The 26th of July Movement (; M-26-7) was a Cuban vanguard revolutionary organization and later a political party led by Fidel Castro. The movement's name commemorates the failed 1953 attack on the Moncada Barracks in Santiago de Cuba, part of an attempt to overthrow the dictator Fulgencio Batista.

M-26-7 is considered the leading organization of the Cuban Revolution. At the end of 1956, Castro established a guerrilla base in the Sierra Maestra. This base defeated the troops of Batista on 1 January 1959, setting into motion the Cuban Revolution and installing a government led by Manuel Urrutia Lleó. The Movement fought the Batista regime on both rural and urban fronts. The movement's main objectives were distribution of land to peasants, nationalization of public services, industrialization, honest elections, and large scale education reform.

In July 1961, the 26th of July Movement was one of the parties that integrated into the Integrated Revolutionary Organization (ORI) as well as the Popular Socialist Party (PSP) and the 13 March Revolutionary Directorate. On 26 March 1962, the party dissolved to form the United Party of the Cuban Socialist Revolution (PURSC), which held a communist ideology.

Origins
The 26th of July Movement's name originated from the failed attack on the Moncada Barracks, an army facility in the city of Santiago de Cuba, on 26 July 1953. This attack was led by a young Fidel Castro, who was a legislative candidate in a free election that had been cancelled by Batista. The attack had been intended as a rallying cry for the revolution. Castro was captured and sentenced to 15 years in prison but, along with his group, was granted an amnesty after two years following a political campaign on their behalf. Castro traveled to Mexico to reorganize the movement in 1955 with several other exiled revolutionaries (including Raúl Castro, Camilo Cienfuegos, and Juan Almeida Bosque).  Their task was to form a disciplined guerrilla force to overthrow Batista.

The original core of the group was organized around the attack on the Moncada Barracks, merged with the National Revolutionary Movement led by Rafael García Bárcena and with a majority of the Orthodox Youth. Soon after, National Revolutionary Action led by Frank País would join. Because of the commonality in their ideology and their goal of wanting to topple the  Batista regime, the M-26-7 would quickly add more young people from diverse political backgrounds.

Role in the Cuban Revolution
On 2 December 1956, 82 men landed in Cuba, having sailed in the boat Granma from Tuxpan, Veracruz, Mexico ready to organize and lead a revolution. The early signs were not good for the movement. They landed in daylight, were attacked by the Cuban Air Force, and suffered numerous casualties. The landing party was split into two and wandered lost for two days, most of their supplies abandoned where they landed. They were also betrayed by their peasant guide in an ambush, which killed more of those who had landed. Batista mistakenly announced Fidel Castro's death at this point. Of the 82 who sailed aboard the Granma, only 22 eventually regrouped in the Sierra Maestra mountain range.

While the revolutionaries were setting up camp in the mountains, "Civic Resistance" groups were forming in the cities, putting pressure on the Batista regime. The poor and many middle-class and professional persons flocked toward Castro and his movement being tired of the corruption of Batista and his government. While in the Sierra Maestra mountains, the guerrilla forces attracted hundreds of Cuban volunteers and won several battles against the Cuban Army. Ernesto "Che" Guevara was shot in the neck and chest during the fighting, but was not severely injured. (Guevara, who had studied medicine, continued to give first aid to other wounded guerrillas.) This was the opening phase of the war of the Cuban Revolution, which continued for the next two years.  It ended in January 1959, after the Right-wing Dictator Batista fled Cuba for the Dominican Republic, in the early hours of New Year's Day when the Movement's forces marched into Havana.

Political and military action
The guerrillas increased their ranks to 400 men in February 1958. In comparison, the forces of Batista reached 50,000 men, but only 10,000 were able to be used at once to confront the guerrillas. Batista launched an offensive of 10,000 with air and land support to encircle and destroy the guerrillas hidden in the Sierra between April and August 1958, this campaign ended in a decisive failure for the development of the conflict. Finally, after two years of war, the rebels defeated the Batista forces, causing them to flee to the Dominican Republic and take power 1 January 1959. At that time they added around 20,000 to 30,000 guerrillas and the war had cost the lives of between 1,000 and 2,500 people.

Sabotage and the dissemination of propaganda were key parts of the M-26-7's strategy in both the urban and rural theaters of operation and were used to generate an atmosphere of crisis and to destabilize the public and economic order of the Batista regime. In the countryside, guerillas burned sugar cane fields and oil refineries, blocked bridges and trains, and attacked Batista's soldiers, while in the cities, M-26-7 members cut telephone lines, coordinated strikes, kidnapped public figures, bombed government buildings, and assassinated government officials. The M-26-7 ran its propaganda operations to portray the violence of its actions in a positive light, and notable propaganda efforts included the broadcasting of Radio Rebelde beginning on 24 February 1958 and the invitation of foreign journalists and reporters, such as New York Times war correspondent Herbert Matthews and U.S. military intelligence agent Andrew St. George. Both domestic and international propaganda efforts were aimed at informing audiences of the goals and policies of the M-26-7 and glorifying the lives and exploits of the guerilla fighters to generate sympathy for the movement.

Rural activities
The M-26-7 divided its operations between the rural guerillas, who were based in the Sierra Maestra mountains, and the urban underground, which consisted mostly of middle-class and professional Cubans living in towns and cities. Castro focused his efforts in the rural countryside on fighting Batista's soldiers and liberating and governing increasing amounts of territory taken from Batista's control. The M-26-7 incorporated large numbers of peasant men and women into the ranks of the M-26-7 where they served as soldiers, collaborators, and informants to fight Batista's regime. Many peasant leaders were also affiliated with the PSP and used their connections with Communist Party members and sympathizers to recruit support for the M-26-7. Most notably, the Campesino Association, which had been an active Communist organization since 1934, allowed the M-26-7 to access and build on the network of peasant political organizing. The leaders of the Authentic Party (PA) and Orthodox Party and their constituents of small, medium, and wealthy landowners supported M-26-7 as well through funding and protection from Batista's forces, although Castro's platform of agrarian reform would lead to the eventual break between wealthy farmers and landowners and M-26-7.

As they occupied increasing large parts of the rural countryside, the M-26-7 provided public services to local peasants ranging from elementary schooling and literacy education, setting up hospitals and medical services, maintaining toll roads, providing protection from bandits, and enacting laws and decrees. In return, the M-26-7 taxed the peasants under its control and enforced prison sentences and fines against those convicted of tax evasion as well as other crimes including banditry, the cultivation, possession, and use of marijuana, and cockfighting. Castro created bureaucratic organizations to administer the rebel-controlled territories including the Administración Civil para los Territorios Liberados (ACTL) in September 1958, which was active in the Sierra Maestra, and the Agrarian Bureau, which was created on 3 August 1958 to oversee the Oriente province.

Urban activities
In 1955, Castro designated Frank País as chief of action of the Oriente province after País merged his organization, Oriente Revolutionary Action (ARO), with the M-26-7. As the head of the M-26-7's urban underground, País centralized its operations under a core leadership known as the National Directorate and moved the M-26-7's headquarters from Havana to Santiago. He also created six separate sections of the M-26-7 which were responsible for organization, labor outreach, civic resistance among the middle class, sabotage activities and an urban militia, propaganda, and a treasury to raise funds. País attempted to support Castro's landing from the Granma with a failed armed uprising in Santiago on 30 November 1956, and after Castro and the surviving guerillas regrouped in the Sierra Maestra, the guerillas depended on their urban counterparts for medicines, weapons, ammunition, food, equipment, clothing, money, propaganda production, and domestic and international publicity. In addition, the urban underground organized worker strikes as well as patriotic clubs for Cuban exiles in the United States, which provided funds for the purchasing of arms and ammunition. The M-26-7 frequently coordinated its actions with other urban-based anti-Batista groups such as the PSP, the Student Revolutionary Directorate (DRE), and the Organización Auténtica (OA), but by May 1957, the arrests and killings of large numbers of the DRE and the OA and the history of the PSP's collaboration with the Batista regime led the M-26-7 to be the dominant anti-Batista force in the cities.

Frank País's assassination by Santiago police in July 1957 prompted mass demonstrations and worker strikes in the city that quickly spread across the island, leading to a nationwide general strike on 5 August 1957. Though the strike saw limited success, the M-26-7 believed that the speed at which the strike spread and its popularity meant that a future nationwide strike could destabilize Batista's regime enough to lead to his overthrow. However, a subsequent national strike held on 9 April 1958  ended up being a failure for the M-26-7 due to the preparedness of Batista's forces for such an event and poor communication between the M-26-7 and labor groups as to the time of the strike. Many M-26-7 members were also killed in firefights with the police and army as they tried to stage an armed uprising during the chaos.

Post-1959
After the takeover, anti-Batistas, liberals, urban workers, peasants, and idealists became the dominant followers of the M-26-7 movement, which gained control over Cuba. The Movement was joined with other bodies to form the United Party of the Cuban Socialist Revolution, which in turn became the Communist Party of Cuba in 1965. Cuba modeled itself after the Eastern European nations that made up the Warsaw Pact, becoming the first socialistic government in the Americas. Once it was learned that Cuba would adopt a strict Marxist–Leninist political and economic system, opposition was raised not only by dissident party members, but by the United States as well. Fidel Castro's government seized private land, nationalized hundreds of private companies—including several local subsidiaries of U.S. corporations—and taxed American products so heavily that U.S. exports were cut half in just two years. The Eisenhower Administration then imposed trade restrictions on everything except food and medical supplies. As a result, Cuba turned to the Soviet Union for trade instead. The US responded by cutting all diplomatic ties to Cuba, and have had a rocky relationship ever since. In April 1961, a CIA-trained force of Cuban exiles and dissidents, including former supporters of the M-26-7, launched the unsuccessful Bay of Pigs Invasion against Cuba, shortly after Castro had declared the revolution socialist. After the invasion, Castro formally proclaimed himself a communist.

Despite the support that the M-26-7 received from many Catholic students and priests during the fight against Batista, the movement's victory in 1959 created a split between the M-26-7 and Catholic Church, which resisted the agrarian reform program and what members of the Church saw as Castro's turn to Soviet Communism. Following the National Catholic Congress's protest against the lack of Catholic values in the policies of the M-26-7 and a riot on 17 July 1959 in front of the Cathedral of Havana involving representatives of the Catholic Church and pro-Castro protestors, Castro publicly denounced the leadership of the Roman Catholic church on 12 August. On 6 January 1960, M-26-7 militants then occupied Catholic seminaries, churches, and schools across Cuba and arrested the leaders of the Young Catholic Workers (JOC). After the Bay of Pigs invasion, the M-26-7 closed more churches and detained a number of priests and bishops on 17 April 1961, and the Catholic Church was expelled from Cuba on 1 May in the wake of the nationalization of all private colleges and the expulsion of foreign priests from the island.

Legacy
During the struggle against Batista, the M-26-7 portrayed itself as a unifying movement for all Cubans that would bring about democracy and social justice after Batista's overthrow, particularly for women and the Afro-Cuban minority. Despite only making up 10% of the Cuban workforce, women disproportionately participated in the M-26-7 during the Revolution in a number of capacities that included the manufacturing of propaganda and demonstrations and picketing. In addition, the Mariana Grajales was established in September 1958 as an all-female military unit in the M-26-7. After the Revolution, the revolutionary government, controlled by the M-26-7, established the Federation of Cuban Women (FMC) to integrate women into Cuban political, social, and economic life and to eradicate prostitution. Castro and the M-26-7 also emphasized racial integration as a key platform of the movement, and after Batista's overthrow, the M-26-7 quickly desegregated public spaces and implemented reforms, such as the redistribution of land and improved government education and medical services, that disproportionately benefited the Afro-Cuban population. However, the M-26-7's racial policies have been criticized for repressing black political organization and for emphasizing pre-Revolution rhetoric that devalues racial consciousness and asserts that racism in Cuba has been ended by the Revolution despite the lingering presence of prejudiced and discriminatory attitudes on the island.

Since 1959, 26 July has been celebrated as a national holiday in Cuba. Celebrations involving community mobilizations and programs, reenactments, and recitations occur on the local and national level each year to honor the Moncada Barracks attack and the role of the M-26-7 in overthrowing the Batista regime. From 1967 to 1973, three museums were also opened in Santiago, Villa Blanca, and Moncada to commemorate the Moncada Barracks assault and the actions of the M-26-7.

The flag of the 26th of July Movement is on the shoulder of the Cuban military uniform, and continues to be used as a symbol of the Cuban Revolution.

Members
The first national leadership of the M-26-7 was made up of the revolutionaries:

 Fidel Castro
 Melba Hernández
 Haydée Santamaría
 Antonio Ñico López
 Pedro Miret Prieto
 José A. "Pepe" Suárez
 Pedro Celestino Aguilera
 Faustino Pérez
 Armando Hart
 Luis Barreto Milián
 Jesús Montané
 Juan Manuel Márquez
Other political leaders who were part of the 26 July Movement were:

 Che Guevara
 Camilo Cienfuegos
 Raúl Castro
 Juan Almeida Bosque
 Celia Sánchez
 Huber Matos
 Carlos Franqui
 Raúl Chibás
 Abel Santamaría
 Frank País
 Agustín Navarrete Sarbabous
 Raúl Martínez Ararás
 Josué País
 Efigenio Ameijeiras
 Osmany Cienfuegos
 Ramiro Valdés
 Renato Guitart
 José Pardo Llada
 Teodulio Mitchel
 Pedro Luis Boitel Abraham
 Manuel Artime

See also

Clandestine cell system
Guerrilla warfare
Moncada Barracks
Political movement

References

External links

 Guide to the Cuban Revolution Collection, Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library
 Fidel Castro and the founding of the 26th of July Movement
 El Cubano Libre Articles by Che Guevara from the Sierra Maestra

Political parties established in 1956
Military units and formations established in 1956
Fidel Castro
Communism in Cuba
Cuban Revolution
Far-left politics
Left-wing nationalist parties
Che Guevara
Guerrilla movements in Latin America
National liberation movements
National liberation armies
Defunct communist militant groups

26th of July Movement


Marmota comună (Marmota monax, cunoscută și ca marmota americană) este un rozător de tip veveriță. Trăiește în Canada și Statele Unite ale Americii. Ca și majoritatea rozătoarelor, este un animal erbivor. Această marmotă hibernează. Este un animal des întâlnit și a fost introdus și în Europa. Sunt animale sfioase și se înmulțesc primăvara timpuriu. De multe ori se aude "fluierând". Este un rozător mare, cântărind 2-5 kg.

Bibliografie
 National Geographic:"Tip veveriță:MARMOTA AMERICANĂ, MARMOTA MONAX; AREAL:Canada și estul și centrul Statelor Unite; DIMENSIUNI: de la 2 la 5 kg; HRANĂ: rădăcini, bulbi, tuberculi, semințe; Marmota americană este cea mai des întâlnită specie de marmotă din America de nord. Marmotele americane hibernează și se înmulțesc la puțină vreme după ce se trezesc primăvara."

Vezi și
Marmotă
Marmota alpină
Marmota baibacina
Marmota lui Menzbier
Marmota siberiană
Marmota bobak
Marmota broweri

Marmote

Marmotă comună


Fulmar,  Procellariidae familyasından kuzey ve güney yarımküredeki açık denizlerde görülen martıya benzer Fulmarus cinsini oluşturan iki deniz kuşu türünün ortak adı. Sarp yamaçlarda koloniler halinde yuva kurarlar ve dalgaların üzerinde alçaktan uçarak, küçük balıklardan, gemilerin bıraktığı çöplere kadar her şeyi yiyebilirler. Sırtı gri renkte olup, vücudunun diğer kısımları beyazdır. Kanatları uçlara doğru gittikçe incelir.

Türler
 Kuzey fulmarı (Fulmarus glacialis)
 Güney fulmarı (Fulmarus glacialoides)

Dış bağlantılar

Yelkovangiller
Kuş cinsleri
Procellariidae
Deniz kuşları
Yeni Zelanda'daki kuşlar
Avustralya'daki kuşlar
Afrika kuşları

Fulmar


ملعب سان نيكولا ملعب متعدد الاستخدامات لعدة رياضات صممه رينزو بيانو ويقع في مدينة باري الإيطالية. يعتبر الملعب الرئيسي لمباريات نادي باري، تم افتتاحه في سنة 1990 ويتسع لحضور 58248 متفرج.

مراجع

صناديق تصفح منافسات اليويفا
مبان ومنشآت في باري
ملاعب الدوري الإيطالي
ملاعب رياضية اكتملت في 1990
ملاعب رياضية في بوليا
ملاعب كأس العالم 1990
س
ملاعب نهائيات دوري أبطال أوروبا
نادي باري

ملعب سان نيكولا


Mığrı (Conger conger), Congridae familyasından yılan balıklarına benzeyen sadece denizlerde yaşayan balık türü.

Vücut uzun silindir şeklinde olup, yılana benzer. Derisi kaygan ve vücut küçük pullarla örtülüdür. Rengi yaşadığı ortamın rengine uygundur. Sırt ve yanları gri, sarı ile karışık yeşilimtırak, karın kısmı ise kirli beyazdır. Sırt ve anüs yüzgeci kuyruk yüzgeci ile birleşmiştir. Yan çizgi sırtına paralel olarak kuyruğa kadar uzanır. Yılan balıkları gibi bir defa yumurta döker ve sonra ölür. Büyüklüğü ortalama 100 cm dir, maksimum 300 cm olur. Maksimum ağrlığı 65 kg dır.

Atlas Okyanusunda Norveç ve İzlanda'dan Senegal'e kadar olan sahil şeridi yaşam yerleridir. Sığ yerlerde yaşarlar 1170 m derinlikte de görülebilirler. Ayrıca Akdeniz ve Karadeniz kıyılarında da yaşamlarını sürdürürler.

Dış bağlantılar
 Mığrı (Türkiye Balık Atlası - Atlas dergisi)
Marmara Denizi faunası
Asgari endişe altındaki hayvanlar
Congridae
Atlas Okyanusu'ndaki balıklar
Akdeniz faunası
Karadeniz faunası
Kuzey Denizi faunası
Afrika balıkları
Avrupa balıkları
1758'de tanımlanan balıklar
Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

Mığrı


Max Liebermann von Sonnenberg (né le  à Weißwasser, arrondissement de Tuchel, province de Prusse-Occidentale, et mort le  à Berlin) est un officier prussien, fondateur du Parti social allemand, député du Reichstag et publiciste antisémite dans l'Empire allemand.

Biographie
Liebermann von Sonnenberg est issu d'une famille d'officiers prussiens et rejoint l'armée prussienne en 1866, comme son père avant lui. En tant que premier lieutenant, il participe à la guerre franco-prussienne de 1870/71, subit de graves blessures de guerre et reçoit la croix de fer de . Liebermann sait utiliser son image de héros de guerre pour sa carrière politique.

"Mouvement de Berlin" et pétition antisémite

Dans l'Empire allemand, Liebermann est politiquement actif dans le mouvement völkisch et participe également aux « congrès anti-juifs internationaux ». Avec les agitateurs du « mouvement berlinois » Paul et Bernhard Förster et Ernst Henrici, il lance une « pétition antisémite » accusant les Juifs d'infiltration économique, sociale et raciale de l'organisme national allemand. Par rapport à l'agitation générale du "mouvement de Berlin", les quatre revendications de la pétition sont plutôt modérées :
 Restriction à l'immigration des Juifs orientaux d'Autriche-Hongrie et de Russie.
 Exclusion des Juifs de tous les postes d'autorité, en particulier de la fonction de juge.
 Interdiction d'employer des enseignants juifs dans les écoles élémentaires et restrictions strictes à leur emploi dans toutes les autres écoles.
 Reprise des statistiques officielles sur la population juive.

La pétition est signée par environ  et rend Liebermann populaire dans toute l'Empire allemand. Il remet la pétition à la Chancellerie en 1881, mais le chancelier Otto von Bismarck l'ignore.

La même année, Liebermann, avec Bernhard Förster, fonde l'Association du peuple allemand et l'antisémite Deutsche Volkszeitung, dont il est rédacteur en chef de 1885 à 1887.

En 1884, il quitte l'armée prussienne et se consacre entièrement à son travail d'écrivain et de publiciste politique. En 1894, il reprend l'Antisemitische Correspondenz de Theodor Fritsch, qu'il transforme en journal du parti sous le nom de Deutsch-Soziale Blatter. Dans leurs contributions, les Juifs sont tenus pour responsables des crises économiques et des contradictions sociales de l'industrialisation allemande. Les approches théoriques raciales jouent un rôle croissant dans les publications. L'antisémitisme de Sonnenberg peut être considéré comme une position médiane entre l'antisémitisme chrétien-social d'Adolf Stoecker et l'aile anticonservatrice du mouvement autour d'Otto Böckel et d'Oswald Zimmermann.

Homme politique
En 1889, Sonnenberg réussit l'unification de divers groupes antisémites pour former le Parti social allemand. Avec ce dernier, il est élu au Reichstag en 1890, dont il reste député jusqu'en 1911. Dans la  de Cassel (--), il est toujours réélu à une large majorité. En 1894, il unit son parti au Parti allemand de la réforme fondé par Otto Böckel pour former le Parti social allemand de la réforme (DSRP). Leur programme prévoit le renversement de l'égalité juridique des Juifs vivant en Empire allemand et parle aussi d'une « solution définitive à la question juive » et de « l'anéantissement du peuple juif ». En outre, le DSRP représente des revendications de réformes sociales en faveur de la classe moyenne et de l'agriculture. En 1900, après de féroces combats entre factions, le parti se scinde à nouveau. Liebermann n'est pas en mesure de faire passer la fusion de la faction du Reichstag et de la direction du parti, ce qui lui aurait donné un contrôle illimité sur le parti. Il redevient président du Parti social allemand. Indépendamment des querelles politiques partisanes, Liebermann est considéré par le public comme un orateur charismatique et une figure de proue de l'antisémitisme.

Après de mauvais résultats électoraux en 1898 et 1903, Liebermann conduit son parti à une association plus étroite avec le Parti conservateur allemand et la Fédération des agriculteurs. En 1903, Liebermann fonde l' en tant que groupe de socialistes allemands, de socialistes chrétiens, de l'Union des agriculteurs et de l'Union des agriculteurs bavarois. Le groupe fait campagne pour des tarifs spéciaux sur les produits anglais. Ils doivent protéger la compétitivité des entreprises allemandes menacées par une vague de faillites. Liebermann et la clientèle de son parti tiennent le « libéralisme de Manchester » de mèche avec les Juifs en tant que cerveaux présumés responsables de cela. L'agriculture doit être protégée par des droits de douane élevés contre la chute des prix sur le marché agricole mondialisé.

Dans l'ensemble, cependant, l'antisémitisme de Liebermann cède de plus en plus la place à la propagation de la politique coloniale allemande et de la puissance mondiale. À partir de 1905, il soutient la construction navale dans l'empire wilhelminien, propage une guerre contre l'Angleterre et met en garde contre le parlementarisme anglais, qu'il comprend comme une « désintégration » du patriotisme et de la force militaire de l'Empire allemand. En 1908, dans le cadre de l'affaire du Daily Telegraph, il attaque publiquement le ministre des Colonies anglais Arthur Neville Chamberlain et l'accuse de porter atteinte à la monarchie allemande. Les déclarations de Liebermann contribué de manière significative à l'image négative de l'Empire allemand dans le public anglais.

À Munich, à l'été 1911, Sonnenberg publie ses mémoires, Glückszeit meines Lebens. Erinnerungen aus dem großen deutschen Kriege 1870/71.

Max Liebermann von Sonnenberg décède le  à l'âge de 63 ans à Berlin. Il est  enterré au cimetière des Invalides. La tombe n'a pas survécu.

Travaux
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En tant qu'éditeur
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Bibliographie
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Liens externes

 Domaine BArch N 2177

Député du Reichstag (Empire allemand)
Personnalité du Parti social allemand (Empire allemand)
Personnalité du Parti allemand de la réforme
Militaire allemand de la guerre franco-allemande de 1870-1871
Écrivain prussien
Oberleutnant prussien
Naissance en août 1848
Naissance dans la voïvodie de Couïavie-Poméranie
Naissance dans la province de Prusse-Occidentale
Décès en novembre 1911
Décès à Berlin
Décès à 63 ans

Max Liebermann von Sonnenberg


César Manrique (; numele complet: César Manrique Cabrera) a fost un  pictor, arhitect, sculptor din insula Lanzarote, care a impregnat arhitectura și imaginea publică a acestei insule.

A murit în anul 1992, într-un accident de mașină, nu departe de casă, la vârsta de 72 de ani. Este considerat cel mai mare arhitect și artist plastic al Insulelor Canare. După moartea sa casa a fost transformată în muzeu numit "Fundacion Cesar Manrique" ("Fundația Cesar Manrique").

Opere

pe Lanzarote:
 Casa Museo del Campesino (casă țărănească cu arhitectură tipică din Lanzarote)
 Monumento del Campesino (Monument arhitectual în centrul insulei Lanzarote, în cinstea țăranilor din Lanzarote, care au descoperit că prundișul de lavă este poros și prin el se poate condensa  roua pentru irigarea câmpurilor.
 LagOmar, în Nazaret (o vilă construită împreună cu Jesús Soto în cariera de piatră vulcanică din încredințarea agentului imobiliar englez Sam Benady), o legendă locală spune că a fost cumpărată de Omar Sharif care a pierdut-o în aceeași zi la jocul de cărți Bridge.
 Mirador del Río (a fost construită în 1973 este un punct din care se poate aprecia malul stâncos Famara și insulele învecinate La Graciosa, Montaña Clara, Alegranza, Roque del Oeste și Roque del Este. este în același loc în care a fost instalată artileria în secolul al XIX-lea în timpul războiului dintr [USA] și [Cuba]
 Jameos del Agua (Sală de concerte Subterană, inaugurată în 1977, are o capacitate de 600 locuri și este construită într-o cavernă formată de lava vulcanică. Personen in einer Lavahöhle; O lagună din aceeași cavernă adăpostește o specia unică de raci orbi care în mon normal trăiește doar la adâncime de circa 2000 metri pe fundul oceanului.
 Jardin de Cactus (Grădină de cactuși înaugurată în 1977 și terminată în 1991 într-o carieră de piatră părăsită care adăpostește mai mult de 1100 specii în satul  Guatiza)
 Taro de Tahíche (Casa lui  César Manriques, construită în 5 bule de lavă subterană în care se află astăzi Fundación César Manrique, o fundație culturală care adăpostește zeci de opere ale lui César Manriques și creații ale artiștilor Picasso, Miró, Tapiés, Jesús Soto și Zobel)
 El Diablo (restaurant în parcul național  Timanfaya), în mijlocul unui vulcan activ supranumit și Montañas del Fuego (Muntele Focului) care are un grătar deasupra unui crater vulcanic.
 Museo Internacional de Arte Contemporaneo (Muzeul Internațional de Artă Contemporană), în Castillo de San José, care prezintă picturi ale artiștilor Miró, Millares, Mompó, Óscar Domínguez, Gerardo Rueda, Eusebio Sempérez, Augustín Cárdena și César Manriques)
 1974: El Almacén (Fost centru cultural în Arrecife, astăzi departament de cultură al administrației insulare.)
 1977 Grădinile și piscinele hotelului de 5 stele Las Salinas în Costa Teguise
 El triunfador (1990 în apropierea de Fundacion César Manrique, sculptură în fier)
 Juguetes del viento (1992, jocuri de vânt în mijlocul unui sens giratoriu din Arrieta)

Publicații
 César Manrique: Arquitectura inédita (EV 1974, 2. erw. Ausgabe 1988)
 César Manrique: Escrito en el fuego. Edirca, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 1991

Lectură suplimentară
 Manfred Sac: Cesar Manrique: Maler & Bildhauer & Architekt. Fotos: Walter Fogel. Heidelberg 1987
 Lazaro Santana: César Manrique. Eine Kunst fürs Leben Editorial Prensa Ibérica, 1993.
 Lancelot Internacional, Especial: César Manrique, Lanzarote, 3. Revisada 1996, Lanzarote.  (Ediție specială a revistei Lancelot: César Manrique, Lanzarote, 3. Ausgabe 1996, Lanzarote.)
 Fernando Ruiz Gordillo: César Manrique. Fundación César Manrique (Hrsg.), Cromoimagen, S.L., Madrid, 9. Auflage 2008, ISBN 978-84-88550-07-1 (spaniolă-germană)
 Veronika Reisenegger: Lanzarote, DuMont-Reisetaschenbuch. DuMont Reiseverlag, Ostfildern, 1. Aufl. 2011, ISBN 978-3-7701-7329-7

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1919
Nașteri pe 24 aprilie
Decese în 1992
Decese pe 25 septembrie
Artiști plastici spanioli
Cubism
Pictori cubiști
Pictori spanioli
Sculptori spanioli
Suprarealism
Pictori din secolul al XX-lea

César Manrique


Oswald Chambers (24. juli 187415. november 1917) var en skotsk Baptist i det tidlige tyvende århundredes Hellighedsbevægelse, evangelist og underviser, bedst kendt for andagten Alt for Ham.

Ungdom og uddannelse
Chambers, der var født af troende forældre i Aberdeen, Skotland, flyttede i 1876 med sin familie, til Stoke-on-Trent, da hans far, Clarence Chambers, blev Home Missions-evangelist for North Staffordshire Baptist Association, dernæst til Perth, da hans far returnerede til pastoratet, og til sidst, i 1889 til London, da Clarence blev udpeget til rejsesekretær for Baptist Total Abstinence Association. I en alder af 16 år blev Oswald Chambers døbt, og blev medlem af Rye Lane Baptist Chapel. Allerede som ung mand, gjorde Chambers sig bemærket, for hans dybe åndelighed, og han deltog i evangelisationen af fattige beboere, hos lokale herberg. På samme tid, demonstrerede Chambers også gaver indenfor både musik og kunst.

Fra 1893 til 1895, studerede Chambers på National Art Training School, nu kendt som Royal College of Art og blev tilbudt et legat til videre studier, som han afslog. I de næste to år, fortsatte han sine kunststudier på University of Edinburgh Mens pastoren Alexander Whyte's prædikener, hos Free St. George's Church , fik stor indflydelse. Imens han var på Edinburgh, følte han sig kaldet til tjeneste, og han rejste til Dunoon College, en lille teologisk skole nær Glasgow, grundlagt af præsten Duncan MacGregor. Chambers underviste snart klasser på skolen og overtog meget af administrationen, da MacGregor blev skadet i 1898.

Hellighedslærer
Mens han undervist hos Dunoon, havde Richard Reader Harris stor indflydelse på Chambers, en prominent barrister og grundlægger af Pentecostal League of Prayer. I 1905, introducerede Reader, Chambers som "en ny taler med exceptionel kraft." Gennem ligaen, mødte Chambers også Juji Nakada, en Hellighedsevangelist fra Japan, som stimulerede Chambers' voksende interesse i verdens evangelisering. I 1906, sejlede Nakada og Chambers til Japan via de Forenede Stater. In 1907, tilbragte Chambers et semester som underviser på God's Bible School, en Hellighedsinstitution i Cincinnati, og tilbragte dernæst et par måneder i Japan, i samarbejde med Charles Cowman, en medstifter af Oriental Missionary Society.

Ved ankomsten tilbage i England, ved årets slutning, fandt Chambers Hellighedsbevægelsen splittet, af fortalerne for, og modstanderne af, at stifte en ny denomination og, af tilhængere, og frafaldne, fra tungetalebevægelsen. Chambers var ikke imod glossolalia (tungetale), men kritiserede de, der gjorde den til en prøve på Helligåndens Dåb.

Chambers blev, under sejladsen tilbage til de Forenede Stater, i 1908, bedre bekendt med Gertrude Hobbs, en datter af venner, som han havde været almindeligt bekendt med. De giftede sig i Maj, 1910; og den 24. May, 1913, fødte Gertrude (som Chambers kærligt kaldte "Biddy") deres eneste barn, Kathleen. Endnu før de blev gift, overvejede Chambers et partnerskab i tjeneste, hvori Biddy—som kunne notere omkring 250 ord i minuttet—skulle afskrive og nedskrive hans prædikener og lektier i maskinskrevet form.

Bible Training College
I 1911 stiftede Chambers, og blev forstander for, Bible Training College i Clapham Common, Ydre London, på en "pinligt elegant" grund, der var blevet købt af Pentecostal League of Prayer. Chambers akkommoderede ikke blot elever i alle aldre, dannelser, og klasser, men også enhver i nød, i den tro, at han burde "give til alle, der beder." "Ingen blev nogensinde vist bort fra døren, og hvad end personen bad om, hvad enten penge, en vinterfrakke, eller et måltid, blev givet." Mellem 1911 og 1915, gik 106 logerende elever på Bible Training College, og i Juli 1915, tjente fyrretyve som missionærer.

YMCA Feltpræst
I 1915, ét år efter Anden Verdenskrig's udbrud, suspenderede Chambers skolens virke og blev optaget som YMCA feltpræst. Han blev udstationeret til Zeitoun, Kairo, Ægypten, hvor han tjente Australske og New Zealandske tropper, som senere deltog i Slaget ved Gallipoli. Chambers hævede den åndelige tone, for et center, som både militæret og YMCA havde til hensigt, blot skulle være en institution til social tjeneste, der forsyner hensigtsmæssige alternativer til Kairo's bordeller. Da han fortalte en gruppe af YMCA medarbejdere, at han havde besluttet, at afstå koncerter og film, til fordel for Bibel-undervisning, spåede de soldaternes udvandring fra hans faciliteter. "Hvad skeptikerne ikke havde regnet med var Chambers' usædvanlige personlige appel, hans talegave, og hans ægte omsorg for mændene." Snart var hans træ-"hytte" proppet med hundredvis af soldater, der opmærksomt lyttede til budskaber, så som "Hvad Godt Gør Bøn?" Konfronteret med en soldat, der sagde, "jeg kan ikk' udstå religøse mennesker," svarede Chambers, "Heller ikke jeg." Chambers irriterede hans YMCA overordnede, ved at give forfriskninger væk, som organisationen mente, skulle sælges, for ikke at hæve forventningerne andetsteds. Chambers installerede en bidragskasse, men nægtede at bede soldaterne om, at betale for te og kage.

Død og indflydelse
Chambers blev ramt af appendicitis, den 17. Oktober, 1917, men modsatte sig at tage på et hospital, på den begrundelse, at mænd, der blev såret i det længe-ventede Tredje Slag ved Gaza, ville få brug for sengene. Den 29. Oktober, udførte en kirurg en nød-appendektomi, men Chambers døde den 15. November, 1917, af en pulmonarisk hæmoptyse. Han blev begravet i Kairo, med fuld militær salut.

Før sin død, havde Chambers korrekturlæst manuskriptet til hans første bog, Lamslået til at Kæmpe Bedre, en titel han havde taget fra en favorit-replik af Robert Browning. I resten af hans liv—og til at begynde med under meget strenge vilkår—afskrev Chambers' enke og udgav bøger og artikler, redigeret fra de noter han havde taget, i løbet af Bible College årene, og på Zeitoun. Mest succesrig af de tredive bøger var Alt for Ham (1924), en daglig andagt bestående af 365 udvalg fra Chambers' taler, hver på omkring 500 ord. Værket har aldrig været ude af trykken, og er blevet oversat til 39 sprog.

Henvisninger

Eksterne links

 Oswald Chambers Publication Association
 My Utmost for His Highest Online Devotional
 Wheaton College Archives & Special Collections

Præster fra Skotland
Missionærer fra Storbritannien
Personer fra Aberdeen

Oswald Chambers


Esenyurt, Antalya ilinin Korkuteli ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

mahallenin adı öğleden sonraları mutlaka esmeye başlayan dağ melteminden gelir

mahallede ağırlıklı olarak sarıkeçili aşiretine mensup yörükler yaşamaktadır.köylüler konar göçerlikten kalma adetlerini korumaktadırlar.sadece esenyurt mahallesindeki yörüklere has yemekler(topça) özgün dokumaları ünlüdür

Coğrafya
Antalya il merkezine 58 km, Korkuteli ilçesine 18 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

 https://www.nufusune.com/181207-antalya-korkuteli-esenyurt-mahallesi-nufusu

Korkuteli'nin mahalleleri

Esenyurt, Korkuteli


Eygurande (Eiguranda auf Okzitanisch) ist eine französische Gemeinde mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) im Département Corrèze in der Region Nouvelle-Aquitaine.

Geografie
Die Gemeinde liegt im Zentralmassiv auf dem Plateau de Millevaches im Regionalen Naturpark Millevaches en Limousin unweit des  Chavanon, einem Nebenfluss der Dordogne.

Tulle, die Präfektur des Départements, liegt ungefähr 85 Kilometer südwestlich, Ussel etwa 20 Kilometer südwestlich und Clermont-Ferrand rund 65 Kilometer nordöstlich.

Nachbargemeinden von Eygurande sind Saint-Merd-la-Breuille im Norden, Feyt im Nordosten und Osten, Monestier-Merlines im Südosten, Merlines im Süden, Aix im Südwesten, Lamazière-Haute im Westen sowie Saint-Oradoux-de-Chirouze im Nordwesten.

Verkehr
Der Ort liegt ungefähr zwölf Kilometer nordöstlich der Abfahrt 24 der Autoroute A89. Der drei Kilometer entfernte Bahnhof Gare d'Eygurande-Merlines in Merlines ist seit 2014 stillgelegt.

Wappen
Beschreibung: Das Wappen ist geviert, Feld eins in Rot drei schrägrechte, goldene Balken, Feld zwei auf Gold drei schwarze Sparren, Feld drei in Rot drei goldene fünfstrahlige Sterne und im Feld vier auf Silber ein roter Löwe und das aufgelegte Herzschild ist Rot-Gold geschacht.

Ein in Rot und Gold schachbrettartig aufgeteilter Schild ist ein Hinweis auf das Haus Ventadour.

Bevölkerungsentwicklung

Sehenswürdigkeiten
 Die Kirche Saint-Loup-de-Limoges, ein romanischer Sakralbau aus dem 12./13. und 16. bis 18. Jahrhundert, ist als Monument historique klassifiziert.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Eygurande auf annuaire-mairie.fr

Ort in Nouvelle-Aquitaine

Eygurande


Anneke Wilma "Justine" Pelmelay (* 24. September 1958 in Leiden) ist eine niederländische Sängerin.

Leben
Pelmelay, Tochter indonesischer Eltern kam in einer musikalischen Familie zur Welt. Sie war in jungen Jahren bei diversen Bands und Orchestern, oftmals als Backgroundsängerin. Beim Eurovision Song Contest 1988 begleitete sie den niederländischen Interpreten Gerard Joling im Background-Chor. Ein Jahr später war sie selbst an der Reihe. Sie vertrat die Niederlande beim Concours Eurovision de la Chanson in Lausanne mit der Popballade Blijf zoals je bent (dt.: Bleib wie du bist). Sie erreichte dort mit 45 Punkten den 15. Platz.

Sie blieb der Musik treu und veröffentlichte diverse Singles und Alben, darunter Anfang der 1990er Jahre zwei Alben zusammen mit Lonny Gerungan als Justine & Marlon. 1996 veröffentlichte sie mit dem Country-Sänger John Denver eine Fassung seines 80er-Jahre-Hits Perhaps Love (Liefde Is...). In den 2000er Jahren war sie neben Maggie MacNeal und Marga Bult Mitglied der Dutch Divas und ersetzte dabei Sandra Reemer. Alle Sängerinnen hatten zuvor die Niederlande beim Eurovision Song Contest vertreten.

Pelmelay war am 13. Januar 2012 geretteter Passagier der verunglückten Costa Concordia. Dieses Erlebnis verarbeitete sie in der Single De tijd stond stil sowie in der italienischen Version Il tempo si e fermato mit Antonello Tonna.

Darüber hinaus trat sie in den 2010er Jahren auf diversen Eurovisions- und Gay-Pride-Veranstaltungen auf. Im August 2021 überstand sie als Kandidaten die Blind Audition bei der niederländischen Version von The Voice Senior. Sie sang Last Dance von Donna Summer. In der Jury saß unter anderem Gerard Joling, der sich mit dem Buzzer für seine Kollegin entschied.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Sänger
Musiker (Niederlande)
Interpret eines niederländischen Beitrags beim Eurovision Song Contest
Niederländer
Geboren 1958
Frau

Justine Pelmelay


Alléskolen kan henvise til:

 Alléskolen i Aalborg
 Alléskolen i Fredericia

Alléskolen


Ulica Ivana Tkalčića ili Tkalčićeva ulica je ulica u središtu Zagreba. Proteže se od blizine središnjeg Trga bana Jelačića do njegovog sjevernog kraja u Maloj ulici, ulica teče između Gornjeg Grada na zapadu i Nove Vesi na istoku. Ulica se administrativno nalazi unutar gradske četvrti Gornji Grad–Medveščak, a čini bivšu općinu "August Cesarec" (ukinuta 1994.). Prema popisu stanovništva Hrvatske iz 2001. godine, ulica ima 1591 stanovnika.

Povijest
Tkalčićeva čuva duh prošlih vremena i istovremeno predstavlja moderni duh današnjice. Novo lice dobila je početkom 21. stoljeća, točnije 2002. godine kada je uslijedilo uređenje triju parkova i dječjeg igrališta, ali i raznih komunalnih popravaka i radova.

Nekada je Tkalčićeva bila potok okružen zelenim drvećem, raslinjem i mlinovima, koje su podizali brojni posjednici iz zagrebačkih utvrđenih i najstarijih naselja, Kaptola i Gradeca. Potok se zvao Medveščak, Stari Potok, Crikvenica, Crkvenik. Na njemu je, između ostalih, ležao i čuveni Krvavi Most.

Tako je nastala ulica imena Potok, koja je bila posipana šljunkom iz Trnja. U ulici su živjeli siromašni radnici i sluge koji su radili za bogate građane Gradeca i crkvene vjerodostojnike Kaptola. Poslije nekog vremena ulica je asfaltirana. Ime Tkalčićeva dobiva 1913. godine u čast povjesničara Ivana Krstitelja Tkalčića.

Jedan od najprepoznatljivijih znakova ove ulice svakako je sunčani sat, postavljen 1972. godine na staru zgradu. On pokazuje pravo sunčano vrijeme. Postavila ga je grupa učenika Škole za primijenjenu umjetnost. Tkalčićeva osamdesetih godina prošlog stoljeća doživljava brojne promjene.

Galerija

Izvori

Ulice u Zagrebu

Tkalčićeva ulica


Alwar (Rajasthani Pronunciation: [əlʋəɾ]) is a city located in India's National Capital Region and the administrative headquarters of Alwar District in the state of Rajasthan. It is located 150 km south of Delhi and 150 km north of Jaipur. At present the district is famous for production of Mustard Crop in the region, manufacturing of Ray Ban eyeglasses, Beer production plants and frozen food industry.

Etymology
There are many theories about the derivation of the name Alwar. Cunningham holds that the city derived its name from the Salva tribe and was originally Salwapur, then Salwar, Halawar and eventually Alwar, According to another school it was known as Aravalpur or the city of Aravali. Some others hold that city is named after Alaval Khan Mewati (Khanzada prince who wrested Alwar from Nikumbh Rajputs). A research conducted during the reign of Maharaja Jai Singh of Alwar revealed that Maharaja Alaghraj, second son of Maharaja Kakil of Amber. ruled the area in the eleventh century and his territory extended up to the present city of Alwar. He founded the city of Alpur in 1106 Vikrami Samvat (1049 A.D.) after his own name which eventually became Alwar. It was formerly spelt as Ulwar but in the reign of Jai Singh the spelling was changed to Alwar.

History

Ancient history
The ancient name of Alwar is Salva or Salwa (tribe).Alwar was a part of the Matsya Kingdom, one of the 16 ancient Mahājanapadas. In late Vedic texts (such as the Jaiminiya Brahmana), the Salva or Salvi tribe is described as a non-Vedic tribe that occupied Kurukshetra and conquered the Kuru Kingdom

The Salvas
The Salvas settled along the Yamuna river and the Alwar province of Rajasthan after attacking the Kuru kingdom, and they later accepted Vedic culture by the end of the Vedic era as they converged with the remaining Kurus and the Surasena mahajanapada, near Matsya kingdom.

Medieval history
From time to time, different clans came to rule Alwar include the Jadauns of Braj, Nikumbh, the Khanzada Rajputs, the Badgujar Rajput, and  the Naruka Rajputs who took the control over this area. The Maratha Empire also ruled this region for a short period. Rao Raja Pratap Singh Naruka, took the Alwar Fort (among other) from the Jat Raja of Bharatpur and laid down the foundation for modern day Alwar. After Battle of Mandan, many area was annexed by Rao Mitrasen Mitra Sen Ahir.

Hemchandra Vikramaditya (Hemu), born in Machari, Rajgarh, a village in Alwar, was a Hindu emperor of North India during the 16th century. This was a period when the Mughals and Afghans were vying for power in the region. Hemu captured Delhi on 7 October 1556 after defeating the Mughal forces in the Battle of Delhi in the Tughlaqabad area in Delhi, and became the de facto emperor. He won twenty-two battles in succession and became the last Hindu emperor of Delhi. In 1556, after his defeat in the Second Battle of Panipat, he was executed and Mughal regime was restored in North India.

Colonial era

Alwar State, a princely state established in 1770, was established by a Kachwaha Rajput named Pratap Singh Naruka who was earlier a jagirdar of "Dhai Gaon" (two-and-a-half villages) near Machari. His successor Bakhtawar Singh Naruka was defeated after launching an armed incursion into neighbouring Jaipur State (ruled by their Kachwaha seniors, erstwhile overlords of his predecessor) and being forced to accept the consequent treaty mediated by East India Company prohibiting him from political relations with other states without the consent of the colonial British. According to the "Gazetteer of Ulwar" published by the British raj, Alwar State was subdivided into four regions:
 Rath region: current Behror and Neemrana, was ruled by Lah Chauhan Rajput zamindar who had descended from Prithviraj Chauhan. Sahesh Mal was a son of Raja Sangat Singh Chauhan. Sangat was the great-grandson of Chahir Deo Chauhan, brother of famous king Prithviraj Chauhan. In accordance with the pledge by the Raja Sangat Singh Chauhan to his younger queen for marrying her in his old age, her two sons from him were bestowed the Rath area and its headquarter of Mandhan near Neemrana. King Sangat Singh Chauhan's 19 sons from the older queen set out to seek their fortunes. Of the 19 brothers, Harsh Dev Chauhan and Sahesh Mal Chauhan arrived in the Gurgaon district.  Lah Chauhan, the ruler of Rath, was a son of raja Sangat Singh Chauhan by the younger Rani whose two sons became inheritors of Raja Sangat Singh's territory of Rath with its headquarter at Mandhan when other 19 sons from the other wives were required to quit the kingdom as per the promise of Raja Sangat.

  Wai region: current Bansur and Thana Ghazi, was ruled by Shekhawat rajput zamindars.
  Narukhand region: current Rajgarh and Laxmangarh, was ruled by Naruka clan of Rajputs same as that of the ruling kings of the Alwar State
  Mewat region: current Palwal and Nuh districts, had the highest population of the Meo Muslims.

Post-independence

Alwar acceded to the dominion of India following the independence of India in 1947. On 18 March 1948, the state merged with three neighbouring princely states (Bharatpur, Dholpur and Karauli) to form the Matsya Union. On 15 May 1949, it was united with neighbouring princely states and the territory of Ajmer to form the present-day Indian state of Rajasthan. Alwar was designated as part of the National Capital Region, resulting in additional development projects including rapid-rail to Delhi and drinking water improvements. The military cantonment of Itarana lies on the outskirts of Alwar.

Tourist attractions

Fairy Queen

The Fairy Queen, a national treasure (cultural artifact) of India and the world's oldest working locomotive engine (c. 1855 CE), operates as a tourist luxury train between Delhi and Alwar.

Bala Qila
Bala Qila (lit. "High Fort"), also known as Alwar Fort, is a fort approximately 300 meters above the city, founded by the 15th-century Khanzada Rajput ruler Hasan Khan Mewati and built on the foundations of a 10th-century mud fort. Situated on the Aravalli Range, the fort is 5 kilometres long and about 1.5 kilometres wide with turrets, a large gate, a temple, and a residential area.

City Palace
The City Palace, also known as Vinay Vilas Mahal, built in 1793 CE by Raja Bakhtawar Singh, blends the Rajputana and Islamic architectural styles and has marble pavilions on lotus-shaped bases in its courtyard. The palace houses Government Museum, Alwar with a collection of manuscripts, including one depicting Emperor Babur's life, Ragamala paintings and miniatures, and historic swords that once belonged to Muhammad Ghori, Emperor Akbar and Aurangzeb; and a golden Durbar hall. This palace that once belonged to the Maharaja (lit. Great Ruler) has now been converted into a District Administrative office also housing the District Court.

Sariska Tiger Reserve

The Sariska Tiger Reserve, a National Park and Tiger Reserve, is located in the Aravali hills only a few kilometres away from Alwar. Declared a Wildlife reserve in 1955 and a National Park in 1982, it is the first reserve in the world to have successfully relocated tigers. The sanctuary, which became a part of India's Project Tiger in 1978, also preserves other species including rare birds and plants.

Bhangarh Fort

Bhangarh Fort, branded as the fourth most haunted palace in the world, and the most haunted palace in Asia, is a 17th-century fort built by Bhagwant Das for his younger son Madho Singh I. The fort, a monument protected by the Archaeological Survey of India and is known for its association to legends and paranormal activities, is a tourist attraction for visitors across the world.

Siliserh Lake

Siliserh Lake is 19th century lake created by Maharaja Vijay Singh of Alwar, situated 8 miles southwest of Alwar.

Hill Fort Kesroli

Hill Fort Kesroli, a 14th-century fort, has now been converted into and is conserved as a heritage hotel.

Transport

As of 2019, the most common modes of medium-distance transport in Alwar are government-owned services such as railways and buses, as well as privately operated lok pariwahan buses, taxis and auto rickshaws. Bus services operate from the Alwar old Bus Station which is 5 km away from the Alwar railway junction. In addition to this it is also planned that a metro rail system from Delhi to Alwar via Behror route will be started. The nearest airports to Alwar are Indira Gandhi International Airport in Delhi (143 km away), Jaipur International Airport (150 km away), and an airport currently under development in Bhiwadi airport (90 km away). Alwar Junction railway station, on the Delhi–Jaipur line, is connected with Delhi, Jaipur, and Mumbai. Alwar is connected by roads from major cities of Rajasthan and nearby states.

Geography
Alwar is located at . It has an average elevation of . The Ruparail River is a major river near the city. Alwar is fairly rich in mineral wealth; it produces marble, granite, feldspar, dolomite, quartz, limestone, soap stone, barites, copper clay, copper ore and pyrophylite.

Climate
Alwar has a monsoon-influenced hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSh) with long, extremely hot summers and short, mild to warm winters.The climate here is considered to be a local steppe climate. The average maximum temperature in the summers ranges between  to average minimum of . The winter temperature falls in the range average high of  of to average low . Alwar experiences a short monsoon. The average annual rainfall is about 67 cm  which mostly falls in July & August due to monsoon. The highest temperature ever recorded in Alwar is  on 10 May 1956 & lowest is  recorded on 12 January 1967. It had record of highest temperature ever recorded of India till 2016, when a town Phalodi in Jodhpur district of Rajasthan recorded  on 19 May 2016.

Demographics

At the time of the 2011 census, the population of Alwar city and Alwar district were 341,422 and 3,674,179 respectively, with Hindus representing 90.7% of the population, Muslims representing 4.3%, Sikhs representing 2.6%, Jains representing 2.1%, and the remaining 1.3% belonging to other religions.

Education

Raj Rishi Bhartrihari Matsya University was established in 2012–13 . Alwar has several schools such as Alwar Public School, Shri Oswal Jain Senior Secondary School, St. Anselm's Senior Secondary School, Kendriya Vidyalaya, Adinath Public School, Knowledge City School, Chinar Public School, Lords International School, Sri Guru Harkrishan Public School, Step By Step Senior Secondary School, Raath International School, National Academy and Silver Oak, and colleges (Raj Rishi college, Siddhi Vinayak College, Presidency College, Government Law College, KCRI College, IET College). The Employee's State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) Medical College is constructed with a whooping INR 800 crore budget and started operating from 2017.

Notable people

Saurabh Singh Shekhawat
Sakshi Tanwar
Jitendra Kumar
Imran Khan
Aastha Chaudhary
Bhuvneshwari Kumari
Mahesh Sharma
Jitendra Singh

References

Bibliography

External links

 History of District Alwar

Alwar
Cities and towns in Alwar district

Alwar


Nathaniel Popper (nascido em 1979, em Chevy Chase, Maryland) é um jornalista do The New York Times que cobre finanças e tecnologia de São Francisco. Ele trabalhou anteriormente no Los Angeles Times, The Foward e Let's Go Travel Guides. Se graduou em Harvard em 2002 em história e literatura da America.

Afora os artigos, publicou o livro Digital Gold: Bitcoin and the Inside Story of the Misfits and Millionares Trying to Reinvent Money, publicado nos Estados Unidos pela editora HarperCollins e no Reino Unido pela editora Penguin. O livro narra a história do Bitcoin e das transações virtuais, e foi finalista no prêmio Financial Times Business Book of the Year em 2015. Ele se interessou pelo assunto quando escreveu um artigo sobre como os gêmeos Winklevoss, Cameron e Tyler, perderam 11 milhões em Bitcoin.

Referências

Jornalistas dos Estados Unidos
Bitcoin

Nathaniel Popper


Elmdale Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Elmdale Township (Minnesota)
 Elmdale Township (North Dakota)

Elmdale Township


Biohacking este un termen folosit pentru aplicarea unor instrumente tehnologice moderne și a unor soluții bazate pe noile rezultate științifice, în vederea maximalizării potențialului biologic. Mai concret, scopul metodelor de biohacking constă în îmbunătățirea eficacității fizice și mentale, respectiv în creșterea productivității și performanței în muncă.

Cele două categorii ocupaționale ai căror membri recurg cel mai frecvent la biohacking sunt managerii și leaderii din diferite domenii (CEO, executivi, antreprenori etc.), respectiv sportivii de performanță.

Cuantificarea de sine
Procedurile biohacking se bazează pe "cuantificarea de sine" (self-quantification), prinfolosirea privată a unor instrumente precum aparatul EEG, aparate de monitorizare a somnului sau alte gadget-uri de biofeedback (care măsoară activitatea musculară, variabilitatea ritmului cardiac etc.).

Datele obținute în urma monitorizării de sine sunt utilizate în scopul îmbunătățirii valorilor urmărite, prin descoperirea unor corelații personale între variabile (similar, de exemplu, modului mai simplu în care o persoană poate să își noteze într-un jurnal alimentar ceea ce mănâncă pe parcursul săptămânii și să își verifice, periodic, în paralel, modificarea în greutate).

Pe baza monitorizării de sine, metodele specifice de biohacking (meditație, vizualizare, exerciții fizice, optimizarea somnului etc.) pot fi personalizate în așa fel încât – potrivit adepților acestei mișcări de dezvoltare personală – să aducă rezultate optime pentru individ.

Note

Știința în societate
Bioinformatică
Biotehnologie

Biohacking


Dejan Crnomarković (28. studenoga 1961.) srpski je novinar i književnik.

Životopis
Osnovnu školu i gimnaziju završio je u Smederevskoj Palanci. Studirao je na Pravnom fakultetu u Beogradu, ali nije diplomirao. Novinarsko obrazovanje stekao je na Jugoslavenskom institutu za novinarstvo u Beogradu. Sa skupinom mladih umjetnika, pisaca, glazbenika, slikara, autor je performansa Iz mraka, 1986., u Gradskom kazalištu u Smederevskoj Palanci, a 1988. godine osnovao je klub KM 64, u kome su se do 1991. održavali glazbeni i književni programi. Živio je i radio u Jugoslaviji, Srbiji, Grčkoj, Kini, Tajlandu i Južnoj Koreji.

Novinarski rad
Novinarsku karijeru započeo je 1988. godine u Omladinskom listu Treće oko. Na TV ANEM bio je od 1997. do 1998. autor i voditelj emisije Kult projekat u kojoj su gostovale značajne ličnosti iz kulturnog života. Radio je kao dopisnik u dnevnim listovima Centar i Pres. U RTV Jasenica u Smederevskoj Palanci je obavljao poslove novinara i urednika. Od 2006. godine je vlasnik, izdavač i urednik časopisa Palanačke nezavisne varoške novine, a od 2015. i portala Šumadijske vesti. U ova dva medija od osnivanja, pored ostalog, objavljuje kolumne u rubrikama Na tragu i (Iz)Vanredni komentar.

Član je Udruženja novinara Srbije i Međunarodne federacije novinara.

Književni rad
Autor je više knjiga poezije, a objavljivao je i prozu u knjigama Otkucaji pješčanog sata, Najkraće priče 2021., časopisima i zbornicima.

Dobitnik je nagrade na Ratkovićevim večerima poezije u Crnoj Gori 1987. godine.

Zastupljen je u Antologiji Bruj Šumadije, 200 šumadijskih pjesnika od 1804. do 2004.

Knjiga poezije O izgubljenim danima objavljena je u Grčkoj 2015. godine.

Knjige Dеo nemira i O izgubljenim danima promovirane su i u Kini, u Knjižnici kanadske međunarodne škole u Hefeju te se nalaze u fundusu Nacionalne knjižnice provincije Anhui.

Prevođen i na engleski jezik.

Član je Alternativne umjetničke grupe Petum s još četvoricom akademskih slikara, Saveza književnika u otadžbini i rasejanju i Književnog kluba Pera Todorović.

Djela
 Deo nemira (MZKPD, Crna Gora 1989.),
 Igre rukom (Mimo, Beograd 1990.),
 O izgubljenim danima (Optimum, Smederevska Palanka 2005.),
 Deo nemira – drugo izdanje (Biblioteka Milutin Srećković, Smederevska Palanka 2015.),
 Για τις χαμενες μερες (Direct publishing, Αtina 2015.),
 Bog je želeo da budem ptica (Biblioteka Milutin Srećković, Smederevska Palanka 2020.).

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Dejan Crnomarković na Twitteru
 Dejan Crnomarković na Facebooku
 Dejan Crnomarković na Instagramu

Srpski književnici
Srbijanski novinari
Srbijanski televizijski voditelji
Televizijski urednici

Dejan Crnomarković


Der Chinesische Storaxbaum (Styrax hemsleyanus) ist ein kleiner Baum mit weißen Blüten aus der Familie der Storaxbaumgewächse (Styracaceae). Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet der Art liegt in China. Sie wird selten kultiviert.

Beschreibung
Der Chinesische Storaxbaum ist ein 5 bis 12 Meter hoher Baum mit einem Stamm von bis zu 12 Zentimeter Brusthöhendurchmesser und dunkelbrauner Rinde. Junge Triebe sind sternhaarig und verkahlen später. Die Blätter stehen wechselständig, an der Basis der Zweige beinahe wechselständig. Sie haben einen 0,7 bis 1,5 Zentimeter langen Stiel. Die Blattspreite ist papierartig, 8 bis 12 Zentimeter lang und 4 bis 6 Zentimeter breit, länglich bis länglich-eiförmig, spitz oder lang zugespitzt mit etwas geschwungener Spitze, mit schiefer, beinahe abgerundeter bis breit keilförmiger Basis und gesägtem bis beinahe ganzrandigem Blattrand. Es werden sieben bis zehn sekundäre Nervenpaare gebildet, die tertiären Blattadern sind netzartig angeordnet. Beide Blattseiten sind rau, an den Blattadern spärlich mit graubraunen Sternhaaren bedeckt und im getrockneten Zustand graugrün bis dunkelgrün.

Die Blütenstände sind 9 bis 15 Zentimeter lange, behaarte und endständige Trauben aus acht bis zehn Blüten. Der Blütenstiel ist 2 bis 4 Millimeter lang und leicht gebogen. Die Blüten haben Durchmesser von 1,8 bis 2,7 Zentimetern. Der Blütenkelch ist glockig, 4 bis 8 Millimeter lang und 3 bis 6 Millimeter breit. Die fünf Kelchzähne sind pfriemlich bis dreieckig, ungleich lang mit Längen von 2 bis 3 Millimetern und mit drüsig gepunkteten Spitzen. Die Zipfel der Blütenkrone sind oval bis oval-verkehrt-eiförmig, spitz und etwa 1,5 Zentimeter lang und 0,5 Zentimeter breit. Die Staubblätter sind kürzer als die Blütenkrone, die Staubfäden sind spärlich mit zottigen, weißen Sternhaaren bedeckt. Die Früchte sind rundlich bis eiförmig, mit spitzem Ende, 8 bis 13 Millimeter lang, mit Durchmesser von 10 bis 15 Millimetern, runzelig und dicht filzig mit gelbbraunen bis graugelben Sternhaaren bedeckt. Die je Frucht ein bis zwei Samen sind braun, glatt oder leicht runzelig und kahl. Der Chinesische Storaxbaum blüht von Mai bis Juni, die Früchte reifen von Juli bis September.

Vorkommen und Standortansprüche
Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet liegt in China im Südosten der Provinz Gansu, im Nordosten von Guizhou, im Westen von Henan und Hubei, im Nordwesten von Hunan, im Süden von Shaanxi und Shanxi, in Sichuan und im Nordosten von Yunnan. Der Chinesische Storaxbaum wächst auf Berghängen und in Waldrändern in 300 bis 900 Metern Höhe auf frischen, schwach sauren bis schwach alkalischen, sandig-lehmigen bis lehmigen, nährstoffreichen Böden an licht- bis halbschattigen Standorten. Die Art ist wärmeliebend und mäßig frosthart.

Systematik
Der Chinesische Storaxbaum (Styrax hemsleyanus) ist eine Art aus der Gattung der Storaxbäume (Styrax), eine Gattung in der Familie der Storaxbaumgewächse (Styracaceae). Die Art wurde im Jahr 1900 von Friedrich Ludwig Diels erstmals wissenschaftlich gültig beschrieben. Der Gattungsname Styrax stammt aus dem Lateinischen und bezeichnete schon bei den Römern den Storaxbaum. Das Artepitheton hemsleyanus verweist auf den englischen Botaniker William Botting Hemsley.

Verwendung
Der Chinesische Storaxbaum wird manchmal wegen der dekorativen Blüten als Zierstrauch kultiviert.

Nachweise

Literatur

 Andreas Roloff, Andreas Bärtels: Flora der Gehölze. Bestimmung, Eigenschaften und Verwendung. Mit einem Winterschlüssel von Bernd Schulz. 3., korrigierte Auflage. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5614-6, S. 633.
 Helmut Genaust: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 3., vollständig überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 (Nachdruck von 1996).

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Storaxbaumgewächse
Baum

Chinesischer Storaxbaum


Aranžer prostora je osoba čiji opisa zanimanja je da reklamne, prodajne i druge prostore oblikuje umjetnički. Pri tome es služi različitim elementima poput fotografija, natpisa, dekorativnih predmeta i sl. U Hrvatskoj se aranžerom prostora postaje završavanjem srednjoškolskog obrazovnog programa aranžersko-scenografskog dizajnera.
U svojim zamislima za konačno oblikovanje prethodno se dogovara s naručiteljem usluga, voditeljem marketinga, službom za marketing, službom za unapređenje prodaje ili direktorom poduzeća. U prvoj fazi rada izrađuje idejnu skicu o konačnom izgledu izloga ili štanda, a od osnovne zamisli dolazi do skice u boji i makete na kojoj se vidi konačan izgled prostora sa svim elementima. Aranžer prostora također oblikuje i popratne tekstove i informacije o proizvodima. Oblikuje i izrađuje cijene proizvoda, letke, plakate, oglase, transparente, prodajne kataloge i ambalažu, jednostavnije dijelove opreme za prodajne prostore te elemente za izložbene površine, nacrte osvjetljenja, preuređenja prostora. Ponekad se bavi i cvijećem, što je već posao aranžera interijera cvijećem. Zbog raznovrnog spektra naručitelja, mora se upoznati s tehnikama drugih zanimanja. Srodna zanimanja su modni i grafički dizajner, keramičar, fotograf, slikar, aranžer interijera cvijećem.

Izvori

Zanimanja

Aranžer prostora


Baron Chetwode, of Chetwode in the County of Buckingham, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1945 for the noted military commander Field Marshal Sir Philip Chetwode, 7th Baronet.  the titles are held by his grandson, the second Baron, who succeeded in 1950. He is the eldest son of Captain Roger Charles George Chetwode, who was killed in the Second World War.

The Baronetcy, of Oakley in the County of Stafford, was created in the Baronetage of England on 6 April 1700 for the first Baron's ancestor, John Chetwode of Oakley Hall, Staffordshire. He was High Sheriff of Staffordshire in 1698. His grandson, the third Baronet also High Sheriff of Staffordshire in 1756. The  fourth Baronet, represented Newcastle-under-Lyme and Buckingham in the House of Commons and was High Sheriff of Cheshire in 1789. His son, the fifth Baronet, High Sheriff of Warwickshire in 1852, married Elizabeth Juliana Newdigate-Ludford, daughter of John Newdigate-Ludford, and in 1826 he assumed by Royal licence the additional surnames of Newdigate-Ludford. He was succeeded by his nephew, the sixth Baronet. He was a Colonel in the Army. On the latter's death in 1905 the title passed to his son, the aforementioned seventh Baronet, who was elevated to the peerage in 1945.

Chetwode Baronets, of Oakley (1700)
Sir John Chetwode, 1st Baronet (1666–1733)
Sir Philip Touchet Chetwode, 2nd Baronet (1700–1764)
Sir John Touchet Chetwode, 3rd Baronet (1732–1779)
Sir John Chetwode, 4th Baronet (1764–1845)
Sir John Newdigate-Ludford-Chetwode, 5th Baronet (1788–1873).
Sir George Chetwode, 6th Baronet (1823–1905)
Sir Philip Walhouse Chetwode, 7th Baronet (1869–1950) (created Baron Chetwode in 1945)

Barons Chetwode (1945)
Philip Walhouse Chetwode, 1st Baron Chetwode (1869–1950)
Philip Chetwode, 2nd Baron Chetwode (b. 1937)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Hon. Roger Chetwode (b. 1968).
The heir apparent's heir apparent is his son Philip Rowan Chetwode (b. 2002).

References

Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1945
1700 establishments in England
1945 establishments in the United Kingdom

Baron Chetwode


Zwei Welten ist der Titel zweier Musikalben der Kölner A-cappella-Gruppe Wise Guys. Es handelt sich um eine A-cappella- und eine instrumentierte Version, die am 25. Mai 2012 und am 14. September 2012 erschienen. Beide enthalten die gleichen Lieder bis auf drei Songs, die im instrumentalen Album durch andere aus früheren Alben ersetzt wurden. Die "neuen" Songs sind Nur für dich (aus dem Album Wo der Pfeffer wächst), Jetzt ist Sommer (aus dem Album Ganz weit vorne) und Radio (aus dem gleichnamigen Album Radio), außerdem als Bonustrack Seemann (aus dem Album Frei!).

Laut den Wise Guys geht damit "ein Traum in Erfüllung", da sie bereits in der Entstehungsphase die Lieder auch immer schon in einer instrumentierten Version im Kopf hatten, sie dann aber "nur" in der A-cappella-Version umgesetzt wurden.

Im Zusammenhang mit den zwei Welten wurde bereits am 11. Mai 2012 die Maxi-Single Lauter zusammen mit den B- und C-Tracks Jetzt erst recht und Der Berg ruft veröffentlicht.

Beide Teile haben einen Bonustrack: Beim ersten Part wurde die Ballade Leise exklusiv auf iTunes veröffentlicht, als Bonustrack für das Album oder einzeln zum Kaufen. Beim zweiten, instrumentierten Part, gibt es regulär auch außerhalb von iTunes den Bonustrack Seemann, der in nicht instrumentierter Fassung bereits vorher existierte.

Zusätzlich wurde ein Komplett-Album als Doppelalbum veröffentlicht, das sowohl die komplette A-cappella-, die komplette instrumentierte Version als auch die drei A-cappella-Bonustracks Leise, Der Berg ruft und Jetzt erst recht enthält.

In den Charts werden beide Teile als ein Album gezählt.

Im Dezember 2012 wurde den Wise Guys auf ihrer "Spezialnacht" die Goldene Schallplatte für das Album überreicht.

Titelliste: Zwei Welten (a cappella)

 Die Sonne scheint mir auf den Bauch – 3:27  (Musik: Daniel Dickopf / Text: Daniel Dickopf)
 Zwei Welten – 4:23  (Edzard Hüneke, Erik Sohn, Dickopf / Dickopf)
 Ich bin aus Hürth – 3:10  (Dickopf)
 Ich weiß nicht, was ich will – 2:42  (Dickopf)
 Lauter – 2:48  (Dickopf)
 Tanzen im Regen – 4:36  (Hüneke, Sohn / Dickopf)
 Deutsche Bahn – 3:09  (Dickopf)
 Nach Hause – 3:55  (Dickopf)
 Schönen guten Morgen – 2:16  (Dickopf)
 Mein Nachbar ist ein Zombie – 3:56  (Dickopf)
 Das war nicht geplant – 4:28  (Dickopf)
 Tief im Süden – 4:44  (Dickopf)
 Irgendwer wird immer meckern – 3:01  (Dickopf)
 Mein Morgen am Meer – 3:46  (Dickopf)
 Scheiße Scheiße Scheiße – 2:27  (Dickopf)
 Jetzt ist deine Zeit – 4:25  (Hüneke / Hüneke, Dickopf)

Rezension A-cappella-Version

Titelliste: Zwei Welten (instrumentiert)
 Die Sonne scheint mir auf den Bauch – 3:30  (Musik: Daniel Dickopf / Text: Daniel Dickopf)
 Zwei Welten – 4:31  (Edzard Hüneke, Erik Sohn, Dickopf / Dickopf)
 Ich bin aus Hürth – 3:19  (Dickopf)
 Ich weiß nicht, was ich will – 3:04  (Dickopf)
 Lauter – 2:53  (Dickopf)
 Tanzen im Regen – 4:38  (Hüneke, Sohn / Dickopf)
 Deutsche Bahn – 3:40  (Dickopf)
 Nach Hause – 4:00  (Dickopf)
 Schönen guten Morgen – 2:18  (Dickopf)
 Radio – 4:07  (Dickopf)
 Das war nicht geplant – 4:45  (Dickopf)
 Tief im Süden – 4:51  (Dickopf)
 Nur für dich – 3:31  (Dickopf)
 Mein Morgen am Meer – 3:48  (Dickopf)
 Jetzt ist Sommer – 3:05  (Dickopf)
 Jetzt ist deine Zeit – 4:38  (Hüneke / Hüneke, Dickopf)
 Seemann – 3:08 (Bonustrack)  (Dickopf)

Titelliste: Zwei Welten (komplett)

CD 1
 Die Sonne scheint mir auf den Bauch – 3:27  (Musik: Daniel Dickopf / Text: Daniel Dickopf)
 Zwei Welten – 4:23  (Edzard Hüneke, Erik Sohn, Dickopf / Dickopf)
 Ich bin aus Hürth – 3:10  (Dickopf)
 Ich weiß nicht, was ich will – 2:42  (Dickopf)
 Lauter – 2:48  (Dickopf)
 Tanzen im Regen – 4:36  (Hüneke, Sohn / Dickopf)
 Deutsche Bahn – 3:09  (Dickopf)
 Nach Hause – 3:55  (Dickopf)
 Schönen guten Morgen – 2:16  (Dickopf)
 Mein Nachbar ist ein Zombie – 3:56  (Dickopf)
 Das war nicht geplant – 4:28  (Dickopf)
 Tief im Süden – 4:44  (Dickopf)
 Irgendwer wird immer meckern – 3:01  (Dickopf)
 Mein Morgen am Meer – 3:46  (Dickopf)
 Scheiße Scheiße Scheiße – 2:27  (Dickopf)
 Jetzt ist deine Zeit – 4:25  (Hüneke / Hüneke, Dickopf)
 Leise – 2:55 (Bonustrack)
 Jetzt erst recht – 2:52 (Bonustrack)
 Der Berg ruft – 2:25 (Bonustrack)

CD 2
 Die Sonne scheint mir auf den Bauch – 3:30  (Musik: Daniel Dickopf / Text: Daniel Dickopf)
 Zwei Welten – 4:31  (Edzard Hüneke, Erik Sohn, Dickopf / Dickopf)
 Ich bin aus Hürth – 3:19  (Dickopf)
 Ich weiß nicht, was ich will – 3:04  (Dickopf)
 Lauter – 2:53  (Dickopf)
 Tanzen im Regen – 4:38  (Hüneke, Sohn / Dickopf)
 Deutsche Bahn – 3:40  (Dickopf)
 Nach Hause – 4:00  (Dickopf)
 Schönen guten Morgen – 2:18  (Dickopf)
 Radio – 4:07  (Dickopf)
 Das war nicht geplant – 4:45  (Dickopf)
 Tief im Süden – 4:51  (Dickopf)
 Nur für dich – 3:31  (Dickopf)
 Mein Morgen am Meer – 3:48  (Dickopf)
 Jetzt ist Sommer – 3:05  (Dickopf)
 Jetzt ist deine Zeit – 4:38  (Hüneke / Hüneke, Dickopf)
 Seemann – 3:08 (Bonustrack)  (Dickopf)

Quellen

Weblinks
 Website der Wise Guys

Album (a cappella)
Album 2012
Wise-Guys-Album

Zwei Welten (Album)


البَيغل أو البَيْجَل  هو اسم سلالة كلاب متوسطة الحجم، لديها أرجل صغيرة أذنان خفيفتان. كلاب البيغل عادة تكون بيضاء اللون مع بقع كبيرة بنّية-سوداء.

كلاب البيغل موجودة منذ أكثر من 2000 عام، لكن السلالة المعاصرة تم تطويرها في بريطانيا في الثلاثينيات من القرن التاسع عشر وهي مهجنة من عدة سلالات أخرى. كانت هذه الكلاب تستخدم سابقا للصيد بسبب امتلاكها لحاسة شم قوية، واليوم يستخدمها رجال الشرطة في البحث عن الممنوعات كالمخدرات والبضائع المسروقة، كما أنها أيضا واسعة الشعبية كحيوان منزلي.

ظهرت كلاب البيغل في الثقافة الشعبية منذ العصر الإليزابيثي، وبخاصة في الأدب والرسم، وحديثا تظهر بكثرة في التلفزيون والقصص المصورة وبدأ الناس يستخدمونها في الحراسة وتعد من أوفي الكلاب.
في الولايات المتحدة، احتل البيجل المرتبة الرابعة بين السلالات الأكثر شيوعًا في عامي 2012 و 2013.

التاريخ

أصل البيجل غير معروف. في القرن الحادي عشر، أحضر ويليام الفاتح كل من سانت هوبرت هاوند وكلب تالبوت إلى بريطانيا. تم تنسيل كلتا السلالتين مع الكلاب السلوقية لمنحهم السرعة والقدرة على التحمل لصيد الغزلان. تتشابه كلاب البيجل مع هارير وكلب الصيد الجنوبي المنقرض، وإن كانت أصغر وأبطأ.منذ العصور الوسطى، تم استخدام البيجل كوصف عام للكلاب الصغيرة، على الرغم من أن هذه الكلاب تختلف اختلافًا كبيرًا عن السلالة الحديثة. كانت السلالات المصغرة للكلاب من نوع البيجل معروفة منذ عهد إدوارد الثاني وهنري السابع، اللذين كانا يمتلكان عبوات من Glove Beagles ، سميت بهذا الاسم لأنها كانت صغيرة بما يكفي لتناسب القفاز، واحتفظت الملكة إليزابيث الأولى بسلالة معروفة باسم بوكيت بيجل، الذي يقف من 8 إلى 9 بوصات (20 إلى 23 سم) عند الكتف. صغيرة بما يكفي لتناسب «الجيب» أو حقيبة السرج، ركبوا فيها أثناء رحلات الصيد. أشارت إليزابيث الأولى إلى الكلاب على أنها البيجل المغنية وغالبًا ما استقبلت الضيوف على مائدتها الملكية من خلال السماح لها بالوقوف بين أطباقها وأكوابها.  في أبحاث جورج جيسي في تاريخ الكلب البريطاني من عام 1866، نُقل عن الشاعر والكاتب في أوائل القرن السابع عشر جيرفاس ماركهام إشارة إلى أن البيجل صغير بما يكفي للجلوس على يد الرجل وإلى: القفاز الصغير الصغير، الذي قد يكون رفيقًا لكيرتل للسيدات، وفي الميدان سوف يعمل بمكر مثل أي كلب صيد، فقط موسيقتهما صغيرة جدًا مثل القصب. تم وضع معايير Pocket Beagle في أواخر عام 1901 ؛ انقرضت هذه الخطوط الجينية الآن، على الرغم من محاولة المربين المعاصرين إعادة تكوين الصنف. بحلول القرن الثامن عشر، تم تطوير سلالتين لصيد الأرانب والأرنب: الصيد الجنوبي والبلد الشمالي بيغل (أو الصيد الشمالي). كان كلب الصيد الجنوبي، وهو كلب طويل ثقيل ذو رأس مربع وأذنان طويلتان وناعمتان، شائعًا من جنوب نهر ترينت وربما يرتبط ارتباطًا وثيقًا بـ Talbot Hound. على الرغم من بطئه، إلا أنه يتمتع بقدرة على التحمل وقدرة شمولية ممتازة. تم تربيتها في North Country Beagle ، وربما تقاطع بين فرع من مخزون Talbot و Greyhound ، بشكل رئيسي في يوركشاير وكانت شائعة في المقاطعات الشمالية. كان أصغر من كلب الصيد الجنوبي، وأقل ثقلاً مع وجه مقدمة مدببة أكثر. كانت أسرع من نظيرتها الجنوبية لكن قدراتها على الشم كانت أقل تطوراً.

أصل التسمية
وفقًا لقاموس أكسفورد الإنجليزي، فإن أول ذكر للبيجل بالاسم في الأدب الإنجليزي يعود إلى ج. 1475 في مربع الدرجة المنخفضة. أصل كلمة "beagle" غير مؤكد، على الرغم من أنه قد تم اقتراح أن الكلمة مشتقة من الكلمة الفرنسية begueule

المظهر

المظهر العام للبيجل يشبه Foxhound المصغر، لكن الرأس أوسع والمقدمة أقصر، والتعبير مختلف تمامًا والساقين أقصر بما يتناسب مع الجسم. يتراوح ارتفاعها بشكل عام بين 13 و 16 بوصة (33 و 41 سم) عند الكتفين وتزن ما بين 18 و 35 رطلاً (8.2 و 15.9 كجم)، وتكون الإناث أصغر قليلاً من الذكور في المتوسط. لديهم جمجمة ناعمة ذات قبة إلى حد ما مع مقدمة متوسطة الطول ومربعة وأنف أسود (أو أحيانًا كبدية). الفك قوي ومقص الأسنان مع الأسنان العلوية مناسب تمامًا للأسنان السفلية وكلاهما يتماشى مع الفك. العيون كبيرة، عسلي أو بني، مع مظهر معتدل يشبه كلب الصيد. الأذنان الكبيرتان طويلتان وناعمتان ومنخفضتان، وتتجهان نحو الخدين قليلاً ومستديرة عند الأطراف. تتميز البيجل برقبة قوية ومتوسطة الطول (وهي طويلة بما يكفي للانحناء بسهولة على الأرض لالتقاط الرائحة)، مع القليل من الطي في الجلد ولكن هناك بعض الأدلة على وجود طية؛ صدر عريض يضيق إلى بطن وخصر مدبب وذيل طويل منحني قليلاً (يُعرف باسم «المؤخرة») موشح باللون الأبيض. تم تربية الطرف الأبيض، بشكل انتقائي، حيث يظل الذيل يسهل رؤيته عندما يكون رأس الكلب أسفل. الذيل لا يلتف على الظهر، ولكن يتم وضعه في وضع مستقيم عندما يكون الكلب نشطًا. يتمتع البيجل بجسم عضلي ومعطف متوسط الطول وناعم وصلب. الأرجل الأمامية مستقيمة وتحمل تحت الجسم بينما الأرجل الخلفية عضلية ومثنية جيدًا عند الخنق. البيجل ثلاثي الألوان - أبيض مع مناطق سوداء كبيرة وتظليل بني فاتح - هو الأكثر شيوعًا. تظهر كلاب البيجل ثلاثية الألوان في عدد من الدرجات، من "Classic Tri" مع سرج أسود نفاث (يُعرف أيضًا باسم "Blackback")، إلى "Dark Tri" (حيث تختلط العلامات البنية الباهتة بعلامات سوداء أكثر بروزًا)، إلى «ثلاثي باهت» (حيث تختلط العلامات السوداء الباهتة بعلامات بنية أكثر بروزًا). بعض الكلاب ثلاثية الألوان لها نمط مكسور، يشار إليها أحيانًا باسم pied. معظم هذه الكلاب لها معاطف بيضاء مع بقع من الشعر الأسود والبني. يولد البيجل ثلاثي الألوان دائمًا بالأبيض والأسود. عادةً ما يتم تحديد المناطق البيضاء عند بلوغه ثمانية أسابيع، ولكن قد تتلاشى المناطق السوداء إلى اللون البني مع نضوج الجرو. (قد يستغرق اللون البني ما بين سنة إلى سنتين حتى يتطور بالكامل.) بعض البيجل تغير لونها تدريجيًا خلال حياتها، وقد تفقد علاماتها السوداء تمامًا.

الشم
جنبا إلى جنب مع الكلب البوليسي، يتمتع البيجل بواحدة من أفضل الحواس المتطورة لرائحة أي كلب. في الخمسينيات من القرن الماضي، بدأ جون بول سكوت وجون فولر دراسة لمدة 13 عامًا لسلوك الكلاب. كجزء من هذا البحث، قاموا باختبار القدرات العطرية للسلالات المختلفة عن طريق وضع فأر في حقل مساحته فدانًا واحدًا وتوقيت الوقت الذي استغرقته الكلاب للعثور عليه. عثر عليه البيجل في أقل من دقيقة، بينما استغرقت أنواع أخرى وقت أطول في العثور عليه. تعتبر البيجل أفضل في تعطير الأرض (تتبع دربًا على الأرض) مقارنة برائحة الهواء، ولهذا السبب تم استبعادها من معظم فرق الإنقاذ الجبلية لصالح الكولي، التي تستخدم البصر بالإضافة إلى رائحة الهواء وأكثر قابلية للفرض. من المحتمل أن تساعد الأذان الطويلة والشفاه الكبيرة للبيجل في حبس الروائح بالقرب من الأنف.

مراجع

سلالات كلاب

سلالات كلاب نشأت في إنجلترا

بيغل


Alexander Ebner (* 19. Oktober 1967 in Wiesbaden) ist ein deutscher Sozialwissenschaftler und Inhaber der Professur für Politische Ökonomie und Wirtschaftssoziologie am Fachbereich Gesellschaftswissenschaften der Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main. Zu seinen Forschungsschwerpunkten gehören die Themenbereiche Entrepreneurship und Innovation, Governance und Wirtschaftspolitik, Regionalentwicklung sowie Geschichte der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften.

Werdegang
Ebner studierte an der Universität in Frankfurt von 1989 bis 1995 Politikwissenschaft und Volkswirtschaftslehre. Im Anschluss an eine Projektmitarbeit war er ab 1998 wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter des Lehrstuhls für Volkswirtschaftslehre, insbesondere Wirtschaftstheorie am Fachbereich Wirtschaftswissenschaften der Goethe-Universität (Inhaber: Bertram Schefold). Dort promovierte er im Jahre 2002 mit einer Dissertationsschrift zur Entrepreneurship- und Innovationstheorie (Dr. rer. pol., summa cum laude). Es folgte eine Tätigkeit als wissenschaftlicher Assistent am Krupp-Stiftungslehrstuhl für Finanzwissenschaft und Finanzsoziologie der Staatswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Erfurt, wo er sich 2008 mit einer interdisziplinären Arbeit zum Thema "Governance and Public Policy" habilitierte.

Er nahm Lehraufträge an der Eurofaculty der Lettischen Universität Riga und der European Business School in Wiesbaden wahr. Zwischen 2006 und 2009 war er als Affiliate Professor an der Grenoble École de Management tätig. Internationale Forschungsaufenthalte absolvierte er am 'Berkeley Center on Law, Business and the Economy' der University of California, Berkeley sowie am 'Institute of Southeast Asian Studies' in Singapur.

Ab August 2008 war Ebner als 'Associate Professor of Political Economy' an der 'School of Humanities and Social Sciences' der Jacobs University Bremen tätig. Seit Juli 2009 ist er Inhaber der Professur für Sozialökonomik mit dem Schwerpunkt Wirtschaftssoziologie und Politische Ökonomie an der Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main. Dort wirkt er zudem als Gründungsdirektor des 'Schumpeter Center for Innovation and Public Policy'.

Forschung und Lehre
Ebners Schwerpunkte in Forschung und Lehre sind Kernbereiche der Politischen Ökonomie und der Wirtschaftssoziologie. Seine Arbeiten werden dem Neuen Institutionalismus zugeordnet. Zu seinen Forschungsschwerpunkten gehören die Themenfelder Entrepreneurship und Innovation, Governance und Wirtschaftspolitik, Regionalentwicklung sowie Geschichte der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften.
Aktuelle Forschungsvorhaben befassen sich mit Themenbereichen wie Transformationen des Verhältnisses von Markt und Staat, Governancestrukturen in der Wirtschaftspolitik, regionale Cluster- und Innovationsstrategien, transnationales Unternehmertum und wirtschaftskulturelle Aspekte gesellschaftlichen Wandels.

Bibliographie (Auswahl)
 Embedded Entrepreneurship: The Institutional Dynamics of Innovation, London und New York: Routledge, 2016 (ISBN 978-0415459761)
 Innovationsstrategien und Regionalentwicklung: Theorie und Empirie regionaler Innovationsprozesse, VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2014.
 mit Birgit Blättel-Mink (Hg.) Innovationssysteme: Technologie, Institutionen und die Dynamik der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit, VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2009, ISBN 978-3-531-14937-0.
 mit Nikolaus Beck (Hg.) The Institutions of the Market: Organisations, Social Systems, and Governance, Oxford University Press, 2008.
 mit Klaus Heine und Jan Schnellenbach (Hg.) Innovation zwischen Markt und Staat: Die institutionelle Dynamik des wirtschaftlichen Wandels, Nomos Verlag, 2007.
 mit Dirk Fornahl und Marco Lehmann-Waffenschmidt (Hg.) Institutioneller Wandel, Marktprozesse und dynamische Wirtschaftspolitik, Metropolis, 2004.
 mit Helge Peukert (Hg.): Werner Sombart: Nationalökonomie als Kapitalismustheorie. Ausgewählte Schriften, Metropolis, 2002.

Weblinks
  bei der Uni Frankfurt

Fußnoten

Sozialwissenschaftler
Hochschullehrer (Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main)
Deutscher
Geboren 1967
Mann

Alexander Ebner (Sozialwissenschaftler)


Saint Nicholas (Kasatkin), Equal-to-the-Apostles, Archbishop of Japan, born Ivan Dmitrovich Kasatkin (;  – 16 February 1912) was a Russian Orthodox priest, monk, and bishop. He introduced the Eastern Orthodox Church to Japan. The Orthodox cathedral of Tokyo (metropolitan diocese of Japan), Tokyo Resurrection Cathedral, was informally named after him as Nikorai-do, first by the local community, and today nationwide, in remembrance of his work.

Early life
Nicholas was born in the Smolensk prefecture in the Russian Empire to Dimitry Kasatkin, a Russian Orthodox deacon. His mother died when he was five years old. In 1857, he entered the Theological Academy in Saint Petersburg.

On 24 June 1860, he was tonsured with the name Nicholas by the Academy Rector, Bishop Nectarius Nadezhdin. Nicholas was ordained deacon on 29 July the same year; the following day, on the altar day of the Academy church (the feast day of the Holy Apostles, according to the Julian Calendar), he was ordained to the holy priesthood.

Japan
On 2 July 1861, Nicholas landed at Hakodate, Hokkaidō, Japan, as a priest attached to the chapel of the Russian consulate in Hakodate. He had volunteered for the appointment to this duty, attracted since the day he noticed a poster calling for a priest for this chapel when he was a seminary student. After he arrived at the consulate, he studied Japanese and quickly gained mastery of the language. He studied Buddhism during the first eight years of his time in Japan, when, in his words, he "strove with all diligence to study Japanese history, religion, and the spirit of the Japanese people".

While at the consulate chapel, he converted three Japanese, one of whom, a former samurai and Shinto priest named Sawabe Takuma, had originally come to his home to kill him. After conversion, Sawabe became one of the first Japanese Orthodox priests. In 1870, Nicholas was made an archimandrite and moved to Tokyo, and began an extensive missionary effort. He bought property on a height in Kanda Surugadai for his headquarters which later became the site of the see of the Orthodox Archbishop of Japan. Under his leadership, by 1870 the Orthodox community numbered more than 4,000 people, and by 1912 about 33,000 people and 266 Orthodox communities.

Nicholas was consecrated bishop on 30 March 1880, as Bishop of Revel, auxiliary to the Archdiocese of Riga. While Nicholas never visited the city, the parish of Revel supported his Japanese mission financially. In the Eastern Orthodox Church tradition, bishops sign with their see, but Nicholas made his habit to sign as "Episcop (Bishop) Nicholai", without mentioning Revel. He presided over the consecration of the Tokyo Resurrection Cathedral in 1891, and was elevated to the dignity of Archbishop of All Japan by the Russian Orthodox Holy Synod on April 6, 1907.

Russo-Japanese War
During the Russo-Japanese War, Nicholas stayed in Japan. Those days were very difficult for him. His love for the land of his birth conflicted with his duty as the bishop of Japan to support his faithful and to pray for the Japanese Emperor and the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy. In the Orthodox liturgy at that time, priests had to explicitly pray not only benediction on the sovereign and his army but also for the defeat of his enemies in the intercession. Nicholas, therefore, did not participate in any public services during the war; instead, he encouraged his Japanese faithful both to pray for and to contribute to the Army and the Navy. Some encouraged him to go back to Russia, but he refused and worked eagerly for Japanese faithful and Russian prisoners of war. In a letter on the conditions of a camp in Hamadera, Osaka, Nicholas wrote of his astonishment at the Russians soldiers' illiteracy: nine of ten captives could not read.

Nicholas sent priests and teachers to camps to educate and care for the captives. His attitude and manners impressed not only the Orthodox faithful but also non-Christians.

Character
Even Emperor Meiji was impressed with his character, especially his diplomatic efforts between the Russian Imperial Household and the Japanese government. When the Russian Tsar Nicholas II was the Tsarevich under Alexander III, the young Nicholas II visited Japan and was injured during the Ōtsu Incident by a Japanese policeman. Bishop Nicholas made a great effort to resolve this incident.

Nicholas's study of Japanese was fruitful, allowing him to translate all liturgy books and many parts of the Bible including the whole of the New Testament and Psalms, most of the Book of Genesis and the Book of Isaiah with help from a Japanese Christian and scholar Nakai Tsugumaro who ran a kanbun private school Kaitokudo in Osaka. His translations are still used in the liturgy of Japanese Orthodox Church. Being fond of church singing, Kasatkin made a significant contribution in introducing this art to the Japanese. He also established a theological seminary, primary schools for boys and girls, a library, shelter and other agencies.

Nicholas wrote a diary in Russian for years, recording the pastoral life of early Orthodox Church of Japan as well as his thought and observation of Meiji era Japan. His diary was believed to have been burned and lost in Great Kantō earthquake of 1923, but rediscovered by Kennosuke Nakamura, a Russian literary researcher, and published in 2004 as Dnevniki Sviatogo Nikolaia Iaponskogo (5 vols. Saint Petersburg: Giperion, 2004). Nakamura translated the whole diary into Japanese and published with his commentary in 2007.

Nicholas offered an integral study of Buddhism in his work, "Japan from the point of view of Christian mission", published in 1869. This was the first description of Japanese Buddhism accessible to the Russian language reader.

Veneration
Nicholas was the first saint of the Japanese Orthodox Church. After his death, his body was buried in Tokyo Metropolitan Yanaka Cemetery, near Ueno. In 1970, he was canonized as 'Equal-to-the-Apostles, Archbishop of Japan, St Nicholas'. His feast day is 3 February (Old-style), 16 February (New-style). The Russian Orthodox Church and the Japanese Orthodox Church celebrate this feast nationwide on the old-style date.

There is a church which commemorates him in Maebashi, Gunma, built in 1974. There is also an Eastern Orthodox Church dedicated to Saint Nicholas of Japan in Moscow.

See also
Russians in Japan
Japanese Orthodox Church

References

External links
Japanese Orthodox Church

1836 births
1912 deaths
Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church
Orthodox Church in Japan
Eastern Orthodox missionaries
Russian Christian missionaries
Russian expatriates in Japan
Russian people of the Russo-Japanese War
Russian saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church
Translators of the Bible into Japanese
20th-century translators
Japanese saints
Christian missionaries in Japan
19th-century translators
20th-century Eastern Orthodox archbishops
19th-century Eastern Orthodox bishops
Missionary linguists

Nicholas of Japan


Rory Kinnear (født 17. februar 1978 i London) er en britisk skuespiller og dramatiker.

Udvalgt filmografi

Film
 Quantum of Solace (2008) – Bill Tanner
 Skyfall (2012) – Bill Tanner
 The Imitation Game (2014) – Detective Nock
 Spectre (2015) – Bill Tanner

Tv-serier
 Penny Dreadful (2014–16; 22 afsnit) – Monsteret

Eksterne henvisninger

Filmskuespillere fra England
Tv-skuespillere fra England
Teaterskuespillere fra England
Personer fra London

Rory Kinnear


Lubián es una estación ferroviaria situada en el municipio español de Lubián en la provincia de Zamora, Comunidad autónoma de Castilla y León. Desde 2013, debido a la supresión del tráfico de pasajeros entre Orense y Puebla de Sanabria, la estación carece de servicios ferroviarios.

Situación ferroviaria
La estación se encuentra en el punto kilométrico 133,002 de la línea férrea de ancho ibérico que une Zamora con La Coruña vía Orense a 1056 metros de altitud, entre las estaciones de Pedralba y La Mezquita-Villavieja. El tramo es de vía única y está sin electrificar.

Historia
La voluntad de unir Madrid, vía Medina del Campo con Vigo por el camino más corto posible es antigua y apareció plasmada en algunos anteproyectos como el de 1864. Sin embargo, el mismo descartaba dicha posibilidad al considerar que suponía "dificultades enormísimas" que superaban incluso "los de la bajada del puerto de Pajares en el ferrocarril de Asturias". Es por ello, que la estación no fue inaugurada hasta el 1 de julio de 1957 con la puesta en marcha del tramo Orense – Puebla de Sanabria de la línea Zamora-La Coruña vía Orense. Su explotación inicial quedó a cargo de RENFE cuyo nacimiento se había producido en 1941. Desde el 31 de diciembre de 2004 Renfe Operadora explota la línea mientras que Adif es la titular de las instalaciones ferroviarias.

La estación
Abandonada durante mucho tiempo la estación sufrió una importante remodelación en el año 2010 restaurando tanto el edificio de viajeros como los andenes y mejorando la iluminación del recinto. No sucedió lo mismo con el muelle de carga y otros edificios anexos que siguen mostrando un avanzado estado de deterioro.

Se compone de dos andenes curvados, uno lateral y otro central, al que acceden tres vías. Los cambios de vía se realizan a nivel.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Media Distancia Castilla y León en la web de Renfe.

Lu
Lu
Lu
Estaciones de ferrocarril de España inauguradas en 1957
Estaciones de ferrocarril de Castilla y León inauguradas en el siglo XX
Lubián

Estación de Lubián


Die Artillerieschule in Hannover war eine 1782 von der hannoverschen Armee eingerichtete Schule für die Artillerie und gilt als Vorläuferin der (preußischen) Vereinigten Artillerie- und Ingenieurschule. Standort der Artillerieschule, die mit ihrer Bibliothek schnell zur bedeutendsten militärischen Bildungsanstalt im Kurfürstentum Hannover aufstieg, war der Pavillon am Calenberger Tor.

Geschichte

1766 bis 1803

Schon 1766, wenige Jahre dem Siebenjährigen Krieg, richtete Oberst von Estorff "für die Offiziere des 8. Kavallerie Regiments, Dragoner eine erste Offizierschule ein, an der ab 1778 auch der spätere preussische General Scharnhorst lehrte". 1782 erhielt General von Trew die Genehmigung für eine Artillerieschule, die noch im September desselben Jahres ihren Unterricht aufnahm.

Auf eigenen Wunsch wurde der zuvor im Dragonerregiment Estorff (Garnison Northeim) zum Artillerieleutnant ernannte Scharnhorst an die Kriegsschule Hannover berufen, nachdem König Georg III. von Großbritannien und Irland "unter dem 17. Mai 1782 die Anlegung und Einrichtung einer Artillerie-Schule zu Hannover" befohlen hatte, die finanziell dem Artillerie-Regiment zugeordnet werden sollte. Unterstützend wirkte das Vermächtnis des Generalleutnants Anton Ulrich Braun, "der seine private Sammlung wissenschaftlicher und militärwissenschaftlicher Literatur dem [hannoverschen] Offizierskorps vermachte" und so die Grundlage schuf für eine eigene Artillerie-Bibliothek. 1782 wurde Scharnhorst leitender Bibliothekar an der neugegründeten Artillerieschule. Scharnhorst, der spätere Reformator der Preussischen Armee, gehörte der Artillerieschule als zweiter Lehrer bis 1801 an.

Nachdem der Generalmajor Georg Josua du Plat durch die negativen Erfahrungen im Siebenjährigen Krieg bereits seit 1763 in mehreren Denkschriften die Einrichtung einer Ingenieurschule gefordert hatte, brachten die positiven Erfahrungen mit der neugegründeten Artillerieschule und eine weitere "Denkschrift [du Plats] an den kommandierenden General von der Decken vom 10. Januar 1783" schließlich den Durchbruch: 1784 – Scharnhorst wurde zum Leutnant befördert –  wurde der Artillerieschule eine den Offizieren vorbehaltene Ingenieurschule angegliedert (bis 1831).

1789 wurde durch königliches Reskript das Verhältnis der beiden Militärschulen neu geregelt: Ein neugeschaffenes, gemeinsames Direktorium führte nun die Oberaufsicht über das Militärbildungswesen, Wilhelm von Freytag und Ernst Franz Carl von Hake wurden zu Direktoren berufen. In den 1790er Jahren unterstand die Artillerieschule von Trew und die Ingenieurschule Oberst Friedrich Christoph Kunze. "Kriegsrat von Hake gehörte der Direktion beider Institutionen an, berichtete und legte die Rechnung gemeinsam mit den jeweiligen Direktoren jeweils am gleichen Tag". Eine Schenkungsnotiz in der Artilleriebibliothek deutet zudem auf eine auch bibliothekarische Tätigkeit von Hakes.

Über die Artillerieschule schrieb Adolph Freiherr von Knigge in seinen 1792 veröffentlichten Briefe[n], auf einer Reise von Lothringen nach Niedersachsen geschrieben:

An den Napoleonischen Kriegen nahm Scharnhorst 1793/94 teil als Adjutant des Generals von Hammerstein. 1801 wurde Hannover vom April bis Oktober durch preussische Truppen besetzt, die so einer französischen Besetzung zuvorkamen. Schon am 19. Mai desselben Jahres wechselte Scharnhorst vom hannoverschen Dienst in den preussischen und verließ damit die Artillerieschule in Hannover. Er blieb jedoch Mitglied der Calenberg-Grubenhagenschen Landschaft und "hat seine Verbindungen zu H[annover] offenbar nie ganz abreissen lassen." 1803 wurde die kurhannoversche Armee gänzlich aufgelöst – Teile davon kämpften jedoch in der King's German Legion – und für die Stadt Hannover begann eine beinahe zehnjährige Fremdherrschaft, während der weder an der Artillerie- noch an der angegliederten Ingenieurschule unterrichtet wurde.

Artillerie- und Ingenieurschule 1814 bis 1834
Noch vor der Schlacht bei Waterloo wurde 1813 die königlich hannoversche Armee neu gebildet und 1814 "der Unterricht in der neueingerichteten Artillerie- und Ingenieurschule wiederaufgenommen".

Die Schulung der Unteroffiziere und Unteroffiziersanwärter dauerte lediglich ein Jahr und "umfaßte die Fächer Mathematik (Arithmetik und Geometrie), Artillerie und Mechanik sowie Zeichnen, ergänzt durch praktische Übungen." Davon getrennt wurden in der zweiten und dritten Klasse die Offiziersanwärter ausgebildet sowie diejenigen Offiziere, die noch keine ausreichenden Qualifikationen für ihren Beruf erlangt hatten. Im Mittelpunkt der zweiten, einjährigen Klasse stand wiederum Mathematik mit den Gliederungen Algebra, Arithmetik, Geo- und Trigonometrie. Erst in der dritten Klasse, die zwei Jahre dauerte, "wurden die sogenannten angewandten Wissenschaften gelehrt, also Artillerie, Mechanik (besonders Ballistik), Taktik, Befestigungskunde und die großen Feldoperationen".

Während in den Winterhalbjahren die theoretische Unterweisung der Kadetten und Offiziere im Hörsaal stattfand, wurden alle Schüler in den Sommerhalbjahren gründlich in der Praxis unterrichtet. Nach dem damaligen Verständnis wurden die Auszubildenden währenddessen sehr anspruchsvoll praktisch ausgebildet in "Geschützkunde, dem Einsatz der Geschütze, dem Schätzen von Entfernungen, der Geländeaufnahme sowie der Lösung konkreter militärischer Probleme". Anders als in vergleichbaren zeitgenössischen Militäreinrichtungen wurden die Offizierschüler und Offiziere in Hannover jedoch "über die mit ihrem Dienstgrad verbundenen Funktionen hinaus aus[gebildet]." Unterstützung fand diese erweiterte Ausbildung durch die Unterrichtung von von Scharnhorst, der die Schüler während seines Unterrichtes auch zu selbständigen Entscheidungen anleitete.

Weitere Lehrer an der Artillerieschule in Hannover waren die ehemalige Mitarbeiter von Carl Friedrich Gauß, Stabskapitän Georg Wilhelm Müller (1785–1835) und der Leutnant Johann Georg Friedrich Hartmann (1796–1834). Hartmann wechselte nach seiner Lehrtätigkeit an der Artillerieschule 1831 an die neugegründete Höhere Gewerbeschule, der späteren Technischen Hochschule Hannover, und unterrichtete dort praktische Geometrie und praktisches Zeichnen.

Die Marieninsel
Ab 1843 wurde auf dem Gelände der Artillerieschule die Marieninsel eingerichtet, eine Restauration mit Park, Kegelbahn und Freilichttheater.

Nach der Schlacht bei Langensalza im Deutschen Krieg und dem Ende des Königreichs Hannover wurden ab 1866 auch die letzten Gebäude der Artillerieschule auf dem Artilleriehof abgebrochen.

Persönlichkeiten

Direktion
 Ernst Franz Carl von Hake, zuvor Landdrost im Herzogtum Sachsen-Lauenburg

Lehrer
 Gerhard Johann David von Scharnhorst, leitender Bibliothekar und zweiter Lehrer
 1800–1803: Christian Ziehen, ordentlicher Lehrer
 Stabskapitän Georg Wilhelm Müller (1785–1835)
 1821–1831: Leutnant Johann Georg Friedrich Hartmann (1796–1834), ab 1831 "Lehrer für praktische Geometrie und geometrisches Zeichnen an der Höheren Gewerbeschule, …nebenamtlich Lehrer der mathematischen Geographie an der Generalstabs-Akademie"

Schüler
 Georg Julius von Hartmann (1774–1856)
 Georg Wilhelm Glünder (1799–1848), Offizier, Autor und Mathematiklehrer sowie zweiter Direktor der Höheren Gewerbeschule
 Arnold Heinrich Deichmann (1800–1870), unter anderem Lehrer, Offizier, Autor, Geodät und erster wissenschaftlicher Kartograf der Stadt Hannover.

Erhaltene Bücher
Als Archivalien haben sich von der Bibliothek der Archivschule insgesamt 731 Titel (ohne Zeitschriften) im Bestand der Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Bibliothek erhalten, zumeist mit einem Exlibris der Archivschule.

Literatur
 Georg Ruppelt (Hrsg.): Von der Büchersammlung zur Bibliothek. Regimentsbibliotheken im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert. In: Zeitschrift für Bibliothekswesen und Bibliographie, Sonderbände, Sonderband 93, Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann GmbH, 2008, ISBN 978-3-465-03580-0, insbesondere S. 49, großteils online
 Heinz Stübig: Gerhard von Scharnhorst – preußischer General und Heeresreformer / Studien zu seiner Biographie und Rezeption, Beiträge teilweise in deutsch und lateinisch, in der Reihe Geschichte / Forschung und Wissenschaft, Bd. 34, Berlin; Münster: Lit, 2009, ISBN 978-3-643-10255-3, S. 97 u.ö., online

Einzelnachweise und Anmerkungen

Militärische Ausbildungsstätte (Deutschland)
Hannoversche Militärgeschichte
Artillerie
Bildungseinrichtung in Hannover
Historische Organisation (Hannover)
Abgegangenes Bauwerk in Hannover
Gegründet 1782

Artillerieschule (Hannover)


Lake Barrington can refer to:

Lake Barrington, Illinois, a village in the United States of America
Lake Barrington (Tasmania), Australia, a lake near Sheffield

Lake Barrington