The Battle of Maida, fought on 4 July 1806 was a battle between the British expeditionary force and a French force outside the town of Maida in Calabria, Italy during the Napoleonic Wars. John Stuart led 5,236 Anglo-Sicilian troops to victory over about 5,400 Franco-Italian-Polish troops under the command of French general Jean Reynier, inflicting significant losses while incurring relatively few casualties. Maida is located in the toe of Italy, about  west of Catanzaro.

In early 1806, the French invaded and overran the Kingdom of Naples, forcing King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies and his government to flee to Sicily. The Calabrians revolted against their new conquerors and Stuart's expeditionary force tried to exploit the unrest by raiding the coast. While ashore, the British encountered Reynier's division and the two sides engaged in battle. The 19th-century historians presented the action as a typical fight between French columns and British lines. This view of the battle has been called into doubt by at least one modern historian who argued that the French deployed into lines. Nobody questions the result which was a one-sided British victory.

After the battle, Stuart captured some isolated garrisons in Calabria and was transported back to Sicily by the Royal Navy. Two weeks after the battle, the city of Gaeta fell to the French after a long siege. While Stuart succeeded in preventing a French invasion of Sicily and sustained the revolt in Calabria, he missed an opportunity to assist the defenders of Gaeta.

Background

Following the decision by King Ferdinand to side with the Third Coalition against Napoleon I of France, French forces had invaded the Kingdom of Naples in the spring of 1806, after the British and Russian forces supposedly defending the kingdom evacuated Italy altogether: the British to Sicily and the Russians to Corfu. The Neapolitan-Sicilian army was crushed at the Battle of Campo Tenese, forcing Ferdinand to flee to Sicily and concede the Neapolitan crown to the French. Napoleon then installed his brother Joseph Bonaparte on the Neapolitan throne.

By July 1806, the French had crushed all Neapolitan resistance except for the uprising in Calabria and a garrison at Gaeta. There, André Masséna's force become embroiled in a lengthy siege. The British decided to organise an expedition into Calabria to further the insurrection against the French, and prevent any potential invasion of Sicily.

Battle

A British force of over 5,000 men commanded by Major-General John Stuart sailed from Messina on 27 June, landing in the Gulf of Sant'Eufemia three days later. At the same time a French force under the command of General Jean Reynier, the only French force in Calabria, moved to confront them. The exact size of the French force is unknown. Contemporary French sources range between 5050 and 5450. Some later historians have suggested a force as large as 6400 but the most recent estimates are closer to 5400.

On the morning of 4 July, Reynier broke camp and advanced toward level terrain along the shallow Lomato River. Believing his army superior in numbers, Stuart marched toward the same location nearly parallel to the French column. As both forces deployed from march column, they ended up in echelon formation. On the French side, the left flank was leading, while on the British side the right flank was leading. On the French left, General of Brigade Louis Fursy Henri Compère was echeloned forward, with the 1st Light Infantry Regiment on the left and the 42nd Line Infantry Regiment to its right. The center, commanded by General of Brigade Luigi Gaspare Peyri, included two battalions of Poles and the 4th battalion of the 1st Swiss Regiment. On the right flank, General of Brigade Antoine Digonet trailed the other two formations. Digonet's command comprised the 23rd Light Infantry and 9th Chasseurs à Cheval Regiments and the field guns. Opposing the French was Colonel James Kempt's Advanced Guard on the British right flank, echeloned forward. To Kempt's left rear was Colonel Wroth Palmer Acland's 2nd Brigade. Well to Acland's left rear marched Colonel John Oswald's 3rd Brigade, which formed the center. Colonel Lowry Cole's 1st Brigade deployed on the left flank with the artillery. Cole was closer to the French than Oswald. Off conducting diversionary actions was the 20th Foot, which would be late.

Only when the armies were nearly in contact did Stuart realize that he was outnumbered, but he allowed the battle to commence without changing any orders. Kempt detached the Royal Corsican Rangers and Sicilian troops as skirmishers. These got into a brawl with Compère's voltigeurs (light companies) and fell back. Kempt sent the flankers of the 35th Foot and the light company of the 20th Foot to help. Once the British troops halted the French skirmishers, they rejoined Kempt. At this time, Compère launched the 1st Light at Kempt, while the 42nd Line aimed to strike Acland. Since it had a head start, 1st Light's attack columns met Kempt's troops first. At 150 yards, the Advanced Guard fired its first volley but the 1st Light continued to advance. Kempt's second volley was fired at a range of 80 yards, wounding Compère, who nevertheless urged his men on. Though disordered by their losses, the French closed to 20 yards, where they absorbed a third volley. This fire completely broke up the 1st Light and its soldiers turned and fled. Compère, who literally rode into the British line, and others were captured in the brief melée that followed.

As the 1st Light's attack collapsed, Kempt's men charged their shaken enemies. As the French formation disintegrated, the Advanced Guard went out of control, chasing the fleeing French as far as Maida. Meanwhile, the 42nd advanced on Acland in two battalion columns. The British fired at a range of 300 yards and blazed away until the French attack ground to a halt. Aware that their neighboring regiment was fleeing from the battlefield, the 42nd also decamped. Seeing his left wing in rout, Reynier sent Peyri's brigade to face Acland. After a brisk action, the Poles were routed at bayonet point. The Swiss, however, maintained order and gave a good account of themselves. After Stuart sent reinforcements into the fight, the Swiss battalion fell back to join Digonet's brigade. Acland and Cole now advanced on Digonet and the Swiss. The 9th Chasseurs charged, forcing the British battalions to form square. Oswald's brigade appeared on the scene, but Digonet still held his ground, supported by the cavalry and the guns. Finally, the 20th Foot arrived from the coast and began firing at the exposed right flank of the 23rd Light. At this, Digonet and the Swiss began an orderly retreat and the battle was over.

Stuart's 5,196-man force suffered 45 killed and 282 wounded for a total of 327 casualties. Out of a total of 6,440 soldiers, Reynier lost 490 killed and 870 wounded. In addition, the British captured 722 French soldiers and four cannon. Another authority asserts that the French saved their guns. The 1st Light Infantry lost 50% of its strength between killed, wounded, and prisoners. The action involving the 1st Light Infantry lasted only fifteen minutes.

Aftermath

Stuart ordered Kempt's Advanced Guard to observe Reynier's withdrawal while he and Sidney Smith discussed future actions. On 6 July, they decided to move south and pick off Reynier's garrisons. That day, a half-battalion of the Polish-Italian Legion in the town of Vibo Valentia (Monteleone di Calabria) surrendered to Stuart. On 7 July, three more companies of Poles laid down their arms in Tropea when summoned by Captain Edward Fellowes in the frigate . Reggio Calabria surrendered on 9 July to Brigadier General Broderick with 1,200 British and Neapolitan troops. The allies were transported from Sicily in the frigate  under Captain William Hoste. On this occasion, 632 soldiers from the 1st Light and 42nd Line Infantry Regiments were captured.

Marching south, Stuart reached Reggio on 23 July. Before returning to Sicily, he and Smith mopped up all of Reynier's garrisons in southern Calabria. On 24 July, the fortress of Scilla and 281 soldiers of the 23rd Light Infantry surrendered to Oswald. The British had one battalion each of the 10th Foot, 21st Foot, and Chasseurs Britanniques. The 3rd battalion of the Polish-Italian Legion, 500 strong, surrendered to Captain Hoste in the Amphion and the 78th Foot at Crotone on 28 July. Stuart received the Order of the Bath and an annuity of £1,000 a year from the British crown, and the title Count of Maida from King Ferdinand, for the victory.

The allies suffered a major setback on 18 July when the long Siege of Gaeta ended. After the French siege artillery breached Gaeta's walls, the Neapolitan garrison capitulated. By marching south, Stuart and Smith missed a chance to intervene in the siege or to land at Naples and attempt to overthrow Joseph's government. The surrender freed Masséna's force for operations in Calabria. In Stuart's defence, his expedition had successfully accomplished its main objective, which was to prevent any early invasion of Sicily. He also lengthened the revolt, which the French would not bring under control until 1807.

The political situation in southern Italy would remain unchanged until 1815, with the British and Sicilian troops guarding the Bourbon King Ferdinand in Sicily and the Napoleonic King of Naples controlling the mainland. The British failed to use their naval superiority around Italy and did little to harass the French on the mainland. In 1808, Joachim Murat became the King of Naples after Joseph Bonaparte was sent to govern Spain. Murat made various attempts to cross the Strait of Sicily, which all ended in failure, despite once managing to secure a foothold in Sicily. It was not until Austria defeated Murat in the Neapolitan War in 1815, that King Ferdinand was finally restored to the Neapolitan throne.

Legacy
Maida Hill and the suburbs of Maida Vale in London and Maida Vale in Perth, Western Australia, are all named after this battle.

The Royal Navy named the recently (in 1806) captured Jupiter HMS Maida.

Orders of battle

Historical reanalysis
It was traditionally (but wrongly) thought that in the Battle of Maida the British deployed in a line while the French attacked in columns, allowing the British to fire full strength volleys into the French columns, while only the first two ranks of the French could fire, similar to Crossing the T in naval combat.  However, modern historians dispute this claim. The military historian James R. Arnold argues:

"The writings of Sir Charles Oman and Sir John Fortescue dominated subsequent English-language Napoleonic history. Their views [that the French infantry used heavy columns to attack lines of infantry] became very much the received wisdom. ... By 1998 a new paradigm seemed to have set in with the publication of two books devoted to Napoleonic battle tactics.  Both claimed that the French fought in line at Maida and both fully explored French tactical variety. The 2002 publication of The Battle of Maida 1806: Fifteen Minutes of Glory, appeared to have brought the issue of column versus line to a satisfactory conclusion: "The contemporary sources are...the best evidence and their conclusion is clear: General Compère's brigade formed into line to attack Kempt's Light Battalion." The decisive action at Maida took place in less than fifteen minutes. It had taken 72 years to rectify a great historian's error about what transpired during those minutes."

The British fired volleys then charged with the bayonet, and the French, failing to withstand the onslaught, broke and fled, suffering heavily in the rout.

Arnold was cruel, if not incompetent, in his criticism. The military historian Charles Oman said in his 1913 book:

References

Sources
 War Monthly Issue 12

 Details of battle at Clash of Steel
 Schneid, Frederick C. Napoleon's Italian Campaigns: 1805–1815. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers, 2002.
 Smith, Digby. The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. London: Greenhill Books, 1998.

External links

Conflicts in 1806
Battles of the Napoleonic Wars
Battles involving the United Kingdom
Battles involving France
1806 in Italy
War of the Third Coalition
Battles of the War of the Third Coalition
Battles in Calabria
July 1806 events

Battle of Maida


Rondelecija (lat. Rondeletia),  rod vazdazelenih grmova i drveća iz porodice broćevki (Rubiaceae). Pripada mu preko 150 vrsta u tropskoj Americi, od Meksika i Kariba na jug do sjevernih predjela Južne Amerike.

Tipična je vrsta R. americana L. s Privjetrinskih otoka u Karibima, ali je najpoznatija često uzgajana vrsta,  R. odorata, mirisni vazdazeleni grm.

Vrste

 Rondeletia acunae Borhidi & M.Fernández
 Rondeletia adamsii Proctor
 Rondeletia alaternoides A.Rich.
 Rondeletia americana L.
 Rondeletia amplexicaulis Urb.
 Rondeletia anguillensis Howard & Kellogg
 Rondeletia anomala Veitch
 Rondeletia apiculata Urb.
 Rondeletia areolata Urb.
 Rondeletia arida Borhidi & M.Fernández
 Rondeletia aristeguietae Steyerm.
 Rondeletia aurantiaca Urb. & Ekman
 Rondeletia avenia C.Wright
 Rondeletia azuensis Urb.
 Rondeletia azulensis Urb.
 Rondeletia baracoensis Britton
 Rondeletia barahonensis Urb.
 Rondeletia belizensis Standl.
 Rondeletia berteroana DC.
 Rondeletia bicolor Britton
 Rondeletia bissei Borhidi & M.Fernández
 Rondeletia brachyantha Urb.
 Rondeletia brachyphylla Proctor ex Adams
 Rondeletia bracteosa Borhidi & M.Fernández
 Rondeletia brauseana Urb.
 Rondeletia brigandina Urb. & Ekman
 Rondeletia buxifolia Vahl
 Rondeletia cacuminis Urb. & Ekman
 Rondeletia calophylla Standl.
 Rondeletia camarioca C.Wright
 Rondeletia carnea Urb. & Ekman
 Rondeletia chamaebuxifolia Griseb.
 Rondeletia chinajensis Standl. & Steyerm.
 Rondeletia christii Urb.
 Rondeletia cincta Griseb.
 Rondeletia clarendonensis Britton ex S.Moore
 Rondeletia combsii Greenm.
 Rondeletia combsioides M.Fernández & Borhidi
 Rondeletia conferta Urb. & Ekman
 Rondeletia convoluta M.Fernández & Borhidi
 Rondeletia coronata Urb.
 Rondeletia crassinervis Borhidi
 Rondeletia cristalensis Urb.
 Rondeletia cumanensis Kunth
 Rondeletia cymulosa Proctor
 Rondeletia daphnoides Griseb.
 Rondeletia dilatata Rottb.
 Rondeletia diplocalyx Urb.
 Rondeletia disperma Jacq.
 Rondeletia dolphinensis Proctor
 Rondeletia domatiata Urb.
 Rondeletia ekmanii Britton & Standl.
 Rondeletia elegans Britton
 Rondeletia eriantha Benth.
 Rondeletia eriocarpa H.Karst.
 Rondeletia erythroneura H.Karst.
 Rondeletia exasperata Borhidi
 Rondeletia feketeana Borhidi
 Rondeletia filisepala Borhidi
 Rondeletia formonia Urb. & Ekman
 Rondeletia fortunensis Borhidi
 Rondeletia fuertesii Urb.
 Rondeletia galanensis M.Fernández & Borhidi
 Rondeletia glauca Griseb.
 Rondeletia glomeruliflora Alain
 Rondeletia grandisepala Alain
 Rondeletia hameliifolia Dwyer & M.V.Hayden
 Rondeletia harrisii Urb.
 Rondeletia heterochroa Urb.
 Rondeletia hirsuta Sw.
 Rondeletia hirta Sw.
 Rondeletia holdridgei Borhidi
 Rondeletia hypoleuca Griseb.
 Rondeletia impressa Krug & Urb.
 Rondeletia incana Sw.
 Rondeletia × incerta Borhidi & M.Fernández
 Rondeletia inermis (Spreng.) Krug & Urb.
 Rondeletia ingrata Standl.
 Rondeletia insularis Britton
 Rondeletia intermixta Britton
 Rondeletia jamaicensis Proctor
 Rondeletia laevigata W.T.Aiton
 Rondeletia larensis Steyerm.
 Rondeletia laurifolia Sw.
 Rondeletia leonii Britton
 Rondeletia ligulata Urb.
 Rondeletia lindeniana A.Rich.
 Rondeletia linearisepala Alain
 Rondeletia liogieri Borhidi
 Rondeletia lomensis Urb.
 Rondeletia lucida M.Fernández & Borhidi
 Rondeletia martinicensis Krug & Urb.
 Rondeletia micarensis Urb.
 Rondeletia microcarpa Urb. & Ekman
 Rondeletia microphylla Griseb.
 Rondeletia minutifolia Urb.
 Rondeletia miraflorensis M.Fernández & Borhidi
 Rondeletia mollis S.F.Blake ex Steyerm.
 Rondeletia mornicola Urb. & Ekman
 Rondeletia naguensis Britton & P.Wilson
 Rondeletia nalgensis Urb. & Ekman
 Rondeletia nemoralis Proctor
 Rondeletia nimanimae Krug & Urb.
 Rondeletia nipensis Urb.
 Rondeletia × obscura Borhidi & M.Fernández
 Rondeletia ochracea Urb.
 Rondeletia odorata Jacq.
 Rondeletia orinocensis Steyerm.
 Rondeletia pachyphylla Krug & Urb.
 Rondeletia pallida Britton
 Rondeletia panamensis DC.
 Rondeletia papayoensis M.Fernández & Borhidi
 Rondeletia parviflora Poir.
 Rondeletia paucinervis Urb. & Ekman
 Rondeletia pedicellaris C.Wright
 Rondeletia peduncularis A.Rich.
 Rondeletia peninsularis M.Fernández & Borhidi
 Rondeletia perfae Alain
 Rondeletia petiolata Proctor
 Rondeletia pilosa Sw.
 Rondeletia plicatula Urb.
 Rondeletia polita Griseb.
 Rondeletia portlandensis Proctor
 Rondeletia portoricensis Krug & Urb.
 Rondeletia potrerillona Urb. & Ekman
 Rondeletia pseudorugelii Borhidi & M.Fernández
 Rondeletia pubescens Kunth
 Rondeletia pulchella Alain
 Rondeletia purdiei Hook.f.
 Rondeletia pycnophylla Urb.
 Rondeletia racemosa Sw.
 Rondeletia rigida Griseb.
 Rondeletia rohrii R.O.Williams & Cheesman
 Rondeletia roynaefolia DC.
 Rondeletia rugelii Urb.
 Rondeletia savannarum Britton
 Rondeletia saxicola Britton
 Rondeletia scabrella K.Krause
 Rondeletia selleana Urb. & Ekman
 Rondeletia shaferi Urb. & Britton
 Rondeletia steirophylla Urb.
 Rondeletia steirophylloides Borhidi & M.Fernández
 Rondeletia stipularis (L.) Druce
 Rondeletia subcanescens M.Fernández & Borhidi
 Rondeletia subcordata Standl.
 Rondeletia subglabra Krug & Urb.
 Rondeletia subsessilifolia Proctor
 Rondeletia susannae Borhidi
 Rondeletia sylvestris S.Moore
 Rondeletia toaensis M.Fernández & Borhidi
 Rondeletia tubulosa Borhidi & M.Fernández
 Rondeletia umbellulata Sw.
 Rondeletia vacciniifolia Britton
 Rondeletia vazquezii Borhidi & O.Muñiz
 Rondeletia venezuelensis Steyerm.
 Rondeletia venosa Griseb.
 Rondeletia virgata Sw.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Cinchonoideae

Rondelecija


Purple Rain is the sixth studio album by American singer, songwriter, producer, and multi-instrumentalist Prince. It was released on June 25, 1984, by Warner Bros. Records, as the soundtrack album to the 1984 film of the same name. Purple Rain was musically denser than Prince's previous albums, emphasizing full band performances, and multiple layers of guitars, keyboards, electronic synthesizer effects, drum machines, and other instruments.

Much of the album had a grandiose, synthesized, and psychedelic sheen to the production and performances. The music on Purple Rain is generally regarded as the most pop-oriented of Prince's career, though a number of elements point towards the more experimental records Prince would release after Purple Rain. The music video for the album's lead single "When Doves Cry" sparked controversy among network executives, who thought its sexual nature was too explicit for television. The risqué lyrics of "Darling Nikki" raised complaints from Tipper Gore and the Parents Music Resource Center and contributed to the implementation of Parental Advisory stickers and imprints on album covers.

Purple Rain became Prince's first album to reach number one on the Billboard 200. The album spent 24 consecutive weeks atop on the Billboard 200 and was present on the chart for a total of 167 weeks. "When Doves Cry" and "Let's Go Crazy" reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100, while "Purple Rain" peaked at number two and "I Would Die 4 U" peaked at number eight. In May 1996, the album was certified 13× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). It is Prince's commercial peak, with total sales standing at 25 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best-selling albums of all time. Prince and the Revolution won Grammy Awards for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media, while Prince also won the Academy Award for Best Original Song Score for the film Purple Rain.

Music critics noted the innovative and experimental aspects of the soundtrack's music, most famously on the spare, bass-less "When Doves Cry". Other aspects of the music, especially its synthesis of electronic elements with organic instrumentation and full-band performances along with its consolidation of rock and R&B, were identified by critics as distinguishing, even experimental factors. Purple Rain is regularly ranked among the greatest albums of all time. Rolling Stone ranked the album number eight on its list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. It was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame and added to the Library of Congress' National Recording Registry list of sound recordings that are "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Background

While Prince's previous albums were primarily solo recordings by Prince, Purple Rain contained the credits "produced, arranged, composed and performed by Prince and the Revolution", though he had teased the name two years earlier on 1999, writing "and the Revolution" backwards on the album cover. The album was mostly recorded between August 1983 and March 1984, the exception being "Baby I'm a Star", composed and demoed in early December  1981. The last three songs on the album ("I Would Die 4 U", "Baby I'm A Star" and the title track "Purple Rain") were recorded live at the 3August 1983 First Avenue show in Minneapolis, although overdubs and edits took place on all three in September 1983; this marked Prince's first album to include live recordings.

Regarding the meaning of "Purple Rain", both Mikel Toombs of The San Diego Union and Bob Kostanczuk of the Post-Tribune have written that Prince took the title "Purple Rain" from lyrics in the America song "Ventura Highway". Asked to explain the phrase "purple rain" in "Ventura Highway", Gerry Beckley responded: "You got me." However, Prince explained the meaning of "Purple Rain" as follows: "When there's blood in the skyred and blue = purple... purple rain pertains to the end of the world and being with the one you love and letting your faith/god guide you through the purple rain."

"Purple Rain" was originally written as a country song and intended to be a collaboration with Stevie Nicks. According to Nicks, she received a 10-minute instrumental version of the song from Prince with a request to write the lyrics, but felt overwhelmed. She said: "I listened to it and I just got scared. I called him back and said, 'I can't do it. I wish I could. It's too much for me.'" At a rehearsal, Prince then asked his backing band to try the song: "I want to try something before we go home. It's mellow." According to the Revolution member Lisa Coleman, Prince then changed the song after the Revolution's Wendy Melvoin started playing guitar chords to accompany the song: "He was excited to hear it voiced differently. It took it out of that country feeling. Then we all started playing it a bit harder and taking it more seriously. We played it for six hours straight and by the end of that day we had it mostly written and arranged."

"Take Me with U" was written for the Apollonia 6 album Apollonia6 (1984), but later enlisted for Purple Rain. The inclusion of that song necessitated cuts to the suite-like "Computer Blue", the full version of which did not earn an official release, although a portion of the second section can be heard in the film of the same name, in a sequence where Prince walks in on the men of the Revolution rehearsing. The risqué lyrics of "Darling Nikki" contributed to the use of Parental Advisory stickers and imprints on album covers that were the record label's answer to complaints from Tipper Gore and the Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC).

Prince wrote and composed the album's lead single "When Doves Cry" after all the other tracks were complete on Purple Rain. In addition to providing vocals, he played all instruments on the track. With there being no bass line, the song's production is noted for being unconventionally bare in comparison to 1980s pop hits. Prince said there originally was a bass line but, after a conversation with singer Jill Jones, he decided the song was too conventional with it included.

Composition
Like Prince's previous albums, nearly all tracks on Purple Rain were written by him. Purple Rain was musically denser than Prince's previous albums, emphasizing full band performances, and multiple layers of guitars, keyboards, electronic synthesizer effects, drum machines, and other instruments. As a soundtrack record, much of the music had a grandiose, synthesized, and evenby some evaluationsa psychedelic sheen to the production and performances. The music on Purple Rain is generally regarded as the most pop-oriented of Prince's career, though a number of elements point towards the more experimental records Prince would release after Purple Rain. Apollonia6 member Apollonia recalled that after watching the Purple Rain cinematographic takes, she told Prince, "You know you're going to get an Oscar for this movienot for the acting, but for the music."

The Revolution member Doctor Fink told PopMatters in 2009 the recording of the album was "a very creative time... There was a lot of influence and input from band members towards what [Prince] was doing. He was always open to anybody trying to contribute creatively to the process of writing... But Prince was the main lyricist and melody maker for all the songs... and never took any lyrical content from people." Melvoin told Mojo in 1997 the band members were "absolute musical equals in the sense that Prince respected us, and allowed us to contribute to the music without any interference... I think the secret to our working relationship was that we were very non-possessive about our ideas, as opposed to some other people that have worked with him."

Revolution members Fink, Coleman, and Melvoin helped write the album's fourth track "Computer Blue". Doctor Fink, who wrote a keyboard bass line for the track, said he "started playing that main bass groove which later became 'Computer Blue'. So the band [the Revolution] started grooving on it, and Prince started coming up with some stuff, then we recorded a rough version and he took it into the studio and just incorporated it all and made it fly that way. Wendy [Melvoin] and Lisa [Coleman] did some of the stuff on it. Prince borrowed the bridge/portal section from the then-unreleased Father's Song, by his father jazz musician John L. Nelson, who had given him some music over the years to play around with. So the song was a real mixture of different people and influences."

The full band appears on six tracks: "Let's Go Crazy", "Take Me With U", "Computer Blue", "I Would Die 4 U", "Baby I'm A Star" and "Purple Rain" while the remaining three tracks are essentially solo performances by Prince. Apollonia sings co-lead on "Take Me WithU". Three of the tracks include a string section arranged by Coleman and Prince which were conducted by Coleman and Melvoin: "Take Me WithU", "Baby I'm A Star", and "Purple Rain". The string players are violin and viola player Novi Novog and cellists David Coleman and Suzie Katayama.

Early configurations
Prince configured at least two unique track listings of Purple Rain prior to setting the final running order. November 7, 1983 and March 23, 1984, configurations are listed below. The early configuration included "Wednesday" (a song by Prince with Jill Jones) and "Father's Song". The latter was replaced by "When Doves Cry". Edits to "Let's Go Crazy" and "Computer Blue" were introduced in order to include "Take Me withU" in the final running configuration. The full length version of "Let's Go Crazy", as it can be seen in the movie, would later be released as "Special Dance Mix" on 12" maxi-single.

November 7, 1983 configuration
 Side one
 "Let's Go Crazy"  – 7:37
 "The Beautiful Ones"
 "Computer Blue"  – 7:23
 "Darling Nikki"
 "Wednesday"
 Side two
 "Purple Rain"
 "I Would Die 4 U"
 "Baby I'm a Star"
 "Father's Song"

March 23, 1984 configuration
 Side one
 "Let's Go Crazy"  – 7:37
 "The Beautiful Ones" – 5:15
 "Computer Blue"  – 7:23
 "Darling Nikki" – 4:15
 Side two
 "When Doves Cry" – 5:52
 "I Would Die 4 U" – 2:51
 "Baby I'm a Star" – 4:20
 "Purple Rain" – 8:45

Promotion

Artwork
The album cover was photographed at the Warner Bros Studio Backlot in California. The area known as Hennesy St, designed to look like a New York tenement area, was the location of the balcony where the album photo was taken.

Tour
The Purple Rain Tour began at the Joe Louis Arena in Detroit in November 1984. In addition to Prince and the Revolution, the Purple Rain Tour featured Apollonia6, and Sheila E. and her band. The tour opened with the album's opener, "Let's Go Crazy". Three singles from 1999 (1982) followed: "Delirious", "1999" and "Little Red Corvette". An instrumental interlude of "Yankee Doodle" usually introduced another song from 1999, "Free". The B-side "God" was often played, followed by a usual sequence of "Computer Blue", "Darling Nikki", "The Beautiful Ones" and "When Doves Cry". As encores, the remaining Purple Rain songs closed the concert, "I Would Die 4 U", "Baby I'm a Star" and "Purple Rain".

The tour spanned 98 shows, ending in April 1985, and sold 1.7 million tickets. Prince and the Revolution played the final date of the tour, to an audience of 55,000 in Miami's Orange Bowl. Prince ended the show saying, "I have to go now. I don't know when I'll be back. I want you to know that God loves you. He loves us all." Two weeks after the end of the tour, Around the World in a Day (1985) was released, which officially brought an end to Prince's Purple Rain era. The tour was considered by Rolling Stone as "groundbreaking in many ways" because it introduced Prince's most "elaborate" sets and featured occasional cameos from Bruce Springsteen and Madonna, which confirmed Prince's place as "pop's most commanding star" during the Purple Rain era.

Singles
Purple Rain's lead single "When Doves Cry" was Prince's first Billboard Hot 100 number-one single, staying there for five weeks, and was also a worldwide hit. It was ranked number one on the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1984. The music video, directed by Prince himself, was premiered on MTV in June 1984. The video sparked controversy among network executives, who thought its sexual nature was too explicit for television.

The second single "Let's Go Crazy" became Prince's second number-one hit on the Billboard Hot 100. Common to much of Prince's writing, the song is thought to be exhortation to follow Christian ethics, with the "De-elevator" of the lyrics being a metaphor for the Devil.

A power ballad and a combination of rock, R&B, gospel, and orchestral music, "Purple Rain" reached number2 on the Billboard Hot 100 and stayed there for two weeks.
"I Would Die 4 U", the fourth and final Billboard Hot 100 top 10 hit from Purple Rain, reaching number eight on the chart. The album's final single, "Take Me withU", was released on January 25, 1985.

Critical reception

Purple Rain was well received by contemporary critics. Kurt Loder, writing for Rolling Stone in 1984, compared Prince to Jimi Hendrix and praised him for merging "black and white styles": "The spirit of Jimi Hendrix must surely smile down on Prince Rogers Nelson. Like Hendrix, Prince seems to have tapped into some extraterrestrial musical dimension where black and white styles are merely different aspects of the same funky thing. Prince's rock & roll is as authentic and compelling as his soul and his extremism is endearing in a era of play-it-safe record production and formulaic hit mongering."

At the end of 1984, Purple Rain was voted the second best album of the year in the Pazz & Jop, an annual poll of American critics nationwide, published by The Village Voice. However, the newspaper's chief critic and poll creator Robert Christgau was less impressed by the album, saying that while it is "quirky, dangerous, [and] unabashedly pop", it is also plagued by "despair" and, "for Prince ... ingratiatingly unsolipsistic", although he would later call it "seriously gorgeous".

Prince and the Revolution won a 1984 Grammy Award for Purple Rain, for Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, the four composers (Nelson, Coleman, Prince, and Melvoin) won Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media, and the album was nominated for Album of the Year. Prince won a third Grammy that year for Best R&B Song for Chaka Khan's cover of "I Feel for You". Purple Rain also won an Oscar for Best Original Song Score in 1985. Purple Rain posthumously won Top Soundtrack at the American Music Awards in 2016.

Retrospective appraisals have also been positive. Music critics noted the innovative and experimental aspects of the soundtrack's music, most famously on the spare, bass-less "When Doves Cry". Other aspects of the music, especially its synthesis of electronic elements with organic instrumentation and full-band performances (some, as noted above, recorded live) along with its landmark consolidation of rock and R&B, were identified by critics as distinguishing, even experimental factors.

Stephen Erlewine of AllMusic wrote that Purple Rain finds Prince "consolidating his funk and R&B roots while moving boldly into pop, rock, and heavy metal", as well as "push[ing] heavily into psychedelia" under the influence of the Revolution. Erlewine identifies the record's nine songs as "uncompromising ... forays into pop" and "stylistic experiments", echoing general sentiment that Purple Rains music represented Prince at his most popular without forsaking his experimental bent. In a retrospective review, Kenneth Partridge, writing for Billboard, described the album's opening track, "Let's Go Crazy", as "arguably the best intro in pop history".

Commercial performance
In the United States, Purple Rain debuted at number 11 on the Billboard 200 the week of July 14, 1984. After four weeks on chart, it reached number one on August 4, 1984. The album spent 24 consecutive weeks at number one on the Billboard 200 from August 4, 1984, to January 18, 1985, and more than 32 weeks in the top 10, becoming one of the most successful soundtracks ever. Prince also joined Elvis Presley and the Beatles in being the only artists to have the number-one album, single and film in the US all at the same time.

It traded the number-one position on the chart with Bruce Springsteen's Born in the U.S.A. twice, during 1984 and 1985. Purple Rain was present on the Billboard 200 for one hundred twenty two weeks. After the advent of the Nielsen SoundScan era in 1991, the album sold a further three million copies. By 1996, the album had sold 13 million copies in the United States, making it certified 13× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

In the United Kingdom, Purple Rain entered the UK Albums Chart at number 21 on July 21, 1984, after thirty five weeks on the chart it reached and peaked at number seven during the week of March 16, 1985 and stayed there for a week, it fell off to number twelve the next week. The album remained on the chart for 86 weeks. It was certified 2× Platinum by the BPI on May 1, 1990, denoting shipments of 600,000 units. By 1988, Purple Rain had sold 17 million copies worldwide making it one of the most successful albums of the 1980s. Its sales as of 2008 stood at over 25million copies worldwide. The album is also multi-platinum in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom.

Legacy and influence
Purple Rain further established Prince as a figurehead for pop music of the 1980s and is regarded as one of the greatest albums of all time. In 2010, Purple Rain was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. In 2012, the album was added to the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry list of sound recordings that "are culturally, historically, or aesthetically important". In 2019, the film was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Jon Bon Jovi, lead singer of the rock band Bon Jovi, observed that "There's every emotion [in Purple Rain] from the ballad to the rocker" and "All the influences were evident, from Hendrix to Chic." Lionel Richie praised Prince for making a "very important step" in advancing the concept from creating music videos for songs to making a motion picture for an album. Partridge of Billboard emphasized Prince's popularity during the Purple Rain era, writing,

Described as a "masterpiece" by the Grammy Awards, Ana Yglesias wrote, "Even after his heartbreaking passing, Prince will live on forever in our hearts, through his music, and even on the charts. Purple Rain was inducted into Grammy Hall of Fame in 2011, celebrating it as a 'recording of lasting qualitative or historical significance'.... It is safe to say there will never be another star quite like Prince."

For The New Yorker, Ben Greenmane wrote, "Purple Rain may or may not be Prince's best record, but it came at the best time, propelling him from ordinary stardom (his previous album 1999 put three singles into the Billboard top 20) to supernova status. It created his iconic look (ruffled shirt, purple jacket, motorcycle), formally introduced his most famous backing band (the Revolution), and included the lion's share of the songs most likely to appear in a capsule bio ('When Doves Cry', 'Let's Go Crazy', and the title track)." In Rolling Stone's list of The 25 Greatest Soundtracks of All Time, Purple Rain was described as "an epic celebration of everything rock & roll, which means sex and religion and eyeliner and motorcycles and guitars and Lake Minnetonka".

Chris Gerard wrote for PopMatters that "Purple Rain is one of the cornerstone albums not just of the 80s, but in all of pop/rock history... at the core of [Prince's] legacy Purple Rain will always stand as his signature triumph, a monument to his boundless talent and ambition." Gerard also praised "When Doves Cry" for being the "gateway" to the "Purple Rain universe: an album, a major motion picture, and a tour that dominated the pop culture landscape of 1984".

Andrew Unterberger of Billboard gave the album high appraisal, regarding it as one of the greatest albums in popular music: "Purple Rain is certainly in contention for the most perfect album in rock or pop history, expertly flowing from track to track while delighting, surprising and astounding at each bend. Personal and universal, familiar and challenging, romantic and narcissistic, religious and orgasmic, accessible to all and profoundly weird, Purple Rain rightly remains the cornerstone of Prince's recorded legacy, almost too obvious in its brilliance to even be worth discussing at length."

Writing for Pitchfork, Carvell Wallace appraised the album's impact and Prince's musicianship, "With Purple Rain, Prince bursts forth from the ghetto created by mainstream radio and launches himself directly onto the Mt. Rushmore of American music. He plays rock better than rock musicians, composes better than jazz guys, and performs better than everyone, all without ever abandoning his roots as a funk man, a party leader, a true MC... for the 24 weeks Purple Rain spent atop the charts in 1984, the black kid from the midwest had managed to become the most accurate expression we had of young America's overabundance of angst, love, horniness, recklessness, idealism, and hope."

Accolades
Purple Rain is regarded as one of the greatest albums of all time by numerous publications. Rolling Stone ranked Purple Rain number two on its list of the 100 Best Albums of the 1980s and number eight on its list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. In their list of The 25 Greatest Soundtracks of All Time, Purple Rain was ranked 2nd, behind the Beatles' Help!. Time included it in its list of the All-TIME 100 Albums. The album was ranked 18th on VH1's Greatest Rock and Roll Albums of All Time countdown. The Times ranked Purple Rain at number 15 on its list of the 100 Best Albums of All Time.

In 2007, the editors of Vanity Fair labeled it the best soundtrack of all time, and Tempo magazine named it the greatest album of the 1980s. In 2008, Entertainment Weekly ranked Purple Rain at number one on their list of the Top 100 Best Albums of the Previous 25 years. The album was included in the 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. In 2012, Slant Magazine ranked the album at number two on its list of Best Albums of the 1980s. In 2013, Entertainment Weekly also ranked the album at number two on their list of the 100 Greatest Albums Ever.

Pitchfork regarded it as the best album of the 1980s, ranking it at number one on its list of The 200 Best Albums of the 1980s (sixteen years prior it placed at No. 12 on that website's Top 100 Albums of the decade list). In Billboard's list of All 92 Diamond-Certified Albums Ranked From Worst to Best: Critic's Take, Purple Rain was ranked first. According to Acclaimed Music, it is the 47th most celebrated album in popular music history.

Reissues
The album was re-issued on June 23, 2017. It is the first Prince album to be remastered and reissued, and was released in a variety of formats, including a 20-track Deluxe edition with unreleased bonus tracks and a 35-track Deluxe Expanded edition with additional B-sides, rarities and a live DVD of the Purple Rain Tour from 1985. The album debuted at number four on the Billboard 200 at with 52,000 album-equivalent units earned in its first week. It debuted at number three on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, its highest peak in 32 years having previously spent 19 weeks atop the chart in 1984. The album debuted at number one on the Top R&B Albums chart and the Vinyl Albums chart.

Track listing

Original album

Deluxe and expanded editions
The 2017 Deluxe edition consists of two discs, the first being a remaster of the original album made in 2015 overseen by Prince himself and a bonus disc of previously unreleased songs called "From the Vault & Previously Unreleased". The Deluxe Expanded edition consists of two more discs, a disc with all the single edits, maxi-single edits and B-sides from the Purple Rain era and a DVD with a concert from the Purple Rain Tour filmed in Syracuse, New York on March 30, 1985, previously released on home video in 1985.

Personnel
Information taken from Duane Tudahl, Benoît Clerc, Mix, Michael Aubrecht, and the album's liner notes.

Musicians
 Prince – lead and backing vocals, electric and acoustic guitars, Oberheim OB-8, Oberheim OB-Xa, Oberheim OB-SX, Oberheim OB-X, ARP Omni-2, Yamaha DX7, Yamaha CP-80 electric grand piano, piano, bass guitar, Linn LM-1, LinnDrum, Simmons SDS-V, drums, tambourine, string arrangement
 Bobby Z. – Linn LM-1 (1, 4, 7, 9), Simmons SDS-V (1, 4, 8, 9), Pearl SY-1 Syncussion (1, 4, 7–9), cymbals (1, 4, 7–9)
 Brown Mark – bass guitar (1, 4, 7–9), backing vocals (1, 4, 9)
 Wendy Melvoin – electric rhythm guitar (1, 4, 7–9), backing vocals (1, 4, 7–9), string conductor (2, 8, 9)
 Lisa Coleman – synthesizers (4, 7–9), Oberheim OB-SX (1), co-lead (2) and backing vocals (1, 2, 4, 7–9), string arrangement (2, 8, 9), string conductor (2, 8, 9)
 Matt Fink – synthesizers (4, 7, 8), Oberheim OB-Xa (1), Memorymoog (7), Yamaha CP-70 electric grand piano (9), Linn LM-1 (7), backing vocals (1, 4, 9)
 Apollonia – co-lead and backing vocals (2)
 David Coleman – cello (2, 8, 9), finger cymbals (2)
 Novi Novog – violin (2, 9), viola (9), electric violin (8)
 Suzie Katayama – cello (8, 9)
 Jill Jones – co-lead (2) and backing vocals (2, 8)

Production
 Prince – producer and arranger, clothing (credited for "rags"), art direction
 David Leonard – engineer (The Warehouse, St. Louis Park, Minnesota; Sunset Sound, Hollywood, California; First Avenue, Minneapolis and Record Plant Remote – Mobile Truck (from New York City in Minneapolis)
 Susan Rogers – engineer (The Warehouse, St. Louis Park, Minnesota)
 Peggy McCreary – engineer (Sunset Sound, Hollywood, California)
 David Rivkin – engineer (First Avenue, Minneapolis, Minnesota in Record Plant Remote – Mobile Truck (from New York City)
 Bernie Grundman – mastering
 Laura LiPuma – design
 Ed Thrasher and Associates – front cover photograph
 Ron Slenzak – front cover photograph
 Larry Williams – additional photography
 Doug Henders – painting
 Earl Jones – hair
 Jayson Jeffreys – makeup
 Louis & Vaughn – clothing (credited for "rags")
 Marie France – clothing (credited for "rags")

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications and sales

See also
 List of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 1984
 List of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 1985
 List of best-selling albums
 List of best-selling albums in the United States
 List of fastest-selling albums

References

External links

1984 soundtrack albums
1984 albums
Prince (musician) soundtracks
Prince (musician) albums
Albums produced by Prince (musician)
Warner Records albums
Warner Records soundtracks
Drama film soundtracks
Musical film soundtracks
Dance-rock soundtracks
Visual albums
Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients
United States National Recording Registry recordings
Albums recorded at Sunset Sound Recorders
Single-artist film soundtracks
United States National Recording Registry albums
Scores that won the Best Original Score Academy Award

Purple Rain (album)


Dieser Artikel behandelt das Kunstjahr 1761.

Ereignisse
Ausgestattet mit einem Empfehlungsschreiben Maria Theresias, zieht Bernardo Bellotto, genannt Canaletto, im Jänner von Wien weiter nach München, wo er auf den sächsischen Thronfolger Friedrich Christian von Sachsen trifft, der bei seinem Schwager, Kurfürst Maximilian III. Joseph von Bayern, Zuflucht gesucht hat. Vermutlich das Thronfolgerpaar lässt zwei Ansichten von Schloss Nymphenburg malen, in dem ab diesem Jahr die Bayerische Porzellanmanufaktur untergebracht wird. Die Gemälde werden später dem Kurfürsten zum Geschenk gemacht. Ein weiteres Bild Canalettos zeigt ein Panorama von München. Ende des Jahres kehrt Bellotto dann in das kriegszerstörte Dresden zurück.

Geboren

 24. Januar: Johann Christian Reinhart, deutscher Maler, Zeichner und Radierer († 1847)
 7. Juni: John Rennie, schottischer Bauingenieur († 1821)
 8. Juni: Niels Heidenreich, dänischer Uhrmacher und Dieb der Goldhörner († 1844)
 5. Juli: Louis-Léopold Boilly, französischer Maler und Lithograph († 1845)
 6. September: Marie-Gabrielle Capet, französische Malerin († 1818)
 21. Oktober: Louis Albert Guislain Bacler d'Albe, französischer Militärtopograph und Landschaftsmaler († 1824)
 Dezember: Marie Tussaud, französische Wachsbildnerin und Gründerin von Madame Tussauds in London († 1850)

Gestorben
 13. Januar: Franz Christoph Janneck, österreichischer Maler (* 1703)
 25. März: Salomon Kleiner, bayrischer Architekturzeichner und -stecher (* 1700)
 1. Juni: Jean Nicolas Jadot de Ville-Issey, lothringischer Architekt (* 1710)
 21. Juli: Louis Galloche, französischer Maler (* 1670)
 18. August: François Gaspard Adam, französischer Bildhauer des Rokoko (* 1710)
 7. September: Johann Wolfgang Baumgartner, österreichisch-deutscher Rokokomaler (* 1702)
 10. Dezember: Johann Georg Plazer, Tiroler Barockmaler (* 1704)

Siehe auch

Weblinks

Kunstjahr 1761


Thiago Quirino (født 4. januar 1985) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Kagoshima United FC.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Thiago Quirino


Norton Louis Philip Knatchbull, 3. jarl Mountbatten af Burma, 8. baron Brabourne (født 8. oktober 1947), kendt indtil 2005 som Lord Romsey og i 2005–2017 som The Lord Brabourne (egentlig: 8. baron Brabourne), er en britisk adelsmand, der er tiptipoldesøn af dronning Victoria af Storbritannien, og som er grandfætter til den britiske tronfølger Charles, prins af Wales. Hans mor var kusine til prinsgemalen Prins Philip, hertug af Edinburgh.

Den 13. juni 2017 blev Norton Knatchbull overhoved for Mountbatten af Burma-grenen af Huset Battenberg.

Forældre
Norton Knatchbull er det ældste barn af Patricia Knatchbull, 2. grevinde Mountbatten af Burma (1924–2017) og John Knatchbull, 7. baron Brabourne (1924–2005).

Slægt
Norton Knatchbull er det ældste barnebarn (dattersøn) af krigshelten Louis Mountbatten, 1. jarl Mountbatten af Burma. Louis Mountbatten (1900–1979) var den sidste britiske vicekonge i Indien (februar–august 1947), og han var landets generalguvernør i august 1947–juni 1948.

Louis Mountbatten og nogle af hans familiemedlemmer blev myrdede af IRA, da de var på fisketur ud for  Sligo på Irlands vestkyst den 27. august 1979.

Louis Mountbatten var oldesøn af dronning Victoria af Storbritannien, og han var morbror til prinsgemalen Prins Philip, hertug af Edinburgh. Louis Mountbatten var kendt som mentor for tronfølgeren Charles, prins af Wales, der er prins Philips's ældste søn.

Familie
Norton Knatchbull er gift med Penelope Meredith Eastwood (født 1953). De har fået tre børn:
 Nicholas Louis Charles Norton Knatchbull, Lord Brabourne (født 1981). Nicholas Knatchbull kan vælge mellem høflighedstitlerne Lord Brabourne og Lord Romsey.
 Lady Alexandra Victoria Edwina Diana Knatchbull (født 1982), gift med Thomas Hooper i 2016.
 Den ærede Leonora Louise Marie Elizabeth Knatchbull (1986–1991). Leonora Knatchbull døde af kræft, da hun var fem år gammel. I 1994 blev Leonora Children's Cancer Fund oprettet.

Titler
 8. oktober 1947 – 27. august 1979: Den ærede Norton Knatchbull
 27. august 1979 – 23. september 2005: Lord Romsey
 23. september 2005 – 13. juni 2017: Den meget ærede The Lord Brabourne (egentlig: 8. baron Brabourne)
 13. juni 2017 – nu: Den meget ærede Jarlen Mountbatten af Burma (egentlig: 3. jarl Mountbatten af Burma)

Referencer

Huset Battenberg (Mountbatten)
Jarler fra Det Forenede Kongerige
Personer fra London

Norton Knatchbull, 3. jarl Mountbatten af Burma


Avenida Brasil es una telenovela brasileña emitida por TV Globo desde el 26 de marzo hasta el 19 de octubre de 2012, reemplazando a Fina Estampa y siendo sucedida por La guerrera. Escrita por João Emanuel Carneiro, con la colaboración de Marcia Prates, Alessandro Marson, Antonio Prata, Luciana Pessanha y Thereza Falcão, dirigida por Gustavo Fernández, Joana Jabace, Paulo Silvestrini, Thiago Teitelroit y André Câmara, con la dirección general de Amora Mautner y José Luiz Villamarim sobre núcleo de Ricardo Waddington.

Protagonizada por Débora Falabella, Cauã Reymond y Murilo Benício; y con las participaciones antagónicas de Adriana Esteves, Marcello Novaes y los primeros actores José de Abreu y Juca de Oliveira. Cuenta con las actuaciones estelares de Heloísa Périssé, Alexandre Borges, Nathalia Dill, Ísis Valverde y los primeros actores Marcos Caruso, Eliane Giardini y Vera Holtz; además de la actuación especial del primer actor Tony Ramos.

La telenovela en solo seis meses, tuvo sus derechos de exhibición licenciados en 106 países y, posteriormente, en 24 naciones más, sumando 130 países. En los últimos 20 meses la novela fue licenciada por 150 países, y doblada a más de 20 idiomas, como español, árabe, griego, polaco, ruso y francés. Se tornó la telenovela brasileña más licenciada para el exterior. Avenida Brasil se tornó un fenómeno en todo el mundo y fue líder de rating en varios países, como Argentina, Uruguay, Venezuela, Paraguay con récords de audiencia en Portugal, Chile, Marruecos, y en su país de origen Brasil, quedando diariamente en los "trending topics" de esos países.

El éxito de Avenida Brasil fue tanto que la telenovela apareció en la revista Forbes de Estados Unidos como verdadero fenómeno de la televisión mundial y como la novela más rentable de la historia. En general, Avenida Brasil es la segunda novela más exitosa de todos los tiempos, después de la telenovela colombiana Yo soy Betty, la fea, que han sido proyectadas en más de 180 países y doblada a más de 25 idiomas.
La telenovela obtuvo un total de 118 indicaciones a premios, siendo victoriosa en 41 de ellos.

Compitió como mejor telenovela de 2012 en los Premios Emmy Internacional, pero perdió ante la telenovela también brasileña Lado a Lado.

Trama
En Avenida Brasil, la ambición y la crueldad pueden cambiar el curso de la vida de una joven y con el tiempo, llevarla a querer venganza. Esta es la dramática historia de Rita, que lucha por recuperar parte de la vida que su madrastra cazafortunas, Carmina, le robó cuando todavía era solo una niña.

Primera fase
1999. Genesio Fonseca De Souza (Tony Ramos) un hombre viudo y solitario se casa con Carminha Moreira Oliveira (Adriana Esteves), una mujer aparentemente simple y sencilla pero que esconde una ambición desmedida y sólo piensa en aprovecharse del dinero de Genesio y es por ello que planea un golpe para robar al pobre hombre. El plan hubiese sido exitoso pero Rita Fonseca De Souza (Mel Maia), la hija de Genesio descubre todo e intenta prevenir a su padre en contra de Carmina. Pero es demasiado tarde, y sucede lo peor, Genesio muere en la Avenida Brasil, atropellado por la estrella de fútbol Tifón (Murilo Benício), que acababa de ganar el Campeonato Carioca. Este, lleno de culpa por la muerte de Genesio decide acercarse a Carminha recién enviudada para consolarla y brindarle apoyo y es allí cuando esta ve la oportunidad perfecta para casarse con Tifón y finalmente llegar a ser rica y poderosa. Después de obtener todo el dinero de Genesio, Carminha, con la ayuda de su amante y cómplice Max (Marcello Novaes), llevan a la niña Rita a un basural, donde crece con un deseo de venganza en contra de Carminha y Max.

En el basural, Rita sufre un infierno en manos de Nilo Oliveira (José de Abreu), un hombre ambicioso y cruel que se aprovecha de los niños para conseguir dinero con la basura que estos reciclan. Pero ella se acerca a Lucinda de Oliveira (Vera Holtz), una mujer humilde y cariñosa que cría a los niños del tiradero como sus propios hijos. Es allí donde se encuentra con Cristiano Oliveira Moreira "Patata" (Bernardo Simões), un niño que fue abandonado cuando era un bebé en el basural, y los dos se convierten en amigos cercanos y viven una relación infantil e inocente pero muy importante para ambos. El destino los separa cuando Rita es adoptada por una pareja argentina rica y estos le cambian el nombre a Nina.

Carminha se casa con Tifón Araújo, y este se separa de Monalisa Barbosa (Heloísa Perissé), dueña de un popular salón de belleza del que Tifón es socio. Carminha se va a vivir en una lujosa mansión en el suburbio ficticio "El Divino", en la zona norte de Río de Janeiro. Poco después de que Rita se va del tiradero, adoptan a Patata, que en realidad es el hijo biológico de Max y Carminha pero esta lo abandonó en el tiradero años antes porque no podía mantenerlo. El niño es muy bien recibido en la casa de Tifón, y se pasa a llamar Jorge "Jorgito" Araújo Moreira.

Segunda fase
2012. Nina García Hernández (Débora Falabella) ha crecido hasta lograr convertirse en una gran chef. Su madre adoptiva Denisse Hernández de García falleció, y ella creció pensando en vengarse de Carminha. Pero cuando Martín García (Jean Pierre Noher), su padre adoptivo en Argentina fallece, se muda de nuevo a Brasil para iniciar su plan de venganza, dejando atrás a su novio Héctor (Daniel Kuzniecka) y a sus dos hermanas, Begonia García Hernández (Carol Abras) y Mercedes García Hernández (Marina Glezer). Ya en Brasil, Nina se hace amiga por internet de Ivana (Letícia Isnard), hermana de Tifón, y es allí cuando le pide trabajo como cocinera en la mansión y de esta forma encontrarse muy cerca de Carmina.

Carmina es ahora una esposa ejemplar, o al menos aparenta serlo, ya que todo es una fachada de mujer bondadosa y buena ama de casa pero en realidad ella detesta a la familia de Tifón y el suburbio en donde estos viven. La única persona a la que realmente adora es a Jorge "Jorgito" Araújo Moreira (Cauã Reymond), su hijo de sangre, pero al que todo mundo cree adoptado. Carmina también es madre de Ágata Araújo Moreira (Ana Karolina Lannes), otro resultado de su relación con Max, pero que todos creen que es hija de Genesio. Carmina aún continua la relación con Max, quien ahora está casado con Ivana Araújo (Hermana de Tifón).

Jorgito es novio de Débora Magalhães Queirós (Nathalia Dill), una chica rica y de buenos sentimientos. Débora, a su vez, es la hija de Carlitos (Alexandre Borges), un ejecutivo que mantiene relaciones con tres mujeres: Verónica (Débora Bloch), una mujer rica, vanidosa y dominante, madre de Débora; Noemia (Camila Morgado), una mujer culta, moderna y madre de Tomás (Ronny Kriwat), y finalmente, Alexia (Carolina Ferraz) su mujer más reciente, una mujer bella, rica e independiente con quien tiene una joven hija, Paloma (Bruna Griphão).

Rita, ahora como Nina, se va a vivir con la familia de Tifón, pero se entera de que Jorgito es su gran amor de la infancia y es allí en donde Nina se debate entre el amor y la venganza contra su exmadrastra Carmina, y hasta dónde está dispuesta a llegar entre el amor y la venganza. La relación de Nina y Jorgito es encubierta por su madre del tiradero Lucinda. Cuando Nilo descubre que Nina y Rita son la misma persona, usa esto como un chantaje. Lucinda aún sigue viendo a Santiago (Juca de Oliveira), un hombre que repara juguetes y que era su antiguo amor. Pero lo que nadie sabe es que Santiago es el mayor villano de la historia, ya que es el padre de Carmina y su mentor.

Etapa final
Muchos giros ocurren en la trama, incluyendo un triángulo amoroso inusual entre Nina, Jorgito y Max, cuando este se enamora perdidamente de la cocinera. Después de descubrir la verdadera identidad de Nina, Carmina decide darle una lección a ella. Pero es tarde, porque Nina logró fotografiar a Carmina y Max mientras ellos hacían el amor, y usa esas fotos para chantajear a Carmina, amenazando contarle toda la verdad a Tifón. Un clima de suspenso surge en las últimas semanas de la novela cuando Max es asesinado misteriosamente en el tiradero. Lucinda se declara culpable para encubrir al verdadero asesino.

En el último capítulo, Santiago secuestra a Tifón y a Nina para que Carmina tenga la oportunidad de librarse de las dos personas que más odiaba, pero después de reflexionar sobre sus acciones, evita que su padre los asesine a sangre fría y decide entregarse a la policía.

En el interrogatorio judicial, Carmina confiesa ser la verdadera asesina de Max, y afirma que lo mató en defensa propia después de que él se volviera loco y tomara de rehenes a Lucinda, Nilo, Carmina, Nina y Jorgito. Carmina golpeó la cabeza de su amante con un azadón justo cuando este iba a matar a Nina. Lucinda era la única testigo de la muerte de Max a manos de Carmina, y decide ocultar la verdad ya que se sentía en deuda con su hijastra, debido a que ella siempre creyó ser la responsable de la muerte de Virginia (la madre de Carmina). Sin embargo, en los últimos capítulos se descubre que Santiago es el verdadero asesino de su propia esposa.

Tres años después, Tifón y Monalisa se reconciliaron y se fueron a vivir a la mansión. Carmina sale de la cárcel y vuelve al tiradero junto a Lucinda. Nina y Jorgito tienen un hijo y lo llevan a conocer a su abuela; allí, Rita y Carmina se perdonan con un abrazo, luego de haberse odiado por más de 15 años.

La novela termina con el partido final del campeonato, donde Adauto (Juliano Cazarré), marca de penal el gol que consagra al Divino FC a la primera división.

Elenco
 Débora Falabella - Nina García Hernández de Araújo / Nina Sauer / Rita Fonseca De Souza de Oliveira
 Cauã Reymond - Jorge "Jorgito" Araújo Moreira / Cristiano Oliveira Moreira "Patata"
 Murilo Benício - Jorge "Tifón" Araújo
 Adriana Esteves - Carmen Lucía "Carminha" Moreira de Fonseca / de Araújo. "La Reina del Divino"
 Alexandre Borges - Carlos Eduardo Queirós "Carlitos"
 Marcello Novaes - Maxwell "Max" Oliveira †.
 Vera Holtz - Lucinda de Oliveira "Mamá Lucinda"
 José de Abreu - Nilo Oliveira †.
 Heloísa Périssé - Monalisa Barbosa de Araújo
 Nathalia Dill - Débora Magalhães Queirós
 Ísis Valverde - Suelen
 Eliane Giardini - Muricy de Araújo
 Marcos Caruso - Leleco Araújo
 Letícia Isnard - Ivana Araújo de Oliveira
 Tony Ramos - Genésio Fonseca De Souza †
 Juca de Oliveira - Santiago Moreira
 Juliano Cazarré - Adauto
 Débora Bloch - Verónica Magalhães Queirós
 Camila Morgado - Noemia Buarque
 Carolina Ferraz - Alexia Bragança
 Fabíula Nascimento - Olenka Cabral
 Otávio Augusto - Diógenes Neiva
 Paula Burlamaqui - Dolores Neiva / Sonia Catatau
 Carol Abras - Begonia García Hernández
 Bruno Gissoni - Irán Barbosa
 Thiago Martins - Leandro
 Débora Nascimento - Tessália das Graças Mendonça
 José Loreto - Darkson Silas
 Cláudia Missura - Janaína
 Cacau Protásio - Zezé
 Bianca Comparato - Betânia Almeida
 Felipe Abib - Jimmy Bastos
 Ailton Graça - Paulo "Silas"
 Daniel Rocha - Ronaldo "Ronny" Neiva
 Ronny Kriwat - Tomás Buarque Queirós
 Emiliano D'Ávila - Lúcio
 Ana Karolina Lannes - Ágatha Araújo Moreira / Ágatha Oliveira Moreira
 Betty Faria - Pilar Albuquerque
 Patrícia de Jesús - Jéssica
 Luana Martau - Beverly
 Bruna Griphao - Paloma Bragança Queirós
 Mel Maia - Rita Fonseca De Souza (niña)
 João Henrique Gago - Valdo
 André Luiz Miranda - Valentín
 Murilo Elbas - Branco
 Márcio Tadeu de Lima - Padre Solano
 Leandro Santanna - Herculano
 Bernardo Simões - Cristiano Oliveira Moreira / "Patata" (niño)
 Lui Strassburger - Ruy
 Claudia Assunção - Neide
 Mário Hermeto - Zenón
Jean Pierre Noher - Martín García †
 Marina Glezer - Mercedes García
 Rita Guedes - Nicole Catatau
 Daniel Kuzniecka - Héctor
 João Fernández - Picolé
 Rodrigo Rangel - Moreira
 William Vitta - Ramón †
 Cleiton Morais - Wallace
 Gabriel Chadan - Wallerson
 Kiko Pissolato - Jair
 João Pedro Carvalho - Jerónimo
 Gabriela Saraivah - Miluce

Doblaje al español de América (Elenco principal)

Cultura popular
Además de un gran éxito de audiencia y crítica, Avenida Brasil se ha convertido en un fenómeno popular en Brasil. Los personajes únicos y telenovela dedicada, a través de las redes sociales, generaron muchos "memes". Fue considerado por algunos críticos como un retrato de la nueva clase media brasileña, un cambio en la estructura de Rede Globo, conocida por sus programas en retratar la élite económica, lo que motivó un éxito, notablemente más alto que el anterior, y el apoyo del público. Según una encuesta realizada por Veja, dijeron que el 79% de los personajes de la trama representa la clase media brasileña, y que este patrón no fue seguida de ninguna otra novela de la estación nueve en toda la década de 1986.

Además de personajes característicos, la representación de la clase media y el suburbio de Río de Janeiro pasa por la construcción de varios escenarios de Avenida Brasil, como la mansión de Tifón y su familia, que es evidente en los "nuevos ricos" de estilo, con una decoración exagerada y obras de equipo caro, y el barrio ficticio del Divino, con animados bares, vendedores ambulantes y postes realizados por los anuncios conjunto de ropa y otras supersticiones populares. La telenovela tuvo participación histórica en las redes sociales, sobre todo en el microblog Twitter, donde la novela alcanzó a ser trending topic mundial en casi todos los capítulos. Avenida Brasil, en su capítulo final, logró tener 7 de los 10 trending topic de Brasil. Fueron creados muchos memes durante el desarrollo de la trama, incluyendo el 'congelamiento', en el que un personaje tenía paralizada su imagen al final de cada capítulo con música de suspenso de fondo, la que definía que una escena de suspenso se completaría en el siguiente capítulo. El personaje Carminha tenía como muletilla la frase en la que culpaba a la criada Nina (Rita) por diversos problemas. La frase fue usada como meme en diversas situaciones en las redes sociales.

Banda sonora

Nacional Vol. 01

Portada: Murilo Benício

 Rita Lee - Reza (tema de Carlitos, Verónica, Noemia y Alexia)
 Seu Jorge - Amiga da Minha Mulher (tema de Olenka y Silas )
 Michel Teló - Humilde Residência (tema de Adauto y Muricy)
 Sorriso Maroto - Assim Você Mata o Papai (tema de Leleco y Tessália)
 Marisa Monte - Depois (tema de Nina y Jorgito)
 Tchê Garotos - Cachorro Perigoso (tema de Darkson)
 Aviões do Forró - Correndo Atrás de Mim (tema de Suelen)
 Arlindo Cruz - Meu Lugar (tema de Locación: Divino)
 Grupo Revelação - Filho da Simplicidade (tema de Locación: Divino)
 José Augusto - Historia de Nós Dois (tema de Monalisa y Tifón)
 Belo - Pura Adrenalina (tema de Monalisa y Silas)
 Pedro Luís e a Parede - A Menina do Salão de Beleza (tema de Locación: Salón de Monalisa)
 Reginaldo Rossi - O Dia do Corno (tema de Tifón)
 Banda Xeiro De Mel - Tá Faltando Homem (tema de Olenka)
 Robson Moura feat. Lino Krizz - Vem Dançar com Tudo (Vem Dançar Kuduro) (tema de Abertura)
 Maria Rita - Cupido (tema de Jorgito y Débora)

Nacional Vol. 02

Portada: Débora Falabella
 Bob Dylan - "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right" (Tema de Nina)
 Luan Santana - Você de Mim Não Sai (tema general)
 Charles Chaplin - "Smile" (Tema de Rita y Patata)
 João Lucas & Marcelo - Eu Quero Tchu, Eu Quero Tcha (Ao Vivo) (tema general)
 Buchecha - Hot Dog (tema general)
 Mc Marcinho - Favorita (Remix) (tema general)
 Zeca Pagodinho - Em um Outdoor (tema de Locación: Divino)
 Sérgio Mendes - Más que Nada (tema de Locación: Divino Fútbol Club)
 Péricles - Minha Razão (part. esp.: Chitãozinho & Xororó) (tema de Nina y Tifón)
 Mc Koringa - Pra Me Provocar (tema general)
 Mariozan - Ricardão (tema de Leleco y Muricy)
 Wilson Simonal - Nem Vem que Não Tem (tema de Nilo)
 Bebeto - Charme (tema general)
 Waldir Calmon - Que Bonito é (Instrumental) (tema de Locación: Divino Fútbol Club)
 Preta Gil - Mulher Carioca (tema general)
 Paolo - Tanta Coisa (tema de Darkson y Tessália)

Internacional Vol. 03

Portada: Cauã Reymond

 Taylor Swift - Long Live (tema de Nina)
 Adele - Set Fire To The Rain (tema de Nina)
 Mayer Hawthorne - Finally Falling (tema de Locación: Núcleo Zona Sur)
 Coldplay - Charlie Brown (tema de Jorgito)
 Lana Del Rey - Video Games (tema de Irán y Débora)
 Katy Perry - The One That got Away (tema de Locación: Núcleo Zona Sur)
 Gloria Estefan - Hotel Nacional (tema de Carlitos, Verónica, Noemia y Alexia)
 Shakira - Addicted To You (tema de Locación: Núcleo Zona Sur)
 Mister Jam, Ali Pierre & Cymcolé - Bring On the Nite (tema de Max)
 Bajofondo - Infiltrado (tema de Carminha)
 Paul McCartney - The Glory Of Love (tema de Max y Carminha)
 Lionel Richie & Shania Twain - Endless Love (tema de Roni y Suelen)
 Cattle & Cane - Belle (tema de Roni, Suelen y Leandro)
 Ellison Chase - She's Got Everything (tema de Ágata)
 Zeca Pagodinho - "Verdade" (Tema de Tifón)
 Munhoz & Mariano - "Eu Vou Pegar Você e Tãe" (Tema geral)

Premios y nominaciones

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial

Telenovelas de Brasil
Telenovelas de Rede Globo
Telenovelas de 2011
Telenovelas en portugués
Series de televisión ambientadas en Río de Janeiro

Avenida Brasil (telenovela)


An Jumellea rossii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Karlheinz Senghas. An Jumellea rossii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Jumellea, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha R�union. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Jumellea

Jumellea rossii


Kamçatka; Rusya'ya bağlı Kamçatka Krayının üzerinde bulunduğu, Asya'nın doğusunda yer alan yarımada.

Büyük Okyanus'ta Ohotsk Denizi ile Bering Denizi arasındadır. Üzerinde bazıları sönmüş durumda olan kırka yakın yanardağ vardır. Soğuk ve ormanlık bir bölge olması nedeniyle yüzölçümü büyük olmasına karşın ancak 300.000 kişi yaşar. Nüfusun yarısı bir balıkçılık limanı olan Petropavlovsk (Kamçatski)'ta yaşar.

Kuzeydoğu Asya coğrafyası

Kamçatka Yarımadası


Red Deer, Alberta eyâletinin orta bölümünde, Kanada'nın en yoğun kentleşmiş bölgelerinden biri olan Calgary-Edmonton Koridoru'nda, Calgary ve Edmonton kentlerinin neredeyse tam orta noktasında yer almaktadır. Red Deer, petrol ve tahıl üretiminin ve büyükbaş hayvancılığın yapıldığı Parkland bölgesinde yer alır. Kent nüfusu, 2006 yılında 82.971'dir. Kent tarım ve petrol ürünlerinin bir dağıtım merkezi olmasının yanında, çevresiyle birlikte önemli bir petrokimyasal üretim merkezi olma özelliğini taşır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Alberta

Dış bağlantılar
 Red Deer Kenti resmi sitesi

Red Deer (Alberta)


Baron O'Hagan, of Tullahogue in the County of Tyrone, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 14 June 1870 for Sir Thomas O'Hagan, then Lord Chancellor of Ireland. His younger son, the third Baron, served as a Lord-in-waiting (government whip in the House of Lords) from 1907 to 1910 in the Liberal administrations of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman and H. H. Asquith and was later a Deputy Speaker of the House of Lords. In 1909 Lord O'Hagan assumed by Royal licence the additional surname of Towneley, which was that of his maternal grandfather.  the title is held by his grandson, the fourth Baron, who succeeded in 1961. He is the son of the Hon. Thomas Anthony Edward Towneley Strachey (d. 1955). Lord O'Hagan was a Member of the European Parliament for Devon from 1973 to 1975 and again from 1979 to 1994, first as an independent and later as a Conservative. He assumed in 1938 by deed poll the additional Christian name of Towneley and the surname of Strachey in lieu of his patronymic. Strachey was the surname of his maternal grandfather Edward Strachey, 1st Baron Strachie.

Barons O'Hagan (1870)
Thomas O'Hagan, 1st Baron O'Hagan (1812–1885)
Thomas Towneley O'Hagan, 2nd Baron O'Hagan (1878–1900)
Maurice Herbert Towneley Towneley-O'Hagan, 3rd Baron O'Hagan (1882–1961)
Charles Towneley Strachey, 4th Baron O'Hagan (b. 1945)

The heir presumptive is his younger brother Hon. Richard Towneley Strachey (b. 1950)
The heir presumptive's heir apparent is his son Columba Strachey (b. 1985)

References

Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1870
Noble titles created for UK MPs

Baron O'Hagan


عفروتو, مسرحية كوميدية إنتاج 1999.

المسرحية تحاكي واقع الدول العربية بشكل كوميدي ساخر ناقد محمد هنيدي العفريت عفروتو - جعفر ويمثل دور "إسرائيل"
حسن حسني الوكيل ويمثل دور "مصر"
هاني رمزي قاسم يمثل دور دولة غنية ولكن هناك من يتحكم فيه لذلك لا يستطيع مساعدة اخواته " السعودية "
منى زكي مريم تمثل دور دولة ضائعة اغتصبتها إسرائيل " فلسطين "
احمد السقا خالد يمثل دول حقودة قام بالاستيلاء على ثورة أبناء عمومته " العراق "
ماجدة زكي الثرية هند الوكيل وتمثل دور "دول الخليج العربي"
سليمان عيد الخادم عيد

الممثلون

 محمد هنيدي العفريت عفروتو - جعفر
 حسن حسني الوكيل
 هاني رمزي قاسم
 منى زكي مريم
 أحمد السقا خالد
 ماجدة زكي الثرية هند الوكيل
 سليمان عيد الخادم عيد

مسرحيات كوميدية
مسرحيات محمد هنيدي

عفروتو


Metri est le premier album solo du créateur finlandais de musique électronique Mika Vainio, publié sous son identité Ø. Ce disque, édité au format CD, s'inscrit dans le sillage de deux EP 12", Röntgen (SÄHKÖ 001) et Kvantti (SÄHKÖ 002), publiés sur le même label au début de 1993.

Production
Cet album, composé de quinze pistes, a été enregistré sur de l'équipement analogique pendant l'été et l'automne 1993 (selon la notice accompagnant le CD). L'un des instruments utilisés est le Complex Sound Generator (CSG), construit par Jari Lehtinen.

La cinquième piste a été enregistrée en duo avec Ilpo Väisännen, qui deviendra dès l'année suivante le collaborateur de Vainio au sein de Pan Sonic.

Le graphisme de l'album est l'œuvre de Tommi Grönlund, cofondateur de Sähkö avec Mika Vainio.

L'album est réédité en 2005, au format CD et dans une édition vinyle sur 2 disques 12".

Accueil critique

En 2017, Rob Young décrit l'album comme "a pulsating masterpiece of atom-clock techno". Jennifer Lucy Allan, dans le Guardian, compare Metri à l'album Minimal Nation de Robert Hood, également publié en 1994.

Selon Joshua Meggitt, dans Resident Advisor, la réédition de Metri en 2005 est un rappel de ce que "minimal" signifie, tout en étant plus proche du courant minimaliste dans l'art contemporain des années 1960 que de la techno.

Pistes

CD

Références

Liens externes

Premier album musical sorti en 1994

Metri


Poolish ist ein lang geführter weicher Vorteig, bestehend aus Wasser und Mehl zu gleichen Gewichtsteilen. Somit benötigt dieser Teig wenig Hefe zum Gehen (1 % Frischhefe bezogen auf Mehlmenge). Salz wird diesem Vorteig nicht zugesetzt. Typisch für einen Poolish ist eine Gehzeit von mindestens sechs Stunden ("lange Teigführung").

Der Name Poolish bezieht sich vermutlich auf polnische Bäcker, die diese Art von Vorteig in Frankreich einführten.

Weblinks

Teigverarbeitung
Teigart

Poolish


Éric Dazé (born July 2, 1975) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey winger who played for the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League for eleven seasons from 1995 to 2005

Playing career
Eric Daze began his career playing midget with Laval in Quebec AAA Midget Hockey League. In the 1992–93, he joined the Hull Olympiques of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) before being traded to the Beauport Harfangs late in the season. Despite starring for Beauport, and a strong junior career (finishing with 261 points in 191 games), Daze's value amongst NHL scouts dropped sharply due to his unwillingness to play a rough game, despite possessing the abilities for it.

Daze was drafted in the fourth round, 90th overall, in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft by the Chicago Blackhawks (with the draft pick the Blackhawks received with Stephane Beauregard for Dominik Hasek). He had early success and was named to the NHL All-Rookie Team in 1996 after scoring 30 goals as a rookie. He scored at least 20 goals in each season between 1996 and 2003, even when struggling with injuries, and was named to the NHL All-Star Game in 2002. Daze who was appearing in his first All-Star Game, was named game MVP (two goals/one assist), becoming the first Blackhawk player to win the award since Bobby Hull in 1971. He often polarized Chicago fans because he showed a reluctance to involve himself in the physical (hitting) aspect of the game despite his prototypical power forward build. Instead he displayed a combination of size and good scoring ability, especially during key, or clutch, moments of the game. He possessed a quick wrist shot and an excellence with one-timers.

Daze ran into severe back problems during his career, which limited him to only 19 games in the 2003–04 NHL season. Even after three herniated disc surgeries in a five-year span, pain was still a problem in Daze's back when he attempted to return to the Blackhawks in 2005. He quietly left professional hockey after appearing in only the season opener that year. On March 20, 2010, Daze officially announced his retirement on the Comcast Sportsnet pregame show before the Blackhawks game.

Personal life
Daze is married to Guylaine, whom he met during his high school years. The couple have two children and the family resides in Hinsdale, Illinois.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards
 1994 — QMJHL First All-Star Team
 1995 — QMJHL First All-Star Team
 1995 — QMJHL Frank J. Selke Memorial Trophy (Most Gentlemanly Player)
 1995 — CHL Sportsman of the Year Award
 1996 — NHL All-Rookie Team
 2002 — Played in NHL All-Star Game
2002 — NHL All-Star Game MVP

See also
 List of NHL players who spent their entire career with one franchise

References

External links

1975 births
Living people
Beauport Harfangs players
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Chicago Blackhawks draft picks
Chicago Blackhawks players
Hull Olympiques players
Ice hockey people from Montreal
National Hockey League All-Stars

Éric Dazé


An Bromelia charlesii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni P.J.Braun, Esteves ngan Scharf. An Bromelia charlesii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bromelia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Bromelia

Bromelia charlesii


Pirqé de-Rabbi Éliézer (« Chapitres de rabbi Éliézer ») est un midrash aggada composé en Terre d'Israël autour des s. La tradition attribue sa composition à Eliezer ben Hyrcanos (s.).

Notes et références

Articles connexes
 Pirkoï ben Baboï

Liens externes

 http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12185-pirke-de-rabbi-eli-ezer

Midrash aggada

Pirqé de-Rabbi Éliézer


'قرية بشلي: تقع قرية بشلي على الضفاف الشرقية الجنوبية لشط الجريد للبلاد التونسية تابعة لولاية قبلي تبعد عن مركز الولاية قرابة 12 كلم على الطريق الجهوية رقم 210 الرابطة بين مدينة قبلي ومعتمدية الفوار عبر الشط يقطنها أكثر من الفي نسمة اشتهرت بإنتاج دقلة النور الشهيرة وأنواع أخرى من التمور

الفلاحة

ـ النخيل: اشتهرت هذه القرية بإنتاج التمور المتنوعة والمعروفة لدى أهالي نفزاوة تعتمد أساسا على إنتاج دقلة النور إضافة إلى أنواع أخرى من التمور والرطب: العماري الفزاني. بسر حلو. الحرة. الهيسة. الفطيمي. بيض حمام. اصباع عروس.الخلط وهو تمر شائح. الدنقة. الفصبي.الكركوبي. غرس سوف. القندة. الفرملة. الحمراء. المالطي. رطب حوض. الحلوة. الحموري. نيب جمل. العليق ـ العرشتي ـ الكنتةـ الخلط

الزيتون: كان بقرية بشلي واحات من اشجار الزيتون بكل من: الحمايد ـ العالوية ـ الجمعية ـ الدواية ـ الشهبة ـ تندليل ـ فرنان وقلب الثور يتم ريها بواسطة عيون طبيعية (رمانية) حيث تكون في شكل حوض دائري في ربوة بها انابيع جارية يجمع ماؤها يوم وليلة ثم يقع الري ضيعة بعد ضيعة بالتناوب ويقع تقسيم الماء بواسطة مقياس يوضع في العين وتكون مرقمة (علامات واضحة بعصا من جريد النخيل متساوية وكل فلاح يقوم بسقي ارضه حسب المساحة وعند الانتهاء من منابه يسلم الماء إلى جاره دون استعمال الساعة.

الاشجار المثمرة

توجد اشجار مثمرة كالرمان ـ المشماش ـ الخوخ التفاح ـ الإجاص ـ العوينة ـ العنب ـ الخ......

التراث =

العرس في أيام الاجداد والاباء والعادات والتقاليد عند أهالي بشلي بالتحديد كالاحتفالات في المناسبات كما أن نفزاوة يوجد بكل قرية ولي صالح وللأهالي اعتقادات وحكايات وخرافات (كامي العلوية التي يزورها الأهالي في عيدي الإفطار والاضحى وزيارات خاصة إليها من قبل الأهالي للتبرك ويذبحون ديك ويشوى بالقرب من شجرة من نوع الطرفاء ولا يتجرى أي كان بقطع منها جذع خوفا من أن يصيبه مكروه والشيخ محمد بنعيسى ساكن مكناس بالمغرب والحضرة والعيساوية والزردة والولي الصالح عبد الله بنعقوب وتوجد له زاوية في ولاية الكاف بأرياف تجروين

العرس التفليدي

كان أهالي بشلي القدامى كانت لهم عادات وتقاليد كانت لها متعتها وجوها بعد جني صابة التمور وبيعها واقتناء ثمنها يذهب أهل العريس إلى السوق الأسبوعية والذي ينتصب بقبلي المدينة وتحديدا يوم الثلاثاء وبقع شراء الأدباش الخاصة بالعريس والعروس ثم يقع شراء مجموعة من اللباس التقليدي (الحولي والملحفة والجبة واللحفة والكبوس) على عدد اقارب العروس (الاعمام والاخوال والعمات والخالات والشقيقات وامها والجد والجدة ان كانا على قيد الحياة وزوجات اشقائها) بالنسبة للكبار جبة ولحفة وكبوس وبالنسبة للنساء الطاعنات في السن ملحفة أو مقرونة (غطاء الرأس وترتديه الا الطاعنة في السن) وبالنسبة للنسوة الصغيرات كل واحدة حولي والبنات والصباية محرمة (غطاء الرأس) اما بالنسبة لكسوة العريس متمثلة في جبة بيضاء وسروال عربي وفرملة وسرية بيضاء كبوس (شاشية)وحذاء والعروس كسوة كاملة مجموعة من الملاحف سفساري (لحاف يكون من الحرير تستعمله المراة أثناء خروجها من منزلها إلى الاجوار أو زيارات لبعض العائلات)ثم يقع شراء الماعز من 05 إلى 10 (كل ما يستطيع)وتبدا الأفراح ثلاثة ليال غناء النسوة (أغاني شعبية) الليلة الثالثة ينتقل الحفل إلى منزل العروس حيث يقع تهريبها إلى منزل ثان منذ الصباح الباكر صحبة مجموعة من الصباية من اترابها وتتكفل العائلة المضيفة بحراسة العروس وحاشيتها ومنذ ذلك اليوم (يطلق عليها لقب السلطانة والعريس يلقب بالسلطان ويصبح كل منهما في مقام رئيس يحكم ويسلط العقوبة على كل مخالف ياتي به الحراس ويكون لكل منهما وزيرا ياخذ القرار وإعطاء اوامر السلطنة)وبعد صلاة العشاء ينطلق الحفل من دار العريس إلى منزل العروس ثم يتحول الجميع إلى المنزل الذي توجد فيه العروس وهناك تقع معركة بين النسوة القادمين إليهم والذين يقومون بحراسة العروس مانعين كل النساء من عدم دخول المنزل وبعد صراع كبير وكلهن يدفعن في بعضهن (كلها في نطاقالمزح وتعتبر كمسرحية يكون لها ابطالها الذين تصدوا للهجوم القوي من طرف أهل والعريس والعروس) ثم ياخذونالعروس ويرجعون بها إلى منزل والدها في جو مليء بالفرحة تتخلله أغاني وزغردة النساءوفي منزل العروس يقع نصب ستائر في شكل حجاب وتجلس السلطانة وحاشيته من ورائه وتبدا الشهرة إلى ساعة متاخرة من الليل.

الرحي
في اليوم الثالث يقع طحن القمح بواسطة آلة عادية تسمى الرحاء ويقع تدويرها بالايدي وفي منتصف النهار تنتهي النسوة المكلفات بطحن القمح فيقع تصفيته وتركه في مكانه لليوم الموالي ويواخذ جزء من الدقيق ويعجن ويصنع منه اقراص خبز ولما تحضر تترك جانبا إلى المساء ويقع تقسيمها إلى قطع صغيرة وتمزع بالتمر وتوضع في انية مصنوعة من صعفغ النخيل لتحضيرها للكسوة

الكسوة
يقوم أهل العريس باحضار كسوة العروس والحنة وبعض الحلوة والتمر والخبر وينتقلون إلى منزل العروس نساءورجالا في جو غنائي وزغردة النساء ويسلمون الكسوة إلى أهل العروس بما فيها كسوة الاقارب وهناك يقع تقسيمها من قبل ام العروس وخالاتها وعماتها وفي اليوم الموالي يقع (تكسير القفة).(سنعرف بالقفة وماهي القفة وتكسير الاقفة)

القفة
تعريفها للقراء: توجد لدى بائع العطورات والحشائش المستخرجة منها أنواع العطورات والحناء واللبان والاثمد الخ... وتوضع كل هذه المواد في قفة (مصنوعة من سعف جريد النخيل)تقدم من طرف أهل العريس إلى أهل العروس وتقدم إليهم مع الكسوة وتكون ام العروس أو من ينوبها هي المسؤولة عليها وفي اليوم الموالي يقع تجميع النسوة الطاعنات في السن ويقمن بطحن ما يجب طحنه لاستخراج العطر الذي يصنع منه (العقــــــــد)وتكون له رائحة طيبة قوية جدا وتشم من بعيد ثم يقع تصنيعه في شكل حبة القمح أو الشعير الا انه يكون أكبر من ذلك الحجمويبقى لفترة في الشمس ثم يصفف في شكل العقد ويزين بقطع من الذهب ويوصع في عنق العروس لتجميلها ويعتبر في ذلك الوقت حلي.(الخلال من الفضة والبدلة والشقاشق والخلخال والشناقل.

النجمـة

(في المساء يتشمع جل أهالي القرية من الشيوخ والكهول والشباب والاطفال والأغلبية على دراية وعرفة بالذبح والسلخ وتقطيع اللحم هذا الرجال اما النساء فيقمنا باحضار الخضر ومانيات الطبح وتحضير الكسكسي ويقع تنظيف اللحم وتصنيفه ثم وضعه في أواني وفي الليل وبعد صلاة العشاء يتجمع أهل العرس وفي جو مليء بالفرحة يقع طهي الكسكي واللحم وتحضيره إلى يوم الطعم وتتوصل الشهرة إلى طلوع الفجر فالرجال يتحولون إلى مسجد القر ية اما النساء فيقمن باحضار الطعام ثم يستسلمن إلى النوم لاخذ قصط من الراحة وفي فترة الضحى يقوم عدد من الشباب باستدعاء الرجال لتناول وجبة الغداء وهذه عادة معروفة وان الغداء لدى أهل الفرح وبعد الانتهاء من الطعم تتهيء النسوة ويلبسن كل ما هو جديد تحضيرا للذهاب إلى منزل العروس وينطلق الحفل بعد صلاة العصر من منزل العريس إلى منزل العروس مرفوقا بدق الطبول والمزامير وزغردة النساء والأغاني الشعبية وبوصول الحفل إلى منزل العروس يقع إخراجها من الغرفة صحبة مجموعة من الصبايا وتقع (التسديرة)حيث تجلس العروس واثنتين من الصبايا وفي أكثر أحيان تكون شقيقة العريس والثانية شقيقتهاهي بالذات على كراس وتكن متلحفات بلحاف من القماش ويوضع على وجه كل منهن غطاء أبيض حيث يكون وجهها غير ظاهر ولا تفرق بينهن ولكن المعروف وان الوسطى هي العروس ويتواصل هذا الحفل إلى غروب الشمس يتخلله الرمي (يعطي الرامي نقودا إلى أحد افراد الفرقة الشعبية الذي ياخذ من الرماي قطعة نقدية ويذهب وهو يرقصثم يعطي إشارة إلى الفرقة بالسكوت ثم يرفع القطهة النقدية إلى فوق بيده ويقول هذا من عند سيدي فلان.... زغردوه عليه يا للاتي فتقوم النساء بالزغردة وتستمر هذه العملية فالفرقة تكسب النقود والحاضرون يتفرجون ثم ياتي بخصين الأول اسمه محمد والثاني اسمه علي وبيد محمد شاشية ويقع التسييف

التسييف
ياتي محمد وبيده سيف وكبوس ويضعه فوق رأس العروس فياخذه علي ويضعه على ركبتي العروس ويضرب كل منهما سيف الثاني ويبقى يطوفان على العروس سبعة مراس أول يضع الشاشية على رأس العروش والثاني ياخذه ويضعهعلى ركبتي العروس وبعد الانتهاء من التسييف

المـرواح

هو تاخذ العروس منزل والديها إلى محلها الزوجية إلى منزلها الجديد. في جو مليء بالفرحة ودق الطبول واصوات المزامير وزغردة النساء تقف العروس ويقف بجانبيها اللاتي جلسن معها أثناء عملية التسديرة وتمسك العروس بطرف السيف ويقع اقتيادها من قبل أحد اشقائها الصغار باتجاهمنزل العريس وتاتي أمها بماء في اناء وترشه من الخلف العروس (اعتقادافي زيارة منزل والديها بعد فترة انتهاء حفل الزواج الذي يدوم أكثر من أسبوع وفي الطريق يقع من حين لاخر الرقص بالأسلحة النارية التقلدية إلى أن يصلوا إلى منزل العريس وأثناء دخولها إلى دارها توضع بيد العروس عضمة دجاج مع قليل منالحناء ويقع مسحها على أعلى باب الدار (عادة من العدات الواجب القيام بها وهي في اعقادهم وان الزوجة ستبقى بمنزلها الجديد كبقاء ماداخل العظمة المزوجة بالحناء تبقى مطبوعه وصعب ازالة الحناء واصفر العظمة من الحائط

صف العريـس

الولي الصالح عبد الله بنعقوب
ان الولي الصالح سيدي عبد الله بنعقوب كما يقول أهالي قرية بشلي توجد قبة وتابوت يزونه نسوة القرية يوم الخميس والجمعة وعند ختان الأطفال الصغار كما كان في كل سنة يقام له حفل كبير يتجمع كل أهالي القرية كبيرا وسغيرا نساء ورجالا وتقام أفراح وهوفي شكل وليمة لكل الأهالي الغداء والعشاء وفي المساء وبعد صلاة العصر يقوم أهالي القرية بالاحتفالات وتبدا بالحضرة (العيساوية) منسوبة إلى الشيخ امحمد بنعيسى ساكن مكناس بالمغرب حيث يضرب فيها بالدف (البندير) وتنشج المجموعة مدائح يبدئونها بالصلاة على النبيء صلى الله عليه وسلم في تاتي عملية تخمير يقوم الشخص بحركات تكاد لا تصدق (ياكل المصامير وهذا طريق النعام ـ الجمل ـ الذئب هذا الطريق كما يسمى في العيساوية يبحث الشخص عن الاحذية ويقوم باكلها في اعتقاده يتحول إلى حيوان ويقوم بنما يفهله الذئب ـ السياف: يضرب نفسه بالسيف لكن لما يضرب يده أو أحد اعضائه لم يصاب الشخص في تلك الفترة بأي اذى بالمرة يبقى الشخص العادي في حيرة من هذه التصرفات وهناك من يدخل في المجموعة ويتلم بكلام غير معروف وحسب ما يقوله المقدم وهو المسواول الأول عن الحضرة وان ذاك الشخص يتكلم لغة الاتراك الآن المتفرج يبقى في تساءل ويبقى في حيرة بين الحقيقة والخيال حيث لما يشاهد شخص من المجموعة يستخرج (الجاوي) من الحائط أو من الأرض ويقال وان لدية جن (ج/ جنة) كما جاء في القران الكريم (يا معشر الانس والجن) وتبقى هذه الاحتفالات متواصلة في شكل سهرة بعدها وفي بعض المرات قبلها يجلس الجميع على الارص في شكل دوائر كل أربعة أشخاص على حدة ى ويوزوع الاكل عليهم المتمثل في (الكسكسي / اكلة مشهورة لدى أهالي الجنوب بصفة عامة).

هذا ونذكر وان الشيخ والولي الصالح عبد الله بنعقوب لا يحلف به أي كان على كذب خوفا من أن يحصل له مكروه وإذا اضيب أحدهم بمكروه كمرض أو سقط من فوق ظهر جمل أو من أعلى شجرة نخيل يقول الأهالي حرفيا (دقه سيدي عبد الله بنعقوب)والحمد لله ربي العالمين هذا الاعتقاد اندثر وذهب مع الاجداد

 الاحتفالات بعاشوراء

ان الأهالي يحتفلون بعاشراء بداية من بداية النصف الثاني من شهر ذي الحجة وهذه الاحتفالات متساوية في جل قرى منطقة نفزاوة وشبيهة بالاحتفالات التي تقام في كربلاء بالعراق وتسمى هذه الاحتفالات بالنبينة نسبة إلى كلمة النبيء لان في بعض الأغاني التي تردد تبدا (شياعناك يا نبينا)وانقرضت نهائيا حيث بحكم كثرة المشاغل والتفتح الفكري أصبح الأهالي في الوقت الحاضر لا يعتنون بها ويحتفلون كسائر مدن وقرى نفزاوة بيوم عاشوراء وأصبحت القصائد والأغاني التي كانت تلقى بهذه المناسبة تكاد تكون قد اندثرت حيث ما زال القليل القليل من النسوة والطاعنات في السن التي يحفظن البعض منها

 الاحتفالات بعيد الإفطار'''
كان في القديم وفي القرن الماضي تكون الاحتفالات بعيد الفطر منذ ليلة 27 والمقصود بها ليلقة القدر حيث يجتمع رجال القرية في تلك الليلة بالمسجد بعد شق الفطر ويقوم امام الخمس بقراءة السيرة النبوية والغزوات التي خاضها المسلمون الأوائل ثم يقع توزيع بعض المشروبات كاشاي الأخضر لان المشروبات الغازية تعتبر حديثة ويذهب ارباب العائلات إلى السوق وشراء الملابس للاطفال والنساء تحضيرا للاحتفال بعيد الفطر وفي يوم العيد ومنذ الصباح الباكر يتجمع رجال القرية بما فيهم الشباب والاطفال الصغار بجامع القرية ويحضر الامام في ساعة محددة يقع الاعلام عليها في الأسبوع الأخير من شهر الصيام وبالتحديد الجمعة الأخيرة لشهر رمضان وتقام صلاة العيد ثم يصعد الامام إلى المنبر ويلقي خطبة العيد ثم بعدها ينزل الامام من المنبر ويتوجه مباشرة إلى أول الصف الأول على اليمين ويقوم بمصافحة المصلين واحد بعد الواحد ويتبعه المصلين بانتظام وبعد المعايدة يتوجه الأغلبية بمعية الامام إلى الولي الصالح سيدي عبد الله بنعقوب كما يرددها الأهالي ثم الولي الصالح الشيخ امحمد بنعيسى ويرددون في قصيدة البردة وفي ضريح الولي الصالح عبد الله بنعقوب يقوم المشرف على الزاوية بتقديم الخبز العربي (كسرة) وزيت الزيتون فياكل الجميع ولو جزء صغير ثم يتوجهون بعدها إلى زاوية الشيخ محمد بنعيسى ومنها يتفرق الجميع فهناك أشخاص يكتفون بالمعايدة على الاقارب وصلة الرحم والبعض الآخر يبدؤها منزل منزل إلى أن يصافح جل سكان القرية هذا بالنسبة للرجال اما بالنسبة للنساء فيقمن منذ الصباح الباكر ويقمنا باحضار الفول المطبوخ بالملح ويقدم إلى العائلة ممزوج بالكمون الأخضر وفي المساء يتوجهن كلهن إلى مكان يسمى بالعلوية ويقمن بزيارة شجرتين كبيرتين من نوع الطرفة بأعلى هضبة بواحة العلوية وحسب المعتقد أن امي العلوية كما يرددعها الأهالي تعتبر هي الأخرى ولية صالحجة يقمن بزيارتها مرتين في العام وهي مناسبة عيد الفطر وعيد الاضحى

قرى ولاية قبلي

بشلي


A governorate, gubernia, province, or government (, also romanized ; ) was a major and principal administrative subdivision of the Russian Empire. After the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, governorates remained as subdivisions in Belarus, Russia, Ukraine, and in the Soviet Union from its formation until 1929. The term is also translated as government, governorate, or province. A governorate was headed by a governor (, gubernator), a word borrowed from Latin , in turn from Greek .

Selected governorates were united under an assigned governor general such as the Grand Duchy of Finland, Congress Poland, Russian Turkestan and others. There also were military governors such as Kronstadt, Vladivostok and others. Aside from governorates, other types of divisions were oblasts (region) and okrugs (district).

First reform

This subdivision type was created by the edict (ukase) of Peter the Great on December 18, 1708 "On the establishment of the gubernias and cities assigned to them", which divided Russia into eight governorates.

Second reform
In 1719, governorates were further subdivided into provinces (, ).  Later the number of governorates was increased to 23.

Changes from 1775: Namestnichestvo (Vice royalty)

By the reform of 1775, subdivision into governorates and further into uezds (), was based on population size, and the term guberniya was replaced by the synonym of Russian origin:  (), sometimes translated as "viceroyalty".  The term guberniya, however, still remained in use. These viceroyalties were governed by  () (literal translation: "deputy") or "governors general" (, ). Correspondingly,  the term "governorate general" (, ) was in use to refer to the actual territory being governed. The office of governor general had more administrative power and was in a higher position than the previous office of governor. Sometimes a governor general ruled several governorates.

By the ukase of the Russian Senate of December 31, 1796, the office of governorate general was demoted to the previous level of governorate, and Russia was again divided into governorates, which were subdivided into uezds, further subdivided into volosts (); nevertheless several governorates general made from several governorates existed until the Russian Revolution of 1917.

Governorates in Poland and Finland

The governorate (, , , ) system was also applied to subdivisions of the Kingdom of Poland ("Russian Poland") and the Grand Duchy of Finland.

Governorates in Ukraine

The Russian Empire had acquired much of the territory inhabited by Ukrainians between the mid 17th and early 19th centuries, which was organized into nine Ukrainian governorates: Chernigov (Chernihiv in Ukrainian), Yekaterinoslav (Katerynoslav), Kiev (Kyiv), Kharkov (Kharkiv), Kherson, Podolia (Podillia), Poltava, Volhynia (Volyn), and the mainland part of Taurida (or Tavriia, without the Crimean peninsula). Additional lands annexed from Poland in 1815 were organized into the Kholm governorate in 1912.

After the events of 1917, which led to the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR) to declare its independence, these governorates became subdivisions of the UNR, which also annexed Ukrainian-inhabited parts of Mogilev (Mahiliou), Kursk, Voronezh, and Minsk governorates in 1918. By the end of the Soviet–Ukrainian War in 1920, the Bolsheviks had made them part of the Ukrainian SSR. Soviet Ukraine was reorganized into 12 governorates, which were reduced to nine in 1922 upon the Soviet Union's founding, and then replaced with okruhas in 1925.

The West Ukrainian People's Republic in former Austro-Hungarian Empire territory was not subdivided into governorates, and would be annexed by the Second Polish Republic from 1920 until the Soviet invasion of 1939.

Post-revolutionary changes
After the February Revolution, the Russian Provisional Government renamed governors into governorate commissars. The October Revolution left the subdivision in place, but the governing apparatus was replaced by governorate soviets ().

Actual subdivisions of the Soviet Union into particular territorial units was subject to numerous changes, especially during the 1918–1929 period. Because of the Soviet Union's electrification program under the GOELRO plan, Ivan Alexandrov directed the Regionalisation Commission of Gosplan to divide the Soviet union into thirteen European and eight Asiatic oblasts, using rational economic planning rather than "the vestiges of lost sovereign rights". Eventually, in 1929, the subdivision was replaced by the notions of oblast, okrug, and raion. Oblast as a unit was used even before the revolution, although unlike governorates it designated remote areas that usually incorporated huge swaths of land.

In post-Soviet states such as Russia and Ukraine, the term Guberniya is considered obsolete, yet the word gubernator was reinstated and is used when referring to a governor of an oblast or a krai.

Other uses
There is another meaning of the word as it denoted a type of estate in Lithuania of the until 1917.

See also
 History of the administrative division of Russia
 List of governorates of the Russian Empire
 Governorate-General (Russian Empire)

References

External links
  Ignatov, V.G. "History of state administration of Russia" (История государственного управления России)
  Иванов В. В. Глава субъекта Российской Федерации. История губернаторов. Том I. История. Книга I. — М., 2019. — 600 с.
  Иванов В. В. Глава субъекта Российской Федерации. История губернаторов. Том I. История. Книга II. — М., 2019. — 624 с.

Russia

Local government in the Russian Empire
Types of administrative division

Governorate (Russia)


Ruppia cirrhosa es una especie de planta acuática perteneciente a la familia Ruppiaceae. Se encuentra en América y Europa, donde crece en agua dulce, tales como lagos.

Descripción
Se trata de un hilo delgado, una hierba perennifolia en forma de pasto que crece de un rizoma anclado en el sustrato húmedo. Produce una larga y estrecha inflorescencia  con dos flores diminutas. A medida que el fruto se desarrolla el pedúnculo de la inflorescencia forma una espiral.

Taxonomía
Ruppia cirrhosa fue descrita por (Petagna) Grande y publicado en Bulletino dell' Orto Botanico della Regia Università de Napoli 5: 58, en el año 1918.
Sinonimia
Buccaferrea cirrhosa Petagna
Dzieduszyckia limnobis Rehmann
Ruppia aragonensis Loscos
Ruppia cirrhosa subsp. occidentalis (S.Watson) Á.Löve & D.Löve
Ruppia cirrhosa var. truncatifolia (Miki) H.Hara
Ruppia drepanensis Tineo
Ruppia lacustris Macoun
Ruppia maritima var. drepanensis (Tineo) K.Schum.
Ruppia maritima subsp. drepanensis (Tineo) Maire & Weiller
Ruppia maritima var. occidentalis (S.Watson) Graebn.
Ruppia maritima var. pedunculata Hartm. ex Ledeb.
Ruppia maritima var. spiralis (Dumort.) Moris
Ruppia maritima subsp. spiralis (Dumort.) Asch. & Graebn.
Ruppia occidentalis S.Watson
Ruppia spiralis Dumort.
Ruppia truncatifolia Miki

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 The IUCN Red List
 Jepson Manual Treatment
 USDA Plants Profile
 Flora of North America

Ruppia

Ruppia cirrhosa


Franjevački samostan i crkva iz 14. stoljeća u Konjicu
Franjevački samostan i crkva sv. Ivana Krstitelja u Konjicu

Franjevački samostan u Konjicu


An Digitaria distans in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Mary Agnes Chase, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Merritt Lyndon Fernald. An Digitaria distans in nahilalakip ha genus nga Digitaria, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Digitaria (Poaceae)

Digitaria distans


النودلمان-ريختر إن.أر-30 (روسية: Нудельман-Рихтер НР–30) هو مدفع رشاش سوفييتي استخدم على نطاق واسع في الطائرات الحربية السوفييتية وطائرات دول حلف وارسو والدول المتحالفة مع الاتحاد السوفييتي. صمم المدفع نودلمان وريختر. دخل الخدمة عام 1954.

وصف المدفع
كان الإن.أر-30 مدفع بماسورة واحدة وذو ارتداد قصير. يعد المدفع نسخة مكبّرة عن المدفع 23 مم نودلمان-ريختر إن.أر-23 والذي بدأ استخدامه عام 1949. يطلق الإن.أر-30 مقذوف ضخم، أكثر من ضعف وزن مقذوف الإن.أر-23 مما تطلب عمل مكابح لفوهة المدفع ووجود صمام أمان ضد الحرائق لحماية جسم الطائرة أثناء إطلاق المدفع. قبل هذا المدفع، زودت الطائرات السوفييتية بمدفعين 23 مم ومدفع 37 مم والذين كانا مختلفين عن بعضهما بشكل كبير، حيث كان المدفع 23 مم قويا ولكن كانت السرعة الأولية للمقذوف قليلة نسبيا، بينما كان ال 37 مم ضعيفا في معدل إطلاق النار وفي احتياطي الذخيرة.

حملت الميج-15 مثلا 80 طلقة لكل مدفع 23 مم تحمله، و40 طلقة للمدفع 37 مم. كان على الإن.أر-30 أن يجمع بين الطاقة التدميرية والسرعة الأولية للمدفع نودلمان إن-37 37 مم وبين معدل إطلاق النار السريع للمدفع نودلمان-ريختر إن.أر-23 23 مم.

كان وزن المقذوف 400 جرام (ضعف وزن مقذوف الإن.أر-23 ونصف وزن مقذوف الإن-37) وبلغت سرعتها ما يقرب من 800 متر/ثانية، وكان معدل إطلاق النار 900 دورة في الدقيقة تقريبا (أي أكثر من الإن.أر-23). حمل المدفع 70 طلقة. وعموما حمّل المدفع على الأجنحة وليس في مقدمة الطائرة. كان هناك عدة أنواع من الذخائر التي استخدمت في المدفع، أكثر من 20 نوعا. أكثر نوعين استخدما كانا المقذوف الخارق للدروع ووالقذائف المتفجرة. كان وزن مقذوف النوع الأخير من 40-48 جراما.

صمم المدفع ليطلق مقذوفات ثقيلة الوزن، كالمدفع الفرنسي دي.إي.إف.إيه والذي بلغ وزن مقذوفه 270 جرام، وسرعة مقذوف مشابهة ولكن مع معدل إطلاق نار أفضل (1200-1300 طلقة في الدقيقة) كما حمل كل مدفع 120-140 طلقة. كان الآن.أر-30 أيضا خفيفا وذو معل إطلاق نار أفضل (بمقارنة وزن المقذوف ومعدل إطلاق النار) على الرغم من كونه أخف بمقدار الثلث. فقط المدفع جريازيف-شيبونوف-301 هو أخف بين كل المدافع 30 مم.

استخدامات المدفع
استخدم الإن.أر-30 بشكل أساسي في الطائرة ميج-19، الطرازات الأولي للميج-21، السوخوي-7، السوخوي-17. كما استخدم في الشنيانج جيه-6 النسخة الصينية من الميج-19. كما قام الصينيون بتصنيع نسخة خاصة بهم من الآن.أر-30 سميت تايب-30 وكان به بعض الخصائص المختلفة ولكن نظرية العمل كانت واحدة.

على الرغم من أن معدله لإطلاق النار يجعله مناسبا للهجوم الأرضي أكثر، الا انه بكل المقاييس يعد سلاحا قويا يجمع ما بين الدقة المناسبة والتأثير التدميري الكبير.

خصائص الذخيرة
 وزن المقذوف: 410 جرام، 840 جرام.
 أنواع الذخيرة:قذيفة خارقة للدروع، قذيفة متفجرة، رقائق تشتيت للرادار.

معرض صور

انظر أيضا
 نودلمان إن-37
 نودلمان-ريختر إن.أر-23
 جريازيف-شيبونوف جي.إس.إتش-23

أسلحة روسيا
عتاد عسكري استحدث في عقد 1950
مدافع آلية
مدفع طائرة
مدفعية عيار 30 ملم

نودلمان-ريختر إن.أر-30


ඩැනියෙල් ඔවන් වුල්ගාර් ජාවිස්  (උපත 30 නොවැම්බර් 1972) යනු, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය කම්කරු පක්ෂ දේශපාලනඥයෙක් සහ හිටපු බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යුද්ධ හමුදා නිලධාරියෙකි.

පැරෂුට් රෙජිමේන්තුවෙහි අභීවෘත්තියකට පසුව, ඔහු දේශපාලනයට පිවිසි අතර, 2011 මාර්තු 3 දිනදී පැවැති  අතුරු මැතිවරණයක සිට  බාන්ස්ලි සෙන්ට්‍රල් සඳහා   පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රීවරයා (පාම) වෙයි.

1972 උපත්
 ඇබරෙස්ට්විත් විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ උපාධිධරයෝ
 කිංස් කොලෙජ් ලන්ඩනයෙහි උපාධිධරයෝ
ඉරාක යුද්ධයෙහි නිරතවූ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යුද්ධ හමුදා සාමාජිකයෝ
 ඇෆ්ගනිස්තාන යුද්ධය (2001–වර්තමානය) තුල නිරතවූ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යුද්ධ හමුදා සාමාජිකයෝ
බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පැරෂුට් රෙජිමේන්තු නිලධාරියෝ
 සන්ඩ්හර්ස්ට් රාජකීය හමුදා ඇකඩමියෙහි උපාධිධරයෝ
ජොයින්ට් සර්විසර්ස් කමාන්ඩ් ඇන්ඩ් ස්ටාෆ් ශාස්ත්‍රාලයේ උපාධිධරයෝ
කම්කරු පක්ෂය (එරා) පාමවරුන්
ජීවත්වන්නෝ
 ඕඩර් ඔෆ් ද බ්‍රිටිෂ් එම්පයර් සම්මානලාභියෝ
 ඉංග්‍රීසි මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශ සඳහා එක්සත් රාජධානියෙහි පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රීවරු
නොටිංහැම්හී ජීවත්වූවෝ
එරා පාමවරුන් 2010–15
එරා පාමවරුන් 2015–20

ඩෑන් ජාවිස්


Crux ya da Güneyhaçı takımyıldızı, modern 88 takımyıldızdan biridir.

Güney yarımkürede 12 saat 30 dakika açılımda ve 60 derece yükselimde yer alan takımyıldız. Bugün yalnızca 30 derece kuzey enleminden daha güneyde bulunan bölgelerde görülebilir. Güneyhaçı Avustralya, Yeni Zelanda, Batı Samoa bayraklarında yer alır.

Çok eski dönemlerden beri üzerinde pek çok yazı yazılmasına karşın, ilk kez 1679'da Augustine Royer tarafından bir takım yıldızı olarak tanımlanmıştır. Çok eskiden Avrupa'nın büyük bölümünden de görülebilmekteydi. Güneyhaçı'nın beş parlak yıldızı vardır. Bunlardan biri, düzgün haç şekini biraz bozacak biçimde yerleşmiştir.

Ulusal semboller

Crux (takımyıldız)