Juan José de Amézaga Landaroso (January 28, 1881 – August 21, 1956) was a Uruguayan political figure.

Background
Amézaga was a prominent member of the Colorado Party, which ruled the country for long periods. He was a lawyer by profession, and taught that subject at university level for many years. His political base was in Durazno, which he represented in the Chamber of Deputies between 1907 and 1915.

Amézaga graduated from the University of Montevideo in 1905 with a degree in Law and Social Sciences, and was granted a scholarship by the Law School that took him to France and Germany. After he returned to Montevideo he was appointed professor of penal law and later professor of civil law at the University. He filled the latter for 23 years while also teaching courses in philosophy and industrial legislation. In 1908 he was appointed to a committee to study and formulate a national public assistance law and later served as director of the National Labor Office. He was later named Minister of Industry in 1915, during which time he did much to stimulate and develop national industry. He later headed the National Postal Savings Bureau, and for a time served as chairman of the Export and Import Control Commission. He was also president of the Athenaeum of Montevideo, a member of the Secondary Education Council, the National Public Assistance Board, and the Board for the Protection of Minors, and was also honorary director of the Law School Library and a member of the Governing Board of the Casa de Estudios (House of Studies). Amézaga also represented Uruguay at international conferences; serving in 1923 as a Uruguayan representative at the League of Nations in Geneva, and was a delegate to the Fourth, Fifth Sixth, and Seventh International Conferences of American States.

In 1932, on the occasion of the interdict between Argentina and Uruguay, Amézaga was appointed Extraordinary Ambassador, "crowning his mission with the most frank success." In addition to the aforementioned positions, by decree of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs he was appointed Delegate of Uruguay to the V. International Conference held in Santiago de Chile in 1923; Plenipotentiary Delegate to the Assembly of the Council of the League of Nations (IV. Session), by decree of the same Secretariat of State of July 6, 1928; Delegate of Uruguay to the VI and VII I-American Conferences, held in 1928 in Havana and in 1933 in Montevideo, respectively. Also, by decree of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs "he was appointed Delegate of Uruguay to the V. International Conference held in Santiago de Chile in 1923; Plenipotentiary Delegate to the Assembly of the Council of the League of Nations (IV. Session), by decree of the same Secretariat of State of July 6, 1928; Delegate of Uruguay to the VI and VII I-American Conferences, held in 1928 in Havana and in 1933 in Montevideo, respectively." In addition, he taught Civil Law courses at the Faculty of Law and Social Sciences until February 1933, when he resigned from that position.

Amézaga was involved in much legislation of a reformist nature, with one study noting that "As a deputy, he intervened, either as an author, as an informant member or in the discussions, in all the laws that were sanctioned from 1908 to 1914. He was the author, among others, of the following projects: old-age pensions, work accidents, free salary of the married woman, and the reorganization of the National Public Assistance, in collaboration, this last project with an extra-parliamentary Commission." He was also close to José Batlle y Ordóñez, serving as a deputy both in Batlle's second government and that of Claudio Williman. He later served as president of the State Insurance Bank from 1917 to 1933, resigning due to Gabriel Terra's coup.

Amézaga also played an important role in drafting a new constitution, when the question of constitutional reform was raised in Uruguay in 1942. Noting his contribution to this, Amézaga proclaimed in a 1943 speech that

"I have actively collaborated in the preparation of the new constitutional texts that are beginning to govern us. I have confidence in them, as does the people who approved them with an overwhelming majority, considering them to be a faithful expression of the aspirations for justice and a sure guarantee of political freedom and individual rights. Time will rectify and perfect our work. The law is realized in stages, it is the fruit of a continuous and tireless struggle that in past times prohibited men from doing harm to their fellow men, which then forced them to give each one what legitimately belonged to him, and which in our time claims as a legal obligation what before was only advised as charity."

President of Uruguay

Main features
He was President of Uruguay from 1943 to 1947. His rule is seen as significantly the first wholly constitutional presidency since the coup d'état carried out by Gabriel Terra in 1933.

Amézaga's vice president was Alberto Guani, who had already distinguished himself as a veteran diplomat.  The veteran Socialist leader Emilio Frugoni was sent to Moscow by President Amézaga, as Uruguayan Ambassador.

Amézaga, along with the reform currents he represented, won a large majority in the 1942 Uruguayan general election. His election, according to one journal, "completed the democratic restoration and the definitive burial of "Marzismo", the regime that emerged around Gabriel Terra." According to one study, Amézaga took office in 1943 "with the challenge of running a transitional administration, suitable to conduct the country out of the authoritarian impasse and navigating the last years of the world war." Another study has argued that his presidency "represented in general a tranquillizing interval , threatening no expectations , endangering no established interest." His presidency was given the task of overseeing Uruguay's political transition and implementing a new constitution. To accomplish this Amézaga surrounded himself with ministers with political experience. He also formed his cabinet based on the part factions according to the results of the presidential election. Batllism gained the greatest cabinet representation with 7 ministers, followed by "Para servir al Pais" with 5 and "Libertad y Justicia" with 4.

According to one study, Amézaga began "with what has been characterized as a weak administration, so weak that only with great difficulty was it able to secure the adoption of his most important legislation." Amézaga was hampered internally by the Blanco Party's Nazi-influenced Herrerista wing and externally by intense Argentine political and economic pressure, and survived "due in no small part to U.S. Lend-Lease assistance and Export-Import Bank Loans." He also survived a right-wing plot against the government in July 1946.

A year earlier, in June 1945 the episode of the so-called "implications" occurred which, as summarised by one study, "exposed the way, in which the traditional political cast acted in the management of public administration. Many public men were accused of taking advantage of their positions to obtain "extra" benefits from their commercial and industrial activities through the exchange control. The denunciation was presented by the Herrerismo, trying to sharpen the differences between the colorados, and at the same time to stop his economic policy, which did not satisfy the cattle breeders. The issue provoked a temporary ministerial crisis, which was remedied with a new distribution of the cabinet: two ministries for men of confidence of the president, three for batllismo, two for blancocevedismo and two for independent nationalism. Finally, in December 1945, a resolution was passed in Parliament declaring that there had been no "illicit exercise of public office". The case was thus closed."

Social reforms
In spite of the difficulties Amézaga's government faced, his presidency was nevertheless notable for the passage of a wide range of reform measures. During his first year as president laws were passed establishing a social assistance fund to provide food for the unemployed and for pre-school and schoolchildren throughout the country, amending the law regulating home industries, organizing departmental labor distribution commissions, providing for aid to the unemployed via investment in extraordinary public works, regulating working conditions in the lumber industry, fixing minimum wages and working conditions in the construction industry, lowering rents for workers' homes, and regulating working hours. Education budgets were also raised for normal and secondary schools, and measures adopted to help farmers affected by an unprecedented drought. This included creating arbitration and conciliation boards to solve the problem of farm rents, regulating the marketing of wheat, and providing for the acquisition of seed oats. There was also reform in the Ministry of Public Health, "all directed toward improvement in administration, more exacting standards for specialized positions, and an increase in health activities, especially in the interior of the country."

Act No. 10,489 of 6 June 1944 "modified the standards for hours and rest periods for commercial establishments of a certain type which can interrupt their activities without inconvenience to the public." The Act also fixes "opening and closing hours for such establishments and provides that they may be open to the public from five minutes after their opening until ten minutes before their closing time ; the staff may be required to work continuously, subject to the observance of specified rest periods." Additionally, the Act "forbids the working of more than eight hours on five days of the week and four hours on the sixth. The protection afforded by the Act is extended to the staff of such workshops as commercial establishments may possess on their own premises for the manufacture or finishing of goods for direct retail sale to the public. Such staff must be regarded as commercial employees and not as workers in industry." Act No. 10,421 of 16 April 1943 regulates the hours of work for banks and similar institutions, dividing the year into two periods, "one running from 1 April to 15 December, and the other from 16 December to 31 March, and entrusts to a tripartite board the fixing of the hours during which these establishments, whether public or private, may be open to the public in winter and in summer respectively." Under the Act the ordinary working day "is limited to six and a quarter hours daily, with a fifteen-minute break granted between the fourth and fifth hours. The staff may be required to work up to forty-five additional hours in the quarter, outside this ordinary working day, provided that no employee is requested to do so more than twenty-one times per quarter, for not less than two hours at a time. This last provision is intended to prevent the additional hours from being used in a, manner contrary to the spirit of the law, for example, by spreading them at the rate of forty-five minutes per day, which would extend the working day to seven hours." Special procedures for dealing with grievances over unjustified layoffs in the state were also set up during his presidency.

Act No. 10,684 of 17 December 1945 established the right to 12 days of paid annual holiday "for all persons in the employment of private individuals or undertakings who have completed twelve months, twenty-four fortnights or fifty-two weeks of work, whether or not the employment has been continuous, and whether it has been with one or several employers ; the right to the holiday depends solely on the time worked." Earlier measures, the first of which was adopted in 1933, had provided for an annual holiday in various branches of activity, fixed at twelve working days after one year's continuous service; but they dealt separately with salaried employees paid by the month and wage earners paid by the day. The Act also provided that "on 1 January, 1 May and 25 August (the national holiday) of each year all wage earners shall be paid as though they had worked on these days ; if they were in fact employed on any of these days, they mast receive double pay. The annual holiday thus in practice amounts to fifteen days." Act No. 10,471 of 3 March 1944 extends to workers "employed in the exploitation of forests, mountains and peateries the benefits of the laws on hours of work, weekly rest, wage councils and family allowances, and moreover establishes compulsory insurance against industrial accidents and occupational diseases, giving the Government and the State Insurance Bank the power to prohibit work, by force, if need be, when this obligation has not been met."

Act No. 10,449 of 12 November 1943 "defines the minimum wage, sets up a system of wage councils for its fixation and provides for family allowances. It protects wage earners and salaried employees in industry, commerce, private offices and the offices of public services not run by the State. The first part of the Act (sections 1-4) defines what is meant by the minimum wage, determines how it is to be calculated for piece work, specifies that payment shall be made in currency and prohibits the truck system. It makes employers responsible for the actions of agents and subcontractors in their service. The National Institute of Labour and Belated Services is empowered to represent the workers in making direct or indirect claims for the payment of wages due." This part of the Act "fixes the various penalties that may be inflicted upon those who infringe it and the procedure to be followed for the recovery of fines. The second part of the Act (sections 5-20 and 28-30) contained notes "for the setting up of wage councils to determine minimum wage rates for workers protected by the Act, whose activities are grouped for purposes of simplified administration." The third part of the Act "introduced a compulsory-system of equalisation funds for the payment of family allowances to all wage earners and salaried employees in respect of each legitimate or illegitimate, legally recognised or legally registered child. Allowances are paid in respect of children up to fourteen years of age, or up to sixteen if they attend a secondary school or preparatory studies or are undergoing apprenticeship at special centres. The allowance is paid to the worker, who is responsible for its administration. Together with his wages, and those of his wife if she also works, it may not exceed 200 pesos. When one of the children is the breadwinner, he receives the allowance, his brothers and sisters being treated as his children for this purpose; a similar rule applies with regard to an employed person, of either sex, who is the sole support, permanently and in a manner duly proved, of one or more orphans or deserted children."

Act No. 10,489 of 6 June 1944 and its counterpart No. 10,542 of 20 October 1944, "provides that all wage earners and salaried employees in commerce, private services, public services run by private individuals, and industry who do not work at piece rates, or for daily or hourly wages, shall have the right, when dismissed, to a compensation equivalent to their total monthly remuneration (including wages, percentages, commissions on sales, gratuities) in respect of each year of service or fraction of a year, up to three months' pay if they are pensionable, and six months' pay if not. This compensation cannot be combined with that provided by Article 158 of the Commercial Code, but does not affect that due under section 26 of Act 'No. 9196." In October 1946 an Agricultural Workers' Code was enacted "to provide general coverage to rural workers on such matters as wages, housing, weekly rest and annual holidays, unfair dismissal, etc."

Act No. 10,570 of 15 December 1944 regulated "the system of dismissal compensation for workers on piece rates or on daily or hourly wages and permanently employed in industry, who had been excepted from the general law. The compensation amounts to twenty-five days' pay for each year during which the worker has worked 240 days, subject to a maximum of three or six months' pay, depending on whether or not he is pensionable. Workers who have worked in the same establishment for less than 240 days but more than 100 days are entitled to two days' compensation for every twenty-five days of work. Here also, misconduct deprives the worker of his right to compensation." Workers in the meat packing industry who are members of its Unemployment Fund were subject to a special régime under Act No. 10,713 of 15 March 1946.  If the Board of the Fund "considers the dismissal unfair, the worker may choose between compensation and the benefits paid by the Fund. Compensation is composed of two parts: one part is paid to the worker and is equal to two working days' pay for every twenty-five days or every month of permanent employment at the disposal of the Fund, up to a total of 75 or 150 working days' pay, according as he is entitled to pension or not ; the other consists of the aggregate of the specified indemnities which the undertaking must pay to the Fund as fixed by the Board."

To combat unemployment in the meat packing industry, the largest industry in Uruguay, Act No. 10,562 of 21 December 1944 established an Unemployment Fund and provided for the organisation of employment exchanges for the members of the Fund. The system of benefits established by the Act "guarantees a minimum of 100 hours of work per month per worker ; if a worker is employed for less than this minimum, the Fund pays him benefit in respect of the hours not worked, in accordance with a special schedule. Workers protected by this Act cannot refuse without just cause to give their services when the establishment so requires, whether in their ordinary occupation or in any other activity." Under Act No. 10,681 of 10 December 1945, a similar scheme to that for the meat packing industry "was introduced for workers in wool, leather, etc., depots and warehouses, whose activity extends over only a few months of the year, since their work depends on the harvest and is seasonal in character." The rights of women were also advanced as a result of Law 10,783 of 1946, known as the Law of Civil Rights of Women. This abolished the legal incapacity of married women, while also equalizing the rights of fathers and mothers with respect to their minor children.

A Decree concerning demolition dated 14 September 1945 "amends Section 70 of the accident prevention regulations of 22 January 1936. Before undertaking any excavation or demolition bordering on the public highway, permission must be obtained from the Directorate of Municipal Works. Neighbouring walls must be adequately shored, and precautions must be taken to prevent heavy falls of material from damaging adjacent buildings. Specified precautions must also be taken when lowering demolition material on to the public highway. As a general rule, buildings must be demolished storey by storey, beginning at the top. When necessary for the safety of the workers, platforms and scaffolds must be used. If other means of protection are not practicable, safety belts must be worn." A Decree respecting dough brakes dated 14 September 1945 "amends Section 19 of the accident prevention regulations of 22 January 1936. It fixes the position of the rolls in the machine,  requires the lower roll to be fenced, and provides for the installation of a handwheel for separating the rolls, of hand and foot brakes, and of protection for gearing, belts and pulleys." A Decree prohibiting the employment of persons whose infirmities predispose them to accidents, dated 14 September 1945, "amends Section 11 of the accident prevent regulations of 22 January 1936, by adding a subsection 13 which prohibits the employment in any occupation of workers who are clearly not in a normal physical or mental condition."

Law 10487 of May 1944 provided for the amount of the Public Works Debt 5% of 1942 to be increased by eight million pesos, with the increase in issuance that is authorized being allocated to various hospital works. Law 10,809 of October the 16th 1946 provided for discharged rural workers over the age of 70 (or over 55 if female) to receive a monthly advance of up to 70% of the minimum retirement pension from the Social Insurance Bank, with money for this purpose to be provided by the employer beforehand. In addition, discharged rural workers had to be helped by the employer to move themselves, their families and their household effects, and if "the rural worker, or any member of his family, is sick, he is allowed to stay on the farm or establishment as long as necessary in order to avoid a risk to his health." Law 10497 of June 1944 authorized the Executive Power "to acquire directly from the farmers and in the manner provided for in subparagraph E) of article 2, the amounts it deems necessary of corn from the present crop to the in order to avoid a drop in prices, maintaining a minimum price level that contemplates the interests of producers and consumers." Under Law 10495 of June 1944, "The workers and employees of businesses and annexes not included in decree-law number 9,347, of April 13, 1934, will enjoy the benefits and guarantees established in articles 3, 5, 6, and 7 of the law of June 1944.
Under Law 10530 of September 1944 "The old-age pension benefit, established in article 1 of law number 6,874 of February 11, 1919 and number 7,880 of August 13, 1925, can be requested upon reaching 59 years of age, and will be settled without prejudice to the resolution final decision issued by the Institute from the date on which the interested party reaches the age of 60, provided that it has not been previously denied by verification, at the Institute's expense, of the petitioner's lack of rights."

Law 10511 of August 1944 authorized the Executive Power "to dispose of up to the amount of ten million pesos for the construction of buildings for the operation of urban and rural schools." Law 10526 of September 1944 authorized the Executive Power "to allocate the equivalent of up to one hundred thousand dollars ($/a 100,000.00) as a contribution from the Ministry of Public Health to the "Pan American Cooperative Public Health Service", in accordance with the agreements entered into with the Office of the Coordinator of American Affairs." These funds, as well as five hundred thousand dollars donated by the United States of North America, were be used "in the preparation and beginning of execution of a Public Hygiene and Health plan in Uruguay, and its investment will be authorized, in each case, by the Ministry of Public Health." Law 10610 of April 1945 authorized the Executive Branch "to issue up to the sum of two million pesos ($2,000,000.00) in titles called "National Bonds for the Sanitation of Inland Cities" payable in twenty years, with an interest of five percent (5%) annual, payable quarterly in arrears." The proceeds from the sale of these Bonds would be used exclusively "to pay for internal sanitation works, connections with public sewers and external running water pipes, for constructions located in cities or towns in the interior, when the value of each construction does not exceed five thousand pesos ($5,000.00) according to the capacity for the payment of the real estate contribution or according to the building permit and provided that it is the only property of the interested owner; or that, in the case of having more than one, the set value does not exceed that limit." Under Law 10838 of October 1946, the Honorary Commission for the Fight against Tuberculosis (which was previously established by law of January 17, 1946) "is hereby authorized to use up to 3% of its annual resources for the hiring of inspection personnel and Social Visitors." Under Law 10565 of December 1944, "Are included in the benefits granted by decree-law number 10,256 of October 21, 1942, retirees and their successors whose passivity has been granted prior to said decree-law -in their capacity as Teachers of the Deaf-Mute and mentally abnormal of the State schools - being able consequently to reform the respective certificates." In addition, "The Teachers of the General Artigas National Institute for the Blind, as well as those already retired or their successors in title, will enjoy the benefits established in the previous article and in Law number 9,878 on retirement of private school teachers." Law No. 10,694 of 1945 "increases the capital of the Rural Development and Colonization Section of the BHU, establishing regulations and creating special resources."

In a speech he made in 1946, Amézaga listed various laws that had been introduced, amended and passed. Amongst others, these included laws concerning employment offices for maritime workers, increased pay for pieceworkers, and reduced rents on rural land where there was hoof and mouth disease. In addition, various measures were adopted concerning public works and other subjects including a public health program, lowcost housing in Montevideo and Artigas, creation of a School of Library Science, establishment of a School of Liberal Arts and of an oceanographic and fishing service, and improvement of sanitation. According to a presidential decree approved on 28 January 1944, laborers on public works projects "are henceforth to have the benefit of adequate and sanitary housing facilities whenever the construction projects on which they are working are located more than a mile and a quarter from the nearest town or city limits," A Permanent National Fund was set up to assist in the fight against tuberculosis, which was exclusively aimed at providing social assistance pensions to the families of tubercular patients. In addition, an Honorary Commission was established "to function within the Ministry of Public Health, charged with studying, planning, and advising the Government on measures to combat the disease, organizing and directing a permanent census of tuberculosis sufferers in the country, preparing and disseminating campaign propaganda, and administering the Fund." In August 1944 10,000,000 pesos were authorized by the government for city and rural school building throughout Uruguay.

International affairs
Amézaga's time in office saw a growing coolness towards Argentina (which changed following the overthrow of Juan Perón) and a closer association with the United States which, according to one study, "had been a traditional Colorado counterweight to British influence but was now more a function of the economic, political and military dominance of the United States in the region and Uruguay's briefly held ambition to take a prominent role in the inter-American system." Government support was given for multi-lateral agreements on hemispheric defence sponsored by the United States in 1945 and at Rio de Janeiro in 1947. In 1946 commercial agreements were made with Belgium and France, a treaty of friendship was concluded with Russia, and new agreements regarding trade and payments were made with Great Britain.

Amézaga also spoke out against the horrors of the Second World War, stating in 1943 that

"The current war represents one of the cruelest and bloodiest stages in the history of humanity in the fight for rights. Free men offer lives and assets to ward off the danger of the most atrocious and iniquitous of slavery. We are part of the rearguard of the immense army of humanity that defends itself in a fight of life or death for civilization and it is natural that we must stoically endure the sacrifices that common defense demands. Let us seek to achieve international peace by destroying those who violate the law at their roots, and let us not forget within our homeland that humanity cannot live in a society founded on injustice. Only through hypocrisy or timidity could we conceal the serious legal and moral deficiencies that affect the organization of contemporary democracies. It is not about dispossessing anyone, nor imposing solutions through violence, because the iniquities of dispossession, nor the arbitrariness, have never served to found anything solid. Let us contribute our help in the fight for the right that obliges us to help men and nations that need help. Let us do work of restorative and distributive justice. The horrors of external war have not reached our heads. Nobody thinks about civil wars or social demands through force."

Towards the end of the war, Amézaga led Uruguay (which had previously broken with the Axis in 1942) to declare war on the Axis powers on February the 21st 1945.

Amézaga's foreign minister Eduardo Rodriguez Larreta advocated "multilateral intervention" in the Americas as a way of preventing individual countries "from rejecting democratic institutions and jeopardizing hemispheric security." In November 1945 Rodriquez sent a note to the other American governments. His proposal, referred to sometimes erroneously in English as the "Larreta" Doctrine, appealed for collective action to promote human rights and democracy and oppose dictators. While the plan was directed implicitly against Argentina, it was aimed broadly at general inter-American relations.  In part of his note, Rodriguez asserted  that "the purest respect for the principle of non-intervention of one State in the affairs of another (…) does not protect unlimitedly the notorious and repeated violation by any republic of elementary rights of man (…) In the international politics of America, the parallelism between peace and democracy should constitute an indeclinable norm of action." His proposal was, however, rejected overwhelming by the American governments "on the grounds that such a course would be equivalent to authorizing unacceptable collective intervention," therefore setting in, as noted by one study, "what they deemed its proper place the attempts at creating some sort of international supervision of the observance of human rights at a domestic level."

Economic policies
During Amézaga's presidency, struggles between the different dominant factions and their respective country projects continued, but the crises that caused these contradictions were resolved in a less traumatic way. As noted by one study "This was fundamentally due to the favorable economic conditions created by the war, which allowed a greater margin of understanding. The increase in profits in the livestock sector, coming from a greater demand for meat and wool paid at better prices, generated in said sector, a more critical and more "understanding" attitude towards the industrialization policy promoted by the government." The government took advantage of favorable international conditions created by the war, with Uruguay able to once again sell its products to the fighting nations of the United States and Europe, while control over exchange rates, exports and imports resulted in improved living standards for the popular sectors, increased importance of the industrial sector, and a sound trade balance. New mechanisms were established to restore the states role as arbiter in conflicts between employers and workers. Sectors of the labor force approved these measures, particularly the communists. A tax on all profits over 12% a year was also introduced, while public works were promoted. On 20 December 1944 the Uruguyan Congress approved a law authorizing the issuance of bonds to finance a 5-year public works program, with proceeds used for projects like reforestation and soil erosion control. The encouragement of public works enabled the government to significantly reduce unemployment, while also increasing the popularity of the public works minister Tomás Berreta, who would later succeed Amézaga as president. Berreta also attended particularly to, as noted by one study, "the interests of small agricultural producers in Canelones, a sector in which his political influence was considerable." Also significantly, starting in 1945 "the government promoted a policy of subsidies and credits for industry, which will boost production. Towards the end of the Amézaga government, the prospects for accelerated industrial development were clearly drawn on the country's economic horizon."

Various measures were also adopted to reduce the cost of living. During Amézaga's first year in office there were  "a great number of price-fixing and other regulatory measures, adopted to control the cost of living and the supply and distribution of articles of prime necessity." In 1945, the government contributed money towards lower consumer prices for articles of prime necessity such as meat, potatoes, bran, oats, corn, and wheat, while money was also contributed towards supporting popular dining rooms in the capital and provinces, and for winter social assistance and social security.

As noted by one study, Amézaga's presidency "took place in the midst of the favorable effects of the World War on the revitalization ofour exports. However, when it comes to industrial production, although the development process continued, it is recorded in these years a slowing down of its previous pace. Two factors seem to have influenced for this to occur: on the one hand, the difficulties in importing inputs caused by the war, and on the other, the regressive form of income distribution that had existed led to reducing domestic demand. It is in that direction then, that sectors of the industrial bourgeoisie fundamentally linked to the internal market, will play their card in favor of a change in redistributive policy through the unfreezing of social security policy and labor legislation with respect to the salaried sectors, with a view to strengthening the market and thus boosting industrial development and its profits."

1947
The year 1947 opened with Amézaga, younger by several years than his successor, preparing to step down as President in favour of his elected successor, Tomás Berreta, who was already aged in his 70s. Berreta's Presidency was to last barely 5 months, since he was to die in office.

Literary works

In addition to his activities as a politician, Amézaga was the author of various published works on penal and civil law, one of which, De las Nulidades en General (On Nullities in General), won a prize offered by the Law School of his alma mater. Additionally, he wrote numerous articles for periodicals that dealt with labor, social welfare, and legal topics.

Among the works that Amézaga gave to publicity included "On teaching Criminal Law at the University of Montevideo. Explanation of reasons for a program of this subject. Prologue by Dr. Carlos M. de Pena" (1908), 1 foll. 41 pp; "Of nullities in general. (Thesis rated unanimously outstanding). Prologue by Dr. José A. de Freitas" (1909), 1 vol. from VII-262 pp. ; "Aquilian guilt. Lessons from the Civil Law course" (1914), 1 vol. of 327 pp.; "Shorthand notes from the second course of Civil Law (1929), 2 vols. of 123 pp. and' 123 pp. and 126 pp.

Amézaga also published the following works in the "Journal of Law and Social Sciences": "The simulation", Volume I, Page 387; "Is the seizure of the debtor's rights and actions legal, decreed generically, when, having hidden his assets, an individualized seizure becomes impossible?" Volume 2, Page 12; Can the State modify, through an interpretive law, the clauses of a concession contract-law?, Idn., Pages. 225; "Insurance and legal measures for protection and safety against work accidents", Volume 3, Page 438. In addition, the following works were published by the "Journal of Law, Jurisprudence and Administration": "Project on the protection of minors" (In collaboration with Drs. G. Terra and E. J. Lagarmilla), Volume 11, Pages. 23 7 and following; "On obligations", Volume 27, Page 425; "Contracts in which the wife and husband are bound together" (In collaboration with Dr. J. Irureta Goyena), Volume 32, Page 29 7; "Guidelines for the reform of the Uruguayan Civil Code", Volume 32, Pages. 388 et seq.

Post-presidency
Following the end of his presidency, Amézaga retired from politics. He died after a long illness in Montevideo on August the 20th 1956, aged 75.

See also
Politics of Uruguay
List of presidents of Uruguay

References

1881 births
1956 deaths
Politicians from Montevideo
Presidents of Uruguay
Candidates for President of Uruguay
Amezaga, Juan Jose de
Uruguayan people of Basque descent
Colorado Party (Uruguay) politicians
Uruguay in World War II
Burials at Cementerio del Buceo, Montevideo

Juan José de Amézaga


Peschiers Gård eller Peschiers Palæ er et palæ i Holmens Kanal i København bygget for Pierre Peschier efter bybranden i 1795 med C.F. Harsdorff som arkitekt. Bygningen blev fredet i 1918.

1784 erhvervede den velhavende købmand Pierre Peschier den tidligere ejendom på grunden. Københavns brand 1795 lagde store dele af byen øde og ramte også denne bygning. Peschier besluttede at opføre en statelig bygning, et palæ, som blev opført fra 1795 til 1798.

1850 ejedes bygningen af klaverfabrikant C.C. Hornung der lod bygningen forhøje og ombygge af G.F. Hetsch

1872 købte Landmandsbanken ejendommen, og den har i mange år været hovedsæde for efterfølgeren Danske Bank, der i 2016 solgte den til den skotske forsikringsgruppe Standard Life. Banken vil dog indtil videre fortsætte som lejer og blive boende i bygningerne.

Galleri

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 "Holmens Kanal 12" , om bygningens historie fra KobenhavnsHistorie.dk

Københavns historie
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i København
Danske Bank-koncernen
Etableret i 1798

Peschiers Gård


Juliette Lewis (n. 21 iunie 1973) este o actriță americană de film și televiziune. A devenit cunoscută prin rolul său din Promontoriul groazei, pentru care a fost nominalizată la Premiul Oscar pentru cea mai bună actriță în rol secundar și Globul de Aur. A mai jucat în Necazurile lui Gilbert Grape, Născuți asasini, Strange Days, The Evening Star, Kalifornia, From Dusk till Dawn și The Other Sister.

Discografie
 …Like a Bolt of Lightning  (2004)
 You're Speaking My Language  (2005)
 Four on the Floor (2006)
 Terra Incognita (2009)

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1973
Nașteri pe 21 iunie
Actrițe americane
Cântărețe americane

Juliette Lewis


Hull Kingston Rovers are a professional rugby league club based in Kingston upon Hull, Yorkshire, England, that competes in the Super League, the top tier of British rugby league. The club has won five league championships, and one Challenge Cup.

Formed in 1882, the club joined the Northern Rugby Football Union in 1897. Hull Kingston Rovers most successful period was during the late 1970s and early 1980s, with Roger Millward leading the club to three league titles between 1978 and 1985, and the club's only Challenge Cup win in 1980. After a period of decline, the club competed in its first Super League season in 2007.

Introduction

Hull Kingston Rovers are one of two professional rugby league teams in Hull. Hull F.C. play on the west side of the city, and Hull KR on the east side, at Hull College Craven Park. The River Hull is the divide between the two. Hull KR's nickname, "The Robins", originates from their traditional playing colours of red and white.

After a ten-year stay in the Super League (2007–2016), they were relegated from the Super League to the Championship in the 2016 season, due to the Million Pound Game.

After winning the majority of their matches in the 2017 Championship season, Hull KR successfully gained automatic promotion back to the Super League, at the first time of asking.

History

19th century
Hull Kingston Rovers began in 1882 when a group of apprentice boilermakers in the Hessle Road area of Hull came together to start a team, Kingston Amateurs. Their first ground was a piece of wasteland in Albert Street, the club started playing in the Hull and District League in the autumn of 1883. By 1885 Kingston Amateurs had played at three grounds, Albert Street, Anlaby Road and finally Chalk Lane. The club name was also changed to Kingston Rovers as they entered the Times Cup in the 1885–86 season.
A number of clubs joined the league and the club entered the new Hull and District Rugby Union Cup, losing to Hull A in the final. The club won its first trophy in the 1887–88 season by winning the Times Cup, beating Selby A in the final. The Hull Kingston Rovers moved to their fourth ground, down Hessle Road.

In 1888–89, 6,000 fans turned up to the cup game against Hull A at the Holderness Road ground, which ended as a draw. Rovers went through the next season losing just two games, defeating Britannia in the Times Cup final.

Rovers beat Hull A for the first time in 1889–90, and moved to their fifth ground, again down Hessle Road. The Red and Whites won the Times Cup for the third year running in 1891–92 beating York A in the final. 1892 saw Rovers play at the Boulevard for the first time and they leased the ground for three years from the following season. Only one away win was recorded this season and six home wins, but Rovers entered the Yorkshire Cup for the first time although they were knocked out by Dewsbury in the second round. In 1893 Rovers played out of the Boulevard, and they lost to Bradford Northern that season in the first round of the Yorkshire Cup. Amos Law, a drop kicker joined the club from Cleckheaton and Huddersfield, while George William Lofthouse played at the age of 14; the youngest ever player to turn out for the senior side.

In 1895 the Northern Football Union was founded, when the leading rugby union sides in the North of England broke away to form a league of their own, comprising 22 clubs. Rovers, then nicknamed "the redbreasts" did not join the new organisation and were instead promoted to the second division of the RFU finishing joint second. They moved to their first ground in East Hull in Craven Street off Holderness Road. In 1896–97, they were denied a place in the first division when several sides resigned but when the West Riding club dropped out, Rovers moved up.

Hull KR amalgamated with Albany Soccer Club. After a successful amalgamation the clubs resources they then went onto win the Yorkshire Cup for the first time beating Shipley 11–5 in the final. The club also won the league competition and beat the rest of the league 26–8 in a challenge match. Rovers applied to join the Northern Union and played their first match under the new code in 1897–98.

Rovers were elected into the inaugural Yorkshire Second competition in 1898–99 winning all 17 matches. A club record of 19 consecutive league play-off and cup wins was set in that season with the club subsequently defeating Heckmondwike in a promotion/relegation match to qualify for the Yorkshire Senior Competition. Hull Kingston Rovers were thus admitted into full membership of the Yorkshire Northern Union and finished 6th out of 16 beating Hull 8–2 in the first local derby on 16 September 1899, in front of a 14,000 crowd.

Early 20th century
In 1901–02, the top Yorkshire clubs formed their own 'super league' and Rovers played in the Lancashire League finishing 5th out of 13. Hull Kingston Rovers were one of the new teams to join the second division and finished joint second.

In 1904–05, Rovers reached the Challenge Cup Final losing 0–6 to Warrington in front of a crowd of 19,638. In the first round on 4 March 1905, Rovers beat Brookland Rovers 73–5 with G.H. 'Tich' West scoring 53 of the points with 11 tries and 10 goals, still a club and world rugby league record. In 1906/07 they reached the final of the Yorkshire Cup only to lose to Bradford F.C. 5–8.

In 1908, Rovers gained a memorable 21–16 win over the first touring Australian side. In 1911/12 they finished 3rd out of 27 but lost 10–22 to Huddersfield in the final of the Yorkshire Cup. In 1912/13 Rovers finished 3rd again out of 26 clubs and lost to Wigan in the Championship semi final play-off and finished runners-up in the Yorkshire League Championship.

Leagues were suspended in 1915 due to the First World War. When an official regional league resumed on 18 January 1919, Rovers finished 19th out of 25. In 1920/21, Rovers finished top of the Rugby League but lost 14–16 to Hull F.C. in the play-off final at Headingley. They had their revenge in the Yorkshire Cup final beating Hull 2–0 to win their first cup as a professional side.

Rovers then moved to their second ground in East Hull, Old Craven Park, behind the tram and bus depot on the eastern end of Holderness Road in 1922. The land cost £18,281 and included 14 tennis courts. They lost their first match at the new ground 0-0-0 to 0–1–3 Wakefield Trinity on 2 September 1922, Albert Rosenfeld scoring Trinity's try. The club finished 4th out of 27 in the league and they won the League Championship Cup beating Huddersfield 15–5. In season 1923/4 Gilbert Austin voluntarily ended a run of 190 consecutive appearances when he was selected to play for Yorkshire, which he considered a great honour.

1924–25 saw Rovers finish 2nd in the league, win the League Championship Cup, the Yorkshire League Cup, were semi-finalists in the Yorkshire Cup and runners-up in the Challenge Cup final. In 1925/26 Rovers finished 6th and won the Yorkshire League Championship. In 1926/27 the club finished 6th out of 29 but managed to beat a touring New Zealand side 20–15.

In 1929–30 Rovers won the Yorkshire Cup beating Hunslet 13–7 in the final, and finished 6th in the league. In 1933/34 the club lost 4–10 to York F.C. in the Yorkshire Cup Final.

Hull Kingston Rovers sold Craven Park for £10,750 to the Greyhound Racing Company in 1938 due to financial difficulties, securing a 21-year lease to continue playing there.

Post-Second World War
Leagues were again suspended during the Second World War. When the league resumed in 1945 Rovers finished 18th out of 27. Between 1947 and 1957, Rovers finished between 17th and 29th in the league. Colin Hutton was Hull KR coach from 1957–70. In 1958 the club's fortunes started improving, finishing 18th out of 30. In 1959–60 the club finished 13th out of 30, the first time the club had finished in the top half of the table since 1930–31 – the players shared a bonus of £500 to share.

In 1961–62, the club won 17 successive matches and finished 8th out of 30. In 1962, the league was split into East and West of the Pennines; Huddersfield and Hull Kingston Rovers met at Headingley, Leeds in the first final of the Eastern Division Championship on Saturday 10 November 1962. Reigning champions, Huddersfield were favourites to lift the Eastern Division title, especially as Rovers were missing five first choice players with injuries. The Robins, however, set the early pace and were 10–0 up after 30 minutes. Despite a rally by Huddersfield, Rovers hung on to win 13–10. Rovers win was their first trophy for more than 30 years. In 1962–63 as two division rugby returned, they finished the season tenth out of sixteen in Division 1.

In 1963–64, Rovers reached the Challenge Cup Final at Wembley for the first time, losing 5–13 to Widnes in front of 84,488 fans. A return to Division One rugby was made in 1964–65 when Rovers finished 8th out of 30. In 1965/66 Rovers finished 12th out of 30. Rovers finished second in 1966–67, their highest place for over 40 years and the Yorkshire Cup was won with a 25–12 victory over Featherstone Rovers.

The club bought Roger Millward from Castleford on 8 August 1966 for the sum of £6,000. Rovers won the Mackeson Trophy for being the top points scorers in the Rugby League. Rovers won the Yorkshire Cup for the second year running in 1967–68, beating Hull 8–7 in the final; the first all-Hull final in 47 years. The club finished third in the league and lost 10–17 to Wakefield Trinity in the play-off final; Rovers were runners-up in the Yorkshire League and beat the Australians 27–15 with Millward scoring a hat-trick.

The 1970s
Johnny Whiteley joined Hull Kingston Rovers as coach in 1970 and stayed until 1972.

In the early 1970s Hull KR purchased a site at Winchester Avenue with the aim of building a new stadium. The plans never came to fruition and the site was later sold to a private developer. The profit made from this land was used to buy back Craven Park with greyhound racing continuing as a subsidiary concern.

New Zealand visited Craven Park on 8 September 1971. The Kiwis, playing their third game in five days, were unable to match the Robins, who beat the Kiwis 12–10.

Rovers won a further two Yorkshire Cup winners medals in 1971/72 and 1974/75. In 1973/74 the club was relegated to Division 2 when they finished 14 out of 16 in Division 1. Rovers gained promotion back to Division 1 the next year and won the Yorkshire Cup for the sixth time beating Wakefield Trinity 16–13 in the final. They also reached the semi-finals of the BBC2 Floodlit Trophy, the John Player Trophy and the Premiership Trophy. In 1975/76 the club were runners-up in the Yorkshire Cup losing 11–15 to Leeds.

Coach Harry Poole died in 1976/77, and Millward took over as temporary player-coach and in his first season guided the club to their first ever BBC2 Floodlit Trophy victory as the Robins beat St. Helens 26–11. The club finished 4th out of 16 in the league.

Phil Hogan was transferred to Hull KR in 1978 for a then world record fee of £35,000. Rovers topped the league for the first time since 1925. In 1979/80, under coach Roger Millward, Hull KR achieved a famous defeat of neighbours Hull, by a margin of 10–5 in the final of the Challenge Cup, at Wembley in front of 95,000 fans. A makeshift sign was left on the A63 (the major westerly road out of Hull) that read "last one out turn the lights off!" due to most of the city travelling to Wembley for the final. Also, a '10–5' bar is now situated inside Craven Park.

Steve Hubbard scored nine out of the ten points for Rovers. Millward played the full game, despite having his jaw broken early in the game. Earlier in the same season, Rovers had lost in the final of the BBC2 Floodlit Trophy against Hull.

1980s and early 1990s
In 1980/81, Millward retired as a player after having his jaw broken for the third time, the club finished 3rd in the league but lost 18–9 to Widnes in the final of the Challenge Cup in front of 94,496. Rovers lost in the final of the Yorkshire Cup 7–8 to Leeds but won the Premiership Trophy beating Hull 11–7. International full back George Fairbairn was signed from Wigan suring the summer of 1981 for a then world record fee of £72.500. In 1981/82 Rovers finished 4th in the league and lost in the final of the John Player Trophy 4–12 against Hull.

In 1982/83 Rovers finished as runners-up in the league. In 1983/84 Rovers were crowned champions of the 1st Division and went on to win the Divisional Premiership beating Castleford 18–10 in the final at Headingley; becoming the first team to win the Championship / Premiership double. In 1984–85 they nearly repeated the feat winning the Division 1 Championship but narrowly missing out in the final of the Premiership. Rovers also won the John Player Trophy beating Hull 12–0 in the final at Boothferry Park but lost 12–29 to Hull in the final of the Yorkshire Cup.

On 25 August 1985, professional rugby league was played for the first time on the Isle of Man. The Charity Shield between Hull Kingston Rovers and Challenge Cup winners Wigan drew a crowd of 4,066 to the Douglas Bowl. The final score was 34–6 to Wigan.

In 1985/86, Millward took Rovers to their sixth win in the Yorkshire Cup before they were defeated in the John Player Final and the Challenge Cup Final at Wembley narrowly losing 15–14 to Castleford. This proved to be Rovers last major final to date, as the team that had part dominated the English game faded away.

By the late 1980s, time had taken its toll on Craven Park stadium, following the Bradford City stadium fire, capacity was restricted and the cost of safety work spiraled. Major renovations were needed to bring it up to scratch. Large amounts of money were spent on the ground each year repairing sections but once one section was repaired another would fall into disrepair. In 1988/89, their last full season at Craven Park, Rovers were relegated to the 2nd Division and Millward decided to stand down as coach. Wright Properties Ltd purchased Craven Park from the club and the final game was played there on 9 April 1989.

A new stadium, New Craven Park, was built on a site off Preston Road. New Craven Park was officially opened on Sunday 24 September 1989 as Rovers beat Trafford Borough 48–8 in front of 8,500 spectators. Rovers started the new era convincingly, and were crowned Second Division champions with promotion back to the top flight.

George Fairbairn was brought in as a player-coach in 1992 for a record fee of £72,500. In 1994/95, Rovers were relegated to the third division despite finishing mid table.

1996–2006: Summer era
In 1996, the first tier of British rugby league clubs played the inaugural Super League season and changed from a winter to a summer season. When the Super League competition had been proposed, it was suggested Hull Kingston Rovers should merge with Hull F.C. to form 'Humberside' and compete in the Super League. This was resisted but despite finishing top of the Third Division, they were not promoted. As the sport in Britain entered a new era, it would be ten years before Rovers rose again to the top level of the game.

Rovers were again crowned champions of the now renamed Second Division in 1996 and were this time promoted to the First Division. Hull Kingston Rovers entered administration in January 1997, and, but for the diligence of administrator Edward Klemka and the fund-raising activity of the Hull Kingston Rovers Supporters Group, the 1997 season would almost certainly have been their last. On the field though, Rovers won the Challenge Cup plate in its only season, beating Hunslet at Wembley 60–14. Then, against all odds, they finished second in the division the following season.

Rovers finished second in the league in 1998, and came close to a Grand Final spot with a Super League spot at stake. The Robins were expected to go one better in 1999 and topped the table for most of the season before their run ended and the final six games saw them drop from first place to sixth, missing out on a play-off place. Disappointment followed the year after when the Robins finished in seventh place in the league after a mid-season collapse and exited the play-offs in the first round.

After being in Administration from 1997 an acceptable buyer for the club was finally found in 2000, and the club came out of administration. Don Robinson took control in 2001 and Gary Wilkinson became head coach. Despite reaching the National Cup Final and finishing fourth in the league, Wilkinson made way for the club's first overseas coach, Steve Linnane.

Under Linnane, the Robins came within eighty minutes of their first Grand Final appearance in 2002, after a largely successful end to the season, while the arrival of former player Nick Halafihi as chief executive, boosted the club's off-field activities.

In 2004 the club appointed Mal Reilly as Director of Rugby and Martin Hall as first team coach after Steve Linnane's resignation. But Reilly left the club midway through the season, while Hall took the club to the play-off semi-final before leaving once the season had finished. Halafihi also left the club.

Harvey Howard was appointed first team coach and Paul Lakin appointed chief executive in late 2004. Howard was dismissed shortly before the Northern Rail Cup Final, which Rovers went on to win 18–16 over Castleford, with the Robins utilising the temporary player-coaching abilities of James Webster.

Permanently taking over from Howard was the former Toulouse coach, Justin Morgan. October 2005 who saw the club still in the National League, after failing to get past the semi-final stage of the National League One play-offs. Rovers also started a number of ground improvements, including the laying of a new pitch, and widening of the playing surface. They also made some significant signings for the 2006 season.

Up to that time unbeaten in their 2006 fixtures, in early June they were drawn to meet Super League side Warrington, in the quarter-final of the Challenge Cup. It was arguably their biggest fixture for some years. Against all the odds the Robins won, 40–36, their best result in the competition since their 1980 Challenge Cup win against local rivals Hull. This result also created a new club record of 18 consecutive wins. The victory set up a semi final tie against Super League leaders, St. Helens.

Rovers also progressed to the final of the Northern Rail Cup for the second successive season, against Leigh at Bloomfield Road, Blackpool on 16 July. Leigh won this game 22–18, thus ending Rovers' twenty four match unbeaten run. The club's Challenge Cup campaign also came to an abrupt halt, Rovers gamely succumbing 50–0 to triple-winning St Helens at the Galpharm Stadium, Huddersfield.

September 2006 saw Rovers crowned National League One Minor Premier winners, and qualify for an automatic place in the National League One play-off semi final at Craven Park against Widnes whom they beat 29–22 to reach the first Grand Final in their history, which they won 29–16, earning a place in the following season's Super League competition.

2007–2014: Super League
After close-season signings and an overseas training camp, Rovers made a better than expected start to their first Super League campaign, winning their first two games – Wakefield Trinity at home and Huddersfield away. After suffering a reversal to Harlequins RL, they then had an away win (26–16) at Wigan, followed by a hard-fought victory at home to in-form Leeds, to go joint top of the early season table. However, inconsistent form, injuries and the effects of the first Super League sending-off (after 96 games) saw Rovers slip to near the bottom, despite a historic double away win over Wigan, and beating local rivals Hull at the Millennium Magic weekend. Improved late season results, including the safety-clinching win in the derby against Hull by the shock margin of 6–42 (played at the KC Stadium), ensured Super League status for another campaign.

Hull KR made significant changes to their squad for the 2008 season, which saw eleven new players brought in and a number of players released or sold. On 2 May the club announced that former captain James Webster had been released from the final six months of his contract due to a three to four-month lay off with a shoulder injury. He was replaced by new signing Michael Dobson, who was formerly a target of Hull. Canberra Raiders scrum half took squad number 26, and made his début against Harlequins RL on 25 May, scoring two tries. Rovers finished one point away from a play-off place.

2009 saw further consolidation of Hull KR's Super League status with away victories at St Helens, Wigan and Warrington in a seven match winning run, taking Rovers briefly to the top position in the table. A less successful spell followed, due to inconsistency, injuries and international calls, but by mid August 2009 Rovers were fourth in the table, five points clear of the next placed side.

2011 saw the end of Justin Morgan's reign as head coach and the club appointed Craig Sandercock as the new head coach for the 2012 season. Finishing 10th in his first season as a head coach and then making the play-offs in 2013, finishing 8th.

Despite making several big name signings for the 2014 season, Rovers failed to make any kind of impact in the league and with 8 games remaining they parted company with Sandercock, appointing assistant coach and ex-player Chris Chester as the new First-team coach of Hull KR. Chester could not steer the club to a playoff spot in his first 8 games in charge and they finished the season in 9th position.

2015–present: Progress and Challenge Cup final
Chester took charge of his first full season as Hull Kingston Rovers Head Coach in 2015 and despite a mass clearout of the 2014 squad, he made several high-profile signings, notably, Ken Sio, Albert Kelly, Maurice Blair, Terry Campese, Mitch Allgood, Ryan Bailey and Darrell Goulding.

The club's first major final in 29 years ended in a record defeat along with the highest losing margin in a Challenge Cup final against Leeds by 50 points to nil.

Chester was sacked on 24 February 2016 just three matches into the 2016 season (two losses and a draw). James Webster took the reins, and led the Robins to four defeats in the following five games; the club also suffered a shock cup loss to Championship side Oldham R.L.F.C., as well as relegation to the Kingstone Press Championship in the 2016 Million Pound Game.

In September 2016, it was announced that Tim Sheens would be coaching the club for the next three years. In his first season, Rovers were promoted without having to play the Million Pound Game.

Over the next three seasons, Hull KR finished 10th, 11th and 11th.  In the 2020 Super League season, the club only avoided relegation due to the Covid-19 Pandemic and Toronto's expulsion from the league.

In the 2021 Super League season, Hull KR were predicted to fight against relegation after finishing the previous season on the bottom of the table.  The club however finished in sixth place and qualified for the playoffs for the first time since 2013.  In the elimination playoff against Warrington, Hull KR produced a major upset winning the game 19–0 and booking their place in the semi-final against Catalans Dragons.
In the 2021 semi-final, Hull KR lost the match 28–10 at a sold out Stade Gilbert Brutus.

Hull Kingston Rovers started the 2022 Super League season looking to build on the events of 2021. Midway through the year however, head coach Tony Smith announced he would be leaving at the end of the year.  In May 2022, Hull KR reached the semi-final of the Challenge Cup were defeated by Huddersfield at Elland Road.  In July 2022, Smith left Hull Kingston Rovers after a humiliating loss to Toulouse Olympique and he was replaced by interim head coach Danny McGuire. Hull Kingston Rovers would finish the year in 8th place on the table. In the 2023 Super League season, the club finished fourth on the table and qualified for the playoffs. They defeated Leigh in the elimination playoff to reach the semi-final against Wigan. Wigan would defeat Hull Kingston Rovers 42–12. The club also reached the final of the 2023 Challenge Cup but were defeated by Leigh in extra-time.

Stadium

1895–1922: Craven Street

Hull KR first played on Craven Street in 1895 and played there until 1922 when they built and developed a bigger stadium at Old Craven Park with better facilities.

1922–1989: Old Craven Park

Hull KR moved to Craven Park from their cramped Craven Street ground in 1922. The club purchased and developed a site behind the tram and bus depot on the eastern end of Holderness Road and it hosted its first game on 2 September 1922. Craven Park also hosted greyhound racing. Hull Kingston Rovers sold the ground to the Greyhound Racing Company in 1930s due to financial difficulties, securing a long term lease to continue playing there.

In the early 1970s Hull Kingston Rovers purchased a site at Winchester Avenue with the aim of building a new stadium there. These plans never came to fruition and the site was later sold to a private developer. The profit made from this land was used to buy back Craven Park with greyhound racing continuing as a subsidiary concern. Following the Bradford City stadium fire, capacity was restricted and costs of safety work spiraled. With the club in debt the ground was sold to developers and the final game was played there on 9 April 1989.

1989–present: Craven Park

The club moved to the new ground in 1989 from the "Old" Craven Park which was sited on Holderness Road. The first match was played against Trafford Borough packing in a full capacity 8,500 crowd to watch.

In 2006 the ground and pitch were substantially improved as the club sought a return to the top flight of English rugby league. On 25 January 2014,  Hull Kingston Rovers announced that it had secured a new stadium naming rights partnership with local communications provider, KC. Under a five-year agreement, Craven Park was renamed the KC Lightstream Stadium. After a corporate rebrand, the stadium was renamed again as KCOM Craven Park. In 2019 it was renamed the Hull College Craven Park Stadium.

A further renaming deal was signed in January 2022 when Hull-based company, Sewell Group, signed a two-year deal for rights to the stadium naming. The stadium to be known as the Sewell Group Craven Park.

On 28 March 2022 the club announced that they had purchased the ground from Kingston Community Developments Ltd (KCDL). KCDL had been the club's landlord since the 1990s. The club also announced that they have the option to buy up to  of land surrounding the ground from Hull City Council.

Colours and badge

Colours
Hull Kingston Rovers have played in red jerseys throughout their history. From their inception the club's colours were agreed to be red jerseys with a blue band across the chest, white shorts and red socks.

Badge

Hull KR's badge is similar to city rivals Hull F.C. in that they use the city coat of arms, but KR's club badge is mainly red within a shield.

Kit sponsors and manufacturers

Rivalries

The club's main rivalry is with cross-city side Hull F.C. in which they contest the Hull Derby.

Players

2023 squad

2023 transfers

Gains

Losses

Notable former players

Greatest ever team
In 2012, Hull KR supporters voted for the best players in the club's history. The players who received the most votes in each position were named in the club's "Greatest Ever Hull KR 13".

Other notable players
These players have either won Challenge Cup, Rugby Football League Championship, Yorkshire County Cup, Yorkshire League; played during Super League; received a Testimonial match; been international representatives before, or after, their time at Hull Kingston Rovers; or are notable outside of rugby league. For a comprehensive list of players, see List of Hull Kingston Rovers players. Figures in (brackets) are total club appearances.

 Allan Agar
 Chris Anderson
 Gilbert Austin (348) 1919 – 1928
 Damian Ball
 Dwayne Barker
 Arthur Beetson
 Edwin "Ted" Bonner (#13) (72) circa 1962
 Kerry Boustead
 B. Britton (332) circa 1924 – circa 1930
 Mark Broadhurst
 Matty Brooks
 Arthur Bunting (237) 1959 – circa 1968
 Brian Burwell (#4) (93) circa 1962
 George Carmichael captain circa 1936
 Leslie Chamberlain
 Josh Charnley
 Chris Chester
 Dean Clark
 Geoffrey Clarkson
 Joel Clinton
 Ben Cockayne
 Liam Colbon
 J. Cook (365) 1920 – 1931
 Matt Cook
 Paul Cooke
 Colin Cooper (#7) circa-1968
 Philip "Phil" Coupland circa-1968
 Robin "Bob" Coverdale (161) 1957 – circa 1963
 Mick Crane
 H. "Scrubber" Dale (305) circa 1929 – circa 1937
 Andy Dannatt
 Michael Dixon
 Michael Dobson
 John Dorahy
 Jim Drake (78) 1961 – 1965
 Paul Eastwood
 David "Dave" Elliott (300) circa 1962 – 1968
 Andrew Ellis
 Asuquo "Zook" Ema circa 1983 (Testimonial match 1990)
 Craig Farrell
 Daniel Fitzhenry
 Paul Fletcher (Testimonial match 1998)
 Byron Ford
 Leslie "Les" Foster (#8) circa-1968
 Neil Fox
 Peter Fox (born 1984)
 Ben Galea
 Jim Gannon
 Stanley Gene
 Jon Goddard
 Blake Green
 Mike Hall
 Graeme Hallas
 Ian Hardman
 Lewis Harris, 1920s.
 Robert "Bob" Harris (#5) (128) 1959 – c 1964
 Danny Hill
Dale Holdstock
Roy Holdstock
 Chaz I'Anson
 Fred Jowett
 Cyril Kellett (#1) (382) 1957 – 1967
 Bryn Knowelden
 Sam Latus
 Tracey Lazenby
 Paul Longstaff (#5) circa-1968
 Rhys Lovegrove
 John Lydiat (Testimonial match 1982)
 Terrence "Terry" Major (#3) (274) 1959 – circa 1969
 J. McIntyre (303) circa 1920 – circa 1925
 Wilfred "Wilf" McWatt (323)
 Frankie Mariano
 Brian Mennell (#10) début in 1963–64 Challenge Cup Final circa-1968
 Luke Menzies
 Gavin Miller
 John Millington
 John Moore (430) 1962 – (Testimonial match 1973)
 Iain Morrison
 Gareth Morton
 Peter Murphy (#12) (36) circa 1962
 Scott Murrell
 Jason Netherton
 Kirk Netherton
 Clint Newton
 Bryan Niebling
 Mark O'Neill
 Jonty Parkin
 Graham 'The Cornish Express' Paul (#2) (197) 1958 – 1966
 Dave Page
 Gareth Price
 Gary Prohm
 Andy Raleigh
 Joseph "Joe" Ramsden (348)
 Michael Ratu
 Dan Rees
 Emlyn Richards (109) 1945 – 1952
 Leroy Rivett
 Ian Robinson (Testimonial match 1984)
 Michael Smith
 Bright Sodje
 John "Jack" T. Spamer (440) circa 1928 – circa 1938
 Scott Spaven
 Jon Steel
 David Stephenson
 Francis Stephenson
 Lynton Stott
 Anthony Sullivan 1988 – 1991
 Whetu Taewa
 Ryan Tandy
 David Tangata-Toa
 Latham Tawhai
 John Taylor
 Scott Taylor
 Len Trump
 Derek 'Rocky' Turner (141) 1950 – 1955
 Yank van Rooyen circa-1920
 Michael Vella
 David Wainwright (#1) circa-1968
 Chev Walker
 Danny Ward
 Dave Watson
 Kevin Watson
 Liam Watts
 Jake Webster
 James Webster
 Pat Weisner
 Kris Welham
 C.T. Westerdale (319) circa 1924 – circa 1930
 Scott Wheeldon
 Jon Wilkin
 Desi Williams
 Dave Wilson

Coaching team

Past coaches
Also see :Category:Hull Kingston Rovers coaches.

 Lewis Harris
 Bryn Knowelden 1952–1955
 Colin Hutton 1957–1970
 Johnny Whiteley 1970–1972
 Harry Poole 1975–1977
 Roger Millward 1977–1991
 George Fairbairn 1991–1994
 Steve Crooks 1994–1997
 Dave Harrison 1997–2000
 Gary Wilkinson 2000–2002
 Steve Linnane 2002–2004
 Martin Hall 2003–2004
 Mal Reilly 2003–2004
 Harvey Howard 2004–2005
 Justin Morgan 2005–2011
 Craig Sandercock 2012–2014
 Chris Chester 2014–2016
 James Webster 2016–2017
 Tim Sheens 2017–2019
 James Webster (caretaker) 2019
 Tony Smith 2019–2022
 Danny McGuire (interim) 2022
 Willie Peters 2023–present

Seasons

Super League era

Honours

League
First Division / Super League
Winners (5):1922–23, 1924–25, 1978–79, 1983–84, 1984–85
Second Division / Championship
Winners (2): 2006, 2017
RFL Championship Leaders' Shield
Winners (2): 2006, 2017
RFL Yorkshire League
Winners (2): 1924–25, 1925–26
Eastern Division Championship
Winners (1): 1962–63

Cup

Challenge Cup
Winners (1): 1979–80
Premiership
Winners (2): 1980–81, 1983–84
League Cup
Winners (1): 1984–85
BBC2 Floodlit Trophy
Winners (1): 1977–78
RFL Yorkshire Cup
Winners (7): 1920–21, 1929–30, 1966–67, 1967–68, 1971–72, 1974–75, 1985–86
RFU Yorkshire Cup
Winners (1): 1897
Championship Cup
Winners (1): 2005
Challenge Cup Plate
Winners (1): 1997

Club records

Match records
Goals: 14 (10 placed 4 drop) by Alf 'Bunker' Carmichael vs Merthyr Tydfil, 8 October 1910
14 by Mike Fletcher vs Whitehaven, 18 March 1990
14 by Colin Armstrong vs Nottingham City, 19 August 1990
14 by Damien Couturier vs Halifax, Northern Rail Cup, 23 April 2006
Tries: 11 by George Henry 'Tich' West vs Brooklands Rovers, 4 March 1905
Points: 53 (11 tries, 10 goals) by George Henry 'Tich' West vs Brooklands Rovers, 4 March 1905 (a rugby league world record)

Season records
Goals: 199 by Mike Fletcher, 1989–90
Tries: 45 by Gary Prohm, 1984–85
Points: 450 by Mike Fletcher, 1989–90

Career records
Goals: 1,268 by Mike Fletcher, 1987–98
Tries: 207 by Roger Millward, 1966–80
Points: 2,760 by Mike Fletcher, 1987–98
Appearances: 481 by Mike Smith, 1974–1991

Other records
Highest score: 100–6 vs Nottingham City, 19 August 1990
Highest against: 6–84 vs Wigan (KCOM Craven Park), 1 April 2013
Attendance record: 22,282 vs Hull F.C. (Craven Park), 7 October 1922
Attendance record: 16,084 vs Hull F.C. (Craven Park), 20 April 1984 (post-war record)
Attendance record: 18,000 vs Hull F.C. (Craven Street), 11 March 1922
Attendance record: 27,670 vs Hull F.C. (Boothferry Park), 3 April 1953
Attendance record: 12,090 vs Hull F.C (KCOM Craven Park), 30 March 2018 (current stadium record)
All-time attendance record: 95,000 vs Hull F.C. (Wembley Stadium), 3 May 1980 – 1980 Challenge Cup Final
Attendance record vs international touring team: 13,000 vs Australasia (Craven Street), 24 September 1921 – 1921–22 Kangaroo Tour
Longest sequence of appearances: 190 by Gilbert Austin, 1918–19 to 1923–24
International appearances: 45 plus 2 as sub by Roger Millward between 1966–78

Notes

References

External links

 Hull KR Junior Robins
 Hull KR history

Rugby clubs established in 1882
Super League teams
Sport in Kingston upon Hull
1882 establishments in England
Rugby league teams in England

Hull Kingston Rovers


An Yushania microphylla in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni William Munro, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Radha Binod Majumdar. An Yushania microphylla in nahilalakip ha genus nga Yushania, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Yushania

Yushania microphylla


Elena Chernenko (Елена Черненко) est une journaliste russe et militante anti-guerre. Elle est correspondante spéciale et responsable du bureau des affaires étrangères du quotidien moscovite Kommersant.

Parcours et prises de positions
Elle est titulaire d'un doctorat de l'Université d'État de Moscou. Elle a travaillé pour Russian Newsweek, La Voix de la Russie et Moskauer Deutsche Zeitung.

Le 24 février 2022, alors que la Russie envahissait l'Ukraine, elle lance une pétition contre la guerre, rassemblant plus de 100 signatures de journalistes.

Références

Lien externe
 Biographes d'Elena Chernenko

Journaliste russe du XXIe siècle

Elena Chernenko


Die katholische Pfarrkirche St. Mariä Himmelfahrt ist ein denkmalgeschütztes Kirchengebäude in Bracht, einem Ortsteil von Brüggen im Kreis Viersen (Nordrhein-Westfalen).

Geschichte und Architektur
Die dreischiffige, kreuzrippengewölbte Pseudobasilika steht auf dem ehemaligen befestigten aufgelassenen Friedhof. Sie wurde 1484 in Backstein und Tuff mit einem Chor in 5/8-Schluss errichtet. Der Westturm stürzte 1830 ein und wurde danach als viergeschossiger Backsteinturm in Formen der frühen Neugotik gebaut. Der beschädigte Teil des Langhauses wurde erneuert. Die Höhe des Kirchturmes beträgt 49,70 m (mit Kreuz und Wetterhahn 53 m). Der Glasmalereizyklus von 1890 stammt aus der Werkstatt Atelier F. Nicolas en Zonen aus Roermond. Die Rahmungen in den Seitenschiffen wurden vor 1970 von E. Pauli ergänzt.

Ausstattung
 Der Hochaltar von der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts stammt aus der untergegangenen Kreuzbrüderkirche in Dülken
 Die Madonnenfigur wurde wohl im Werkstattkreis des J. F. van Helmont angefertigt
 Die Seitenaltäre sind von der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts, die Altarblätter aus der Zeit um 1900
 Im nördlichen Altar steht eine Figur der hl. Katharina von Friedrich Stummel
 Die Kanzel wurde 1830 fast vollständig erneuert
 Zwei Beichtstühle wurden zum Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts gebaut, der dritte Beichtstuhl wurde hinzugearbeitet
 Das Chorgestühl von 1783 ist wohl aus der Kreuzbrüderkirche in Dülken
 Die 1830 schwer beschädigte Orgel wurde 1832 von P. Müller mit einem Werk und Gehäuse in barocker Tradition wiederhergestellt. Bei der Restaurierung 1968 wurden die mechanische Traktur und der Spieltisch erneuert
 Eine geschnitzte thronende Muttergottes aus der Zeit um 1420 steht in einem Gehäuse des 18. Jahrhunderts. Die Arme des Kindes und ein Arm der Maria wurden barock erneuert. Der Sockel und die Sitzbank wurden 1894 neugotisch überarbeitet und die Figur wurde neu gefasst
 Die bäuerliche Figur des Ecce homo wurde um 1500 hergestellt
 Im Jahr 1949 lieferte die renommierte Glockengießerei Otto aus Bremen-Hemelingen ein vierstimmiges Bronzeglockengeläute. Die Glocken erklingen auf: es′ – f′ – g′ – as′. Ihre Durchmesser sind: 1340 mm, 1180 mm, 1050 mm und 890 mm. Die Glocken haben folgende Gewichte: 1650 kg, 1160 kg, 820 kg und 690 kg.

Literatur
 Dehio, Georg, Bearbeitet von Claudia Euskirchen, Olaf Gisbertz, Ulrich Schäfer: Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler. Nordrhein-Westfalen I Rheinland. Deutscher Kunstverlag, 2005 ISBN 3-422-03093-X

Weblinks

 Geschichte und Architektur, abgerufen am 20. Februar 2012

Einzelnachweise

Bracht, Maria Himmelfahrt
Bracht, Maria Himmelfahrt
Bracht, Maria Himmelfahrt
Bracht
Maria Himmelfahrt
Bracht, Maria Himmelfahrt Bracht
GdG Brüggen/Niederkrüchten
Bauwerk in Brüggen
Bracht

St. Mariä Himmelfahrt (Bracht)


Gubernia da Pequena Rússia () ou Governo de Malorossia era uma unidade administrativa-territorial (gubernia) do Império Russo que englobava a maior parte do nordeste da moderna Ucrânia (uma das definições históricas de Pequena Rússia, daí o nome), e as regiões adjacentes na Rússia.

O gubernia foi formada em 1796 sob as reformas administrativas de Paulo I, que aboliu o sistema Namestnichestvo (vice-reinos), que por sua vez substituiu a administração regimental do Hetmanato em 1781. Isso colocou o Vice-Reino de Quieve (excluindo a própria cidade de Quieve), Vice-Reino de Novgorod-Severski e Vice-Reino de Chernigov sob a nova unidade. O centro administrativo era a cidade de Chernigov (atual Chernihiv).

No entanto, a extensa área que a nova unidade cobria era grande demais para uma administração eficaz e, em fevereiro de 1802, o gubernia foi dividido em Gubernia de Chernigov  e Gubernia de Poltava.

Subdivisões
Em 1796, o Gubernia da Pequena Rússia foi novamente formado a partir dos três vice-reinos, em que a Pequena Rússia havia então sido subdividida, e o antigo Regimento de Poltava e a cidade de Kremenchug foram anexados, com as cidades e aldeias do antigo Regimento de Mirgorod, que faziam parte do Gubernia de Yekaterinoslav, mas a cidade de Quieve foi separada, "com uma circunscrição, de acordo com sua posição do outro lado do rio Dnieper". Chernihiv foi nomeada cidade capital.

O Gubernia foi dividida em 20 uezdes: Chernigov, Kozeletski, Pereiaslavski,Piriatinski, Zolotonoshski, Khorolski, Kremenchugski, Poltava, Zinkovski, Gadiatski, Lubenski, Romenski, Prilutski, Nezhinski, Sosnitski, Konotopski, Glukhovski, Novgorod-Severski, Starodubski, Mglinski.

A formação do Gubernia da Pequena Rússia estava em conexão com a restauração sob Paulo I na Pequena Rússia das assembleias gerais, Zemstvo e Podkomorskie. Em 1802, dois gubernias foram formados a partir do Gubernia da Pequena Rússia - Chernigov e Poltava. A partir desses gubernias, foi estabelecido o Governo-Geral da Pequena Rússia, ao qual o Gubernia de Carcóvia foi anexado em 1835.

Ver também

 Governo-Geral da Pequena Rússia

Províncias do Império Russo

Referências

Gubernia da Pequena Rússia (1796–1802)


Bombus amurensis er tegund af humlum, ættuð frá austasta hluta Rússlands, Mongólíu og Kína.

Tilvísanir

Hunangsflugur

Bombus amurensis


Dame Monica Jessie Dacon  ( Sheen, born 4 June 1934) is a Saint Vincent and the Grenadines former schoolteacher, educator and politician. She is the widow of parliamentarian St. Clair Dacon.

She attended The Girls' High School and passed both the Cambridge School Certificate and the Cambridge Higher School Certificate. In 1952 she began teaching at her alma mater and the Boys' Grammar School. She would return to the Girls' High School eleven years later having taught in two Trinidad and Tobago schools, before returning to St. Vincent to teach at the Bishop's College, Kingstown in 1966.

She was acting Principal of Bishop's College for a few months before going back to the Girls' High School where she remained for nearly fifteen years. She continued her studies and gained the St. Vincent Teachers' College Certificate in 1980 and two years later her Bachelor of Education degree from the University of the West Indies. On her return to St. Vincent she moved from secondary education to the tertiary level and became a lecturer at the St. Vincent Teachers' Training College.

She was appointed Deputy Governor General in 2001 when Sir Charles Antrobus was Governor General. She became acting Governor-General of St. Vincent and the Grenadines, after the death of Charles Antrobus and until the appointment of Dr. Frederick Ballantyne as Governor General, on June 2, 2002. She was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2010 Birthday Honours/Overseas and Diplomatic List.

References

1934 births
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Governors-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Living people
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines women in politics
University of the West Indies alumni
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
21st-century women politicians

Monica Dacon


Štirenica (crkvina, zidna trava, caklenjača, zidarica, končina lat. Parietaria), biljni rod iz porodice koprivovki kojemu pripada dvadesetak vrsta jednogodišnjeg raslinja i trajnica raširenih po svim kontinentima.

U Hrvatskoj rastu tri vrste, uspravna ili ljekovita, luzitanska i razgranjena crkvina.

Vrste
 Parietaria alsinefolia Delile
 Parietaria cardiostegia Greuter
 Parietaria cretica L.
 Parietaria debilis G.Forst.
 Parietaria decoris N.G.Mill.
 Parietaria elliptica K.Koch
 Parietaria erronea Panov
 Parietaria feliciana Phil.
 Parietaria filamentosa Webb & Berthel.
 Parietaria floridana Nutt.
 Parietaria hespera Hinton
 Parietaria judaica L.
 Parietaria lusitanica L.
 Parietaria macrophylla B.L.Rob. & Greenm.
 Parietaria mauritanica Durieu
 Parietaria officinalis L.
 Parietaria pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd.
 Parietaria praetermissa Hinton
 Parietaria rechingeri Chrtek
 Parietaria rhodopaea Panov
 Parietaria roschanica Jarman ex Ikonn.
 Parietaria semispeluncaria Yildirim
 Parietaria serbica Pancic
 Parietaria umbricola A.G.Mill.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Koprivovke

Štirenica


Karakaya Barajı, Diyarbakır ili Çüngüş ilçesi sınırları içinde, Fırat Nehri üzerinde, Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi'nin bir parçası olarak elektrik enerjisi üretimi amacıyla 1976-1987 yılları arasında inşa edilmiştir. Barajın yapılmasıyla birlikte birçok köy boşaltılmıştır.

Diyarbakır'a 150 km uzaklıkta bulunan baraj adını yakınında bulunan Karakaya Köyünden almıştır.

Beton kemer gövde ağırlık tipi olan barajın gövde hacmi 2.000.000 m³, akarsu yatağından yüksekliği 173,00 m, normal su kotunda göl hacmi 9.580,00 hm³, normal su kotunda göl alanı 268,00 km²'dir. Baraj 1.800 MW güç ile yıllık 7.354 GWh'lik elektrik enerjisi üretmektedir.

Köprüler
Karakaya Baraj gölü üzerinde şu an faal olan iki köprü vardır. Kömürhan Köprüsü ve İsmet Paşa Demiryolu Köprüsü'dür.
Ayrıca bu köprülerin eski tarihte yapılanları ise barajda su tutulması ile su altında kalmıştır.

50 Yılda 50 Eser
İnşaat Mühendisleri Odası odanın kuruluşundan itibaren 50 yıl içerisinde ülkede gerçekleştirilmiş 50 büyük inşaat projesini bir juri tarafından saptayarak bu projeleri 50 Yılda 50 Eser adı altında ilan etmiştir. Liste bölgesel kalkınma, binalar, ulaşım, hidroloji ve endüstri alt başlıklarını taşımaktadır. Bu proje de o liste içerisinde yer almaktadır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türkiye'deki barajlar listesi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Diyarbakır ilindeki barajlar
Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi
Fırat
Türkiye'deki hidroelektrik santralleri
Çüngüş
1987'de tamamlanan altyapı

Karakaya Barajı ve Hidroelektrik Santrali


Die Straße ist ein deutscher Stummfilm von Karl Grune aus dem Jahre 1923. Er begründete das Genre der so genannten Straßenfilme.

Handlung
Ein Kleinbürger hat genug von der bürgerlichen, ihn bedrückenden Enge seines Lebens. Er will dem alltäglichen Einerlei, dem dumpfen Ehealltag entfliehen und stürmt eines Nachts aus seiner Wohnung heraus, in das lockende Leben der Großstadt. Dort will er etwas Aufregendes erleben. Kaum auf der Straße angekommen, trifft er eine Frau, offensichtlich eine Prostituierte. Er begleitet sie in ein Tanzlokal. Dort sind gerade mehrere ihrer Komplizen – ohne Zweifel Kriminelle – dabei, einen anderen Mann beim Glücksspiel zu betrügen. Nach anfänglichen Verlusten kann dieser Mann jedoch sein Geld wieder zurückgewinnen. Er ahnt nicht, dass dies für ihn das Todesurteil bedeuten soll …

Denn nun locken die Ganoven diesen Mann in eine Wohnung, rauben ihn aus und ermorden ihn anschließend. Der Kleinbürger befindet sich zu diesem Zeitpunkt in einem Nebenraum; er ist der Prostituierten auf ihr Zimmer gefolgt, in der Hoffnung, sich mit ihr zu vergnügen. Alle, die in das Verbrechen verwickelt sind, die Prostituierte und ihr am Mord beteiligter Ehemann wie auch dessen Kumpel, fliehen nach der Bluttat in Panik. Als die Polizei eintrifft, verhaftet sie den Kleinbürger, der nicht weiß, wie ihm geschieht. Man hält ihn zunächst für den Täter und sperrt ihn ein, bis er infolge der Aussage eines Kindes gerettet wird. Im letzten Moment ist der Kleinbürger davor bewahrt worden, sich das Leben zu nehmen. Nach seiner Entlassung kehrt er reuevoll zu seiner Ehefrau zurück, die im trauten Heim auf ihn gewartet hat und ihm wortlos eine heiße Suppe aus dem Ofen serviert.

Produktionsnotizen
Die Straße besaß eine Länge von fünf Akten und passierte am 10. Oktober 1923 die Filmzensur. Der im Mai 1923 gedrehte Film fand seine Uraufführung am 29. November 1923 in Berlin.

Mittelpunkt des Films sind die vom Expressionismus geprägten Straßenbauten. Sie stammen von Karl Görge-Prochaska und Ludwig Meidner.

Kritiken
Im Film-Kurier ist zu lesen: "In Karl Grunes Film Die Straße ist die Großstadt der Held. Sie wird als ein Vampir dargestellt, der jeden in Stücke zerreißt, der in seine Klauen gerät. Der biedere, im Großstadtdickicht verirrte Kleinbürger durchlebt dieselben Ängste, Enttäuschungen und Tragödien wie sein Filmbruder im Land der Träume und Legenden. Die prächtigen, in Neonlicht getauchten Straßen sind nur ein Lockmittel für Abenteuer Suchende. Das wirkliche Leben der Metropole ist düster und tragisch. Die Straße ist ein Todestanz der Epoche, deren Lärm den Schrei der Verzweiflung ersticken will."

Siegfried Kracauer schrieb: "Der Film ist eine Meisterleistung des Regisseurs Karl Grune und seiner Helfer, zu denen auch Ludwig Meidner gehört. Auch die schauspielerischen Leistungen sind vollendet, Blick und Gebärden sagen restlos, was auszudrücken ihnen obliegt und treten ganz und gar ein für das überflüssige Wort. Filmwerken dieser Gattung gehört die Zukunft."

Londons Cinema kam zu folgendem Schluss: "'Die Straße' ist einer der größten Filme, die je geschaffen wurden, einer der ehrgeizigsten und bestgelungenen Versuche, echten Realismus zu gestalten. Wir können für diesen Film kaum Worte des Lobes genug finden."

Oskar Kalbus' Vom Werden deutscher Filmkunst schrieb: "Karl Grunes fast titelloser Film "Die Straße" (1923) stellt den Spuk einer Nacht dar, das Schicksal eines für kurze Stunden aus der geruhigen Bahn satter Bürgerlichkeit Gerissenen (Eugen Klöpfer), der in der Spanne einer einzigen Nacht durch die Höhen und Tiefen des Lebens gezerrt wird und schließlich zu seinem sicheren Ausgangspunkt wieder zurückkehrt. Auch dieser Kammerspielfilm bringt wieder etwas Neues: nicht Klöpfer ist der Held des Films, sondern die Straße."

Reclams Filmführer schreibt: "Der Film ist größtenteils gut fotografiert und montiert. Eindrucksvoll sind auch die Bauten […]; ganze Straßenzüge entstanden durchaus realistisch und überzeugend im Atelier. Buch, Regie und Darstellungsstil sind dagegen überwiegend sentimental-pathetisch geraten."

Kay Wenigers 'Es wird im Leben dir mehr genommen als gegeben' nannte Die Straße einen "realistischen, bisweilen expressionistisch anmutenden Film […], mit dem Grune genrebildend wirken sollte".

Literatur
 Fred Gehler: Die Straße. Der Film einer Nacht. In Günther Dahlke, Günther Karl (Hrsg.): Deutsche Spielfilme von den Anfängen bis 1933. Ein Filmführer. Henschel Verlag, 2. Auflage, Berlin 1993, S. 93 ff. ISBN 3-89487-009-5

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1923
Deutscher Film
Schwarzweißfilm
Stummfilm
Kriminalfilm
Filmdrama

Die Straße (1923)


Gullholmen est une île et une petite ville de la  dans la municipalité d'Orust, située à l'extrémité du littoral de Bohuslän, en Suède.

Sans connexion routière, seul un ferry relie l'île au continent.

Galerie

Île de l'océan Atlantique nord
Île en Suède
Comté de Västra Götaland

Gullholmen (Suède)


The year 1658 in science and technology involved some significant events.

Astronomy
 approx. date – Kamalakara compiles his major work, Siddhāntatattvaviveka, in Varanasi.

Life sciences
 Jan Swammerdam observes red blood cells (in the frog) with the aid of a microscope.
 Samuel Volckertzoon observes a quokka on Rottnest Island.

Mathematics
 Christopher Wren gives the first published proof of the arc length of a cycloid.

Publication
 Posthumous publication of Arzneibüchlein, pharmacopoeia compiled by Anna von Diesbach.

Births
 March 5 – Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac, French explorer (died 1730)
 April 2 - Pierre Pomet, French pharmacist (died 1699)
 April 8 - Georges Mareschal, French surgeon (died 1736)
 unknown date – Nicolas Andry, French physician (died 1742)

Deaths
 January 9 - Pierre-Jean Fabre, French physician and alchemist (born 1588)
 October 22 – Charles Bouvard, French herbalist (born 1572)

References

17th century in science
1650s in science

1658 in science


Slavonska nogometna zona je bila jedna od zonskih liga Prvenstva rvatske, koja je zajedno s ligama iz ostalih republika predstavljala 4. rang u nogometnom prvenstvu SFRJ u sezoni 1977./78. Od sezone 1971./72. bila je podjeljena u dvije skupine: Podravsku i Posavsku. Prvaci ovih grupa bi igrali meč za prvaka Slavonije, odnosno pobjednik bi se kvalificirao u Hrvatsku republičku ligu - Sjever. Iz lige klubovi bi bili relegirani u prvenstva općinskih nogometnih podsaveza.
Sudjelovalo je 14 klubova, a prvak je bila "Valpovka iz Valpova.

Ljestvica

Utakmice za prvaka Slavonije i ulazak u Republičku ligu – Sjever
Prvaka Slavonije je odlučivao dvomeč prvaka Podravske i Posavske skupine Slavonske nogometne zone:
 NK Valpovka Valpovo - NK Borac Podvinje 4:1
 NK Borac Podvinje - NK Valpovka Valpovo 1:2

Prvak Slavonije je postala NK Valpovka Valpovo i time postala novi član Hrvatske republičke lige - Sjever.

Unutarnje poveznice
 Slavonska zona - Posavska skupina 1977./78.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 Dragutin Kerže: "Olimpija, simbol Donjega grada 1923. – 2003.", Nogometni klub Olimpija, Osijek, 2003.,
 Sportsko društvo GRAFIČAR Osijek 1926. – 1981., monografija NK Grafičar Osijek

1977-78
1977-78
Slavonija

Slavonska nogometna zona Podravska skupina 1977./78.


Pavle Blažek (Kruševica, Slavonski Brod, 17. lipnja 1930. – Osijek, 9. prosinca 1988.), hrvatski kulturni djelatnik, pjesnik, pedagog, književnik, dramaturg, teatrolog i knjižničar.

Životopis
Rodio se u Kruševici kod Slavonskog Broda. U Kruševici završio osnovnu školu. Klasičnu gimnaziju pohađao u Zagrebu i Zemunu. Poslije mature upisao je Filološki fakultet u Beogradu. Diplomirao 1955. diplomira jugoslavistiku, odnosno jugoslavensku književnost. Odslužio je vojni rok i potom je otišao u Osijek gdje je živio i radio do kraja života. Radio je kao profesor književnosti i jezika radio u tadašnjoj Učiteljskoj školi, pa u Upravnoj školi. Od 1967. direktor je osječke Gradske knjižnice koja je veličinom i djelokrugom evoluirala. 21 godinu bio je čelu osječke Gradske i sveučilišne knjižnice. Od 1969. do 1974. godine predavao dječju i omladinsku književnost, te bibliotekarstvo na Pedagoškoj akademiji. Doktorirao 1981. na Filološkom fakultetu u Beogradu disertacijom "Djelovanje i djelo Miroslava Kraljevića". Svestrani djelatnik. Jedan od pokretača osječke i slavonske kulturne scene.

Višegodišnji voditelj SLUK-a – Susreta lutkara i lutkarskih kazališta Hrvatske. U izravnoj svezi s pokretanjem i djelovanjem Kolonije kipara naivaca u Ernestinovu. Đakovački vezovi djelo su Julija Njikoša i Blažeka. Bio je čelni čovjek u radu znanstvenih simpozija i književnih susreta u brojnim gradovima Hrvatske i diljem bivše države, te u bivšem istočnom bloku, Švedskoj i Kanadi. U kanadskom Brentfordu organizirao veliku likovnu manifestaciju. Tvorac kulturne suradnje Osijeka s Pečuhom, Somborom i Suboticom. Pokretač osječkih đačkih listova Naprijed i Goran. Urednik pjesništva u časopisu Revija. S Julijem Njikošem djelovao na još jednom polju - uređivao emisiju Iz naroda za narod tadašnjeg Radio Zagreba. Pisao je pjesme, kazališne, radijske i televizijske kritike. Pisao je kratku prozu i putopise, književnu i likovnu esejistiku, drame i radi dramaturgije, filmske scenarije i stručne radove iz knjižničarstva, u kojem je dao najveći obol.

Izvori

Životopisi, Osijek
Životopisi, Slavonski Brod
Hrvatski pjesnici
Hrvatski putopisci
Hrvatski esejisti
Hrvatski dramatici
Hrvatski kazališni kritičari
Hrvatski filmski scenaristi
Hrvatski teatrolozi
Hrvatski knjižničari
Odgoj i obrazovanje u Hrvatskoj
Pedagozi

Pavle Blažek


Tavna je rijeka u sjeveroistočnoj Bosni. Većim dijelom teče usporedno s Piličkom rijekom. Teče kroz oba bh. entiteta. Izvire na Majevici sjeverno od Sapne i teče ka sjeveru. Između Starog Teočaka, Teočaka i Tursunovog Brda skreće ka sjeveroistoku. Na mjestu gdje se Grebenski potok ulijeva u nju skreće ka istoku. Velikim dijelom teče ka istoku. Kod Donje Krćine prima s juga pritok Domanu. Sve do Banjice i manastira Tavne teče istočno, gdje prvi put skreće ka jugoistoku, a od Delagića sasvim teče od sjeverozapada ka jugoistoku. Ulijeva se u rijeku Drinu kod Branjeva i Starog Sela.

Rijeke u Bosni i Hercegovini
Pritoke Drine

Tavna


Olaylar
 Çin'de çıkan Sarı Türban İsyanı, savaş ağaları dönemine yol açtı.

Doğumlar

Ölümler

184


El Jean Bart fue un acorazado francés de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Tomó su nombre en honor al navegante francés del  Jean Bart.

Historial

El Jean Bart fue iniciado en diciembre de 1936 y botado en marzo de 1940. Estaba completado en un 75% cuando los alemanes invadieron Francia, abandonó los muelles de St Nazaire, dirigiéndose a Casablanca para evitar su destrucción estando bajo el mando del capitán Ronach; solo tenía montada una torreta cuádruple de 380 mm, pues el carguero que transportaba la segunda torreta fue torpedeado por un submarino alemán mientras se dirigía a entregarla e igualmente la batería secundaria de 152 mm aún no estaba montada y en su lugar se instalaron cañones antiaéreos. Al igual que otros buques de guerra franceses en el norte de África, el Jean Bart estaba bajo el control de Vichy.

El 8 de noviembre de 1942, durante la Operación Torch, Casablanca fue atacada por buques y aviones estadounidenses; primero fue atacado por el acorazado  , cuando, tras sufrir el impacto de varios de proyectiles de 406 mm, quedó fuera de combate tras haber sido alcanzado el mecanismo rotatorio de la torreta. Posteriormente la torreta fue reparada y el 10 de noviembre, el Jean Bart cañoneó al crucero , obligándole a retirarse; ese mismo día fue atacado por aviones del  y tras ser alcanzado por varias bombas y torpedos, tuvo que ser encallado para evitar su hundimiento. Tras la caída de Casablanca el 16 de noviembre, el Jean Bart se unió a las fuerzas aliadas. Después de haberlo reflotado, se planteó la posibilidad de enviarlo a Estados Unidos -donde su gemelo  ya estaba siendo concluido y reacondicionado- para completarlo pero, esto era técnicamente imposible, por lo que permaneció en Casablanca hasta el final de la guerra. Asimismo se propuso la opción de convertirlo en portaaviones, considerando más tarde que resultaba poco práctico.

El Jean Bart regresó a Francia en 1945 y, tras reanudarse el trabajo de su construcción, fue completado en 1948 con un diseño nuevo hecho sobre la base de las lecciones aprendidas en la guerra, y puesto en servicio en febrero del año siguiente. En 1956, el Jean Bart participó en la Crisis de Suez. Pasó a la reserva en 1957, y en 1961 fue utilizado como buque cuartel en Toulon. Retirado definitivamente en 1968, fue vendido para su desguace en 1970.

Acorazados de Francia
Buques de guerra de la Segunda Guerra Mundial de Francia
Francia de Vichy
Buques de guerra de los años 1940
Francia en 1940

Jean Bart (1940)


Următoarea este o listă de echipe pentru fiecare națiune care va concura la Cupa Confederațiilor FIFA 2017 în Rusia, între 17 iunie și 2 iulie 2017, ca un preludiu pentru Campionatul Mondial de Fotbal 2018. Fiecare echipă este formată din 23 de jucători, dintre care trei trebuie să fie portari. Înlocuirea jucătorilor răniți este permisă până la 24 de ore înainte de jocul echipei. Jucătorii marcați (c) au fost numiți în calitate de căpitan pentru echipa națională.

Grupa A

Rusia
Antrenor:  Stanislav Cherchesov

Noua Zeelandă
Antrenor:  Anthony Hudson

Portugalia
Antrenor:  Fernando Santos

Mexic
Antrenor:  Juan Carlos Osorio

Jesus Manuel Corona s-a retras din echipă din cauza unui accident și au fost înlocuit cu Jürgen Damm.

Grupa B

Chile
Antrenor:  Juan Antonio Pizzi

Camerun
Antrenor:  Hugo Broos

Germania
Antrenor:  Joachim Löw

Leroy Sané și Diego Demme s-au retras din echipă din cauza unui accident și nu au fost înlocuiți.

Australia
Antrenor:  Ange Postecoglou

Brad Smith și Mile Jedinak s-au retras din echipă din cauza unui accident și au fost înlocuiți cu Alex Gersbach și James Jeggo.

Reprezentarea jucătorului

De club

După naționalitatea clubului

Națiunile în "italice" nu sunt reprezentate de echipele lor naționale în finală.

Referințe

Lincuri externe
 FIFA Confederations Cup Russia 2017  at FIFA.com

Competiții organizate de FIFA

Echipele Cupei Confederațiilor 2017


The Magician este un film de groază american din 1926 scris și regizat de Rex Ingram despre eforturile unui alchimist/magician de a obține sângele unei virgine pentru experimentele sale de a crea viață. Scenariul este bazat pe romanul omonim din 1908 al lui W. Somerset Maugham. Rolurile principale sunt interpretate de actorii Alice Terry (soția regizorului), Paul Wegener și Iván Petrovich.

Criticul Carlos Clarens a scris în 1967 că este "poate cel mai evaziv dintre toate filmele pierdute". Cu toate acestea, de când Clarens a afirmat acest lucru, au apărut diverse înregistrări ale filmului. Unele au fost proiectate la festivaluri de film independente începând cu 1993, iar filmul a fost prezentat și la Turner Classic Movies. Filmul a rămas indisponibil din punct de vedere comercial până la lansarea pe DVD în Colecția Arhiva Warner Brothers în 2011 (cu o durată de 88 de minute).

Prezentare

Distribuție
 Alice Terry - Margaret Dauncey
 Paul Wegener - magicianul Oliver Haddo
 Iván Petrovich - Dr. Arthur Burdon
 Firmin Gémier - Dr. Porhoet
 Gladys Hamer - Susie Boyd
 Henry Wilson - Haddo's Servant
 Hubert I. Stowitts - Dancing Faun (ca Stowitts)

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 Listă de filme de groază din anii 1920

Filme din 1926
Filme de groază
Filme americane
Filme în limba engleză
Filme mute
Filme alb-negru
Filme regizate de Rex Ingram

The Magician (film din 1926)