The Hillman Imp is a small economy car that was made by the Rootes Group and its successor Chrysler Europe from 1963 until 1976. Revealed on 3 May 1963, after much advance publicity, it was the first British mass-produced car with the engine block and cylinder head cast in aluminium.

Being a direct competitor to the BMC's Mini, it used a space-saving rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout to allow as much luggage and passenger capacity as possible in both the rear and the front of the car. It used a unique opening rear hatch to allow luggage to be put into the back seat rest.

It was the first mass-produced British car with the engine in the back and the first to use a diaphragm spring clutch. The baulk-ring synchromesh unit for the transaxle compensated for the speeds of gear and shaft before engagement, from which the Mini had suffered during its early production years.

It incorporated many design features which were uncommon. Among them were a folding rear bench seat, automatic choke which was rare on compact cars outside the United States until the 1970s, and gauges for temperature, voltage and oil pressure which have been largely omitted since the 1950s in favour of emergency lights.

This unorthodox small/light car was designed for the Rootes Group by Michael Parkes (who later became a Formula One driver) and Tim Fry. It was manufactured at the purpose-built Linwood plant in Scotland. As well as the Hillman marque, there was a series of variations, including an estate car (the Husky), a van and a coupé.

Between August 12 and 14, 1964, a Sunbeam Imp sports sedan (ZT-86-20) completed the First American Rodding Magazine sanctioned endurance run and broke a world record in the process, previously set by Erwin George "Cannonball" Baker in 1933, driving from New York City, to Los Angeles, California, covering 3,011 miles in 48 hours, 9 minutes, 54 seconds at an average speed of 63.7 mph.

The Imp gained a reputation as a successful rally car when Rosemary Smith won the Tulip Rally in 1965. That led the Rootes Group to produce a special rally conversion of the Imp under both the Hillman and Singer marques, known as the Imp Rallye. In 1966, after winning the Coupe des Dames, Smith was disqualified under a controversial ruling regarding the headlamps of her Imp. The Imp was also successful in touring car racing when Bill McGovern won the British Saloon Car Championship in 1970, 1971 and 1972.

Considered ahead of its time, the Imp nevertheless suffered from reliability problems, which harmed its reputation and led to the Rootes Group being taken over by Chrysler Europe in 1967. The Imp continued in production until 1976, selling just under half a million units in 13 years.

Design and development

Known internally within the Rootes Groups as the APEX project, the Imp came about because of the fuel shortage caused by the Suez Crisis in 1956. Petrol was rationed in the UK, sales of the heavy cars for which Rootes was known had dramatically slumped, and there was a huge market for small economical cars with low fuel usage. The BMC's Mini had already taken advantage of the opportunity, with production starting in 1959. Although the project officially began in 1955, the market for small cars was soon recognised and it was evident that the project would evolve into Rootes' first small, economical car.

Seeing an opportunity, Mike Parkes and Tim Fry offered to design the car: "Well, Mike Parkes and I were very good friends. So we went to the director of engineering, B. B. Winter, and said to him we could design you just the car we want. And he said: 'Alright, get on with it then!'". The early stages of development presented "The Slug", which had clear similarities to a bubble car. However, the Rootes design board were not satisfied with this approach, and ordered the design team to press forward. That led to the next stage of the Slug, which appeared more utilitarian with appropriate styling.

Extensive road testing was carried out in Norway in winter conditions, East Africa in the height of summer and in Arctic conditions in Canada by a small team led by Ken Sharpe (Chief Development Engineer, Ryton) sources [Henshaw, page 32] [Mowat-Brown, page 22]

Rootes did previously look at building a small car twice, even if both ultimately contributed little to the development of the Imp. The first being the 1938–1939 Little Jim prototype, which featured a conventional front-engined rear-wheel drive layout equipped with a 750cc water-cooled engine followed later by the post-war rear-engined 1949 Little Jimmy prototype by Craig Miller that would make use of a Volkswagen-based twin-cylinder engine.

It was originally envisaged by Rootes the 742cc Coventry Climax FWMA based engine would be available in three sizes, 800cc, 875cc and 998cc. However it was not to be as through a combination of engineering production costs, Apex's increased weight and size, together with experimental dry-liner 998cc engines being unreliable, resulted in only the 875cc engine being standardized at the cost of imposing a constraint on the Imp as a one-capacity car that competitors like the Mini did not experience. One alternative solution considered before being dropped was to develop a new taller block giving the engine a longer stroke whilst retaining the 875cc engine's dry-liners, however this would have been an expensive procedure and would have only been worth the investment had the Imp been a success. A few long-stroke engines were built and evaluated, the work not completely going to waste as they would go on many years later to be bored out up to 1150cc and used to great in effect in competition by the likes of Paul Emery, Andy Dawson, Ian Carter and others.

The later 998cc engines in the Rallye Imps meanwhile would on the other hand make use of expensive wet-lines and were not really intended for road use, rather only for competition and further tuning. It was later discovered the largest reliable limit the 875cc engine would tolerate was 948cc, however in the absence of more development neither the 948cc engine nor the envisaged 928cc engine were used, the latter originally being proposed as early as the mid-1960s for a projected Mark III Imp that became a victim of Chrysler's cost-cutting before it reappeared years later in the Chrysler Sunbeam.

Mark I Imp: 1963–1965

The Hillman Imp was officially announced on 2 May 1963, when HRH Duke of Edinburgh was invited to open the factory in Linwood. After the opening, he then drove a silver Imp to Glasgow Airport. One of the first Imps produced is currently on display at the Glasgow Museum of Transport. Another early example from 1963 is at the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, with the registration 1400 SC.

Before and after its announcement, the Imp garnered significant attention from the motoring press. In 1962, the Small Car & Mini Owner magazine published an article titled "Enter the AJAX!", particularly noting the all-aluminium water-cooled rear engine. The same year, the Daily Express published an article titled "It's the new 'baby'", calling it "the first baby car ever built by the Rootes Group". In June 1963, the Motor Sport magazine commented on the press' reaction to the Imp who strongly favoured the Imp in terms of its engine, gearbox and competitive price; at launch, the standard model cost £508 1s 3d, while the deluxe version was £532 4s 7d.

The name "Imp" was originally the name of an engine produced by Ailsa Craig Ltd., a manufacturer of marine engines. In 1962 the company was acquired by Warsop Fram Group, and all of Ailsa Craig Ltd's assets were up for sale. The Warsop Fram Group traded the Imp name to the Rootes Group in exchange for a new Humber Super Snipe motor car. The namesake was to emphasize its small-size, and to help it sell as the obvious competitor for the Mini.

The water-cooled four-cylinder power unit was based on the Coventry Climax FWMA fire pump engine, featuring an all-aluminium alloy overhead camshaft, combined with a full-synchromesh aluminium transaxle. This combination was very advanced at the time. Sir Alec Issigonis, designer of the BMC's Mini, had recently described the fitting of synchromesh on all forward gears as "impossible". Besides the engine's unique design, it was canted at a 45° angle to keep the center of gravity low and optimise road-holding.

As reported in tests such as The Practical Car and Driver, rear-engined cars generally suffer from oversteer handling characteristics to some extent, and to counteract that as much as possible, the Imp has a semi-trailing arm independent rear suspension system. The relatively costly and sophisticated solution, atypical for small-car design at the time, was insisted upon by its designers after lengthy testing of a Chevrolet Corvair with swing axles. To attain balanced handling, the Imp actually used swing axle geometry at the front, but that initially led to too much understeer, and the camber was later reduced by lowering the pivot points.

Gradually increasing in popularity in the UK, Mark I sales in 1963 were estimated at 33,000, and increased to 50,142 in 1964. However, Imp sales decreased in 1965 to 42,663. Reliability problems had quickly surfaced, mainly due to poor cooling of the rear engine, and the public image of the car was becoming negative. That was extremely worrying for the Rootes Group who were trying to compete with the Mini, production of which totalled 1,190,000 during the 1960s.

The Mark I was introduced as a 2-door saloon, which appeared in two models; the Basic and De Luxe. In October 1964, a luxury edition was introduced, known as the Singer Chamois.

Mark II Imp: 1965–1968

Following the initial problems that affected the Mark I, the Rootes Group decided to re-introduce the Imp with significant changes both mechanically and cosmetically.

The Mk I Imps had a pneumatic throttle linkage and an automatic choke, both of which were replaced by more conventional items on the Mk II. The Mk II also had improved front suspension geometry, and several trim and detail changes. Although the car was constantly improved over its production life, there was no single change as significant as those in 1965. Among the changes were an added water pump, cylinder head with larger ports and valves, and 'Mark II' emblems on the side of the doors.

Mark III Imp: 1968–1976

The Imp was never officially badged nor referred to as the "Mark III". However, changes were made to the range when the Rootes Group was fully acquired by Chrysler Europe, and so that version is sometimes referred to as the "Chrysler Imp".

After Rootes Group's acquisition by Chrysler in 1968, the entire range was revised, except for the Stiletto. The instrument panel and steering wheel were redesigned. The large speedometer previously positioned behind the steering wheel was replaced by a horizontal row of four circular dials/displays of varying detail and complexity, according to the model involved. The right-hand dial, the speedometer, was now to one side of the driver's normal sightline, while one multi-functional stalk on the right side of the steering column replaced the two control stalks that had been directly behind the steering wheel, one on each side. The earlier Imp had been praised for the good ergonomic quality of its dash-board/fascia, and its replacement reflected similar trends in other new and modified UK vehicles at a time of "production rationalization". The more modern arrangement on the Imp was seen by some as a missed opportunity.

Variants and "badge engineering"

Over the life of the car, Rootes (and later Chrysler UK) produced four body styles. The original saloon was introduced in May 1963 and ran through to the end of production in 1976. It has an opening rear window, making it effectively a hatchback. The opening rear window is intended to make it easier to load the small luggage area behind the fold-down rear seat. The fold-down nature of the rear seat was itself unusual in small car design at the time, being more often associated with larger upmarket estate cars. In 1965 a van badged as the "Commer Imp" was introduced. A coupe, the Imp Californian, was introduced in 1967 at the same time as the van's pressings were used to create an estate car, badged "Hillman Husky". Several estate car prototypes using the saloon body with extended rooflines were tried, but never offered to the public. Instead, buyers choosing the estate had to settle for a van-derived car with somewhat unusual styling. Both the van and estate ceased production in 1970.

In an attempt to interest a wider public when sales figures fell well short of the intended 100,000 cars per annum, several badge-engineered derivatives, such as the luxury Singer Chamois (launched October 1964), and the Sunbeam Sport (launched October 1966), with a more powerful twin-carburettor engine, were offered with varying degrees of success. For marketing reasons the Singer variants were sold as Sunbeams in many export markets, even before May 1970 when the Singer marque was discontinued altogether by Chrysler UK. In some markets, such as France, the "Sunbeam" name was used on all British Rootes products, including the Imp and the Husky.

The coupe bodyshell is similar to the standard body but features a more shallow-raked windscreen and rear window which, unlike that on the standard bodied cars, can not be opened. The attempt at a more sporty design did not translate into better acceleration or top speed figures and the aerodynamics of the standard saloon are actually slightly better. The new body style made its first appearance at the Paris Motor Show in October 1967, with the introduction of the sporting Sunbeam Stiletto. The coupe body had also appeared, with less powerful engines, in the Hillman Imp Californian announced in January 1967 and the more luxurious Singer Chamois coupe.

Linwood plant
The Imp was a massive and expensive leap of faith for Rootes. The company did not have recent experience building small cars, even though it started off as a car builder by offering the then small Hillman Minx back in 1931. However, the Minx had since grown larger and was well established as a medium-size family car by the time the Imp was introduced.  For the Imp, Rootes pioneered the use of an aluminium engine in a mass-production car. This process proved to be more complicated than simply substituting an aluminium design for a familiar and well-understood cast-iron design. Rootes had to build a new, computerised assembly plant on the outskirts of Paisley, in Linwood, in which to assemble the Imp. The UK Government Regional Assistance policy provided financial grants to the Rootes Group to bring approximately 6,000 jobs to the area. Linwood had become an area of significant unemployment because of redundancies in the declining shipbuilding industry on the nearby River Clyde. The investment also included an advanced die-casting plant to manufacture the aluminium engine casings, and a stake in a brand new Pressed Steel Company motor pressings works, which manufactured all the new car's body panels. The location of the plant led to significant logistical issues for the manufacturing process. Linwood was over  away from Rootes' main factory at Ryton-on-Dunsmore, but the engine castings made in Linwood had to be sent to Ryton to be machined and assembled, then sent back up to be put on the cars — a  round trip. This was addressed by a complex schedule of trains shifting completed cars and raw castings south, and trains loaded with engine- gearbox assemblies and many other Ryton-sourced goods running north. To aid with balancing the logistical costs of this operation, body pressings for the Hillman Avenger were also made at Linwood, but transported south to Ryton on the component trains. This schedule remained in operation for the duration of Linwood Imp production.

The local West of Scotland workforce, recruited mainly from the shipbuilding industry, did not bring the distinct skills necessary for motor vehicle assembly, and Imp build quality and reliability suffered accordingly. However, industrial relations were also an issue in production. Industrial disputes and strike action became a regular occurrence, as was the case in many parts of British industry in the 1960s and 1970s.

Marketing
Initially, the Imp was seen by Rootes as a potential second car for families with the means to acquire one. In this incarnation, it was a somewhat revolutionary, high-quality small car, with some above average features. Later the concept evolved into a kind of ultra-economy car with some cheaply and poorly executed, design features as a utilitarian vehicle, like some of the Eastern European marques of the time like Škoda, and later Lada, which were relatively low-cost economy cars, popular with British consumers. At one point the basic Hillman Imp was the cheapest new car on the British market, which increased low sales figures for a time.

Popularity
The initial problems damaged the Imp's reputation and popularity trailed off, with half of all production being from the first three years. It still sold thanks to its competitive price, distinctive styling, and cheap running costs, but sales never lived up to expectations for what had become a very competent small car. Another problem that contributed to the reputation for poor reliability was the lack of understanding of the maintenance needs of alloy engines by owners and the motor trade in the 1960s. Regular failures of the Giubo couplings also occurred. It was overshadowed in popularity by the Mini.

Rootes, Chrysler and end of production
The company's huge investment in both the Imp and the Linwood production plant was to be a significant part of the demise of the Rootes Group. The Imp's commercial failure added to the major losses suffered by Rootes, although the main reasons for these losses were unresolved industrial unrest and the effects of the link with the Chrysler Corporation of the USA. The link was initiated by Lord (William) Rootes in 1964 as a partnership, but he died in October of that year and by 1967 the company had been acquired by Chrysler, to become part of Chrysler Europe. A year later, ahead of the 1968 London Motor Show, the recommended retail prices of most Imp models were reduced for the domestic market by more than four per cent, despite the general price inflation affecting the UK. Chrysler stewardship was blamed by some for the demise of the Imp in March 1976, after fewer than 441,000 had been built, but the entire Chrysler Europe operation was not a success and two years later it became part of Peugeot. The Imp was one of Britain's longest-running production cars with a 13-year run, despite lower sales in its later years. Its place in the Chrysler UK range was taken the following year by the Chrysler Sunbeam, a three-door hatchback based on the Avenger rear-wheel drive underpinnings. Both cars continued to be produced at the Linwood plant until it closed in 1981, after just 18 years in use.

The Ryton assembly plant continued in operation until December 2006, when production of the Peugeot 206 was switched to Slovakia.

Production
Approximately half a million, half of this number coming in the first three years of production.
The Imp used a derivative of the Climax FWMA engine whereas the Lotus cars used an FWMC engine which had an entirely different cylinder head.

Overseas assembly

Unassembled cars were exported for assembly in Australia, Costa Rica, Ireland, Malaysia, Malta, New Zealand, Philippines, Portugal, South Africa, Uruguay, and Venezuela. New Zealand cars were assembled as Hillmans by Chrysler/Hillman importer Todd Motors for several years from about 1964. The model returned, this time as a four-headlamp Sunbeam with the newer dashboard. Production of the Imp stopped in 1970 because Todd Motors required the Imp assembly line to build the Hillman Avenger. Todd Motors only had two final assembly lines at Petone, so the Avenger and the Hunter shared one line and the larger Chrysler Valiant was built on the other.

Imps were assembled by Rootes Australia in their Port Melbourne factory from 1964. The following models were produced:
 PM Imp — Available in Standard trim only. Produced from 1964 to 1965. Built from UK Mk I Imp CKD kits. In 1965 a Super Imp was released (refer to photo of white car with red flash above) and featured improvements due to the issues with the Mk1 and these were to carry over to the IMP II.
 PA Imp — Badged as "IMP II". Available in Standard or Super trim. Sold from February 1966– March 1968, it was still based on UK Mk I CKD kits.
 PB Imp — Badged as "IMP III". Also available in Standard or Super trim. Produced from 1968 to around 1970. Further improvements made over the PA Imp, early cars were still based on UK Mk I CKD kits, but as these were depleted, UK Mk II CKD kits were used. The very last batch of IMP IIIs may have used the CKD Imp Sport body shell only. Later IMP IIIs also used the UK Mk II engine.
 Hillman GT — built from Sunbeam Imp Sport CKD kits. Produced from 1967 to the end of 1968.
 Hillman Sonic/Stiletto — convertible model produced for Chrysler Australia by Eiffel Tower Motors of Dandenong.

Imp variants

Hillman Imp Mark I (1963–1965)
Hillman Imp de Luxe Mark I and Mark II (1963–68)
Hillman Super Imp (1965–1974)
Hillman Imp (1968–1976)
Hillman GT (1967–?) developed by Chrysler Australia from the Singer Chamois Sport, it was never badged nor officially referred to as the "Hillman Imp GT"
Hillman Imp Californian (1967–1970) coupé and fastback saloon versions
Hillman Husky (1967–1970) estate version of the Imp
Commer Imp Van (1965–1968)
Hillman Imp Van (1968–1970)
Hillman Imp Caledonian (limited edition model with additional accessories and available in Super and De luxe models)
Singer Chamois Mark I, Mark II, (1964–1970)
Singer Chamois Rallye (1965–68?) (rally conversion with unique instrument panel, luxury features and increased engine size of 998cc)
Singer Chamois Sport, and Coupé (1967–1970)
Sunbeam Imp Sport (1966–1970)
Sunbeam Sport (1970–1976)
Sunbeam Chamois (export markets outside of UK only)
Sunbeam Stiletto (1967–1972)
Sunbeam Californian
Sunbeam Imp Basic (North America)
Sunbeam Imp De Luxe Mark I and Mark II (North America)

Cars using Imp mechanicals
 Beach Mk4
 Bond 875 & variants
 BS Nymph
 Clan Crusader
 Concept Centaur GT
 Davrian
 Ginetta Cars G15
 Siva Llama

Imps in motorsport
The engine proved flexible and very easy to tune. It was an overhead camshaft design, which permitted better air flow than a standard OHV engine. As with all engine heads, it could also be flowed and ported to allow better airflow at high engine speeds. Useful improvements in power could be gained by replacing the standard silencer (muffler) with one that impeded the exhaust gas flow less and with better carburettors. However, in adapting the design to suit modern mass-production methods, Rootes had left the engine more fragile than the Coventry Climax model from which it had been derived.

The Imp enjoyed modest success in both club and international rallying. Rootes introduced a homologation special called the Rally Imp in 1964. It featured many modifications over the standard model, the most important of which was an engine enlarged to 998 cc. Notable successes for this model include the 1965 Tulip Rally in which the works Imps of Rosemary Smith and "Tiny" Lewis finished first and second overall.

Imps were also successful racing cars. The privateer team of George Bevan dominated the British Saloon Car Championship (later known as the British Touring Car Championship) in the early 1970s. Driven by Bill McGovern, the Bevan Sunbeam Imp won the championship in 1970, 1971 and 1972 with limited factory support.

In UK club racing the Imp variants became highly successful in the under 1000 cc Special Saloon category. Notable exponents of the Imp in racing include Ian Forrest, Harry Simpson, Ricky Gauld, John Homewood, Roger Nathan, Gerry Birrell, Ray Payne and Chris Barter. To this day Imps still compete on historic rallies in the UK, with the Vokes' car often making it onto the podium in the HRCR Clubmans Rally Championship.

The Imp was also successfully raced and rallied in other parts of the world, notably Asia, where drivers including Andrew Bryson and Pardaman Singh regularly won saloon car categories into the 1980s.

The 998 cc Imp engine was also used in three-wheeled racing sidecars in the 1970s and 1980s. Exhaust systems were naturally constructed on a one-off basis. The engines often sporting the Twin Weber twin-choke setup. A number of sidecar crews raced Imp-equipped outfits at the Isle of Man TT races, best placement being Roy Hanks in eleventh place in the 1976 TT 1000cc Sidecar. Imp-engined outfits are still regularly championed in classic racing.

Andy Chesman won the 1972 World Hydroplane championship using an Imp engine. He bought Imp specialist company Greetham Engineering and designed a wedge head to increase the 998 cc engine to 125 bhp with twin 40DCOE Weber carburetors. He also fitted a spacer on top of the wet block to accommodate longer cylinder liners, increasing capacity to 1220 cc. At the BP-sponsored Windermere records week in October 1972, he raised the R1 Class water speed record to . He was killed in 1998 in a power-boat accident, still holding the record.

References

Further reading

Morgan, Tim (May 2017). Hillman Imp: The Essential Buyers Guide. Veloce Publishing.

External links

The story of the Imp
The Imp Club
The Hillman Imp and its badge engineered cousins
Andys Hillman Imp home page — all about Hillman Imps and their Imp engine derivatives
How Margaret Thatcher's polices brought the curtain down on the Linwood car plant ... — a news story about the 50th anniversary of the Imp and the eventual closure of the Linwood assembly plant

Imp
Cars powered by rear-mounted 4-cylinder engines
Rally cars
Touring cars
Cars introduced in 1963
Commer vehicles
Sunbeam vehicles
Singer vehicles
1970s cars
Coupés

Hillman Imp


Franklin Edward "Frank" Kameny (21. svibnja 1925. – 11. listopada 2011.) bio je američki aktivist za prava homoseksualaca. Smatrali su ga "jednom od najznačajnijih figura" u američkom pokretu za gej prava.

Godine 1957., Kameny je smijenjen s položaja astronoma u Službi za mape američke vojske u Washingtonu, DC, zbog svoje homoseksualnosti, navodeći ga da započne "herkulsku borbu s američkim establišmentom" koja će "predvoditi novo razdoblje borbenosti u pokretu za homoseksualna prava ranih 1960-ih".

Kameny se službeno žalio na otkaz američke komisije za državnu službu zbog homoseksualnosti. Iako neuspješan, postupak je bio zapažen kao prva poznata tužba za građanska prava temeljena na seksualnoj orijentaciji koja se vodila na nekom američkom sudu.

Rani život i otpuštanje

Kameny je rođen od židovskih roditelja Aškenazâ u New Yorku. Pohađao je srednju školu Richmond Hill gdje je maturirao 1941. godine. Godine 1941., sa 16 godina, Kameny je otišao na koledž Queens studirati fiziku, a sa 17 godina rekao je roditeljima da je ateist. Prije završetka studija, bio je pozvan u vojsku SAD-a. Služio je vojsku tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata u Europi, a kasnije je služio 20 godina u odboru za sustav selektivnog služenja. Po odlasku iz vojske vratio se na Queens College i diplomirao fiziku 1948. godine. Kameny se potom upisao na Sveučilište Harvard. Dok je bio predavač na Harvardu, odbio je potpisati zakletvu odanosti bez da je priložio kvalifikacije i pokazao skepticizam prema prihvaćenim pravovjerjima. Diplomirao je i magisterij (1949.) i doktorat (1956.) iz astronomije. Njegov je doktorski rad pod naslovom Fotoelektrična studija nekih promjenjivih zvihjezda tipa RV Tauri i žutih poluregularnih promjenjivih i napisan je pod nadzorom Cecilije Payne-Gaposchkin.

Dok je bio na povratničkom putu iz Tucsona, gdje je upravo završio istraživanje za doktorsku disertaciju, policajci u civilu uhitili su ga na autobusnom kolodvoru u San Franciscu nakon što mu je prišao stranac i pipao ga. Obećano mu je da će njegova kaznena evidencija biti izbrisana nakon odsluženja tri godine uvjetne kazne, oslobađajući ga brige zbog izgleda za zaposlenje i svakog pokušaja borbe protiv optužbi.

Preselivši se u Washington DC, Kameny je godinu dana predavao na Odjelu za astronomiju Sveučilišta Georgetown, a u srpnju 1957. angažirala ga je Služba za mape vojske SAD-a. Kad su saznali za njegovo uhićenje u San Franciscu, Kamenyjevi nadređeni ispitivali su ga, ali on je odbio pružiti informacije o svojoj seksualnoj orijentaciji. Komisija je ubrzo otpustila Kamenyja. U siječnju 1958. savezna vlada zabranila mu je buduće zaposlenje. Kao što je kasnije napisao autor Douglass Shand-Tucci,Kameny je bio najobičniji muškarac, posve usredotočen na svoj posao, na Harvardu i Georgetownu. Stoga je bio još grublje šokiran kad ga je zadesila ista sudbina kakvu smo desetljećima prije zadesili Prescott Townsend, klasa 1918. godine... Uhićen je. Kasnije će biti otpušten. I, poput Townsenda, i Kameny je bio radikaliziran.Kameny se žalio na otpuštenje kroz pravosudni sustav, dva puta izgubivši parnicu prije nego što je zatražio reviziju od Vrhovnog suda SAD-a, koji je odbio njegovu peticiju za određivanje prava. Nakon što se posvetio aktivizmu, Kameny više nikad nije radio na plaćenom poslu i do kraja života podržavali su ga prijatelji i obitelj. Unatoč svom otvorenom aktivizmu, rijetko je raspravljao o svom osobnom životu i nikada nije imao dugoročnih veza s drugim muškarcima, samo je izjavio da za njih nema vremena. Izjavio je, "Ako se s nekim ne slažem, dajem mu priliku da me uvjeri da je u pravu. A ako ne uspiju, onda sam u pravu, a oni griješe i morat ću se boriti s njima dok se ne promijene."

Kameny je izbjegao konvencionalne rasne oznake; tijekom svog života neprestano je citirao svoju rasu kao "ljudsku".

Aktivizam za homoseksualna prava

Godine 1961. godine, Kameny i Jack Nichols, kolega suosnivai vašingtonskog ogranka Mattachine Society, pokrenuli su neke od najranijih javnih prosvjeda homoseksualaca i lezbijki piketom u Bijeloj kući 17. travnja 1965. U koaliciji s njujorškim Mattachine društvom i kćerima Bilitis, ovaj se piket proširio na Ujedinjene narode, Pentagon, Komisiju za državnu službu Sjedinjenih Država i Independence Hall u Philadelphiji zbog onoga što je postalo poznato kao Godišnji podsjetnik za prava homoseksualaca. Kameny je također napisao predsjedniku Kennedyju tražeći od njega da promijeni pravila o homoseksualcima koji se uklanjaju iz vlade.

Godine 1963. Kameny i Mattachine pokrenuli su kampanju za ukidanje vašingtonskog zakona o sodomiji; osobno je izradio nacrt zakona koji je konačno usvojen 1993. Također je radio na uklanjanju klasifikacije homoseksualnosti kao mentalnog poremećaja iz Dijagnostičkog i statističkog priručnika za mentalne poremećaje Američkog psihijatrijskog udruženja.

Godine 1964. Kameny je tvrdio da se homoseksualci suočavaju s težom diskriminacijom od crnaca jer im savezna vlada nije pomagala i aktivno ih diskriminirala. Rekao je da će homoseksualci proći lošije od uspjeha pokreta za građanska prava: "Sad kad postaje moderno diskriminirati crnce, diskriminacija homoseksualaca bit će u porastu.... Homoseksualnost predstavlja posljednje glavno područje na kojem su u ovoj zemlji prevladavaju predrasude i diskriminacija."

Za razliku od ostalih homoseksualnih aktivista u to vrijeme, Kameny je odbacio ideju da je homoseksualnost inferiorna od heteroseksualnosti:

Kameny je nadalje ustvrdio da homoseksualnost može biti društveno dobro: "Zauzimam stav da homoseksualnost, bilo sklonost ili otvoreni čin, nije nemoralna, već da su homoseksualna djela u koja s pristankom stupaju odrasli ljudi moralna, u pozitivnom i stvarnom smislu, ispravna, dobra i poželjna, kako za pojedine sudionike, tako i za društvo u kojem žive." Na kraju je smislio slogan "Gay is Good" nakon što je 1968. slušao skandiranje Stokelyja Carmichaela "crno je lijepo".

1970. – 2000.
Godine 1971., Kameny je postao prvi otvoreno homoseksualni kandidat za Kongres Sjedinjenih Država kad se kandidirao na prvim izborima u okrugu Columbia za delegata Kongresa koji nije imao pravo glasa. Nakon poraza od demokrata Waltera E. Fauntroya, Kameny i njegova predizborna organizacija stvorili su Gay and Lesbian Activists Alliance, organizaciju koja je nastavila lobirati na vladu i raditi pritisak za jednaka prava.

Godine 1972., Kameny i Barbara Gittings uvjerili su Američko psihijatrijsko udruženje (APA) da na svom godišnjem sastanku u Dallasu održe raspravu "Psihijatrija: prijatelj ili neprijatelj homoseksualca? Dijalog". Upravo je za ovu raspravu dr. John E. Fryer, homoseksualni psihijatar prerušen u "Dr. Henry Anonymous", posvjedočio kako je navođenje homoseksualnosti kao mentalna bolest u APA-ovom Dijagnostičkom i statističkom priručniku za mentalne poremećaje (DSM) utjecalo na život homoseksualnih psihijatara i drugih homoseksualaca. Kameny se obratio brojnim homoseksualnim psihijatrima, ali Fryer je bio jedini koji je pristao svjedočiti, a čak je i on to učinio maskiran, iz straha da ne izgubi položaj na sveučilištu Temple, gdje nije imao mandat. Sljedeće je godine APA uklonio homoseksualnost iz DSM-a. Kameny je taj dan - 15. prosinca 1973. - opisao kao "dan kad su nas psihijatri masovno izliječili".

Neprimjereno ponašanje: Gejevi i lezbijke u američkoj vojsci, autora Randyja Shiltsa dokumentirao je Kamenyev rad u savjetovanju nekoliko pripadnika službe u njihovim pokušajima da dobiju časni otpust nakon što su otkriveni da su homoseksualci. Za 18-godišnjeg marinca Jeffreyja Dunbara:

Godine 1975., krenuo je u potragu za homoseksualnim vojnikom s besprijekornim dosijeom, s ciljem pokretanja izazova vojnoj zabrani homoseksualaca. Potraga je kulminirala pronalaskom Leonarda Matlovicha, tehničkog narednika u ratnom zrakoplovstvu SAD-a s 11 godina besprijekorne službe i Ljubičastim srcem i Brončanom zvijezdom, koji se namjerno javno izjasnio homoseksualcem ispred svog zapovjednika 6. ožujka 1975. Matlovich je prvi put pročitao o Kamenyjevom cilju u intervjuu u Air Force Timesu. Prvo su razgovarali telefonom, na kraju su se upoznali i, zajedno s odvjetnikom ACLU-a Davidom Addlestoneom, planirali pravni izazov. Njihov je odnos bio zategnut nakon Matlovichevog intervjua za New York Times Magazine, jer je Kameny smatrao da je Matlovich negativno prikazao homoseksualnu zajednicu rekavši da bi radije bio heteroseksualac.

Nakon što je otpušten u listopadu 1975. godine, savezni okružni sud 1980. godine naložio je Matlovichu da ga se vrati presudom koja bi se, tehnički, odnosila samo na njega. Uvjeren da će zrakoplovstvo stvoriti još jedan izgovor da ga ponovno otpusti, Matlovich je umjesto toga prihvatio financijsku nagodbu i nastavio svoj gay aktivizam sve do svoje smrti od komplikacija AIDS-a u lipnju 1988. Kameny je bio počasni govornik na njegovom sprovodu, na Kongresnom groblju u Washingtonu DC.

Dana 26. ožujka 1977., Kameny i desetak drugih članova homoseksualne i lezbijske zajednice, pod vodstvom tadašnje Nacionalne LGBTQ radne skupine, izvijestili su tadašnju Javnu vezu Midge Costanza o prijeko potrebnim promjenama u saveznim zakonima i politikama. To je bio prvi put da se u Bijeloj kući službeno raspravlja o pravima homoseksualaca.

Kameny je imenovan prvim otvoreno homoseksualnim članom Povjerenstva za ljudska prava okruga Columbia sedamdesetih godina.

2000. – 2011.

Godone 2007. Advocate je zabunom izvijestio o Kamenyjevoj smrti u svom "Ponosu", 22. svibnja, zajedno s pogrešnom informacijom da je imao HIV. Izvještaj je povučen uz ispriku, a Kameny je pitala odvjetnika : "Jeste li naveli datum smrti?"

Godine 2007., Kameny je napisao pismo konzervativnoj anti-homoseksualnoj publikaciji WorldNetDaily u obranu republikanskog senatora iz Idaha Larryja Craiga u vezi s Craigovim uhićenjem zbog traženja seksa u kupaonici aerodroma u Minneapolisu; završio ga je sljedećim riječima: "Nisam obožavatelj Larryja Craiga On je samozavaravajući licemjerni zatucani homofob. Ali pošteno je pošteno. Nije počinio zločin u Minneapolisu i ne bi trebao patiti kao da jest." Frank Rich iz New York Timesa pridružio se Kamenyju tražeći Craigovo pomilovanje.

U studenom 2007. godine Kameny je napisao otvoreno pismo protesta novinaru NBC-a Tomu Brokawu (i njegovom izdavaču Random House), koji je napisao Boom !: Glasovi šezdesetih osobnih razmišljanja 60-ih i danas, zbog potpunog nedostatka spominjanja homoseksualaca i aktivizma za lezbijska prava tijekom šezdesetih i oporavljajući Brokawa zbog toga što je "'de-gayirao' cijelu generaciju". Pismo su potpisali bivši urednik Washington Posta Howard Kurtz, Harry Rubinstein (kustos, Nacionalni muzej američke povijesti ), John Earl Haynes, Dudley Clendinen i Stephen Bottum. Brokaw se pojavio u Kurtzovoj emisiji CNN Pouzdani izvori da bi branio isključenje, rekavši da je "pokret za gej prava došao nešto kasnije. Za to je vrijeme krenulo i morao sam donijeti neke odluke o tome na što ću se koncentrirati. Veliki problemi bili su antiratni pokret, kontrakultura."

Kameny je posljednjih godina bolovao od srčanih bolesti, ali održavao je cjelovit raspored javnih nastupa, a posljednji je bio govor LGBT grupi u Washingtonu, 30. rujna 2011.

Frank Kameny pronađen je mrtav u svojoj kući u Washingtonu 11. listopada 2011. (Nacionalni dan izlaska). Liječnik je utvrdio da su uzrok smrti prirodni uzroci arteriosklerotske kardiovaskularne bolesti.

Nagrade i počasti
Godine 2006. Kameny i Barbara Gittings primili su prvu nagradu dr. John E. Fryer, od Američkog udruženja psihijatara.

Godine 2007. Nacionalni muzej američke povijesti Smithsonian Instituta uvrstio je Kamenyjeve natpise ispred Bijele kuće 1965. Godine u Smithsonianovu izložbu "Riznice američke povijesti". Smithsonian sada ima 12 originalnih znakova za pikete koje su nosili homoseksualci i lezbijke Amerikanci na ovoj, prvoj demonstraciji u Bijeloj kući za prava homoseksualaca. Kongresna knjižnica pribavila je Kamenyjeve radove 2006. godine, dokumentirajući njegov život i vodstvo.

U veljači 2009. godine, Kamenyjev dom u Washingtonu je određen kao povijesno mjesto od strane Distrikta Columbia.

Dana 29. lipnja 2009. John Berry (direktor Ureda za upravljanje osobljem ) službeno se ispričao Kamenyju u ime vlade Sjedinjenih Država. Berry, koji je otvoreno homoseksualac, uručio je Kamenyju nagradu Theodore Roosevelt, najprestižniju nagradu ovog odjela.

Dana 10. lipnja 2010., nakon jednoglasnog glasanja Savjetodavne susjedske komisije Dupont Circle, gradonačelnik Washingtona, DC, Adrian Fenty, otkrio je nove ulične znakove koji u čast Kamenyja označavaju 17. ulicu između ulica P i R, SZ, kao "Put Franka Kamenyja".

Na ručku 10. prosinca 2010. u kaukuskoj sobi uredske zgrade Cannon House, Kameny je nagrađen humanitarnom nagradom Alexander Cornelius R. "Neil" za 2010. godinu.

Kameny je pozvan da prisustvuje ceremoniji 22. prosinca 2010. godine na kojoj je predsjednik Barack Obama potpisao Zakon o opozivu ne pitaj, ne govori iz 2010. Kameny je bio član Odbora savjetnika Zaklade Triangle.

Nakon Kamenyjeve smrti, divovska zastava duginih boja na visokom stupu zastave na uglu Market Street-a i Castro Street-a u četvrti Castro u San Franciscu vijorila se 24 sata na pola koplja, počevši od poslijepodneva 12. listopada 2011. na zahtjev tvorac dugine zastave, Gilberta Bakerra.

Dana 2. studenog 2011. godine Kamenyjeva kuća uvrštena je u Nacionalni registar povijesnih mjesta.

Dana 3. srpnja 2012., Međunarodna astronomska unija i Minor Planet Center nazvali su jedan asteroid (40463) Frankkameny u čast Kamenyja.

Godine 2013. Kameny je primljen u Legacy Walk, otvoreni javni izložbeni prostor u Chicagu koji slavi LGBT povijest i ljude.

Godine 2015. Kameny je primio memorijalni nadgrobni spomenik američke uprave za branitelje na Kongresnom groblju Washingtona, DC, na svom spomen-mjestu; nadgrobni spomenik posvećen je tijekom ceremonije ujutro 11. studenog 2015 .; Dan veterana. Ispred tog nadgrobnog spomenika postavljen je marker ispisan sloganom "Gay is Good".  Kameny je skovao taj slogan, a u intervjuu AP-a 2009. godine o tom je sročanju rekao: "Ako će me se po nečemu sjećati, nadam se da će to biti to."

U lipnju 2019. Kameny je bio jedan od inauguralnih pedeset američkih "pionira, izvođača i heroja" uvedenih na Nacionalni LGBTQ Zid časti unutar Nacionalnog spomenika Stonewall (SNM) u njujorškom Stonewall Innu. SNM je prvi američki nacionalni spomenik posvećen LGBTQ pravima i povijesti, a otkrivanje zida bilo je tempirano za vrijeme 50. godišnjice Stonewallskih nemira.

Izvori

Bibliografski
Bianco, David. Gay Essentials: Facts For Your Queer Brain. Los Angeles, Alyson Books, 1999. .
Cervini. The Deviant's War: The Homosexual vs. the United States of America. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2020.
Gambone, Philip. Travels in a Gay Nation: Portraits of LGBTQ Americans. University of Wisconsin Press, 2010.
Kisseloff, Jeff. Generation on Fire: Voices of Protest from the 1960s. University Press of Kentucky, 2007.
Murdoch, Joyce and Deb Price. Courting Justice: Gay Men and Lesbians v. The Supreme Court. New York, Basic Books, 2001.

Vanjske poveznice

Biografski
Frank Kameny] GLBTQ, an Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Queer Culture
Kameny Papers collection Smithsonian Institution
The Kameny Pages
Biography of Kameny
Frank Kameny papers held by Library of Congress

Kongresno svjedočenje
Amending District of Columbia Charitable Solicitation Act, August 8, 1963, pp. 22-93, 118-9

Intervjui
Kameny on Race Questionnaires The Straight Dope, November 22, 1991
Interview by Jack Nichols April 28, 1997
Frank Kameny on The 7th Avenue Project Radio show, July 4, 2010

Vijesti
"Signs of Progress" Washington Post, July 23, 2005
"Gay Is Good: How Frank Kameny Changed the Face of America" Metro Weekly, October 5, 2006
"A Pariah's Triumph—and America's" Jonathan Rauch, December 7, 2006
"The Man Who Invented Gay Rights" CNN, December 24, 2010
"Frank Kameny Debates Same-Sex Marriage in 1974 on 'The Advocates' (VIDEO) Huffington Post, October 11, 2012
"An Accidental Activist (online title: Frank Kameny's Orderly, Square Gay-Rights Activism" by Caleb Crain, The New Yorker, June 29, 2020

Američki astronomi
Američki borci za prava LGBT osoba

Frank Kameny


هنا قائمة ببطولات أستراليا المفتوحة لسنة 1993:

الكبار

فردي رجال

 جيم كورير هزم  ستيفان إدبرغ, 6-2, 6-1, 2-6, 7-5

فردي سيدات

 مونيكا سيليش هزم  شتيفي غراف, 4-6, 6-3, 6-2

زوجي رجال

 داني فايزر و لاوري واردر هزم  جون فيتزجرالد و أندرياس جارايد, 6-4, 6-3, 6-4

زوجي سيدات

 غيغي فيرنانديز و ناتاشا زفيريفا هزم  بام شرايفر و إليزابيث سمايلي, 6-4, 6-3

زوجي مختلط
 أرانتكسا سانشيز فيكاريو و تود وودبريدج هزم  زينا غاريسون جاكسون و ريك ليتش, 7-5, 6-4

مراجع

أحداث يناير 1993 الرياضية في أوقيانوسيا
بطولات أستراليا المفتوحة حسب السنة
ملبورن في عقد 1990
كرة مضرب أسترالية في 1993
أحداث يناير 1993 الرياضية في أستراليا

أستراليا المفتوحة 1993


Teodor Krivak (Budimpešta, 24. siječnja 1900. – Zagreb, 19. ožujka 1980.), bio je hrvatski zlatar, graver i medaljer.

Teodor Krivak rođen je 1900. godine u Budimpešti. U Zagreb se doselio 1920. godine, a između dva rata, odnosno sve do 1945. godine kao graver surađivao je s Ivom Kerdićem. Radio je na oblikovanju novca i odličja Nezavisne Države Hrvatske, a nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata radio je u poduzeću IKOM, te na Akademiji primijenjene umjetnosti u Zagrebu. Od 1956. godine do umirovljenja 1961. godine, radio je u Školi primijenjene umjetnosti u Zagrebu.

Umro je u  Zagrebu 1980. godine.

Dodatna literatura
 Zlamalik, V. Memorijal Ive Kerdića. Osijek—Zagreb, 1980.
 Koprčina, A. »Griesbach i Knaus«, prva zagrebačka tvornica zlatne i srebrne robe (1925.–1939.) – radionička i unikatna produkcija, Radovi Instituta za povijest umjetnosti, sv. br. 33, 2009., Zagreb
 Gareljić, T. Zagrebački kovničari i graveri, Numizmatičke Vijesti, sv. 52, br. 63, 2010., Zagreb

Izvori

Hrvatski medaljeri

Teodor Krivak


Dido abandonada (título original en italiano, Didone abbandonata) es una ópera en tres actos del compositor italiano Francesco Zannetti (Volterra, 1737 – Perugia, 1788) con libreto en italiano de Pietro Metastasio, cuyo estreno tuvo lugar en el Teatro San Sebastián de Livorno, el 26 de diciembre de 1765.

Antecedentes
El libreto de Didone abandonata fue escrito por Metastasio para que fuera utilizado por el compositor italiano Domenico Natale Sarro para componer una ópera homónima en tres actos, cuyo estreno tuvo lugar en el Teatro San Bartolomé de Nápoles, el 1 de febrero de 1724. Posteriormente a Sarro fueron más de 70 los compositores que crearon óperas sobre el mismo libreto, entre ellos Händel, Hasse, Paisiello o Päer, siendo el último Carl Gottlieb Reissiger cuya Dido se estrenó en Dresde justo 100 años después, en 1824.

Libreto
Las fuentes a las que acudió Metastasio para escribir el libreto fueron La Eneida  y  Los Fastos  de los poetas romanos Virgilio y Ovidio respectivamente.
El libreto es el segundo de la producción de Metastasio, estando comprendido entre Siface, re di Numidia  (1723) y  Siroe, re di Persia (1726).

Personajes

En esta versión de Zanetti aparece un nuevo personaje, Arbace, que no figuraba en el original de Metastasio.

Argumento

La acción se desarrolla en Cartago.

Dido, viuda de Siqueo, tras serle asesinado el marido por su hermano Pigmalión, rey de Tiro, huyó con inmensas riquezas a África donde, comprando suficiente territorio, fundó Cartago.

Fue allí solicitada como esposa por muchos, particularmente por Jarbas, rey de los moros, rehusando siempre, pues decía querer guardar fidelidad a las cenizas del extinto cónyuge.

Mientras tanto, el troyano Eneas, habiendo sido destruida su patria por los griegos, cuando se dirigía a Italia fue arrastrado por una tempestad hasta las orillas de África, siendo allí recogido y cuidado por Dido, la cual se enamoró de él ardientemente; pero mientras éste se complacía y se demoraba en Cartago por el cariño de la misma, los dioses le ordenaron que abandonara aquel cielo y que continuara su camino hacia Italia donde le prometieron que habría de resurgir una nueva Troya. Él partió, y Dido, desesperadamente, después de haber intentado en vano retenerlo, se suicidó.

Todo esto lo cuenta Virgilio, uniendo el tiempo de la fundación de Cartago a los errores de Eneas, en un bello anacronismo.

Ovidio, en el tercer libro de sus Fastos, recoge que Jarbas se apoderó de Cartago tras la muerte de Dido, y que Ana, hermana de la misma, a la que llamaremos Selene, estaba ocultamente enamorada de Eneas.

Por comodidad de la representación se finge que Jarbas, atraído por ver a Dido, se introduce en Cartago como embajador de sí mismo, bajo el nombre de Arbace.

Influencia
Metastasio tuvo gran influencia sobre los compositores de ópera desde principios del  a comienzos del . Los teatros de más renombre representaron en este período obras del ilustre italiano, y los compositores musicalizaron los libretos que el público esperaba ansioso. Didone abbandonata fue utilizada por más de 70 compositores para componer otras tantas óperas de las que casi ninguna de ellas ha sobrevivido al paso del tiempo.

Véase también
 Anexo: Óperas tituladas "Dido abandonada"
 Anexo: Óperas con libreto de Metastasio

Referencias

 New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2ª Ed. (2001)

Óperas de Francesco Zannetti
Óperas en italiano
Óperas de 1765
Óperas estrenadas en Livorno
Zannetti

Dido abandonada (Zannetti)


Transformative learning, as a theory, says that the process of "perspective transformation" has three dimensions: psychological (changes in understanding of the self), convictional (revision of belief systems), and behavioral (changes in lifestyle).

Perspective transformation, leading to transformative learning, occurs infrequently. Jack Mezirow believes that it usually results from a "disorienting dilemma" which is triggered by a life crisis or major life transition—although it may also result from an accumulation of transformations in meaning schemes over a period of time. Less dramatic predicaments, such as those created by a teacher for pedagogical effect, also promote transformation.

An important part of transformative learning is for individuals to change their frames of reference by critically reflecting on their assumptions and beliefs and consciously making and implementing plans that bring about new ways of defining their worlds. This process is fundamentally rational and analytical.

Jack Mezirow
Jack Mezirow developed transformative learning theory starting in 1978. Since then, the theory has evolved "into a comprehensive and complex description of how learners construe, validate, and reformulate the meaning of their experience." For learners to change their meaning schemes (specific beliefs, attitudes, and emotional reactions), "they must engage in critical reflection on their experiences, which in turn leads to a perspective transformation." The meaning schemes that make up meaning structures may change as an individual adds to or integrates ideas within an existing scheme and, in fact, this transformation of meaning schemes occurs routinely through learning.

A perspective transformation leading to transformative learning, however, occurs much less frequently. Mezirow believes that this less frequent transformation usually results from a "disorienting dilemma", which is triggered by a life crisis or major life transition, although it may also result from an accumulation of transformations in meaning schemes over a period of time.

The perspective transformation is explained by Mezirow as follows:
 Disorienting dilemma
 Self-examination
 Sense of alienation
 Relating discontent to others
 Explaining options of new behavior
 Building confidence in new ways
 Planning a course of action
 Knowledge to implement plans
 Experimenting with new roles
 Reintegration.

Other perspectives
A number of critical responses to Mezirow's theory of transformative learning have emerged over the years. One criticism of Mezirow's theory is its emphasis upon rationality. Some studies support Mezirow. Others conclude that Mezirow grants rational critical reflection too much importance.

Edward W. Taylor has since suggested neurobiological research as a promising area that may offer some explanation about the role emotions play, closing the gap between rationality and emotion in the transformative learning process. Taylor implies that, with available modern technology such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET), these once obscure factors can now be examined through determining which neurological brain systems are at work during disorienting dilemmas and the journey of recovery that follows.  This neurobiological research also stresses the importance of the role of implicit memory, from which emerge habits, attitudes and preferences that are related to unconscious thoughts and actions.

While the learning process is certainly rational on some levels, it is also a profound experience that can be described as a spiritual or emotional transformation as well. The experience of undoing racist, sexist, and other oppressive attitudes can be painful and emotional, as these attitudes have often been developed as ways to cope with and make sense of the world. This type of learning requires taking risks, and a willingness to be vulnerable and have one's attitudes and assumptions challenged.

Other theorists have proposed a view of transformative learning as an intuitive and emotional process. John M. Dirkx, Robert D. Boyd, J. Gordon Myers, and Rosemary R. Ruether link Mezirow's rational, cognitive and analytical approach to a more intuitive, creative and holistic view of transformative learning. This view of transformative learning is based primarily on the work of Robert Boyd, who has developed a theory of transformative education based on analytical (or depth) psychology.

For Boyd, transformation is a "fundamental change in one's personality involving [together] the resolution of a personal dilemma and the expansion of consciousness resulting in greater personality integration". This calls upon extra-rational sources such as symbols, images, and archetypes to assist in creating a personal vision or meaning of what it means to be human.

First, an individual must be receptive or open to receiving "alternative expressions of meaning", and then recognize that the message is authentic. Grieving, considered by Boyd to be the most critical phase of the discernment process, takes place when an individual realizes that old patterns or ways of perceiving are no longer relevant, moves to adopt or establish new ways, and finally integrates old and new patterns.  More recent research has specifically explored the process of transformative learning as it occurs in bereaved elders, maintaining that the "disorienting dilemma" deemed necessary by Mezirow is present in the loss of a loved one, with an additional devastating factor being the isolation that the elderly in particular are likely to face. Another study considers transformative learning in the context of suicide bereavement. In these cases the dilemma is compounded by the questioning of conceptions or misconceptions that were held about the relationship with the deceased, and the resolving of the meaning of that relationship during the grieving process.

Unlike Mezirow, who sees the ego as playing a central role in the process of perspective transformation, Boyd and Myers use a framework that moves beyond the ego and the emphasis on reason and logic to a definition of transformative learning that is more psychosocial in nature.

Another definition of transformative learning was put forward by Edmund O'Sullivan:

Positing that understanding transformative learning may have been hindered by perspectives of rational thought and Western traditions, Kathleen P. King provides an alternate model grounded in a meta-analysis of research, the "Transformative Learning Opportunities Model".

Recent considerations of these varying perspectives seem to indicate that one perspective does not need to exclude the other. For example, Mezirow and Dirkx discussed their views on transformative learning at a 2005 International Transformative Learning Conference. This dialogue, facilitated by Patricia Cranton, continued via email after the conference and the overview was published in the Journal of Transformative Education.  Dirkx focuses on subjectivity, in the power of the inner world in one's shift in view of the outer world.  Mezirow emphasizes critical assessment of assumptions.  Although their approaches are different, they agree that their perspectives are similar in several aspects. This includes transforming frames of reference that have lost meaning or have become dysfunctional, and fostering enhanced awareness and consciousness of one's being in the world. Both perspectives are required to deepen understanding and to incorporate these ways of learning into transformative education.

One of the difficulties in defining transformative learning is that it bleeds into the boundaries of concepts such as "meaning making" or "critical thinking".

The term "meaning making" (i.e., constructing meaning) is found most frequently in constructivist approaches to education, based on the work of educators such as John Dewey, Maria Montessori, Jean Piaget, Jerome Bruner, and Lev Vygotsky. In the constructivist view, meaning is constructed from knowledge.

John Dirkx views transformational learning as a meaning-making process within adult education, aimed at promoting a democratic vision of society and self-actualization of individuals. Learning is life—not a preparation for it. Therefore, transformational learning requires authenticity, a commitment to focus on the here and now, and awareness of feelings and emotions within the learning setting. The relationship between the individual and the broader world is discussed in terms of the critical role it plays in learning. Dirkx describes our emotions and feelings as a kind of language for helping us learn about ourselves, our relationships with others and how we makes sense of all aspects of our experiences, both objective and subjective. Our sense of who we are and what our relationship is to the world must naturally be drawn into the learning process, leading to deeper engagements with ourselves and the world.

Mezirow posits that all learning is change but not all change is transformation. There is a difference between transmissional, transactional and transformational education. In the first, knowledge is transmitted from teacher to student. In transactional education, it is recognized that the student has valuable experiences, and learns best through experience, inquiry, critical thinking and interaction with other learners. It could be argued that some of the research regarding transformative learning has been in the realm of transactional education, and that what is seen as transformative by some authors is in fact still within the realm of transactional learning.

According to Stephen D. Brookfield, learning can only be considered transformative if it involves a fundamental questioning or reordering of how one thinks or acts; a challenge to hegemonic  implications. In other words, reflection alone does not result in transformative learning unless the process involves a critical reflection, a recognition and analysis of taken-for-granted assumptions.

In practice
On the surface, the two views of transformative learning presented here are contradictory. One advocates a rational approach that depends primarily on critical reflection whereas the other relies more on intuition and emotion. However, the differences in the two views may best be seen as a matter of emphasis. Both utilize rational processes and incorporate imagination as a part of a creative process. The two different views of transformative learning described here as well as examples of how it occurs in practice suggest that no single model of transformative learning exists.

When transformative learning is the goal of adult education, fostering a learning environment in which it can occur should consider the following:

The role of the educator
Transformative learning cannot be guaranteed.  Teachers can only provide an opportunity to transformatively learn. In order to foster transformative learning, the educator's role is to assist learners in becoming aware and critical of assumptions. This includes their own assumptions that lead to their interpretations, beliefs, habits of mind, or points of view, as well as the assumptions of others. Educators must provide learners practice in recognizing frames of reference. By doing so, educators encourage practice in redefining problems from different perspectives. The goal is to create a community of learners who are "united in a shared experience of trying to make meaning of their life experience".

Educators need to provide learners with opportunities to effectively participate in discourse. Discourse involves assessing beliefs, feelings, and values. This dialogue has the goal of assessing reasons behind competing interpretations through critical examination of evidence, arguments, and alternate points of view. Learners are able to validate how and what they understand, as well as develop well-informed judgments regarding a belief. Educators can encourage critical reflection and experience with discourse through the implementation of methods including metaphor analysis, concept mapping, consciousness raising, life histories, repertory grids, and participation in social action.

The educator must encourage equal participation among students in discourse. One strategy is to encourage procedures that require group members to take on the roles of monitoring the direction of dialogue and ensuring equal participation. Educators can also encourage dialogue from different perspectives through controversial statements or readings from opposing points of view. It is necessary that the educator avoids shaping the discussion.

The role of educators is also to set objectives that include autonomous thinking.  By fostering learners' critical reflection and experience in discourse, autonomous thinking is possible. The foundations to thinking autonomously begin in childhood and continue in adulthood. The educator assists adult learners in becoming more critical in assessing assumptions, better at recognizing frames of references and alternate perspectives, as well as effective at collaborating with others to assess and arrive at judgments in regards to beliefs.

It is the role of the educator to promote discovery learning through the implementation of classroom methods such as learning contracts, group projects, role play, case studies, and simulations. These methods facilitate transformative learning by helping learners examine concepts in the context of their lives and analyze the justification of new knowledge.

The educator's role in establishing an environment that builds trust and care and facilitates the development of sensitive relationships among learners is a fundamental principle of fostering transformative learning. The educator also serves as a role model by demonstrating a willingness to learn and change. Teachers should provide the environment to allow students to reflect on their transformative learning experiences, but to also allow them to reflect on their own. As a result, professional development is important to assist educators in becoming authentic and critically reflective.

Mezirow outlines three ways in which experience is interpreted through reflection:

 Content reflection is the investigation of the content. A question that we might ask ourselves is "what did I do that led to the outcome?
 Process reflection includes checking on the problem-solving strategies that are used in the  classroom. For example, "do I understand the needs of my students?"
 Premise reflection is the question of the problem itself. A question might be ""why do I feel responsible for this situation".

The role of professional development for the educator
Transformative learning about teaching occurs when educators critically examine their practice and develop alternative perspectives of understanding their practice. It is essential that fostering this critical examination become the role of professional development. The role of professional development is to assist educators in gaining awareness of their habits of mind regarding teaching. As this professional development occurs, educators critically examine the assumptions that underlie their practice, the consequences to their assumptions, and develop alternative perspectives on their practice.

Teachers need education and professional development that will help them to question, challenge and experience critical discussions on school improvement. Transforming teachers so they see themselves as agents of social change can be a challenge within education.

Strategies for transformative professional development
Strategies for transformative professional development include action plans, reflective activities, case studies, curriculum development, and critical-theory discussions. Action plans and reflective activities provide the practice and modelling of critical reflection on the profession of education, and provide guidance for the teaching and learning experience. Through the use of real-life examples, case studies provide the opportunity to analyze assumptions, as well as the consequences of choices and actions. The use of case studies focuses on practice, and on the philosophical and practical aspects of educators' practice. Curriculum development creates the opportunity to connect theory and practice. In addition to introducing new teaching techniques, educators can test and compare new concepts and practices with previous techniques. This testing and comparison moves away from uncritically accepting new teaching methods. Critical-theory discussions can be implemented to guide educators in questioning the meaning and purpose of information, encouraging educators to question the selection of the information they provide to their students.

Examples in educator professional development
Mentoring is another strategy for transformative professional, personal and organizational development. By creating a supportive culture, mentoring can provide the environment for transformative learning to occur. Through this experience mentoring becomes a transformative relationship in which individuals reconstruct possible selves. As a two-way process, mentoring is a learning tool for both the mentor as well as the person being mentored.

In a recent study, Karen Weller Swanson, applying theories of critical reflection, incorporating a critical incident model, and positing a learning partnership, designed a program for practicing teachers, for the purpose of transformative teacher development. Experiences were created to get teachers to reflect on their assumptions, asking them to consider alternative perspectives and to develop a language for making connections between theory and practice. Over the studies' two-year period, teachers were able to develop ownership of theory and transfer this knowledge into their practice. To be effective, transformative teacher development must value what teachers bring from their personal and professional experience, and acknowledge that learning is both an individual and a social experience.  The process involved: achieving transparency through negotiation of curriculum, finding a common language through discussion of individual assumptions, getting continuous feedback through critical-incident questions, and testing by teacher application of the program within their classrooms. Autobiography and journaling were additional techniques used within this learning partnership. Both teachers and faculty participating in the program were transformed as beliefs were challenged and knowledge was co-constructed throughout the experience.

New teachers often find expectations ambiguous, and they lack the self-awareness and understanding to navigate the educational environment. A transformative learning framework was used in a Foundations course, for participants to build on individual and collective analysis of teaching experiences, and to help them re-frame their practice. Giedre Kligyte investigated "transformation narratives" that emerged from written reflection of participants' teaching practice, based on individual reflection and group discussion. By using Mezirow's work, along with Robert Kegan's constructive developmental theory, Kligyte found the following themes: a move from non-reflective habitual action to a more conscious practice; a change in perspective to a more sophisticated view of teaching; an increased sense of agency, including the concept that academic practice is an object which can be controlled and shaped, rather than something externally imposed; increased confidence to take risks and experiment; and a more multifaceted idea of what it means to be an academic. The conducive environment allowed for transformative experiences to occur. Through creation of a safe social context where "disorienting dilemmas" can be examined, questioned, and explored, participants were able to develop a new "frame of reference" and reintegrate learning into practice. Kligyte cautions that there are limitations to the framework, such as the possibility that participants will conform to expectations in their reflections. She notes that the "transformation narratives" examined are not a single, final narrative of the self, but a snapshot for further exploration. Kligyte's findings are similar to S. Fletcher's: that transformative learning helps to make sense of a complex and often ambiguous work environment, which requires multiple selves.

The role of the learner
The educator becomes a facilitator when the goal of learning is for learners to construct knowledge about themselves, others, and social norms. As a result, learners play an important role in the learning environment and process.  Learners must create norms within the classroom that include civility, respect, and responsibility for helping one another learn. Learners must welcome diversity within the learning environment and aim for peer collaboration.

Learners must become critical of their own assumptions in order to transform their unquestioned frame of reference. Through communicative learning, learners must work towards critically reflecting on assumptions that underlie intentions, values, beliefs, and feelings. Learners are involved in objective re-framing of their frames of reference when they critically reflect on the assumptions of others. In contrast, subjective re-framing occurs when learners critically assess their own assumptions.

The role of the learner involves actively participating in discourse. Through discourse, learners are able to validate what is being communicated to them. This dialogue provides the opportunity to critically examine evidence, arguments, and alternate points of view, which fosters collaborative learning.

The role of the rational and the affective
Transformative learning has two components that at times seem to be in conflict: the cognitive, rational, and objective and the intuitive, imaginative, and subjective. Both the rational and the affective play a role in transformative learning. Although the emphasis has been on transformative learning as a rational process, teachers need to consider how they can help students use feelings and emotions both in critical reflection and as a means of reflection.

There are a number of educational and research institutions that are based on the principles of transformative learning. Some examples include the Transformative Studies Institute and The Transformative Learning Centre at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE) of the University of Toronto.

Evidence is emerging on the applicability of transformative theory in new educational programmes, in business and industry education, health professional education, community education such as courses offered by YMCA, and informal settings such as self-help groups. Phil Bamber and Les Hankin describe how students in a service-learning section experienced perspective transformation and shifts of their world-view when their training was influenced by transformative learning theory.

Susan Imel states that transformative learning may not always be a goal of education, but its importance should not be overlooked. Educators should strive to understand it, even if they choose not to foster it.

See also
Critical pedagogy

Citations

References
 Boyd, Robert D., and Myers, J. Gordon. "Transformative Education." International Journal of Lifelong Education 7, no. 4 (October–December 1988): 261–284.
 Brookfield, S.D. (2000). "Transformative learning as ideology critique". In J. Mezirow & Associates (Eds.), Learning as transformation. Critical perspectives on a theory in progress (pp. 125–150). San Francisco, CA:  Jossey-Bass.
 Burbules, N.C. and Berk, R. (1999) "Critical Thinking and Critical Pedagogy: Relations, Differences, and Limits." In Thomas S. Popkewitz and Lynn Fendler, eds.: Critical Theories in Education. New York: Routledge.

 Cranton, Patricia. Understanding and Promoting Transformative Learning: A Guide for Educators of Adults. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1994.
 Cranton, P. (1996) Professional Development as Transformative Learning: New Perspectives for Teachers of Adults. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Inc.
 Cranton, Patricia, ed. Transformative Learning in Action: Insights from Practice. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education. no. 74. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, Summer 1997.
 Cranton, P. (2006) Understanding and Promoting Transformative Learning: A Guide for Educators of Adults (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 Elias, Dean (1997). "It's time to change our minds: An introduction to transformative learning". ReVision, 20(1).
 Fletcher, S. (2007). "Mentoring adult learners: Realizing possible selves". In M. Rossiter (Ed.), Possible selves and adult learning: Perspectives and potential. New directions for adult and continuing education (no. 114, pp. 75–86). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
 Gagnon, Jr., G.W. & Collay, M. (1999) "Constructivist Learning Design".
 Grabove, Valerie. "The Many Facets of Transformative Learning Theory and Practice." In: Transformative Learning in Action: Insights from Practice. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education. no. 74, edited by P. Cranton, pp. 89–96. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, Summer 1997.
 King, Kathleen P. (2005). Bringing transformative learning to life. Malabar, FL: Krieger.

 Lee, M. (1999) "The Role of Cultural Values in the Interpretation of Significant Life Experiences". Conference Proceedings, Adult Education Research Conference (AERC)
 Loughlin, Kathleen A. Women's Perceptions of Transformative Learning Experiences Within Consciousness-Raising. San Francisco, CA: Mellen Research University Press, 1993.

 Mezirow, Jack (1975). Education for Perspective Transformation: Women's Reentry Programs in Community Colleges. New York: Center for Adult Education Teachers College, Columbia University.

 Mezirow, J. (1991). Transformative Dimensions of Adult Learning. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
 Mezirow, J. (1995). "Transformation Theory of Adult Learning." In: In Defense of the Lifeworld, edited by M.R. Welton, pp. 39–70. New York: SUNY Press.

 Mezirow, J. (2000). Learning as Transformation: Critical Perspectives on a Theory in Progress. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
 Miller, J.P. & Seller, W. (1990) Curriculum: perspectives and practice. Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman
 O'Sullivan, E. (1999) Transformative Learning: Educational vision for the 21st century. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press Inc.

 Scott, Sue M. "The Grieving Soul in the Transformation Process." In: Transformative Learning in Action: Insights from Practice. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education. no. 74, edited by P. Cranton, pp. 41–50. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, Summer 1997.

 Taylor, Edward W. The Theory and Practice of Transformative Learning: A Critical Review. Information Series no. 374. Columbus: ERIC Clearinghouse on Adult, Career, and Vocational Education, Center on Education and Training for Employment, College of Education, the Ohio State University, 1998.
 Torosyan, Roben. (2007). Teaching for Transformation: Integrative Learning, Consciousness Development and Critical Reflection. Unpublished manuscript.

Change
Learning
Philosophy of education

Transformative learning


مطار باسل الأسد الدولي أو مطار اللاذقية الدولي  هو مطار دولي يبعد عن مدينة اللاذقية إحدى أكبر مدن سوريا حوالي 23 كم جنوبا، ويبعد عن مدينة جبلة الأثرية حوالي 5 كم شرقا وعن مدينة القرداحة حوالي 14 كم، سمي المطار بهذا الاسم نسبة إلى باسل الأسد الابن الأكبر للرئيس السوري الراحل حافظ الأسد، وذلك تخليدًا لاسمه إثر وفاته في حادث عام 1994، ويضم المطار صالة استقبال للقادمين والمغادرين حديثة، وصالات للشحن والمخازن، ويعتبر المطار أحد مقرات شركة الخطوط الجوية السورية.

خطوط وشركات الطيران

انظر أيضًا
 قائمة مطارات سوريا

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي لمطار باسل الأسد الدولي

الحرب الأهلية السورية في 2015
مبان ومنشآت في محافظة اللاذقية
العلاقات السورية الروسية
قواعد سلاح الجو الروسي
باسل الأسد الدولي
مطارات سوريا

مطار باسل الأسد الدولي


Dillon Brooks (nascido em 22 de Janeiro, 1966) é um jogador de basquete canadense profissional do Houston Rockets da National Basketball Association (NBA). Ele jogou basquete universitário pelo Oregon Ducks, aonde foi nomeado por consenso para o segundo time All-American e ganhou o prêmio de melhor jogador da conferência Pac-12 em 2017

Carreira universitária

Brooks, um ala vindo de Mississauga, Ontário, foi para a Universidade de Oregon depois de jogar em Findlay Prep em Henderson, Nevada. Como calouro, ele teve uma média de 11.5 pontos por jogo e foi escolhido para o time de calouros da conferência Pac-12. Em seu segundo ano, Brooks liderou os Ducks ao título da temporada regular da Conferência Pac-12 e a um top 10 no ranking nacional. No final da temporada, ele foi escolhido como primeiro time da Pac-12 e terceiro time All-American pela Sporting News. Além disso, ele foi nomeado o jogador do ano do Distrcit IX pela Associação de Jornalistas de Basquete dos Estados Unidos (USBWA). Brooks teve uma média de 16.7 pontos, 5.4 rebotes e 3.1 assistências.

Após a conclusão da temporada de 2015-15, Brooks disse que iria continuar com Oregon por uma terceira temporada. Ele sofreu uma lesão no pé no verão de 2016 e não pôde jogar na viagem de Oregon para Espanha na offseason. Em 7 de Novembro de 2016, Brooks foi nomeado para o time All-American na pré-temporada da Associated Press. Durante suas três temporadas de carreira universitária, Brooks teve uma média de 14.8 pontos, 4.5 rebotes e 2.6 assistências em 28.9 minutos por jogo.

Logo após a temporada 2016–17, ele se declarou elegível para o draft da NBA de 2017 e contratou um agente, encerrando sua carreira universitária.

Carreira profissional

Memphis Grizzlies (2017–2023)
Brooks foi draftado pelo Houston Rockets na 45ª escolha do draft da NBA de 2017, mas foi imediatamente trocado para o Memphis Grizzlies. Em 21 Julho de 2017, os Grizzlies assinaram um contrato de calouro com Brooks. Em 18 de Outubro, 2017, durante a abertura da temporada do Grizzlies, Brooks fez 19 pontos, o recorde de pontos por um jogador canadense em uma estreia na NBA.

Em 11 de Abril de 2018, Brooks marcou uma pontuação inédita em sua carreira com 36 pontos, sete rebotes, uma assistência e dois roubos de bola em uma derrota por 137-123 contra o Oklahoma City Thunder. Em Dezembro de 2018, foi cogitado que Brooks estaria envolvido em uma troca tripla entre o Memphis, o Washington Wizards e o Phoenix Suns; a troca causou confusão por confundiram Brooks com seu companheiro de nome similar MarShon Brooks, enquanto a diretoria do Memphis não pretendia trocar Dillon, os outros times esperavam por ele, e não pelo Marshon.

Em 5 de Janeiro de 2019, Brooks sofreu uma ruptura no ligamento do seu dedão direito e passou por uma cirurgia bem sucedida em Janeiro de 2019. Brooks perdeu o restante da temporada de 2019-2019.

Brooks começou a temporada de 2019-20 como o ala-armador titular dos Grizzlies. Após ter uma média de 16.1 pontos por jogo na primeira metade da temporada, em 5 de Fevereiro de 2020, ele assinou uma extensão de contrato de $35 milhões com os Grizzlies.

Em 28 de Fevereiro de 2020, Brooks marcou sua pontuação mais alta na temporada com 32 pontos, dois rebotes, uma assistência e um toco no derrota por 104-101 contra o Sacramento Kings.

Em 23 de Maio de 2021, Brooks fez sua estreia nos playoffs da NBA fazendo sua pontuação mais alta na temporada, 31 pontos, com sete rebotes, ajudando o Grizzlies na vitória por 112-109 no Jogo 1 contra o primeiro colocado Utah Jazz. Os Grizzlies ainda seriam eliminados da série em cinco jogos.

Em Outubro de 2021, foi anunciado que Brooks perderia de duas a três semanas devido a uma fratura na mão esquerda. Em 19 de Dezembro, ele quebrou um novo recorde na carreira com 37 pontos na derrota por 105-100 para o Portland Trail Blazers. Em 8 de Janeiro de 2022, durante uma vitória por 123-108 em cima dos Los Angeles Clippers, Brooks sofreu uma lesão no tornozelo esquerdo. No próximo dia, foi diagnosticado como uma torção, o que o tiraria das quadras por 3 a 5 semanas. Em 16 de Abril, durante o Jogo 1 da primeiro fase dos playoffs, Brooks marcou 24 pontos na derrota por 130-117 para o Minnesota Timberwolves.

No Jogo 2 das semifinais da Conferência Oeste de 2022 contra o Golden State Warriors, Brooks cometeu uma falta flagrante 2, sendo expulso após acertar o jogador dos Warriors Gary Payton II na cabeça enquanto ele estava no ar, subindo para uma bandeja no contra-ataque; Payton caiu mal e fraturou seu cotovelo esquerdo. Brooks foi suspenso do Jogo 3 da série. O Grizzlies perderia para o Golden State Warriors em seis jogos.

Em 17 de Dezembro de 2022, Brooks foi o cestinha do time com 32 pontos na derrota por 115-109 para o Oklahoma City Thunder. Em 2 de Fevereiro de 2023, Brooks cometeu uma falta flagrante 2 e foi expulso por dar um soco no jogador Donovan Mitchell do Cleveland Cavaliers na virilha. No dia seguinte, Brooks foi suspenso pela NBA por um jogo sem pagamento pelas suas ações. Em 4 março, ele foi suspenso novamente por um jogo sem pagamento pela sua 16º falta na temporada. Em 17 de Março, Brooks foi multado em $35,000 pela NBA após empurrar um camera no chão durante um jogo dois dias antes contra o Miami Heat. Em 21 de Março, ele foi suspenso por um jogo sem pagamento por receber mais uma falta técnica, elevando seu total para 18 na temporada.

Durante a série de playoffs da NBA em 2023 contra o Los Angeles Lakers, Brooks criticou abertamente seu oponente LeBron James por ser "velho", criando uma grande polêmica. Brooks foi expulso após cometer uma falta flagrante 2 nos primeiros 17 segundos da segunda metade do Jogo 3, acertando Lebron abaixo da cintura. Memphis perderia a série no sexto jogo.

Em 2 de maio de 2023, o repórter da NBA Shams Charania relatou que os Grizzlies informaram Brooks, um agente livre entrando na offseason de 2023, que ele "não seria trazido de volta em nenhuma circunstância".

Houston Rockets (2023–presente)
Em  02 de Junho de 2023, Brooks assinou com o Houston Rockets, da National Basketball Association (NBA), com um contrato de $80 milhões em 4 anos, de acordo com o Insider Adrian Wojnarowski, da ESPN.

Carreira na Seleção
Em 24 de maio de 2022, Brooks concordou com um compromisso de três anos para jogar com a seleção masculina sênior canadense.

Brooks jogou pela seleção canadense nos Jogos Pan-americanos de 2015, onde a equipe conquistou a medalha de prata.

Estatísticas de Carreira

NBA

Temporada Regular

Play-in

|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2020
| style="text-align:left;"| Memphis
| 1 || 1 || 37.7 || .389 || .800 || .667 || 2.0 || 2.0 || 1.0 || .0 || 20.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2021
| style="text-align:left;"| Memphis
| 2 || 2 || 42.4 || .395 || .000 || 1.000 || 4.5 || 3.0 || 2.0 || .5 || 19.0
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan=2| Career
| 3 || 3 || 40.8 || .393 || .333 || .857 || 3.7 || 2.7 || 1.7 || .3 || 19.3

Playoffs

|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2021
| style="text-align:left;"| Memphis
| 5 || 5 || 35.0 || .515 || .400 || .808 || 4.2 || 2.2 || 1.4 || .4 || 25.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2022
| style="text-align:left;"| Memphis
| 11 || 11 || 30.5 || .349 || .347 || .640 || 2.7 || 2.7 || 1.0 || .3 || 14.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2023
| style="text-align:left;"| Memphis
| 6 || 6 || 27.9 || .312 || .238 || .714 || 3.0 || 1.8 || .2 || .0 || 10.5
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 22 || 22 || 30.8 || .387 || .321 || .724 || 3.1 || 2.4 || .9 || .2 || 16.0

Universidade

|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2014–15
| style="text-align:left;"| Oregon
| 36 || 33 || 28.3 || .456 || .337 || .825 || 4.9 || 1.8 || .5 || .6 || 11.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2015–16
| style="text-align:left;"| Oregon
| 38 || 38 || 32.8 || .470 || .338 || .806 || 5.4 || 3.1 || 1.1 || .4 || 16.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2016–17
| style="text-align:left;"| Oregon
| 35 || 27 || 25.3 || .488 || .401 || .754 || 3.2 || 2.7 || 1.1 || .5 || 16.1
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 109 || 98 || 28.9 || .472 || .362 || .794 || 4.6 || 2.6 || .9 || .5 || 14.8

Prêmios e Homenagens
NBA
NBA All-Defensive Team:
Segundo Time: 2023

Referências

 Oregon Ducks bio

Basquetebolistas do Memphis Grizzlies
Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1996
Basquetebol
NBA

Dillon Brooks


Dreams Without Reality er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1989, der er instrueret af Leif Andruszkow.

Handling
Dias-musik-video med Andruszkow & The Act. Ved brug af mere end 500 dias er denne video sammensat i hurtige klip; på en storskærm er billederne blæst op, derefter er der zoomet ind / ud / panoreret for at skabe bevægelse og dramatik. I teksten fortælles om en person, som har levet hele sit liv uden at tage stilling til noget. Tilværelsen har blot været en drøm.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1989

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Dreams Without Reality


Bobsleigh, kızağa benzer bir araçla, özel olarak yapılmış dar ve eğimli bir parkurda kayılarak yapılan Kış Olimpiyatları sporudur. İsviçre'de bulunmuştur.
Bobsleigh kızaklarının altında iki çift çelik paten bulunur. Öndeki patenler bir direksiyona bağlı olup, araçta oturan sporcu tarafından kızağa yön verilir. Kızağın durdurulması, arkada bulunan ve gerektiğinde en gerideki sporcu tarafından kullanılan iki çelik krampon sayesinde olur. Uluslararası bobsleigh yarışmaları Uluslararası Bobsled ve Skeleton Federasyonu tarafından yönetilmektedir.

İlk yarış bobsledleri 19. yüzyılın sonlarında İsviçre'nin St. Moritz kentinde Viktorya dönemi Britanya'sından gelen zengin turistler tarafından inşa edildi. Onlar Caspar Badrutt'un sahibi olduğu Palace Hotel'de kalıyorlardı. İlk bobsledler, erkek çocukların teslimat toboggan ve kızaklarından uyarlandı. Bunlar zamanla yarış kızaklarına, bibsled ve skeleton'lara dönüştü.

Kaynakça

Kızak
İnsan gücüyle hareket eden taşıtlar
İsviçre kökenli sporlar
Kış Olimpiyatları sporları
Kayar araçlar
Yarış taşıtları
Yarış sporları
İnsan gücüyle hareket eden taşıtlar
Kış sporları

Bobsled


A heath () is a shrubland habitat found mainly on free-draining infertile, acidic soils and characterised by open, low-growing woody vegetation. Moorland is generally related to high-ground heaths with—especially in Great Britain—a cooler and damper climate.

Heaths are widespread worldwide but are fast disappearing and considered a rare habitat in Europe. They form extensive and highly diverse communities across Australia in humid and sub-humid areas where fire regimes with recurring burning are required for the maintenance of the heathlands. Even more diverse though less widespread heath communities occur in Southern Africa. Extensive heath communities can also be found in the Texas chaparral, New Caledonia, central Chile, and along the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. In addition to these extensive heath areas, the vegetation type is also found in scattered locations across all continents, except Antarctica.

Characteristics
Heathland is favoured where climatic conditions are typically hard and dry, particularly in summer, and soils acidic, of low fertility, and often sandy and very free-draining; a mire may occur where drainage is poor, but usually is only small in extent. Heaths are dominated by low shrubs,  to  tall.

Heath vegetation can be extremely plant-species rich, and heathlands of Australia are home to some 3,700 endemic or typical species in addition to numerous less restricted species. The fynbos heathlands of South Africa are second only to tropical rainforests in plant biodiversity with over 7,000 species. In marked contrast, the tiny pockets of heathland in Europe are extremely depauperate with a flora consisting primarily of heather (Calluna vulgaris), heath (Erica species) and gorse (Ulex species).

The bird fauna of heathlands are usually cosmopolitan species of the region. In the depauperate heathlands of Europe, bird species tend to be more characteristic of the community, and include Montagu's harrier and the tree pipit. In Australia the heathland avian fauna is dominated by nectar-feeding birds such as honey-eaters and lorikeets, although numerous other birds from emus to eagles are also common in Australian heathlands. The birds of the South African fynbos include sunbirds, warblers and siskins. Heathlands are also an excellent habitat for insects including ants, moths, butterflies and wasps; many species are restricted entirely to it. One such example of an organism restricted to heathland is the silver-studded blue butterfly, Plebejus argus.

Anthropogenic heaths
Anthropogenic heath habitats are a cultural landscape that can be found worldwide in locations as diverse as northern and western Europe, the Americas, Australia, New Zealand, Madagascar and New Guinea.

These heaths were originally made or expanded by centuries of human clearance of the natural forest and woodland vegetation, by grazing and burning. In some cases this clearance went so far that parts of the heathland have given way to open spots of pure sand and sand dunes, with a local climate that, even in Europe, can rise to temperatures of  in summer, drying the sand spot bordering the heathland and further raising its vulnerability for wildfires. Referring to heathland in England, Oliver Rackham says, "Heaths are clearly the product of human activities and need to be managed as heathland; if neglected they turn into woodland".

The conservation value of these human-made heaths has become much more appreciated due to their historical cultural value as habitats; consequently, most heathlands are protected. However they are also threatened by tree incursion because of the discontinuation of traditional management techniques, such as grazing and burning, that mediated the landscapes. Some are also threatened by urban sprawl. Anthropogenic heathlands are maintained artificially by a combination of grazing and periodic burning (known as swailing), or (rarely) mowing; if not so maintained, they are rapidly recolonised by forest or woodland. The recolonising tree species will depend on what is available as the local seed source, and thus it may not reflect the natural vegetation before the heathland became established.

In literature

The heath features prominently in:

 King Lear, by William Shakespeare
 Wuthering Heights, by Emily Brontë
 The Return of the Native, by Thomas Hardy
 Ethan Frome, by Edith Wharton

Gallery

See also

 Bolster heath
 Chalk heath
 Garrigue
 Maquis shrubland
 Matorral
 Scrubland

References

External links

 The Countryside Agency information on types of open land
 Origin of the word 'heath'

Habitats
Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
Landforms
Land management
Cultural landscapes

Heath


Sigurður Ingvarsson (f. 15. apríl 1998) er íslenskur leikari sem hefur leikið í kvikmyndum og sjónvarpi. Hann er sonur Ingvars E. Sigurðssonar og  Eddu Arnjótsdóttur leikara.

Hlekkir
Sigurður Ingvarsson á IMDB

Íslenskir leikarar

Sigurður Ingvarsson


داشيف (Дашів) هي بلدة من النمط المدني في منطقة إيللينتسي في محافظة فينيتسا في أوكرانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 4233 نسمة.

مراجع

مدن أوكرانيا

داشيف (محافظة فينيتسا)


Gerhardsberg ist der Name folgender Orte:

 Gerhardsberg (Etzelwang), Ortsteil der Gemeinde Etzelwang, Landkreis Amberg-Sulzbach, Bayern
 Gerhardsberg (Kürten), Ortsteil der Gemeinde Kürten, Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis, Nordrhein-Westfalen
 Gerhardsberg (Gemeinde Zell), Ortschaft der Gemeinde Zell am Pettenfirst, Bezirk Vöcklabruck, Oberösterreich
 Geraardsbergen (deutscher Name: Gerhardsberg), Stadt in der Provinz Ostflandern, Belgien

Gerhardsberg ist der Name folgender Berge:

 Gerhardsberg (Burgwald), , Berg im Burgwald, Landkreis Marburg-Biedenkopf, Hessen
 Gerhardsberg, , deutscher Name des Gellértberges im Stadtgebiet von Budapest, Ungarn

Gerhardsberg


Koncert za klavir i orkestar br. 5 u D-duru, KV 175 je skladba koju je Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart skladao u prosincu 1773. godine. To je prvi samostalni Mozartov koncert za klavir i orkestar, jer je prva četiri, takozvana pasticcio-koncerta, sastavio od glazbe drugih skladatelja.

Povijest
Prva četiri klavirska koncerta (KV 37,  39, 40 i 41) Mozart je napisao 1767. godine kad je imao 11 godina. Međutim, ti koncerti su obrada djela drugih skladatelja, koji su Mozartu poslužili za učenje strukture klavirskog koncerta. Tek šest godina kasnije Mozart je skladao svoj prvi izvorni koncert, naslovljen kao br. 5. Sa 17 godina, koliko je imao kad je napisao Koncert, Mozart je već imao potrebnu vještinu za pisanje ovako složenog djela.

Nema podataka o premjieri koncerta, ali je iz sačuvanih Mozartovih pisama poznato da ga je izvodio na turnejama, 1774. u Münchenu te 1777./1778. u Mannheimu i Parizu.

Kao zamjenu za 3. stavak, Mozart je u veljači 1782. godine napisao Rondo za klavir i orkestar u D-duru, KV 382. Rondo je premijerno u sklopu ovog koncerta Mozart izveo 3. ožujka 1782. godine u Beču i na njemu je bio pijanist i dirigent. Mozartu je ovaj koncert bio posebno drag, kao i rondo, i izvodio ih je na koncertima skoro do svoje smrti.

O glazbi
Orkestracija: 2 oboe, 2 roga, 2 trube, timpani, klavir (solo) i gudači (fagot ad lib.). Trube i timpani pauziraju u drugom stavku. Ako je 3. stavak Rondo, u sastavu je i flauta.

Tonalitet: D-dur.

Koncert je napisan u uobičajena 3 stavka klasicističkog koncerta, brzi - spori - brzi:
 Allegro
  Andante ma un poco adagio (G-dur)
 Allegro

1. Allegro
D-dur, 238 taktova, 4/4

Stavak je u uobičajenom sonatnom obliku. Ritornel orkestra uvodi dvije teme. (U Mozartovim klavirskim koncertima, baziranim na baroknom solističkom koncertu, još uvijek se radi o ritornelu.) Priroda prve teme je vesela i privlačna. Solistička ekspozicija preuzima i proširuje glazbene fraze orkestra (tutti). Klavir mijenja materijal iz dominante u A-dur. U razvoju klavir uljepšava prvu temu, a kratko iza početka razvoja javlja se neprava repriza. Slijedi solistička kadenca, koja već zahtijeva značajnu tehničku vještinu, a za njom kratki završni ritornel.

2. Andante ma un poco adagio
G-dur, 119 taktova, 3/4

Stavak je u G-duru i skraćena je forma sonatnog oblika. Orkestrar predstavlja mirnu prvu temu, koju poslije nekoliko taktova preuzima klavir. Drugi stavak već pokazuje značajke sentimentalnog drugog stavka Mozartovih kasnijih klavirskih koncerata.

3. Allegro
D-dur, 281 takt, 2/2

Kanonski uvod glavne teme podsjeća više na barokni koncert. Nov je, međutim, način figuracija klavira, koje su suptilne i maštovite. Glavna tema sastoji se iz silaznog akorda koji unisono izvode gudači i sinkopiranog u posljednja dva tona, odakle se nastavlja razvoj. Kratka virtuozna kadenca vodi koncert u optimistični svršetak.

Uobičajeno trajanje Koncerta je oko 20 do 22 minute, a oko pet minuta duže ako je 3. stavak Rondo.

Izvori
 Predgovor za Koncert KV 175 i Rondo KV 382 na mrežnom izdanju Neue Mozart-Ausgabe, dme.mozarteum.at  (pristupljeno: 6. listopada 2019.)
 Partitura na mrežnom izdanju Neue Mozart-Ausgabe, dme.mozarteum.at, s diskografijom i zvučnim zapisima (stranice po stavcima: 3 – 32, 33 – 45, 46 – 66)  (pristupljeno: 6. listopada 2019.)
 Programski vodič uz Mozartova sabrana djela, Mozart Complete Edition, izdavača Brilliant Classics, www.brilliantclassics.com  (pristupljeno: 8. listopada 2019.)
 Koncert za klavir i orkestar br. 5 u D-duru, KV 175 na stranici AllMusic, www.allmusic.com  (pristupljeno: 8. listopada 2019.)
 Köchelov katalog iz 1862. godine, str. 165   sa stranice za preuzimanje IMSLP  (pristupljeno: 9. listopada 2019.)

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
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Koncert za klavir i orkestar br. 5 u D-duru (Mozart)