The dividend yield or dividend–price ratio of a share is the dividend per share, divided by the price per share. It is also a company's total annual dividend payments divided by its market capitalization, assuming the number of shares is constant. It is often expressed as a percentage.

Dividend yield is used to calculate the earning on investment (shares) considering only the returns in the form of total dividends declared by the company during the year.

Its reciprocal is the price/dividend ratio.

Preferred share dividend yield

Nominal yield
Dividend payments on preferred stocks ("preference shares" in the UK) are set out in the prospectus. The name of the preferred share will typically include its
nominal yield relative to the issue price: for example, a 6% preferred share. However, the dividend may under some circumstances be passed or reduced.

Current yield
The current yield is the ratio of the annual dividend to the current market price, which will vary over time.

Yield to call
Some preferred stock issues are callable at a future date, a feature that provides the issuer an option to buy back the shares, starting at a given future call date, at a given call price.  These factors are stated in the issuing prospectus.  The yield to call figure for such a stock is the effective current yield calculated on the assumption that the issuer will exercise the call contingency immediately on the call date, returning the call price to the share owner.  The yield to call is implicitly a current measure of a future value, accounting for the difference between the call price that will apply in the future versus the current market price.  Since the current market price may be above or below the call price, the yield to call may be below or above the current yield, respectively.

Yield to worst
For callable preferred stocks, the yield to worst is the lesser of the current yield and the yield to call.  Yield to worst represents the minimum of the various yield measures, across the returns resulting from various contingent future events.  This amounts to the worst case outcome from the investor's position.

Preferred issues that are not callable, or whose call date has already arrived, do not have a yield to call or yield to worst. The only present yield measure in such cases is the current yield.

Common share dividend yield
Unlike preferred stock, there is no stipulated dividend for common stock ("ordinary shares" in the UK). Instead, dividends paid to holders of common stock are set by management, usually with regard to the company's earnings. There is no guarantee that future dividends will match past dividends or even be paid at all. The historic yield is calculated using the following formula:

For example, take a company which paid dividends totaling  per share last year and whose shares currently sell for . Its dividend yield would be calculated as follows:

The yield for the S&P 500 is reported this way. US newspaper and web listings of common stocks apply a somewhat different calculation: They report the latest quarterly dividend multiplied by 4, divided by the current price. Others try to estimate the next year's dividend and use it to derive a prospective dividend yield. Such a scheme is used for the calculation of the FTSE UK Dividend+ Index. Estimates of future dividend yields are by definition uncertain.

Trailing dividend yield
Trailing dividend yield gives the dividend percentage paid over a prior period, typically one year. A trailing twelve month dividend yield, denoted as "TTM", includes all dividends paid during the past year in order to calculate the dividend yield. While a trailing dividend can be indicative of future dividends, it can be misleading as it does not account for dividend increases or cuts, nor does it account for a special dividend that may not occur again in the future.

Forward dividend yield
Forward dividend yield is some estimation of the future yield of a stock. This may be an analyst estimate, or just using the company's guidance. For example, if a company has announced a dividend increase, even though nothing has been paid, this may be assumed to be the payment for the next year. Similarly, if a company has said that it will suspend its dividend, the yield would be assumed to be zero.

The calculation is done by taking the first dividend payment and annualizing it and then divide that number by the current stock price.  In other words, if the first quarterly dividend was  and the current stock price was  the forward dividend yield would be .

The trailing dividend yield is done in reverse by taking the last dividend annualized divided by the current stock price.

Related measures
The reciprocal of the dividend yield is the price/dividend ratio.
The dividend yield is related to the earnings yield via:
 earnings yield = dividend yield · dividend cover, and
 dividend yield = earnings yield · dividend payout ratio.

Desirability
Historically, a higher dividend yield has been considered to be desirable among many investors. A high dividend yield can be considered to be evidence that a stock is underpriced or that the company has fallen on hard times and future dividends will not be as high as previous ones.  Similarly a low dividend yield can be considered evidence that the stock is overpriced or that future dividends might be higher. Some investors may find a higher dividend yield attractive, for instance as an aid to marketing a fund to retail investors, or maybe because they cannot get their hands on the capital, which may be tied up in a trust arrangement. In contrast some investors may find a higher dividend yield unattractive, perhaps because it increases their tax bill.

Dividend yield fell out of favor somewhat during the 1990s because of an increasing emphasis on price appreciation over dividends as the main form of return on investments.

The importance of the dividend yield in determining investment strength is still a debated topic; most recently, Foye and Valentincic (2017) suggest that high dividend yield stocks tend to outperform. The persistent historic low in the Dow Jones dividend yield during the early 21st century is considered by some investors as indicative that the market is still overvalued.

Dow Industrials
The dividend yield of the Dow Jones Industrial Average, which is obtained from the annual dividends of all 30 companies in the average divided by their cumulative stock price, has also been considered to be an important indicator of the strength of the U.S. stock market. Historically, the Dow Jones dividend yield has fluctuated between 3.2% (during market highs, for example in 1929) and around 8.0% (during typical market lows). The highest ever Dow Jones dividend yield occurred in 1932 when it yielded over 15%, which was years after the famous stock market collapse of 1929, when it yielded only 3.1%.

With the decreased emphasis on dividends since the mid-1990s, the Dow Jones dividend yield has fallen well below its historical low-water mark of 3.2% and reached as low as 1.4% during the stock market peak of 2000.

The Dogs of the Dow is a popular investment strategy which invests in the ten highest dividend yield Dow stocks at the beginning of each calendar year.

S&P 500
In 1982 the dividend yield on the S&P 500 Index reached 6.7%. Over the following 16 years, the dividend yield declined to just a percentage value of 1.4% during 1998, because stock prices increased faster than dividend payments from earnings, and public company earnings increased slower than stock prices. During the 20th century, the highest growth rates for earnings and dividends over any 30-year period were 6.3% annually for dividends, and 7.8% for earnings.

Yield on cost
Yield is sometimes computed based on the amount paid for a stock. For example, if stock X was bought for , it split 2:1 three times (resulting in 8 total shares), it is now trading for  ( for 8 shares), and it pays a dividend of , then the yield on cost is 80% (8 shares ×  =  paid over $20 invested -> 16/20 = 0.8). The yield with the current price is 4% ( over $50 share price -> 2/50 = 0.04).

See also
Cost of capital
Dividend payout ratio
Earnings yield
Liquidating dividend
P/E ratio

Lists
List of finance topics

References

External links
Understanding dividend yields by Investopedia.
Dividend Yields by Yahoo Education Center.
Dividend Yield Calculator

Further reading
 Cohen, R.D. (2002, November) "The Relationship Between the Equity Risk Premium, Duration and Dividend Yield" Wilmott Magazine, pp 84–97.

Yield
Financial ratios

Dividend yield


Kuglački klub Brotnjo Čitluk, kuglački klub iz Čitluka, Bosna i Hercegovina. Premijerligaš BiH.

Povijest
Kuglanje u Čitluku ima dugu tradiciju. Nakon što je u hotelu Brotnjo izgrađena kuglana, 1975. je godine osnovan Kuglački klub imena Brotnjo, ujedno drugi klub osnovan na području općine Čitluka.

Ovaj klub osnovan je 2006. godine. Višegodišnji športski djelatnik Brotnja Zoran Marjanović dao je zamisao za osnivanjem kluba. Klub je postupno napredovao ka planiranom cilju, ulazak u najviši razred natjecanja. Natjecali su se četiri sezone u Prvoj ligi Federacije BiH i 2010. godine su ušli u Premijer ligu BiH te tako postali drugi klub iz Brotnja koji se natječe u najvišem rangu natjecanja, uz Kuglački klub Međugorje-Brotnjo Čitluk.

Izvori

Hrvatski šport u Bosni i Hercegovini
Čitluk
Čitluk

Kuglački klub Brotnjo Čitluk


විශ්වය පිළිබඳ පරික්‍ෂාකර බැලිය හැකි, විස්තර කිිරීම් සහ අනාවැකි පලකල හැකි ආකාරයේ වන්නාවූ දැණුම බිහිකරණ සහ සංවිධිත කරණ සහ ක්‍රමවත් කර්තව්‍යය නවීන විද්‍යාව හෙවත් බටහිර විද්‍යාව නම්වේ. විද්‍යාව යනු භෞතික විද්‍යාව, රසායන විද්‍යාව, ජීව විද්‍යාව හා තාරකා විද්‍යාව වැනි විෂය ක්ෂේත්‍ර වල එකතුවකි.

නවීන විද්‍යාව හෙවත් බටහිර විද්‍යාව යනු සාක්ෂි සහිතව ගොඩනැගූ/ගොඩනගන ඕනෑම දැනුම් සම්භාරයක එකතුවකි. එනම් විද්‍යාව සෑදී ඇත්තේ ග්‍රහණය කරගත හැකි කරුණු සහ පරීක්ෂණ මත පදනම් වීමෙනි. සයන්රී යන ලතින් වචනයෙන් සයන්ස් යන වචනය බිහිවිය. එහි අරුථ බුද්ධිය යන්නයි. සයන්ස් හෙවත් විද්‍යාව යන්න මේ විශ්වය කෙසේ ක්‍රියා කරන්නේද? යන්න පැවසීමයි. එසේත් නැත්නම් විශ්වය පිලිබදව කරන ගවේශණයෙන් ලබාගන්නා දැනුමයි. විද්‍යාත්මක දැනුම රැස් කිරීමේදි පිලිපදින්නේ විද්‍යාත්මක ක්‍රමයයි.

විද්‍යාව මූලික වශයෙන් කොටස් දෙකකට බෙදා වෙන්කරයි. එනම්,
ඔප්පු කරනලද විද්‍යාව
උපකල්පන විද්‍යාව

විද්‍යාත්මක උපකරන උපයෝගි කරගෙන පරියේෂණ මගින් ඔප්පුකරගත් දෑ පලමු වර්ගයට අයත් වේ. උපකල්පන විද්‍යාව යන්න ඔප්පු කරන ලද දෑ නොවේ. ඒවා උපකල්පනයන් පමණි. මේවා කාලයත් සමග සත්‍ය වීමටද හැක, අසත්‍ය වීමටද හැක. උදාහරණයක් මෙම පෘථිවිය ගෝලාකාරයි යන්න ඔප්පුකල දෙයකි එය පලමු වර්ගයට අයත්වේ. මෙම විශ්වය බිහිවුයේ කෙසේද? එහි වයස කීයද? යන්න පැවසීම ඔප්පුකල දෙයක් නොවේ විශ්වයේ බිහිවීම පිලිබදව පැවසීමේදී. ආරම්භයේ නෙබියුලා "Nebulae" යයි පවසන ආකාරයේ පැවතී වස්තුව පිපිරීම නිසා තරු බිහිවු බවත්, එම තරු පිපිරීමෙන් ග්‍රහ වස්තු බිහිවු බවත්, එම ග්‍රහයේ උපග්‍රහයන් වන චන්ද්‍රයන් බිහිවු බවත්, පවසන ලදී. පසුව මෙය සම්පුර්ණයෙන් වැරදි බවත් ග්‍රහයින් සුර්යයා ඇති නොවු බවත් සුර්යයාත්, ග්‍රහයිනුත්, චන්ද්‍රයාත් සහා අනිකුත් ග්‍රහ වස්තුන් සියල්ල එකවිට ඇතිවු බව පවසන ලදී. මෑතක් වනතුරු පැවසුවේ ″විශ්වය සදාකල් පැවතුනු බවත් ඉදිරියටත් එසේම සදාකල් පවතින බවත්ය″ මෙය නොසැලෙන අවස්ථාවාදය "Steady state theory" නමින් හැදින්විය. පසුව එය ප්‍රතික්‍ෂේප කොට මහා පිපිරුම් වාදය "Big bang theory" ඉදිරිපත් කරන ලදී. මේ වනතුරු මෙම වාදයන් ඔප්පුකොට නැත. මේවා උපකල්පනයන් පමණි. මෙය දෙවනි වර්ගයට අයත්වේ.

විද්‍යාවේ ඉතිහාසය

විද්‍යාව යන යෙදුම
Science යන ඉංග්‍රීසි වචනයේ සිංහල පරිවර්තනය ලෙස ක්‍රි.ව. 1850 පමන සිට සිංහල වචනය ලෙස නවීන විද්‍යාව යන්න යොදා ගැනිනි. පසුව ක්‍රමයෙන් නවීන යන්න යෙදීම අඩුවිය. විද්‍යව හෙවත් විජ්ජා යන්නට  බුදු දහමේ සහ නිවැරදි සිංහල තේරුම එයින් විකෘති විය. Science යන වචන‍යේ නිවැරදි පරිවර්තනය වේද විය යුතුව තිබුනු බව සමහර වියතුන් සඳහන් කරයි. මෙම ගැටළුව නිරාකරණය පිණිස සයන්ස් හෝ බටහිර-විද්‍යාව යන යෙදුම් මෙහි භාවිතා කෙරේ

=සයන්ස් යන යෙදුම

විද්‍යාත්මක ක්‍රමය

විද්‍යාත්මක ක්‍රමය (හෙවත් නවීන විද්‍යාත්මක ක්‍රමය) යනු පවතින දැනුමක් නිවැරදි කිරීම, පවතින දැනුම ඒකාබද්ධ කිරීම හෝ නව දැනුම නිර්මාණය කිරීම පිණිස යම් සංසිද්ධියක් විමර්ෂණය කිරීම පිණිස යොදාගන්නා නවීන විද්‍යාත්මක ශිල්පක්‍රම වල එකතුවයි. ගැටළුව හොඳින් සොයා බලලා නිසි පදනමක් ඇතිව, තාර්කිකව පිළිතුරක් ලබාගන්න ක්‍රමයකි. බොහොමයක් විද්‍යාත්මක පරීක්ෂණ වලට භාවිතා කරනු ලබන්නේ මේ ක්‍රමයයි. විද්‍යාත්මක ක්‍රමය යම් ගැටළුවක් තාර්කිකව විසඳා ගැනීමටත් නිරවද්‍යතාවයෙන් ඉහළ පිළිතුරු ලබාගැනීමටත් ඉතා හොඳ දර්ශකයකි. ගැටළුව විසඳා ගැනීමේදී අනුගමනය කල යුතු ක්‍රියා මාර්ග විද්‍යාත්මක ක්‍රමය මගින් පියවරින් පියවර සපයනු ලැබේ.

විද්‍යාවේ දර්ශනය

විද්‍යාත්මක ප්‍රජාව

ක්ෂේත්‍ර

ආයතන

ආශ්‍රිත

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 නවීන විද්‍යාත්මක ක්‍රමය
 නවීන විද්‍යාවට අනුකූල නොවන දැණුම සහ ශිල්ප

බාහිර සබැඳි

විද්‍යාව

නවීන විද්‍යාව


Willamette ist der Name eines Meteoriten, dessen Fund im US-amerikanischen Staate Oregon behördlich mit dem Jahre 1902 angegeben wird. Er ging jedoch schon mehrere tausend Jahre zuvor auf die Erde nieder.

Merkmale
 Der Willamette-Meteorit ist als Eisenmeteorit der Klasse IIIAB klassifiziert, als Mittlerer Oktaedrite (Om).

Whitefield fand 91,46 % Eisen, 8,30 % Nickel. Dawson hingegen 91,66 % Eisen, 7,88 % Nickel, 0,21 % Kobalt, 0,09 % Phosphor. Die Dichte beträgt 7,7 g/cm³.

Mit der Größe eines Kleinwagens – die Länge beträgt 3 m, die Breite 2,16 m, die Höhe 1,26 m – ist der Willamette der größte Meteorit, der bisher in den USA gefunden wurde und galt zum Zeitpunkt seiner Auffindung als drittgrößter der Welt, heute als sechstgrößter. Er hat ein Gewicht von 15,5 t. Es wurde errechnet, das bis zu 6 t des Meteoriten durch Wettereinflüsse im Laufe der vergangenen 13.000 Jahre abgetragen wurden. Das würde ein Originalgewicht von 21 t ergeben. Wissenschaftler vermuten, dass er aus dem Asteroiden-Gürtel zwischen Mars und Jupiter stammt und ein Teil des Eisenkerns eines Planeten war, der mit einem anderen Himmelskörper vor Milliarden Jahren kollidierte.

Bezeichnend für sein Aussehen ist die konische Form und die stark löchrige Oberfläche, mit Aushöhlungen bis zu 50 cm Tiefe. Die großen Aushöhlungen an der flachen Seite des Meteoriten wurden nicht im All, sondern erst auf der Erde durch Witterungseinflüsse geformt. Sie entstanden durch die chemische Reaktion von Regenwasser mit den Eisensulfiden des Gesteins, wodurch eine schwache Schwefelsäure entstand. Die Ätzung dieser Säure, ein extrem langsamer Prozess, zersetzte das Metall und schuf die Hohlräume, die heute zu sehen sind. John Wasson, Experte für Eisenmeteoriten an der UCLA, schrieb zu den ungewöhnlichen Blasen am Rande eines Einschlusses: "Diese Blasenbildung ist faszinierend. Wir können uns nicht daran erinnern, je so kantige Eisensulfid Segmente in einer Gesteinsschmelzung gesehen zu haben."

Fundort
 Der Meteorit wurde im Jahre 1902 von Ellis Hughes entdeckt, am östlichen Ende des Tualatin Valley, ca. 3 km nordwestlich des Ortes West Linn, Oregon. Der Fundort wird im Katalog der Meteoriten mit folgenden Daten geführt: 45° 22'N, 122° 35'W.

Untersuchungen weisen jedoch darauf hin, dass er nicht dort niedergegangen ist, sondern im Gebiet des heutigen Kanada. Gletschereis, das die nordamerikanische Landschaft vor ca. 15.000 Jahren prägte, transportierte den Meteoriten bis in das heutige Willamette Valley. Seine Spitze war etwa 1 m im Erdboden vergraben, die gegenüberliegende Seite lag fast parallel zur Erdoberfläche. Das umliegende Erdreich war mit Nickel angereichert.

Besitzverhältnisse
Zur Enttäuschung des Finders wurde der Besitz des Meteoriten zunächst der Oregon Iron and Steel Company zugesprochen, auf deren Land er gefunden wurde. Seit 1905 wurde er öffentlich ausgestellt. 1906 wurde er für 20.600 US-$ von Mrs. William Dodge gekauft und an das American Museum of Natural History gespendet, wo er seit dem 7. Juni 1906 zu besichtigen ist. Der Kaufpreis war damals der höchste, der jemals für ein einzelnes Objekt des Museums ausgegeben wurde.

Die Clackamas-Indianer, die das Gebiet des Willamette Valley bewohnten, bevor die ersten europäischen Siedler kamen, gaben dem Stein den Namen Tomanowos. Sie schrieben ihm göttliche und heilende Kräfte zu, und sahen ihn als Verbindung zwischen Himmel, Erde und Wasser. Darauf aufbauende spirituelle Traditionen haben bis heute Bestand. 1990 zog die Vereinigung der Ureinwohner vor Gericht, um ihre Besitzansprüche am Meteoriten geltend zu machen. Im Jahre 2000 unterzeichneten das Museum und die Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon eine Vereinbarung. Sie legt fest, dass der Meteorit für wissenschaftliche Zwecke im Museum verbleibt, der Stamm jedoch für religiöse, geschichtliche und kulturelle Zwecke Zugang erhält. Sollte das Museum den Willamette-Meteoriten langfristig nicht mehr ausstellen, fällt er der Grand Ronde Community zu.

1998 tauschte das Museum das Kronenstück des Meteoriten gegen ein Stück Marsgestein eines privaten Sammlers ein. Für den neuen Besitzer aus New York ein lohnendes Geschäft: Kurzerhand schnitt er eine dünne Scheibe von dem Meteoriten-Stück ab. Die nur 100 Gramm schwere Scheibe erzielte einen Preis von rund 13.000 Euro. Deren Käufer bot wiederum Mini-Stücke des Meteoriten zum Kauf an. Nachfahren der Clackamas-Indianer protestierten gegen den Astro-Kommerz.

Weblinks

 Der Willamette-Meteorit als Bild des Tages, abgerufen am 8. November 2017 (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Meteorit
Kultstein

Willamette (Meteorit)


Yapısalcılık, 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında dil, kültür, matematik felsefesi ve toplumun analizinde en fazla kullanılan yaklaşım olmuştur. Yapısalcılığın çok belirgin bir okulu olmamasına rağmen Ferdinand de Saussure'ün çalışmaları genellikle bir başlangıç noktası olarak kabul edilir. Yapısalcılığı birçok çeşitlemesi olan genel bir yaklaşım olarak görmek en doğrusudur.

Yapısalcılık temelde büyük yapılar, sistemler ve oluşumlarla ilgilidir. Yapısalcı hareket çerçevesinde insan davranışları ve olgular bu büyük sistem ve yapılar aracığıyla (örneğin: psikanaliz, marksizm, darvinizm) incelenmeye ve açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Yapısalcılığın en etkili olduğu alanlar dilbilim, göstergebilim ve antropoloji olmuştur.

Yapısalcılık bir kültürde anlamı ortaya çıkaran alt birimler arasındaki ilişkileri inceler.  Yapısalcılığın ikinci bir kullanımı matematik felsefesinde ortaya çıkmıştır. Yapısalcılık teorisine göre bir kültürdeki mana (anlam) önem sistemleri olarak çalışan çeşitli pratikler, olgular ve aktivitelerle tekrar ve tekrar üretilir. Bir yapısalcı, bir kültürde üretilen ve tekrar üretilen anlamın derin yapılarını keşfedebilmek için yemek hazırlanması ve sunulması ritüelleri, dini ayinler, oyunlar, edebi ve edebi olmayan yazılar ve diğer eğlence formları gibi çok geniş bir aktivite çeşidini çalışır. Örneğin, yapısalcılığın öncülerinden kültür antropoloğu ve etnograf Claude Levi-Strauss kültür olgusunu mitoloji, akrabalık ve yemek hazırlamasını içine alacak şekilde analiz etmiştir.

Jean Piaget'e göre

Dilbilim modeli

Saussure, dilbilime bilimsel bir statü kazandırmaya özen göstererek, dil kavramına ilişkin anlam belirsizliğini gidermek için bir terminoloji belirlemişti. Gerçekten de ondan önce dil, ifade ve söz yazardan yazara değişen özelliklerde kullanılıyordu. Bu da gerçek dilbilim teorisinin oluşturulmasını imkânsız kılan bir terminoloji belirsizliğini doğuruyordu. Dildeki altyapının temel birimleri kelimelerdir ve dönemindeki pek çok dilbilimcinin aksine dilin temel birimi olarak sesleri ve harfleri dikkate almamıştır. Çünkü yapısalcılık açısından alt birimlerin yapı için (felsefi açıdan) anlamlı olmaları gerekir.

Dilin tanımı
Ferdinand Saussure dili toplumsal olgu olarak görür. Dil bilim temelli Yapısalcılığa göre; gerçeklik bizden bağımsız değil,dil yapısı içinde içkindir. Gerçeklikle ilgili her şey tamamiyle söylem içinde inşa edilir. Ontolojik anlamda farkı,gerçeklik dışarıda nesnelerde değildir,dil içinde söylemlerde saklıdır. Dilin yapısı bizi sınırlandırır,dilsiz hiçbir gerçeklik mümkün olamaz. Ağacı anlamlı kılan ağaç olmayan şeylerdir. Her şey dil içindeki karşıtlarıyla anlamlı kılınır. Saussere'e göre 'dil bireydeki konuşma yetisinin kullanılabilmesi için, toplumsal yapı aracılığıyla kabul edilmesi gereken anlaşma ve uyuşmalar bütünüdür. Konuşma yetisi dilden ayrı bir olgudur ama dil olmadan kendini gösteremez.' Dil nedir? Bir öğesindeki değişimin bütününde değişim yarattığı ve öğelerden her birinin diğerinin tümünün değerinin fonksiyonu olduğu bir işaretler sistemidir. Her öğe, kendini diğerlerinin karşısına koyan bu ilişkilerden kendi özdeşliğini kazanır. Saussure'ün yazdığına göre dilin 'en belirleyici niteliği, diğerlerinin olmadığı şey olmasıdır.' Böylece sintagmatik (başka herhangi bir birimle birlikte tasarlanmayacak olan) birime ilişkin bir eksene göre yatay olarak paradigmatik (kendinden farklı, ama yine de bir arada düşünülebilen diğer terimler bütünü için temel oluşturan terime ilişkin) bir eksene göre dikey olarak eklemlenen bir 'söylem zinciri' elde edilir. Sintagmatik grup ve paradigmatik birleşimler, yapısal çözümleme aracılığıyla sürekli olarak kullanılacaktır.

Dili oluşturan ayrımsal öğelerin sesbilim açısından çözümlenmesi
Dilin sistemini oluşturan öğeler, gösteren ve gösterilenden veya bir akustik imge ve bir kavramdan ibaret işaretlerdir. Jakobson'un buna katkısı, ikili olarak ortaya çıkan ona göre tüm dillerde bulunan bir akustik(ses bilgisi) veya fonem imgeleriyle, ayrıcı işlevleri üzerinde durarak, dilbilimsel bakış açısına uygun olarak Saussure'ün olanaksız bulduğu şekilde ilgilenmiş olmasıdır. 'Salt boş ayrım çizgileri' olarak tanımlanan fenomenler, bir sistem içindeki karşıtlıkları ve bilinç dışındaki
etkileriyle bu işlevi yerine getirirler.

Yapı kavramı
Jakobson'a göre Saussure'ün büyük yeteneği 'dışa bağlı bir verinin bilinç dışında var olduğunu tam anlamıyla kavramış olmasıdır'. Lévi-Strauss da şöyle demiştir: Gerçekte bu ancak dilin, diğer her toplumsal kurum gibi fenomenlerin sürekliliğinin ve düzenleyici ilkelerin süreksizliğinin ötesinde ulaşmaya kalkışılan, bilinçsiz düzeyde işleyen zihin işlevlerini varsaydığının anlaşılmasına bağlıdır. Yapının şu özellikleri buradan kaynaklanır. İlişki, anlamlarını sistem içindeki konumlarından alan öğeler üzerine kuruludur. Her yapı mediatristir ve dilin aracı olduğu simgesel düzene aittir. Sonuç olarak yapının ayrıştırıcı kapasitesi, bilinçdışı düzeyinde gerçekleşir. Böylece özneler bir bütün olarak ele alındığında, kendilerini aşan ve onları isteyen çalışan üreten vs. özneler olarak niteleyerek, onlardaki durumu belirleyen aynı zamanda bir ilişkiler ağı içinde olması gereken varlıklardır.

Psikoloji biliminde Yapısalcılık
Psikoloji biliminde yapısalcılar zihnin yapısını konu edinirler. Psikoloji'de yapısalcılar zihni bütün olarak incelemezler ve küçük parçalara ayırarak incelemeyi tercih ederler. Psikoloji'de yapısalcılık atomcu görüş olarak da bilinir. Gestalt yaklaşımı Psikoloji'de olan yapısalcılığa birebir zıttır. Ayrıca davranışçı yaklaşımı benimseyenler yapısalcı yaklaşımı nesnel olmamakla itham ederler. Psikoloji biliminde yapısalcı yaklaşımın en önemli temsilcileri W. Wundt ve Titchener'dir.

Konuyla İlgili Türkçe Kaynaklar

 FOUCAULT, Michel (2001), Yapısalcılık ve Post Yapısalcılık, Birey Yayınları.
 PIAGET, Jean (2008), Yapısalcılık, Doruk Yayınları.
 VARDAR, Berke (2002), Dilbilimden Yaşama: Yapısalcılık, Multilingual Yabancı Dil Yayınları.
 YÜCEL, Tahsin (1999), Yapısalcılık, İstanbul, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, (ilk baskı 1982).

Kaynakça
 Piaget, J., "Yapısalcılık", Doruk Yayınları, Ankara 1999, sayfa 129
 Final Yayınları Felsefe Grubu Konu Anlatım Kitabı s. 127

Yapısalcılık


Goldie Hill (11 de enero de 1933 - 24 de febrero de 2005), nacida con el nombre de Argolda Voncile Hill, fue una cantante estadounidense de música country. Hill fue tanto una de las primeras mujeres del género como en conseguir un número 1 en las listas con su I Let the Stars Get In My Eyes.

Junto con Kitty Wells, estableció el estándar musical para futuras mujeres de la country music como Patsy Cline, Skeeter Davis, Loretta Lynn y Dolly Parton.

Discografía

Álbumes

Sencillos

Bibliografía
 Country Music:The Rough Guide, Author: Kurt Wolff

Enlaces externos
 CMT.com: Goldie Hill
 Goldie Hill Dies at Age 72 at Nucountry.com

Fallecidos por cáncer en Tennessee
Cantantes femeninas de Estados Unidos
Cantantes de country
Cantantes de Texas
Guitarristas de Estados Unidos

Goldie Hill


The Boykos (; ; ; ), or simply Highlanders (верховинці, verkhovyntsi or ґоралы, g̀oraly), are an ethnolinguistic sub-group of Rusyns, located in the Carpathian Mountains of Ukraine, Slovakia, Hungary, and Poland. Within Ukraine, the Boykos and other Rusyns are seen as a sub-group of ethnic Ukrainians. Along with the neighboring Lemkos and Hutsuls, the Boykos speak a dialect of the Ukrainian or Rusyn language, depending on their location. Boykos differ from their neighbors in dialect, dress, folk architecture, and customs.

Etymology

Regarding the origin of the name Boyko there exist several etymological hypotheses, but it is generally considered, as explained by priest Joseph Levytsky in his Hramatyka (1831), that it derives from the particle . Specifically, it derives from the exclamation "бой!, бойє!" (< bo-i-je >), meaning "it is really so!", which is often used by the population. The 19th-century scholar Pavel Jozef Šafárik, with whom Franjo Rački and Henry Hoyle Howorth agreed, argued a direct connection of the Boykos with the region of Boiki mentioned in the 10th century De Administrando Imperio, but this thesis is outdated and rejected, as most scholars, Mykhailo Hrushevsky among them, already dismissed it in the 19th century because Boiki is a clear reference to Bohemia, which in turn derives from the Celtic tribe of Boii. The derivation from Boii, is also disputed because there is not enough evidence. They are also called Vrchovints (Highlanders). As in the case of Hutsuls and Lemkos, they are recorded in historical and ethnographic sources since the 18th and 19th century.

Some people otherwise identifiable as Boykos regard that name as derogatory and call themselves highlanders (verkhovyntsi).

Origin

Boykos are considered one of the descendants of East Slavic tribes, specifically White Croats who lived in the region, possibly also Ulichs who arrived from the East, and partly Vlach shepherds who later immigrated from Transylvania.

Demography
In the region inhabited by Boykos, named Boikivshchyna, there lived up to 400,000 people of whom most were Boykos. They also lived in Sanok, Lesko and Przemyśl County of the Podkarpackie Voivodeship in Poland, before the forced relocation in 1947. In commemoration of Boykos, Ukraine's national parliament, the Verkhovna Rada, in 2016 renamed Telmanove Raion into Boykivske Raion where Boykos were deported from Czarna, Bieszczady County (today in Poland) after the 1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange. It is estimated from the evidence available that in 1970 there lived 230,000 people of Boyko origin.

In Ukraine, the classification of Boykos and other Rusyns as an ethnicity distinct from Ukrainians is controversial. The deprecated and archaic term Ruthenian, while also derived from Rus', is ambiguous, as it technically may refer to Rusyns and Ukrainians, as well as Belarusians and in some cases Russians, depending on the historical period. According to the 2001 Ukraine census, only 131 people identified themselves as Boykos, separate from Ukrainians. This is also on top of many attempts within the USSR and modern day Ukraine to assimilate the Rusyn people into the modern Ukraine state. In the Polish census of 2011, 258 people stated Boyko as a national-ethnic identity, with 14 of those people listing it as their only national-ethnic identity.

Location
Poland: southeasternmost part of Poland (Podkarpackie Voivodeship).
Ukraine: central and western half of the Carpathians in Ukraine across such regions as the southern Lviv Oblast (Stryi, Drohobych, and Sambir Raions), western Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast (Kalush Raion) and parts of the northeastern Zakarpattia Oblast (Mizhhiria Raion)
Northeast Slovakia

To the west of Boykos live Lemkos, east or southeast Hutsuls, northward Dnistrov'yans, Opolyans.

Religion
Most Boykos belong to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, with a minority belonging to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. The distinctive wooden church architecture of the Boyko region is a three-domed church, with the domes arranged in one line, and the middle dome slightly larger than the others.

Notable people
Yuriy Drohobych (1450–1494), first doctor of medicine in Ukraine, rector of the University of Bologna (1481–1482), professor at Jagiellonian University (1488).
Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny (1582–1622), Ukrainian political and civic leader, Hetman of Ukrainian Zaporozhian Cossacks (1616–1622).
Ivan Franko (1856–1916), Ukrainian poet, writer and political activist.

See also
Rusyns
Ruthenians
Ukrainians
Boyko Surname

References

External links

Anatoliy Ponomariov. "Ethnic groups of Ukrainians" (in Ukrainian). Available online.
Nakonechny, Ye. "How Ruthenians became Ukrainians", Zerkalo Nedeli (the Mirror Weekly), July, 2005. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
Short photo essay about contemporary Boiko life.
 Romaniuk, K. Characteristics of Boikos dialect use in Kherson region in the mid 20th century. "Domiv". 8 March 2016.

Slavic ethnic groups
Slavic highlanders
Carpathians
Ethnic groups in Ukraine

Boykos


Danyang (en coreano:단양군, Romanización revisada:dan-yang-gun,léase:Daniáng) es un condado de la provincia de Chungcheong del Norte al centro-norte de la república de Corea del Sur. Está ubicada al suroeste de Seúl a unos 70 km. Su área es de 780.1 km² y su población total es de unos 37.000 (2002).

Administración
El condado de Danyang se divide en 6 municipios (myeon) y 2 villas (eup).

Símbolos
 Flor: la azaleas.
 Árbol: El tejo.
 Animal: El Pica pica.

Geografía
El área del condado Danyang es montaña (83.7%) y solo el (11.2%) es de cultivos. Su terreno es muy escarpado, con excepción en algunas poblaciones. El principal sistema de agua potable es el rio Namhan que es tributario del Río Han. El rio Pyeongchang nace aguas arriba en la montaña Odaesan de 1.500 m aporta suministro.

Clima
El condado de Danyang se ubica en un área montañosa y su clima sufre de drásticas variaciones. La temperatura media anual es de 11C, siendo 17.8C la más alta y 5.5C la más baja. La lluvia en promedio es de 1,195.8mm.

Ciudades hermanas
 Distrito Songpa, Seúl.
 Distrito Eunpyeong-gu, Seúl.
 Distrito Gyeyang, Incheon.
 Boryeong.
 Icheon.
 Guri.
 Antu, Prefectura autónoma coreana de Yanbian.
 Danyang, Zhenjiang.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Danyang.com

Condados de Chungcheong del Norte

Condado de Danyang


Gospa Gradovrška, Crna Gospa ili Radosna Gospa je slika Blažene Djevice Marije.

Potječe iz franjevačkog samostana u Zvorniku. Kad su Osmanlije u doba namjesništva Gazi Husrev-bega iskorjenivale katolike u Usori i Soli, spalile su samostan u Zvorniku, a franjevce protjerali. Sa sobom su protjerani franjevci ponijeli Gospinu sliku. Dok su bježali, zaustavio ih je jedan turski vojnik. Htio je vidjeti što to nose. Pokazali su mu sliku, a Turčin koji je bio na konju, kopljem je udario u sliku, a iz slike je potekla krv. Prema legendi, Turčin je pao s konja u provaliju i završio u Drini. Prema legendi, na tom se mjestu za svih većih Gospinih svetkovina u valovima rijeke Drine pojavljivalo tijelo Turčina koji je oskvrnuo sliku.

Slika je odnesena u Franjevački samostan Gradovrh gdje je bila čuvana. Gradovrh je postao mjesto gdje se u tajnosti hodočastilo Gospinoj slici i grobu franjevca Petra Soljanina.

Danas se u franjevačkom samostanu u Baču čuva slika Crne ili Radosne Gospe, za koju se vjeruje da je gradovrška. Kroz druga istraživanja, Gospina slika je naslikana mnogo kasnije, iz 1685. godine. U jeku Bečkog rata, franjevci su 1688. prisilno napustili Gradovrh i preselili se u Bač, a njihov se novi samostan sve do 1705. godine nazivao gradovrškim.

Izvori

Marija u umjetnosti
Katoličanstvo u Bosni i Hercegovini
Kultura Hrvata Bosne i Hercegovine

Gospa Gradovrška


The Citroën XM is a front-engine, front-drive, five-passenger, five-door hatchback noted for its hydropneumatic suspension. Manufactured and marketed by Citroën from 1989 to 2000, with a minor facelift in 1994, XM production reached 333,405 over the course of 11 years.

The XM was voted 1990 European Car of the Year.

History
Launched on 23 May 1989, the XM was the company's flagship saloon, replacing the Citroën CX. It went on sale in its native France immediately afterwards, and was available in right-hand drive on the UK market from October 1989.

The CX Break and Familiale remained in production until the spring of 1991, when the XM Estate launched.

The XM did not enjoy the commercial success of its predecessors, the CX and the DS, which each raised the bar of automotive performance for other manufacturers.

Total sales of the XM reached 330,000 in 11 years, and the XM's replacement, the Citroën C6, was launched at the end of 2005. By the second half of the 1990s, sales were in sharp decline, and Citroën ended production in 2000.

In 2021, the company ceded use of the name to BMW for their BMW XM SUV.

Design advances
The XM offered active electronic management of its suspension; a partially galvanised body shell and the option of a 3.0 L V6 engine –  the first V6 in a Citroën since the Maserati-engined SM ended production in the mid 1970s.

The XM offered improved ventilation and rear accommodation, in width, legroom and height. In particular the rear passengers were seated higher than those in the front in order to afford a good view. The XM shared a floorpan with the Peugeot 605, and the two models fared similarly in both teething problems and market acceptance.

Competition
XM was intended to compete against prestige vehicles like the Mercedes-Benz W124, Audi 100 and BMW's 5 Series in a sector that accounted for 14.2% of the European market. It also competed with cars from mainstream brands including the Ford Scorpio and Opel Omega. Citroën was quoted as saying that the car was supposed to "take what Citroën means and make it acceptable". The car's initial reception was positive. Some six months after its launch, The XM won the prestigious European Car of the Year award for 1990 (gaining almost twice as many votes as the second, the Mercedes-Benz SL) and went on to win a further 14 major awards within a year of its launch.

The anticipated annual sales of 450 cars a day in the first full year of production, or 160,000 units a year, never materialized. Sales never reached this ambitious level (higher than even its popular predecessor) for a variety of reasons. Like the CX, the XM did not have the worldwide distribution of competitors from BMW, Audi, and Mercedes-Benz. Also, it was launched only a year before a major global recession began, impacting negatively on car sales across the world; a notable example being the UK, where more than 2.3 million new cars were registered in 1989, but that figure fell to less than 1.6 million in 1991 (a drop of more than 30% in just two years). In Japan the XM was sold through Mazda's Eunos dealership chain, part of an effort to minimize the appearance of Japan's automobile market being closed to imports. It was also offered by Citroën's traditional importer Seibu Motor, who kept selling the XM by themselves after the Eunos brand was discontinued in 1996.

The market for executive cars made by volume manufacturers (Ford, Opel, etc.) was on the verge of decline as customers opted for offerings from more prestigious marques, a trend which saw Ford pull out of this market sector in 1998 and Opel in 2003. Customers were placing a higher priority on speed and handling rather than ride comfort which was Citroën's specialty. The XM was underdeveloped at launch which resulted in reliability problems; the vehicle as designed was inconsistent in its abilities. The XM's styling was also controversial and alienated those who desired a more conventional three box sedan. Peugeot introduced an XM competitor, the very similar Peugeot 605 that also sold weakly. Most subjective of all was the matter of the XM not living up to the expectations created by its forerunner the Citroën DS, despite that car having been launched in an era of national markets, of different demands and standards, an era when there was more scope for large advances in engineering and design than were possible in 1989.

Export markets experienced lower sales from the outset, partly due to the XM's pricing. The least expensive XM was nearly 50% more expensive at the time of launch than the corresponding CX. Whilst strong at first home market sales also declined, after the mechanical issues of the first few model years became known.

By early 1993, the XM was viewed as an "underachiever". Initial sales in the UK were at 3,500 units a year, making it Citroën's weakest seller. The 2.0-litre petrol engined variants were viewed as being the least competitive. As a result, Citroën restructured the range such that all but the base model petrols were fitted with low-inertia Garret turbochargers to add an extra . This made the cars more powerful than more expensive competitors such as the Rover 820, Vauxhall Carlton and Ford Granada 2.0 GLX.

After a run of 11 years, production finally ended in June 2000. By 1998, Citroën had confirmed that it would soon be discontinuing the XM and replacing it with an all-new model. At the Geneva Motor Show in March 1999, it unveiled the C6 Lignage concept car, which was scheduled for launch in 2001. In the event, the XM's successor - the C6 - did not go on sale until late 2005 and was even less successful.

Facelift
In mid-1994, the XM received a minor facelift with revisions including a driver's airbag (ending the single-spoke steering wheel), belt-pretensioners, a redesigned dashboard and upper door casings. The suspension was redesigned to reduce roll, pitch and dive and the design incorporated a passive rear-steering system similar to that on the Citroën Xantia. Power on the turbocharged engines increased to  from  at 4400 rpm.

In the United Kingdom, demand slowed significantly by the late 1990s.

Styling

The angular Bertone design was a development of Marcello Gandini's Citroën BX concept. Citroën's design chief, Art Blakeslee, believed "the XM is a modern and dynamic shape, with unique styling elements such as the very long, low hood, the extensive use of glass and the kick-up in the belt line". In the book Citroen XM another Citroën designer, Daniel Abramson, explained: "We lowered the belt line to give the shape a stronger image. It is purely a 'design statement' that is not functional and does nothing for the aerodynamics of the vehicle. We wanted a car that looks good from every angle". Abramson is also reported as saying that they "picked three areas to emphasise: 1) A very aggressive look ("Almost sinister"), 2) Lots of glass to create a greenhouse effect, and 3) An aerodynamic accent based on fact (low drag)".

In 2013 Car magazine described the XM as one of Bertone's seven most significant designs.

Suspension

The hydropneumatic self-leveling suspension used grapefruit-sized metal spheres containing nitrogen acting as both springs and shock absorbers, along with an electronic control system marketed as Hydractive. Sensors in the steering, brakes, suspension, throttle pedal and transmission transmitted car's speed, acceleration, and road conditions to on-board computers to control the ride.

The Hydractive system was somewhat "ahead of the curve" when the car was launched and early versions were sometimes unreliable. Many problems stemmed from the sensitive electronics controlling the car's hydraulic system, often caused by the poor quality of the multipoint grounding blocks – one on each front inner wing, one at the rear, and one under the dashboard. These tended to corrode (especially the ones in the engine compartment), causing all manner of intermittent faults which were hard to diagnose. On later cars, these were changed to screw terminals bolted through the bodywork, and most of the older cars have been modified in a similar way.

When the Hydractive system worked, the result was a big car with a smooth "magic carpet" ride, and better handling than many smaller, lighter, sports cars. When it didn't work, it was quite harsh and bumpy, although no worse than any contemporary high-performance sports sedan. However, right-hand drive XMs were never fitted with the DIRAVI variable fully powered steering of the CX, having an almost conventional DIRASS power-assisted setup.

Although the Hydractive suspension coped superbly with undulations and driving at speed, it could be unexpectedly harsh if a sudden change in road height was encountered at moderate speed - e.g. lateral ridges or speed bumps. Citroën finally addressed this, and for Xantia (which shared the Hydractive system with XM) came up with a modified design of the suspension (centre sphere) regulator valves, which made them immune to hydraulic impulses produced by the road surface, and which could push the older-type valves into Firm mode, just when this wasn't needed. The modified valves were fitted to production Xantias from 8 March 1999 (and were available as replacements), but were not fitted to XM, which was nearing end of production. Interest in these new-type valves has led to a good few XM owners successfully fitting them, and benefiting from a noticeable improvement in smoothness and consistency of ride.

Some production models of the XM were not equipped with the Hydractive system, but had a 'conventional' hydropneumatic suspension closer to that of the Citroën BX. These lower specification vehicles were all built for markets in mainland Europe.

Engines

The XM was fitted with a wide range of gasoline and diesel engines:

*2 In 1991 the Citroën "official" number for 0–100 km/h for XM 3,0 V6.24 was listed as 8.0 s. From 1992 the number was for unknown reasons changed to 8.6 s (documented in sales brochures 1991 to 1994). Similar changes (longer times) was also introduced at the same time for most other motors in the XM.

Being part of the PSA Peugeot-Citroën company, most of these engines were found in contemporary PSA cars, like the Citroën Xantia, Citroën C5, Peugeot 405, Peugeot 406 and Peugeot 605. The ZF 4HP18 automatic transmission – the late V6 had 4HP20 – was used also in Saab 9000, Peugeot 605, Alfa Romeo 164, Lancia Thema and the Fiat Croma.

Dimensions and weights
 Length:  (Berline) or  (Break) or  (1998 V6 Break)
 Width:
 Height:  (most Berline models); some turbo models ;  (1998 V6 Break)
 Wheelbase:
 Ground clearance:
 Weight:  (2.0i Berline) –  (2.0 Turbo Berline) –  (Turbo Break) –  (1990 V6) –  (Turbo 2.5D Break) –  (1998 V6 Break)
 Fuel tank capacity:

Electrical connectors
The XM's reliability became suspect due to a problem with the quality of electrical connector used.

Cost-cutting on the components was needed since the parent company was in financial difficulty at the time of the design of the XM. Between 1980 and 1984 the company lost $1.5 billion.

Poor connections would stop the car, and require extensive investigation by a trained mechanic to repair. This point was driven home in one of the final reviews of 2000, when Richard Bremner's polemical "Parting Shot" essay in Car emphasized these electrical faults. Bremner paid less attention to the remediation of the problem and to the fact that changed market conditions meant demand for the XM was never going to be the same as for its predecessor.

Resale Value
XM suffered from poor resale value, which affected sales of new cars.

Quentin Willson predicted in 1990 that the XM's residuals would be better than the outgoing CX by the end of the car's life, its resale value was far below average, further denting the car's appeal.

By the mid-1990s, it was apparent that the XM's image meant it was less desirable than German products such as the BMW 5 Series. The view of the XM as commercially unsuccessful is reported by Compucars, the used car website, along with numerous other period commentaries.

Differences between 1st and 2nd series
There are a number of visible differences between the first series (May 1989 – May 1994) and second series (June 1994 – June 2000) cars, including:

 In second generation XMs, the Citroën double-chevron logo was moved to the centre of the grille and became larger. It was located off-centre in the first generation cars.
 The "XM" badge on the rear had a more stylised font (like that on the Xantia) and it was moved to the right of the tailgate.
 The second generation cars were fitted with a lower rear spoiler on the tailgate, sitting much closer to the top of the boot.
 The grey/black panel between the leading edge of the windscreen and the rear edge of the bonnet was colour-coded with the body colour. The original colouring was designed to echo the upward kick in the window line behind the rear door. With body coloured plastic this visual relationship became less clear and the "visual mass" of the front of the car increased somewhat. This effect was clearer on light coloured cars where the contrast between the dark areas and light areas was more pronounced.
 The door mirrors were modified to improve the view of the passenger side mirror from the driver's seat. Previously it was slightly obscured by the A-pillar. However, the obscuration only affected the field of view above the road horizon which is relatively less important.

Differences to the interior include:

 A more conventional four-spoke steering wheel including an integrated airbag. The driver airbag was standard on most models and countries, regardless of hand-drive configuration. As a result, the second generation models never had Citroën's distinctive single-spoke wheel. In certain markets (mainly the UK) and for certain models, XMs of the first generation were fitted with a two-spoke wheel after mid-1992.
 A modified instrument panel, to accommodate an optional passenger airbag (standard after December 1995). Also, in 1997, front seat-mounted side airbags were added, which were optional or standard depending on model and market. The design was similar to the Xantia's dashboard.
 The quality of the interior materials was marginally improved, with the leather and the seating being both softer but more supportive.
 The upper part of door trim were redesigned to soften the shape. Series 1 cars had a pronounced chamfer-effect in keeping with the angular theme of the dashboard.
 The driver and all passengers comfort was further enhanced (on Exclusive models) by variable heat seating, rather than as before just "on or off", with a dial switch allowing a heat setting of 1, 2, or 3.

Other major improvements include:

 Better, more reliable electrics and a faster computer system controlling the new Hydractive 2 suspension.
 Some models also received the "Auto Adaptive" gearbox, which supposedly assesses the driver's driving style, then switches to the most appropriate of approximately six onboard programmes. This gearbox was further enhanced by a "Sport" mode button (in addition to the sports button for the suspension), which shortened the gear change times, therefore offering a more responsive experience. The final new upgrade affecting the driving experience saw the introduction of a "Snow Mode" button, located next to the new sport mode button. Although rarely used in some countries, this was a surprisingly effective addition to the driver's arsenal; during any notable falls of snow that may affect the road ahead, a simple push of this button commands the gearbox to only accelerate from 2nd gear and up, and not to rev the engine too high, thus preventing any loss of traction.

In addition, the following changes were made to make the car easier to accept by more mainstream car buyers:

 As a direct consequence of their high pressure hydraulics, early XM brake pedals had very little, if any, travel. Phase 2 XMs had some sponginess deliberately built into the braking system (by inserting a sleeved spring into the pedal linkage) to make their brakes feel more like those on other cars.
 The Phase 2 "Hydractive 2" cars no longer "settled" down to the bottom of their suspension travel after having been parked for a while; this feature was termed "Anti-Sink" by Citroën. Such systems have even more complex hydraulics than 'Sinkers' because of the use of isolating valves and an extra sphere near the rear 'axle'. The hydraulic systems were also a lot quieter when maneuvering; this was due to the changes the "Anti-Sink" system brought. Early cars, 'sinkers', had a single output hydraulic pump which had its output divided into separate circuits, one for the power steering and one for the suspension/brake circuits (power steering needs a large flow rate whereas the suspension/brakes doesn't). The device which does this job is called a FDV (Flow Diverter Value), and this device hisses noticeably when the car is standing still or maneuvering. A slight pull on the steering wheel or a blip of the throttle will stop the hiss for a few seconds or so. Later "Anti-Sink" cars have a dual output pump, referred to as a 6+2 pump due to the number of internal piston chambers. Such cars therefore have no need of the "FDV" and therefore do not hiss.

The DIRAVI functions

A function much missed by Citroën enthusiasts was the "DIRAVI" System, previously present in the SM and CX. This option was only available for the French or LHD Export market and then only on the 3.0 V6 models. The functionality varied from car to car, but simply put the system affects steering control, at lower speeds less steering centering force aids parking and make city driving easier, but at higher speeds the system makes the steering heavier keeping you in a straight line on highways and suppressing the "sneeze" factor inherent to fast steering ratios. Another helpful function of DIRAVI is its ability to return the steering wheel to its central or neutral position when let go by the driver, even when the car is stationary. This is especially helpful when parking as the driver can be assured that his or her wheels will be in the correct position when the ignition is turned off; again this function also aids high speed, straight line driving on highways etc. Although an odd sensation to start with, most Citroën drivers become accustomed to DIRAVI in a very short time, only appreciating its unique abilities when they let go of the steering wheel in a car without DIRAVI, only to find nothing happens. DIRAVI makes the tendency of all cars' steering to return to center constant in DIRAVI equipped Citroëns, rather than being affected by tire adhesion, road tilt, tire pressure, tire failure, etc.

Variants

The standard 5-door models were called "Berline". The XM was also available as a "Break" (station wagon) – and in France, Tissier continued a tradition begun with the DS and CX, converting many to be used as ambulances and specialised delivery vehicles including their distinctive twin rear-axle conversions.

Although not an official variant XMs produced around 1992/1993 have been termed series 1.5 cars due to the mix of newer technology (developed for the series 2) with the series 1 vehicle type. One example of this being the alterations to the "Hydractive" suspension system on such cars. Early vehicles (series 1) had a system that could be switched from 'Comfort' to 'Sport' mode, this did exactly what you would expect and firmed up the suspension on flicking the switch but this made for a harsh ride which Citroën owners don't like. So Citroën developed "Hydractive 2" suspension (for series 2 vehicles) that although in essence was the same it worked differently, it still had to two states 'hard' and 'soft' but the switching was controlled differently. In general smooth gentle driving the suspension would be in 'soft' mode ("Normal" mode according to Citroën on series 2 vehicles) which utilized all 6 suspension spheres and allowed 'crossflow' of fluid from side to side producing the characteristic wafting ride, but as soon as the suspension ECU sensed a large or sudden change in one of the sensors it would put the suspension into 'hard' mode locking out the extra centre spheres and stopping the 'crossflow' of fluid, this dramatically firmed up the suspension and cut body roll, as soon as the vehicle stabilized the ECU would switch the suspension system back into 'soft' mode. This is the basis of "Hydractive 2", a soft cosseting ride all the time unless the conditions demand otherwise, switching a "Hydractive 2" vehicle into "Sport" mode doesn't just switch out the extra spheres as with "Hydractive 1", it simply just narrows the parameters that cause the suspension to go into 'hard' mode and keeps the suspension in that mode for longer before defaulting back to 'soft' mode. So a series 1.5 vehicle has the styling of a series 1 but with some of the suspension refinements of the series 2 vehicles. There are other detail changes to the actual implementation of the "Hydractive" but unless you are maintaining the vehicle yourself these are unimportant.

Headlight issues
Components supplier Valeo designed the XM's lamps and a similar design was used on the Eagle Premier. The goal of the design was to reduce the size of the lamps and to increase their output. The XM's new "complex surface" headlamps were not powerful enough on dipped beam, though main beam was perfectly adequate. This could be traced to the use of a plastic optical element between the bulb and the outer lens, which yellowed with age.

The XM was not alone here; the pre-facelifted first-generation Ford Mondeos suffered from the same problem. Series 2 (from mid-1994 onwards) LHD XMs had improved light units without the plastic element, but slow United Kingdom sales meant these were never fitted to RHD forms. Headlamp retrofit kits using dual or triple round optics are available from third party suppliers, though this changes the aesthetics of the car. Series 1 cars can be fitted with series 2 headlights.

US import

The XM was imported into the United States by CXA, a company that had imported several hundred CX25 GTi and Prestige model cars for Citroën loyalists in the USA. These cars can be recognized by small filler plates at the headlights, as CxAuto installed the slightly narrower headlight units from the 1988–1993 Pontiac Grand Prix.

CxAuto presented the XM at the 1991 New York Motor Show, in the spring of 1991 and began converting and selling the XM Pallas (combined with the 2.0 injection engine) and the XM Vitesse (combined with the 3.0 V6 engine). In 1993, the XM Exclusive was added to the range. Unfortunately, the XM cost 40 percent more than the CX Prestige, with a price in excess of $50,000 due to the costs needed to modify the cars for US approval and only a few examples were sold. As a result of newer, tougher US anti-pollution standards, the import of these cars ceased in 1997. XM parts must be sent over from Europe.

Chinese production
The Citroën XM, along with the Citroën Xantia were assembled in a form of CKD in Huizhou, Guangdong province. This venture lasted for only two years in 1996 and 1997 and production numbers were extremely low. The cars were imported to China more or less fully assembled with only minor additions done in China as a way to avoid the high import tariffs on cars that existed at the time. The two models were given the same name: Fengshen Xietuolong XM.

References

External links

Citroën XM - Citroën Origins
 Everything about the Citroën XM, the classis of tomorrow
 Citroën XM Document & Picture Database, a resource with loads of XM related material.
 Citroën XM Forum – A free, friendly worldwide XM community with many technical resources and help
 Citroën XM Spanish Forum – Foro en Español
 http://www.citroenet.org.uk/Citroën XM
 Citroën XMs in movies
 Citroën XM Service Manual

XM
Executive cars
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
Hatchbacks
Station wagons
Cars introduced in 1989
1990s cars
2000s cars
Cars discontinued in 2000

Citroën XM


سيسفين (Cesvaine، بالألمانية سيسفيغن Seßwegen) هي مدينة تقع في لاتفيا.

أعلام

 روسش فريفالدز
 ياكوب ميخائيل راينهولد لينتس

معرض صور

مراجع

سيسفين
بلدات لاتفيا
بلدية مادونا
تأسيسات سنة 1991
تأسيسات سنة 1991 في لاتفيا
مدن لاتفيا

سيسفين


Capcom har flere betydninger:
 Capcom (firma)
 Capsule communicator - forkortet CAPCOM

Capcom


La ruta 14  es una de las rutas nacionales de Uruguay. Atraviesa el país de oeste a este recorriendo los departamentos de Soriano, Flores, Durazno, Florida, Lavalleja y Rocha.

Por ley 15497 del 9 de diciembre de 1983 se designó a esta ruta con el nombre del Brigadier General Venancio Flores.

Trazado
Esta carretera presenta un recorrido discontinuado de 481 km, que se dividen en siete tramos.

El primer tramo tiene su origen en la ciudad de Mercedes, y va desde el kilómetro0 al km 124,500 (numerados en sentido oeste-este), atravesando los departamentos de Soriano y Flores, hasta la ruta 3, al oeste de la ciudad de Trinidad.

El segundo tramo comienza en la zona este de la ciudad de Trinidad y finaliza al sur de la ciudad de Durazno (empalme con ruta 5), este tramo va desde el km 138,500 al 178 numerados en sentido oeste-este.

El tercer tramo se origina al norte de la ciudad de Durazno, en el empalme con la ruta 5, y atraviesa el departamento de Durazno en sentido oeste-este, finalizando su recorrido en el empalme con ruta 6, en la ciudad de Sarandí del Yí. Este tramo va del km 183 al 274.

El cuarto tramo está comprendido entre las rutas 6 y 7 en el departamento de Florida y corresponde a la red departamental, no teniendo kilometraje determinado. Es un tramo de 46,5 km.

El quinto tramo va desde la localidad de José Batlle y Ordóñez hasta la ruta 8, formando parte de la red departamental, con un total de 64,5 km, y recorriendo el norte del departamento de Lavalleja.

El sexto tramo tiene su origen en la ciudad de Varela, y finaliza en la ciudad de Lascano (departamento de Rocha), pero su kilometraje está invertido (sentido este-oeste), y va desde el km 259 al 299.

Por último, el séptimo tramo comienza al sur de la ciudad de Lascano, y presenta hasta el arroyo de la Coronilla características de camino departamental, el kilometraje se retoma en el km 458, hasta su punto final en el km 505, en el empalme con la ruta 9.

Estado de la carretera
El estado de la carretera depende del tramo, no es el mismo en todo su recorrido.

Estado y tipo de construcción de la carretera según el tramo

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 014

Ruta 14 (Uruguay)


جورج ويليام راسل  (10 أبريل 1867 - 17 يوليو 1935) كان شاعر ومصور وصحفي وناشر أيرلندي.

حياته
ولد جورج راسل عام 1867 في أيرلندا الشمالية كآخر طفل من بين ثلاثة أطفال، كان والده توماس راسل يعمل محاسباً، في عام 1878 سافرت عائلته للسكن إلى العاصمة دبلن. عمل معظم سنوات شبابه في الصحافة في دبلن. كان أيضا أحد زعماء حركة إحياء الأدب الأيرلندي. وهي حركة بدأت في أواخر القرن التاسع عشر الميلادي، وشجعت على إنشاء الأعمال الأدبية على أساس الثقافة الأيرلندية المحضة، بوصفها كيانا متميزا عن الثقافة الإنجليزية.

وصلات خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص من مقاطعة دبلن
رسامون أيرلنديون في القرن 19
رسامون أيرلنديون في القرن 20
رسامون ذكور أيرلنديون
شعراء وشاعرات أيرلنديون
محررو صحف أيرلنديون
مصممو الأعلام
مواليد 1867
مواليد في مقاطعة أرما
وفيات 1935
وفيات في بورنموث

جورج ويليام راسل


Eskihisar, Kocaeli ilinin Gebze ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Kocaeli il merkezine 45 km, Gebze ilçesine 6 km uzaklıktadır.

Tarihi Mekanlar

Osman Hamdi Bey Müzesi: Ünlü ressam Osman Hamdi Bey'in evi. Şu anda müze olarak ziyaretçilerine hizmet vermekte. 1884 yılında yapıldığı düşünülen köşk, resimhane, kayıkhane ve müştemilat olarak kullanılmıştır. Köşkün planları Osman Hamdi Bey tarafından çizilmiştir.

Eskihisar Kalesi:  Eskihisar Kalesi eski çağlarda İzmit Körfezi'nin güneyindeki geçişi kontrol altında tutan Eskihisar Köyü'nün kuzey doğusundadır.

Nüfus

Dış Bağlantılar
 Yerelnet
 Nufusune.com(Nüfus Bilgisi)
 Gebze.gov.tr(Kale Hakkında Bilgi)

Gebze'nin mahalleleri

Eskihisar, Gebze


An Epidendrum coryophorum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl Sigismund Kunth, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach. An Epidendrum coryophorum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Epidendrum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Epidendrum

Epidendrum coryophorum


Gülderesi, Çorum ilinin Sungurlu ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1925 yılı kayıtlarında Kışla olarak geçmektedir. Daha önceleri köy iken, 12 Ocak 1993'te Kaledere adında kurulan belediyeye bağlı bir mahalle haline geldi. 12 Kasım 2012 tarihinde kabul edilen 6360 sayılı yasa çerçevesinde Kaledere Belde Belediyesi'nin kapatılması üzerine 2014 yılında tekrar köy statüsü aldı.

Coğrafya
Köy, Sungurlu ilçe merkezine 29 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Sungurlu belde ve köyleri

Gülderesi, Sungurlu


El Campo Marte es un campo ecuestre de la Ciudad de México, utilizado para la práctica de los deportes ecuestres y para distintos eventos militares y gubernamentales. Durante los Juegos Olímpicos de México 1968, se constituyó como la sede de las competiciones de equitación. Además fue sede del Campeonato Mundial de Polo de 2008. Está resguardado por el cuerpo de Guardias Presidenciales del Estado Mayor Presidencial de México.

Se encuentra a un costado del Auditorio Nacional, en la avenida Paseo de la Reforma. En su acceso principal hay una escultura del general Joaquín Amaro y en su interior se encuentra una bandera monumental de México de 50 por 28 metros, en un asta bandera de 100 metros de alto. A un costado del mismo se construyó, en 2012 Memorial a las víctimas de violencia en México.

Referencias

Véase también
 Anexo:Equitación en los Juegos Olímpicos de México 1968

Instalaciones en los Juegos Olímpicos de México 1968
Ciudad de México

Campo Marte


Olaylar
 656 - Müslümanlar arasındaki ilk iç savaş olan Cemel Savaşı gerçekleşti.
 1665 - Yaşayan en uzun ömürlü gazete, The London Gazette ilk kez yayımlandı.
 1848 - Zachary Taylor ABD başkanı seçildi.
 1892 - İstanbul'da Darülaceze'nin temeli atıldı.
 1893 - ABD'nin Colorado eyaletinde kadınlara oy verme hakkı tanındı.
 1916 - Woodrow Wilson, ABD Başkanı seçildi.
 1917 - Ekim Devrimi; Bolşevikler, Rusya'da iktidarı ele geçirdiler.
 1917 - I. Dünya Savaşı: İngiliz kuvvetleri, Osmanlı Devleti idaresindeki Gazze'yi ele geçirdi.
 1918 - Grip salgını, Batı Samoa'ya yayıldı. Yıl sonuna dek 7.542 kişinin (nüfusun %20'si) ölümüne neden oldu.
 1920 - Türk ordusu, Gümrü'yü ele geçirdi.
 1921 - İtalya'da Mussolini, kendisini Ulusal Faşist Parti'si lideri ilan etti.
 1929 - New York'ta Modern Sanatlar Müzesi açıldı.
 1936 - Macar müzisyen Bela Bartok, Ankara Halkevi'nde konferans verdi.
 1942 - Türk İnkılap Enstitüsü kuruldu.
 1944 - Franklin Delano Roosevelt ABD Başkanlık seçimlerini dördüncü kez kazandı.

 1953 - İstanbul Zeyrek Camii'nde Bizans dönemi'nden kalma mozaikler bulundu.
 1962 - Güney Afrika'da Mandela, ülkeyi yasa dışı yollardan terk etmek suçundan 5 yıl hapse mahkûm edildi.
 1962 - Uluslararası Evlilik Oluru, En Düşük Evlilik Yaşı ve Evliliklerin Yazımı Sözleşmesi imzalandı. Türkiye bu sözleşmeyi onaylamadı.
 1963 - İlk yasal Grev, Bursa'da başladı. Bursa Belediyesi Otobüs İşletmesi'nde çalışan 222 işçi greve çıktı. İşçiler, Motorlu Taşıt İşçileri Sendikası'na üyeydiler.
 1964 - Cumhurbaşkanı Cemal Gürsel, ömür boyu hapse mahkûm eski Cumhurbaşkanı Celal Bayar'ı affetti.
 1972 - Richard Nixon ABD Başkanı seçildi.
 1980 - Toplu suçlarda gözaltı süresi 30 günden 90 güne çıkarıldı.
 1980 - Yayıncı İlhan Erdost, Mamak Askeri Cezaevi'nde, dayak sonucu öldü.
 1982 - 1982 Anayasası için halk oylaması yapıldı. Anayasa, %91,37 "KABUL" oyuyla kabul edildi. Kenan Evren, Türkiye'nin 7. Cumhurbaşkanı oldu.
 1986 - Yönetmen Zeki Ökten'in Pehlivan filmi, Uluslararası Olimpiyat Komitesi Ödülü'nü aldı.
 1987 - Tunus Devlet Başkanı Habib Burgiba görevden alındı.
 1988 - Cezaevlerinde yaklaşık bin kişinin bir süredir açlık grevi yaptığı açıklandı. Grev, tek tip elbise ve sevk zinciri takılması uygulamalarına karşı yapılıyordu.
 1991 - Basketbol yıldızı Magic Johnson, HIV testinin pozitif çıkmasının ardından basketbolu bıraktığını açıkladı.
 1996 - Nijerya Hava Yollarına ait Boeing-727 tipi bir yolcu uçağı Lagos'un 40 mil Güney Doğusunda bir laguna'ya düştü: 143 kişi öldü.
 1999 - Yasemin Dalkılıç tüpsüz dalmada dünya rekoru kırdı (68 m).
 2000 - ABD'de Başkanlık seçimleri yapıldı. Demokrat aday Al Gore, Cumhuriyetçi aday George W. Bush'tan daha fazla oy almasına rağmen, hayli tartışmalı bir belirsizlik döneminden sonra, ABD Yüksek Mahkemesi'nin kararıyla, George W. Bush 12 Aralık 2000'de Başkan ilan edildi.
 2001 - Ticari yolcu uçağı Concorde 15 ay aradan sonra uçuşlarına tekrar başladı.
 2002 - Cebelitarık'ta yapılan referandumda, halkın yüzde 99'u Birleşik Krallık'ın sömürgesi Cebelitarık'ın egemenliğinin İspanya ile paylaşılmasına ilişkin öneriyi reddetti.
 2003 - Dünyanın en büyük yüzen kitap fuarı MV Daulus, İzmir'in Alsancak Limanı'na geldi.
 2007 - Jokela Lisesi saldırısı: 18 Yaşındaki Pekka-Eric Auvinen o günün sabahı okula yarı otomatik silahla girdi ve intihar etmeden önce 8 kişiyi öldürüp 1 kişiyi yaraladı.
 2017 - Türkiye İşçi Partisi, Erkan Baş önderliğinde kuruldu.
 2020 - Koronavirüs salgını: Dünya genelinde doğrulanmış vaka sayısı 50 milyonu aştı.

Doğumlar
 60 - Keikō, Japonya'nın geleneksel veraset düzenine göre 12. imparatoru (ö. 130)
 630 - II. Konstans (Sakallı Konstantin), Roma Konsülü unvanını taşıyan son Bizans İmparatoru (ö. 668)
 994 - İbn Hazm, Huelva, Endülüslü-Arap felsefeci, tarihçi ve ilahiyatçı (ö. 1064)
 1186 - Ögeday Han, Moğol İmparatoru ve Cengiz Han'ın oğlu (ö. 1241)
 1316 - Semyon, 1340-1353 yılları arasında hüküm süren Moskova Büyük Prensi (ö. 1353)
 1599 - Francisco de Zurbarán, İspanyol ressam (ö. 1664)
 1826 - Dimitri Bakradze, Gürcü tarihçi, arkeolog ve etnograf (ö. 1890)
 1832 - Andrew Dickson White, Amerikalı diplomat, yazar ve eğitimci (ö. 1918)
 1838 - Mathias Villiers de l'Isle-Adam, Fransız yazar (ö. 1889)
 1867 - Marie Curie, Polonya asıllı Fransız kimyager ve Nobel Fizik Ödülü, Nobel Kimya Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1934)
 1878 - Lise Meitner, Amerikalı nükleer fisyonu keşfeden Nobel Kimya Ödülü sahibi kimyacı ve fizikçi (ö. 1968)
 1879 - Lev Troçki, Rus Bolşevik siyasetçi, devrimci ve Marksist teorisyen (1917 Rus devriminin önde gelen isimlerinden) (ö. 1940)
 1888 - Nestor Makhno, Ukraynalı anarko-komünist devrimci (ö. 1934)
 1891 - Genrih Yagoda, Stalin döneminde görev yapmış Sovyet gizli polis şefi (ö. 1938)
 1897 - Herman J. Mankiewicz, Amerikalı senarist ve Oscar ödülü sahibi (ö. 1953)
 1903 - Konrad Lorenz, Avusturyalı etoloji uzmanı (ö. 1989)
 1913 - Albert Camus, Fransız yazar ve Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1960)
 1918 - Billy Graham, Evanjelist Hristiyan vaiz-kanaat önderi (ö. 2018)
 1920 - Ignacio Eizaguirre, İspanyol futbol kalecisi (ö. 2013)
 1921 - Jack Fleck, Amerikalı golfçü (ö. 2014)
 1922 - Ghulam Azam, Bangladeş Cemaat-i İslami lideri (ö. 2014)
 1922 - Al Hirt, Amerikalı trompetçi ve müzik grubu lideri (ö. 1999)
 1926 - Joan Sutherland, Avustralyalı koloratur soprano (ö. 2010)
 1927 - Hiroshi Yamauchi, Japon iş insanı (ö. 2013)
 1929 - Eric Kandel, Amerikalı psikiyatrist, nörolog, fizyolog ve davranış biyoloğu
 1929 - Lila Kaye, İngiliz oyuncu (ö. 2012)
 1933 - Dušan Šinigoj, Sloven politikacı, eski Slovenya Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti başbakanı
 1938 - Joe Dassin, Fransız şarkıcı ve söz yazarı (ö. 1980)
 1939 - Barbara Liskov, Amerikalı bilgisayar bilimcisi
 1940 - Dakin Matthews, Amerikalı aktör, oyun yazarı ve tiyatro yönetmeni
 1941 - Madeline Gins, Amerikalı ressam, mimar ve şair (ö. 2014)
 1943 - Joni Mitchell, Kanadalı şarkıcı, söz yazarı, müzisyen ve ressam
 1943 - Michael Spence, Amerikalı ekonomist ve Nobel Ekonomi Ödülü sahibi
 1944 - Luigi Riva, İtalyan eski millî futbolcu
 1950 - Lindsay Duncan, İskoç oyuncu
 1951 - Lawrence O'Donnell, kilo verme programlarını teşvik eden Amerikalı
 1951 - İlker Yasin, Türk spor spikeri
 1952 - David Petraeus, Amerikalı asker ve siyasetçi
 1954 - Kamal Haasan, Hint oyuncu, senarist, yapımcı ve yönetmen
 1954 - Guy Gavriel Kay, Kanadalı fantastik kurgu yazar
 1957 - King Kong Bundy, Amerikalı erkek profesyonel güreşçi ve oyuncu (ö. 2019)
 1961 - Mark Hateley, İngiliz forvet oyuncusu
 1963 - John Barnes, Jamaika asıllı İngiliz millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1964 - Dana Plato, Amerikalı oyuncu (ö. 1999)
 1967 - David Guetta, Fransız DJ ve prodüktör
 1967 - Sharleen Spiteri, İskoç kadın şarkıcı ve müzisyen
 1968 - Vedat Özdemiroğlu, Türk mizah yazarı
 1969 - Hélène Grimaud, Fransız piyanist, yazar ve etholog
 1969 - Dionne Rose-Henley, Jamaikalı atlet (ö. 2018)
 1971 - Kâzım Koyuncu, Türk müzisyen, söz yazarı, oyuncu ve aktivist (ö. 2005)
 1971 - Robin Finck, Amerikalı gitarist
 1972 - Hasim Rahman, Amerikalı Dünya Ağırsiklet Şampiyonu boksör
 1973 - Yoon-jin Kim, Güney Koreli aktris
 1973 - Martín Palermo, Arjantinli eski futbolcu
 1977 - Andres Oper, Estonya millî futbol takımı futbolcusu
 1978 - Muhammed Ebuterike, Mısırlı eski millî futbolcu
 1978 - Rio Ferdinand, İngiliz futbolcu
 1978 - Jan Vennegoor of Hesselink, Hollandalı eski futbolcu
 1979 - Ayako Fujitani, Japon yazar ve aktris
 1979 - Amy Purdy, Amerikalı oyuncu, model, paralimpik sporcu, modacı ve yazar
 1979 - Joey Ryan, Amerikalı profesyonel güreşçi
 1980 - Sergio Bernardo Almirón, Arjantinli futbolcu
 1980 - Chaine Staelens, Hollandalı voleybolcu
 1981 - Gitte Aaen, Danimarkalı hentbolcu
 1983 - Adam DeVine, Amerikalı komedyen, yazar, yapımcı, aktör ve dublaj sanatçısı
 1984 - Jonathan Bornstein, Amerikalı futbolcu
 1984 - Amelia Vega, Dominikli model
 1986 - Doukissa Nomikou, Yunan model ve TV sunucusu
 1988 - Tinie Tempah, BRIT ödüllü İngiliz şarkıcı
 1989 - Yukiko Ebata, Japon voleybolcu
 1990 - Daniel Ayala, İspanyol futbolcu
 1990 - David De Gea, İspanyol futbolcu
 1994 - Mia Dimšić, Hırvat şarkıcı
 1996 - Lorde, Yeni Zelandalı müzisyen

Ölümler
 1599 - Gasparo Tagliacozzi, İtalyan cerrah, plastik ve rekonstrüktif cerrahi öncülerinden (d. 1545)
 1633 - Cornelis Drebbel, Hollandalı mühendis ve mucit (d. 1572)
 1766 - Jean-Marc Nattier, Fransız ressam (d. 1685)
 1862 - Bahadır Şah II, Babür İmparatorluğu'nun son Hükümdarı, şair, müzisyen ve hattat (d. 1775)
 1906 - Todor Burmov, Bulgaristan'ın ilk Başbakanı (d. 1834)
 1913 - Alfred Russel Wallace, İngiliz doğa bilimci, coğrafyacı, antropolog ve biyolog (d. 1823)
 1944 - Richard Sorge, Sovyet casusu (d. 1895)
 1947 - Sándor Garbai, Macar siyasetçi (d. 1879)
 1958 - Aka Gündüz, Türk gazeteci yazar (d. 1886)
 1959 - Victor McLaglen, İngiliz sinema oyuncusu (d. 1886)
 1962 - Eleanor Roosevelt, ABD'nin 32. Başkanı Franklin D. Roosevelt'in eşi ve kuzeni (d. 1884),
 1965 - Besim Atalay, Türk dil bilimci, yazar ve politikacı (d. 1882)
 1971 - Sami Ayanoğlu, Türk tiyatro, sinema oyuncusu, yönetmen, senarist ve yapımcı (d. 1913)
 1974 - Eric Linklater, İskoç yazar (d. 1899)
 1980 - İlhan Erdost, Türk yayımcı (d. 1944)
 1980 - Steve McQueen, Amerikalı sinema oyuncusu (d. 1930)
 1988 - Osman Nebioğlu, Türk eğitimci, yazar ve yayımcı (d. 1912)
 1990 - Lawrence Durrell, İngiliz yazar (d. 1912)
 1991 - Gaston Monnerville, Fransız siyasetçi (d. 1897)
 1992 - Alexander Dubček, Çekoslovak devlet adamı (d. 1921)
 2004 - Cahit Uçuk, Türk hikâye ve roman yazarı (Cumhuriyet döneminin ilk kadın yazarlarından) (d. 1909)
 2004 - Howard Keel, Amerikalı aktör (d. 1919)
 2005 - Sulhi Dölek, Türk yazar ve senarist (d. 1948)
 2008 - Phạm Văn Rạng, Güney Vietnamlı eski millî futbolcu (d. 1934)
 2011 - Joe Frazier, Amerikalı boksör ve Dünya ağır siklet profesyonel boks şampiyonlarından (d. 1944)
 2013 - Amparo Rivelles, İspanyol sinema oyuncusu (d. 1925)
 2013 - Manfred Rommel, Alman politikacı (d. 1928)
 2014 - Kajetan Kovič, Sloven yazar, ressam, çevirmen ve gazeteci (d. 1931)
 2015 - Gunnar Hansen, İzlandalı-Amerikalı oyuncu ve yazar (d. 1947)
 2016 - Leonard Cohen, Kanadalı şair ve müzisyen (d. 1934)
 2016 - Janet Reno, Amerikalı hukukçu ve siyasetçi (d. 1938)
 2017 - Roy Halladay, Amerikalı profesyonel Major League (MLB) liginde oynayan beyzbolcu (d. 1977)
 2017 - Brad Harris, Amerikalı oyuncu, dublör ve yapımcı (d. 1933)
 2017 - Hans-Michael Rehberg, Alman oyuncu (d. 1938)
 2017 - Hans Schäfer, Alman eski futbolcu (d. 1927)
 2018 - Francis Lai, Fransız besteci (d. 1932)
 2019 - Remo Bodei, İtalyan filozof (d. 1938)
 2019 - Maria Perego, İtalyan animatör ve yapımcı (d. 1923)
 2019 - Margarita Salas, İspanyol biyokimyacı ve bilim insanı (d. 1938)
 2019 - Nabaneeta Dev Sen, Hint romancı, şair, çocuk kitabı yazarı ve akademisyen (d. 1938)
 2020 - Cyril Colbeau-Justin, Fransız film yapımcısı (d. 1970)
 2021 - Liudmila Belavenets, Sovyet-Rus kadın satranç oyuncusudur (d. 1940)
 2021 - Vadim Morozov, Rus siyasetçi, gazeteci ve iş adamı (d. 1954)
 2021 - Enrique Rocha, Meksikalı aktör (d. 1940)
 2021 - Dean Stockwell, Amerikalı aktör (d. 1936)
 2022 - II. Hrisostomos, Kıbrıs Ortodoks Kilisesi başpiskoposu (d. 1941)
 2022 - Jan Vermaat, Hollandalı heykeltıraş ve sanatçı (d. 1939)

Tatiller ve özel günler
 Fırtına: Kasım Fırtınası

1107
07

7 Kasım


Fran Bošnjaković (1902-1993) fue un ingeniero croata especializado en temas termodinámicos.

Bošnjaković nació en Zagreb, donde se formó. Terminó su educación en la Universidad Técnica de Dresde  en Alemania. Se doctoró en ingeniería en 1928 y en 1931 se convirtió en Privatdozent o profesor de la misma universidad.

A la llegada de Hitler al poder, su carrera se bloqueó y aceptó el puesto de profesor asociado en la Universidad de Belgrado en 1934. Regresó a la Universidad de Zagreb en 1936. Tras 1945, con el nuevo régimen comunista yugoslavo, fue degradado y pasó dos años de trabajos forzados. En 1951 llegó sin embargo a ser rector de la Universidad de Zagreb. Sus desacuerdos políticos con el régimen continuaron y terminó aceptando un puesto de investigador en Alemania.

En 1953, comenzó a dar clases en la Technische Hochschule de Braunschweig, llegando a ser jefe del Departamento de Termodinámica y Director del Instituto de Termotecnia. En 1961 fundó el Instituto de Termodinámica para la Aeronáutica y la Astronáutica en la Universidad de Stuttgart, donde permaneció hasta su retiro en 1968. Allí fue fundador de grupos de investigación dedicados a la Termodinámica irreversible, la Transferencia de masa y termocinética, Radiación y Plasma y la Transferencia de Calor. Tras su jubilación pasó años como profesor visitante en varias universidades estadounidenses.

Su área de trabajo abarcó varios temas: exergía, evaporación, sistemas binarios y multicomponentes, transferencias de calor y masa, combustión, gasificación, plasma de altas temperaturas]], colectores solares, procesos irreversibles... Junto a M. Jakob describió los proncipios de la ebullición nucleada en líquido sobrecalentado. Se le atribuye haber definido el concepto de eficiencia termodinámica.

Fue autor de varios libros de texto como Technische Thermodynamik, (Termodinámica Técnica, 1935, Dresde) que tuvo siete ediciones y fue traducido al inglés (Technical Thermodynamics) y ruso (Tehnicheskaya termodinamika).

Como reputado científico, fue miembro de Academias en Heidelberg y Venecia. Tras 1991, fue también miembro de la Academia Croata de Ciencias y Artes de Zagreb. Ganó una Medalla Grashfof de la Verein Deutscher Ingenieure y las medallas de oro de la Associatione Thermotechnica Italiana y del Institut Français des combustibles et de l'énergie.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 History of the Institute of Thermodynamics for Aeronautics and Astronautics

Ingenieros de Croacia
Físicos de Croacia
Alumnado de la Universidad Técnica de Dresde
Profesores de la Universidad de Belgrado
Profesores de la Universidad de Zagreb
Croatas del siglo XX
Doctores honoris causa por la Universidad de Zagreb
Miembros de la Academia de Ciencias y Humanidades de Heidelberg
Nacidos en Zagreb

Fran Bošnjaković


Nicolas René Berryer Comte de La Ferrière  (* 4. März 1703 in Paris; † 15. August 1762 in Versailles) war ein französischer Richter, Staatsbeamter und Politiker.

Leben und Wirken
Nicolas René Berryer war der Sohn von Nicolas Berryer (1660–1707), procureur général des Grand-Conseil und secrétaire des commandements de la reine Marie-Thérèse, und der Elisabeth Nicole Ursule d'Arnollet de Lochefontaine (1666–1739).

Nicolas René Berryer war vom Jahre 1728 an als allgemeiner Anwalt (avocat général aux Requetes de l'hôtel) tätig und in der Folge als avocat général des Brevets. Ab dem Jahre 1731 war er Berater des Parlement de Paris, Conseiller à la Chambre des cinquième Enquêtes du Parlement de Paris. Im Jahre 1738 heiratete er Catherine Madeleine Jorts de Fribois (†  1802), eine reiche Erbin und Tochter eines Steuerpächters (fermiers généraux). Aus dieser Ehe ging eine Tochter hervor, die Marie-Elisabeth Berryer.

Im Jahre 1739 wurde er zum Maître des Requetes, einem hochrangigen Verwaltungsbeamten, von dem im Ancien Régime für das Justizsystem zuständigen Minister ernannt. Als Voraussetzung musste man zuvor sechs Jahre lang an einem höheren Gericht gedient haben. Er arbeitete in seiner Funktion eng mit dem Kanzler von Frankreich (chancelier de France) zusammen. Der Kanzler wurde auf Lebenszeit ernannt. Bei Krankheit oder Missgunst des Königs übernahm sein Stellvertreter, der Hüter der Siegel (Garde des sceaux de France), seine Arbeit. Berryer hatte die Funktion als Garde des sceaux de France vom 13. Oktober 1761 bis zum 15. September 1762 inne.

Unterstützt durch Madame de Pompadour, der Maitresse en titre von Ludwig XV., wurde er in die Funktion eines Ministers für die Polizei, lieutenant général de police,  bestellt. So war er Polizeichef vom Mai 1747 bis zum Oktober 1757. Er wurde mit der Einrichtung eines Schwarzen Kabinetts, cabinet noir beauftragt, einer Behörde zur Überwachung des Briefverkehrs und der Briefzensur. Diese Abteilung ermöglichte es ihm und seinen Mitarbeitern, das Post- und Briefgeheimnis zu umgehen und die Postsendungen zu kontrollieren.

Nach den posthumen Aussagen des französischen Publizisten Alexis de Tocqueville, sei Berryer:

Seine Brutalität brachte ihm den Hass der Pariser Bevölkerung ein. Zum Beispiel ließ er den französischen Schriftsteller, Philosoph und Aufklärer Denis Diderot am 24. Juli 1749 wegen seiner Schrift Lettre sur les aveugles à l'usage de ceux qui voient verhaften, in welcher Diderot seine materialistischen Positionen darlegte. Diderot wurde in die Festung Vincennes, château de Vincennes überstellt und blieb dort bis zum 3. November 1749 inhaftiert.

Am 1. November 1758, noch unter dem Schutz von Madame de Pompadour und mit der Unterstützung von Étienne-François de Choiseul und Louis-Charles-Auguste Fouquet de Belle-Isle, wurde Berryer zum Staatssekretär für die Marine, secrétaire d'État de la Marine, ernannt.

Am 13. Oktober 1761 ersetzt Ludwig XV. Berryer durch Étienne-François de Choiseul. Um Berryer aber weiter im Dienste des Königs zu halten, übergab er ihm die Aufgabe des Siegelbewahrers von Frankreich (garde des sceaux de France), eine Funktion, die er bis zum 15. September 1762 besetzte.

Werke (Auswahl)
 Arrest du Conseil d'État du roi, qui évoque les contestations nées & à naître, concernant la construction des bat?imens dessinés à la manufacture royale de la porcelaine. 1754.

Weblinks
 Biografie (französisch)

Einzelnachweise

Minister (Ancien Régime)
Lieutenant-général (Frankreich)
Jurist in der Frühen Neuzeit
Rechtsanwalt (Frankreich)
Jurist in der Polizeiverwaltung
Franzose
Geboren 1703
Gestorben 1762
Mann

Nicolas René Berryer


It Shouldn't Happen to a Dog é um filme de comédia policial estadunidense de 1946 dirigido por Herbert I. Leeds e estrelado por Carole Landis, Allyn Joslyn e Margo Woode.

Elenco

Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 1946
Filmes em preto e branco
Filmes em língua inglesa
Filmes de comédia dos Estados Unidos
Filmes policiais dos Estados Unidos
Filmes da 20th Century Studios
Filmes com trilha sonora de David Buttolph

It Shouldn't Happen to a Dog


Harte Skov er en offentlig skov, ejet af Naturstyrelsen, ved Brødsgårdsvej i Kolding Kommune på ca. 230 hektar som omfatter en række mere eller mindre sammenhængende skovområder på sydøstsiden af Vester Nebel Å.

Skovrejsning
Harte skov er et resultat af Folketingets beslutning i 1980-erne om at fordoble Danmarks skovareal indenfor én trægeneration, dvs. ca. 80 år.  Skovrejsning blev gennemført mellem 1991 og 1993. Inden tilplantningen var området benyttet til landbrug, med græsningsdrift vest og syd for Brødsgård.

Nordvest for skovrejsningsområdet var der trævegetation, på ådalens skrænter og langs med Vester Nebel å. Skovrejsningen skete gennem opkøb af flere gårde, som stadig er bevaret og bruges i området. Herunder Brødsgård, der i dag fungere som Koldings Landbomuseum. Det primære formål med skovrejsningen var at sikre et rekreativt naturtilbud til Kolding kommunes borgere. Sikring af en bæredygtig træproduktion blev også prioriteret.

Harte skov har status som fredskov.  De bevarede græsningsoverdrev gør skoven åben og giver den besøgende mange smukke udkig over det stærkt kuperede terræn.

Rekreativ
Skoven indeholder en række afmærkede stier forbinder skovene, og bålpladser og teltpladser. Herunder en Hjertesti

Der er afmærkede stiruter i skoven, herunder stiruter til rasteplads- og benzintank ved Esbjergmotorvejen

En del af skoven, ved Harte Nord rasteplads fungerer som hundeskov.

Andet
Jordbunden er en sandet, gruset smeltevandsaflejring, som dog er modeleret en del af isen, så skovrejsningens "flade arealer" opviser også stedvis ganske megen topografisk variation. Skovrejsningsområdet afgrænses nordpå af Vester Nebel ådal, som skærer sig dybt ned moræneleret. Samtidigt er de nedre skråninger i smeltevandsdalen meget fugtige fordi vand trænger ud og disse nedre skråninger er derfor blandt de mest frodige områder på arealet.

Referencer

Skove i Kolding Kommune
Lokaliteter i Kolding Kommune

Harte Skov


Jean-Jacques Favier (13 April 1949 – 19 March 2023) was a German-born French engineer and a CNES astronaut who flew aboard the STS-78 NASA Space Shuttle mission in 1996. Favier was due to fly aboard the doomed Columbia mission in 2003 (STS-107), but later opted out of the mission. Jean-Jacques Favier was deputy director for space technology and deputy director for advanced concepts and strategy at CNES, director of the Solidification Laboratory at the French Atomic Energy Commission and research program director at the International Space University.

Career
Favier was the advisor to the director of the Material Science Research Center (CEREM) at the French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) and was detached to CNES. He proposed the MEPHISTO program, a collaborative project between the French Space Agency and NASA, and has developed many other scientific projects in collaboration with the United States since 1985. He was the principal investigator for a MEPHISTO materials processing experiment, which made its debut on the United States Microgravity Payload in 1992 and 1994. He became a CNES payload specialist in 1985. He has been principal investigator of more than ten space experiments in collaboration with ESA, NASA, and the Russian Space Agency.

Favier was assigned as an alternate payload specialist on STS-65/IML-2, the second International Microgravity Laboratory mission, and supported the mission as a Crew Interface Coordinator (CIC/APS) from the Payload Operations Control Center (POCC) at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama.

Favier flew on STS-78 and logged over 405 hours in space. STS-78 Columbia (20 June to 7 July 1996) was a 16-day Life and Microgravity Spacelab mission. It included studies sponsored by ten nations and five space agencies, was the first mission to combine both a full microgravity studies agenda and a comprehensive life science investigation, and served as a model for future studies on board the International Space Station. STS-78 orbited the Earth 271 times, covering 7 million miles in 405 hours, 48 minutes.

Favier was a member of the board of advisors of the International Space University and also the chair of the research steering committee. He was co-founder of a remote imaging company called "Blue Planet", aimed at building a constellation of micro-satellites which image with a 1-meter resolution.

Personal life and death
Born in Kehl, Germany, he married Michèle Jean. They had four children. He enjoyed skiing, tennis, wind-surfing, and archaeology.

Favier died on 19 March 2023, in Albi at the age of 73.

Education
 Attended primary and secondary schools in Strasbourg, France
 1971: Received an engineering degree from the INPG-ENSEEG (Grenoble Institute of Technology).
 1977: Earned a PhD in engineering from the École des mines de Paris
 1977: Earned a PhD in metallurgy and physics from the University of Grenoble

Organisations
 Research Engineer, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA), 1976-1979
 Head Solidification Group 1970-1986
 Head of Laboratory 1986-1989
 Head Solidification and Crystal Growth Service, 1989 to 1993
 Cons. European Space Agency (ESA)
 Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Paris 1983 to present
 spationaut Candidate CNES, Paris 1985 to present
 Member of Space Station User Panel of ESA.

Awards and honours
 Recipient Zellidja Association 2nd prize, French Academy Literature 1970, E. Brun Price Award French Academy Sciences
 Member of International Organization of Crystal Growth
 Member of American Association of Crystal Growth
 Societe Francaise de Metallurgie
 Groupe Francais de Croissance Cristalline (Committee chairman)
 Visiting professor at University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH) (1994–95)
 Member of the Space Science Committee of the European Science Foundation (ESF)
 Several patents on crystal growth processes, furnaces and in situ diagnosis
 French Legion d'Honneur
 NASA Space Flight Medal
 The Gold Medal of the City of Grenoble
 Published more than 130 research articles in refereed scientific journals and books.

External links

 Spacefacts biography of Jean-Jacques Favier
 Earth from Space: Interactive Astronaut Panel, Michael Barratt, Jean-Jacques Favier, Thomas Marshburn, Donald A. Thomas, the 13th Ilan Ramon International Space Conference, February 2018

References

1949 births
2023 deaths
French materials scientists
French spationauts
People from Kehl
Grenoble Alpes University alumni
Grenoble Institute of Technology alumni
20th-century French scientists
21st-century French scientists
Space Shuttle program astronauts

Jean-Jacques Favier


Lincoln Feliciano da Silva (Paraibuna 20 de junho de 1893—Santos, 19 de agosto de 1971) foi um político brasileiro.

Foi deputado federal representando São Paulo em 1946-1953 e 1959-1971.

Formou-se em direito em 1915 pela Faculdade de Direito de São Paulo.

Em 1935 foi eletio prefeito de Santos. Voltou ao cargo por nomeação em 1945.

Foi secretário de agricultura na gestão do Jânio Quadros no governo do estado de São Paulo.

Referências

Naturais de Paraibuna
Deputados federais do Brasil por São Paulo
Prefeitos de Santos
Secretários estaduais de São Paulo
Alunos da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo

Lincoln Feliciano


Jerichow steht für:

 Jerichow, Stadt in Sachsen-Anhalt, Deutschland
 Jerichow (Film), deutscher Film von Christian Petzold (2008)
 Jerichow, fiktive Kleinstadt in Jahrestage (Roman) von Uwe Johnson
 Landkreis Jerichow I, Landkreis in der Provinz Sachsen und dem Land Sachsen-Anhalt
 Landkreis Jerichow II, Landkreis in der Provinz Sachsen und dem Land Sachsen-Anhalt

Jerichow ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Joachim Jerichow (* 1969), dänischer Basketballspieler
 Traugott Immanuel Jerichow († 1734), deutscher Theologe

Siehe auch:
 Jericho (Begriffsklärung)
 Jericó
 Jerichau

Jerichow (Begriffsklärung)


හැදින්වීම
හ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ආදී වාසින් යනුවෙන් හැදුන් වනුයේ වැද්දන්ය.ඔවුන්ගේ ආරම්භය සිදුවු ආකාරයන් පිළිබදව එක් එක් කට කථා මෙන්ම ජන කථාවන්ද කිහිපයකි.ඉන් වැඩි දෙනකුගේ මතය වන්නේ ඉංදියාවෙන් පිටුවහල් කරනු ලැබු විජය කුමාරයා ලක්දිවට ගොඩ බැසීමේදි හමුවු එවකට යක්ෂ ගෝත්‍රයක කුමාරිකාවක් වශයෙන් සලකණු ලැබු කුවේණිය හා විවාහ විමෙන් පසු ෆමම යුවලට දාව උපන් දරැවන් වු ජීවන්ත හා දිසාලා යන දරැ පරපුරෙන් පැවත එන්නන් බවය.
මෙසේ ඉහත කථා පුවතට අනුව ආදි වාසින් ලෙස සලකණු ලබන වැද්දන්ටත් ප්‍රථමයෙන් සිංහලයින් මෙම රටතුල ජීවත්වු බවට සාධක බොහොමයක් ඇතත් වර්ථමානයේ ආදි වාසින් ලෙස සලකනු ලබන්නේ මෙම වැද්දන්ය.
 '''"සිවු හෙලයන්ගෙන්" සමන්විත රට සිංහලය වී නම් සිංහලයන් වන්නේ එවකට සිටි යක්ෂ – නාග - රාක්ෂ - දේව යන ප්‍රධාන ජන කොට්ඨාසයන්ය. පුලින්ද හා සබර යන තවත් ප්‍රධාන ජන කොට්ඨාස දෙකක් ද විය. බලංගොඩ මානවයා ලෙස නම්කර ඇති ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ආදි මානවයාගෙන් මුල් කොට ඇතිව පසුව පැවතෙන සබරුන් සබරගමුව ප්‍රධාන කොට ඇති ආදිවාසී ජන කොට්ඨාසයෝය.වැද්දන් ආදිවාසින් යැයි නම් කිරිමට සමහර සිංහලයින් විසින් මැලිකමක් දැක්වුවද ඔවුන් ආදිවාසින්ගේ හවුල් කරැවන් කොටසක් වශයෙන් ඉහත ජන කථාවන් අනුව සනාථ වේ"'

මේ ජන කොට්ඨාසය හෝර්ටන්තැන්න දක්වා සංක්‍රමණය වී ඇතැයි භූගත පුරා විද්‍යා සාක්ෂි ලැබී ඇති බව ප්‍රකටය. දිවයිනේ විවිධ පළාත්වලින් මුලින් හඳුනාගත් බලංගොඩ මානවයාට සමාන එම යුගය නියෝජනය කරන බොහෝ ජන කොට්ඨාසයන් සිටි බවට සාධක ලැබී තිබේ. මෙම මානව ශේෂ අවි ආයුධ හා මෙවලම් හා අනෙකුත් පාෂාණ කොටස් ද හමුවීමෙන් ව්‍යාප්තිය මුලු දිවයිනටම ආවරණය කරයි.
පාලි හා සංස්කෘත පොත්වල දැක්වෙන "ව්‍යාධ" යනු විදීම නම් දුන්නෙන් විද සතුන් දඩයම් කර ආහාරයට ගැනීමට නිසා වැද්දන් ලෙස නම් කෙරුණ බව ප්‍රකාශිතයි. ආහාරයට හා අනෙකුත් අවශ්‍ය  දෑ සොයා කැලෑවට වැද කල්ගත කර පැමිණීම නිසා ද වැදි වශයෙන් සඳහන් කළ හැකියි.
මේ ස්වදේශීය ජන කොටස් දිවි පැවැත්ම හා ඒ සඳහා තෝරා ගත් මාධ්‍යයන් අනුව ප්‍රධාන කොටස් කීපයකට බෙදා දැක්වීමට තොරතුරු සෙවූ විමර්ශකයින් කටයුතු කර තිබේ.

ආදි වාසීන් ජිවත් වන පලාත්

ඇදුම් පැලදුම්

ආහාර හා නවාතැන් පහසුකම්

ආගමානුකුල චාරිත්‍ර

භාෂාව

වැද්දන් වර්ග කිහිපයකට අයත්ය

නිරි වැද්දන්
ගස් බෙන – ගස් මණ්ඩි අතර සිටිමින් ගස් පොතු, සුඹුල් ඇඳුම් වශයෙන් යොදා ගත්තද,කයෙන් වැඩි කොටසක් නිරාවරණය වූ පිරිස

ගල් වැද්දන්
ආහාර රැස්කර ගල්ගුහා හා ගල්තලාවන් ඇසුරේ දිවි ගෙවූ අය දක්ෂ දඩයම්කරුවෝ -ඈත කැලෑවේ ජීවත් වූ අතර සිරුර වසා ගැනීම සඳහා කොළ අතු ආදිය භාවිත කෙරුණි.

ගම් වැද්දන්  ගම්මානයට සමීපව ගොවිතැන් ආහාර භෝග වගාවට සම්බන්ධ කැලෑ සීමාවේ ජීවත්වූ අය, නිවෙස වශයෙන් අතු සෙවිලි කළ කටුමැටි කුඩා නිවෙස් -කෙටි රෙදිකඩ විලි වසාගැනීමට යොදා ගත්හ.

වෙරළබඩ වැද්දන්
මේ අය මසුන් ඇල්ලීම මඟින් ආහාර සපයා ගත්, මුහුදු වෙරළේම කළපුවලට සමීපව දිවි ගෙවූ අය. ගම්මානවල ගොවීන් හා සමීප වූ නිසා කෙටි රෙදි කඩකින් සිරුර වසා ගැනීමට පුරුදු වූ අයයි.

ගංගා ජලාශ හා මූදු අසල වූ ගෝත්‍රිකයින්  නාග ඇදහිල්ල නිසා නාගගෝත්‍ර  වූ අතර ගොඩ බිම ඇසුරු කරමින් යක්ෂයන් හා රාක්ෂයින් ඇදහීම නිසා යක්ෂ හා රාක්ෂ ග්‍රෝත්‍ර   ලෙස හැඳින්වූවා යැයි පිළිගත හැකියි.

ආදී වාසීන් ලෙස සලකන වැදි ජනයාගේ අතීත තොරතුරැ

වැදි නායකයින්
 උෘරැවරිගේ තිසාහාමි
 උෘරැවරිගේ වන්නිලා ඇත්තෝ

වැදි ජන සාහිත්‍යය

වැදි ජනයාගේ ඡායාරෑප

වෙනත්

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ආදි වාසීන්


was a 120-metre-tall giant Ferris wheel in the city of Fukuoka, Japan, operating from December 2001 until September 2009.
It was  tall, making it the tallest Ferris wheel in Japan during its years of operation. It was located in the Evergreen Marinoa (Japanese: エバーグリーンマリノア) entertainment facility adjacent to the Marinoa City Fukuoka mall, which itself features a smaller, 58-metre-tall ferris wheel.

The gondolas were all air conditioned and accessible for wheelchair-users. One full rotation took approximately 20 minutes.

Sky Dream Fukuoka closed on 26 September 2009. It was subsequently sold to a Taiwanese company for rebuilding at Lihpao Land in Taiwan. Dismantling work commenced in 2010, although work was disrupted in July 2011 when supports failed, causing two cranes involved in dismantling to topple over, injuring one workman and damaging four cars.

References

External links

Ferris wheels in Japan
Former Ferris wheels
Buildings and structures in Fukuoka
Tourist attractions in Fukuoka

Sky Dream Fukuoka


École centrale de Lyon, fondată în 1857, este o universitate tehnică de stat din Lyon (Franța).

Secții
 Masterat
Domeniu: Inginerie
 Doctorat
Domenii: Inginerie mecanică, Inginerie civilă, Inginerie electrică, Automatică, Tehnologia Informației, Procesare de semnal, Microelectronică, Nanotehnologie, Acustică, Telecomunicații

Absolvent celebru
 Laurent Naouri, bas-bariton francez

Vezi și
Collegium de Lyon

Note

Legături externe

 École centrale de Lyon Web

Universități din Franța
Universități tehnice
Lyon

École centrale de Lyon


Der Große Wasserstein ist eine etwa 25 Hektar große Felsgruppe nordöstlich von Kröttenhof, einem Ortsteil der oberfränkischen Stadt Betzenstein in Bayern.

Lage
Das zerklüftete Areal liegt im Naturpark Fränkische Schweiz-Veldensteiner Forst etwa 1,4 km nordwestlich von Betzenstein.

Beschreibung
Das Dolomitmassiv gliedert sich in zwei große Felsgruppen aus Riffdolomit des oberen Kimmeridgium. Seine Größe beträgt etwa 250 Meter in der Länge und 100 Meter in der Breite bei einer Höhe von bis zu zwanzig Metern. Der Große Wasserstein liegt auf etwa . Die Felsen sind vom Bayerischen Landesamt für Umwelt als Geotop 472R144 und Naturdenkmal ausgewiesen.

Besonders sehenswert ist das Wassersteintor, ein 12 Meter tiefes Felsentor (Naturbrücke), das 2,50 bis zu 7,50 Meter breit und bis zu sechs Meter hoch ist. Diese Durchgangshöhle war vermutlich in vorgeschichtlicher Zeit eine Zufluchtsstätte für steinzeitliche Jäger, was durch Funde belegt wurde. Die Höhle mit Funden des Mesolithikums, des Neolithikums, der späten Hallstattzeit, der Frühlatènezeit und des Mittelalters ist als Bodendenkmal (D-4-6334-0016) ausgewiesen. Die Durchgangshöhle ist im Höhlenkataster Fränkische Alb (HFA) als D 33 registriert.

Etwas nördlich von dieser Höhle befindet sich ein weiteres kleineres Höhlensystem mit einem etwa zehn Meter hohen Überhang. Über Treppen gelangt man dort an den Wasserstein (HFA-Nr. D 250). Dieser Abri wurde u. a. durch Markus Bock mit drei extrem schweren Kletterrouten erschlossen. Östlich davon liegt die Wassersteingrotte (HFA-Nr. D 250a), ein etwa 15 Meter langer Felsüberhang, der von einigen Felspfeilern zergliedert wird.

In der Nähe dieses Überhanges wurde eines der kleinsten europäischen Säugetiere, die eiszeitliche Knirpsspitzmaus (Sorex minutissimus) gefunden. Die fossilen Überreste der Maus sind in der Paläontologischen Staatssammlung in München ausgestellt.

Südlich der Felsgruppe befindet sich eine weitere Karsthöhle, die Buchnerhöhle (HFA-Nr. D 128).

Entstehungsgeschichte
Im Weißen Jura vor etwa 161 bis 150 Millionen Jahren lag ganz Süddeutschland im Bereich eines Flachmeeres. In dieser Zeit wurden wegen ständiger Absenkung der Erdkruste mächtige Gesteinsfolgen am Meeresgrund abgelagert. Die Jura-Sedimente bilden den größten Teil der auf der Frankenalb auftretenden Gesteine und sind auch Grundmaterial des Großen Wassersteines.

Durch Hebungen der europäischen Kontinentalplatte gegen Ende des Oberen Jura zog sich das Meer zurück und größere Flächen wurden zu Beginn der folgenden Kreidezeit zunächst Festland. Während dieser Zeit herrschte tropisches Klima und es kam zu einer intensiven Verwitterung der vorher entstandenen Kalk- und Dolomitgesteine. Durch diese Verkarstung entstanden die unterirdischen Hohlräume wie die Buchnerhöhle, die Durchgangshöhle des Wassersteintores, das Wasserstein-Höhlenlabyrinth und die Wassersteingrotte.

Im Tertiär erfolgte durch regionale Hebung ein erneuter Meeresrückgang sowie eine teilweise Freilegung der Juralandschaft.

Erhalten geblieben ist auch ein ausladender Überhang, ein so genannter Balmen, im nördlichen Teil des Wassersteines.

Bilder

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Der Große Wasserstein auf www.betzenstein.de
 Klettern am Großen Wasserstein

Höhle in Bayern
Geotop im Landkreis Bayreuth
Naturdenkmal im Landkreis Bayreuth
Geographie (Betzenstein)
Kletterfelsen in Deutschland
Höhle der Fränkischen Alb

Großer Wasserstein


Sæhestar eru 46 tegundir sjávarfiska af sérstæðri ætt sem nefnist á latínu Syngnathidae og undirættinni Hypocampinae eða sæhestaætt.

Tegundir
Í maí 2020 eru 46 þekktar og viðurkenndar tegundir í ættkvíslinni (latnesk og ensk heiti):

[[File:Hippocampus whitei 1.jpg|thumb|upright|Hippocampus whitei ]]
 Hippocampus abdominalis
 Hippocampus algiricus
 Hippocampus angustus
 Hippocampus barbouri
 Hippocampus bargibanti
 Hippocampus breviceps
 Hippocampus camelopardalis
 Hippocampus capensis
 Hippocampus casscsio
 Hippocampus colemani
 Hippocampus comes
 Hippocampus coronatus
 Hippocampus dahli
 Hippocampus debelius
 Hippocampus denise
 Hippocampus erectus
 Hippocampus fisheri
 Hippocampus guttulatus
 Hippocampus haema
 Hippocampus hippocampus Hippocampus histrix
 Hippocampus ingens Hippocampus japapigu Hippocampus jayakari
 Hippocampus jugumus
 Hippocampus kelloggi
 Hippocampus kuda
 Hippocampus minotaur
 Hippocampus mohnikei
 Hippocampus nalu
 Hippocampus paradoxus
 Hippocampus patagonicus
 Hippocampus planifrons
 Hippocampus pontohi
 Hippocampus pusillus
 Hippocampus reidi
 Hippocampus satomiae
 Hippocampus sindonis
 Hippocampus spinosissimus
 Hippocampus subelongatus
 Hippocampus trimaculatus
 Hippocampus tyro
 Hippocampus waleananus
 Hippocampus whitei
 Hippocampus zebra
 Hippocampus zosterae''

Tenglar
Hvað getið þið sagt mér um sæhesta? - Vísindavefurinn

Neðanmálsgreinar

fiskar

Sæhestar


Hugh of Montgomery, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury (died 1098), was an Anglo-Norman aristocrat and member of the House of Bellême. He was also known as Hugh the Red.

Life
He was the second surviving son of Roger de Montgomerie, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury of the House of Montgomery, and Mabel de Bellême of the House of Belleme. As was typical of the first post-Conquest generation, he inherited most of his father's English possessions while his older brother Robert of Bellême inherited the vast lordship of Bellême. He was at the castle of Bures-sur-Dives in December 1079 when his mother was murdered and pursued the perpetrators but was unable to overtake them. In the summer of 1080, along with his brothers he attested a charter for the abbey of Troarn (Diocese of Bayeux) by their father "for the redemption of his soul and [those] of his relatives, and especially of his wife Mabel lately deceased; and of his sons".

In 1094 at his father's death he succeeded to his father's English titles and honors as well as his Welsh lands, as Earl of Shrewsbury. In 1095 he joined in the conspiracy of those supporting Robert de Mowbray against William Rufus. In 1096 he was pardoned by William Rufus after a fine of £3,000. During his four years as earl, he spent most of his time in the Welsh Marches fighting against the Welsh. In 1098, he joined forces with Hugh d'Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester in an attempt to recover Anglesey, which had been lost in the Welsh revolt of 1094.

On or about 31 July 1098 Hugh was killed at the Battle of Anglesey Sound while fighting against a raid by King Magnus Barefoot of Norway at Anglesey, being shot dead by an arrow and falling into the sea. Among those in Magnus' party were Harold Haroldson, son of Harold Godwinson King of England. Several sources agree that it was Magnus himself who shot the arrow hitting Hugh through the eye slit in his armor while the earl was riding carelessly through the shallows.

Succession

Hugh died unmarried, and his English lands and titles passed to his older brother Robert of Bellême, who became the 3rd Earl of Shrewsbury.

Notes

References

Additional references
 "Hugh (d. 1098)", in Dictionary of National Biography, 1885–1900, Volume 28.

11th-century births
1098 deaths
11th-century English nobility
Anglo-Normans in Wales
Normans killed in battle
Earls of Shrewsbury
Clan Montgomery