2. ŽNL Splitsko-dalmatinska u sezoni 2019./20. predstavlja 2. stupanj županijske lige u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji, te ligu petog stupnja hrvatskog nogometnog prvenstva.  U natjecanju sudjeluje 11 klubova.
Zbog pandemije COVID-19 u svijetu i Hrvatskoj, 12. ožujka 2020. je Nogometni savez Županije splitsko-dalmatinske doneio odluku o prekidu odigravanja natjecanja do daljnega.
Na sjednici održanoj 7. svibnja 2020. je donesena odluka o prekidu sezone, te se postojeće stanje i poredak uzimaju kao konačni, sukladno ranijoj odluci Hrvatskog nogometnog saveza.

U trenutku prekida vodeća momčad lige je bio "Val" iz Kaštel Starog, te je proglašen prvakom.

Sustav natjecanja
Jedanaest klubova igra dvokružnim ligaškim sustavom (22 kolo). Zbog pandemije COVID-19 i prekida prvenstva, odigrano je 11 kola (jesenska polusezona).

Sudionici
 Adriatic – Split
 Čaporice-Trilj – Čaporice, Trilj
 Glavice 1991 – Glavice, Sinj
 Jadran – Supetar
 HNK Mosor – Žrnovnica, Split
 NK Mosor – Žrnovnica, Split
 Tekstilac – Sinj
 Trilj 2001 – Trilj
 Trogir 1912 – Trogir
 Val – Kaštel Stari, Kaštela
 Vinjani – Donji Vinjani, Imotski

Ljestvica

Rezultati
''Ažurirano: 20. svibnja 2020.

Utakmice od 12. do 22. kola otkazane.

Najbolji strijelci

Unutrašnje poveznice
 2. ŽNL Splitsko-dalmatinska
 1. ŽNL Splitsko-dalmatinska 2019./20.
 Hvarska liga 2019./20.

Vanjske poveznice
 Nogometni savez Županije Splitsko-dalmatinske
 nszsd.hr, 2. ŽNL
 facebook.com, 1. ŽNL Splitsko-dalmatinske županije
 sportnet.hr forum, 1. i 2. ŽNL Splitsko-dalmatinske županije
 rsssf.com, Hrvatska 2019./20., 2. ŽNL (6. stupanj)

Izvori

 rsssf.com, Hrvatska 2019./20., 2. ŽNL (6. stupanj)
 nszsd.hr, "Balun" – službeno glasilo NSŽSD, broj 24 (PROPOZICIJ ENATJECANJA DRUGE ŽUPANIJSKE NOGOMETNE LIGE ZA NATJECATELJSKU GODINU 2019./20.), objavljeno 12. rujna 2019., preuzeto 27. rujna 2019.

2019-20
Splitsko-dalmatinska-2

2. ŽNL Splitsko-dalmatinska 2019./20.


Clay Stone Briggs (* 8. Januar 1876 in Galveston, Texas; † 29. April 1933 in Washington, D.C.) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1919 und 1933 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Texas im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
Clay Briggs besuchte sowohl öffentliche als auch private Schulen. Danach studierte er an der University of Texas in Austin und an der Harvard University. Nach einem anschließenden Jurastudium an der Yale University und seiner 1899 erfolgten Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt begann er in Galveston in diesem Beruf zu arbeiten. Gleichzeitig schlug er als Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei eine politische Laufbahn ein. In den Jahren 1906 bis 1908 saß Briggs als Abgeordneter im Repräsentantenhaus von Texas. Zwischen 1909 und 1919 war er Richter im zehnten Gerichtsbezirk seines Staates.

Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1918 wurde Briggs im siebten Wahlbezirk von Texas in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington gewählt, wo er am 4. März 1919 die Nachfolge von Alexander W. Gregg antrat. Nach sieben Wiederwahlen konnte er bis zu seinem Tod am 29. April 1933 im Kongress verbleiben. Während dieser Zeit wurden in den Jahren 1919 und 1920 der 18. und der 19. Verfassungszusatz ratifiziert. Seit 1929 war auch die Arbeit des Kongresses von den Ereignissen der Weltwirtschaftskrise geprägt.

Weblinks

 Biografie im Handbook of Texas

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Texas
Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses von Texas
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
Richter (Texas)
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1876
Gestorben 1933
Mann

Clay Stone Briggs


Sir Robert Brian Heap  (born 27 February 1935) is a British biological scientist.

He was educated at New Mills Grammar School in the Peak District, Derbyshire, and the University of Nottingham (where he earned his BSc and PhD). He has an MA and a ScD from the University of Cambridge and Honorary DScs from Nottingham (1994), York (2001) and St Andrews (2007).

Career

 1960: University Demonstrator, University of Cambridge
 1963: Lalor Research Fellow, ARC Institute of Physiology, Babraham Institute, Cambridge
 1964-95: Staff Member, AFRC Institute of Physiology, Babraham, serving as Head, Dept of Physiology, 1976; Head of Cambridge Research Station, 1986; Director Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Research, Cambridge and Edinburgh, 1989–93; Director of Science, BBSRC, Swindon 1991–94 and Director BBSRC Babraham Institute, 1993–94.
 1994-2001: Visiting Senior Fellow, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge.

Heap's primary research interest was in reproductive biology and the function of hormones in reproduction. His research into the control of pregnancy, birth and lactation led to important contributions in endocrine physiology and farm animal breeding. He has published on endocrine physiology, biotechnology, sustainable consumption and production, and science advice for policy makers.

He was the Master of St Edmund's College, University of Cambridge, from 1996 until 2004 and has been a Special Professor in Animal Physiology at the University of Nottingham since 1988 until 2016.  He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1989, and held the post of Royal Society Vice President and Foreign Secretary from 1996 to 2001.  He was Executive Editor of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series B from 2004-2007. He is a founder member of the International Society for Science and Religion and an Associate of the Faraday Institute for Science and Religion.

Brian Heap was President of the Institute of Biology (now Royal Society of Biology) 1996-1998, UK Representative on the European Science Foundation Strasbourg, 1994–97, a member of the Nuffield Council on Bioethics 1996-2001, UK Representative on the NATO Science Committee 1998-2005, member of the Scientific Advisory Panel for Emergency Responses (SAPER) at the Cabinet Office, Chairman of the Cambridge Genetics Knowledge Park and Public Health Genetics, 2002-2010, and President of the , 2010-2014. He was co-Project Leader of Biosciences for Farming in Africa, 2014–17, and Senior Adviser of Smart Villages from 2017.

In 1994, he was awarded CBE, and, in 2001, knighted for services to international science.

On 8 October 2007, the Duke of Edinburgh opened three new buildings at St Edmund's College, Cambridge, one of which was named the "Brian Heap Building".

References

External links
St Edmund's College: Sir Brian Heap

1935 births
Academics of the University of Nottingham
Alumni of the University of Nottingham
British biologists
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the Royal Society
Knights Bachelor
Living people
Masters of St Edmund's College, Cambridge
Members of the International Society for Science and Religion

Brian Heap


Chaos Break - Episode from "Chaos Heat" - est un jeu de tir de type survival horror à la troisième personne sorti sur la PlayStation de Sony en 2000.

Chaos Break est la sequel du jeu d'arcade Chaos Heat sorti en 1998.

Description
Chaos Break est essentiellement un jeu de tir à la troisième personne de type beat 'em up, tout comme son prédécesseur sur arcade, avec des échos d'action de type survival horror et des zones présentant des similitudes avec des jeux tels que Dino Crisis et Half-Life. Le jeu se déroule dans un laboratoire biochimique abandonné et contaminé, le laboratoire 7 de Fluxus Biomateril Industries, un centre de recherche civil situé sur une île isolée. Les deux personnages jouables, Mitsuki et Rick, sont des agents de la D.E.F., une force d'enquête et de nettoyage envoyée pour vérifier l'installation et récupérer les données de recherche. Trouvez la cause d'une "réaction thermique anormale" et découvrez ce qu'il est advenu de l'agent du D.E.F. dont le QG a perdu le contact il y a deux jours.

Pour progresser dans le jeu, il faut vaincre les ennemis, qui sont ici des formes de vie parasites, des membres du personnel mutants et les drones de sécurité robotisés du laboratoire, récupérer des cartes de passage et des données qui sont des CD. Il faut piller les cadavres et les casiers pour trouver de la santé, des munitions et des objets clés afin de progresser dans l'installation, avec une horloge de 24 heures dans le jeu qui affecte la fenêtre d'accès de certaines portes. Un élément de survie et d'horreur est introduit dans les terminaux informatiques, où le joueur peut sauvegarder sa partie et lire les courriels qui expliquent l'histoire de ceux qui travaillaient dans le centre de recherche civil avant l'épidémie.

Jouabilité
Chaos Break est un jeu de survival horror à la troisième personne.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Jeu vidéo développé au Japon
Jeu de tir à la troisième personne
Jeu Taito
Jeu PlayStation
Jeu vidéo d'horreur
Jeu vidéo sorti en 2000

Chaos Break


Agrokemija je primijenjiva grana kemije u poljoprivredi. Agrokemija se bavi primjenom kemijskih sredstava u poljoprivredi, istraživanjem odnosa i zakonitosti koji postoje između biljaka, zemljišta i gnojiva (upotreba raznih gnojiva prema vrsti tla i kulturi koja se uzgaja, djelovanje pesticida itd.). Osnivačem agrokemije smatra se njemački kemičar Justus von Liebig, koji je 1840. godine prvi u poljoprivredu uveo umjetna gnojiva.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Vidi još
 Agronomija
 Agrobiologija
 Agrobotanika
 Agrogeologija
 Agroklimatologija
 Agrometerologija

Agronomija
Biokemija

Agrokemija


Robinson Crusoe  este un roman din 1719 scris de Daniel Defoe.

Robinson Crusoe se poate referi și la:

Diverse adaptări ale romanului

Filme
 Robinson Crusoe (1902), film din 1902 de Georges Méliès
 Robinson Crusoe (1927), film din 1927 de M.A. Wetherell
 Robinson Crusoe (1954), film din 1954 de Luis Buñuel
 Robinson Crusoe (1997), film americano-britanic din 1997
 Robinson Crusoe (2016), film din 2016 Vincent Kesteloot și Ben Stassen

Operetă
 Robinson Crusoé (1867), operetă de Jacques Offenbach

Locuri
 Insula Robinson Crusoe, Chile
 Insula Robinson Crusoe (Fiji)

Alte utilizări
 Economie Robinson Crusoe, metodologie de studiu a comerțului în economie
 Robinson Crusoes of Warsaw, sau Robinsoni, supraviețuitori ai Revoltei din Varșovia din timpul celui de-al doilea război mondial, care se ascundeau în ruinele capitalei Poloniei

Alte articole conexe
 Crusoe (dezambiguizare)
 Robinsoniadă, gen inspirat de personajul Robinson Crusoe
 Robinzon Kruzo, film 3D sovietic din 1947, realizat de Aleksandr Andrievski

Nume proprii

Robinson Crusoe (dezambiguizare)


An Vanda cristata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Nathaniel Wallich ngan John Lindley. An Vanda cristata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Vanda, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Vanda

Vanda cristata


Andrómaca (título original en italiano, Andromaca) es una ópera en tres actos con música de Antonio Caldara y libreto de Apostolo Zeno. Se estrenó en el Teatro de la Favorita de Viena el 28 de agosto de 1724, el día del cumpleaños de la emperatriz Isabel Cristina, con la escenografía de Antonio Galli da Bibbiena.

Notas

Óperas de Antonio Caldara
Óperas de 1724
Óperas en italiano
Óperas estrenadas en Viena
Caldara

Andrómaca (Caldara)


was a town located in Sakata District, Shiga Prefecture, Japan. There was Kashiwabara-juku in Edo period.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 13,393 and a density of 252.17 persons per km2. The total area was 53.11 km2.

On February 14, 2005, Santō, along with the towns of Maihara and Ibuki (all from Sakata District), was merged to create the city of Maibara.

Dissolved municipalities of Shiga Prefecture
Maibara, Shiga

Santō, Shiga


Justas Paleckis ( – 26 January 1980) was a Lithuanian Soviet author, journalist and politician. He was nominal acting president of Lithuania after the Soviet invasion while Lithuania was still ostensibly independent, in office from 17 June to 3 August 1940.  He then remained the head of state of the Lithuanian SSR until 1967.

Life and career
Paleckis was born in Telšiai in 1899 in to the family of a blacksmith of noble origin. In 1926–1927, he was a director of the Lithuanian official news agency, ELTA. He later voiced opposition to the ruling elite in Lithuania; in this way, he became a suitable candidate for the Lithuanian communists (subordinate to Soviet envoy Vladimir Dekanozov) to become the leader of Lithuania in the Soviets' planned takeover of the country in 1940. Paleckis had connections to the Lithuanian Communist Party from the early 1930s.

After President Antanas Smetona fled to the US when the Soviet Union occupied the country, Prime Minister Antanas Merkys became acting president. A day after Smetona left the country, Merkys announced he had formally ousted Smetona and taken over the presidency himself. He then appointed Paleckis prime minister. Merkys himself resigned, making Paleckis acting president as well. These moves are now considered illegal and unconstitutional, since Smetona never resigned. As such, Lithuanian government records do not recognize Paleckis as a legitimate president.

By this time, Lithuania had been occupied by Soviet troops. Paleckis' appointment as Prime Minister was made under orders form the Soviet embassy in Kaunas. Aided by specialists sent in from Moscow, Soviet deputy foreign minister Vladimir Dekanozov worked through the Lithuanian Communist Party, while the cabinet of ministers, headed by Paleckis, served an administrative function. Dekanozov and Paleckis brought a number of non-Communists into the first "People's government".

In order to save face, the Soviet Union attempted to cover its annexation of the Baltic States with a cloak of legality. Therefore, Moscow ordered the Paleckis government to carry out elections for a "People's Seimas" on 14–15 July.  Voters were presented with a single list of candidates containing only Communists and their allies. When the People's Seimas met on 21 July, it had only one order of business—a resolution declaring Lithuania a Soviet republic and requesting admission to the Soviet Union, which was unanimously carried. A few days later, Moscow "accepted" the request—thus giving credence to the official line that Lithuania had carried out a socialist revolution independent of Moscow's influence and requested admission to the Soviet Union. Since regaining independence in 1990, Lithuania has maintained that since Smetona never resigned, Merkys and Paleckis had no legitimate claim to the presidency, rendering all acts leading up to the Soviet annexation  ipso facto void.

Paleckis remained as head of state, a post which was named Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR, until 1967. However, the real power now lay with local Communist Party boss Antanas Sniečkus. As a head of state, Paleckis personally signed orders authorizing the mass deportation of several figures from independent Lithuania. With his agreement, Merkys and Minister of Foreign Affairs Juozas Urbšys were deported to the Russian SFSR. The intelligentsia and Lithuania's elite were considered as enemies and were among the first sentenced to deportation or death. He worked closely with NKVD residents in Lithuania (M. Gedvilas, M. Mickis). Paleckis signed documents and, as a representative of Soviet Russia, took responsibility for the deportations.

During 1940–1953, some 132,000 Lithuanians were deported to remote areas of the USSR: Siberia, the Arctic Circle zone and Central Asia. More than 70% of the deportees were women and children. During the same period, another 200,000 people were imprisoned. Some 150,000 of them were sent to the Gulags, situated mostly in Siberia.

He served as Chairman of the Soviet of Nationalities from 1966 to 1970.

His son Justas Vincas Paleckis is a politician and Member of the European Parliament and an active politician.

Paleckis was also awarded the Hero of Socialist Labour of the Soviet Union.

References

1899 births
1980 deaths
Burials at Antakalnis Cemetery
People from Telšiai
People from Telshevsky Uyezd
Prime Ministers of Lithuania
Candidates of the Central Committee of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Candidates of the Central Committee of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Candidates of the Central Committee of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Candidates of the Central Committee of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
Chairmen of the Soviet of Nationalities
Communist Party of Lithuania politicians
Heads of state of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
Lithuanian people of World War II
World War II political leaders
Lithuanian collaborators with the Soviet Union (1940–41)
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Heroes of Socialist Labour

Justas Paleckis


Stac Electronics, originalmente fundada como State of the Art Consulting y más tarde acortado a Stac, Inc, fue una empresa de tecnología fundada en 1983. Es principalmente conocida por sus utilidades para la compresión de datos para su almacenamiento.

Historia
Los fundadores originales incluían cinco estudiantes de postgrado en Ciencias de la Computación del Caltech (Gary Clow, Doug Whiting, John Tanner, Mike Schuster y William Dally), dos ingenieros industriales (Scott Karns y Robert Monsour) y dos miembros de la junta de las empresas inversoras (Robert Johnson de Southern California Ventures y Hugh Ness de Scientific Atlanta). El primer empleado fue Bruce Behymer, un estudiante de pregrado en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas del Caltech.

Su sede estaba originalmente en Pasadena, California y más tarde en Carlsbad, California. La compañía recibió fondos de capital riesgo para seguir un plan de negocios como una compañía de chips fabless para la venta de productos específicos de aplicación estándar para la industria de la unidad de cinta. El plan incluía la expansión en el mercado de la unidad de disco, que era mucho más grande que el mercado de la unidad de cinta. Tras el éxito de Cirrus Logic en el mercado de la unidad de disco, esta fue la base real de los intereses de los capitalistas de riesgo en Stac.

Como parte de la ingeniería de aplicación para adaptar sus chips de compresión de datos para su uso en unidades de disco, la compañía implementó un controlador de MS-DOS que comprimí los datos de forma transparente al escribirlos en un disco duro y los descomprime de forma transparente del disco duro en lecturas posteriores. Al hacerlo, descubrieron que, dada la diferencia de velocidad relativa entre el procesador del ordenador y los tiempos de acceso de las unidades de disco, era posible realizar la compresión de datos por software, obviando la necesidad de un chip de compresión de datos en cada unidad de disco, como habían planificado producir. En cambio, en 1990 la compañía lanzó Stacker, una utilidad de compresión de disco. El producto fue un gran éxito, debido a la capacidad relativamente pequeña (20 a 80 Megabytes) y los altos precios de los discos duros entonces, en un momento en que se popularizaban grandes paquetes de software tales como Microsoft Windows. En promedio, Stacker duplicó la capacidad de disco y aumentó el rendimiento general del disco mediante la compresión de los datos antes de la escritura y después de la lectura, para compensar la relativa lentitud de las unidades. Stac vendió varios millones de unidades de Stacker a lo largo de la vida del producto.

Demanda contra Microsoft
En 1993, Microsoft lanza MS-DOS 6.0, que incluía un programa de compresión de disco llamado DoubleSpace. Microsoft había estado negociando previamente con Stac para licenciar su tecnología de compresión, y mantuvo conversaciones con los ingenieros de Stac y examinó el código de Stac como parte del proceso de due diligence. Stac, en un esfuerzo liderado por el abogado Morgan Chu, demandó a Microsoft por violación de patentes de dos de sus patentes de compresión de datos, y ganó; en 1994, un jurado de California dictaminó que la infracción por parte de Microsoft no fue intencionada, pero que debía pagar a Stac 120 millones de dólares en indemnización compensatoria, llegando a alrededor de $ 5,50 dólares por copia de MS-DOS 6.0 que había sido vendida. El jurado también estuvo de acuerdo con una demanda de reconvención de Microsoft en que Stac había malversado el secreto comercial de Microsoft de una función de precarga que se incluyó en Stacker 3.1, y ordenó a Stac el pago de 13,6 millones de dólares a Microsoft.

Mientras Microsoft prepara un recurso de apelación, Stac obtenido una medida cautelar de la corte para detener las ventas de todos los productos de MS-DOS que incluyeran DoubleSpace; por entonces Microsoft ya había comenzado el envío de una actualización de MS-DOS para los clientes OEM que eliminaba DoubleSpace. A finales de 1994, Microsoft y Stac resolvieron todos los litigios pendientes al aceptar que Microsoft haría una inversión de 39,9 millones de dólares en Stac Electronics, y pagaría a Stac unos 43 millones de dólares en regalías por sus patentes.

A partir de 1994
Antes de 1996, la compañía trasladó su sede de Carlsbad a Carmel Valley, en San Diego, California, y mantiene un grupo de programación en Estonia. Después de resolver el pleito con Microsoft, Stac trataba de ampliar su cartera de productos en el segmento de software de utilidad mediante la adición de almacenamiento adicional y los títulos de la comunicación mediante el desarrollo interno y adquisiciones. La compañía se apresuró a reemplazar los ingresos perdidos después de que el mercado de software de compresión de disco duro se derrumbó con la inclusión de DoubleSpace en MS-DOS y la rápida disminución en el costo por megabyte de disco duro. Usando los fondos de su salida a bolsa (1992) y el acuerdo con Microsoft, Stac adquirió un producto de control remoto llamado ReachOut. Compra un producto de copia de seguridad de imagen del servidor llamado Replica, e internamente desarrolla un producto de copia de seguridad de red para estaciones de trabajo y [Ordenador portátil|ordenadores portátiles]], y comercializa este producto por primera vez como Replica NDM y más tarde como eSupport Essentials. Mucha de la tecnología pionera que ofrece Stac de copia de respaldo en red, conduce en última instancia hacia las soluciones actuales de copia de seguridad en línea.

Mientras tanto, el negocio original de chips de Stac siguió creciendo. Para de que los accionistas hicieran líquidas sus inversiones, su filial de chips llamada Hifn, se separó en 1998 en una oferta pública primaria.

Stac rebautiza luego la compañía de servicios de software restante a Previo, y se reposiciona a sí misma como una empresa de soporte de herramientas y help desk. Este esfuerzo se desarrolla mientras estalla la burbuja punto com, y en 2002 la gestión elige para tomar la medida inusual de la venta de los activos que aún quedan en Stac a Altiris y devolviendo el dinero restante a los accionistas antes de disolverse.

Véase también
 Hifn
 Algoritmo de compresión Lempel–Ziv–Stac
 DOS Protected Mode Services
 Novell DOS 7, OpenDOS 7.01, DR-DOS 7.02 y superiores
 PC DOS 7 y 2000

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página de soporte de Previo en la web de Altiris

Empresas fundadas en 1984
Críticas y controversias sobre Microsoft

Stac Electronics


An honorary degree is an academic degree for which a university (or other degree-awarding institution) has waived all of the usual requirements. It is also known by the Latin phrases honoris causa ("for the sake of the honour") or ad honorem  ("to the honour"). The degree is typically a doctorate or, less commonly, a master's degree, and may be awarded to someone who has no prior connection with the academic institution or no previous postsecondary education. An example of identifying a recipient of this award is as follows: Doctorate in Business Administration (Hon. Causa).

The degree is often conferred as a way of honouring a distinguished visitor's contributions to a specific field or to society in general.

It is sometimes recommended that such degrees be listed in one's curriculum vitae (CV) as an award, and not in the education section. With regard to the use of this honorific, the policies of institutions of higher education generally ask that recipients "refrain from adopting the misleading title" and that a recipient of an honorary doctorate should restrict the use of the title "Dr" before their name to any engagement with the institution of higher education in question and not within the broader community.

Historical origins
The practice dates back to the Middle Ages, when for various reasons a university might be persuaded, or otherwise see fit, to grant exemption from some or all of the usual statutory requirements for the award of a degree. The earliest honorary degree on record was awarded to Lionel Woodville in the late 1470s by the University of Oxford. He later became Bishop of Salisbury.

In the late 16th century, the granting of honorary degrees became quite common, especially on the occasion of royal visits to Oxford or Cambridge. On the visit of James I to Oxford in 1605, for example, forty-three members of his retinue (fifteen of whom were earls or barons) received the degree of Master of Arts, and the Register of Convocation explicitly states that these were full degrees, carrying the usual privileges (such as voting rights in Convocation and Congregation).

There were also some special cases: for example the critic John Ruskin suffered a physical or mental breakdown in 1840 and dropped out of the University of Oxford. He returned to Oxford in 1842, and sat a single exam, and was awarded an honorary fourth-class degree.

In the United States, the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree was first conferred as an honorary degree, at Bucknell University in 1852; not until 1861 did any American university award an earned Ph.D. (Yale University being the first to do so). Over one hundred institutions in the United States conferred honorary Ph.D. degrees in the 19th century, to more than seven hundred recipients. However, the practice of awarding the Ph.D. as an honorary degree drew condemnation from organizations such as the American Philological Association and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the board of regents of the University of the State of New York prohibited any university in the state from conferring an honorary Ph.D. effective in 1897. The number of honorary Ph.D. degrees awarded in the U.S. declined in the 20th century, and surveys by the United States Office of Education found none conferred in 1940 or later years. One of the last known recipients of an honorary Ph.D. was singer Bing Crosby, from Gonzaga University in 1937.

By 2001, about 21 U.S. states had begun allowing public schools to grant honorary high school diplomas to military veterans under a program called "Operation Recognition". In Ohio, it was unclear whether public schools had the legal authority to grant them until July 12, 2001, when Governor Bob Taft signed a bill allowing public school districts to grant them to honorably discharged veterans of World War II. Lakota East High School is believed to have awarded the first such diplomas to a group of 20 veterans in May of that year.

Modern practice
Honorary degrees are usually awarded at regular graduation ceremonies, at which the recipients are often invited to make a speech of acceptance before the assembled faculty and graduates—an event which often forms the highlight of the ceremony. Generally, universities nominate several persons each year for honorary degrees; these nominations usually go through several committees before receiving approval. Nominees are generally not told until a formal approval and invitation are made; often it is perceived that the system is shrouded in secrecy, and occasionally seen as political and controversial. On occasion, organisations have been awarded honorary doctorates.

The term honorary degree is a slight misnomer: honoris causa degrees are not considered of the same standing as substantive degrees earned by the standard academic processes of courses and original research, except perhaps where the recipient has demonstrated an appropriate level of academic scholarship that would ordinarily qualify him or her for the award of a substantive degree. Recipients of honorary degrees typically wear the same academic dress as recipients of substantive degrees, although there are a few exceptions: honorary graduates at the University of Cambridge wear the appropriate full-dress gown but not the hood, and those at the University of St Andrews wear a black cassock instead of the usual full-dress gown.

An ad eundem or jure officii degree is sometimes considered honorary, although these are only conferred on an individual who has already achieved a comparable qualification at another university or attained an office requiring the appropriate level of scholarship. Under certain circumstances, a degree may be conferred on an individual for both the nature of the office they hold and the completion of a dissertation. The "dissertation et jure dignitatis" is considered to be a full academic degree. See below.

Although higher doctorates such as Doctor of Science, Doctor of Letters, etc. are often awarded honoris causa, in many countries (notably England and Scotland, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand) it is formally possible to earn such a degree as a substantive one. This typically involves the submission of a portfolio of peer-refereed research, usually undertaken over a number of years, which has made a substantial contribution to the academic field in question. The university will appoint a panel of examiners who will consider the case and prepare a report recommending whether or not the degree be awarded. Usually, the applicant must have some strong formal connection with the university in question, for example full-time academic staff, or graduates of several years' standing.

Some universities, seeking to differentiate between substantive and honorary doctorates, have a degree (often DUniv, or Doctor of the University) which is used for these purposes, with the other higher doctorates reserved for formally examined academic scholarship.

The Archbishop of Canterbury has the authority to award degrees. These "Lambeth degrees" are sometimes, erroneously, thought to be honorary; however the archbishops have for many centuries had the legal authority (originally as the representatives of the Pope, later confirmed by a 1533 Act of Henry VIII), to award degrees and regularly do so to people who have either passed an examination or are deemed to have satisfied the appropriate requirements.

Between the two extremes of honouring celebrities and formally assessing a portfolio of research, some universities use honorary degrees to recognise achievements of intellectual rigour. Some institutes of higher education do not confer honorary degrees as a matter of policy—see below. Some learned societies award honorary fellowships in the same way as honorary degrees are awarded by universities, for similar reasons.

Practical use

A typical example of university regulations is, "Honorary graduates may use the approved post-nominal letters. It is not customary, however, for recipients of an honorary doctorate to adopt the prefix 'Dr. In some universities, it is however a matter of personal preference for an honorary doctor to use the formal title of "Doctor", regardless of the background circumstances for the award. Written communications where an honorary doctorate has been awarded may include the letters "h.c." after the award to indicate that status.

The recipient of an honorary degree may add the degree title postnominally, but it should always be made clear that the degree is honorary by adding "honorary" or "honoris causa" or "h.c." in parentheses after the degree title. In some countries, a person who holds an honorary doctorate may use the title "Doctor" prenominally, abbreviated "Dr.h.c." or "Dr.(h.c.)". Sometimes, they use "Hon" before the degree letters, for example, "Hon DMus".

In recent years, some universities have adopted entirely separate postnominal titles for honorary degrees. This is in part due to the confusion that honorary degrees have caused. For example, an honorary doctorate from the Auckland University of Technology takes the special title HonD since it is now common in certain countries to use certain degrees, such as LLD or HonD, as purely honorary. Some universities, including the Open University, grant Doctor of the University (DUniv) degrees to selected nominees, while awarding PhD or EdD degrees to those who have fulfilled the academic requirements.

Most American universities award the degrees of LLD (Doctor of Laws), LittD (Doctor of Letters), LHD (Doctor of Humane Letters), ScD (Doctor of Science), PedD (Doctor of Pedagogy) and DD (Doctor of Divinity) only as honorary degrees. American universities do not have the system of "higher doctorates" used in the UK and some other universities around the world.

Customary degrees (ad eundem or jure officii degrees)

Some universities and colleges have the custom of awarding a master's degree to every scholar appointed as a full professor, who had never earned a degree there. At the universities of Oxford, Dublin and Cambridge, many senior staff are granted the degree of Master of Arts after three years of service, and at Amherst College all tenured professors are awarded a Master of Arts degree at an academic convocation in the autumn, even though the school only offers an earned Bachelor of Arts degree (Amherst awards honorary doctorates at commencement in the spring to notable scholars and other special invitees). Schools such as Brown University, the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University also award tenured faculty, who do not have a degree from their respective schools, the AM ad eundem.

These ad eundem or jure officii degrees are earned degrees, not honorary, because they recognize formal learning.

Similarly, a jure dignitatis degree is awarded to someone who has demonstrated eminence and scholarship by being appointed to a particular office. Thus, for example, a DD (Doctor of Divinity) might be conferred upon a bishop on the occasion of his consecration, or a judge created LLD (Legum Doctor) or DCL (Doctor of Civil Law) upon his or her appointment to the judicial bench. These, also, are properly considered substantive rather than honorary degrees.

Institutions not awarding honorary degrees
Some US universities such as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cornell University, Stanford University, and Rice University, do not award honorary degrees as a matter of policy. The University of Virginia (founded in 1819) was probably the first US university to explicitly have a policy of not awarding honorary degrees at the behest of its founder, Thomas Jefferson. In 1845, William Barton Rogers, then chairman of the faculty, vigorously defended this policy; in 1861, he founded MIT in Boston and continued this practice. The University of Virginia does annually award Thomas Jefferson Medals in Architecture and in Law, as the highest honours accorded by that institution.

The Stanford Alumni Association occasionally awards the Degree of Uncommon Man/Woman to individuals who have given "rare and exceptional service" to the university. Though UCLA has imposed a moratorium on awarding honorary degrees, it honours notable people with the UCLA Medal instead. St. John's College has not granted honorary degrees since 1936, but its alumni association occasionally offers honorary membership to retiring faculty, staff, and other close associates of the college.

Controversy

Some universities and colleges have been accused of granting honorary degrees in exchange for large donations. Honorary degree recipients, particularly those who have no prior academic qualifications, have sometimes been criticized if they insist on being called "Doctor" as a result of their award, as the honorific may mislead the general public about their qualifications.

In 1985, as a deliberate snub, the University of Oxford voted to refuse Margaret Thatcher an honorary degree in protest against her cuts in funding for higher education. This award had previously been given to all prime ministers who had been educated at Oxford.

The Philosophy Faculty at Cambridge courted controversy among the academic community in March 1992, when three of its members posed a temporary veto against the awarding of an honorary doctorate to Jacques Derrida; they and other non-Cambridge proponents of analytic philosophy protested against the granting on the grounds that Derrida's work "did not conform with accepted measures of academic rigor." Although the university eventually passed the motion, the episode did more to draw attention to the continuing antipathy between the analytic (of which Cambridge's faculty is a leading exponent) and the post-Hegelian continental philosophical traditions (with which Derrida's work is more closely associated).

In 1996, Southampton College at Long Island University (now a campus of Stony Brook University) awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Amphibious Letters to Muppet Kermit the Frog. Although some students objected to awarding a degree to a Muppet, Kermit delivered an enjoyable commencement address and the small college received considerable press coverage. The degree was conferred in recognition of efforts in the area of environmentalism. The university stated: "His theme song, 'It's Not Easy Bein' Green,' has become a rallying cry of the environmental movement. Kermit has used his celebrity to spread positive messages in public service announcements for the National Wildlife Federation, National Park Service, the Better World Society, and others."

The awarding of an honorary degree to political figures can prompt protests from faculty or students. In 2001, George W. Bush received an honorary degree from Yale University, where he had earned his bachelor's degree in history in 1968. Some students and faculty chose to boycott the university's 300th commencement. Andrew Card, who served as Bush's Chief of Staff from 2001 to 2006, ultimately chose not to speak when the University of Massachusetts Amherst awarded him an honorary degree in 2007, in response to protests from students and faculty at the commencement ceremonies.

In 2005 at the University of Western Ontario, Henry Morgentaler, a gynecologist involved in a legal case decriminalizing abortion in Canada (R. v. Morgentaler), was made an honorary Doctor of Laws. Over 12,000 signatures were acquired asking the UWO to reverse its decision to honor Morgentaler. Several protest rallies were held, including one on the day the honorary degree was bestowed (a counter petition to support Morgentaler's degree gained 10,000 signatures).

In 2007, protesters demanded that the University of Edinburgh revoke an honorary degree awarded to Zimbabwean leader Robert Mugabe in 1984. The university subsequently revealed plans to review its honorary degree policy and strip certain figures of their honorary degrees who did not deserve them. When considering revoking the honorary degree of a political figure, such reasons as human rights abuse or political corruption would be considered. As a result, it was announced that Mugabe had been stripped of his honorary degree. The university also planned to have a more rigorous selection procedure regarding potential recipients of honorary degrees, in an attempt to rectify the trend of awarding degrees to celebrities. Students at the University of Massachusetts Amherst also
asked the university to revoke the honorary degree that was awarded to Mugabe over twenty years ago, and on 12 June 2008 the trustees unanimously rescinded Robert Mugabe's honorary degree. Michigan State University has also rescinded its honorary degree.

In April 2009, Arizona State University's president, Michael M. Crow, refused to give an honorary degree to US President Barack Obama for his lack of adequate qualifying achievements thus far. Also, controversy was ignited about Notre Dame awarding Obama an honorary degree, as the institution is Roman Catholic and Obama holds pro-choice views on abortion and supports embryonic stem cell research.

In February 2012, Rosmah Mansor, the wife of the Prime Minister of Malaysia, Najib Razak was controversially awarded an honorary doctorate by the Curtin University for "services to childhood education". The university honored Rosmah for founding and driving the Permata early childhood centres in Malaysia although some alumni and students contended that the government-funded centres are "an abuse of taxpayers' money".

Over 50 honorary degrees awarded to Bill Cosby have been rescinded due to allegations and lawsuits of sexual assault.

In December 2022, the School of the Art Institute of Chicago rescinded an honorary doctorate degree awarded to rapper Kanye West after a series of racist and antisemitic remarks made by West.

Use of title associated with honorary doctorates
By convention, recipients of honorary doctorates do not use the title "Dr" in general correspondence, although in formal correspondence from the university issuing the honorary degree it is normal to address the recipient by the title, at least in the United States. However, this social convention is not always scrupulously observed. Notable people who have used the honorary prefix include:

 Maya Angelou, a memoirist and poet who had no earned degrees, but she received dozens of honorary ones and she preferred to be called "Dr. Angelou" by people other than family and close friends.
 Stephen Colbert, who received an honorary doctorate in fine arts from Knox College in 2006, frequently made light of the concept of an "honorary doctor" by offering up scurrilous medical advice in a segment called "Cheating Death" on his television program The Colbert Report after being awarded a D.F.A.
 Benjamin Franklin, who received an honorary master's degree from The College of William and Mary in 1756, and doctorates from the University of St. Andrews in 1759 and the University of Oxford in 1762 for his scientific accomplishments. He thereafter referred to himself as "Doctor Franklin".
 Alan García, former Peruvian president and politician, who for many years held the title of Dr. in official presentations as head of state and as a civilian throughout his political career. Heavily criticized by the media when discovering his last degree to be a master's in economic development and not completing his doctoral studies in law, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Delhi in 1987, while making an official visit to India in his first term as president.
 Samuel Johnson, an author and lexicographer, who had some years earlier been unable (due to financial considerations) to complete his undergraduate studies at Pembroke College, Oxford, was awarded the degree of Master of Arts by diploma in 1755, in recognition of his scholarly achievements. In 1765, Trinity College, Dublin awarded him the degree of Doctor of Laws and in 1775 Oxford bestowed upon him the degree of Doctor of Civil Law by diploma.
 Edwin H. Land, who invented the Land Camera instant camera, and was a co-founder of the Polaroid Corporation, received an honorary doctorate from Harvard University and was often referred to as "Dr. Land", though he did not have any earned degree.
 Richard Stallman, the founder of the Free Software Foundation in the field of information technology, has been awarded fourteen honorary doctorates from various international educational institutions from 1996 through 2014 including the North American Lakehead University in 2009, and now refers to himself as "Dr. Richard Stallman" in speeches, talks, videos, and email.
 Sukarno, the first president of Indonesia, was awarded 26 honorary doctorates from various international universities including Columbia University, the University of Michigan, the University of Berlin, the Al-Azhar University, the University of Belgrade, the Lomonosov University and many more; and also from domestic universities, including the Universitas Gadjah Mada, the Universitas Indonesia, the Bandung Institute of Technology, and the Universitas Padjadjaran. He had often been referred to by the Indonesian Government at the time as "Dr. Ir. Sukarno", combined with his engineer's degree (Ir.) from Bandung Institute of Technology.
 Jeremiah Wolfe, a respected elder of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, taught at the Oconaluftee Job Corps in Cherokee for more than 20 years, and subsequently worked in outreach and education at the Museum of the Cherokee Indian, where he shared his extensive knowledge of tribal history and culture with thousands of visitors. He was awarded an honorary doctorate of humane letters at the commencement at Western Carolina University, 2017.

See also
 Academic degree
 Freedom of the City
 Homage
 Latin honors

References

External links

Doctoral degrees

Honorary degree


Panthera palaeosinensis es una especie de félido panterino extinto que vivió en el Plioceno superior y Pleistoceno inferior hallado en el norte de China y la isla de Java. Es frecuentemente denominado como un ancestro del tigre, Panthera tigris aunque comparta características con todos los grandes felinos actuales. Análisis recientes sugieren que esta especie es cercana al ancestro común del género Panthera.

Fue descrito inicialmente en 1924 como Felis paleosinensis por Otto Zdansky en su trabajo "Jungtertiäre Carnivoren Chinas". El cráneo de Panthera paleosinensis''' posee una longitud de 262 milímetros y una longitud de mandíbula de 169 milímetros. Posiblemente en vida este felino sería similar a un jaguar, de constitución gruesa y robusta. El fósil carecía de los caninos cónicos superiores, pero los caninos inferiores sí lo estaban y poseen los típicos surcos verticales del género Panthera.

 Referencias

 Hemmer, H. 1967. Wohin gehört "Felis" palaeosinensis Zdansky, 1924 in systematischer Hinsicht? N. Jb. Geol. Paleont. Abh., 129:83-96.
 Mazák, V. 1981. Panthera tigris''. Mammalian Species, 152: 1-8. American Society of Mammalogists. (Accesible online)
()

palaeosinensis
Mamíferos extintos de Asia
Mamíferos del Pleistoceno
Animales extintos descritos en 1924

Panthera palaeosinensis


Marius Bakken (d. 27 Mart 1978, Sandefjord, Norveç), Norveçli bir orta mesafe koşucusudur.

Eskiden 800 ila 10000 metre arasında koşarken şimdi 5000 metreye odaklanmış durumda. 1999, 2001 ve 2005 Dünya Şampiyonlarında hem de 2000 ve 2004'te gerçekleşen iki olimpiyatta yarışmıştır.

Bakken herhangi bir uluslararası unvan almamış olmasına rağmen Norveç'in 3000 ve 5000 metre rekorlarını elinde bulunduruyor.

En iyi dereceleri
 800m 1:51.19 (1997)
 1500m 3:38.84 (2005)
 3000m 7:40.77 (2001) - Norveç rekoru
 5000m 13:06.39 (2004) - Norveç rekoru
 10000m 28:26.36 (2000)

1978 doğumlular
Norveçli orta mesafe koşucuları
Norveçli uzun mesafe koşucuları
2004 Yaz Olimpiyatları atletleri
Yaşayan insanlar

Marius Bakken


El Reino de Luang Prabang (en laosiano: ພຣະຣາຊອານາຈັກຫລວງພະບາງ) fue un pequeño estado localizado en el actual Laos, que existió entre 1707 y 1949.

Historia
Se formó en el año 1707 como resultado de la división del reino de Lan Xang.

A lo largo de su historia la monarquía fue tan débil que se vio forzada a pagar tributo varias veces a los birmanos y a los siameses. Después de un ataque particularmente destructivo por parte del Ejército de los llamados "Pabellones Negros" en 1887, el reino de Luang Prabang eligió aceptar la protección francesa y se integró en la Unión Indochina. Continuó como protectorado francés hasta que se transformó en el nuevo Reino de Laos, tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial y bajo el reinado de Sisavang Vong.

Reyes
Kitsarat (1707–1713)
Ong Kham (1713–1723)
Thao Ang (Inthason) (1723–1749)
Intharavongsa (1749)
Inthaphom (1749)
Sotika-Kuomane (1749–1768) (vasallo birmano, 1765–1768)
Surinyavong II (1768–1788) (vasallo birmano, 1768–1778)
Ocupación siamesa (1791–1792)
Anurutha (3 de febrero de 1792 - 1793) (1º reinado)
Ocupación Siamesa (1793 - 2 de junio de 1794)
Anurutha (2 de junio de 1794 - 31 de diciembre de 1819) (2º reinado)
Manthaturath (31 de diciembre de 1819 - 7 de marzo de 1837): Regente de Anurutha desde 1817 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 1819; vivió como monje en Bangkok de 1825 hasta 1826, por lo cual dejó que Luan Prabang fuera gobernado por oficiales tailandeses.
Unkeo (1837–1838; regente)
Sukha-Söm (1838 - 23 de septiembre de 1850)
Chantha-Kuman (23 de septiembre de 1850 - 1 de octubre de 1868)
Oun Kham (1 de octubre de 1868 - 15 de diciembre de 1895) (Zakarín fue regente de Oun Kham desde abril de 1888 hasta el 15 de diciembre de 1895)
Sisavang Vong (26 de marzo de 1904 - 27 de agosto de 1946): Desde el 12 de octubre de 1945, Sisavang Vong fue oficialmente rey de Laos.

Referencias

Estados y territorios fundados en 1707
Estados y territorios desaparecidos en 1949
Luang Prabang
Estados desaparecidos del Sudeste Asiático
Historia de Laos
Historia de Tailandia
Laos en el siglo XVIII
Laos en el siglo XIX
Laos en el siglo XX
Tailandia en el siglo XVIII
Tailandia en el siglo XIX
Tailandia en el siglo XX

Reino de Luang Prabang


The crested goshawk (Accipiter trivirgatus) is a bird of prey from tropical Asia. It is related to other diurnal raptors such as eagles, buzzards (or buteos) and harriers, and thus placed in the family Accipitridae.

Description
This raptor has short broad wings and a long tail, both adaptations to manoeuvring through trees. It is 30–46 cm in length, with the female much larger than the male. The larger size and a short crest, clearly visible in profile, are the best distinctions from its relative, the besra (A. virgatus).

The male has a dark brown crown, grey head sides and black moustachial and throat stripes. The pale underparts are patterned with rufous streaks on the breast and bars on the belly. The larger female has a browner head and brown underpart streaks and bars. The juvenile has pale fringes to its head feathers, and the underpart background colour is buff rather than white.

The flight is a characteristic "slow flap, slow flap, straight glide", similar to other Accipiter species such as the northern goshawk (A. gentilis).

Range and ecology
The crested goshawk breeds in southern Asia, from India and Sri Lanka to southern China, Indonesia, Taiwan, and the Philippines. It is primarily a lowland bird, and an all-year resident. Even in upland habitat it is resident in winter, for example in the Himalayas foothills of Bhutan or in Sal (Shorea robusta) forest in India's Dehradun district. In these lands at the northern end of its range, it is generally very rare however. Essentially it is limited to tropical and warm subtropical areas.
In Malaysia and Singapore there is increasing evidence of this species adapting to life in urban centres.

Like its relatives, this secretive forest bird hunts birds, mammals and reptiles in woodland, relying on surprise as it flies from a perch to catch its prey unaware. It builds a stick nest in a tree and lays two or three eggs.

The ischnoceran louse Degeeriella storeri is a parasite of this bird; it is not yet known from any other host species. On the other hand, Kurodaia fulvofasciata, an amblyceran louse parasitizing the crested goshawk, is widely found on birds of prey throughout the Holarctic.

In Hong Kong, A. trivirgatus is a protected species under Wild Animals Protection Ordinance Cap 170. It can be found in Kam Shan Country Park.

Taxonomy
The crested goshawk includes the following recognized subspecies:
 A. t. indicus (Hodgson, 1836)
 A. t. formosae - Mayr, 1949
 A. t. peninsulae - Koelz, 1949
 A. t. layardi (Whistler, 1936)
 A. t. trivirgatus (Temminck, 1824)
 A. t. niasensis - Mayr, 1949
 A. t. javanicus - Mayr, 1949
 A. t. microstictus - Mayr, 1949
 A. t. palawanus - Mayr, 1949
 A. t. castroi - Manuel & Gilliard, 1952
 A. t. extimus - Mayr, 1945

Footnotes

References

 Dalgleish, R.C. (ed.) (2003): Birds and their associated Chewing Lice: Accipitridae. Version of 2003-AUG-30. Retrieved 2009-JUN-23.
 Elbel, Robert E. & Price, Roger D. (1973): Three new Oriental and New Guinean Degeeriella (Mallophaga: Philopteridae). Pacific Insects 15(1) : 95-101. PDF fulltext
 Grimmett, Richard; Inskipp, Carol, Inskipp, Tim & Byers, Clive (1999): Birds of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J..
 Inskipp, Carol; Inskipp, Tim & Sherub (2000): The ornithological importance of Thrumshingla National Park, Bhutan. Forktail 14: 147–162. PDF fulltext
 Singh, A.P. (2002): New and significant records from Dehra Dun valley, lower Garhwal Himalayas, India. Forktail 18: 151–153. PDF fulltext
Shepherd, C. R. (2018). Crested Goshawk Accipiter trivirgatus may adapt well to life in urban areas across its range in Asia. BirdingASIA 29: 34–35.

crested goshawk
crested goshawk
Birds of Hainan
Birds of South Asia
Birds of Southeast Asia
Birds of Taiwan
crested goshawk
Birds of South India

Crested goshawk


Con el nombre de Municipio de Adams se conocen varios términos municipales estadounidenses que se listan a continuación.

Municipio de Adams (Dakota del Norte)

Municipio de Adams (condado de Grant, Dakota del Sur)
 Municipio de Adams (condado de Miner, Dakota del Sur)

Municipio de Adams (Illinois)

Municipio de Adams (condado de Allen, Indiana)
 Municipio de Adams (condado de Carroll, Indiana)
 Municipio de Adams (condado de Cass, Indiana)
 Municipio de Adams (condado de Allen, Indiana)
 Municipio de Adams (condado de Carroll, Indiana)
 Municipio de Adams (condado de Cass, Indiana)
 Municipio de Adams (condado de Decatur, Indiana)
 Municipio de Adams (condado de Hamilton, Indiana)
 Municipio de Adams (condado de Madison, Indiana)
 Municipio de Adams (condado de Morgan, Indiana)
 Municipio de Adams (condado de Parke, Indiana)
 Municipio de Adams (condado de Ripley, Indiana)
 Municipio de Adams (condado de Warren, Indiana)

Municipio de Adams (condado de Dallas, Iowa)
 Municipio de Adams (condado de Delaware, Iowa)
 Municipio de Adams (condado de Keokuk, Iowa)
 Municipio de Adams (condado de Mahaska, Iowa)
 Municipio de Adams (condado de Wapello, Iowa)

Municipio de Adams (Kansas)

Municipio de Adams (condado de Arenac, Míchigan)
 Municipio de Adams (condado de Hillsdale, Míchigan)
 Municipio de Adams (condado de Houghton, Míchigan)

Municipio de Adams (Minnesota)

Municipio de Adams (condado de DeKalb, Misuri)
 Municipio de Adams (condado de Harrison, Misuri)

Municipio de Adams (Nebraska)

Municipio de Adams (condado de Champaign, Ohio)
 Municipio de Adams (condado de Clinton, Ohio)
 Municipio de Adams (condado de Coshocton, Ohio)
 Municipio de Adams (condado de Darke, Ohio)
 Municipio de Adams (condado de Defiance, Ohio)
 Municipio de Adams (condado de Guernsey, Ohio)
 Municipio de Adams (condado de Monroe, Ohio)
 Municipio de Adams (condado de Muskingum, Ohio)
 Municipio de Adams (condado de Seneca, Ohio)
 Municipio de Adams (condado de Washington, Ohio)

Municipio de Adams (condado de Butler, Pensilvania)
 Municipio de Adams (condado de Cambria, Pensilvania)
 Municipio de Adams (condado de Snyder, Pensilvania)

Municipio de Adams


Millennium Hotel, anteriormente conocido como Khalid Al Attar Tower 2, es un rascacielos de 66 plantas situado en la Sheik Zayed Road, Dubái, EAU. La torre tiene una altura arquitectónica total de 294 m. Su construcción fue completada en 2011. Actualmente ocupa el puesto 25º, como rascacielos más alto de Dubái.

Galería

Véase también
 Anexo:Edificios más altos de Dubái
 Ahmed Abdul Rahim Al Attar Tower
 Rose Rayhaan by Rotana

Enlaces externos

Referencias

Rascacielos de Dubái
Arquitectura de 2011
Rascacielos de los Emiratos Árabes Unidos
Rascacielos entre 250 y 299 metros
Arquitectura de Emiratos Árabes Unidos del siglo XXI
Rascacielos hoteles de los Emiratos Árabes Unidos

Millennium Hotel


الاحتكار الثنائي  هو نوع من احتكار القلة، يكون فيه منتجين اثتين فقط يتحكمون في السوق، ومن أشهر الأمثلة على ذلك شركتي كوكاكولا وبيبسي في سوق المشروبات الغازية.

مراجع

احتكار القلة
مشاكل اقتصادية
مصطلحات اقتصادية
هيكلية السوق والتسعير

احتكار ثنائي


Svijet

Književna djela

 Ujak Vanja Antona Pavloviča Čehova

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

 5. srpnja – Jean Cocteau, francuski pjesnik, romanopisac, dramatičar, dizajner, boksački trener i filmaš († 1963.)

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Književna djela

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

 10. prosinca – Ante Kovačić, hrvatski romanopisac i pjesnik (* 1854.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Književnost u 1889.


Caterina di Guisa (título original en italiano; en español, Catalina de Guisa) es una ópera en dos actos con música de Carlo Coccia y libreto en italiano de Felice Romani. Se estrenó el 14 de febrero de 1833 en el Teatro alla Scala de Milán, Italia, con éxito triunfal. El 15 de junio de 1836 se estrena en el Teatro Carignano de Turín una segunda versión con algunos cambios de vocalidad.

Historia

Tras una larga trayectoria, Carlo Coccia recibe un encargo del teatro de La Scala para componer una ópera. Tras el fiasco de su obra anterior, Enrico di Monfort, el compositor decide seguir el estilo de las óperas románicas de Gaetano Donizetti y Vincenzo Bellini que triunfa en ese momento. El argumento probablemente es elegido por el libretista, Felice Romani, y se adapta a los dramas históricos protagonizados por mujeres acusadas de adulterio con final trágico que serán populares en esos años.

La ópera se estrenó en La Scala de Milán el 14 de febrero de 1833, con tal éxito que se dieron 17 representaciones. Considerada una de las cumbres del drama romántico, fue elogiada por su refinado lirismo, su rica orquestación, su libertad formal y su dramatismo.

Poco después, Coccia reescribió la ópera, quizá animado por Romani. Contaba con un destacado elenco de intérpretes y el tiempo necesario para adaptar las partes vocales a voces más graves (excepto para el personaje de Arturo, que pasa e contralto a la más aguda voz de mezzosoprano), bajando la tesitura de Caterina y San Megrino y convirtiendo a Enrico en bajo, algo más lógico en esa época, en la que tener dos tenores sonaba a Rossini. Esta nueva versión se estrena en el Teatro Carignano de Turín el 15 de junio de 1836. Las posteriores representaciones de la ópera elegirían la versión en función de los solistas disponibles, e incluso en 1842, estando ya retirado de la composición operística, el propio Coccia dirigió en el Teatro Regio de Turín unas representaciones de la ópera que contaban con elementos de ambas versiones.

Fuera de Italia, la ópera se representó en Budapest (traducida al alemán) y en Madrid en 1835, en Viena en 1836 (traducida al alemán; en 1837 se representó en el original italiano), en Lisboa en 1837 y en Odesa en 1839.

La ópera ha sido recuperada en tiempos modernos en el Teatro Gabriello Chiabrera de Savona el 30 de octubre de 1990 utilizando la versión revisada de 1836. La grabación discografíca de esta representación ha sido publicada por el sello Bongiovanni.

Personajes

Argumento

La acción tiene lugar en París en 1578, durante el reinado de Enrique III. Enrique, duque de Guisa es el líder de la Liga Católica, enemigo de los hugonotes y enemistado con el rey.

Acto I

Galería en el Louvre

Se celebra un baile en el que están presentes miembros de la liga católica, pero también el conde de San Megrino, del bando rival. Éste trata de cortejar a la duquesa Caterina, de quien está enamorado, aun sabiendo que ella es la esposa de su enemigo. Ella, pese a estar asustada, responde a sus avances. Cuando ella se va, pierde un pañuelo; el conde trata de seguirla, pero al oír la llegada del duque huye por otro sitio. El duque, al ver el pañuelo en el suelo, piensa que lo ha perdido San Megrino, y reconociendo que es de su esposa, sospecha de una relación entre ambos (aria: Grave, tremendo arcano). Poco después reaparece San Megrino y ambos se enfrentan por temas políticos. El conde desafía al duque a un duelo, pero éste lo rechaza, aludiendo a su mayor rango.

Sala de recepción del palacio de Guisa

Arturo, escudero y primo de la duquesa, está enamorado de ella, aunque es consciente de que no hay esperanza para su amor (aria: Con la luce, con la vita). Llega la duquesa, preocupada por haber perdido su pañuelo. Como el duque aún no ha regresado, ella le pide a Arturo que lea unos versos de amor del poeta Ronsard. Llega el duque, que obliga a su esposa a confesar que el conde la ha cortejado y a escribirle una carta invitándole a acudir al palacio esa noche, con la intención de tenderle una trampa. La duquesa pide a Arturo que le entregue la carta al conde una vez que su esposo se ha ido, sin saber que en realidad se ha escondido tras una cortina y oye todo. Cuando éste reaparece, Caterina es consciente del cruel destino que le espera, mientras el duque trama su venganza.

Acto II

Plaza del Louvre

San Megrino ha ganado un torneo, por lo que es aclamado por todos. Arturo cree que le carta que debe entregarle al conde es una carta de amor de Caterina, por lo que sufre al entregársela. San Megrino le pide a Arturo que regrese donde la duquesa y le confirme su amor (aria: Torna a lei).

Atrio del palacio de Guisa

El duque da órdenes a sus sirvientes de que puede entrar quien quiera al palacio, pero nadie pueda salir. Llega Arturo y, al ser consciente de la trampa que prepara el duque, trata en vano de disuadirlo; el duque sólo piensa en su venganza.

Gabinete de la duquesa

Caterina, encerrada en su habitación, suspira por no poder hacer nada para ayudar al conde (aria: Ah, fidar potessi almeno). Llega San Megrino sin problema. Ella le pide que huya porque está en peligro, e incluso intenta hacerle creer que no le ama para conseguir que se vaya, pero finalmente le confiesa su amor. Cuando piensa que no hay escapatoria, Arturo le deja una cuerda para escapar por la ventana justo antes de que el duque aparezca en la habitación. Al no ver al conde pide a sus soldados que lo busquen. Caterina pide clemencia a su esposo al saber que San Megrino lucha contra los hombres del duque con la ayuda de Arturo para poder escapar. Pero ambos mueren, y el duque le arroja a su esposa el pañuelo que despertó sus sospechas, diciéndole que recuerde siempre su venganza.

Estructura

Acto I
 Sinfonía y Coro de introducción: Lo vedeste? - Il Dio parea
 Dueto: Non fuggirmi: in me destasti (Conte, Duchessa)
 Escena: Vedi? il regal favore (Coro)
 Aria: Grave, tremendo arcano (Duca)
 Escena: Silenzio... ei vien (Duca)
 Dueto: Pera chi vuol turbarla / Vieni, tu vuoi nascondere (Conte, Duca, Coro)
 Aria y Cavatina: Con la luce, con la vita / Un sol momento (Arturo)
 Escena: Cercammo invano / Deh! non pensar che spegnere (Coro, Arturo)
 Escena: Non vi prenda stupor (Duca)
 Dueto: E infierir così potete / Ah! lo veggo, un'imprudenza (Duchessa, Duca)
 Duetino: Io lasciarti? Sì afflitta (Arturo, Duchessa)
 Escena: Non anco è compita (Duca)
 Finale I: Veggo, ah! veggo il destin (Duchessa, Duca, Coro)

Acto II
 Marcha y Coro de introducción: Dunque è ver?
 Aria: Torna a lei (Conte)
 Dueto: Guisa, dirà la terra (Arturo, Duca)
 Escena: Da un destin sospinto io sono (Duca, Arturo, Coro)
 Aria: Ah, fidar potessi almeno (Duchessa)
 Escena: Ah questa volta io sento / Dolce la morte rendimi (Duchessa, Conte)
 Escena: Ov'è desso? (Duca)
 Aria: Lascia in prima (Duchessa)
 Finale: Ah! m'uccidi (Duchessa, Duca)

Discografía

Notas y referencias

Enlaces externos

Libreto del estreno en Internet Archive
Libreto del estreno de la revisión de 1836 en Internet Archive

Óperas de Carlo Coccia
Óperas en italiano
Óperas de 1833
Óperas estrenadas en Milán
Óperas basadas en piezas de teatro

Caterina di Guisa


Charles Samuel (Bruselas, 1862 - ibídem, 1939) fue un escultor belga.

Formación
Tras su aprendizaje en grabados con Léopold Wiener, en escultura con Eugène Simonis, Joseph Jaquet y Charles Van der Stappen, y en medallas con el orfebre y escultor Philippe Wolfers, comenzó una brillante carrera en 1889.

Obra
Entre sus varias estatuas, destacan la de Charles De Coster en los estanques de Ixelles (1894) y la de la Brabançonne (1930). En junio de 1909, participó en Múnich en la décima exposición universal cuatrienal de Bellas Artes organizada por la Münchener Künstler Genossenschaft y la Münchener Secession como parte de la delegación belga dirigida por el escultor y pintor Jacques de Lalaing que se desarrolló en el Palacio de Cristal.

Bibliografía
 Albert van Dievoet, "La participation des Belges à l'exposition quatriennale à Munich", L'Expansion Belge, VII, 1909, p. 485.

Personas de Bruselas
Escultores de Bélgica del siglo XIX
Escultores de Bélgica del siglo XX
Fallecidos en Cannes

Charles Samuel


Friedrich Kiefer (* 9. September 1897 in Karlsruhe; † 18. April 1985 in Konstanz) war ein deutscher Biologe, Zoologe und Lehrer und bekannter Spezialist für die Gruppe der Ruderfußkrebse.

Lehrer
Kiefer legte am humanistischen Schönborn-Gymnasium in Bruchsal das Abitur ab und war nach seinem Studium zunächst bis 1940 Volksschullehrer in Oberbaldingen, Büsingen, Mönchweiler, Öfingen und Karlsruhe. 1941 wurde er in den höheren Schuldienst übernommen und wurde an das Lessing-Gymnasium in Karlsruhe versetzt. Kurz darauf bekam er den Auftrag, an der neu gegründeten Lehrerfortbildungsanstalt Bad Rippoldsau die Abteilung für Biologie aufzubauen und Referendare auszubilden. 1943 wurde er Studienrat und stellvertretender Direktor der Anstalt. Von 1946 bis zu seiner Pensionierung 1962 unterrichtete Kiefer das Fach Biologie am Alexander-von-Humboldt-Gymnasium Konstanz. 1959 wurde er zum Gymnasialprofessor und Fachberater für den gymnasialen Biologieunterricht am Oberschulamt Freiburg ernannt.

Kiefer verfasste auf Anregung von Otto Schmeil ein "Handbuch für den lebenskundlichen Unterricht an Volks- und Hauptschulen" dessen Umbruch und alle Unterlagen allerdings einem Bombenangriff auf Leipzig 1944 zum Opfer fielen.

Forscher
Friedrich Kiefer war neben seinem Beruf als Lehrer ein ausgewiesener Kenner der Copepoden. Auf diese Tiergruppe hatte ihn Robert Lauterborn hingewiesen und gefördert. Weitere Unterstützung fand er zunächst bei Otto Schmeil, bevor er selbst einer der Autoritäten auf dem Gebiet der Copepodenforschung wurde.

So hat er etwa 250 Arbeiten zu dieser Gruppe veröffentlicht und dabei neun Unterfamilien, 45 Gattungen, sieben Untergattungen und 292 Arten neu beschrieben. Weiter hat er von 1927 bis 1928 das System der Cyclopideae und 1932 das der altweltlichen Diaptomidae neu geordnet.

Besonderes Interesse fand bei ihm die Fauna der unterirdischen Gewässer des Lückensystems in den Schottern und Sedimenten von Bächen, Flüssen und Seen. Seine Forschungsergebnisse hat er in mehreren Büchern und Beiträgen zu Handbüchern zusammengefasst, so in der Reihe "Die Binnengewässer" in denen er die freilebenden Copepoden des Zooplanktons in den westpaläarktischen Gewässern bearbeitet hat. Dabei hat er in über 1500 Zeichnungen etwa 130 Arten der calanoiden und cyclopiden Copepoden bestimmbar gemacht.

Kiefer hat sich auch um den praktischen Gewässerschutz bleibende Verdienste erworben. So hat er ab 1952 daran mitgewirkt, im Zusammenhang mit dem Plan einer Bodensee-Wasserversorgung den Planktonbestand im See genau zu erfassen. Er hat bei diesen Arbeiten erstmals die durch die Eutrophierung des Bodensees verursachte Veränderung des Planktonbestandes im See nachgewiesen. Die entsprechenden Ergebnisse sind in der zweiten Auflage des von Kiefer verfassten Buches "Naturkunde des Bodensees" veröffentlicht.

Kiefer hat einen beträchtlichen Teil seines Vermögens in den "Professor-Friedrich-Kiefer-Fonds" eingebracht, der seit 1982 vom Badischen Landesverein für Naturkunde und Naturschutz in Freiburg betreut wird.

Seine weltweit nachgefragte Sammlung von Copepoden befindet sich im Staatlichen Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe.

Mitgliedschaften und Ehrungen
 1922: Gründungsmitglied der Internationalen Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie
 1924: ehrenamtlicher Mitarbeiter der Anstalt für Bodenseeforschung der Stadt Konstanz in Staad
 1934: ehrenamtlicher Kustos der Landessammlungen für Naturkunde in Karlsruhe
 1951: Dr. h. c. Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
 1962: Ehrenmitglied des Badischen Landesvereins für Naturkunde und Naturschutz e. V.
 1963: Leiter der Anstalt für Bodenseeforschung der Stadt Konstanz
 1972: Ehrenmitglied des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins Karlsruhe e. V.
 1974: Ehrenmitglied des Vereins für Geschichte des Bodensees und seiner Umgebung
 1976: Bundesverdienstkreuz am Bande
 Korrespondierendes Mitglied der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Schaffhausen

Schriften (Auswahl)

 Bemerkungen zur Morphometrie des Bodensee-Untersees aus limnologischer Sicht, in: Schriften des Vereins für Geschichte des Bodensees und seiner Umgebung, 79. Jg. 1961, S. 144–148 (Digitalisat)
 mit Ulrich Einsle: Vom Litzelsee bei Markelfingen. Beobachtungen an Kleinkrebsen eines periodischen Frühjahrstümpels, in: Schriften des Vereins für Geschichte des Bodensees und seiner Umgebung, 81. Jg. 1963, S. 1–10 (Digitalisat)
 Die Wasserstände des Bodensees seit 1871, in: Schriften des Vereins für Geschichte des Bodensees und seiner Umgebung, 83. Jg. 1965, S. 1–31 (Digitalisat)
 100 Jahre metrische Wasserstandsmessung am Bodensee, in: Schriften des Vereins für Geschichte des Bodensees und seiner Umgebung, 96. Jg. 1978, S. 203–216 (Digitalisat)

Literatur
 Ulrich Einsle: Prof. Dr. Friedrich Kiefer † : 1897-1985, in: Schriften des Vereins für Geschichte des Bodensees und seiner Umgebung, 108. Jg. 1990, S. V–VII (Digitalisat)

 Ulrich Einsle: Friedrich Kiefer : 1897-1985, in: Archiv für Hydrobiologie. 106. Jg. 1986, S. 575–576
 Hans-Joachim Elster: Zu Professor Kiefers 80. Geburtstag am 6. September 1977 : Festansprache, in: Schriften des Vereins für Geschichte des Bodensees und seiner Umgebung, 96. Jg. 1978, S. 1–6 (Digitalisat)

Weblinks

 Eintrag Landesbibliographie Baden-Württemberg

Einzelnachweise

Biologe
Zoologe
Limnologe
Ökologe
Träger des Bundesverdienstkreuzes am Bande
Deutscher
Geboren 1897
Gestorben 1985
Mann

Friedrich Kiefer (Zoologe)


Olaylar
 1326 - Orhan Bey, kuşatma altında tutulan Bursa'yı Bizanslılardan aldı. Bursa, 1326-1361 arasında Osmanlılara başkentlik yaptı.
 1453 - İstanbul, Fatih Sultan Mehmet tarafından kuşatıldı.
 1814 - Napolyon Bonapart, İmparatorluk tahtını bırakarak Elba Adası'na sürgüne gönderildi.
 1830 - Joseph Smith, Jr. aracılığıyla İsa Mesih'in Son Zaman Azizler Kilisesi kuruldu.
 1861 - Umman Sultanlığı, Zanzibar ve Umman olarak ikiye bölündü.
 1869 - Selüloit'in patenti alındı.
 1872 - Pertevniyal Lisesi, "Mahmudiye Rüştiyesi" adı altında eğitim-öğretime başladı.
 1896 - İlk modern Olimpiyat Oyunları Atina'da başladı.
 1909 - Robert Peary ve Matthew Henson'ın Kuzey Kutbu'na ulaştığı ileri sürüldü. Kayıtlarında titizlik göstermemiş olmaları ve bazı bilgilerin eksikliği uzmanlar arasında kuşkular yarattı ve Kuzey Kutbu'na ulaşıp ulaşmadıkları tartışmalara yol açtı.
 1909 - Serbesti gazetesinde, İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti karşıtı yazılar yazan gazeteci Hasan Fehmi Bey öldürüldü.
 1914 - Askerî Yargıtay kuruldu.
 1917 - ABD, Almanya'ya savaş ilan etti ve Birinci Dünya Savaşı'na müttefiklerin yanında girdiğini açıkladı.
 1920 - Anadolu Ajansı kuruldu.
 1927 - Amerikalı yüzücü Johnny Weissmuller, 100 metre mesafede üç stilde üç dünya rekoru kırdı.
 1941 - Mihver devletleri, Yugoslavya'yı işgal etti. Almanlar Yunanistan'a girdi, Türk deniz sınırına kadar Doğu Akdeniz'i savaş bölgesi ilan etti. Türkiye, bunun üzerine Edirne ve Uzunköprü'de demiryolu köprülerini havaya uçurdu.
 1953 - Türkiye Genç Millî Futbol Takımı dünya üçüncüsü oldu.
 1956 - Hayat mecmuası'nın ilk sayısı çıktı.
 1972 - Anayasa Mahkemesi, Deniz Gezmiş, Yusuf Aslan ve Hüseyin İnan'ın idam kararlarını usulden iptal etti. TBMM'nin idamları yeniden görüşeceği açıklandı.
 1973 - Kontenjan senatörü emekli Amiral Fahri Korutürk, 15'inci turda 365 oyla Türkiye'nin 6. Cumhurbaşkanı seçildi.
 1979 - Türk atlet Veli Ballı, Atina'da düzenlenen uluslararası maratonda birinci oldu.
 1980 - Görev süresi sona eren Cumhurbaşkanı Fahri Korutürk, Çankaya Köşkü'nden ayrıldı. Yerine Cumhuriyet Senatosu Başkanı İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil vekâlet etmeye başladı. TBMM'de yine cumhurbaşkanı seçimi yapılmadı. 12 Eylül 1980'e kadar aylarca cumhurbaşkanı seçilemedi.
 1980 - Eskişehir'de DİSK'in düzenlediği mitingte olaylar çıktı. 5 kişi öldü, 4 kişi yaralandı.
 1988 - Endonezya'nın Sulawesi adasında yapılan Camel Trophy yarışmasını, Türkiye'yi temsil eden Ali Deveci-Galip Gürel ekibi kazandı.
 1994 - Ruanda Devlet Başkanı Juvénal Habyarimana ve Burundi Devlet Başkanı Cyprien Ntaryamira'nın bindikleri uçak, bir roket saldırısı sonucu düştü. Suikastın ardından Hutu ve Tutsi kabileleri arasında çıkan çatışmalar, yaklaşık 1 milyon kişinin katledilmesiyle sonuçlandı.
 2005 - Kürdistan Yurtseverler Birliği lideri Celal Talabani, Irak Cumhurbaşkanlığı'na getirildi.

Doğumlar
 1483 - Raphael, İtalyan ressam ve mimar (ö. 1520)
 1812 - Alexander Herzen, Rus yazar ve düşünür (ö. 1870)
 1820 - Nadar, Fransız fotoğrafçı (ö. 1910)
 1849 - John William Waterhouse, İngiliz ressam (ö. 1917)
 1903 - Harold Eugene Edgerton, Amerikalı elektrik mühendisi ve fotoğraf sanatçısı (ö. 1990)
 1904 - Kurt Georg Kiesinger, Alman politikacı (ö. 1988)
 1911 - Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen, Alman biyokimyacı ve Nobel Fizyoloji veya Tıp Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1979)
 1915 - Tadeusz Kantor, Polonyalı ressam, asamblaj ressamı ve tiyatro yönetmeni (ö. 1990)
 1920 - Edmond H. Fischer, Amerikalı biyokimyacı ve Nobel Fizyoloji veya Tıp Ödülü sahibi (ö. 2021)
 1927 - Gerry Mulligan (Gerald Joseph), Amerikalı caz müzisyeni (ö. 1996)
 1928 - James Watson, Amerikalı bilim insanı ve Nobel Fizyoloji veya Tıp Ödülü sahibi (DNA yapısını çözen)
 1929 - Nancy MacKay, Kanadalı atlet
 1937 - Merle Haggard, Country müzik efsanesi Amerikalı müzisyen (ö. 2016)
 1937 - Billy Dee Williams, Amerikalı aktör, sanatçı ve yazardır
 1937 - Memo Morales, Venezuelalı şarkıcı (ö. 2017)
 1938 - Paul Daniels, İngiliz illüzyonist ve televiyoncu (ö. 2016)
 1939 - Göksel Kortay, Türk oyuncu, seslendirme sanatçısı ve çevirmen
 1941 - Angeliki Laiu, Yunan Bizantolog (ö. 2008)
 1941 - Zamfir, Rumen müzisyen
 1942 - Barry Levinson, Akademi ödüllü film yönetmeni, senaristi, yapımcısı ve oyuncu
 1942 - İlgün Soysev, Türk bestekâr
 1945 - Rodney Bickerstaffe, İngiliz aktivist, yönetici ve sendikacıdır (ö. 2017)
 1949 - Patrick Hernandez, Fransız bir müzisyen ve şarkıcıdır
 1949 - Horst Störmer, Alman fizikçi
 1952 - Udo Dirkschneider, Alman şarkıcı ve söz yazar
 1952 - Marilu Henner, Amerikalı oyuncu, yazar ve televizyon yapımcısı
 1955 - Michael Rooker, Amerikalı oyuncudur
 1956 - Michele Bachmann, ABD'li politikaçı
 1956 - Normand Corbeil, film, video oyunu ve televizyon çalışmalarıyla bilinen Kanadalı besteciydi (ö. 2013)
 1957 - Mehtap Ar, Türk oyuncu ve tiyatrocu (ö. 2021)
 1957 - Paolo Nespoli, İtalyan astronot ve mühendis
 1962 - Yvette Bova, Amerikalı vücut geliştirmeci ve pornografik film oyuncusu
 1963 - Rafael Correa, Ekvadorlu siyasetçi
 1964 - David Woodard, Amerikalı orkestra şefi ve yazar
 1969 - Paul Rudd, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1971 - Seren Serengil, Türk sunucu, şarkıcı ve oyuncu
 1972 - Anders Thomas Jensen, Danimarkalı senarist ve film yönetmeni
 1972 - Yiğit Özşener, Türk tiyatro, sinema ve dizi oyuncusu
 1973 - Sun Wen, Çinli eski millî futbolcu
 1975 - Murat Güloğlu, Türk haber spikeri ve TV programı yapımcısı
 1975 - Zach Braff, Amerikalı aktör, yönetmen ve senarist
 1976 - James Fox, Galli şarkıcı-şarkı yazarı
 1978 - İgor Semşov, Rus eski millî futbolcu
 1980 - Tommi Evilä, Finlandiyalı uzun atlamacı
 1981 - Turan Kuş, Türk eski futbolcu
 1982 - Damien Walters, İngiliz serbest koşucu, dublör, trambolin uzmanı ve jimnastikçi
 1983 - Diora Baird, Amerikalı oyuncu ve model
 1983 - Mitsuru Nagata, Japon futbolcudur
 1983 - Bobbi Starr, Amerikalı porno oyuncusu
 1984 - Michaël Ciani, Fransız millî futbolcudur
 1984 - Siboniso Pa Gaxa, Güney Afrikalı futbolcudur
 1986 - Nikolas Asproyenus, Kıbrıslı futbolcudur
 1986 - Gōeidō Gōtarō, Japon emekli profesyonel sumo güreşçisi
 1986 - Ryota Moriwaki, Japon millî futbolcudur
 1987 - Benjamin Corgnet, Fransız futbolcudur
 1988 - Abel Masuero, Arjantinli futbolcu
 1988 - Fabrice Muamba, Kongolu asıllı ngiliz futbolcudur
 1992 - Ken, Koreli oyuncu ve şarkıcı
 1994 - Ylli Sallahi, Avusturyalı-Kosovalı futbolcu
 1995 - Serginho, Brezilyalı futbolcu
 1996 - Tajmuraz Salkazanov, Özet serbest güreşçi
 1998 - Peyton List, Amerikalı oyuncu ve model
 1999 - Oğuz Kağan Güçtekin, Türk futbolcu
 2009 - Valentina Tronel Bilinen adıyla Valentina, Fransız şarkıcı

Ölümler
 885 - Methodios, Moravya ve Panonya'da Slavlar arasında Hristiyanlığın yayılmasını sağlayan misyonerler.
 1199 - I. Richard (Aslan Yürekli Rişar), İngiltere'nin Fransız asıllı Kralı (d. 1157)
 1340 - Basileios, Ağustos 1332 tarihinden öldüğü 1340 yılına kadar Trabzon İmparatorluğu'nun imparatoru (d. 1315)
 1490 - Matthias Corvinus, Macaristan Kralı (d. 1443)
 1520 - Raphael, İtalyan ressam ve mimar (d. 1483)
 1528 - Albrecht Dürer, Alman ressam (d. 1471)
 1641 - Domenichino, tam adıyla Domenico Zampieri, İtalyan ressam (d. 1581)
 1759 - Johann Gottfried Zinn, Alman anatomist ve bitki bilimci (d. 1727)
 1829 - Niels Henrik Abel, Norveçli matematikçi (d. 1802)
 1833 - Adamantios Korais, çağdaş Yunan edebiyat dilinin geliştirilmesine öncülük eden hümanist bilgin (d. 1748)
 1844 - Friedrich Franz Xaver, Avusturyalı general (d. 1757)
 1849 - Jan Svatopluk Presl, Bohemyalı doğa bilimci (d. 1791)
 1886 - William Edward Forster, İngiliz siyaset adamı (d. 1818)
 1875 - Moses (Moshe) Hess, Alman-Fransız-Yahudi filozof, sosyalist ve Sosyalist Siyonizm'in kurucusu (d. 1812)
 1906 - Alexander Kielland, Norveçli yazar (d. 1849)
 1909 - Hasan Fehmi Bey, Osmanlı gazeteci (d. 1874)
 1915 - Musa Ćazim Ćatić, Bosnalı şair (d. 1878)
 1935 - Ömer Hilmi Efendi, Osmanlı şehzadesi ve subay (d. 1886)
 1943 - Alexandre Millerand, Başbakanlık ve Cumhurbaşkanlığı yapmış Fransız siyasetçi (d. 1859)
 1947 - Herbert Backe, Alman politikacı ve savaş suçlusu SS-Obergruppenführer (d. 1896)
 1961 - Jules Jean Baptiste Vincent Bordet, Belçikalı immünolojist ve mikrobiyolojist (d. 1870)
 1963 - Otto Struve, Ukraynalı-Amerikalı astronom (d. 1897)
 1971 - Igor Stravinsky, Rus besteci (d. 1882)
 1972 - Karl Heinrich Lübke, 1959-1969 yılları arasında Batı Almanya cumhurbaşkanı olarak görev yapan Alman siyasetçi (d. 1894)
 1983 - Fakihe Öymen, Türk eğitimci ve siyasetçi (Türkiye'nin ilk kadın milletvekillerinden) (d. 1900)
 1992 - Isaac Asimov, Amerikalı yazar (d. 1920)
 1996 - Greer Garson, İrlandalı aktris (d. 1904)
 2000 - Habib Burgiba, Tunus Devlet Başkanı (d. 1903)
 2001 - Haluk Afra, Türk diplomat (d. 1925)
 2005 - III. Rainier, Monako Prensi (d. 1923)
 2009 - Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri, Güney Afrikalı öğretim görevlisi ve siyasetçi (d. 1937)
 2009 - Jacques Hustin, Belçikalı şarkıcı (d. 1940)
 2009 - Hızır Tüzel, Türk gazeteci ve yazar (d. 1956)
 2014 - Mickey Rooney, Amerikalı film yönetmeni ve oyuncu (d. 1920)
 2014 - Mary Anderson, Amerikalı oyuncu, eski buz patencisi (d. 1918)
 2015 - James Best, Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1926)
 2015 - Nevin Akkaya, Türk oyuncu ve seslendirme sanatçısı (d. 1919)
 2016 - Ülkü Erakalın, Türk yönetmen (d. 1934)
 2016 - Merle Ronald Haggard, Country müzik efsanesi Amerikalı müzisyen (d. 1937)
 2017 - Stan Anslow, İngiliz futbolcu (d. 1931)
 2017 - Bob Cerv, Amerikalı eski beyzbol oyuncusu (d. 1925)
 2017 - Armand Gatti, Oyun yazarı, şair, senarist, gazeteci, film yönetmeni ve film yapımcısı (d. 1924)
 2017 - Donald Jay "Don" Rickles, Amerikalı seslendirme sanatçısı, oyuncu ve komedyen (d. 1926)
 2017 - Jerzy Vetulani, Polonyalı biyokimyacı, psikofarmakolog ve nörobiyolog (d. 1936)
 2018 - Daniel Kahikina Akaka, Amerikalı siyasetçi (d. 1924)
 2018 - Sevda Aydan, Türk oyuncu, ressam ve opera sanatçısı (d. 1930)
 2018 - Jacques Joseph Victor Higelin, Fransız erkek pop şarkıcısı (d. 1940)
 2018 - Pavol Paška, Slovak siyasetçi (d. 1958)
 2018 - Isao Takahata, Japon anime yönetmeni (d. 1935)
 2019 - Jim Glaser, Amerikalı country müziği sanatçısı (d. 1936)
 2019 - Nadja Regin, Sırp oyuncu, yazar ve model (d. 1931)
 2019 - David J. Thouless, Britanyalı fizikçi ve bilim insanı (d. 1934)
 2020 - Radomir Antić, Sırp eski millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör (d. 1948)
 2020 - M. K. Arjunan, Malayalam dilinde eser veren Hint film müziği bestecisi ve söz yazarı (d. 1936)
 2020 - Helène Aylon, Amerikalı feminist yazar, multimedya ve ekofeminist sanatçı (d. 1931)
 2020 - Josep Maria Benet i Jornet, İspanyol senarist ve oyun yazarı (d. 1940)
 2020 - Alfonso Cortina, İspanyol iş insanı (d. 1944)
 2020 - James Drury, Amerikalı aktör ve iş insanı (d. 1934)
 2020 - Armando Francioli, İtalyan aktör (d. 1919)
 2020 - Brahm Kanchibhotla, Hint-Amerikalı gazeteci (d. 1953)
 2020 - Jacques Le Brun, Fransız tarihçi (d. 1931)
 2020 - Adlin Mair-Clarke, Jamaikalı, engelli koşu ve sprint konusunda uzmanlaşmış atlet (d. 1941)
 2020 - Mark Steiner, Amerika doğumlu İsrailli felsefe profesörü (d. 1942)
 2020 - Stephen Sulyk, Ukrayna kökenli Amerikalı Doğu Katolik başpiskoposu (d. 1924)
 2020 - Riay Tatary, Suriyeli dini lider (d. 1948)
 2020 - Naek L. Tobing, Endonezyalı doktor, seksolog ve yazar (d. 1940)
 2020 - Hal Willner, Amerikalı televizyon ve müzik albümü yapımcısı (d. 1956)
 2021 - Prathima Devi, Hint aktris (d. 1932)
 2021 - Hans Küng, İsviçreli Roma Katolik ilahiyatçı din adamı (d. 1928)
 2021 - Umbu Landu Paranggi, Endonezyalı sanatçı ve yazar (d. 1943)
 2022 - Rae Allen, Amerikalı aktris, şarkıcı ve tiyatro yönetmeni (d. 1926)
 2022 - Helen Golden, Hollandalı şarkıcı (d. 1940)
 2022 - Nicole Maestracci, Fransız yargıç (d. 1951)
 2022 - David McKee, İngiliz yazar ve illüstratördür (d. 1935)
 2022 - Vladimir Jirinovski, Rus politikacı, Türkolog, sosyolog ve avukattır (d. 1946)
 2022 - Gerd Zimmermann, Alman profesyonel futbolcudur (d. 1949)

Tatiller ve özel günler
 Öldürülen Gazeteciler Günü

0405
06

6 Nisan


KInfoCenter is a utility by KDE that provides information about the user's system.

Before KDE 3.1 it was integrated with the control center. Most of the options were originally designed for Linux, but many have been ported to other operating systems. It also provides useful information about KDE, such as available KIO slaves.

Information provided
The information provided by KInfoCenter is divided into the following subsections provided by various KCM plugins:

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DMA-Channels
Interrupts
IO-Ports
Memory
Network Interfaces
OpenGL
Partitions
PCI
PCMCIA
Processor
Protocols
Samba Status
SCSI
Storage Devices
USB Devices
X-Server
Wayland

Gallery

References

External links
KInfoCenter User Manual

KDE Applications

KInfoCenter


Rebecca Ann "Becky" Carney (born December 25, 1944) is a Democratic member of the North Carolina House of Representatives representing the 102nd district since 2003. Her district includes constituents in Mecklenburg county. Carney is a homemaker from Charlotte, North Carolina.

In 2002, Carney defeated Libertarian Daniel Elmaleh in the general election. She had previously been elected in 1996 to the Mecklenburg Board of County Commissioners and served three terms, serving as vice chairman several times. Carney had an unsuccessful run for school board in 1995.

During a late night House session on July 2, 2012, Carney mistakenly cast the deciding vote to override Governor Bev Perdue's veto of Senate Bill 820, granting authority to make hydraulic fracturing legal in North Carolina. A longstanding House rule that disallows changing of a vote if the vote changes the outcome of the bill prevented Carney from correcting her electronic vote to reflect her intended position.

Electoral history

2022

2020

2018

2016

2014

2012

2010

2008

2006

2004

2002

References

External links
North Carolina General Assembly - Representative Becky Carney official NC House website
Project Vote Smart - Representative Becky Carney (NC) profile
Follow the Money - Becky Carney
2008 2006 2004 2002 campaign contributions

Living people
1944 births
Politicians from Charlotte, North Carolina
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
Women state legislators in North Carolina
County commissioners in North Carolina
Democratic Party members of the North Carolina House of Representatives

Becky Carney


Çingeneler, aslen Kuzey Hindistan kökenli olup günümüzde ağırlıklı olarak Avrupa'da yaşayan göçebe bir halk. Türkçede Roman sözcüğü de sıklıkla Çingene anlamında kullanılır. Hindistan'ın Pencap-Sind (Pakistan, Karaçi) nehir havzası boyunca Pakistan ve Afganistan'ın da içinde bulunduğu bölgelerden M.S. 420 civarında İran ve Anadolu üzerinden dünyaya yayılmış bir Hint-Avrupa halkıdır.

Etimoloji

Farsça çingāne, Eski Türkçe çıgañ "fakir, yoksul", Türkiye Türkçesi çığan/çığay "fakir, miskin" şeklinde köken bilgisi mevcuttur. Nihai kökeni Türkçe olmakla birlikte günümüzde Farsça biçim benimsenmiştir. Yunanca tsingános, en erken 1378'de kaydedilmiş olup muhtemelen Türkçeden alıntıdır.
İngilizcede "çingene" anlamında kullanılan gypsy kelimesinin kökeni, Çingenelerin Kıptî asıllı oldukları şeklindeki yanlış inancın bir sonucu olarak, Kıptî (Mısırlı) kelimesinin Eski Yunanca kökeni olan Αίγυπτος Aigyptos (Mısır ülkesi) kelimesine dayanmaktadır. İlginç bir benzerlik olarak, Osmanlı ve Anadolu Türkçesi'nde Çingeneleri tanımlamak için kullanılan diğer bir terim olan Kıpti aynı zamanda Mısır halklarından birisinin adıdır.

Roman kelimesi, Çingenecede Rom "koca" kelimesiyle ilişkilendirilmekte olup Sanskrit Rama (रम) ve Ramaṇa (रमण) aynı anlama gelmektedir.

Türkçe
Anadolu Türkçesi ve yayıldıkları bölgelerde Çingenelere çeşitli isim ve sıfatlar takılmıştır. Sıfatlar daha çok yapılan meslekle ilgili olup özellikle Balkan Yarımadasında gümüşçü, demirci, kalaycı, nalbant, müzisyen, kaşık yapımcısı, madenci terimlerinin yerel dillerde karşılıklarıdır. Aşağıdaki listede ise isimler yer almaktadır:

Türkçede Romanlar, yaşadıkları yöreye bağlı olarak Çingene sözcüğünün versiyonları olan çeşitli isimlerle anılırlar. Bunlardan bazıları şunlardır: Çingen, Cingen, Cıngan, Çingan, Çingân, Cingan ve Cingane. Bunun haricinde kullanılan bazı yöresel isimler şunlardır:
 Cingen (Muğla) (Çöğmen civârında yaşarlar)
 Cono (Adana)
 Cındar (Adıyaman, Malatya, Elazığ)
 Roman (İzmir)
 Hintliler (İstanbul), (Edirne), (Prizren), (Sofya), (Pazarcık, Bulgaristan), (kendise Hint Sofiler soyundan gelen inanirhttps://www.librakitap.com.tr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=820&Itemid=105
 Şopar, Çerge, Firavun (Doğu Trakya)
 Cingan (Bolu, Kastamonu, Çankırı, Sinop, Çorum, Afyon, Ankara, Kırşehir, Kırıkkale, Kayseri, Yozgat, Sivas)
 Mırtıv (Van, Diyarbakır)
 Mutruf (Ardahan)
 Poşa (Erzurum, Artvin, Kars, Sivas). Anadilleri Ermenice olup Doğu Anadolu'da yaşamaktadırlar.
 Gurbet, Kurbat (Tunceli, KKTC, Hatay, Gaziantep)
 Kareçi (Birecik, Diyarbakır ve Niğde civârında)
 Çingit (Amasya, Samsun)
 Abdal (Dörtyol, Hatay, Kahramanmaraş)
 Dom (Van, Hakkâri, Şanlıurfa)
 Aşık - (Diyarbakır, Bingöl)
 Kıpti
 Orom (Zonguldak, Bartın)
 Ole (Kıbrıs)

Diğer diller
 Athingani, Atzinganoi (Yunanca)
 Bohémien (Fransızca; bilhassa Bohemya'dan gelen mânasında)
 Cadegipti, Cingali, Cinguli, Zingari, Zingaro, Zingarelle (İtalyanca); Verdi eserlerinde Çingenelere değinmiştir, La Traviata'da bir Çingeneler korosu bölümü vardır.
 Cascarots (Baskça)
 Cigan (Slav dilleri)
 Cigány, Ciganyok, Pharaones "Firavun'un halkı" (Macarca)
 Cikán (Çekçe)
 Cyganie (Lehçe)
 Dasikane (genel Hristiyan Çingeneler Çingenece Balkanlar)
 Giofog (Galce]
 Gipcyan, Gipson, Gypsy (İngilizce)
 Gitan, Manouches, Tzigane, Saracens "Araplar" (Fransa)
 Gitano (İspanyolca)
 Gyftoi Yunanca)
 Horahane (genel Müslüman Çingeneler Çingenece Balkanlar)
 Luri, Luli (Farsça)
 Lyuli (Orta Asya
 Cigan, Mangal, Rom (Bulgarca)
 Qaraçı (Azerice)
 Melezi (Çingeneler ve Gaco karışık) (Balkanlar)
 Dom,Qeraçî, Cîngan, Mitrib (Kürtçe)
 Nuri (Mısır, Suriye, Filistin)
 Nawar, Zott, Ghajar, Bareke (Ortadoğu, Arapça) Middle East Gypsies
 Ţigan (Rumence)
 Țigani turci (Rumence) Müslüman Çingeneler Dobruca da
 Turkmān Ḳibṭīleri (sadece Türkçe konuşan Müslüman Çingeneler Balkanlar)
 Turkogyftoi (Müslüman Çingeneler) Yunanca)
 Turci cigani (Müslüman Çingeneler) (Slav dilleri)
 Cǎgan (цыган) (Rusça)
 Zigüner (İsviçre Almancası)
 Zigeuner (Almanca)
 Zigenare (İsveççe)
 Zigeuner, Sinti (Almanca; Belçika ve Hollanda dâhil))
Mustalainen, (Fince)
Aşık, Qereçhi (Zazaca)

Genetik
Çingenelerin Y-DNA haplogrupları:
H1a-M82
J2a2-M67
E1b1b1a-M78
I1-M253
I2a-P37.2.
I*-M170
I2b-M223
R1a1-M198
R1b1-P25
R2-M124
C3-M217
G*-M201
N1c-Tat
P*-M45

Tarihçe
Çingenelerin vatanlarını neden terk etmek zorunda kaldıkları bugün bile yanıtsız kalmakta olsa da tarihçiler üç görüş üzerinde durmaktadır:
 Gazneli Mahmut'un Sindh ve Punjab'ı işgali sırasında 500.000 Hint'i esir aldığı bilinmekte olup Hindistan'ı fetheden Müslümanların, Romanları köle olarak alıp ülkelerine götürülmesi en yaygın teoridir.
 En düşük kast olduğu sanılan Çingenelerin, Müslüman fatihlere karşı paralı asker olarak kullanılmış olabilirler ki, yenilginin ardından göç etmek zorunda kalmış olabilirler.
 Firdevsî'nin Şehnâmesi'ne göre MS 420 yılında vatanlarını (Hindistan, Karaçi) terk edip dünyaya yayılan 12.000 kişilik Luri halkı, eğer Çingeneler ise dünyaya yayılmalarının Hindistan'ın işgali ile ilişkisi olamaz.

İlk kez 1051'de İstanbul'da, 1068'de de Edirne'de nüfus kayıtlarına geçirildiler. Aynı tarihlerde, Avrupa'nın birçok ülkesinde gezgin çalgıcı ve falcılardan oluşan bazı göçebe toplulukların kayıtlarına rastlanır. Günümüzde Çingeneler dünyanın dört bir yanına dağılmış olarak yaşarlar. Büyük bölümü Avrupa'nın güney kesiminde toplanmıştır. 19. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru Kuzey Amerika'ya da göç etmişlerdir. Çingeneler yaşadıkları her ülkede değişik adlarla anılırlar.

Çingeneler, dünyanın en renkli göçebe topluluklarından biridir. Türkiye'de yoğun olarak yaşadıkları yerlerin başında özellikle Adana (Cono aşireti) olmak üzere, Çanakkale, Edirne, Kırklareli, Tekirdağ, Düzce, İstanbul ve İzmir gelir.

Çingenelerin büyük bölümü gelenek, göreneklerini ve topluluklarının yönetim biçimlerini korumuştur. İlk olarak 19. yüzyılda Avrupa'da, sayıları 10-100 aile arasında değişen Çingene toplulukları şefler seçmeye başladı.

Çingene sözcüğü yerleşik düzeni olmayan göçebe insanları çağrıştırır. Oysa Çingenelerin çok azı günümüzde göçebedir. Bazıları kendi istekleriyle göçebeliği bırakmış, yaşadıkları ülkenin yaşam biçimini benimsemişlerdir. Edirne-Kırklareli yöresinde göçebe olarak yaşayan çingenelere "Çerge" denir. Çergeler genellikle satıcılık (bohçacılık) ve kalaycılık işiyle uğraşırlar. Roman olmayanlarla evlenen Romanlar da vardır. Bazı ülkelerde de yerleşik yaşama zorlanmışlardır. Soykırıma uğramışlardır.

Yarı göçebe, yarı yerleşik bir topluluğun sayımının yapılması güç olduğu için Çingenelerin kesin nüfusu bilinmemektedir.

Nisan 1971'de, Çingenelerin sorunlarını tartışmak üzere Londra yakınlarında ilk Uluslararası Roman Kongresi toplanmış olup bu kongreye atfen, 1990'dan itibaren 8 Nisan Dünya Romanlar Günü olarak kutlanmaktadır

Gruplar
Yayıldıkları coğrafyaya göre Çingene halkı göçebe zanaatçılar olarak tek başlık altında toplanabilir. Bununla birlikte tarih boyunca üç ana kola bölünmüşlerdir.
 1. Kalderaşlar
 a. Lovariler
 b. Boyhalar
 c. Luriler
 d. Çurariler
 2. Gitanolar
 3. Manuşlar
 a. Valsikanlar
 b. Pimontesiler
 c. Gaygikanlar

Coğrafi dağılım

Osmanlı'da Çingeneler
Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda da Rumeli topraklarında yaşayan Çingeneler ayrı yönetim sayılmışlardı. Kırklareli merkez var sayılarak, (Vize sancak beyinden bağımsız ve ancak gene Vize'de oturmakta olan) Yörük ve Tatarlarından sorumlu bir paşaya bağlanıp "Çingene Sancağı" olarak adlandırılan bu yönetim biriminde, Romanların yönetsel, mali ve askeri işleri düzenlenirdi. Osmanlı Çingeneleri Müslüman olmalarına rağmen, cinayet, vatana ihanet gibi davalarda mahkûm oldukları takdirde, Müslümanlar gibi asılarak değil, gayrimüslimler gibi kafaları kesilerek cezalandırılırdı.

Yaşam tarzları
Eski göçebe yaşamlarına uygun işler yaparlardı. Kadınlar falcılık yapar, bohçacılık yapar, dilenir ya da dans ederdi. Erkekler ise çalgı çalar, kap kacak lehimciliği, kalaycılık, hayvan ticareti, hayvan eğiticiliği gibi işlerle uğraşırlardı. Geçmişte atlarla çekilen arabalarla yapılan göçlerde artık kamyon ya da karavanlar kullanılmaktadır. Eski uğraşlarının yerini ise, meyve toplama, asfalt dökme, kullanılmış araba ticareti, sirklerde hayvan bakıcılığı ya da eğiticiliği, hurda maden ve antika eşya alım satımı gibi işler almış olmakla birlikte özellikle Türkiye'de ve diğer birçok dünya ülkesinde yerleşik hayata geçmiş olanlar diğer meslek dallarıyla ilgilenmiş olup başka türlü meslekler de edinmişlerdir. Bazı ünlü İspanyol gitaristler ve flamenko dansçıları Çingene ya da yarı Çingenedirler. Çingenecenin yazılı bir dil olmayışı yüzünden edebiyat yapıtları yoktur.

Ayrımcılık

Çingenelerin göçebe yaşam tarzı yerleşik toplumlarınkinden çok farklıdır. Bu yüzden çoğu zaman, yerel halk tarafından hırsızlık, büyücülük, çocuk kaçırma gibi eylemlerle suçlanmışlardır.

1554'te İngiltere'de Çingene olduğu söylenen herhangi bir kişinin asılması işten bile değildi. Hemen hemen hiçbir yerde istenmeyen Çingeneler, birçok ülkeden sürülmelerine karşın, bir süre sonra bu ülkelere geri dönmeyi başarırlardı.

Günümüzde de Çingeneler yaşadıkları bütün ülkelerde ayrımcılığa tabi tutulmaktadır. Bu yüzden de birçok ünlü, Çingene kimliğini gizlemek durumunda kalmıştır.

Holokost
II. Dünya Savaşı'nda Yahudiler gibi Romanlar da Nazi Almanyası yönetimi tarafından büyük bir soykırıma uğradılar. 200.000-800.000 arasında Roman, Macaristan, Polonya ve Çekoslovakya'daki Nazi kamplarında yok edilmiş ve bu katliam Roman halkı tarafından "Porajmos" (parçalanmak) olarak adlandırılmıştır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Çingeneyiz.org
 Specalized Library with Archive "Studii Romani" (English)
 Çingeneler
 Çingene Resimleri
 The Muslim Gypsies in Romania

Çingeneler


Leïla Ben Sedira, (à l'état civil R'Zeïla, Marguerite, Georgette), née à Alger le , morte le  dans le , est une chanteuse française d'origine algérienne, connue pour ses succès à l'Opéra-Comique dans les années 1930.

Biographie
Leïla Marguerite Georgette Ben Sedira naît à Alger le . Elle est la petite-fille de Belkassem Ben Sedira. Le compositeur Camille Saint-Saëns se rend régulièrement à Alger, il est un ami de la famille et donne lui-même à la jeune Leïla ses premiers cours de piano.

Jeune pianiste réputée, Leïla Ben Sedira donne son premier concert de soliste en 1912, avant d'avoir dix ans. Elle part à dix-sept ans à Paris où elle entre au Conservatoire. Elle travaille dans la classe du compositeur Lazare-Lévy qui, l'entendant chanter, admire sa voix et l'incite vivement à s'orienter vers le chant. Elle attend cependant quelques années, puis va voir la cantatrice Claire Croiza qui l'écoute et lui dit qu'elle n'a rien à lui apprendre.

Un responsable de l'Opéra-Comique reçoit Leïla Ben Sedira en audition en  et l'engage comme soprano à partir du .

Après de multiples répétitions, Leïla Ben Sedira interprète à partir du 4 avril 1929 le rôle d'Olympia dans Les Contes d'Hoffmann, c'est un grand succès. Elle joue ensuite notamment Barberine dans les Noces de Figaro, puis Rosine dans le Barbier de Séville de Rossini, le rôle titre dans Lakmé de Léo Delibes, Leïla dans les Pêcheurs de perles de Bizet, le rôle titre dans Mireille de Gounod. La Seconde Guerre mondiale interrompt sa carrière, qui reprend ensuite jusqu'à la fin des années 1950.

Elle meurt le  à Paris ; elle est inhumée au cimetière de Saint-Nom-la-Bretèche.

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 .
 .
 .

Liens externes

Chanteuse algérienne du XXe siècle
Soprano
Naissance à Alger
Naissance en février 1903
Décès en juin 1982
Décès dans le 14e arrondissement de Paris
Personnalité de la liste Portraits de France
Décès à 79 ans
Naissance en Algérie française

Leïla Ben Sedira


La roš (𐤓) es la vigésima letra del alfabeto fenicio. Representaba el sonido sonante, oral, vibrante y simple transliterado como /r/. De esta letra derivan la reš siríaca (ܪ), la reš hebrea (ר), la rāʾ árabe (ﺭ), la ro (Ρ) griega, la R latina y la Р cirílica.

Historia
Significa literalmente «cabeza», proveniente en última instancia de la raíz protosemítica *raʾ(i)š.

Véase también
 Alfabeto fenicio

Referencias

Alfabeto fenicio

𐤓