Max Payne 2: The Fall of Max Payne is a 2003 third-person shooter video game developed by Remedy Entertainment and published by Rockstar Games. It is the sequel to 2001's Max Payne and the second game in the Max Payne series. Set two years after the events of the first game, the sequel finds Max Payne working again as a detective for the New York City Police Department (NYPD), while struggling with nightmares about his troubled past. After being unexpectedly reunited with contract killer Mona Sax, Max must work with her to resolve a conspiracy filled with death and betrayal, which will test where his true loyalties lie.

The game is played from a third-person perspective. Throughout the single-player campaign, players mainly control Max, with Mona being playable in a few select levels. Both playable characters have access to a wide variety of weapons to eliminate enemies, as well as a bullet-time ability, which slows down time during combat. The bullet-time mechanic has been upgraded in Max Payne 2 to allow players to move faster as they kill more enemies, as well as reload weapons instantly. Due to the Havok physics engine being used, the game also features improved ragdoll physics. The story is again told mostly through graphic novel panels with voice-overs, although several traditional cutscenes are also used. Whereas the first game's plot was inspired by Norse mythology and traditional hard-boiled detective novels, the sequel is mostly based on tragic love stories like those seen in films noir, with Max and Mona's relationship being central to the game's narrative.

Max Payne 2 was released in October 2003 for Windows, in November for the Xbox, and in December for the PlayStation 2. It received highly positive reviews from critics and, like its predecessor, has been cited as one of the greatest video games ever made. Praise focused on its action and story, while criticism targeted its short length. Despite the positive reception, the game sold poorly, leading Rockstar Games' parent company Take-Two Interactive to cite Max Payne 2s sales as a cause for the company's reforecast finances of 2004. Max Payne 2 received several industry awards, including Outstanding Art Direction at the Golden Satellite Awards 2004, and Editors' Choice Awards from GamePro, IGN, and GameSpy. A sequel, Max Payne 3, was released by Rockstar in May 2012.  A remake is in development for PlayStation 5, Windows, and Xbox Series X/S.

Gameplay

Max Payne 2 is a third-person shooter featuring linear levels spread across three distinct chapters. Throughout the majority of the game, the player assumes the role of returning protagonist Max Payne; in several levels from the second and third chapters, the player controls secondary protagonist Mona Sax. Initially, the player's weapon is a 9mm pistol. As they progress, the player gains access to more powerful weapons including other handguns, shotguns, submachine guns, assault rifles, sniper rifles, and hand-thrown weapons. To move the game along, the player is told what the next objective is through Max's internal monologue, in which Max iterates what his next steps should be.

When first played, the game offers one difficulty level that is adjusted automatically if the game is too difficult for the player. For example, if the player's character dies too many times, the enemies' artificial intelligence is made less effective, while more health in the form of painkillers is made available. After completing the game once, other difficulty levels are unlocked. Two special game modes are also activated: New York Minute and Dead Man Walking. In New York Minute, the player is given a score based on the time taken to complete each level. The Dead Man Walking mode places Max in one of five scenarios, in which he must survive for as long as possible while fighting off endlessly respawning enemies.

Max Payne 2 allows the player to enable bullet-time, a mode that slows time, while still allowing the player to aim in real-time, to give the player more time to determine what they want to do. In this mode, the screen's color changes to a sepia tone to act as a visual cue. When in use, the bullet time meter will decrease until it is either empty or the player disables bullet time mode. The meter will eventually increase when not in use, and can be replenished quickly by killing enemies. To simulate the bullet time effect, Max can also execute a shoot-dodge maneuver. When the maneuver is performed, Max jumps in a direction specified by the player, and although bullet time is activated while Max is in mid-air, this will not deplete the bullet time meter. The combat system has been improved for Max Payne 2; the player can arm Max with a secondary weapon such as a grenade or Molotov cocktail, and when near an enemy, Max can pistol whip them. AI companions can occasionally come to Max's aid, although their deaths do not affect the gameplay or story.

Plot

Two years after the events of the first game, Max Payne (James McCaffrey) has been acquitted of the charges against him and reinstated in his old job as a detective for the NYPD, thanks to his connections to the Inner Circle secret society. The story is narrated from Max's perspective, who recalls the events of the past few days. The first flashback takes place in the hospital, where Max is recovering from a gunshot wound. Several assassins raid the hospital to try and kill him, but Max avoids them and makes his way to the morgue, where he finds the body of a woman he has recently killed. The game then goes back further in time, to a few nights prior.

While investigating a gunfight at a warehouse owned by his ally, Russian mobster Vladimir "Vlad" Lem (Jonathan Davis), Max encounters a group of hitmen called "the Cleaners", who raided the warehouse for guns. Max is also surprised to run into contract killer Mona Sax (Wendy Hoopes), who he thought had died two years ago. Max heads to Vlad's restaurant to question him about the raid, only to find him under attack by mobsters led by their mutual enemy, Vinnie Gognitti (Fred Berman). After saving Vlad, he claims that Vinnie, now the underboss of the Punchinello Crime Family, is trying to monopolize the black market arms trade and sees Vlad as a threat.

After evading an attack by the Cleaners in his apartment, Max tracks Mona to an abandoned funhouse and learns that the Cleaners are trying to eliminate anyone who knows about the Inner Circle. While tracking down Mona's contact within the Inner Circle, Max discovers that he has been killed by the Cleaners, and Mona is arrested by the NYPD for being a wanted suspect in the murder of a senator. While at the police station, Max overhears his colleague, Valerie Winterson (Jennifer Server), talking on the phone about Mona, moments before the Cleaners attack the station to kill Mona. She manages to escape and, after fighting off a Cleaner attack on her hideout, sets out to hunt down those responsible with Max's help.

Their search leads them to a construction site, which Max and Mona discover is being used as a base by the Cleaners. After killing most of them, Winterson arrives and holds Mona at gunpoint. Mona claims that Winterson is there to kill her, while Winterson insists that she is simply trying to arrest a fleeing fugitive. After several moments of consideration, Max fatally shoots Winterson, allowing Mona to escape. Before she dies, Winterson shoots Max, hospitalizing him. The game then returns to the earlier hospital scene, where Max eliminates the Cleaners trying to kill him and escapes. He decides to visit Senator Alfred Woden (John Braden), the leader of the Inner Circle, who reveals that Vlad is also a member and the one who hired the Cleaners to eliminate his opposition in order to take over both the Inner Circle and New York's criminal underworld.

Now aware of Vlad's deception, Max raids his restaurant, but finds that Vlad has already left to kill Vinnie. He also discovers that Winterson was Vlad's mistress and was secretly helping him. Max manages to save Vinnie from Vlad's men, and the two head to Mona's hideout to seek her help. However, Vlad ambushes them, killing Vinnie and injuring Max, though not before revealing that Mona is working for Woden and the latter indirectly caused the deaths of Max's family five years ago. After Mona rescues Max, the two head to Woden's mansion to save him from Vlad. After eliminating Vlad's men, Mona suddenly betrays Max and attempts to follow her orders to kill him, but finds herself unable to do so because of her feelings for him. Realizing this, Vlad shoots Mona, then kills Woden when the latter confronts him. Max fights Vlad as the mansion burns around them, and eventually kills him. As the police arrive at the scene, Max returns to Mona, who dies peacefully in his arms. Despite this, Max has come to terms with all the tragedy in his life, and is ready to move on. In an alternate ending unlocked on the highest difficulty, Mona survives, and she and Max kiss. The third game confirms Mona's death as the canon version.

Development

Take-Two Interactive issued a press release on 5 December 2001 that announced its acquisition of the Max Payne franchise from Remedy Entertainment and 3D Realms for US$10 million in cash and 970,000 shares of common stock, and its plans to release Max Payne 2. On 22 May 2002, Take-Two announced that they agreed to pay up to $8 million as incentive payments to 3D Realms and Remedy Entertainment to develop Max Payne 2. On 3 September 2003, Take-Two officially announced a release date of 15 October 2003 for the game.

Originally modeled in Max Payne after the game's writer Sam Lake, Max's appearance was remodeled after professional actor Timothy Gibbs for Max Payne 2; James McCaffrey returned as the voice of Max. The game's plot was written by Lake, who decided to write it as a "film noir love story", as he felt that it suited Max's persona the best. Lake hoped that the story would break new ground, noting, "At least it's a step into the right direction. I'd like nothing better than to see new and unexpected subject matters to find their way to games and stories told in games." Lake remarked that basic, archetypal film noir elements found in many classics of the genre "can go a long way" when telling a story, and gave examples that included a hostile, crime-ridden city; a story that takes place late at night with heavy rain; and a cynical, hard-boiled detective down on his luck. Lake considered writing a sequel to Max Payne an "art of its own". Since the setting and characters were already established, Lake decided that the primary goal of the sequel was "to keep what's good and fix what was not so good", and to take the story in surprising directions. The screenplay for the sequel ended up being three times longer than the one for Max Payne. Lake predicted that the more complex story would add to the game's replay value.

The story, sometimes told through in-game dialogue, is pushed forward with comic panels that play during cut scenes. The developers found comic panels to be more effective and less costly to use in the cut scenes than fully animated cinematics. They also noted that the graphic novel format allowed the player to interpret each panel for themselves, explaining "the nuances are there in the head of the reader, and it would be much harder to reach that level with in-game or even prerendered cinematics." The developers also found it easier to reorganize the comic panels if the plot needed to be changed while developing the game.

Max Payne 2 uses the same game engine as the one used in Max Payne, but with several significant upgrades. Even though the game only supports DirectX 8.1, the graphics in Max Payne 2 mimic those generated by DirectX 9 by making optimal use of effects such as reflection, refraction, shaders, and ghosting. The developers considered one particular scene in which effects are used well: When Max has lucid dreams, the screen appears fuzzy and out of focus. Since Max Payne, the polygon count (the number of polygons rendered per frame) has been increased, which smooths out the edges of character models. In addition, characters have a much greater range of expressions. Previously, Max had only one expression available; in Max Payne 2, he often smirks and moves his eyebrows to react to different scenarios.

The game uses the Havok physics engine, which the developers chose because it was "hands-down the best solution to our needs". They found that a dedicated physics engine was vital to create Max's combat scenes, which Max Payne was known for, "with increased realism and dramatic, movielike action". The physics engine made several situations seem more realistic. For example, when in combat, the player can take cover behind boxes; however, when enemy bullets impact the boxes, they will topple over, in which case the player will have to find another suitable object to use for cover. When an enemy is hidden behind a wall divider, the player can throw a grenade next to it to send the cover flying through the air, rendering the enemy unprotected. The Havok engine was tweaked to make weapons, bombs, and Molotov cocktails act more naturally, and the audio was updated to make them sound more realistic. The new physics engine allowed for certain actions that could not happen in Max Payne; boxes can be moved and follow the laws of gravitation, and explosion detonations make enemy bodies fall realistically.

The bullet time mode that Max Payne was known for was improved; the developers referred to it as "version 2.0". The mode, which allows Max to move in slow motion to react and kill enemies more easily, was enhanced to give Max a refill of a portion of the Bullet Time gauge, as well as slowing down the passage time even further, as Max moves further "into the zone" with each consecutive kill. This was done to encourage players to aggressively dive head-on into dangerous situations rather than crouching at a safe distance and waiting for enemies to come to them. A new reload animation was also introduced, which, when Max reloads while in Bullet Time, allows him to duck to avoid bullets, spin around to survey the combat situation, and briefly pause to give the player a moment to think of a strategy. Development tools were made available for Max Payne 2 by Rockstar Games and Remedy Entertainment to allow players to create modifications for the game. Modifications can perform several functions, such as the ability to add new weapons, skills, perspectives, surroundings, and characters.

Music composers Kärtsy Hatakka and Kimmo Kajasto returned to compose the game's soundtrack. It features cello performances by Apocalyptica member Perttu Kivilaakso. The game's end credits feature the song "Late Goodbye" by the band Poets of the Fall, the lyrics of which were based on a poem by Sam Lake. It was their first single and reached #14 on the Finnish Singles Chart as well as #1 on Radio Suomipop's Top 30 chart. It is referenced many times in the game, usually by characters singing or humming it.

Anti-piracy
When Rockstar Games released the game on Steam, they used a no-disc crack to bypass their originally included DRM.

Reception

Max Payne 2 was critically acclaimed. Praise focused on its action and story, while criticism targeted its length, which was considered short.

Steve Polak of the Australian The Daily Telegraph, who enjoyed the first Max Payne game, also praised Max Payne 2, calling it an "outstanding" game that "keeps alive the sense of atmosphere and engaging gunplay-oriented action that was so exciting in the first release." He lauded the game for better production values compared to the first game, including its more polished story, more professional scripts, and better acting and graphics. The complexity of Max's character was a welcomed element by Polak, who found that games often created heroes that were simplistic. The Sydney Morning Heralds Dan Toose described the game's experience as "brutal, yet beautiful gun-blazing gaming".

Jon Minifie of The New Zealand Herald appreciated the game's story, calling it an "entertainingly dark third-person shooter with a well-crafted, noir storyline". In particular, Minifie praised Remedy for what he deemed a successful port of the game to consoles, especially for the Xbox, noticing that the version features visuals that look similar to those on the PC. However, he found that the PlayStation 2 port was only "an okay job" that resulted in quality that was "considerably less easy on the eye", and asserted that it is outperformed by more powerful platforms. The Sunday Timess Steven Poole observed that Max Payne 2 does "exactly the same [things as the first game], only better." He found that enemies react convincingly to damage taken from bullets, thanks to the physics engine. Ultimately, however, Poole described the game as "entertaining but not earth-shattering".

The Toronto Suns Steve Tilley, who believed that Remedy did a "killer job" on Max Payne 2, felt that the company kept what was great about the previous game, "while everything else has been tweaked, overhauled and juiced up". He was a fan of the Bullet Time from the first game, and therefore appreciated seeing it return in the sequel, with "even more impressive" visuals. Tilley found that the game's "lifelike physics engine" was easily its best aspect, and noted that while playing the game, he threw a grenade across a room, which resulted in an explosion that sent enemies flying through the air in a realistic fashion. In addition, Tilley applauded Remedy for listening to fan complaints and resolving issues from the previous game, including improved dream sequences in Max Payne 2. He was, however, disappointed with the general linearity of the game, and noted that players who are not interested in film noir themes will not enjoy them in Max Payne 2. Concluding, Tilley commented that the game "has enough polish, cinematic flair and outright mayhem to thrill those who like their Sopranos with a dash of John Woo and a touch of Frank Miller."

The game's action was praised by several reviewers. GameZone called it cinematic and action-packed, noting that the final scene was worthy of the big screen. Similarly, GameSpy described the action as "adrenaline-pumping", and considered it comparable to what was available in film. The story was both applauded and criticized. Tom McNamara of IGN enjoyed playing in the film noir setting and believed that it adds dramatic depth to Max and Mona's story, "somehow [making] what's going on more important and interesting. Wreaking havoc is nice, but it's great to also have a love interest complicating things, and Mona Sax is definitely up to the task." However, he was turned off by some of the "hammy" dialogue. In contrast, 1UP.com cited the final boss as an ending that inadequately completed an otherwise excellent game, and the Sunday Times Poole called the story "pungently cheesy". Max Payne 2s length disappointed critics, including GameSpot and IGN, which complained about the short story. Toose of the Sydney Morning Herald was also critical of the short single-player experience, but found that the higher difficulty levels and special "survivor" modes helped improve the game's replay value.

Awards
Max Payne 2 was the recipient of several industry awards, including Outstanding Art Direction at the Golden Satellite Awards 2004, Editors' Choice Awards from GamePro, IGN, GameSpy, and GameSpot, and Game of the Month from Game Informer.

During the 7th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated Max Payne 2 for "Game of the Year", "Computer Game of the Year", "Computer Action/Adventure Game of the Year", "Console Action/Adventure Game of the Year", and "Outstanding Achievement in Character Performance - Male" for James McCaffrey's vocal portrayal of Max Payne.

Sales
Despite a positive reception, Max Payne 2 sold poorly, leading Rockstar Games' parent company Take-Two Interactive to cite the "continued disappointing sales of Max Payne 2: The Fall of Max Payne" as one of the causes for the company's reforecasted sales for 2004.

Remake
In April 2022, Remedy announced that it is remaking Max Payne and Max Payne 2 on its Northlight Engine, with funding from Rockstar. The two remakes are set to be released as a compilation for PlayStation 5, Windows, and Xbox Series X/S.

See also
List of fictional portrayals of the NYPD
List of third-person shooters

Notes

References

External links

2003 video games
3D Realms games
Detective video games
Max Payne
Neo-noir video games
Organized crime video games
PlayStation 2 games
Remedy Entertainment games
Rockstar Games games
Rockstar Vienna games
Single-player video games
Take-Two Interactive games
Third-person shooters
Video game sequels
Video games about police officers
Video games developed in Finland
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games scored by Kärtsy Hatakka
Video games set in 2003
Video games set in New York City
Video games using Havok
Video games with time manipulation
Windows games
Works about the Russian Mafia
Xbox games
Xbox Originals games
Video games written by Sam Lake

Max Payne 2: The Fall of Max Payne


سربسكا سرنيا Српска Црња قرية تقع في شمال صربيا في الوسط الشرقي لمنطقة بانات بالقرب من الحدود مع رومانيا. وهي تقع في بلدية نوفا سربسكا في محافظة وسط بانات في إقليم فويفودينا

مراجع

جغرافيا صربيا

سربسكا سرنيا


Sharon Case (Detroit, 9 de fevereiro de 1971) é uma atriz e ex-modelo estadunidense. Ela é mais conhecida por seus papéis nas novelas General Hospital e As the World Turns.  Em 1994, assumiu o papel de Sharon Newman em The Young and the Restless da CBS, ganhando um Emmy Award de melhor atriz coadjuvante por sua atuação.

Vida pessoal
Desde maio de 2019, Case namora com Mark Grossman, que interpreta Adam Newman em The Young and the Restless.

Filmografia

Televisão

Ligações externas

Nascidos em 1971
Atores dos Estados Unidos
Atrizes de televisão dos Estados Unidos
Naturais de Detroit
Atrizes premiadas com o Emmy do Daytime

Sharon Case


El paratránsito es un modo alternativo de transporte de pasajeros flexible,  que no sigue rutas fijas u horarios. Típicamente se utilizan minibuses para proporcionar el servicio de paratránsito, pero también taxis colectivos.

Los servicios de transporte puede variar considerablemente en el grado de flexibilidad que ofrecen a sus clientes. En su forma más simple puede consistir en un taxi o un autobús pequeño, que recorre una ruta más o menos definida y que se detiene para recoger o dejar los pasajeros que lo soliciten. En el otro extremo del espectro - transporte receptivo a la demanda completo - los sistemas de paratránsito más flexibles ofrecen servicios a la carta de llamada puerta a puerta desde cualquier origen a cualquier destino en una zona de servicio. Los servicios de paratránsito son gestionados por las agencias de transporte público, grupos comunitarios u organizaciones sin fines de lucro y con fines de lucro o empresas privadas operadores.

Transporte público
Accesibilidad

it:Trasporto a chiamata

Paratránsito


The Schuylkill River ( ,  ) is a river running northwest to southeast in eastern Pennsylvania. The river was improved by navigations into the Schuylkill Canal, and several of its tributaries drain major parts of Pennsylvania's Coal Region. It flows for  from Pottsville to Philadelphia, where it joins the Delaware River as one of its largest tributaries.

In 1682, William Penn chose the left bank of the confluence upon which he founded the planned city of Philadelphia on lands purchased from the native Delaware nation.  It is a designated Pennsylvania Scenic River, and its whole length was once part of the Delaware people's southern territories.

The river's watershed of about  lies entirely within the state of Pennsylvania, the upper portions in the Ridge-and-valley Appalachian Mountains where the folding of the mountain ridges metamorphically modified bituminous into widespread anthracite deposits located north of the Blue Mountain barrier ridge.

Millions of tons of anthracite coal from Pennsylvania's Coal Region flowed by waterway and rail into Philadelphia to feed the iron and steel industry.

The source of the Schuylkill's eastern branch is in heavily mined land, one ridgeline south of Tuscarora Lake along a drainage divide with the Little Schuylkill River, about a mile east of the village of Tuscarora and about a mile west of Tamaqua, at Tuscarora Springs in Schuylkill County. Tuscarora Lake is one source of the Little Schuylkill.

The West Branch starts near Minersville and joins the eastern branch at the town of Schuylkill Haven. It then combines with the Little Schuylkill River downstream in the town of Port Clinton.  The Tulpehocken Creek joins it at the western edge of Reading. Wissahickon Creek joins it in northwest Philadelphia.  Other major tributaries include:  Maiden Creek, Manatawny Creek, French Creek, and Perkiomen Creek.

The Schuylkill joins the Delaware at the site of the former Philadelphia Navy Yard, now the Philadelphia Naval Business Center, just northeast of Philadelphia International Airport.

Major towns

 Pottsville
 Reading
 Pottstown
 Phoenixville
 Norristown
 Conshohocken
 Lower Merion
 Philadelphia

Name
The Leni Lenape (called Delaware Indians by European settlers) are the original inhabitants of the area around this river. It remains unclear whether they historically had a single name for this river. There is evidence that the Lenape called the river  (which means "falling/roaring waters"). There is also some belief that the Lenape called the river  ("Turtle River") or  ("Turtle Place"). There is a tributary named Tulpehocken near Reading.

The first European explorers of the river were from the Netherlands, Sweden, and then England. Historical documents attest various names used by Europeans, including Manayunk, Manajungh, Manaiunk, and Lenni Bikbi. The Swedish explorers called it  or alternately , or the Linde River. The (then believed) headwaters of the river, up near Reading, was later called Tulpehocken by the English.

The river was then called the Dutch name  (). As  means "creek" (e.g. Dordtsche Kil) and  (now spelled ) means "to hide, skulk" or "to take refuge, shelter", one explanation given for this name is that it translates to "hidden river", "skulking river" or "sheltered creek" and refers to the river's confluence with the Delaware River at League Island, which was nearly hidden by dense vegetation. This name has traditionally been credited to Arent Corsen (or Arendt Corssen), an agent of the Dutch West India Company who purchased land "on the Schuylkill River" in 1633. Another explanation is that the name properly translates to "hideout creek" in one of the Algonquian languages spoken by a Leni Lenape in their confederation.

History

Pre-settlement

The mighty Susquehannock confederation claimed the area along the Schuylkill as a hunting ground, as they did to the lands down along the Chesapeake Bay to the left bank Potomac River across from the Powhatan Confederacy when traders first stopped in the Delaware River and settlers arrived in the first decade of the 1600s.<ref
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</ref> With ample tributary streams, the Schuylkill was ground zero during the early years of the Beaver Wars, during which the Lenape tribe became tributary to the victorious Susquehannocks, an Iroquoian people also often in contention with their relatives, both the Erie people west and northwest through the gaps of the Allegheny in eastern Ohio and northwestern Pennsylvania (between the upper Allegheny River and Lake Erie), and the Five Nations of the Iroquois, another Amerindian confederation eastwards from the right bank of the Genesee River through the Finger Lakes region of upper New York then down the Saint Lawrence.

The Lenape had settlements on the river, including Nittabakonck ("place where heroes reside"), a village on the east bank just south of the confluence of Wissahickon Creek, and the Passyunk site, on the west bank where the Schuylkill meets the Delaware River.

18th century
American patriot paper maker Frederick Bicking owned a fishery on the river prior to the American Revolution, and Thomas Paine tried in vain to interest the citizens in funding an iron bridge over this river, before abandoning "pontifical works" on account of the French Revolution.

19th century
Over the next few decades, industrialists Josiah White and protege and partner Erskine Hazard built iron industries at the Falls of the Schuylkill during the Jefferson's administration, where White built a suspension bridge with cables made from their wire mill.  During the War of 1812, the two took delivery of an ark of anthracite coal which was notoriously difficult to combust reliably and experimented with ways to use it industrially, providing the knowledge to successfully begin resolving the ongoing decades long energy crises around eastern cities. The two then heavily backed the flagging effort to improve navigation on the Schuylkill, which efforts date back to legislation measures as early as 1762.

By 1816, needing energy resources and disenchanted with the lack of urgency found in other investors to accelerate the anemic and underfunded construction rate of the Schuylkill Canal, the two jumped to option the mining rights of the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company, which disenchanted stockholders were giving up on. They then waited until a charter to improve the Lehigh went delinquent, resulting in two groups of investors forming two complementary companies in 1818 that jump-started the industrial revolution: the Lehigh Coal Company and the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company. Following White's plan, the latter company improved down river navigation on the Lehigh River, using his Bear Trap Locks design to deliver over 365 tons of anthracite to Philadelphia docks by December 1820, four years ahead of promises to Stockholders.  The success, along with the pending opening of the first operable sections of New York's Erie Canal spurred stockholders of the Schuylkill Canal to finally fund the works. A project which had languished for over a decade got capitalized and began operations in 1822—the same year the Lehigh companies combined into the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company, having had to raise additional funds for repairs due to badly ice-damaged improvements, a common problem with northern canals.

The success of these projects and the rosy promise of anthracite (a new wonder fuel in the day) to alleviate energy problems spurred canal construction for the next decade in the east, and commercial opportunities funded three decades of investment from Illinois to the Atlantic Ocean, including the ambitious 1824 Main Line of Public Works bill to connect Philadelphia with the newly emerging states of the Northwest Territory via the Allegheny & Ohio valleys at Pittsburgh and to Lake Erie— leveraging the wide-ranging branches of the Susquehanna River in the state's center.  In the 1830s railway technology and new railroads grew in leaps and bounds, and the Schuylkill Valley was at the heart of these developments, as well as the new Anthracite iron and mining industries.  From 1820 to the 1860s Iron works, foundries, manufacturing mills, blast furnaces, rolling mills, rail yards, rail roads, warehouses and train stations sprang up throughout the valley. Tiny farm villages grew into vibrant company towns then transitioned into small cities as a major industry and supporting businesses transformed local economics and populations swelled.

Restoration of the river has been funded by money left for that purpose in Benjamin Franklin's will.

The river is known to have been on fire more than once throughout history, for example in November 1892 when the surface film of oil that had leaked from nearby oil works at Point Breeze, Philadelphia, was ignited by a match tossed carelessly from a boat, with fatal results.

20th century
Silt and coal dust from upstream industries, particularly coal mining and washing operations in the headwaters, led to extensive silting of the river through the early 20th century. The river was shallow and filled with extensive black silt bars. By the early 20th century, upstream coal operations contributed over 3 million tons of silt annually to the river.
In 1948, led by then governor James H. Duff, a massive cleanup effort began. Twenty three impounding basins were excavated along the river, to receive dredged silt. The 1945 Desilting Act helped begin this cleanup task.

21st century
The quality of the river has improved much over the past decades. A fish ladder to support shad migration has been constructed at the Manayunk dam. Mayfly hatches (signifying good water quality) now occur yearly along the Montgomery sections of the river.

Transportation

The Schuylkill River valley was an important thoroughfare in the eras of canals and railroads. The river itself, the Schuylkill Canal, the Reading Railroad, and the Pennsylvania Railroad were vital shipping conduits from the  second decade of the 19th century through the mid-20th century. The rise of trucking capabilities and state & county development of road and highway networks progressively took increasing amounts of business away from both competing transport industries.  By the mid-1930s the canals inflexibility and a geographically limited pool of customers steadily shifting energy usage away from anthracite doomed most eastern canals, so the Lehigh, Delaware and Schuylkill Canals all ceased operations during the Great Depression years.  The zooming rise of automobile ownership post-World War II, the development of suburbs, and dispersal of industrial buildings into far flung parks serviced by the government supported highways and new Interstate Highways doomed intercity rail transport; even as Interstate Commerce Committee regulations required railway operating companies to maintain passenger rail services past its economic viability—which costs further imperiled the railroad's profits leading to a widespread collapse of the industry in the 1960s and 1970s.

Rail freight still uses many of the same valley rights-of-way that the 19th-century railroads used. Passenger and commuter rail service is more limited. Today, the old rail bed rights-of-way along the river between Philadelphia and Norristown contain SEPTA's Manayunk/Norristown Line, formerly Reading Railroad  and the Schuylkill River Trail.

There are efforts to extend both rail and trail farther upriver than they currently reach. The Schuylkill River Trail continues upriver from Norristown to Mont Clare, and designers plan to connect it to sections above Pottstown. SEPTA Regional Rail service currently does not go farther upriver than Norristown. Visions of resuming commuter rail service farther up the Schuylkill valley ("Schuylkill Valley Metro") have yet to become reality.

The Schuylkill Expressway (Interstate 76) and the U.S. Route 422 follow the course of the river from Philadelphia to Valley Forge to Reading.  Above Reading, Pennsylvania Route 61 continues along the main river valley to Schuylkill Haven, then follows the east branch to Pottsville.  U.S. Route 209 continues along the east branch of the river to its head in Tuscarora.  In Philadelphia, Kelly Drive (formerly East River Drive), and Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive (formerly West River Drive) flank the river.

Recreation
The Schuylkill River is popular with rowing, dragon boat, and outrigger paddling enthusiasts. The Schuylkill Navy was established on the riverside adjacent to the city of Philadelphia to promote amateur rowing in 1858. The Dad Vail Regatta, an annual rowing competition, is held on the river near Boathouse Row, as is the annual BAYADA Home Health Care Regatta, featuring disabled rowers from all over the continent, and in autumn the annual Head of the Schuylkill Regatta takes place in Philadelphia.  Also, the Stotesbury Cup Regatta, the biggest high school regatta in the world, takes place there. The Chinese sport of dragon boat racing was introduced to the United States on the Schuylkill in 1983, and two major dragon boat regattas are held there in June and October of each year.

Water skiing, swimming and other aquatic sports are also common outside of Philadelphia city limits.

The Schuylkill River Trail, which generally follows the river bank, is a multi-use trail for walking, running, bicycling, rollerblading, and other outdoor activities.  The trail presently runs from Philadelphia, through Manayunk to the village of Mont Clare, the latter of which are the locations of the last two remaining watered stretches of the Schuylkill Canal.  There is also a section of trail starting at Pottstown and running upriver toward Reading.  Plans are under way to complete the trail from the Delaware River to Reading.

In popular culture

Film
In the 2019 film The Irishman, mob hitman Frank Sheeran, played by Robert De Niro, disposes of a gun he just used in a hit by tossing it into the Schuylkill River, noting, "There's a spot in the Schuylkill River everybody uses. If they ever send divers down there, they'd be able to arm a small country."

Literature
In 2019, the main protagonist in Ta-Nehisi Coates' The Water Dancer first arrives in the Grays Ferry section of Philadelphia,  overlooking the Schuylkill River.

In 2013, the Schuylkill River is the setting of the fictional estate White Acre in Elizabeth Gilbert's novel The Signature of All Things.

Author Ron P. Swegman made the Schuylkill River a focal point of two essay collections, Philadelphia on the Fly published in 2005, and Small Fry: The Lure of the Little, published in 2009. Both books describe the experience of fly fishing along the Philadelphia County stretch of the river in the 21st century.

In 2007, Beth Kephart published a series of poetic ruminations about the river in Flow: The Life and Times of Philadelphia's Schuylkill River.

In 2003, the Schuylkill River plays an important part of Jerry Spinelli's young adult fiction novel Maniac Magee in which the character's parents die when their commuter train plunges into the Schuylkill River. Much of the main story takes place in the fictional town of Two Mills, which is based on Spinelli's home town of Norristown, Pennsylvania, located on the Schuylkill River near Philadelphia.

In 1904, Jules Verne's novel Robur the Conqueror starts out in Philadelphia on the banks of the Schuylkill River.

Music
In 2017, the music video for the single "Pain" on the A Deeper Understanding album by The War on Drugs, a rock band from Philadelphia, features the band floating down the Schuylkill River while performing on a barge.

In 2015, the Schuylkill River is seen in the beginning of the music video for "Looking Out for You" by Joy Again, an Indie rock band from Philadelphia.

In 2005, the music video for the single, "Doesn't Remind Me" by Audioslave, a hard rock band, is filmed by the Schuylkill River and the adjacent neighborhood of Manayunk.

Television
In 2013, in the "Mac Day" episode of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, Mac, played by Rob McElhenney, declares that part of his "Mac Day" will include his gang filming scenes for his series "Project Badass" over the Schuylkill River with his cousin Country Mac, played by Seann William Scott. He tells the gang to act as if he has jumped from a bridge and that he will edit it in afterwards. Country Mac shows him up by actually jumping into the river.

In 2011, in the "Thunder Gun Express" episode of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, Frank Reynolds, played by Danny DeVito, steals a tourist ferry and travels down the Schuylkill River, noting that it is "the depository of all the unsolved crimes and murders in Philadelphia".

In several episodes of Cold Case, a CBS television series that aired from 2003 to 2010, various members of the Cold Case squad mention finding "a floater in the Schuylkill".

See also

Geography of Pennsylvania
List of cities and towns along the Schuylkill River
List of crossings of the Schuylkill River
List of Pennsylvania rivers

Notes

References

External links

U.S. Geological Survey: PA stream gaging stations
Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service: Schuylkill River at Philadelphia
Schuylkill Watershed Conservation Plan
Delaware River Basin Commission Schuylkill River Maps
Schuylkill River Heritage Area
Pennsylvania Scenic Rivers website

Protected areas of Berks County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Chester County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Philadelphia
Protected areas of Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania
Rivers of Pennsylvania
Rivers of Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania
Rivers of Berks County, Pennsylvania
Rivers of Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
Rivers of Chester County, Pennsylvania
Rivers of Philadelphia
Rowing venues in the United States
Scenic Rivers of Pennsylvania
Schuylkill River National and State Heritage Area
Tributaries of the Delaware River

Schuylkill River


Divojački vašar je tradicionalni običaj somborskih bunjevačkih Hrvata. Danas ga organizira HKUD Vladimir Nazor iz Sombora.

U prošlosti obično se organizirao na blagdan ili oko blagdana svetog Franje (4. listopada). Vremenom se bio izgubio. Divojački vašar bio je klasična igranka. Okupljao je sve generacije iz jedne kuće. Na Vašaru su "majke i mame" sjedile strane, mladi plesali, a djeca se ugledala na starije djevojke i momke pa su i oni na na ovakvim igrankama učili svoje prve plesne korake. Pomalo grub običaja je nastao zbog prvih ljubavi koje su nastajale upravo na ovakvim okupljanjima i tu se "meldovalo", biralo, gledalo.

Divojački vašar u stara je vremena odražavao ondašnji način života, bez današnjih suvremenih sredstava komunikacije. Tijekom tjedna ljudi su išli na tržnicu, nedjeljom na misu, a poslije šetnje korzom kući. Igranke su zbiližavale mladež pa su oko dana sv. Franje priređivani divojački vašari na kojima se znalo da će se djevojke najljepše obući, i to obično u novo 'ruvo', a i momci su se također ponavljali.

Običaj je obnovljen u nekoliko navrata, ali bi brzo akcija stala. Poslije višegodišnje stanke održan je 1988. godine, pa 1993. i 1994. godine te 1997. godine. Nakon stanke duže od desetljeća organizirao ga je Klub ljubitelja biljaka "Za sreću veću" 2001. i 2012. godine, čija je predsjednica tad bila Klara Karas Šolaja. Od tada se održava svake godine. Klub djeluje pri HKUD Vladimir Nazor iz Sombora. Prvi obnovljeni Divojački vašar održao se u Hrvatskom domu u Somboru. Na vašaru uz završnu igranku i tamburaše, prikazana je revija frizura, džegi i marama. Na reviji su prikazane očuvane stare nošnje iz Vajske, Plavne, Sonte, Monoštoraa, Berega, Sombora, Lemeša, salaša iz okolice Sombora. Sudionicima se dodjeljuje nagrade za najljepšu bunjevačku nošnju i za naljepšu šokačku nošnju, o čemu odlučuje publika koja glasuje za najljepšu nošnju. Nagrade je uručio predsjednik HKUD-a »Vladimir Nazor« Mata Matarić.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
ZKVH  Vijesti iz zajednice. "Divojački vašar" u Hrvatskom domu u Somboru, 5. studenoga 2017.

Manifestacije Hrvata u Vojvodini
Sombor

Divojački vašar


Salgun, Osmanlı Devleti'nin, olağanüstü durumların gerektirdiği masraflar ile belirli özelliklere sahip yiyecek maddelerini, harp levazım ve masraflarını, belirli vergi kaynaklarından karşılayamayacağını anladığı zaman, özel bazı tedbirler ile memleketin bütün imkânlarını seferber etmeye karar verirdi. Bu karar gereğince vaziyetin icabina göre, kendisine lazım olan para, hizmet, eşya ve mahsûl miktarı tespit edilerek muhtelif bölge ve mahallere tevzi edilirdi.

Halk arasında "salgun" diye de adlandırılan bu vergi XIX. asırda tamamen paraya çevrildi.Tanzimat Fermanı ile de ortadan kaldırıldı.

Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ekonomisi

Salgun


Baleshare () is a flat tidal island in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland. Baleshare lies to the south-west of North Uist. Its economics and community were boosted by the building of a causeway in 1962. The  causeway was built by William Tawse Ltd. The island is extremely flat by Hebridean standards, rising to only  above sea level and known for its long sandy beach. It has a population of 49 living in two settlements: Samhla and Teananachar.

Place names and locations
The name means "east farm" or "east town". The "west town" may have been on land that was said to exist to the west of Baleshare, washed away in the sixteenth century, over which it was possible to walk to the Monach Islands at low tide. The Monachs are some  to the west. Another story suggests there was once a land bridge to Kirkibost,  to the north. The basis for this seems to be a reference in the Exchequer Rolls for 1542 that the valued rental had been decreased due to encroachment by the sea at some unspecified (presumably recent) date.

Archaeology
Two prehistoric settlements have been uncovered, which contain the remains of a circular stone house and pieces of pottery, bone and metal. In common with other sites in the area, they are threatened by coastal erosion.

Baelshare was chosen as one of the pilot projects for the Shorewatch programme, which aimed to training community groups to search for new archaeological sites and record information on them to be passed on to local and national archives. In the first year of the pilot project, 2005, the island was severely affected by storms. In some cases, up to 50 metres of the coast were lost in a single night. Between August and December 2005, up to four metres of archaeological remains were lost to erosion.

Notable people from Baleshare
 John Fergusson, Nova Scotia politician.

References

External links
A photographic survey of an eroding site at Baile Sear

Uist islands
Tidal islands of Scotland

Baleshare


චරපුරුෂ කාර්යය හෝ ඔත්තු බැලීම යන්නට අදාල වන්නේ, තොරතුරු හිමිකරුගේ අවසරයක් නොමැතිව, රහස් හෝ විශ්වස්‍ය යැයි සැලකෙන තොරතුරු, රජයක් විසින් හෝ පුද්ගලයෙක් විසින් හෝ ලබා ගැනීමයි.

චරපුරුෂ කාර්යය


Pozadinski sastav je glazbeni sastav koji prati vodeći vokal na svirkama uživo ili na snimanjima. Pozadinski sastav također može pratiti instrumentalnog solista, poput vodećeg gitarista ili solo guslača, iako potpuno instrumentalna izvedba bez pjevanja nije uobičajena u popularnoj i tradicijskoj glazbi. Ovakav sastav može biti etablirana dugotrajna skupina s malo ili bez ikakve promjene u člnastvu ili može biti ad hoc skupljeni sastav za pojedinu predstavu ili jedno snimanje. Ad hoc ili "skupljene" sastave obično čine sesijski glazbenici.
Pozadinski sastavi mogu biti i za kazališne predstave, kao što su bili The Ministry of Wolves koji je od skupljene četvorice etabliranih glazbenika (Mick Harvey, Paul Wallfisch, Danielle de Picciotto, Alexander Hacke (Alexander von Borsig, wunderkinda na tadašnjoj berlinskoj alternativnoj sceni, najeksponiranijem ogranku Neue Deutsche Wellea) za jednu kazališnu predstavu u Teater Dortmund pošao na svjetsku turneju.

Poznati pozadinski sastavi
Među najpoznatije, najdugotrajnije i najviše etablirane pozadinske sastave s vodećim glazbenikom spadaju:

 Ace in the Hole (George Strait)
 Booker T. & the M.G.'s (Otis Redding)
 Bluesbreakers (John Mayall)
 Crazy Horse (Neil Young)
 Double Trouble (Stevie Ray Vaughan)
 Drifting Cowboys (Hank Williams)
 Kami Band (Suzuka Nakamoto)
 Miami Sound Machine (Gloria Estefan)
 Mink DeVille (Willy Deville)
 Parliament Funkadelic (George Clinton)
 Patti Smith Group (Patti Smith)
 Scarlet Fever (Cee-Lo Green)
 Spearhead (Michael Franti)
 The Aces (Desmond Dekker)
 The All Stars (Junior Walker)
 The Animals (Eric Burdon)
 The Ants (Adam)
 The Attractions (Elvis Costello)
 The Bad Seeds (Nick Cave)
 The Band (Bob Dylan)
 The Blackhearts (Joan Jett)
 The Blockheads (Ian Dury)
 The Bluebelles (Patti Labelle)
 The Cardinals (Ryan Adams)
 The E Street Band (Bruce Springsteen)
 The Eagles (Linda Ronstadt)
 The F.C.C. (Serj Tankian)
 The Flecktones (Bela Fleck)
 The Four Seasons (Frankie Valli)
 The Funky Bunch (Marky Mark)

 The Heartbreakers (Tom Petty)
 The Hot Band (Emmylou Harris)
 The Impressions (Curtis Mayfield)
 The Jordanaires (Elvis Presley)
 The Magic Band (Captain Beefheart)
 The Maytals (Toots)
 The Miracles (Smokey Robinson)
 The Mothers of Invention (Frank Zappa)
 The New Power Generation (Prince)
 The News (Huey Lewis)
 The Pips (Gladys Knight)
 The Raelettes (Ray Charles)
 The Revolution (Prince)
 The Rumour (Graham Parker)
 The SFA (Jonathan Davis)
 The Shadows (Cliff Richard)
 The Shondells (Tommy James)
 The Sixers (Stephen Kellogg)
 The Spiders from Mars (David Bowie)
 The Stooges (Iggy Pop)
 The Strangers (Merle Haggard)
 The Sunshine Band (KC)
 The Supremes (Diana Ross)
 The Tennessee Three (Johnny Cash)
 The Vandellas (Martha Reeves)
 The Voidoids (Richard Hell)
 The Wailers (Bob Marley)
 The Waves (Katrina Leskanich)
 Union Station (Alison Krauss)

Izvori

Glazbenici

Pozadinski sastav


Le Père de la Grandeur (romanisation du syriaque-araméen :  ; également connu sous le nom de bay Zarwān ou Zurwān) est l'éternelle manifestation divine du Bien, pré-existant au cosmos, dans le manichéisme. C'est une divinité à l'essence quadruple, englobant la divinité, la lumière, le pouvoir et la bonté. Le Père de la Grandeur s'est "évoqué", s'est-à-dire créé, lui-même à partir de la Mère de la Vie (appelée en syriaque emmā d ḥayyē).

Quand le Roi des Ténèbres a chargé à envahir le Royaume de Lumière, les contre-attaques du Père de la Grandeur ont mené à la création du monde. Son trône est entouré d'au moins  pacifiques : , éons d'éons et anges. Le prophète Mani, fondateur du manichéisme, a également utilisé le nom de Zurvan pour identifier le Dieu suprême.

Lorsque le  a pris d'assaut le royaume de la Lumière, le Père de la Grandeur a invoqué des entités de lumière pour repousser les envahisseurs. Selon Mani, le Père de la Grandeur a dit: "De mes mondes, ces cinq demeures-ci, je n'en enverrai pas au combat parce que c'est pour la prospérité et la paix qu'elles ont été créées par moi, mais c'est moi-même qui irai et qui la ferai, la guerre !" Ces entités envahisseuses se sont mélangées aux démons et ont donné l'existence aux êtres terrestres, de sorte que les humains portent des particules de lumière qui sont consubstantielles au Père de la Grandeur, mais ne les connaissent pas, jusqu'à ce qu'ils se réveillent de leur sommeil en se souvenant de leur origine divine. Le Père de la Grandeur répond en créant une série d'entités pour préparer un sauvetage pour les particules de lumière.

Théodicée
Le manichéisme rejette tout ce qui est associé au mal du Père de la Grandeur. Il ne peut ni causer de souffrance ni charger. Il peut simplement défendre. Ainsi, le pouvoir du Père de la Grandeur est limité par sa propre nature. Bien qu'il ne soit pas tout-puissant, à la fin des temps, il aura rassemblé toutes les particules de lumière et le mal sera banni dans son propre royaume pour ne plus jamais se mélanger. Par conséquent, le manichéisme rejette également la représentation de Dieu dans l'Ancien Testament, qui promet la victoire sur les ennemis (Lév : 26:3-10). En conséquence, le problème du mal peut être résolu directement car Dieu est limité dans son pouvoir contre les forces au-delà du monde de la lumière et par sa propre nature.

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Démiurge
 Ahura Mazda
 Dieu le Père

Manichéisme
Conception de Dieu

Père de la Grandeur


Răducanu es un apellido rumano que puede hacer referencia a:

 Claudiu Nicu Răducanu;
 Marcel Răducanu.

Răducanu


Gilenija (lat. Gillenia), maleni rod trajnica iz porodice ružovki smješten u vlastiti tribus Gillenieae. Sastoj ise od dvije sjevernoameričke vrste rasprostranjene od Hudsonovog zaljeva do Meksičkog zaljeva na jugu.

Naziv roda Gillenia dan je u čast njemačkom botaničaru Arnoldu Gillu.

Vrste
 Gillenia stipulata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Nutt.
 Gillenia trifoliata (L.) Moench, trolisna gilenija

Sinonimi
 Gillonia A.Juss.
 Porteranthus Britton

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Amygdaloideae

Gilenija


Sir Charles James Antrobus  (14 May 1933 – 3 June 2002) was the Governor-General of St. Vincent and the Grenadines from 1 June 1996 until his death. Antrobus was a master of the St. George's Masonic Lodge, and spent most of his working life in Cable & Wireless plc.

He died in Toronto and was temporarily replaced by Monica Dacon.

References

1933 births
2002 deaths
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Governors-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Freemasons

Charles Antrobus


Esta é a lista que reúne as primeiras-damas do estado de Goiás.

O termo é usado pela esposa do governador de Goiás quando este está exercendo os plenos direitos do cargo. Em uma ocasião especial, o título pode ser aplicado a mulheres que não são esposas, quando o governador é solteiro ou viúvo. A atual primeira-dama é Gracinha Caiado, esposa do 79.º governador goiano Ronaldo Caiado.

Ver também

 Lista de governadores de Goiás
 Lista de cônjuges dos governadores das unidades federativas do Brasil

Primeiras-damas do estado de Goiás
Listas de primeiras-damas

Lista de primeiras-damas do estado de Goiás


Rayland est un village américain situé dans le comté de Jefferson, dans l'Ohio. Selon le recensement de 2020, sa population est de .

Liens externes

Village dans l'Ohio
Comté de Jefferson (Ohio)

Rayland (Ohio)


1989 දකුණු ආසියානු ක්‍රීඩා උළෙල (4 වන දකුණු ආසියානු ක්‍රීඩා උළෙල ) එම වසරේ ඔක්තෝම්බරයේදී  පාකිස්තානයේ, ඉස්ලාමාබාද් අගනුවර පැවැත්විණි.

ක්‍රීඩා ඉසව්
1989 දකුණු ආසියානු ක්‍රීඩා උළෙල තුල තරග ඉසව් 10 ක් පැවැත්විණි.

පදක්කම් සටහන
සටහන

මූලාශ්‍ර

South Asian Games
දකුණු ආසියානු ක්‍රීඩා උළෙල

1989 දකුණු ආසියානු ක්‍රීඩා උළෙල


Anton Ørskov Ipsen (født 4. september 1994) er en dansk svømmer fra Birkerød, der svømmer for det danske svømmelandshold og for North Carolina State University.

Svømmekarriere
Ipsen deltog ved EM 2014 i Berlin, hvor han satte personlige rekorder og opnåede en 9. plads i 1500 meter fri og en 11. plads i 800 meter fri. Efter EM 2014 flyttede han til USA for at studere og svømme ved North Carolina State University. Han opnåede ikke kvalificering til VM 2015 i Kazan. Den 13. april 2016 kvalificerede han ved Danish Open i Bellahøj sig til OL 2016 i Rio i 400 meter fri, da han vandt guld med tiden 3:48.39. I samme konkurrence opnåede Mads Glæsner også OL-kvalifikation. Ipsen har tidligere svømmet for Sigma Swim Birkerød.

Referencer

Eksterne links
 Anton Ørskov Ipsens profil hos Team Danmark

Svømmere fra Danmark
Deltagere for Danmark ved sommer-OL 2016
Deltagere for Danmark ved sommer-OL 2020
Olympiske svømmere fra Danmark
Svømmere ved sommer-OL 2016
Svømmere ved sommer-OL 2020

Anton Ørskov Ipsen


Denebola, sau Beta Leonis (β Leo / β Leonis, ), este a doua cea mai strălucitoare stea din constelația Leul. Stea de tip spectal A, ea este situată la 36 de ani-lumină de Pământ și are o luminozitate de douăsprezece ori mai mare decât aceea a Soarelui. Steaua are o magnitudine aparentă de 2,14. Stea variabilă de tip Delta Scuti, ea are, prin urmare, o luminozitate foarte ușor schimbătoare în timp de câteva ore.

Etimologie
Numele său, Denebola provine din sintagma arabă , transliterat  Deneb Alased, pronunț {{IPA|/ðanab al-asad/}}) , care înseamnă "coada leului"; poziția sa corespunde cozii constelației Leul. Deneb, din constelația Lebăda are o etimologie similară.

Prezentă sub numele "beta  leonis", în Uranometria de Johann Bayer (editată în 1603), întrucât este considerată ca a doua stea cea mai luminoasă din constelație. În 1725, John Flamsteed a denumit-o "94 Leo" (denumirea dată de Flamsteed era bazată pe ascensia dreaptă în constelație, mai degrabă decât pe luminozitate). Alte denumiri au fost adăugate în cataloagele stelare.

Observare
Având o declinație de +14°, Denebola este o stea din emisfera boreală. Tutuși, vecinătatea sa cu ecuatorul ceresc, o face vizibilă din toate ariile populate ale Pământului. Nu este vizibilă din regiunile din interiorul continentului antarctic. Pe de altă parte, poziția sa o face circumpolară doar din vecinătatea Polului Nord. Având o magnitudine egală cu 2,13 este o stea distingibilă, cu ușurință, chiar și din arii cu poluare luminoasă moderată.

Proprietăți
Temperatura la suprafața stelei Denebola este de circa . Ea are o viteză de rotație ridicată, în jur de , care este de același ordin de mărime cu aceea a stelei Alpha Eridani. În comparație,  Soarele are o viteză de rotație de .

Denebola, împreună cu stelele Spica și Arcturus, formează asterismul Triunghiul de Primăvară, iar acesta, prin extensie, împreună cu steaua Cor Caroli, formează asterismul Diamantul Fecioarei.

Caracteristici fizice
Denebola este o stea de clasă spectrală A3-V, cu o temperatură superficială de circa . Are o masă cu 75% mai mare decât masa Soarelui, iar raza este cu 73% superioară  razei acestuia și are o luminozitate de circa 14 ori mai mare decât aceea a Soarelui. Denebola este o stea relativ tânără, cu o vârstă estimată sub 400 de milioane de ani și este clasificată ca stea variabilă Delta Scuti, ceea ce semnifică faptul că luminozitatea sa variază foarte puțin în două ore. Viteza de rotație a stelei Denebola este ridicată, circa , încât face o rotație în mai puțin de 0,65 de zile, iar forma sa este turtită la poli și umflată la ecuator, asemănătoare cu aceea a stelei Achernar.

Membră a unui superroi de stele
Studii recente de cinematică au scos în evidență faptul că Denevola face parte dintr-o asociație stelară  denumită IC 2391. Toate stelele care fac parte din acest grup prezintă o mișcare proprie similară, deși nu au legături gravitaționale.  Prin urmare, se presupune că aceste stele s-au născut în același loc și că inițial au format un roi deschis; alte stele din acest grup sunt Alpha Pictoris, Beta Canis Minoris și ceilalți membri ai roiului deschis IC 2391. Mai mult de 60 de membri probabili, ai acestui roi deschis, au fost identificați.

Note

Bibliografie
 Cote J. (1987), B and A type stars with unexpectedly large colour excesses at IRAS wavelengths, Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361), volumul 181, paginile 77-84
 Eggen O.J. (1991), The IC 2391 supercluster, Astronomical Journal (ISSN 0004-6256), volumul 102, paginile 2028-2040
 Smith B.A., Fountain J.W., & Terrile R.J. (1992), An optical search for Beta Pictoris-like disks around nearby stars, Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361), volumul 261, paginile 499-502

Legături externe

Constelația Leul
Stele albe din secvența principală
Stele variabile Delta Scuti
Obiecte Bayer
Obiecte Flamsteed
Obiecte HR
Obiecte HD și HDE
Obiecte HIP
Obiecte TYC
Obiecte Gliese-Jahreiss

Beta Leonis


Die Katz GmbH & Co. KG ist ein Hersteller von Holzschliffpappe, die in erster Linie zu Bierdeckeln (Bierglasuntersetzern, Biertellern, Coaster) verarbeitet wird. Der Stammsitz des Unternehmens befindet sich in Weisenbach (Baden-Württemberg). Seit dem 1. Oktober 2009 ist The KATZ Group ein Unternehmen der Papierfabrik August Koehler SE in Oberkirch.

Produkte
Katz gilt als Weltmarktführer für Bierdeckel. Die Gruppe hat außer dem Produktionsstandort in Weisenbach zwei Produktions- und Vertriebsstätten in den USA (Buffalo, Johnson City). Das Unternehmen produziert im Jahr rund drei Milliarden Glasuntersetzer sowie 23.000 Tonnen Holzschliffpappe. Aus der Historie des Bierdeckels heraus sind die Brauereien als Schlüsselkunden erwachsen. Sie können die Bierglasuntersetzer für ihre Gastronomiekunden direkt bei Katz mit ihrem Logo oder anderen Werbebotschaften bedrucken lassen.

Holzschliffpappe findet Verwendung in der Industrie (Automobilausstattung, Trittschalldämmung), aber auch zur Verkaufsförderung im Einzelhandel (Point of Sale-Materialien), sowie in der Verpackungsindustrie für trockene Lebensmittel wie z. B. Kuchen, Kekse, Teigwaren.

Aufgrund Lebensmittelunbedenklichkeit, Umweltfreundlichkeit, geringem Gewicht, ISEGA-Zertifizierung und guter Bedruckbarkeit des Werkstoffes konnte Katz weitere Einsatzmöglichkeiten entwickeln, wie Displays, Dekorationsmaterialien, Türhänger, Postkarten, Kalender, Lufterfrischer, und Spiele.

Insgesamt beschäftigt das Unternehmen weltweit 255 Mitarbeiter, 157 davon am Stammsitz in Weisenbach.

Geschichte
Die Wurzeln des Unternehmens reichen zurück bis ins Jahr 1716, als Johann Georg Katz im badischen Weisenbach ein Sägewerk errichtete, in dem später Telegrafenmasten und Eisenbahnschwellen hergestellt wurden. 1892 erfand in Dresden Robert Sputh den Faserguss-Untersetzer. Casimir Otto Katz griff diese Idee auf, um im Badischen seine Holzabfälle aus der eigenen Produktion einer sinnvollen Verwendung zuzuführen. 1903 etablierte er die Produktlinie Faserguss-Untersetzer – der erste Bierdeckel heutigen Formats war geboren.

Schon 1930 wurde die erste automatische Bierdeckeldruckmaschine entwickelt mit einer Kapazität von 30.000 Stück pro Tag. 1969 kam die nächste Erfindung zum Einsatz: Eine Bierdeckeldruck- und Stanzmaschine. Diese Innovation erlaubte das kombinierte Drucken und Ausstanzen der Bierdeckel mit einer Kapazität von einer Million Stück pro Tag. 1975 erfolgte im Katz-Werk die Umstellung von Hochdruck auf Offsetdruck, regelmäßige Investitionen sorgten dafür, dass die großtechnischen Stanzanlagen und vollautomatischen Verpackungslinien stets auf dem neuesten Stand waren.

1978 wurde Katz International Coasters von der Unternehmensgruppe Pfleiderer erworben. 2001 entstand durch die Übernahme der Niederlassungen in Quarmby/Großbritannien und Waterlomat in Belgien eine internationale Unternehmensgruppe, die man in 2006 durch die Eingliederung der Firma Kurprinz in Großschirma/Sachsen noch erweiterte. Der sinkende Bierkonsum und die Folgen der Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise führten im April 2009 dazu, dass die Katz Gruppe Insolvenz anmelden musste. Bereits im September 2009 übernahm ein weiterer Weltmarktführer das Unternehmen: die Papierfabrik August Koehler AG aus dem nahe gelegenen Oberkirch im Renchtal. Der Holzschliffpappe-Produzent und Bierdeckelhersteller wurde als eigenständige Organisation in die Koehler-Gruppe integriert, die Firma Kurprinz in Großschirma wurde Mitte 2011 geschlossen. Bereits 2010 wurden am Standort Weisenbach 31 neue Mitarbeiter eingestellt, der Mutter-Konzern gab mehrere Millionen Euro für Investitionsmaßnahmen frei.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website

Einzelnachweise

 Veröffentlichung im Handelsblatt

Weisenbach
Produzierendes Unternehmen (Landkreis Rastatt)
Gegründet 1716

Katz (Unternehmen)


بطولة آسيا لكرة القدم الخماسية 2000 أقيمت في طهران وكرج في إيران في الفترة من 27 يوليو إلى 5 أغسطس وقد حقق لقبها منتخب إيران للمرة الخامسة في تاريخه.

مرحلة المجموعات

المجموعة أ

المجموعة ب

المجموعة ج

المجموعة د

المرحلة النهائية

ربع النهائي

نصف النهائي

تحديد المركز الثالث

النهائي

البطل

المراجع

 Futsal Planet
 RSSSF

إيران في 2003
كرة قدم آسيوية داخل الصالات في 2003
2003–04 في كرة قدم إيرانية داخل الصالات
بطولة آسيا لكرة القدم الخماسية
مسابقات كرة القدم داخل الصالات دولية استضافتها إيران

بطولة آسيا لكرة القدم الخماسية 2003


Gensac () ist eine französische Gemeinde mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) im Département Tarn-et-Garonne in der Region Okzitanien. Sie gehört zum Arrondissement Castelsarrasin und zum Kanton Garonne-Lomagne-Brulhois.

Bevölkerungsentwicklung

Weblinks

Ort in Okzitanien
Weinbauort in Frankreich

Gensac (Tarn-et-Garonne)


Jérémy Cadot (n. 7 noiembrie 1986, Lens, Franța) este un scrimer francez specializat pe floretă, laureat cu bronz pe echipe la Campionatul Mondial de Scrimă din 2013 și cu aur pe echipe la Campionatul European de Scrimă din 2015. La individual, a câștigat etapa de Cupă Mondială de la San Francisco în sezonul 2014-2015, ajungând pe locul 7 la clasamentul mondial, cel mai bun din carieră, la sfârșitul sezonului.

Legături externe

  Prezentare  la Confederația Europeană de Scrimă

Scrimeri francezi
Floretiști
Scrimeri la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016

Jérémy Cadot


Aksiomi Kolmogorova ili aksiomi vjerojatnosti temelj su suvremene teorije vjerojatnosti koje je uveo čuveni ruski matematičar Andrej Kolmogorov u svojim radovima 1933. godine.

Prvi opis ovih aksioma može se naći u knjizi Opća teorija mjere i teorija vjerojatnosti iz 1929. Četiri godine kasnije, 1933., Kolmogorov je svoje aksiome formalno uveo u djelu Osnove teorije vjerojatnosti.

Aksiomi
Neka je  izmjeriv prostor. Funkcija  jest vjerojatnost (na , na ) ako vrijedi:

  za svaki događaj  (nenegativnost vjerojatnosti),
  (normiranost vjerojatnosti),
  i  za  povlači  (σ-aditivnost ili prebrojiva aditivnost vjerojatnosti).

Uređena trojka  gdje je  σ-algebra na nepraznom skupu  i
vjerojatnost na , zove se vjerojatnosni prostor. Elemente σ-algebre  zovemo događaji, a za  broj  zovemo vjerojatnost događaja .

Posljedice
Iz Kolmogorovljevih aksioma slijedi niz korisnih svojstava vjerojatnosti. Dokazi ovih svojstava dobro ilustriraju moć trećega aksioma.

Monotonost vjerojatnosti

Ako je A podskup od B, tada je vjerojatnost od A manja ili jednaka od vjerojatnosti od B.

Dokaz monotonosti vjerojatnosti
Neka su  i , gdje je  i  za . Iz svojstava praznoga skupa (), lako se vidi da su  u parovima disjunktni i . Dakle, iz trećega aksioma slijedi da je

Po prvome aksiomu, lijeva strana jednakosti je niz nenegativnih realnih brojeva, a kako teži u  slijedi  i .

Vjerojatnost praznog skupa

Često,  nije jedini događaj s vjerojatnošću  0.

Dokaz vjerojatnosti praznog skupa

 jer je ,

 koristeći treći aksiom na lijevoj strani jednakosti i uzevši u obzir da je  disjunktan sa samim sobom dobije se

 oduzimanjem  od obje strane jednadžbe.

Pravilo komplementa

Dokaz pravila komplementa
Kako su  i  međusobno isključivi i kako je :

           (po trećemu aksiomu)

i,                          (po drugome aksiomu)

 pa je konačno .

Izvori

Aksiomi

Aksiomi Kolmogorova


كوكولا (بالفنلندية Kokkola، بالسويدية : Karleby) مدينة فنلندية. تقع في مقاطعة فنلندا الغربية جزء من إقليم بوهيانما الوسطى. يبلغ عديد قاطنيها 45.764 ساكن، ويغطي نطاقها البلدي مساحة 2.730,89 كيلومتر مربع منها 1.286,72 كم 2 من المياه. تبلغ الكثافة السكانية 31.69 نسمة \ كيلومتر مربع. البلدية ثنائية اللغة فيتحدث حاليا 84.2 ٪ الفنلندية و 13.9 ٪ السويدية.

التاريخ
منح غوستاف الثاني أدولف ملك السويد (فنلندا آنذاك جزء من السويد) مدينة كوكولا حقوقاً في عام 1620. تأسست كوكولا بوصفها مرفأ شحن لتجارة القطران. كما أصبحت مركز مهم لصناعة السفن في فنلندا. نتيجة لتجارة القطران وصناعة السفن كانت كوكولا حين من الزمن أغنى مدن فنلندا.

وقعت حادثة تاريخية مثيرة للاهتمام تعرف باسم مناوشة هالكوكاري بمدينة كوكولا في مايو 1854 خلال حرب القرم. فقد حاول مشاة البحرية البريطانية الإنزال لنهب المدينة، إلا أن المدفاعين المحليين صدوهم، وكان منهم العديد من المدنيين المسلحين ببنادق صيد. سقطت واحدة من الزوارق المدفعية البريطانية في أيادي المدافعين. فكان هذا الزورق هو القطعة البحرية الوحيدة التابعة للبحرية الملكية ولا يزال في حوزة أجنبية في عام 1914. القارب لا يزال اليوم في المتحف بين وجوه ويمكن ملاحظة ذلك في كوكولا وبارك الإنجليزية. المجلس البلدي رفضت العودة القارب رغم عدة طلبات من المملكة المتحدة، وكان آخرها من قبل جون ستوتارد، واللورد عمدة لندن. تدفع وزارة الخزانة البريطانية سنوياً مبلغ صغير لصيانة تسعة قبور لتسعة من عناصر المارينز لقوا حتفهم خلال القتال المناوشة محفل الكنيسة المحلية.

ظلت المدينة بغالبية من الناطقين باللغة السويدية حتى عام 1933.

في عام 1977 تم توحيدها ببلدية كآرليلا المحيطة. وفي عام 2009 دُمجت بكوكولا بلديات لوهتايا وكالفيا وأولافا.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 مدينة كوكولا – الموقع الرسمي

أماكن ساحلية مأهولة في فنلندا
أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1620
بلديات بوهيانما الوسطى
تأسيسات سنة 1620 في السويد
دوقية فنلندا الكبرى
مدن فنلندا

كوكولا


Olaylar

Doğumlar
 19 Eylül - Antoninus Pius, Roma İmparatoru (ö. 161)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Flavius Arrianus, antik Romalı tarihçi
 Vibia Sabina, Roma İmparatoriçesi (ö. 136 veya 137)

Ölümler

als:80er#Johr 86

86


Die Hallohkapelle ist ein denkmalgeschütztes Kirchengebäude in Wallen, einem Ortsteil von Meschede im Hochsauerlandkreis (Nordrhein-Westfalen). Neben der Kapelle steht das Naturdenkmal Linde.

Geschichte und Architektur

Der kleine, verputzte Rechtecksaal steht auf einer Erhebung im ehemaligen Kirchspiel Calle. Sie wurde 1686 errichtet und 1936 nach Westen erweitert. Stifter war der Richter und Hofmaler Ferdinand Wedemhove und seine Frau. Vor dem Portal steht ein hölzerner Vorbau. Die bemalte Holzdecke im alten Teil des Innenraumes zeigt Gottvater von Engeln mit Passionswerkzeugen umgeben, wie er Tod und Teufel gebietet. Die Arbeit ist vom Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts. Das pilastergerahmte Altarretabel aus Holz, mit einem Kreuzigungsbild wurde um 1700 geschaffen. Die Pietà aus Holz wurde am Anfang des 18. Jahrhunderts geschnitzt. Die Wallfahrtskapelle ist der schmerzhaften Muttergottes geweiht, die Kapelle wird besonders in der Fastenzeit von Wallfahrern frequentiert.

Auf der Ostseite der Kapelle steht das Naturdenkmal Linde mit einem Stammdurchmesser von 1,0 m. Der Baum wurde 2008 mit dem Landschaftsplan Meschede durch den Hochsauerlandkreis unter der Nr. 2.2.23 als Naturdenkmal (ND) ausgewiesen.

Am letzten Juli-Wochenende 2014 war an der Linde ein dicker Ast abgebrochen. Nach dem Astabbruch forderte der Kirchenvorstand von St. Severinus Calle die Fällung der Linde wegen der Verkehrssicherungspflicht. Der Hochsauerlandkreis als Ordnungsbehörde stimmte der Fällung nicht zu. Zwei Baumkontrolleure prüften die Linde unabhängig voneinander auf mögliche Gefahren. Beide stuften die Linde als standsicher ein. Um die Stand- und Bruchsicherheit des Naturdenkmals zu verbessern, wurde kurz darauf der Baum beschnitten und es wurden Sicherungssysteme in der Krone eingebaut. Diese Maßnahmen hatten laut Kreis nichts mit dem Astbruch vom Juli zu tun. Der Auftrag zu den Sicherungsarbeiten war bereits im April gegeben worden. Der Kirchenvorstand hängte Zettel auf, mit dem Hinweis, wonach das Betreten des Geländes "auf eigene Gefahr" erfolge. Laut Landschaftsgesetz ist der Eigentümer, hier die  Kirchengemeinde von St. Severinus Calle, für die Verkehrssicherung zuständig. Da die Linde vom Kreis als Naturdenkmal ausgewiesen wurde, muss der Kreis für die Pflege des Baumes aufkommen.

Literatur
 Georg Dehio, unter wissenschaftlicher Leitung von Ursula Quednau: Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler. Nordrhein-Westfalen II Westfalen. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Berlin/München 2011, ISBN 978-3-422-03114-2

Weblinks

 Geschichte (abgerufen am 20. Mai 2012; PDF; 6,6 MB)

Einzelnachweise

Calle
Marienkirche
Wallfahrtskirche in Deutschland
Kirchengebäude in Meschede
Baudenkmal in Meschede
Erbaut in den 1680er Jahren
Kirchengebäude im Erzbistum Paderborn

Hallohkapelle


العباسية هي بلدة تقع بأرخبيل قرقنة التونسي بولاية صفاقس.

أعلام المدينة
 فرحات حشاد.
 الحبيب عاشور

مراجع

قرى ولاية صفاقس

العباسية (صفاقس)


Oresteya (Орестея /Oresteya en ruso; en español, Orestíada) es una ópera en tres partes, ocho escenas, con música de Serguéi Tanéyev, compuesta durante 1887-1894.  El compositor llamó a esta composición, su única ópera, una "trilogía musical", trilogía como es aquella de tragedias en la que se basa:  el libreto de la ópera, en ruso, es adaptación de A. A. Wenkstern de la Orestíada de Esquilo. La ópera se estrenó el 29 de octubre (17 de octubre) de 1895 en el Teatro Mariinski de San Petersburgo.

Personajes

Notas y referencias

 100 опер: история создания, сюжет, музыка. [100 operas: historia de creación, sujeto, música.] Leningrado: Издательство "Музыка", 1968, pp. 426-432.

 BELINA, Anastasia: Representation of Clytemnestra and Cassandra in Taneyev's Oresteia (La representación de Clitemnestra y la de Casandra en la Orestíada de Tanéyev); en Studies in Musical Theatre (Estudios de teatro musical), 2:1, 2008, pp. 61-81.

Enlaces externos

 Reducción para voz y piano, en PDF, en el sitio del Proyecto Biblioteca Internacional de Partituras Musicales.

Libreto en ruso, en HTML.

Óperas de Sergéi Tanéyev
Óperas de 1895
Óperas en ruso
Óperas estrenadas en San Petersburgo
Orestes (ópera)
Adaptaciones de obras de Esquilo
Agamenón

Oresteya


HMS Irresistible—the fourth British Royal Navy ship of the name—was a  pre-dreadnought battleship. The Formidable-class ships were developments of earlier British battleships, featuring the same battery of four  guns—albeit more powerful 40-calibre versions—and top speed of  of the preceding , while adopting heavier armour protection. The ship was laid down in April 1898, was launched in December that year, and was completed in October 1901. Commissioned in 1902, she initially served with the Mediterranean Fleet until April 1908, when she was transferred to the Channel Fleet. Now outclassed with the emergence of the dreadnought class of ships, she entered service with the Home Fleet in 1911 following a refit. In 1912, she was assigned to the 5th Battle Squadron.

Following the outbreak of World War I, Irresistible, along with the squadron, was assigned to the Channel Fleet. After operations with the Dover Patrol, during which she bombarded German forces in northern France, she was assigned to the Dardanelles Campaign in February 1915. She took part in numerous unsuccessful attacks on the Ottoman forts guarding the Dardanelles in February and March. These operations included several raids by landing parties to destroy Ottoman coastal artillery batteries. On 18 March, she struck a naval mine that caused extensive flooding and disabled her engines. Without power, she began to drift into the range of Turkish guns, which laid down a withering fire. Attempts to tow her failed, so her surviving crew was evacuated and Irresistible was abandoned and eventually sank. Her crew suffered around 150 killed in the sinking.

Design

The design for the Formidable class was prepared in 1897; it was an incremental improvement over the preceding  and es. Formidable adopted the larger size of the Majestics, while taking the stronger Krupp armour of the Canopus design. In addition, the new design incorporated longer (and thus more powerful) main and secondary guns and an improved hull form. These characteristics produced a ship with better armour protection than either earlier class, and the same high speed of Canopus.

Irresistible was  long overall, with a beam of  and a draught of . She displaced  normally and up to  fully loaded. Her crew numbered 780 officers and ratings. The Formidable-class ships were powered by a pair of 3-cylinder triple-expansion engines, with steam provided by twenty Belleville boilers. The boilers were trunked into two funnels located amidships. The Formidable-class ships had a top speed of  from .

Irresistible had a main battery of four  40-calibre guns mounted in twin-gun turrets fore and aft; these guns were mounted in circular barbettes that allowed all-around loading or elevation. The ships also mounted a secondary battery of twelve  45-calibre guns mounted in casemates, in addition to ten 12-pounder  guns and six 3-pounder  guns for defence against torpedo boats. As was customary for battleships of the period, she was also equipped with four  torpedo tubes submerged in the hull.

Irresistible had an armoured belt that was  thick; the transverse bulkheads on either end of the belt were  thick. Her main battery turret sides were  thick, atop  barbettes, and the casemate battery was protected with 6 in of Krupp steel. Her conning tower had  thick sides as well. She was fitted with two armoured decks,  thick, respectively.

Service history

Pre-World War I
The keel for HMS Irresistible was laid down at Chatham Dockyard on 11 April 1898 and launched on 15 December 1898 in a very incomplete state to clear the building ways for the construction of the battleship . Irresistible was completed in October 1901. The ship was commissioned at Chatham Dockyard on 4 February 1902 by Captain George Morris Henderson and a complement of 870 officers and men for Mediterranean Fleet service. She left Portsmouth in late March 1902, arriving the following month at Gibraltar where she relieved the turret ship  as a guard ship. In May 1902 she visited Augusta, Sicily, and in August 1902 she went to Piraeus. In late December 1902 she was back in Greek waters when she visited Astakos in the Ionian Sea with HMS Bulwark and HMS Pioneer.

She suffered two mishaps during her years in the Mediterranean, colliding with the Norwegian merchant steamer  while steaming in fog on her way to her commissioning on 3 March 1902, sustaining considerable damage to the side of her hull, and running aground at Malta on 5 October 1905. She underwent a refit there after her grounding, and a second refit there between October 1907 and January 1908. In April 1908, Irresistible was transferred to the Channel Fleet, where she collided with a schooner while steaming in fog on 4 May 1908, suffering no damage. She was assigned to the Nore Division in 1909, and was reduced to a nucleus crew in May 1910. Her Channel Fleet service ended on 1 June 1910, when she paid off at Chatham Dockyard for a refit. Her refit completed, Irresistible commissioned at Chatham on 28 February 1911 to serve in the 3rd Division, Home Fleet, at the Nore. In 1912, she was assigned to the 5th Battle Squadron.

World War I
Britain entered the First World War in August 1914; the 5th Battle Squadron was based at Portland and assigned to patrol duties in the English Channel under the Channel Fleet. Irresistible covered the landing of the Plymouth Marine Battalion at Ostend, Belgium, on 25 August, and thereafter covered the occupation. In October–November 1914, Irresistible was temporarily attached to the Dover Patrol. Her duties included bombardment of German Army forces along the Belgian coast in support of Allied troops fighting on the front. On 3 November, she was detached to support East Coast Patrols during the German raid on Yarmouth, though she did not see action with German warships. Irresistible returned to the Channel Fleet later in November 1914. The 5th Battle Squadron was transferred to Sheerness on 14 November to guard against a possible German invasion. The squadron was transferred back to Portland on 30 December.

Dardanelles campaign

On 1 February 1915, Irresistible sailed from Sheerness in company with the battleship , bound for the eastern Mediterranean Sea. There, the British and French fleets, under the overall command of British Admiral Sackville Carden, were preparing to launch a major attack on the Dardanelles strait; the Entente commanders hoped to force the Dardanelles and enter the Sea of Marmara, where they could attack the capital of the Ottoman Empire, Constantinople, directly. She took part in the opening bombardment of the Ottoman forts guarding the entrance to the Çanakkale (Dardanelles) on 18–19 February as part of the 2nd Division, though she did not actively engage the Ottoman coastal defences during the attack.

Another attack took place on 25 February; Irresistible and the battleship  being tasked with providing long-range covering fire while other battleships closed with the fortresses to engage them directly. During their operation, the battleship  came under fire from the  guns from Battery "Orkaniye". Counter fire from Irresistible forced the Ottomans to cease firing, knocking out two guns in the process. By 15:00, the leading British and French battleships had silenced the Ottoman guns, allowing for minesweepers to advance and attempt to clear the minefields; most of the fleet withdrew while the minesweepers worked. By clearing these fields, Allied warships could now enter the Dardanelles themselves, opening the route to attack additional fortifications around the town of Dardanus. While other vessels shelled the forts there, Irresistible and the battleship  sent men ashore to destroy an abandoned artillery battery near Kumkale, with both ships remaining off shore to support the raid. The 75-man team from Irresistible landed unopposed at Sedd el Bahr, but quickly came under attack from a superior Ottoman force and was compelled to retreat. 6-inch fire from Irresistible broke up the Ottoman attack, however, and the landing party was able to make their way to the fort, where they found four of the six heavy guns still operable. They destroyed the guns with gunpowder from the Ottoman magazine before proceeding to Fort Helles. The Ottoman defences were too strong there, and so the British party retreated after they destroyed a pair of 12-pounder guns outside the fort.

Two days later, Irresistible repeated the operation with another 78-man landing party under the command of Lieutenant F. H. Sandford, again at Sedd el Bahr. This time, the target was a battery of six 6-inch Krupp mortars. The men again came under attack from the Ottoman defenders, and again forced their way to their objective using heavy fire from Irresistibles 6-inch guns to suppress the Ottomans. All six mortars were packed with gunpowder and destroyed, and the landing party returned to the ship without a single casualty. The following day, Admiral John de Robeck, the British fleet commander, transferred his flag from Vengeance to Irresistible, while the latter was in Mudros for repairs. De Robeck ordered another attack on 28 February, though bad weather hampered British progress; later in the day, a break in the weather led him to order Irresistibles landing party, again under Sandford's direction, to go ashore. In the course of the raid, the party destroyed eight heavy guns in a battery near Kumkale, six 12-pounder field guns, and four Nordenfelt guns on the way back to the ship. Again, the men returned without a single casualty.

On 3 March, another attack was launched against the fortresses, and Irresistible contributed a reconnaissance party that went ashore under cover of a heavy bombardment from the fleet's battleships. During their exploration of the area around Erenköy, they discovered a battery of six 15-pounder field guns, which they destroyed. They proceeded to the main fort and found that it had been evacuated under the heavy bombardment. Again, they returned to the ship with no casualties. The next day, a larger landing force of marines went ashore; Irresistible provided support off Kumkale. After the landing party came under sniper fire from windmills above the village, Irresistible demolished them before shifting fire to the town itself. The Ottoman fire proved to be too heavy, however, and the marines had to retreat to their ships. Irresistible remained de Robeck's flagship until 6 March, when Vengeance returned.

The next attack came on 8 March; the powerful superdreadnought , with her  guns, was to demolish the main Ottoman fortress at Rumili, the "Hamidieh I", "Hamidieh II", and "Namazieh" batteries, and the fortress at Chemenlik. While she attacked those objectives, Irresistible and three other battleships were tasked with covering her from mobile field guns in the straits. Poor visibility hampered British shooting and made it easy for the Ottoman field guns to continually shoot and relocate before the battleships could locate them and return fire. The repeated failures to destroy the fortresses guarding the straits convinced the British command that further attempts were pointless until the minefields protecting the fortresses could be cleared, which would allow the battleships to engage and destroy them at very close range. Accordingly, trawlers were sent in during the night to clear the minefields while the British and French fleets replenished ammunition and gathered reinforcements. While this work was ongoing, Irresistible, Albion, and the battleship  were sent in on 9 March to raid Ottoman defences; Irresistible inflicted damage on a bridge used to support the fort at Kumkale. The next morning, Irresistible, the battleship , the light cruiser , and the seaplane carrier  made another foray to attack targets of opportunity.

Loss

By mid-March, it had become clear that the plan to sweep the minefields had failed. In response, de Robeck, who had succeeded Carden as the commander of the Dardanelles campaign, proposed to launch a major daylight attack on the fortresses, suppress them as best as possible at longer range, and to clear the minefields at the same time. This would then allow the battleships to demolish the forts at close range. Ottoman opposition was expected to be very heavy, as they had been reinforcing their defences throughout the campaign; by this time, they had massed forty-two guns  or larger, along with numerous mobile field guns. The attack was launched on 18 March, and Irresistible was again part of 2nd Division, which formed the second wave of the attack. Irresistible joined the fray at 14:39, shortly after the French battleship  was mined and sunk in the straits; she and several other battleships attempted to suppress Ottoman guns that were firing on boats that were picking up survivors from Bouvet. Irresistible engaged the "Namazieh" Battery, which at that time was not actively firing. She quickly came under heavy fire from the "Hamidieh I" battery, which targeted the ship with four-shell salvos.

At 15:14, Irresistible was rocked by an explosion, and by 15:32, had begun to take on a list, prompting de Robeck to order her to withdraw to avoid further damage. At 16:15, Irresistible, having idled her engines, struck a mine that caused extensive damage to the ship. The mine detonated under her starboard engine room, flooding it and killing all but three of the men on duty there. The bulkhead that divided the starboard from the port engine room collapsed under the sudden weight of water, disabling that engine as well. Unable to maneuver, with a list of 7 degrees to starboard, and down by the stern, Irresistible became an attractive target for the Ottoman gunners. She drifted helplessly into range of Turkish guns, which laid down a heavy fire on her. Her main gun turrets began to malfunction, and she was obscured by smoke and spray. De Robeck ordered the battleship  to take her under tow and pull her out of range of the Ottoman guns, and the destroyer  came alongside and rescued most of the crew—28 officers and 582 men—despite the punishing Ottoman shelling. A group of ten men remained aboard to try to secure a line from Ocean. By the time Ocean had arrived it had become clear that Irresistible could not be saved. Her list had increased and the fire from the Ottoman guns had become very heavy, so the remaining men were evacuated and Ocean began to withdraw.

With the heavy losses that day—Bouvet, Irresistible, and Ocean, which had been mined and disabled after withdrawing from her attempt to rescue Irresistible—de Robeck issued the order to break off the attack. That evening, the destroyer  entered the Dardanelles to torpedo and sink the two abandoned battleships to prevent their capture in case they had remained afloat, but could find no sign of them. The Ottomans later reported that the derelict Irresistible had drifted closer to shore and suffered further severe damage from their shore batteries before sinking at about 19:30. Irresistibles crew suffered about 150 casualties during her sinking.

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

 History on the Imperial War Museum website

Ships built in Chatham
1898 ships
Formidable-class battleships
Maritime incidents in 1902
Maritime incidents in 1905
Maritime incidents in 1908
Maritime incidents in 1915
Ships sunk by mines
World War I battleships of the United Kingdom
World War I shipwrecks in the Dardanelles
Ships sunk by coastal artillery

HMS Irresistible (1898)


El derrame de cianuro de Baia Mare del 30 de enero del 2000 fue una pérdida de cerca 100 000 m³ de aguas residuales contaminadas con cianuro cerca de Baia Mare, Rumania, por la compañía minera aurífera Aurul que vertió este compuesto en el río Someș. La compañía era una fusión de la australiana Esmeralda Exploration y una del gobierno rumano.

La contaminación fue arrastrada por las aguas y alcanzó el río Tisza y luego el Danubio, matando una gran cantidad de especies de fauna y flora en los sistemas fluviales de Rumania, Hungría y Yugoslavia. Finalmente el cianuro llegó al Mar Negro pero considerablemente más diluido. El derrame se lo ha catalogado como el peor desastre ambiental de Europa desde el accidente de Chernóbil.

Investigación
El Grupo Operativo de Baia Mare que llevó la investigación del accidente, informó de fallas en la planta de operaciones y una construcción inadecuada del dique de la minera que, pudo llevar a que se desencadenara el accidente. Este grupo determinó como causa principal fue la mala disposión de los controladores de permisos y aplicación de leyes. El informe de impacto ambiental contenía errores y no se previeron situaciones de emergencia. Además se encontraron fallas en el controlador de nivel de agua en el depósito de decantación.

Legislación posterior al incidente
En 2006, en respuesta a este incidente el Parlamento Europeo y el Consejo adoptaron la Directiva 2006/21/EC en el manejo de desechos de las industrias extractivas. El artículo 13(6) requiere que "las concentraciones de cianuro disociable en ácido débil en el pozo sea reducida al mínimo posible usando la mejor tecnología disponible" y que todas las minas comenzadas después del 1 de mayo del 2008 no deberán descargar desechos con un máximo de 10ppm de cianuro, minas construidas o permitidas antes de esa fecha se les permitirá inicialmente descargas de 50ppm, reduciendo a 25ppm para 2013 y 10ppm para 2028.

En el artículo n.º14, las compañías deben garantizar y asegurar la limpieza luego de que la mina cerró.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
ACCIDENTE DE BAIA MARE

Contaminación acuática
Cianuros
Desastres mineros
Desastres contaminantes
Ecología de Rumania
Economía de Rumania
Rumania en 2000
Baia Mare

Derrame de cianuro de Baia Mare de 2000


An Homalomena kelungensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Bunzo Hayata. An Homalomena kelungensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Homalomena, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Homalomena

Homalomena kelungensis


A very kinky story er en eksperimentalfilm instrueret af Susan Hinnum efter eget manuskript.

Handling

Gør det selv porno-animation. Aldrig har det været så nemt eller billigt at skabe lidt fest og farver på video. Men det betyder ikke, at det ikke samtidig kan være opbyggeligt.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1994

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark

A very kinky story


Heinz Politzer () a fost un scriitor, istoric literar și critic literar austriac-american, specializat îndeosebi în opera lui Franz Kafka.

Biografie
Heinz Politzer a urmat studii de literatură germană și engleză la Viena și Praga. În 1938 a emigrat în Palestina, iar din 1941 a trăit la Ierusalim. În anul 1947 s-a mutat în Statele Unite ale Americii, obținând cetățenia americană în 1952. Acolo a lucrat ca profesor la Colegiul Oberlin din Ohio (1952-1960), apoi ca profesor de limba și literatura germană la Universitatea Berkeley din California (1960-1978).

A scris poezii, nuvele, romane și critică literară. S-a specializat în opera lui Franz Kafka, a popularizat-o în Statele Unite ale Americii, a îngrijit publicarea primei ediții complete ale lucrărilor traduse ale lui Kafka în SUA și a avut legături apropiate cu Max Brod.

Printre onorurile care i-au fost acordate a fost invitația de a ține discursul de deschidere festivă Musikerlöste Dämonie la Festivalul de Muzică de la Salzburg din 1967. A obținut în 1974 premiul orașului Viena pentru științe umaniste.

Urna funerară a lui Heinz Politzers a fost depusă în zidul cimitirului Petersfriedhof din Salzburg. I-au supraviețuit soția sa, Jane Hinman Horner Politzer, și patru fii: Mike, Dave, Steve și Eric.

Lucrări (selecție)
 Fenster vor dem Firmament (Gedichte, 1937)
 Gedichte Jerusalem (1941)
 Franz Kafka (1962)
 Franz Grillparzer oder Das abgründige Biedermeier (1967)
 Das Schweigen der Sirenen (1968)
 Johannes Urzidil: Morgen fahr' ich heim. Böhmische Erzählungen, ediție îngrijită și postfață de Politzer
 Ödipus (1974)
 Freud und das Tragische (2003)

Note

Bibliografie

 Wilhelm W. Hemecker: '... als eine Art von Testament'. Heinz Politzers Freud-Projekt. In: Heinz Politzer: Freud und das Tragische. Hrsg. von Wilhelm W. Hemecker. Edition Gutenberg, Wien 2003, pp. 9–23.
 Lexikon deutsch-jüdischer Autoren. Band 18. De Gruyter, Berlin 2010, pp. 109–118.

Legături externe
  Heinz Politzer în Catalogul Bibliotecii Naționale a Germaniei (Informații despre Heinz Politzer • PICA  • Căutare pe site-ul Apper)
 Vortrag von Heinz Politzer im Onlinearchiv der Österreichischen Mediathek

Nașteri în 1910
Decese în 1978
Critici literari austrieci
Critici literari americani
Scriitori americani

Heinz Politzer


Zenkner ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

Uwe Zenkner (* 1963), deutscher Fußballspieler
Wolfgang Zenkner (* 1954), deutscher Karambolagespieler und Weltmeister im Einband und Dreikampf

Zenkner