilor din Danemarca).

Membrii asociației realizează aproximativ 80% din totalul cifrei de afaceri de 2 miliarde de coroane (2004) a vânzărilor de carte în Danemarca.

Asociația Editurilor Daneze a instituit în 1957 premiul criticilor literari danezi, pe care asociația l-a decernat anual până în 1971 când a fost preluat de asociația criticilor literari danezi Litteraturkritikernes Lav.

Legături externe
 Forlæggerforeningen

Edituri din Danemarca

Forlæggerforeningen


L'Albatros L 3 était un biplan de reconnaissance monoplace construit en Allemagne pendant la Première Guerre mondiale.

Conception
L'Albatros L 3 était un biplan de reconnaissance non armé avec deux baies d'entretoises par aile. Il était propulsé par un seul moteur à pistons en ligne Gnome Delta. Au total, six L 3 ont été construits.

Références

L03
Avion de reconnaissance
Avion militaire allemand
Avion biplan
Avion à hélices
Avion monomoteur
Avion militaire de la Première Guerre mondiale

Albatros L 3


Pianissimo kan henvise til:

 Pianissimo (musikudtryk) – musikudtryk
 Pianissimo (film fra 2003) – dansk kortfilm fra 2003 instrueret af Søren Balle
 Pianissimo (film fra 2004) – dansk kortfilm fra 2004 instrueret af Stefan Olsen

Pianissimo


Nacionalna bolnica je klinička ustanova klinička ustanova u kojoj se najsloženiji oblici zdravstvene zaštite pružaju stanovništvu s područja cijele države. U nacionalnoj bolnici također se obavlja nastava visokih učilišta i znanstveni rad za djelatnosti za koje je osnovana. Uvjet za stjecanje naslova nacionalne jest obavljanje djelatnosti bolničke zdravstvene zaštite, specijalističko-konzilijarne zdravstvene zaštite i dnevne bolnice na visokospecijaliziranoj razini sukladno kliničkim smjernicama.

Izvori

Bolnice

Nacionalna bolnica


Prince Afo Akom, de son nom complet Martin Tubuo, est un interprète, artiste, auteur, compositeur, conteur, producteur de musique et couturier camerounais. Il est connu sur la scène musicale traditionnelle et dans le monde de la mode au Cameroun.

Biographie

Débuts
Prince Afo Akom, né en 1958, est le fils d'un artiste musicien du rythme bottle dance. Il crée le genre Njang qui rentre dans la culture et les traditions de Boyo, son village.

Il est interprète, artiste, auteur, compositeur, conteur et producteur de musique. En 2020, il est annoncé comme acteur principal dans un film camerounais.

Carrière
Le 21 juin 2010, il participe au festival de la musique sur le thème Vivre de la musique. Il participe au concert organisé par le président Paul Biya en 2018 et, en 2020, il participe au festival FOMARIC de Douala.

Style musical et influences
Prince Afo Akom est auteur de plusieurs œuvres musicales. Les titres Femmes rurales et Iyaaah sont des hits dès leurs sorties.
En addition au bottle dance, on peut l'écouter sur des airs de folklore camerounais. Il prône l'unité nationale dans son pays, le Cameroun.

Entrepreneuriat

Avant d'être connu dans la musique, Prince Afo Akom est couturier. Il coud des tenues traditionnelles à l'image de la culture du Nord-Ouest du Cameroun d'où il est originaire. Il fait des recommandations au gouvernement camerounais sur la consommation des produits locaux.

Il a créé son propre label qui porte le nom de Forena Music. Nommé membre d'un comité Ad hoc en 2015, il est chargé de procéder à une avance sur répartition à titre exceptionnel, au titre du droit d'Auteur et des droits voisins.

Discographie

Albums

Singles

Récompenses et nominations
 1992 : Prix du meilleur artiste Mutzig Star
 2009 : Canal 2'Or: Meilleur artiste de musique traditionnelle

Notes et références

Liens externes

Chanteur camerounais
Naissance en 1958
Lieu de naissance inconnu

Prince Afo Akom


الإمبراطورية اليونانية أو الإمبراطورية الإغريقية يمكن أن تشير إلى عدد من الإمبراطوريات أوالممالك أوالإمارات وذلك بحسب الفترة المقصودة

اليونان القديمة
الإمبراطورية اليونانية القديمة أو الإمبراطورية الإغريقية يمكن أن تشير إلى:
 الاتحاد الديلي والذي استمر من العام 478 ق.م. لغاية العام 454 ق.م.
 الإمبراطورية الأثينية والتي استمرت من العام 449 ق.م. لغاية العام 404 ق.م.
 مملكة مقدونيا القديمة والتي دامت من القرن 9 ق. م. لغاية العام 146 ق.م.

الحضارة الهيلينية (الهلنستية)
الإمبراطورية اليونانية أو الإمبراطورية الإغريقية في العصر الهلنستي (الهيليني) الذي امتد من العام 323 ق.م. إلى حوالي العام 146 ق.م.، يمكن أن تشير إلى عدة إمارات أو ممالك أو إمبراطوريات صغيرة، حيث تم في تلك الفترة اقتسام أراضي الإمبراطورية بعد وفاة الإسكندر الأكبر بين مجموعة من القادة العسكريين سميوا بالقادة الخلفاء  فشكلوا بذلك مجموعة من الدول حكمتها سلالاتهم وهي:
 السلالة السلوقية نسبة إلى سلوقس الأول نيكاتور امتد حكم هذه السلالة من العام 312 ق.م. إلى العام 63 ق.م.
 السلالة الأنتيغونية نسبة إلى أنتيغونوس الأول مونوفثالموس امتد حكم هذه السلالة من العام 306 ق.م. إلى العام 168 ق.م.
 السلالة البطليمية نسبة إلى بطليموس الأول سوتر امتد حكم هذه السلالة من العام 305 ق.م. إلى العام 30 ق.م.
 السلالة الأتالية نسبة إلى أتالوس الأول امتد حكم هذه السلالة من العام 282 ق.م. إلى العام 133 ق.م.

العصور الوسطى
الإمبراطورية اليونانية أو الإمبراطورية الإغريقية في العصور الوسطى يمكن أن تشير إلى:
 الإمبراطورية البيزنطية كانت عاصمتها مدينة القسطنطينية امتد حكمها من العام 330 م إلى العام 1453 م
 كما ويمكن لها أن تشير إلى أي وريث بيزنطي قام بتشكيل إمارة أو مملكة أو إمبراطورية مستقلة وكان ذلك بعد سقوط القسطنطينية عام 1204 م مثل:
 إمبراطورية طرابزون البيزنطية: كانت عاصمتها مدينة طرابزون امتد حكمها من العام 1204 م إلى العام 1461 م
 إمارة إبيروس البيزنطية: كانت عاصمتها مدينة آرتا امتد حكمها من العام 1205 م إلى العام 1479 م
 إمبراطورية نيقية البيزنطية: كانت عاصمتها مدينة نيقية امتد حكمها من العام 1204 م إلى العام 1261 م

إمبراطورية يونانية (توضيح)


Dünya üzerindeki mevcut tatlı su kaynaklarının ihtiyaçları karşılayamayacak hale gelmesi üzerine tatlı su kaynaklarını (akarsular) paylaşan devletler arasında yaşanan soruna "su sorunu" denir. Genellikle iki veya daha fazla devletin topraklarından geçen akarsular (bir diğer deyişle sınıraşan sular) üzerinde yaşanır. Dünyada 43 ülkede bulunan yaklaşık 700 milyon insan su kıtlığından muzdaripdir.

Su sorunu özellikle Orta Doğu bölgesinde kendini hissettirmekte; Fırat ve Dicle nehirleri dolayısıyla Türkiye'yi de etkilemektedir. Su sorunu Birleşmiş Milletler başta olmak üzere birçok uluslararası kuruluşta ele alınmaktadır. Halihazırda, devletler arasında sürtüşmelere neden olan su kıtlığının ileride savaşlara yol açabileceğinden endişe edilmektedir.

Uluslararası hukuk ve su sorunu

Kurallar
Devletlerin ülkelerinde bulunan sınıraşan sular veya su sistemleri ile ilgili hak ve yükümlülüklerini belirleyen kapsamlı kural veya ilkeler henüz tamamen şekillenmiş değildir. Çeşitli sınıraşan sular için kıyıdaş ülkeler arasında varılmış anlaşmalar mevcuttur ancak bu anlaşmalardan hiçbirini başka bir soruna uyarlamak mümkün değildir. Her biri değişik koşul ve durumları yansıtan ve bazen benzer sorunlara dahi farklı çözümler getiren bu anlaşmalar genel kabul görmüş hukuk kurallarının oluşumunu sağlayamamıştır..

Bir hükûmet dışı kuruluş olan Uluslararası Hukuk Derneği (International Law Association) ve BM Uluslararası Hukuk Komisyonu başta olmak üzere çeşitli kurum ve kuruluşlar su konusunda uluslararası uyuşmazlıkları giderebilecek ve uzlaşma ortamı yaratabilecek özelliklere sahip bir hukuk kurallarının oluşması için çaba sarf etmektedir.

Alınabilecek önlemler
Su sorununu azaltmak ve bu hususta yaşanan anlaşmazlıkları en aza indirmek için alınabilecek önlemler şunlardır:

 Devletlerin su ile ilgili kendi iç politikalarını gözden geçirerek israfı azaltmaları.
 Atık suların tasfiye edilerek yeniden kullanıma sokulması.(Bu yöntem halen petrol zengini ülkeler ve İsrail'de uygulanmakta olup  ekonomik nedenler başta olmak üzere çeşitli nedenlerle yaygınlaşamamıştır)
 Tarımda ilkel sulama metotlarının israfa neden olması nedeniyle sulamada yüksek teknoloji kullanılması.
 Su kaynaklarına uygun tarım ürünü ekimi yapılması.
 Devletlerin su sorunu konusundaki anlaşmazlıkları tırmandırmaktan kaçınması.
 Tarımsal sulamada damlama ve yağmurlama sulama yapılmalı
 Su tasarrufu (deniz)
 Sanayide su kullanımı yeniden kullanımlı dönüşümlü olmalıdır.

Dış bağlantılar
Water scarcity

Kaynakça

Subilim
Uluslararası hukuk
Nüfusla gelişen çevre sorunları
Sorun

Su kıtlığı


Katerina "Keti" Garbi (Yunanca: Κατερίνα Καίτη Γαρμπή, d. 8 Haziran 1961, Atina, Yunanistan) Yunan şarkıcı.

Sanatçı, müzik kariyerine Liana adlı kardeşiyle birlikte, Garbi Kardeşler ikilisi içerisinde başladı. İkilide Keti 15, Liana ise henüz 13 yaşındaydı. Daha sonra solo çalışmaya karar veren Keti Garbi, başarılı bir müzik kariyerine sahip oldu. 1993 Eurovision Şarkı Yarışması'na "Ellada, Hora Tou Fotos" adlı şarkıyla katıldı. Birçok altın ve platin ödüllü albüme sahip şarkıcı, "Tou Feggariou Anapnoes" albümü ile üne kavuştu. Sanatçının özellikle Türkiye'de olmak üzere pek çok ülkede tanınması ise "Esena mono" adlı şarkıyla olmuştur.

Diskografi
 1989 - Prova
 1990 - Gyalia Karfia
 1991 - Entalma Silepseos
 1992 - Tou Feggariou Anapnoes - Gold CD
 1993 - Os Ton Paradeiso - Gold CD
 1994 - Atofio Xrysafi - Platinum CD
 1996 - Arhizo Polemo - 2X Platinum CD
 1997 - Evesthisies - 2X Platinum CD
 1998 - Hristougenna Me Tin Kaiti - Gold CD
 1999 - Doro Theou - Gold CD
 2000 - To Kati - 4X Platinum CD
 2000 - Ti Theloune Ta Matia Sou (CD Single) - Platinum CD
 2001 - Apla Ta Pragmata - 2X Platinum CD
 2002 - Remixes (CD Single)
 2002 - Mia Kardia (CD Single) - Platinum CD
 2003 - Emmones Idees - Gold CD
 2004 - Galazio Kai Lefko (CD Single)
 2005 - Eho Sta Matia Ourano
 2006 - Tainan Kolikani
 2008 - Kainourgia Ego

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmi internet sitesi

1961 doğumlular
Attika doğumlular
Yunan kadın şarkıcılar
Yunan pop şarkıcıları
1993 Eurovision Şarkı Yarışması yarışmacıları
Yunanistan'ın Eurovision Şarkı Yarışması yarışmacıları
Yaşayan insanlar

Keti Garbi


යනු ප්‍රහේලිකා නිෂ්පාදකයෙක් වන නිකෝලි ආයතනයෙහි සභාපති වූ  ජපාන ව්‍යවසායකයෙක් විය. " සූදකු හී පියා" ලෙසින් පුළුල් ලෙසින් ඔහු හැඳින්වෙන්නේ එම අංක ක්‍රීඩාව ජනප්‍රිය කිරීමෙහි ලා ඔහුගේ භූමිකාව නිසාය.

මාකී කජී


Daniel Le Flanchec (1881-1944), un militant politique français ;
 Roger Le Flanchec (1915-1986), un architecte autodidacte français.

Flanchec


Zenaide Cecília Pereira da Silva (Campinas, 19 de janeiro de 1956 - Itaguaí, 17 de setembro de 2011), mais conhecida como Zenaide Zen, Zenaide Zenah, Zenaide D'jadillê e Zenaide da Silva, foi uma atriz, apresentadora, bailarina, compositora, coreógrafa, professora, escritora, modelo, poetisa, tradutora, ativista e griote brasileira.

Biografia
Nascida em uma favela de Campinas, no interior do Estado de São Paulo, Zenaide perdeu o pai aos dois anos. Passando por diculdades sua mãe, Doracy Moraes Pereira da Silva, entregou-a aos cuidados do orfanato e colégio de freiras próximo para que lá fosse educada. Mesmo frequentando a escola católica, Zenaide continuou seguindo a religião de matriz africana de sua mãe. Aos 14 anos já falava fluentemente o inglês. Em 1973 ingressou no Grupo de Teatro Evolução de Antônio Carlos Silva, Benedito Luiz Amauro (Lumumba), Jonas Lemos (TC) e Jorge Mateus. O grupo é um marco importante do movimento negro brasileiro dos anos 1970. O repertório do Evolução era todo desenvolvido em um processo autoral de criação coletiva com uma estética original que exigia a presença de corpo inteiro dos atores no palco, com voz, expressão corporal, canto e dança. As peças, dentre elas História do Samba, Sinfonia Negra, O Príncipe Poeta, Gangazumba e Encontro com Deus, buscavam denunciar as condições de desigualdade, exclusão e preconceito sofridos pela população negra. O grupo apresentava-se em cidades do interior e do litoral do estado e, em sua trajetória, compreendida entre os anos de 1973 a 1976, contribuiu para a criação de movimentos político-culturais nesses locais. Em 1977 Zenaide mudou-se para São Paulo buscando melhores oportunidades e, nos palcos paulistanos, destacou-se como atriz e dançarina em Escuta, Zé!, uma adaptação do texto Zé Ninguém do psicanalista Wilhelm Reich
com a bailarina Marilena Ansaldi e com a direção de Celso Nunes. Em uma peça exclusivamente de artistas brancos, Zenaide colaborou na criação dos monólogos para o seu personagem, reivindicando sua negritude:
 Em 1978, Zenaide ingressou no Grupo Pau-Brasil para atuar em Macunaíma, de Antunes Filho. Nessa época Zenaide já procurava um teatro negro de resistência e criou o Grupo de Pesquisa da Cultura Negra, cujo objetivo era desenvolver os aspectos históricos-sociais e estéticos da cultura negra. Em novembro viajou em uma caravavana com Ismael Ivo, entre outros, para participar, em  Araraquara (SP), do FECONEZU (Festival Comunitário Negro Zumbi), que reuniu organizações negras de cidades de todo o estado de São Paulo, e também, organizações provenientes de outros estados. Dado o enorme sucesso da montagem de Antunes Filho, o grupo Pau-Brasil é convidado a participar, de última hora, do Festival Teatro nas Américas,  trazendo para Zenaide a oportunidade de  conhecer os Estados Unidos e o Movimento Negro Americano mais de perto. De volta ao país, o Grupo Pau-Brasil foi apresentar-se no Rio de Janeiro, porém no fim da temporada carioca, quando Antunes Filho e o Grupo Pau-Brasil partem para uma turnê pela Europa, Zenaide permanece no Brasil despedindo-se definitivamente do grupo.

Na Televisão atuou na novela Os Adolescentes na Rede Bandeirantes, em 1981, e, no ano seguinte, na minissérie O Tronco do Ipê, na TV Cultura. Também em 1982, apresentou o programa Outras Palavras, dirigido por Walter Salles Júnior, na Rede Bandeirantes. Esteve na minissérie Anarquistas, Graças a Deus, em 1984, e no ano seguinte foi a Iabá Dorotéia na minissérie Tenda dos Milagres, ambas na Rede Globo.

Nos cinemas apareceu pela primeira vez em Os Trapalhões na Serra Pelada, de  1982. No ano seguinte apareceu nas películas A Próxima Vítima e Rio Babilônia. Em 1984 Zenaide, Zezé Mota, Antônio Pompêo e Ademir Ferreira fundam o Centro Brasileiro de Informação e Documentação do Artista Negro (CIDAN), uma organização não governamental com o objetivo de promover e inserir artistas negros no mercado de trabalho, além de promover cursos para preparação de profissionais sem experiência. Zenaide fez o papel de Tali em Chico Rei que estreou em 1985 e também atuou também em Ópera do Malandro, 1985. No final desse mesmo ano, Zenaide foi para os Estados Unidos da América estudar Direção de Teatro, Dança, Cinema e Televisão na Howard University em Washington, D.C., pelo Programa Fulbright. Na universidade, Zenaide teve a oportunidade de conhecer Kwame Ture e o pan-africanismo. Em 1988 Zenaide declarou se reconhecer apenas como Zenaide Zen, refutando seus sobrenomes 'judaico-portugueses' que para ela representavam seus escravisadores, aceitando o nome dado por sua mãe por afeição e que acabou descobrindo ser de origem etíope. Acrescentou o sobrenome Zen por acreditar e seguir os princípios básicos do zen-budismo.
De volta ao Brasil, fundou, em 1991, o Grupo Ori-Gen Ilê de Criação, com outras 16 mulheres negras. Influenciada pelo movimento de reivindicação étnica dos Estados Unidos, Zenaide voltou com uma visão diferente do papel da arte na luta contra o racismo. A valorização da cultura negra interessava mais que a valorização da cor da pele. Zenaide adaptou o clássico de William Shakespeare, A Tempestade para apresentá-lo com o grupo na Jornada SESC de Teatro Experimental. A presença dos corpos negros na peça antes bastaria para identificá-la como parte de um teatro negro, porém mais que isso, Zenaide procurou assimilar a cultura afro-brasileira à trágica história da personagem Caliban. Quando estranhos chegam à ilha deserta, Caliban é tirado de sua solidão e colonizado, e abandonado quando eles partem. O paralelo entre a situação de Caliban e a dos afro-brasileiros é desenvolvido durante toda a peça, como a adaptação das danças dos orixás, com música oriental em vez do som tradicional dos atabaques, contextualizando ainda mais esse Shakespeare afro-brasileiro. O espetáculo recebeu críticas positivas, viajou pelo Brasil
e foi convidado para participar do Festival Internacional de Teatro de Londres (LIFT), porém devido a um desentendimento entre os componentes do grupo a companhia se desfez. No final de 1993, Zenaide em conjunto com outros jovens atores negros, como Luis Antônio Pilar, Carmen Luz, Cida Moreno, Iléa Ferraz e Naira Fernandes criou, no Rio de Janeiro, a Companhia Black e Preto. O grupo organizou, no início de 1994, o projeto Ciclo de Leituras Dramáticas no MIS-RJ, que era composto de dois módulos. O primeiro módulo buscava mostrar o quanto os textos das obras de Nelson Rodrigues (Os Sete Gatinhos, A Falecida, O Beijo no Asfalto, Toda Nudez Será Castigada) eram compatíveis, como qualquer texto de qualquer autor, com atores negros em seus papéis. Sem perder a essência do texto, colocavam um contraponto afro-brasileiro, por exemplo, usando as cores dos orixás conforme a personalidade dos protagonistas. O segundo módulo celebrava os 50 anos do Teatro Experimental do Negro, com palestras e encontros com ex-participantes do TEN e leitura de peças teatrais de sua antologia. Ainda em 1994, após um desentendimento entre os membros do grupo, Zenaide Silva e Carmen Luz fundam a Companhia Étnica de Dança e Teatro, um espaço idealizado para a pesquisa, criação e desenvolvimento de novas linguagens na dança contemporânea e para gestão de projetos alinhando desenvolvimento social, cultural, artístico e profissional de crianças, jovens e adultos periféricos no Andaraí, Rio de Janeiro. Em 2000, Zenaide recebe pela segunda vez uma bolsa Fulbright e vai aos Estados Unidos fazer seu mestrado na Universidade da Pensilvânia. Durante a gestão de Benedita da Silva no Governo do Estado do Rio de Janeiro foi convidada a assumir a direção do Teatro Armando Gonzaga. Em 2003, quando Miguel Falabella aceitou o convite do Prefeito César Maia para gerir teatros e lonas culturais da rede municipal, Zenaide foi convidada pelo ator/diretor para assumir a direção do Teatro Arthur Azevedo.

Filmografia

Cinema

Televisão

Espetáculos

Teatro

Performances

Morte
Zenaide Silva faleceu em 17 de setembro de 2011, em Itaguaí, no Rio de Janeiro, vitimada por um AVC, aos 55 anos de idade.

Links Externos
A Tempestade de Zenaide Zen – Podcast em formato documentário, com o registro histórico das memórias das mulheres que protagonizaram o espetáculo A Tempestade apresentado durante a Jornada Sesc de Teatro Experimental, em 1991.

Zenaide Zen


Colegiul Național Militar "Dimitrie Cantemir" Breaza este o instituție militară de învățământ preuniversitar a Armatei României.

Istoric
În 1948 au fost desființate cele 6 licee militare considerate ca aparținând unei educații burgheze și reacționare. În vara anului 1949, generalul Mihail Florescu a convocat 3 ofițeri spunându-le că vrea să înființeze în orașul natal, Roman, un liceu militar de tip nou. Maiorul Tomagu era absolvent al Liceului Militar "Mihai Viteazu" din Târgu Mureș și fusese numit comandantul liceului. Căpitanul Vlădulescu absolvise Liceului Militar "D.A. Sturdza" din Craiova și fusese numit locțiitor al comandantului. Ultimul dintre ei, căpitanul Spiridon Ionescu-Heroiu, absolvise Colegiul Militar "Nicolae Filipescu" de la Mănăstirea Dealu și fusese numit director de studii.

Astfel, în baza Ordinului nr. 48.258 din 21 noiembrie 1949 emis de Marele Stat Major, a fost înființată în 25 noiembrie 1949 Școala Militară Medie "Dimitrie Cantemir" subordonată Direcției Superioare Politice a Armatei.

Cursurile au început pe 20 decembrie 1949 cu 51 elevi repartizați în 2 clase. Prin Decretul nr. 188 din 28 iulie 1950 al Prezidiului Marii Adunări Naționale se înființează Liceul Militar "Dimitrie Cantemir", iar director de studii devine Richard Stein, autorul cunoscutei melodii "Sanie cu zurgălăi".

În perioada 28 septembrie-10 octombrie 1950 școala s-a mutat în garnizoana Predeal, în localul din Valea Râșnoavei. Pe 11 octombrie 1950 școala s-a redeschis cu clasele a VIII-a și a IX-a.

Comandantul școlii, general-maiorul Aurelian Vișan, dislocă sâmbătă, 20 octombrie 1954, școala cu întreg efectivul și anexele sale la Breaza în locul Cursului Central de Perfecționare Lucrători Politici. Cursurile au început normal, luni, 22 octombrie 1954,

La data de 1 februarie 1957 Școala Militară Medie Dimitrie Cantemir se transformă în Liceul Militar Dimitrie Cantemir.

Note

Legături externe
 Colegiul Național Militar "Dimitrie Cantemir" - Pagina Oficială
 Colegiul Național Militar "Dimitrie Cantemir" pe facebook

Licee militare
Breaza

Colegiul Național Militar „Dimitrie Cantemir” din Breaza


Lord Nicholas Windsor (Nicholas Charles Edward Jonathan Windsor; nacido el 25 de julio de 1970) es el hijo menor del duque y de la duquesa de Kent, bisnieto del rey Jorge V y primo en segundo grado del rey Carlos III.

Primeros años
Lord Nicholas Windsor nació en 1970 en el King's College Hospital, Londres, siendo el primer miembro de la Familia Real Británica en nacer en un hospital. Se le tituló como hijo menor de un duque, desde su nacimiento, como todos los bisnietos de un soberano británico por línea paterna. Tiene un hermano mayor, el conde de St. Andrews, y una hermana, Lady Helen Taylor. Fue bautizado el 11 de septiembre de 1970 en el Castillo de Windsor. Sus padrinos fueron Carlos, Príncipe de Gales y Donald Coggan, en ese momento Arzobispo de York y después Arzobispo de Canterbury.

Lord Nicholas estudió en Westminster School y en Harrow School. Más tarde asistiría a Harris Manchester College, Oxford, donde estudiaría Teología.

Religión
En una ceremonia privada, en el 2001, fue recibido en la Iglesia católica, y por lo tanto perdió su derecho a la sucesión al Trono. El Acta de Establecimiento excluye de la sucesión a católicos pasados o presentes, y a aquellos que se casen con católicos. En el 2001, Lord Nicolás se convertiría en el primer hombre de sangre real en convertirse al catolicismo desde que Carlos II lo hiciera en su lecho de muerte en 1685. Un número de miembros del Parlamento felicitó a Lord Nicolás por su matrimonio en el 2006 como "el primer matrimonio público y legal dentro de los ritos de la Iglesia Católica de un miembro de la Familia Real desde el matrimonio de la reina María I y Felipe II de España en 1554" y , posteriormente, presentaron un Early Day Motion para felicitar el bautismo de su primer hijo Alberto señalando "que fue el primer miembro de la Familia Real en ser bautizado como católico desde 1688 con la llamada Revolución Gloriosa cuando Jacobo II fue expulsado de la Corona y del país a causa del bautismo de su hijo, el Viejo Pretendiente".

El 14 de julio de 2011, fue nombrado vicepresidente honorario del Ordinariato Personal de Nuestra Señora de Walsingham, que acoge a anglicanos conversos al catolicismo.

Matrimonio y descendencia
Lord Nicholas Windsor conoció a su futura esposa, Paola Doimi de Lupis, en una fiesta en Nueva York en 1999 para celebrar el Milenio. Se comprometieron en julio del 2006. Se casaron el 4 de noviembre de 2006 en la Iglesia de San Esteban de los abisinios en la Ciudad del Vaticano, después de una ceremonia civil el 19 de octubre de 2006 en una oficina de registro en Londres, convirtiéndose en Lady Nicolás Windsor. Esta fue la primera vez que un miembro de la Familia Real Británica se casó en la Ciudad del Vaticano. Como lo requiere el Acta de Matrimonios Reales de 1772, el Consejo Privado del Reino Unido dio el consentimiento para el matrimonio.

Su primer hijo, Albert Louis Philip Edward Windsor, nació el 22 de septiembre de 2007 en el Hospital de Chelsea y Westminster, Londres. El joven Windsor es el primero en llevar el nombre de Alberto desde el rey Jorge VI, pero la pareja ha expresado que fue llamado Alberto en honor de San Alberto Magno, según algunos informes, mientras que su segundo nombre, Felipe, le fue puesto en honor de San Felipe Neri. Los nombres de Luis y Eduardo les fueron puestos en honor de sus abuelos materno y paterno, respectivamente. Su segundo hijo, Leopold Ernest Augustus Guelph Windsor, nació el 8 de septiembre de 2009 en el mismo hospital. Un tercer hijo, Louis Arthur Nicholas Felix Windsor, nació el 27 de mayo de 2014. Todos sus hijos han sido bautizados como católicos.

Trabajo de caridad

En el 2007, Lord Nicholas aceptó la invitación para convertirse en Patrón de Bromley Mind.

Lord Nicholas ha trabajado en el Consejo de Refugiados de Londres, del Fideicomiso DePaul. Fue miembro invitado del Centro de Ética y Política Pública en Washington D. C. por invitación de George Weigel en 2008. Es administrador de la Biblioteca Nacional Católica y The Right to Life Charitable Trust.

Escribió para la revista estadounidense "First Things" sobre el tema del aborto, un artículo que fue inscrito en el Registro del Congreso de los Estados Unidos por el congresista Chris Smith.

En el 2011, Lord Nicholas fue designado a la Academia Pontificia para la Vida. Es co-signatario de los Artículos de San José, que consideran la protección del niño por nacer. Se rumoreaba que podría ser considerado para el puesto de embajador del Reino Unido ante la Santa Sede para el 2010.

Lord Nicholas fue recientemente nombrado Director con sede en Roma del Instituto Dignitatis Humanae.

Sucesión

Referencias

Casa de Windsor
Conversos al catolicismo desde el anglicanismo
Católicos del Reino Unido
Miembros de la Pontificia Academia para la Vida

Nicholas Windsor


Kavalalı İbrahim Paşa (1789, Kavala - 10 Kasım 1848, Kahire), kazandığı askeri başarılarla Mısır'da Kavalalı yönetiminin yerleşmesinde önemli rol oynayan Mısır valisi.

Kavalalı Mehmet Ali Paşa'nın büyük oğludur. Babasının Mısır valiliğinin onaylanmasından (Temmuz 1805) hemen sonra Mısır'a gitti. 1807 sonlarında Mısır defterdarlığına atandı. 1812'de Said'de (Yukarı Mısır) güçlenen Kölemen etkisini kırdı.

Hicaz'da başlayan Vahhabi ayaklanmasını bastırmak üzere, Eylül 1816'da Kavalalı Mehmet Ali Paşa tarafından Hicaz'a gönderildi. Aralık 1817'de kendisine Babıali tarafından paşalık unvanı verildi. 1818'de Vahhabilerin merkezi Diriye'yi kuşattı ve Vahhabi emiri Abdullah bin Suud'u tutsak etti. Hac yollarının güvenliği açısından önemli olan bu zaferiyle İslam dünyasında saygınlık kazandı (Osmanlı-Suudi Savaşları).

1824'te Mora ve Girit'te çıkan ayaklanmaların bastırılması için Osmanlı Padişahı II. Mahmut Mısır'dan yardım isteyince, İbrahim Paşa, Yunanistan'a girdi ve Mora'ya egemen oldu. Bu durumdan rahatsız olan İngiltere, Fransa ve Rusya bir donanma göndererek 20 Ekim 1827'de Navarin Deniz Savaşı'nda Osmanlı-Mısır donanmasını yaktı.

Mora Valilği karşılığında Osmanlılara yardım gönderen Kavalalı Mehmet Ali Paşa, Mora elden çıkınca bu yardım karşılığında Suriye valiliğini istedi. Bu isteğinin kabul edilmemesi üzerine İbrahim Paşa'yı Suriye üzerine gönderdi. İbrahim Paşa, 1831'de bütün Suriye'yi denetimi altına aldı. Üzerine gönderilen Osmanlı ordularını ez-Zarra, Halep ve 21 Aralık 1832'de Konya'da Konya Muharebesi ile bozguna uğratarak 1833'te Kütahya'ya girdi. Avrupa devletleri, Osmanlı Devleti ile Mısır yönetiminin arasını buldular. 14 Mayıs 1833 tarihinde yapılan Kütahya Antlaşmasıyla Suriye, Filistin ve Adana, Mısır'a bırakıldı. İbrahim Paşa, Suriye genel valisi oldu. Ama bir süre sonra koyduğu ağır vergiler ve zorunlu askerlik uygulaması Suriye ve Lübnan'da geniş çaplı ayaklanmalara yol açtı. Ardından daha büyük bir tehlike oluşturan Dürzi ayaklanması başladı. Yıllar süren bu ayaklanmaların İbrahim Paşa'yı yıpratmasından yararlanmak isteyen Osmanlılar, 1839'da Mısır'a savaş açtılar. İbrahim Paşa, Osmanlı ordusunu Nizip Muharebesi'nde bozguna uğrattı (24 Haziran 1839).

Osmanlı Devleti'nin dağılacağından korkan Avrupa devletleri (İngiltere ve Avusturya) 1840'ta Londra Antlaşması'nın yapılmasını sağladılar. Bu antlaşma ile İbrahim Paşa, Mısır yönetiminin babadan oğula geçmesi karşılığında Suriye ve Adana'dan vazgeçti. İngiliz donanması Kavalalıları tehdit edince, Mısır kuvvetleri işgal altında tuttukları topraklardan çekildi (1840-1841). İbrahim Paşa babasının bunaması üzerine 1848'de valiliğe atandı, ama kısa bir süre sonra hayatını kaybetti.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Kavalalı Tosun Paşa
 Kavalalılar Hanedanı
 Osmanlı-Suudi Savaşları
 Osmanlı Devleti
 Mısır
 Mısır Hidivliği

1789 doğumlular
Drama doğumlular
Kavala doğumlular
1848 yılında ölenler
Kavalalılar Hanedanı
Osmanlı Arnavutları
Osmanlı Mısır valileri
Naipler
Yunan Bağımsızlık Savaşı'nda Osmanlılar
Kahire'de ölenler

Kavalalı İbrahim Paşa


The midbrain or mesencephalon is the rostral-most portion of the brainstem connecting the diencephalon and cerebrum with the pons. It consists of the cerebral peduncles, tegmentum, and tectum.

It is functionally associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep and wakefulness, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation.

The name comes from the Greek mesos, "middle", and enkephalos, "brain".

Anatomy
The midbrain is the shortest segment of the brainstem, measuring at less than 2cm in length. It is situated mostly in the posterior cranial fossa, with its superior part extending above the tentorial notch.

Structure

The principal regions of the midbrain are the tectum, the cerebral aqueduct, tegmentum, and the cerebral peduncles. Rostrally the midbrain adjoins the diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, etc.), while caudally it adjoins the hindbrain (pons, medulla and cerebellum). In the rostral direction, the midbrain noticeably splays laterally.

Sectioning of the midbrain is usually performed axially, at one of two levels – that of the superior colliculi, or that of the inferior colliculi. One common technique for remembering the structures of the midbrain involves visualizing these cross-sections (especially at the level of the superior colliculi) as the upside-down face of a bear, with the cerebral peduncles forming the ears, the cerebral aqueduct the mouth, and the tectum the chin; prominent features of the tegmentum form the eyes and certain sculptural shadows of the face.

Tectum

The tectum (Latin for roof) is the part of the midbrain dorsal to the cerebral aqueduct. The position of the tectum is contrasted with the tegmentum, which refers to the region in front of the ventricular system, or floor of the midbrain.

It is involved in certain reflexes in response to visual or auditory stimuli. The reticulospinal tract, which exerts some control over alertness, takes input from the tectum, and travels both rostrally and caudally from it.

The corpora quadrigemina are four mounds, called colliculi, in two pairs – a superior and an inferior pair, on the surface of the tectum. The superior colliculi process some visual information, aid the decussation of several fibres of the optic nerve (some fibres remain ipsilateral), and are involved with saccadic eye movements. The tectospinal tract connects the superior colliculi to the cervical nerves of the neck, and co-ordinates head and eye movements. Each superior colliculus also sends information to the corresponding lateral geniculate nucleus, with which it is directly connected. The homologous structure to the superior colliculus in non mammalian vertebrates including fish and amphibians, is called the optic tectum; in those animals, the optic tectum integrates sensory information from the eyes and certain auditory reflexes.

The inferior colliculi – located just above the trochlear nerve – process certain auditory information. Each inferior colliculus sends information to the corresponding medial geniculate nucleus, with which it is directly connected.

Cerebral aqueduct

The cerebral aqueduct is the part of the ventricular system which links the third ventricle (rostrally) with the fourth ventricle (caudally); as such it is responsible for continuing the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. The cerebral aqueduct is a narrow channel located between the tectum and the tegmentum, and is surrounded by the periaqueductal grey, which has a role in analgesia, quiescence, and bonding. The dorsal raphe nucleus (which releases serotonin in response to certain neural activity) is located at the ventral side of the periaqueductal grey, at the level of the inferior colliculus.

The nuclei of two pairs of cranial nerves are similarly located at the ventral side of the periaqueductal grey – the pair of oculomotor nuclei (which control the eyelid, and most eye movements) is located at the level of the superior colliculus, while the pair of trochlear nuclei (which helps focus vision on more proximal objects) is located caudally to that, at the level of the inferior colliculus, immediately lateral to the dorsal raphe nucleus. The oculomotor nerve emerges from the nucleus by traversing the ventral width of the tegmentum, while the trochlear nerve emerges via the tectum, just below the inferior colliculus itself; the trochlear is the only cranial nerve to exit the brainstem dorsally. The Edinger-Westphal nucleus (which controls the shape of the lens and size of the pupil) is located between the oculomotor nucleus and the cerebral aqueduct.

Tegmentum

The midbrain tegmentum is the portion of the midbrain ventral to the cerebral aqueduct, and is much larger in size than the tectum. It communicates with the cerebellum by the superior cerebellar peduncles, which enter at the caudal end, medially, on the ventral side; the cerebellar peduncles are distinctive at the level of the inferior colliculus, where they decussate, but they dissipate more rostrally. Between these peduncles, on the ventral side, is the median raphe nucleus, which is involved in memory consolidation.

The main bulk of the tegmentum contains a complex synaptic network of neurons, primarily involved in homeostasis and reflex actions. It includes portions of the reticular formation. A number of distinct nerve tracts between other parts of the brain pass through it. The medial lemniscus – a narrow ribbon of fibres – passes through in a relatively constant axial position; at the level of the inferior colliculus it is near the lateral edge, on the ventral side, and retains a similar position rostrally (due to widening of the tegmentum towards the rostral end, the position can appears more medial). The spinothalamic tract – another ribbon-like region of fibres – are located at the lateral edge of the tegmentum; at the level of the inferior colliculus it is immediately dorsal to the medial lemiscus, but due to the rostral widening of the tegmentum, is lateral of the medial lemiscus at the level of the superior colliculus.

A prominent pair of round, reddish, regions – the red nuclei (which have a role in motor co-ordination) – are located in the rostral portion of the midbrain, somewhat medially, at the level of the superior colliculus. The rubrospinal tract emerges from the red nucleus and descends caudally, primarily heading to the cervical portion of the spine, to implement the red nuclei's decisions. The area between the red nuclei, on the ventral side – known as the ventral tegmental area – is the largest dopamine-producing area in the brain, and is heavily involved in the neural reward system. The ventral tegmental area is in contact with parts of the forebrain – the mammillary bodies (from the Diencephalon) and hypothalamus (of the diencephalon).

Cerebral peduncles

The cerebral peduncles each form a lobe ventrally of the tegmentum, on either side of the midline. Beyond the midbrain, between the lobes, is the interpeduncular fossa, which is a cistern filled with cerebrospinal fluid .

The majority of each lobe constitutes the cerebral crus. The cerebral crus are the main tracts descending from the thalamus to caudal parts of the central nervous system; the central and medial ventral portions contain the corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts, while the remainder of each crus primarily contains tracts connecting the cortex to the pons. Older texts refer to the crus cerebri as the cerebral peduncle; however, the latter term actually covers all fibres communicating with the cerebrum (usually via the diencephalon), and therefore would include much of the tegmentum as well. The remainder of the crus pedunculi – small regions around the main cortical tracts – contain tracts from the internal capsule.

The portion of the lobes in connection with the tegmentum, except the most lateral portion, is dominated by a blackened band – the substantia nigra (literally black substance) – which is the only part of the basal ganglia system outside the forebrain. It is ventrally wider at the rostral end. By means of the basal ganglia, the substantia nigra is involved in motor-planning, learning, addiction, and other functions. There are two regions within the substantia nigra – one where neurons are densely packed (the pars compacta) and one where they are not (the pars reticulata), which serve a different role from one another within the basal ganglia system. The substantia nigra has extremely high production of melanin (hence the colour), dopamine, and noradrenalin; the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in this region contributes to the progression of Parkinson's disease.

Vasculature

Arterial supply
The midbrain is supplied by the following arteries:

 The tectum is supplied by the superior cerebellar artery.
 The central part of the tegmentum is supplied by the paramedian branches of the basilar artery.
 The lateral part of the midbrain is supplied by the posterior cerebral artery.

Venous drainage
Venous blood from the midbrain is mostly drained into the basal vein as it passes around the peduncle. Some venous blood from the colliculi drains to the great cerebral vein.

Development

During embryonic development, the midbrain (also known as the mesencephalon) arises from the second vesicle of the neural tube, while the interior of this portion of the tube becomes the cerebral aqueduct. Unlike the other two vesicles – the forebrain and hindbrain – the midbrain does not develop further subdivision for the remainder of neural development. It does not split into other brain areas. while the forebrain, for example, divides into the telencephalon and the diencephalon.

Throughout embryonic development, the cells within the midbrain continually multiply; this happens to a much greater extent ventrally than it does dorsally. The outward expansion compresses the still-forming cerebral aqueduct, which can result in partial or total obstruction, leading to congenital hydrocephalus. The tectum is derived in embryonic development from the alar plate of the neural tube.

Function
The mesencephalon is considered part of the brainstem. Its substantia nigra is closely associated with motor system pathways of the basal ganglia. The human mesencephalon is archipallian in origin, meaning that its general architecture is shared with the most ancient of vertebrates. Dopamine produced in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area plays a role in movement, movement planning, excitation, motivation and habituation of species from humans to the most elementary animals such as insects. Laboratory house mice from lines that have been selectively bred for high voluntary wheel running have enlarged midbrains. The midbrain helps to relay information for vision and hearing.

Related terms
The term "tectal plate" or "quadrigeminal plate" is used to describe the junction of the gray and white matter in the embryo. ()

See also

List of regions in the human brain

References

Medical mnemonics
Brain anatomy

Midbrain


O heptoză este un tip de monozaharidă care conține șapte atomi de carbon. Heptozele pot fi clasificate, după tipul grupării carbonil, în aldoheptoze (gruparea de tip aldehidă, în poziția 1) și în cetoheptoze (grupare de tip cetonă, în poziția 2). Exemple de cetoheptoze sunt sedoheptuloza și manoheptuloza.

Referințe

Vezi și
 Dioză
 Trioză
 Tetroză
 Pentoză
 Hexoză

Monozaharide

Heptoză


أدريان لوبيز رودريغيز  (مواليد 25 فبراير 1987 في أس بونتيس دي غارسيا رودريغيز - إسبانيا) لاعب كرة قدم إسباني يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى ديبورتيفو لاكورونيا الإسباني منذ 2001 في مركز قلب الدفاع .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في الدنمارك
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إسبان مغتربون
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون إسبان مغتربون في الدنمارك
رياضيون إسبان مغتربون في إنجلترا
رياضيون إسبان مغتربون في كندا
لاعبو آرهوس جمناستيك فورينينغ
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني الدرجة الثالثة
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني الدرجة الثانية ب
لاعبو الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز
لاعبو إمباكت مونتريال
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الإنجليزي
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الدانماركي
لاعبو دوري السوبر الدنماركي
لاعبو ديبورتيفو فابريل
لاعبو ديبورتيفو لاكورونيا
لاعبو غاليسية
لاعبو كرة قدم إسبان
لاعبو كرة قدم إسبان مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إسبان
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في كندا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في الدنمارك
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في كندا
لاعبو كومبوستيلا
لاعبو ويجان أتلتيك
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1987
مواليد في أس بونتيس دي غارسيا رودريغيز

أدريان لوبيز رودريغيز


Ali Müfit Gürtuna (d. 1 Haziran 1952; Ermenek, Karaman), Türk avukat ve siyasetçidir. İstanbul'un Cumhuriyet dönemindeki 30. belediye başkanıdır.

Hayatı
Ali Müfit Gürtuna, 1 Haziran 1952'de Karaman'ın  Ermenek ilçesinde dünyaya geldi. Pendik Lisesi'ni bitirdikten sonra Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi'nde 1 yıl İngilizce Dil Hazırlık Okulu okudu. Sonra Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi'nden mezun oldu. 1976 yılında TRT Haber Merkezi'nde çalışmaya başladı. 1977 yılında parlamentoda TRT muhabiri olarak görev yaptı.

Siyasete Anavatan Partisi'nde (ANAP) girdi. ANAP Kartal, İstanbul İlçe Başkanı oldu. 1984-1989 arasında İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Meclis Üyeliği ve Meclis Başkan Vekilliği yaptı. 1994 yılına kadar politikaya ara vererek, serbest avukatlık yaptı. 1994 seçimlerinde, RP'nden Kartal ilçesini temsil etmek üzere Büyükşehir Belediye Meclisi üyeliğine seçildi ve 11 Kasım 1998 tarihine kadar da İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Başkan Vekilliği yaptı. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan'ın, hakkında alınan hapis cezası kararının kesinleşmesi nedeniyle görevini bırakmasından sonra 12 Kasım 1998 tarihinde Büyükşehir Belediye Meclisi tarafından 111 oyla İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediye Başkanlığı'na seçildi. 1999 yerel seçimlerinde Fazilet Partisi'nden Büyükşehir Belediye Başkanlığına seçildi. Haziran 2001'de üyesi olduğu Fazilet Partisi Anayasa Mahkemesi tarafından kapatılınca bağımsız kaldı. Başkanlık görevini 1 Nisan 2004 tarihine kadar sürdürdü.

Dış bağlantılar
 İBB.gov.tr

Kaynakça

Yaşayan insanlar
1952 doğumlular
Ermenek doğumlular
Karaman doğumlu siyasetçiler
Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
Resim aranan siyasetçiler
Anavatan Partisi mensubu siyasetçiler
Refah Partisi mensubu siyasetçiler
20. yüzyıl Türk siyasetçileri
Fazilet Partisi mensubu siyasetçiler
21. yüzyıl Türk siyasetçileri
İstanbul Büyükşehir belediye başkanları
İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi meclis üyeleri
20. yüzyıl Türk avukatları
21. yüzyıl Türk avukatları

Ali Müfit Gürtuna