Jack Vettriano  (born Jack Hoggan, 17 November 1951) is a Scottish painter. His 1992 painting The Singing Butler became a best-selling image in Britain.

Early life
Jack Vettriano was born and grew up in the industrial seaside town of Methil, Fife.  He was raised in poverty; he lived with his mother, father and older brother in a spartan miner's house, sharing a bed with his brother and wearing hand-me-down clothes. From the age of 10, his father sent him out delivering papers and milk, cleaning windows and picking potatoes – any job that would earn money. His father took half his earnings.

Vettriano left school at 16 and later became an apprentice mining engineer. For a short time in the late 1960s, he had a summer job as a bingo caller at the Beachcomber Amusements on Leven Promenade. Vettriano took up painting as a hobby in the 1970s, when a girlfriend bought him a set of watercolours for his 21st birthday. His earliest paintings, under his birth name "Jack Hoggan", were copies or pastiches of impressionist paintings; his first painting was a copy of Claude Monet's Poppy Fields. Much of his influence came from studying paintings at the Kirkcaldy Museum and Art Gallery. In 1984, Vettriano first submitted his work to the Shell-sponsored art exhibition in the museum.

In 1987, when he was 36, Vettriano left his wife Gail, seeking to emulate Paul Gauguin. He quit his job in educational research and moved to Edinburgh where he adopted his mother's maiden name. He applied to study Fine Art at the University of Edinburgh, but his portfolio was rejected.

Career

In 1988, Vettriano submitted two canvases for the Royal Scottish Academy annual show. Both paintings sold on the first day and Vettriano was approached by several galleries. Further exhibitions followed in Edinburgh, London, Hong Kong and Johannesburg. In November 1999, Vettriano's work was shown for the first time in New York City, when 21 paintings were displayed at The International 20th Century Arts Fair at The Armory. More than 40 collectors from the UK flew out for the event and 20 paintings were sold on the opening night.

In 1996 Sir Terence Conran commissioned Vettriano to create a series of paintings for his new Bluebird Gastrodome in London. The seven paintings, inspired by the life of Sir Malcolm Campbell, hung there for 10 years. Heartbreak Publishing, Vettriano's own publishing company, produced a boxed set featuring signed, limited-edition prints of all seven paintings to mark the 75th anniversary of Campbell's final World Land Speed Record. The Bluebird paintings were auctioned by Sotheby's at the Gleneagles Hotel in Perthshire on 30 August 2007 and made more than £1m in all: the most expensive was Bluebird at Bonneville, bought for £468,000.

Prices and values
His easel paintings cost between £48,000 and £195,000 new. According to The Guardian he earns £500,000 a year in print royalties. Vettriano's 1992 painting, The Singing Butler, has been the best-selling image in Britain. On 21 April 2004 the original canvas of The Singing Butler sold at auction for £744,500. It had been rejected in 1992 by the Royal Academy summer exhibition. The composition for the painting, as discovered by Scottish designer Sandy Robb, had been sourced from the Illustrator's Figure Reference Manual.

In April 2010, seven out of ten paintings by Vettriano failed to sell at Sotheby's spring auction of Scottish pictures. Those that sold did so for half their previous prices. Art experts suggested that the monetary value of Vettriano's works needed reassessing.

Studios and publishing
Vettriano has studios in Scotland and London. He was represented by the Portland Gallery, London from 1993 to 2007, and counts Jack Nicholson, Sir Alex Ferguson, Sir Tim Rice and Robbie Coltrane amongst his collectors. To date, five books have been published about Vettriano, the most recent of which, Studio Life, was published in March 2008. In February 2009, Vettriano launched Heartbreak Publishing and his own London gallery, also called Heartbreak, which exclusively represents him, but still promotes younger artists.

In March 2010, Days of Wine And Roses was opened by Scottish First Minister Alex Salmond at the Kirkcaldy Museum. The exhibition then transferred to Vettriano's gallery in London.

Awards and honours
Vettriano received an Order of the British Empire (OBE) award for Services to Visual Arts during a ceremony at Buckingham Palace on Thursday 27 November 2003.

On 24 March 2010, Sir Jackie Stewart presented Vettriano with the Great Scot of the Year award. The award ceremony was held at the Boisdale Club in London. The award led MSP Ted Brocklebank to file a motion in parliament calling for Vettriano's contribution to Scottish culture to be recognised.

In February 2011, it was announced that Vettriano's self-portrait The Weight would be displayed at the re-opened Scottish National Portrait Gallery from November 2011, the first time he had exhibited at a national gallery. Deputy director Nicola Kalinsky said Vettriano was "a figure we have wanted on our wall for a while for obvious reasons". First Minister, Alex Salmond said of Vettriano, "He is a wonderful artist of considerable talent and achievement and this is a magnificent tribute to the special place he holds in the hearts of people in Scotland."

In May 2011, "The Ballroom Spy" exhibition opened at Vettriano's gallery; Heartbreak a new exhibition by Vettriano in collaboration with the photographer, Jeanette Jones was also scheduled. In July 2011, the exhibition transferred to the Royal West of England Academy in Bristol, which was viewed as a controversial choice by many.

In February 2012, Vettriano's most famous painting, The Singing Butler, went on display at the Aberdeen Art Gallery as part of an exhibition entitled, From Van Gogh to Vettriano.

In September 2013, a major exhibition, Jack Vettriano: A Retrospective, opened at Glasgow's Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum. It featured over 100 works and ran until 23 February 2014.

In 2015, a private collection of 12 works by Vettriano raised a total of £837,900 at an auction in Edinburgh.

Commissions
In January 2012, menswear brand Stefano Ricci launched its Spring Summer 2012 collection with a campaign inspired by the work of Jack Vettriano. The SS 2012 catalogue, entitled Stefano Ricci – a tribute to Vettriano, featured images by Vettriano and photographic re-interpretations shot by Fredi Marcarini featuring clothes and accessories from the Ricci 2012 collection. A short film about the 2012 Vettriano campaign commemorated the collaboration.

In 2017, he was one of three artists commissioned to paint portraits of Scottish comedian Billy Connolly to celebrate Connolly's 75th birthday. These were then put on display in Glasgow's People's Gallery, while the images were transferred to murals in the centre of Glasgow. Vettriano's mural is located in Dixon Street, off St Enoch Square. It was the subject of a BBC Scotland documentary first broadcast on 14 June 2017.

In 2018, Worthing's "Room with a View" gallery showcased 30 Vettriano paintings. Art dealer Jane Hill stated that Vettriano is  "self-taught which I admire immensely. He has really pulled himself up from the depth of nowhere."

Artistic style
Vettriano is a self-taught artist in drawing and perspective who manipulates paint in veiled glazes and meaningful shadows. Vettriano's style has been compared to those of Hopper and Sickert, and his scudded beaches to those of Boudin. In many of his paintings, there is a hidden narrative, in enigmatic compositions, a starting point for dozens of short stories.

Criticism
According to The Daily Telegraph he has been described as the Jeffrey Archer of the art world, a purveyor of "badly conceived soft porn", and a painter of "dim erotica". According to Vanity Fair, critics say Jack Vettriano paints brainless erotica. Sandy Moffat, head of drawing and painting at Glasgow School of Art, said: "He can't paint, he just colours in." The Guardian'''s art critic Jonathan Jones, described Vettriano's paintings as a group as "brainless" and said Vettriano "is not even an artist." Richard Calvocoressi, at the time director of the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art, said: "I'd be more than happy to say that we think him an indifferent painter and that he is very low down our list of priorities (whether or not we can afford his work, which at the moment we obviously can't). His 'popularity' rests on cheap commercial reproductions of his paintings."

In 2013 in The Guardian, art critic Jonathan Jones wrote: "Vettriano fixes on fetishistic, stylish objects and paints them with a slick, empty panache" and "The world of Jack Vettriano is a crass male fantasy that might have come straight out of Money by Martin Amis".

In The Scotsman, George Kerevan wrote "He suffers all the same criticisms of the early French Impressionists: mere wallpaper, too simplistic in execution and subject, too obviously erotic." Alice Jones wrote in The Independent  that Vettriano has been labelled a chauvinist whose "women are sexual objects, frequently half naked and vulnerable, always in stockings and stilettos." Regarding the criticism, sculptor David Mach has said: "If he was a fashion designer Jack would be right up there. It's all just art world snobbery. Anyway, who cares, he probably makes more money than Damien Hirst anyway."

In October 2005, after the original of The Singing Butler sold for £740,000, it came to light that Vettriano had used the artists' reference manual The Illustrator's Figure Reference Manual to form his figures, using Irish actress Orla Brady for the 'lady in red.'

 Collaborations
Alongside fellow Fifer, author Ian Rankin, Vettriano put in a cameo appearance in a video with Scottish indie band Saint Jude's Infirmary made for BBC Scotland's The Music Show. The video was filmed on Portobello Beach in Edinburgh and included visual references to two of Vettriano's most famous paintings, Elegy for a Dead Admiral and The Singing Butler. The lyrics of the track Goodbye Jack Vettriano were written by band member Grant Campbell after seeing a Vettriano print on a pub wall in Rotterdam. Vettriano became a fan of the band after hearing their first album, Happy Healthy Lucky Month, and was inspired to create a painting which featured as the cover of the band's second album, for which both Vettriano and Rankin contributed spoken word pieces.

In May 2008, Vettriano collaborated with Sir Jackie Stewart, on a triptych of paintings entitled Tension, Timing, Triumph – Monaco 1971. The paintings were unveiled by Prince Albert of Monaco at a private reception at the Hôtel de Paris in Monaco on 21 May 2008. The originals hang in Stewart's private collection in the UK and the images have been published as a limited edition print.

Following on from the previous year's event in Monaco, Vettriano was invited to create a series of paintings to celebrate the centenary of Tuiga, the Yacht Club de Monaco's flagship yacht, which was built on the Clyde. The paintings were first shown in an exhibition, Homage à Tuiga, in Monaco and were part of a touring exhibition that opened at the Kirkcaldy Museum in Fife in March 2010.

Vettriano worked with the Italian photographer Fredi Marcarini, both on a series of photographs for the Homage à Tuiga exhibition and on a triptych of portrait shots. In May 2011, Vettriano collaborated on the exhibition The Ballroom Spy with the photographer Jeanette Jones.

In collaboration with fellow Fife native Stephen Anderson of Commercial Spirits, Vettriano launched Jack Vettriano Gin, a spirit product featuring four of Jack's paintings: The Singing Butler, Billy Boys, Along Came A Spider and A Kind of Loving. The brand was launched at the Forth Floor Bar & Restaurant in collaboration with Louise Masson, GM of Harvey Nichols, Edinburgh with an auction of four signed giclée paintings raising over £7000 for charity Bottle sets of #1, #2 and #3 were donated to the Lunch With an Old Bag, a charity auction on 7 September 2018 at Prestonfield House in Edinburgh

 Philanthropy
In 2004 Vettriano set up a scholarship for University of St Andrews to fund a student who would not otherwise be able to attend university. The scholarship is awarded every four years. The endowment follows his financial contribution towards refurbishing the Students Association's Old Union Coffee Bar in 2002 and his involvement in student fashion shows. He was made a Doctor of Letters by the university.

Vettriano has donated several works of art to be sold in aid of charities, including the Terrence Higgins Trust. In September 2001, Vettriano donated a painting, Beautiful Dreamer to a charity auction, which was held at Sotheby's in aid of Help the Hospices. In 2008, a drawing he made of that subject sold at a charity auction in aid of the Oriel Plas Glyn-y-Weddw Gallery in Llanbedrog, North Wales in July, helping to keep the gallery open.

Vettriano donated a portrait of Zara Phillips MBE, entitled Olympia, to Sport Relief in 2008. The painting went to a charity fund-raising auction, selling at Bonhams for £36,000. In 2010, Vettriano created a postcard – alongside names such as Tracey Emin and Florence Welch – as part of a British Airways campaign for Sport Relief. The postcard raised over £2,000.

Also in 2010, Vettriano helped to raise money for the conservation movement Elephant Family by participating in an auction of donated elephant sculptures and models. Vettriano's elephant, The Singing Butler Rides Again, was the highest bid-for lot, selling for £155,000. Vettriano was also asked by First Minister, Alex Salmond to create his official Christmas card  Let's Twist Again. The original painting and limited-edition prints later sold at auction for the benefit of four Scottish charities, raising £86,000.

 Personal life
Divorced from his first wife, Vettriano divides his time between homes in London, Kirkcaldy, and Nice, France. In Kirkcaldy he lives in the boardroom section of the former Nairn linoleum factory, now converted into residential use.

In November 2004, he was awarded the OBE. He claims he has drawn inspiration for his paintings from "25 years of sexual misbehaviour". In 2010, he told The Independent: "I live in a world of heartbreak... I just seem to be more creative when I'm in some kind of emotional distress", adding "It's been four years of soul-searching – nicotine, alcohol, anti-depressants, temazepam".

In 2010 Vettriano said about relationships, "Whenever someone stays for longer than two days, I get cabin fever" and that he loves shoe-shopping with women.

He likes to gamble on horses, but only bets what he can afford to lose. He has set up the Vettriano Trust, and plans to leave his money to it to do good work.

In February 2012, Vettriano was convicted at Kirkcaldy Sheriff Court of drink-driving and possession of amphetamine. He was banned from driving for 18 months and fined £800. When stopped he told the police officer "You know who I am. We can sort this out."

In 2022 he announced that he had two significantly younger East European muses who had helped him overcome cocaine and alcohol addiction and inspired him to paint again. One works as a waitress in an Edinburgh bistro, and he met the other at a sale in Nice. He explained to The Telegraph -

See also
What Do Artists Do All Day?

 References

BooksFallen Angels, edited by W. Gordon Smith, Pavilion Books, October 1999 ().Lovers and Other Strangers, text by Anthony Quinn, Pavilion Books on 30 October 2003 ().Jack Vettriano: A Life, text by Anthony Quinn, Pavilion Books on 25 October 2004 (). (A reduced format version was published in 2007).Studio Life, foreword by Ian Rankin, photographs by Jillian Edelstein, text by Tom Rawstorne, Pavilion Books on 28 March 2008 ().Women in Love, Pavilion Books on 5 May 2009 ().A Man's World'', Pavilion Books on 5 May 2009 ().

External links

 Heartbreak Publishing
 Jack Vettriano's Poppy Fields

1951 births
Scottish people of Italian descent
Scottish people of Irish descent
Living people
People from Methil
20th-century Scottish painters
Scottish male painters
21st-century Scottish painters
21st-century Scottish male artists
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
20th-century Scottish male artists

Jack Vettriano


Ekler, yumuşak hamurlu bir tatlıdır. Genel olarak içinde vanilyalı krema vardır ve üstü çikolata kaplıdır. Bazen kahve, rom aromalı muhallebi, meyveli dolgular veya kestane püresi ile de doldurulur.

Eklerin kaynağı

Ekler hakkında bilinen çok az şeyden biri, 19. yüzyılın sonlarında Fransa'da çıktığıdır. Birçok yemek tarihçisi eklerin ilk olarak Fransız kraliyet ailesinin ünlü hamur işi aşçısı Marie-Antoine Carême tarafından yapıldığını ileri sürmektedir.

"Éclair", Fransızca'da şimşek patlaması anlamına gelmektedir. Adını bir lokmada kolayca yenilmesinden almıştır.

Fransız mutfağındaki tatlılar
Belçika mutfağı
Çikolatalı tatlılar
Kremalı tatlılar
Fransız mutfağındaki hamur işleri

Ekler


درس خصوصي، مسلسل كويتي، أُنتج في عام 1981، وهو من بطولة عبد الحسين عبد الرضا وسعاد عبد الله وحياة الفهد ومريم الصالح وإبراهيم الصلال وكاظم القلاف وإخراج حسين الصالح.

قصة المسلسل
تدور أحداث المسلسل في قالب اجتماعي كوميدي جميل حول فتاه بسيطه تعمل سكرتيره في شركه تقع في حب المهندس الذي يعمل في الشركة ولكن لا يعيرها أي اهتمام فتتدخل اختها بالقيام بكميه من الخطط حتى يقع في حبها ونجحت في ذلك ويتزوجان وبعدها تبدأ الكثير من المشاكل قدموها بكثير من الكوميديا.

الممثلون
 عبد الحسين عبد الرضا: بدور نوح شعيب (أبو كنعان، زوج سعاد)
 سعاد عبد الله: بدور سعاد (زوجة نوح)
 حياة الفهد: بدور خزنة (ابنه خال نوح)
 مريم الصالح: بدور مريم (الأخت الكبرى لسعاد)
 إبراهيم الصلال: بدور عبد الغني شربت (والد مريم وسعاد)
 كاظم القلاف: حمد أبو خمّاس (زوج مريم)
 محمد حسن الدهلاوي: بدور علوان (زوج سعاد الثاني)
 محمد جابر: بدور أحمد (صديق نوح)
 داوود حسين: بدور المترجم
 أمينة القفاص: بدور أم حمد أبو خماس
 حمد ناصر: بدور فرحان الإزرق (زوج خزنه)
 جاسم الصالح: بدور بوحمد خماس

المراجع

مسلسلات تلفزيونية كوميدية كويتية
مسلسلات تلفزيونية كويتية بدأ عرضها في 1981

درس خصوصي (مسلسل)


Disestablishmentarianism is a movement to end the Church of England's status as an official church of the United Kingdom.

Anglican disestablishment

Irish church
The campaign to disestablish the Anglican Church of Ireland began in the 18th century. A rich church, with 22 bishops drawing £150,000 a year, and a further £600,000 going annually to the rest of the clergy, it was wholly disproportionate to the needs of its worshippers, and consisted largely of absentee sinecurists. Given that in Ireland not even nominal adherence by the predominantly Roman Catholic majority population could be expected for the (Protestant) established Church, defence of the latter became increasingly difficult, especially after Catholic emancipation. In 1833 a Church Reform Act was passed, reducing the number of sees from 22 to 12, but attempts to redistribute the church's wealth failed amidst political controversy.

Eventually, as G. M. Trevelyan put it, "the disestablishment and partial disendowment of the Irish Protestant Church was carried out in a masterly and sympathetic manner by William Ewart Gladstone, whose known position as an enthusiastic Churchman stood him in good stead during the negotiations"; and in 1869 an Act of the British Parliament enabling the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland was passed, coming into effect on 1 January 1871.

English developments
The early 19th century saw Radicals like Jeremy Bentham formulating schemes for the disestablishment of the church, which received new impetus after the success of Catholic emancipation.  Following the Great Reform Act, they were increasingly joined by dissenters and nonconformists in a Liberal campaign to disestablish the Church of England – dissenting ministers like T. Binney proclaiming that "the Established Church is a great national evil".

The campaigners were called "Liberationists" (the "Liberation Society" was founded by Edward Miall in 1844); and gathered strength to the point where, mid-century, Anglicans and Dissenters alike would have been astonished to learn that the church would remain established over a century later. There were, however, several reasons this campaign failed: parliamentary reform of the church to make it more efficient; Whig acquiescence in a system whereby they could appoint latitudinarian bishops with liberal views; and a dissenter focus instead on a process by which nearly all of the legal disabilities of nonconformists were gradually dismantled.

The campaign for disestablishment was revived in the 20th century from inside the church, when Parliament rejected the 1929 revision of the Book of Common Prayer, leading to calls for separation of church and state to prevent political interference in matters of worship. In the late 20th century, reform of the House of Lords also brought into question the position of the Lords Spiritual. Nick Clegg, the former Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Liberal Democrats, said in April 2014 that he thought the Church of England and the British state should be separated "in the long run". Prime Minister David Cameron, responding to Clegg's comments, said that disestablishmentarianism is "a long-term Liberal idea, but it is not a Conservative one" and that he believed having an established church works well.

Welsh conflicts
The triumph of Methodism in Wales led by the 19th century to a situation where the vast majority of Protestants were not members of the Church of England, which in turn fuelled a long and bitter struggle for disestablishment, only resolved in the wake of the Welsh Church Act 1914 when in 1920 the Church of England was disestablished in Wales, becoming the Church in Wales.

Presbyterian disestablishment
Pressure to disestablish the Presbyterian Church of Scotland began in 1832, with dissidents like Thomas Chalmers arguing that a state church tended "to secularize religion, promote hypocrisy, perpetuate error, produce infidelity, [and] destroy the unity and purity of the Church". However, focus swiftly shifted to the question of lay patronage within the church, not its separation from the state; and it was only well after the dissident split that created the Free Church of Scotland, on the grounds that "they quitted a vitiated Establishment", that the Free Church joined William Ewart Gladstone in calling for the disestablishment of the Church of Scotland itself.

The twentieth century saw Presbyterian differences gradually diminished, and in 1929 the Free Church joined the Church of Scotland, to form the largest church in Scotland, in what can be considered a form of disestablishment.

Literary echoes
In Anthony Trollope's 1858 novel Doctor Thorne, the local parson is laughingly described as well-to-do: "He's got what will buy him bread and cheese when the Rads shut up the Church – unless, indeed, they shut up the Funds too". Disestablishment also features in Trollope's 1873 novel, Phineas Redux, in which a conservative leader adopts the policy, shocking his party, to outmaneuver the Liberals. Trollope undoubtedly had in mind (see chapter viii of Phineas Redux) Disraeli's maneuver of adopting male household suffrage as Conservative party policy, leading to the Second Reform Act of 1867.

See also

References

Anglicanism
Church of England disestablishment
Reform in the United Kingdom
Religion and politics
Secularism in the United Kingdom

Disestablishmentarianism


Maximilian Heinrich ist der Name folgender Personen:

Maximilian Heinrich von Bayern  (1621–1688), Herzog von Bayern und Erzbischof und Kurfürst von Köln
Maximilian Heinrich (Wied-Runkel) (1681–1706), Graf zu Wied-Runkel

Maximilian Heinrich


Rødovre Nord Station er en kommende letbanestation på Hovedstadens Letbane (Ring 3-letbanen), beliggende på grænsen mellem Rødovre Kommune og Glostrup Kommune. Stationen kommer til at ligge på Nordre Ringvej, umiddelbart nord for broen for Ballerup Boulevard og omtrent halvvejs mellem de nuværende busstoppesteder Slotsherrensvej og Hanevadsbro. Den kommer til at ligge på den østlige side af vejen og kommer til at bestå af to spor med en øperron imellem. Stationen forventes at åbne sammen med letbanen i 2025.

Stationen kommer til at ligge ved letbanens kontrol- og vedligeholdelsescenter, der anlægges vest for Nordre Ringvej i området mellem Ballerup Boulevard og Harrestrup Å. Det første spadestik til kontrol- og vedligeholdelsescentret blev taget 19. juni 2019.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Ring 3 Letbane
Rødovre Kommune
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Glostrup Kommune

Rødovre Nord Station


الأخماس إحدى قرى مركز السادات التابع لمحافظة المنوفية في جمهورية مصر العربية.

التاريخ
قرية الأخماس من القرى الحديثة، وأصلها من توابع ناحية الطرانة، حيث فُصلت عنها في تاريخ سنة 1228هـ.

السكان
بلغ عدد سكان الأخماس 17,738 نسمة، حسب الإحصاء الرسمي لعام 2006.

انظر أيضاً
 قائمة قرى محافظة المنوفية

مصادر

قرى السادات

الأخماس


Svjetske zborske igre (engleski: World Choir Games), poznate i pod nazivom Zborska olimpijada, najveće je međunarodno natjecanje pjevačkih zborova na svijetu.

Natjecanje se održava svake dvije godine, uvijek u drugom dijelu svijeta, i na njemu mogu sudjelovati amaterski zborovi, bez obzira iz koje države dolaze, koji glazbeni žanr izvode i koje su vrste (muški, ženski, crkveni, mješoviti). Službena krilatica natjecanja glasi: Zajedničko pjevanje približava narode! Glavna svrha međunarodnog zborskog susreta nije natjecateljskog, već društvenog karaktera; zamišljeno je kao događaj koji će ljude iz različitih dijelova svijeta upoznati i približiti glazbom i zajedničkim pjevanjem.

Organizator i utemeljitelj natjecanja je Zaklada Interkultur, koja ističe važnost sudjelovanja nad pobjedom. Zaklada je i dodijelitelj zlatne, srebrne i brončane nagrade na Igrama.

Zborovi se na Svjetskim zborskim igrama natječu u dva glavna dijela: u natjecateljskom dijelu programa (Championship Competition) natječu se zborovi koji su već postigli uspjehe na međunarodnim natjecanjima i koji su već dokazali svoju umjetničku kakvoću, dok na otvorenom dijelu programa (Open Competition) mogu sudjelovati svi prijavljeni zborovi i zborovi bez iskustva na međunarodnim natjecanjima.

Osim olimpijskih odličja, na natjecanju se dodjeljuju i posebna priznanja, za istaknute nastupe u nenatjecateljskom dijelu programa, nagrada za najbolje debitante i nagrade za umjetnički rad dugogodišnjim zborovođama i zborovima. Također, dio novca od prijavnica odlazi u dobrotvorne svrhe prema željama samih zborova. Najsvečaniji dijelovi samoga natjecanja su svečanosti otvaranja i zatvaranja Igara, na kojima sudjeluju zborovi, glazbeni i plesni umjetnici iz države domaćina.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Službene stranice Zaklade Interkultur

Glazbeni festivali

Svjetske zborske igre


Dunkin' Donuts LLC, doing business as Dunkin' since 2019, is an American multinational coffee and doughnut company, as well as a quick service restaurant. It was founded by Bill Rosenberg (1916–2002) in Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1950. The chain was acquired by Baskin-Robbins's holding company Allied Lyons in 1990; its acquisition of the Mister Donut chain and the conversion of that chain to Dunkin' Donuts facilitated the brand's growth in North America that year. Dunkin' and Baskin-Robbins eventually became subsidiaries of Dunkin' Brands, headquartered in Canton, Massachusetts, in 2004, until being purchased by Inspire Brands on December 15, 2020. The chain began rebranding as a "beverage-led company", and was renamed Dunkin', in January 2019; while stores in the U.S. began using the new name, the company intends to roll out the rebranding to all of its international stores eventually.

With approximately 12,900 locations in 42 countries, Dunkin' is one of the largest coffee shop and donut shop chains in the world.  Its products include donuts, bagels, coffee, and "Munchkins" donut holes.

History

1948–1963: Founding years

Bill Rosenberg opened Open Kettle in 1948, a restaurant selling donuts and coffee in Quincy, Massachusetts (a suburb of Boston), but he changed the name in 1950 to Dunkin' Donuts after discussing with company executives. He conceived the idea for the restaurant after his experiences selling food in factories and at construction sites, where donuts and coffee were the two most popular items. The restaurant was successful, and Rosenberg sold franchises to others starting in 1955.

1963–1998: Bob Rosenberg
In 1963 Rosenberg's son Bob became CEO of the company at age 25, and Dunkin' Donuts opened its hundredth location that year. Dunkin' Donuts was a subsidiary of Universal Food Systems at the time, a conglomerate of 10 small food-service businesses, and Dunkin' Donuts locations varied greatly in their menu options, with some selling full breakfasts and others serving only donuts and coffee.

In the following years, the other businesses in the Universal Food Systems portfolio were sold or closed, and the company was renamed to Dunkin' Donuts. The menu and shop format was standardized, and various new menu items were introduced. In the early 1980s counter service and ceramic coffee cups were replaced by self-service counters and paper cups. The chain went public in 1968 and was acquired by Baskin-Robbins owner Allied Lyons in 1990. By 1998, the brand had grown to 2,500 locations worldwide with $2 billion in annual sales.

Dunkin' Donuts expanded in the 1990s by buying out two rival chains: Mister Donut and Dawn Donuts.

1998–present: After Bob Rosenberg

At some point, the chain produced a donut specifically designed for dunking, with a handle. This was discontinued in 2003 (except in Singapore) because it was hand-cut and uneconomical compared to machine-cut donuts.

In 2004 the company's headquarters were relocated to Canton, Massachusetts. In December 2005 Dunkin' Donuts and Baskin-Robbins (by then, operating under the name Dunkin' Brands) were sold to a private equity consortium of Bain Capital, Carlyle Group, and Thomas H. Lee Partners for $2.4 billion. By 2010, Dunkin' Donuts' global sales were $6 billion.

In June 2013 Dunkin' Donuts unveiled a new store design, the brand's first in almost seven years.

The Dunkin' Donuts location in Natick, Massachusetts launched a program to test the concept of curbside pickup in December 2016.

In January 2018 Dunkin' Donuts began to open new concept locations, beginning in Quincy, featuring modern decor, cold beverages on tap and a single-cup brewing machine, more packaged take-out options, and dedicated pick-up lines for mobile ordering inside and in the drive-thru. The concept was described as being part of a shift towards becoming an "on-the-go, beverage-led brand". In addition, the location, as well as others, began to trial signage referring to the chain as simply "Dunkin—removing "Donuts" from the name.

In February 2018, Dunkin' announced plans to phase out polystyrene foam cups globally for environmental purposes by April 2020.

On July 11, 2018, Dave Hoffmann took over from Nigel Travis to become the CEO. He is looking to add 1,000 new locations outside of the Northeastern United States by the end of 2020 and to have a revenue increase of 3 percent for stores open a year or longer. Also late 2018, Dunkin' installed espresso machines at all possible locations and launched espresso products using a new recipe.

In June 2019, Dunkin' partnered with Grubhub to begin the rollout of its new Dunkin' Delivers service. Later in July 2019, Dunkin' partnered with Beyond Meat to introduce a meatless breakfast sandwich in Manhattan, becoming the first U.S. restaurant brand to serve Beyond Sausage. The sandwich launched nationally later in 2019.

In September 2019 the New York attorney general's office alleged in a lawsuit that Dunkin' mishandled a series of cyberattacks that were directed at customers using the Dunkin' mobile app. These attacks took place in early 2015 and thousands of usernames and passwords stolen. The state lawsuit alleges that Dunkin' employees knew about these attacks, but failed to take appropriate action.

In October 2020 Dunkin' Brands stated that the company was in conversation with Inspire Brands, a private equity-backed company, negotiating to sell the company. Inspire Brands announced on Saturday, October 31, 2020, that they would be acquiring Dunkin' Brands Group for $11.3 billion, which would include Dunkin' Brands' debt that Inspire Brands would be taking on. Inspire would pay $106.50 in cash for each of Dunkin' Brands' shares. On December 15, 2020, the acquisition was completed, and Dunkin' Brands ceased to exist as a separate company, with Dunkin', Baskin-Robbins, and the trademark management of Mister Donut,  becoming part of Inspire Brands.

Marketing

Dunkin' Donuts' "It's Worth the Trip" campaign starred sleepy-eyed "Fred the Baker" and featured the catchphrase "Time to make the donuts". It won honors from the Television Bureau of Advertising as one of the five best television advertisements of the 1980s. Fred the Baker was played by actor Michael Vale for 15 years until his retirement in 1997.  The catchphrase was used in the title of founder William Rosenberg's autobiography Time to Make the Donuts: The Founder of Dunkin' Donuts Shares an American Journey.

Dunkin' Donuts changed its slogan in March 2006 to "America Runs on Dunkin. They Might Be Giants songs were featured in a series of advertisements of new products to boost summer sales. In 2007, a series of Dunkin' Donuts commercials referred to the fictional language "Fritalian".  "Is it French? Or is it Italian?" sings a chorus of customers facing a long menu of non-English terms. "Perhaps Fritalian?" was created by Hill Holliday to "poke fun at pretentious Starbucks-style coffee chains, with patrons attempting to order hard-to-pronounce lattes." The commercial was interpreted as a deliberate mocking of Starbucks. The commercials' punch line is: "Delicious lattes from Dunkin' Donuts. You order them in English". It has been a point of discussion that latte, cappuccino, and espresso are loanwords from Italian which have no equivalence in English. The commercials, however, refer to the Starbucks ordering language itself, poking fun at words such as grande and venti. Further commercials in 2007 more directly mocked Starbucks, with a customer ordering a "large" and being chastised to use the term "dieci".

Rachael Ray starred in commercials for Dunkin' Donuts beginning in 2007. In May 2008 Dunkin' Donuts removed a commercial from its website featuring Ray wearing a scarf with a black and white paisley floral design, in response to columnist Michelle Malkin's claims that the scarf resembled the keffiyeh worn by Yasser Arafat and therefore a sign of support for terrorists. Dunkin' Donuts pulled that commercial off the air, leading to criticism of the company's perceived kowtowing to special interests.

In March 2009, the company unveiled the alternate slogan "You 'Kin Do It!" and launched a $100 million ad campaign promotion. In 2017, the company announced that it would begin testing the name of simply "Dunkin at some retail locations, as they would like to be thought of as a destination for coffee, its most profitable product. The branding would be implemented in other locations in the latter half of 2018 if it was successful. The brand announced that it would be known simply as Dunkin' in September 2018.

On April 3, 2018, Dunkin' Donuts teamed up with the Massachusetts shoe manufacturer, Saucony to produce a strawberry-frosted donut themed running shoe to commemorate the 122nd running of the Boston Marathon. The Saucony X Dunkin' Kinvara 9 came in a donut box and the heel of the shoe was covered in rainbow sprinkles.

Logo

A script version of the words Dunkin' Donuts was filed on March 31, 1955, and registered on February 2, 1960. A later logo was for a drawing and word logo depicting a figure with a donut for a head and a coffee cup and donut body wearing a garrison cap, with Dunkin''' emblazoned on both the coffee cup and cap. The design was rendered primarily in yellow and brown. The logo was applied for on June 23, 1958, registered on May 23, 1961, and put into use on July 1, 1964.

In 1961, the company began using a hot pink color for its branding and used a logo showing a stylized coffee cup with the company's name rendered on one line as a circle, evoking a donut dunking into the cup. In 1980 bright orange was added to the hot pink. As of 2014 the logo was a variation of the logo that has been in use since about 1980: an all-capitals rendering of the words Dunkin' Donuts (Dunkin' in orange; Donuts'' in pink) in a thick, Frankfurter typeface with a coffee cup outlined in brown with a "DD" monogram.

In September 2018, the company announced that it would shorten its name to Dunkin', with a wider roll-out beginning in January 2019. The company acknowledged that "Dunkin was already a common shorthand name for the chain among customers and in its marketing (including the slogan "America Runs on Dunkin), and that the rebranding would reflect the chain's continuing shift towards being a "beverage-led" brand at a time when consumers have shown a preference for healthier trends and options as they consume fewer donuts. While stores in the U.S. started using the new name in 2019, the company intends to roll out the rebranding to all of its international stores eventually.

Primary ad agency
In April 2018, Dunkin' named BBDO as their primary advertising agency. This replaced Hill Holliday, which had been producing print, digital, broadcast, and billboard advertising for almost twenty years. Hill Holliday was the agency responsible for the tagline "America Runs on Dunkin. ARC/Leo Burnett was also named to lead all in-store promotions.

Affiliations
Dunkin' has a close relationship with the Boston Red Sox and the New England Patriots, making commercials at the start of each team's season for promotions. Dunkin' also sponsors other professional sports teams, including the Dallas Cowboys, Boston Red Sox, New York Yankees, New York Mets, Philadelphia Eagles, and Tampa Bay Rays.

In 2001 Dunkin' Donuts purchased the naming rights for the former Providence Civic Center, and renamed it the Dunkin' Donuts Center. The center is currently the home court for the NCAA and Big East Providence Friars men's basketball team from Providence College as well as home ice for the AHL Providence Bruins hockey team. In reference to the center's long association with local college basketball, it is often known locally as "The Dunk".

In January 2014 English football club Liverpool announced a multimillion-pound global partnership with the company.

Dunkin' Donuts signed a sponsorship deal with the National Women's Hockey League in December 2015. As part of the multi-year agreement, Dunkin' Donuts is the official hot, iced and frozen coffee of the NWHL.

In 2016, Dunkin' became the official "coffee, donut and breakfast sandwich partner" of the National Hockey League.

Locations

United States

On January 16, 2013, Nigel Travis, Dunkin' Brands CEO, announced that the Dunkin' Donuts franchises would be available in California beginning in 2015. In July 2013, Dunkin' Donuts announced that it has signed its first Southern California multi-unit store development agreements with four franchise groups for a total commitment of 45 new restaurants. The first standalone restaurants were expected to open in 2015 in Orange and Los Angeles counties. The chain also planned to expand into more stores in Texas by 2015. On March 10, 2014, the first Dunkin' Donuts/Baskin-Robbins combination store in Southern California opened in Ramona. This is Dunkin' Donuts' third California shop to open, following shops in Barstow and on Camp Pendleton.  Since March 2014, Dunkin' Donuts has opened several additional locations throughout California, including the Los Angeles area. Dunkin' Donuts shops opened in the San Francisco Bay Area in Walnut Creek, Half Moon Bay, and American Canyon in 2016, as well as South San Francisco and Fremont, in 2017.

2014 saw the return of Dunkin' Donuts to the state of Minnesota after nearly a decade's absence, with a new shop opened inside the Kahler Grand Hotel in Rochester.

In the United States, Dunkin' is sometimes paired with Baskin-Robbins ice cream in a single multibranded store. While such locations usually maintain separate counters for each chain (much like co-branded Wendy's–Tim Hortons locations in Canada), depending on business that day, both chains' products can be bought at a single counter (usually Dunkin' Donuts'). The practice of single-counter service is similar to that of multibranded Yum! Brands stores such as KFC–Taco Bell, which share a single kitchen and cashier line.

As of February 9, 2017, all Dunkin' locations are franchisee owned and operated. In addition to its stand-alone shops, Dunkin' shops can be found within many gas stations, supermarkets, mall and airport food courts, and Walmart stores. In July 2013 Dunkin' Donuts opened its 500th restaurant, in New York City. This location is combined with a Baskin-Robbins.

On July 30, 2020, Dunkin' Brands announced it would permanently close 800 shops in the US by the end of the year because of a 20 percent drop of sales in the second quarter during the COVID-19 pandemic, 450 of which are part of the previously announced closing of locations within Speedway gas stations.

International
By March 2014, Dunkin' Donuts' largest international market was South Korea, representing nearly 40 percent of all international sales. With over 900 outlets in the country, it had three times as many as McDonald's, and about a third more than Starbucks. South Korea is home to Dunkin Donuts' only coffee roasting plant outside the U.S. Still, the company sees China and its vastly larger population as the more lucrative opportunity. In 2008 Dunkin' Donuts opened its first restaurant in Shanghai, representing the first step in its China expansion strategy. By March 2014 it had about 50 stores in the country and an agreement to open 100 more over the next five years.

In Australia, Dunkin' Donuts opened in the 1980s but by the late 2000s, they had left the Australian market. In 2014 Dunkin' Brands global chairman Nigel Travis said there were no plans in the short term to return the brand to the Australian market. In Australia, Baskin-Robbins, a subsidiary of Dunkin' Brands, continues to exist in the country.

In Brazil, Dunkin' Donuts opened its first building in 1980. In 2013, it planned to open 25 franchises in the country.

In Colombia, Dunkin' Donuts opened its first store in Bogota in 1983. By 2015, Dunkin' Donuts operated more than 100 stores only in the capital city of the country.  Currently it operates more than 150 stores around the country including locations in the cities of Medellin, Cali, Ibague, Pereira, Manizales and Barranquilla.

In January 2014, Dunkin' Donuts relaunched in England 20 years after it exited the country with its store opening in Harrow, London. There are no Dunkin Donuts stores in Scotland, Northern Ireland or Wales.

On December 5, 2014, Dunkin' Donuts opened their first location in the Nordic region, at the Täby Centrum shopping mall in the outskirts of Stockholm, Sweden. On July 24, 2018, Dunkin Donuts announced that the company's Swedish operations had filed for bankruptcy and all locations in Sweden would close immediately.
On April 1, 2015, the first store in Denmark opened in Copenhagen Central Station and by May 5, 2015, one opened at Roskilde railway station. There is still one in construction in Odense.

In early December 2015 Dunkin' Donuts opened their first cafe in 13 years in Warsaw, Poland. The opening of a second location in Warsaw is announced for January 2016. In December 2018 a third branch was under construction in the city.

On January 21, 2016, Dunkin' Brands announced a master franchise agreement with Grand Parade Investments Ltd. that called for developing 250 Dunkin' Donuts and 70 Baskin-Robbins outlets throughout South Africa.  The first stores opened in the end of 2016 in the Cape Town area. Eventually, only 11 Dunkin' Donuts locations and five Baskin-Robbins locations opened in South Africa due to GPI's financial trouble. However, by February 2019, Grand Parade Investments announced that it permanently closed all Dunkin' Brands locations in South Africa due to poor performance and unprofitably.

In September 2015, Roland Zanelli, the owner of the Dunkin' Donuts license in Switzerland, announced the opening of the first two stores in Basel, Switzerland in Fall 2015, followed by the opening of up to 60 stores in the whole country. The first Basel store opened on March 1, 2016.

India
On February 24, 2011, Dunkin' Donuts signed a master franchise agreement with Indian food service company Jubilant FoodWorks to operate the brand in India. Jubilant FoodWorks opened the country's first Dunkin' Donuts outlet at Connaught Place, New Delhi in April 2012. In November 2014, Dunkin' Donuts opened its first store in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh inside Z Square Mall.

There were 32 Dunkin' Donuts outlets across 10 Indian cities as on December 31, 2019.

Spain
The term "Donuts" was already trademarked by one of the largest Spanish bakery firms, Panrico, so the company was born as a joint venture between Dunkin' Donuts' then-parent Allied Domecq and Panrico (only Spanish shareholders, representing 50%) in order to use the brand name "Dunkin' Donuts". In 2007, after Dunkin' Donuts bought out Panrico's 50% share, the stores were rebranded to "Dunkin' Coffee". As of 2017, there are 59 Dunkin' Coffee locations in Spain, the majority of which are in Barcelona, Madrid, and Málaga. Their slogan, "Juntos es mejor", translates to "Together is better".

Canada
Despite once having hundreds of stores nationwide, Dunkin' Donuts and its market share all but vanished from Canada by the turn of the century. In the late 1990s to early 2000s the chain began disappearing from all regions of Canada, with its last foothold in the province of Quebec. However, its decline was most apparent in Quebec, where the chain once had 210 stores but by mid 2017 had only three—the last franchises in the country. By then, only one free standing store had the facilities to make donuts fresh on site; the other two were merely shopping-mall food-court stands, dependent on the delivery of baked goods from the main store. One of the main reasons for Dunkin' Donuts' decline was competition with Tim Hortons, similar to Tim Hortons' own decline in the northeastern United States due to heavy competition from Dunkin' Donuts. A group of Dunkin' Donuts franchisees won a C$16.4 million civil court judgement against the parent company for failing to adequately promote the brand in Canada. In September 2018, after 57 years of operating in Canada, Dunkin' Donuts ceased business in that country when it refused to renew its franchise license to the few remaining stores left. All remaining Canadian locations were closed or rebranded as independent businesses in late 2018 – ending the presence of Dunkin' Donuts in the country.

Baskin-Robbins – a subsidiary of Dunkin' Brands – continues to operate stores across Canada.

Lebanon
Dunkin' opened its first location in Lebanon in 1998 and has since gained a lot of popularity among Lebanese people and is now one of the most popular coffee shops with many branches spread across the country.

In 2020, Dunkin' Lebanon started selling its products in supermarkets and grocery stores.

Japan
In 1970, Japan became the first Asian country to open Dunkin' Donuts stores. The Japanese chain was owned by a joint venture between the Saison Group, Yoshinoya, and the Japanese subsidiary of the Compass Group named Seiyo Food Systems. After 28 years of operating in Japan, Dunkin' Donuts ceased business there in 1998 due to declining sales and poor performance. All of the non-military base locations were either closed or converted to Mister Donut locations. Dunkin' still has locations in United States military bases, which are open only to military personnel.

Philippines

The first Philippine store of Dunkin' Donuts opened in Makati in 1980 under the Philippine franchisee Golden Donuts Incorporated (GDI). Dunkin' Donuts later expanded outside Metro Manila when Queen City Food Chain, Inc. opened its first outlet in Fuente Osmeña, Cebu City in 1986. It later expanded to Mindanao when its first two branches in Cagayan de Oro opened in 1991.  Its first drive-thru store was opened in Tomas Morato Avenue, Quezon City in January 2021.

Saudi Arabia
Dunkin' Donuts opened its first location in Saudi Arabia in 1986. As of October 2022, it operates over 500 stores and plans to operate more than 600 in the Kingdom by the end of 2022 due to the high coffee demand.

Israel
Dunkin' Donuts Israel () was an Israeli franchise of the chain. Dunkin' Donuts Israel opened their first location within Israel in 1996 in Tel Aviv. Their main flagship store was located in Rabin Square, with their factory in Lod. Upon opening their first location Dunkin' was a tremendous hit. When the original location opened it broke Dunkin's own sales records by selling 3 million doughnuts in the first eight months. The chain's manager was quoted saying "Israelis do not stop eating doughnuts, They buy such quantities, quantities that we would never have believed they would buy. They buy boxes of 12, eat them here, and then buy more boxes to take home." In 2001, when Dunkin' Donuts Israel decided to close, the company had accumulated a large amount of debt. When the Second Intifada broke out, Israeli tourism slowed, and Dunkin' decided to close. Approximately $2 million was invested in Dunkin' Donuts Israel when it failed. At the peak, Dunkin' Donuts had 9 branches in Israel, of their original goal of 15, including 3 in Jerusalem.

New Zealand
The first New Zealand store opened in Manukau, Auckland in 2001; three others also opened in Auckland that year. By 2017, it had 12 Auckland stores and two other cities. By 2022, it had 15 Auckland stores and three other cities.

Notable endorsers

 Yoon Shi-yoon
 Eli Manning
 Charli D'Amelio
 Janno Gibbs (2002–2003)
 Joey de Leon (2004–2010)
 Derek Ramsay (2013–present)
 Jennylyn Mercado (2015–2016)
 Piolo Pascual (1990s, 2017–present)
 Dingdong Dantes (2019–present)
 David Ortiz
 Rob Gronkowski
 Meghan Duggan
SB19 (2021–present)
Kim Soo-hyun (2022–present)
Ice Spice (2023-present)

Criticism
In 1997, Dunkindonuts.org was established by a customer for disgruntled consumers and employees to lodge complaints about the company. The site appeared ahead of the company's own website in many search engines and received national media coverage before being purchased by Dunkin' Donuts in 1999.

Dunkin' Donuts was criticized by one of its franchisees for allegedly forcing single-store owners to agree to a buyout at a loss for minor infractions. Dunkin' Donuts sued franchise owners 154 times from 2006 to April 2008. Over the same period, McDonald's was involved in five lawsuits. Subway, a company that has four times the number of locations as Dunkin' Donuts, sued its franchisees 12 times. (These figures do not include arbitrations, which the companies use in pursuing legal claims against their franchisees.) Franchisees allege that the company's business strategy needs predominantly multi-unit franchisees.

In May 2010, Dunkin' Donuts was criticized for advertising "Free Iced Coffee Day" on its national Facebook page, which took place in only 13 cities. Because of the limited scope of the promotion, many customers became dissatisfied with the lack of free iced coffee and vented their anger on the Dunkin' Donuts Facebook page.

In 2013, the Dunkin' Donuts chain in Thailand used an advertisement that contained a photograph of a woman in black face-paint, in order to promote its new chocolate-flavored donuts. The company was criticized for the advertisement, with the Human Rights Watch calling the advertisement "bizarre and racist". The headquarters in the United States apologized for the advertisement.

Nancy Lewis, in Canaan, Connecticut, began a petition in January 2014 to request that Dunkin' Donuts donate their unsold food to local shelters and food banks in her area after seeing her local shop regularly throwing away "large amounts" of unsold food. She said because the company has no official policy on the redistribution of its unsold food items to shelters or food banks, and employees are not allowed to take any home, many affiliates throw all of the goods away.

See also
 List of coffeehouse chains
 List of doughnut shops
 Coffee wars
 Dunkin' Park – baseball stadium in Hartford, Connecticut

Explanatory notes

References

External links

1950 establishments in Massachusetts
American companies established in 1950
Bagel companies
Bakeries of the United States
Coffee brands
Coffeehouses and cafés in the United States
Companies based in Massachusetts
Companies based in Norfolk County, Massachusetts
Doughnut shops
Fast-food chains of the United States
Fast-food franchises
Inspire Brands
Restaurants established in 1950
Restaurants in Massachusetts

Dunkin' Donuts


La Rinconada, İspanya'nın güneybatı köşesinde bulunan özerk bölge Endülüs'ün, Sevil eyaletine bağlı bulunan belediyesi. 2002 yılındaki sayıma göre nüfusu 29,759'dur.

La Rinconada, İspanya


17892 Morecambewise este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
17892 Morecambewise este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Reedy Creek de John Broughton. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,25 ua, o excentricitate de 0,08 și o înclinație de 3,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 17001-18000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1999
Centura de asteroizi

17892 Morecambewise


Ut unum sint (em latim: 'Para que sejam um') é uma encíclica do Papa João Paulo II de 25 de maio de 1995. Foi uma das 14 encíclicas publicadas por João Paulo II. O cardeal Georges Cottier, teólogo emérito da Casa Pontifícia, foi influente na redação da encíclica.

Como muitas encíclicas, esta deriva seu título de seu " incipit " ou primeiras palavras. Estas palavras são tiradas da oração de Jesus "na hora da sua Paixão" na tradução da Vulgata do Evangelho segundo João. O documento trata das relações da Igreja Católica com a Igreja Ortodoxa Oriental e outras comunidades eclesiais cristãs. Reitera que a unidade dessas duas igrejas sui iuris é essencial, bem como um maior diálogo e unidade com as igrejas protestantes. Este documento mostra que a Igreja Católica está oficialmente movida para a unidade. Tornou-se uma peça comum de estudo nas aulas ecumênicas.

Ut Unum Sint foi a primeira encíclica dedicada exclusivamente ao imperativo ecumênico. Neste exercício inovador do magistério papal, o Papa João Paulo afirmou que o compromisso ecumênico assumido no Vaticano II era irreversível. Ele ensinou a seus companheiros católicos que a busca pela unidade cristã deve ser sustentada tanto internacionalmente quanto nas igrejas locais.

Referências

Ligações externas

 Ut Unum Sint (Texto Oficial do Vaticano)
Encíclicas

Documentos do papa João Paulo II
Ecumenismo e diálogo inter-religioso

Ut unum sint


ناصر علي ناصر المعيلي، نائب سابق في مجلس الأمة الكويتي.

شارك في الانتخابات التكميلية لمجلس الأمة الكويتي في عام 1966 بعد الاستقالات في الدائرة الثامنة وفاز فيها ، وشارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1967 في الدائرة الثامنة وحصل على 696 صوت وحصل على المركز الخامس وفاز بالانتخابات ، وشارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1971 في الدائرة الثامنة وحصل على المركز الرابع عشر برصيد 119 صوت وخسر بالانتخابات ، وشارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1981 في الدائرة الثالثة عشر وحصل على المركز العشرين برصيد 46 صوت وخسر بالانتخابات.

مراجع

أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1963
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1967

ناصر علي المعيلي


جبهة الأسد أو الجبهة أو «غاما الأسد» واحد من نجوم كوكبة الأسد الهامة وحسب تخيل العرب القدماء للكوكبة فقد كان يمثل الجبهة، وهو يقع على يمين خريطة الكوكبة وهو على مستوى نجم ظهر الأسد (وهو أعلى النجوم في مثلث النجوم الذي في يسار الكوكبة).

النظام النجمي

جبهة الأسد هو نجم ثنائي، والنجم اللامع من النجمين يبلغ قدره الظاهري 2,28 وتبلغ درجة حرارته 4470 كلفن تقريباً. ويبلغ سطوعه 180 ضعف سطوع الشمس وقطره 23 ضعف قطرها.
أما النجم الآخر فيبلغ قدره الظاهري 3,51 ودرجة حرارته 4980 كلفن تقريباً. سطوعه يبلغ 50 ضعف سطوع الشمس وقطره 10 أضعاف قطرها.

تفصل بين النجمين مسافة تعادل ما يقارب الـ24 ألف مليون كلم (أي 20 ساعة ضوئية تقريباً)، ويدور أحدهما حول الآخر كل أكثر من 500 سنة. وبالتأكيد كلا هذين النجمين هما عملاقان وهذا يعني أنهما توقفا عن تحويل الهيدروجين إلى هيليوم في نواتيهما.

وللعين المجردة يبدو النجمان كأنهما نجم واحد أو نجم متمدد قليلاً ولكن بتلسكوب صغير (منظار) بالإمكان ملاحظة أنهما نجمان منفصلان بسهولة.

النظام الكوكبي

في عام 2009 وفي يوم 6 من شهر نوفمبر (تشرين الثاني) تم الإعلان عن اكشاف كوكب يدور حول «جبهة الأسد أ».أطلق عليه غاما الأسد b أو (Gamma1 Leonis b) في تسمية باير الدليلة وهو يبعد عن نجمه 1.19 وحدة فلكية. وتبلغ كتلته 8,78 كتلة مشتري (كتلة المشتري هي وحدة تستخدم لقياس كتلة الكواكب الغازية خارج النظام الشمسي، وهي بالطبع تعادل كتلة كوكب المشتري). ومدة السنة عليه 429 يوم أرضي وقد أُطلق عليه اسم جبهة الأسد b.

وبعد حسابات أجراها العلماء توصلوا إلى أنه يجب أن يكون هناك كوكب آخر يدور حول جبهة الأسد أ. وقد أسموه «جبهة الأسد ج» وتوصلوا إلى أن كتلته يجب أن تعادل 2,14 كتلة مشتري وأن يكون طول السنة عليه 1340 يوم أرضي، وأيضاً توصلوا إلى أنه يبعد 2,6 وحدة فلكية عن نجمه (20 دقيقة ضوئية تقريباً). ولكن بالرغم من كل هذا فوجود كوكب «جبهة الأسد ج» ليس مؤكذا إلى الآن.

انظر أيضًا
 قائمة أسماء النجوم العربية

مراجع

أجرام باير
أجرام فهرس هنري درابر
أجرام هيباركوس
أجسام فلامستيد
أنظمة كوكبية
أنظمة كوكبية لديها كوكب واحد مؤكد
عمالقة نوع-G
عمالقة نوع-K
فهرس النجوم الساطعة
كوكبة الأسد
مسح بون الفلكي
نجوم بأسماء خاصة
نجوم ثنائية

جبهة الأسد


Giuseppe Crispi (Palazzo Adriano,  - Palazzo Adriano, ) est un évêque catholique et philologue italien d'origine albanaise.

Figure importante de la communauté albanaise de Sicile (Arbëreshe) au , il est prêtre de rite byzantin, philologue, érudit grec et albanologue de renom, auteur de plusieurs études sur la langue albanaise, les Albanais et leur origine pélago-Ilyrienne. Recteur du Séminaire italo-albanais de Palerme, il est l'évêque ordonnateur des fidèles albanais de rite oriental de l'île et évêque titulaire de Lampsaque.

Il est l'oncle de Francesco Crispi.

Biographie
Giuseppe Crispi est né le 30 juillet 1781 à Palazzo Adriano. Il termine ses études au Séminaire italo-albanais de Palerme, ayant parmi ses professeurs Nicola Chetta, Giovanni Meli et Francesco Nascè.

Le 26 mai 1808, Giuseppe Crispi est consacré prêtre de rite grec de la communauté italo-albanaise de Sicile.

Il occupe le poste académique de professeur de littérature grecque ancienne à l'université royale de Palerme, après avoir remporté le concours pour ce poste en 1813.

Il est recteur du Séminaire italo-albanais de Palerme et évêque titulaire de Lampsaco à partir de 1836, succédant à Francesco Chiarchiaro dans cette dernière fonction. Au "panthéon" des hommes illustres de Sicile dans l'église San Domenico de Palerme se trouve un médaillon commémoratif en marbre dédié à Giuseppe Crispi et placé là à l'initiative de son ami Agostino Gallo.

Le principal ouvrage de Crispi s'intitule Memorie sulla lingua Albanese (Souvenirs sur la langue albanaise), publié en 1831 à Palerme. Cet ouvrage constitue la première monographie sur la langue albanaise. Selon Crispi, la langue albanaise est étroitement liée aux langues pélasgienne, macédonienne et proto-éolienne, selon Conrad Malte-Brun, et est donc considérée comme un ancêtre du grec, une langue qui, selon Crispi, a perdu ses connotations originelles. Cette monographie influence les positions d'autres auteurs d'Arbëreshë, comme Giuseppe Schirò, qui s'en sert pour rédiger son ouvrage Rapporti tra l'Epiro e il Regno delle due Sicilie (1834). D'autres travaux de Crispi concernent la culture et l'histoire de la communauté Arbëreshe en Sicile.

Bibliographie
  Francesco Scalora, Sicilia e Grecia. La presenza della Grecia moderna nella cultura siciliana del XIX secolo, Istituto Siciliano di Studi Bizantini e Neoellenici "B. Lavagnini", Palerme 2018 (Quaderni 19), 548 pp.,
  Bruno de Marco Spata, I figli illustri di Palazzo Adriano, Edizioni Bideri, Naples, 1986

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en juillet 1781
Naissance à Palazzo Adriano
Décès en septembre 1859
Décès à Palazzo Adriano
Évêque catholique en Albanie
Philologue italien
Évêque catholique italien du XIXe siècle
Décès à 78 ans

Giuseppe Crispi


Tonimir Sokol, hrvatski reprezentativac u hrvanju. Osvojio je bronačno odličje na seniorskom europskm prvenstvu 2010. godine.

Izvori

Hrvatski hrvači

Tonimir Sokol


Roger Haudegand (nacido el 20 de febrero de 1932 en Francia), es un exjugador de baloncesto francés. Consiguió una medalla de bronce con Francia en el Eurobasket del año 1953.

Enlaces externos
 Ficha en sports reference

Baloncestistas de Francia
Baloncestistas de la selección de Francia
Baloncestistas del Paris Basket Racing
Baloncestistas del R.S.C. Valenciennes

Roger Haudegand


Uta (sardinski: Uda) je grad i općina (comune) u metropolitanskom gradu Cagliariju u regiji Sardiniji, Italija. Nalazi se na nadmorskoj visini od 6 metara i ima 8 604 stanovnika. Prostire se na 134,71 km². Gustoća naseljenosti je 64 st/km².Susjedne općine su: Assemini, Capoterra, Decimomannu, Siliqua i Villaspeciosa.

Izvori

Gradovi na Sardiniji

Uta


Viana de Cega es una estación ferroviaria situada en el municipio español homónimo en la provincia de Valladolid, comunidad autónoma de Castilla y León. Cuenta con amplios servicios de Media Distancia. Cumple también funciones logísticas.

Situación ferroviaria
La estación se encuentra en el punto kilométrico 234,787 de la línea férrea de ancho ibérico que une Madrid con Hendaya a 693,33 metros de altitud, entre las estaciones de Valladolid y Valdestillas. El tramo es de vía doble y está electrificado.

Historia
La estación fue inaugurada el 15 de septiembre de 1860 con la puesta en marcha del tramo Medina del Campo – Valladolid de la línea radial Madrid-Hendaya. Su explotación inicial quedó a cargo de la Compañía de los Caminos de Hierro del Norte de España quien mantuvo su titularidad hasta que en 1941 fue nacionalizada e integrada en la recién creada RENFE.

Desde el 31 de diciembre de 2004 Renfe Operadora explota la línea mientras que Adif es la titular de las instalaciones ferroviarias.

La estación
Viana de Cega cuenta con un pequeño edificio para viajeros de dos pisos y planta rectangular. Su estructura de vías y andenes muestra el siguiente esquema: a-v-v-v-a-v con dos andenes y cuatro vías. La vía que da acceso al andén lateral se numera como vía 4 mientras que al andén central acceden las vías 1 y 3. La vía 2 es la vía central y no posee andén. El cambio de vía se realiza a nivel.

Servicios ferroviarios

Media Distancia
En Viana de Cega Renfe presta servicios de Media Distancia gracias a sus trenes Regional Exprés en los trayectos:

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Media Distancia Castilla y León en la web de Renfe.

Viana de Cega
Viana de Cega
Viana de Cega
Estaciones de ferrocarril de España inauguradas en 1860
Estaciones de ferrocarril de Castilla y León inauguradas en el siglo XIX
Viana de Cega

Estación de Viana de Cega


Derviš Korkut (Travnik, 5. svibnja 1888. — Sarajevo, 28. kolovoza 1969.), bosanskohercegovački je teolog, knjižničar, orijentalista i travnički muftija albanskog podrijetla. Bio je jedan je od čelnika Odbora narodnog spasa, koji je uspio spasiti Sarajevsku hagadu tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata. Sin je naibu-reisa Ahmeda Muniba i brat Besima Korkuta.

Životopis
Derviš Korkut je rođen 5. svibnja 1888. u Travniku od oca hadži Ahmeda Muniba i majke Šahide Biščević. Potjecao je iz poznate ulemanske obitelji Korkuta, koji su u Bosnu došli iz Turske tijekom 16. stoljeća. Imao je četvericu braće i pet sestara. Visoku gimnaziju u Sarajevu završio je 1909., nakon čega je otišao na studije u Istanbulu i na Sorbonni. Teološki fakultet u Istanbulu završio je 1914. godine. Iako je kao svećeničko lice bio oslobođen vojne službe, u srpnju 1917. godine mobiliziran je u austro-ugarsku vojsku kao vojni imam u rangu kapetana II klase.

Od srpnja 1916. do siječnja 1921. radio je kao vjeroučitelj u Muškoj učiteljskoj školi u Derventi, nakon čega je neko vrijeme bio ekonom-prefekt Okružne medrese u Sarajevu. Kao načelnik u muslimanskom odjelu Ministarstva vjera u Beogradu radio je od 1921. do 1923. godine, kada je primoran dati otkaz zbog pritiska pripadnika Narodne radikalne stranke. Od rujna 1923. do listopada 1925. bio je tajnik Jugoslavenske muslimanske narodne organizacije, okupljene oko Ibrahima Maglajlića.  Od 1927. do postavljanja za travničkog muftiju u rujnu 1929. radio je kao kustos Zemaljskog muzeja. Zakonom o Islamskoj vjerskoj zajednici ukinuti su travničko i bihaćko muftijstvo, čime prestaje obavljati dužnost muftije. Do 1937. radio je kao kustos Cetinjskog muzeja i u Vrhovnom starješinstvu Islamske zajednice.

Od 1937. do 1944. ponovo je radio kao kustos Zemaljskog muzeja u Sarajevu. Godine 1940. oženio se Servet Ljužom, Albankom iz Kosovske Mitrovice. Tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata uspio je sakriti Sarajevsku hagadu od njemačkog okupatora i spasiti djevojku Miru Papo, čiji su roditelji odvedeni u logor. Porodica Korkut je Miru primila u svoj dom, obukli su je kao muslimanku, nazvali je Amira i rekli joj da je Albanka koju su poslali njeni rođaci iz Kosovske Mitrovice da im pomaže u kući. Mira je tako preživjela, a kasnije se priključila partizanima. Zbog ovog čina je sa suprugom 1999. godine proglašen Pravednikom među narodima.

Objavljivao je tekstove o manjinama u Bosni, Albancima i Židovima. Pisao je u: "La Tribune des Peuplesu", "L'Abstinencu", "Gajretu", "Pravdi", "Iršadu", "Večernjoj pošti", "Glasniku Saveza trezvene mladosti", "Glasniku Zemaljskog muzeja", "Narodnoj starini", cetinjskim "Zapisima", "Novom beharu" i dr. U radovima se uglavnom bavio razdobljem osmanske vladavine. Bavio se i filologijom, posebno prikupljanjem turcizama. Od 1933. do 1936. bio je urednik "Glasnika IVZ".

Uz brata Besima bio je jedan od potpisnika Sarajevske rezolucije, kojom se osuđuju zločini nad Srbima i Židovima. Dao je doprinos stručnom elaboratu u kojem se tvrdi da su Romi "arijevci" te da su tzv. "bijeli Cigani" sastavni dio bošnjačkog naroda, zbog čega je Ministarstvo unutarnjih poslova NDH kolovoza 1941. naredilo obustavljanje progona Roma. I pored toga, poslije rata je u namještenom suđenju proglašen za "suradnika okupatora". U rujnu 1947. godine počelo suđenje muslimanskim alimima i inteletualcima, na čelu s Kasimom ef. Dobračom, a među njima je bio i Derviš Korkut. U optužnici stoji da su se Kasim Dobrača, Derviš Korkut, Kasim Turković, Jusuf Tanović i Mehmed Handžić "stavili tokom okupacije u službu fašističke Njemačke" i da su nakon rata formirali ilegalnu organizaciju. Radilo se o jednom montiranom procesu. Naime, radi se o 1947. godini, kada je pokrenuta inicijativa za izbor novog reis-ul-uleme, s obzirom na to da je Fehim ef. Spaho umro na dužnosti 1942. godine. Jugoslavenske vlasti su pripremale teren kako bi prošao njihov kandidat. Trebalo je eliminirati one za koje se pretpostavljalo da bi mogli biti ozbiljni protukandidati. Kasim Dobrača i Derviš Korkut zbog svega svoga, svoje prošlosti, zbog svog znanja koje su imali, bili su ozbiljni kandidati za reis-ul-ulemu. Derviš Korkut je na tom procesu osuđen na osam godina zatvora. Odležao je šest godina u zatvoru u Zenici. Od puštanja na slobodu do kraja života radio je kao kustos Muzeja grada Sarajeva.

Preminuo je u Sarajevu, 28. kolovoza 1969. godine. Imao je troje djece, sina Muniba i kćerke Abidu i Lamiju.

Spašavanje Hagade
Spašavanje Hagade je samo jedan fragment u briljantnoj i besprijekornom životopisu Derviša Korkuta. Kako poslije rata nikada nije pričao o spašavanju Hagade, postoji nekoliko pričao Korkutovom spašavanju Hagade. Ono što se sigurno zna jeste da je Hagada početkom Drugog svjetskog rata bila u Zemaljskom muzeju, gdje je u to vrijeme Derviš Korkut bio kustos i glavni knjižnjičar. Kod njega, kao glavnog knjižničara, nalazili su se reversi za Hagadu do kraja 1943. godine, kada ju je on, prema jednoj od priča, predao novoimenovanom ravnatelju Vejsilu Čurčiću, nakon čega je Hagada pohranjena u sef Narodne banke, a u kolovozu 1945. ponovo vraćena u Zemaljski muzej u Sarajevu.

Druga priča je da ju je Derviš Korkut izmjestio iz zgrade Zemaljskog muzeja i prebacio negdje izvan Sarajeva. Pri čemu, postoji i treća mogućnost, a to je zapravo da je Hagada ostala u Zemaljskom muzeju, ali da je bila negdje smještena gdje je nitko ne bi mogao naći.

Nova vlast već u svibnju 1945. godine hvali upravu i ljude koji su radili u Zemaljskom muzeju na njihovom doprinosu u spašavanju kulturnog blaga. U sarajevskom listu Oslobođenje je tada objavljen i članak u kojem je iznesena priča o tome, a novinari su u posebno istaknutom pasusu naveli kako je posebno puno na spašavanju predmeta u knjižnici Zemaljskog muzeja uradio glavni knjižnjičar. Nije navedeno ime, ali je bilo svakako poznato da je riječ o Dervišu Korkutu.

O Korkutu
 Derviš M. Korkut kao kulturni i javni radnik (Sarajevo, 1974) – Alija Bejtić
 Istaknuti Bošnjaci (Zagreb, 1994) – Mahmud Traljić
 Kazivanja o Travniku : Derviš M. Korkut (Travnik, 1998) – Mustafa Gafić
 Derviš ef. A. Korkut - Ibnul Ajn: život i djelo (Sarajevo, 2005) – Hajrudin A. Haračić
 Derviš M. Korkut: a biography: rescuer of the Sarajevo Haggadah (Sarajevo, 2020) – Hikmet Karčić

Izvori

Vanjske povezice
 Servet and Derviš Korkut

Životopisi, Travnik
Bošnjačke muftije

Derviš Korkut


යොකොහමා යනු ජපානයේ පිහිටි නගරයකි. එය කනාගවා ප්රාන්තයේ අගනුවර වේ.

ආශ්‍රිත
 ටෝකියෝ
 නගෝයා

ජපානය
ජපානයේ නගර

යොකොහමා


1023 (MXXIII) salı günü başlayan bir yıldır.

Olaylar
 Abbadi hükümdarı I. Muhammed tahta çıktı.

Doğumlar
 Lý Thánh Tông, Vietnam imparatoru (ö. 1072)

Ölümler
 24 Ekim - Kou Zhun, Çin büyük şansölyesi
 Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi, Arap filozof

1023


فيرنانداو  وإسمهُ الكامل هو فرناندو لوسيو داكوستا  وهولاعب كرة قدم برازيلي في مركز الهجوم ولد في يوم 18 مارس 1978 في مدينة غويانيا في البرازيل لعب مع عدة أندية في أوروبا والخليج و البرازيل منها نادي الغرافة في قطر حيث لعب معهُ 22 مباراة وسجل 10 أهداف كما لعب مع أندية نادي تولوز ونادي مرسيليا في فرنسا ومع نادي غوياس ونادي ساو باولو في البرازيل، كما لعب مع منتخب البرازيل لكرة القدم لمباراة دولية واحدة ويبلغ طوله 190 سم، توفي في يوم 7 يونيو 2014 مع 4 أشخاص آخرين بعد سقوط طائرة الهليكوبتر التي كان يركبها في أروانيا في البرازيل.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في قطر
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية برازيليون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة القدم البرازيليون
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
لاعبو أولمبيك مارسيليا
لاعبو الدوري البرازيلي الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو تولوز
لاعبو دوري نجوم قطر
لاعبو ساو باولو
لاعبو كرة قدم برازيليون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون برازيليون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في قطر
لاعبو منتخب البرازيل تحت 20 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب البرازيل لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي الغرافة
لاعبو نادي إنترناسيونال
لاعبو نادي غوياس
مدربو كرة قدم برازيليون
مدربو نادي إنترناسيونال
مواليد 1398 هـ
مواليد 1978
مواليد في غويانيا
وفيات 1435 هـ
وفيات 2014
ضحايا حوادث مروحيات
رياضيون من غويانيا
ضحايا حوادث طيران في البرازيل
ضحايا حوادث طيران في 2014
لاعبو كرة قدم من غوياس

فرنانداو (لاعب كرة قدم)


Verdoornianthus griffinii é uma espécie de planta do gênero Verdoornianthus e da família Lejeuneaceae.
Neotropical, ocorrendo em floresta ombrófila,
crescendo sobre tronco de árvore viva.

Taxonomia

Forma de vida
É uma espécie corticícola, epífila e em tramas.

Descrição
Plantas com 1,0-2,0 milímetros de largura, ramificações do tipo-Lejeunea. Caulídio com células epidérmicas dorsais maiores do que as ventrais; merófito ventral de 4-8 células de largura. Filídios imbricados, patentes; lobo ovalado, margem dorsal arqueada, inteira, margem ventral reta a levemente arqueada, inteira, ápice arredondado; células oblongas a arredondadas, paredes delgadas, trigônios distintamente grandes, espessamentos intermediários nodulosos; oleocorpos grosseiramente granulosos; ocelos ausentes; lóbulo grande, retangular, com cerca de 500 µm de comprimento × 200 µm de largura, margem livre involuta, dente apical agudo. Anfigastros suborbiculares, inteiros, mais largos do que longos, imbricados, base cuneada, linha de inserção profundamente arqueada. Autoicas. Androécios terminais a intercalares, 3-6 pares. Ginoécio lateral, brácteas com lobo obovalado, margens inteiras, ápice arredondado, perianto obovalado, 5 quilhas denteadas, rostro curto.

Conservação
A espécie faz parte da Lista Vermelha das espécies ameaçadas do estado do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil. A lista foi publicada em 13 de junho de 2005 por intermédio do decreto estadual nº 1.499-R.

Distribuição
A espécie é encontrada nos estados brasileiros de Amazonas e Espírito Santo.
A espécie é encontrada nos  domínios fitogeográficos de Floresta Amazônica e Mata Atlântica, em regiões com vegetação de mata ciliar, floresta de terra firme e floresta ombrófila pluvial.

Notas
Contém texto em CC-BY-SA 4.0 de Bastos, C.J.P. Verdoornianthus  in Flora e Funga do Brasil.

Ligações externas
 Verdoornianthus griffinii no projeto Flora e Funga do Brasil
 Verdoornianthus griffinii no portal do Centro Nacional de Conservação da Flora (Brasil)

Lejeuneaceae
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)
Espécies citadas na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo

Verdoornianthus griffinii


Das Fernsehen in der Föderation von Rhodesien und Njassaland nahm 1960 seinen Sendebetrieb auf und war damit nach nigerianischen Western Nigerian Television Service und Eastern Nigerian Television Service der dritte reguläre Fernsehsender in Subsahara-Afrika.

Entstehung
Mit der Gründung der Federal Broadcasting Corporation (FBC), der staatlichen nationalen Rundfunkanstalt der Föderation von Rhodesien und Njassaland, im Jahr 1957, begannen auch die Planungen zur Einführung des Fernsehen in dem 1953 entstandenen Staat. Vorgesehen war ein System nach dem Vorbild des britischen Independent Television: Die FBC sollte nur die technische Infrastruktur betreiben, während die Inhalte von einer oder mehreren privaten Gesellschaften produzieren werden würden. Die Inhalteanbieter sollten sich über Werbung finanzieren und an die FBC für die Ausstrahlung ihrer Programme eine kostendeckende Gebühr bezahlen bzw. den Aufbau der nötigen Infrastruktur mitfinanzieren.

Die von mehreren in- und ausländischen Firmen gegründete Rhodesian TeleVision (Pvt) Ltd. (RTV) erhielt 1959 den Zuschlag als Programmgesellschaft. Die im Februar 1960 auf fünfzehn Jahre abgeschlossenen Vertrage sicherten der FBC umfassende Mitspracherechte an der Programmgestaltung zu, so wurde ein maximaler Zeitanteil an Werbung ebenso wie ein Minimum an inländischen Produktionen sowie Bildungsprogrammen festgelegt, zudem sollten nach und nach in immer größeren Gebieten des Landes Fernsehen zu empfangen sein. Der Sendestart war für Ende 1960 vorgesehen.

Betrieb
Im Sommer 1960 errichtete die Firma Philips sechseinhalb Kilometer nordöstlich des Stadtzentrum von Salisbury auf 1570 m Höhe die Sendeanlagen (Antennenhöhe 61 m) mit einer Leistung von 4 kW. Termingemäß begann der Sendebetrieb am 15. November 1960, verwendet wurde die auch Vereinigten Königreich eingesetzte CCIR-Norm mit 625 Zeilen. Gesendet wurde werktags wurde von 18 Uhr bis 22.15 Uhr, samstags von 18.15 Uhr bis 23 Uhr und sonntags von 17 Uhr bis 23 Uhr. Die Reichweite übertraf die Erwartungen, in einem Radius von 12 km war man von gutem und in einem Radius von 40 km von mäßigem Empfang ausgegangen, tätsachlich war das Programm noch in einer Entfernung von 100 km zu empfangen. Einige Monate früher als geplant wurde im Sommer 1961 ein zweiter Sender (0,6 kW) in Bulawayo in Betrieb genommen worden. Ebenfalls früher als geplant ging 1961 der erste Sender in Nordrhodesien in Kitwe in Betrieb. Im April 1961 waren in Salisbury bereits mehr als 7000 Fernsehgeräte registriert. Das Protektorat Njassaland, wo nur wenige Tausend Europäer ansässig waren, erhielt keinen Sender.

Auflösung
Die Auflösung der Föderation 1963 und die Unabhängigkeit ihrer Einzelstaaten 1964 beendete auch den gemeinsamen Fernsehdienst: In Nordrhodesien wurde der Fernsehsender von der neu gegründeten Zambia Broadcasting Corporation übernommen, ein eigenes Fernsehprogramm begann 1965. In Südrhodesien wurde die RTV 1964 von der staatlichen Rundfunkanstalt Rhodesia Broadcasting Corporation aufgekauft und damit das Fernsehen in ein staatliches Monopol überführt. In Malawi sollte das Fernsehen erst 1999 eingeführt werden.

Literatur
 W. V. Brelsford (Hrsg.): Handbook to the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. Cassell, London 1960.
 Harald Voss: Rundfunk und Fernsehen in Afrika. Verlag Deutscher Wirtschaftsdienst, Köln 1962.
 R. Kent Rasmussen (Hrsg.): Historical dictionary of Rhodesia/Zimbabwe. (= African Historical Dictionaries. Band 18). Scarecrow Press, Metuchen 1979, ISBN 0-8108-1187-1.
 J. M. Reeves: Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Introduction of Television. In: EBU Review. Nr. 65A, Februar 1961, , S. 31–33.

Einzelbelege

Rhodesien und Njassaland, Foderation von
Föderation von Rhodesien und Njassaland
Geschichte des Fernsehens
Sendestart 1960
Aufgelöst 1964


An Cyperus vorsteri in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Karen Louise Wilson. An Cyperus vorsteri in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyperus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cyperus

Cyperus vorsteri


Muški nogometni turnir na OI 2020. u Tokiju održava se od 21. srpnja do 7. kolovoza 2021. u Japanu. Utakmice se igraju u Tokiju, Kashimi, Saitami, Sapporu, Rifuu i Yokohami.

Medaljisti

Grupna faza

Grupa A

Grupa B

Grupa C

Grupa D

Nokaut faza

Četvrtfinale

Polufinale

Utakmica za brončanu medalju

Utakmica za zlatnu medalju

Statistika

Strijelci
Zabijeno je 93 golova u 32 utakmice. Prosječan broj golova po utakmici iznosi 2,91.

5 gola:
  Richarlison

4 gola:

  André-Pierre Gignac
  Hwang Ui-jo
  Sebastián Córdova

3 gola:

  Matheus Cunha
  Takefusa Kubo
  Lee Kang-in
  Alexis Vega
  Rafa Mir
  Mikel Oyarzabal

  Henry Martín

2 gola:

  Lee Dong-gyeong
  Eduardo Aguirre
  Chris Wood
  Ragnar Ache
  Nadiem Amiri
  Sami Al-Najei

  Luis Romo

1 gol:

  Tomás Belmonte
  Facundo Medina
  Marco Tilio
  Lachlan Wales
  Malcom
  Paulinho
  Mahmoud Hamdy
  Ahmed Yasser Rayyan
  Téji Savanier
  Juan Carlos Obregón Jr.
  Luis Palma
  Rigoberto Rivas
  Daizen Maeda
  Koji Miyoshi
  Hiroki Sakai
  Kim Jin-ya
  Um Won-sang
  Won Du-jae
  Salem Al-Dawsari
  Kobamelo Kodisang
  Evidence Makgopa
  Teboho Mokoena
  Roberto Alvarado
  Uriel Antuna
  Johan Vásquez
  Liberato Cacace
  Eduard Löwen
  Felix Uduokhai
  Eric Bailly
  Max Gradel
  Franck Kessié
  Abdulelah Al-Amri
  Salem Al-Dawsari
  Marco Asensio
  Mikel Merino
  Dani Olmo

  Ritsu Dōan

1 autogol:

  Elvin Oliva (protiv Rumunjske)
  Benjamin Henrichs (protiv Obale Bjelokosti)
  Marius Marin (protiv Južne Koreje)

  Abdulelah Al-Amri (protiv Obale Bjelokosti)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Olympic Football Tournaments Tokyo 2020 – Men , FIFA.com

Nogomet na Olimpijskim igrama
nogomet
Međunarodna nogometna natjecanja u Japanu

Nogomet na OI 2020. – muškarci


Jalovec este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Prievidza din regiunea Trenčín, pe malul râului . Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 578 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Jalovec este atestată documentar din 1430.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Jalovec, Prievidza


بلدية مونتييخا (بالإسبانية: Motilleja) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة البسيط التابعة لمنطقة كاستيا لا مانتشا وسط إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
بلغ عدد سكان بلدية مونتييخا 600 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني الإسباني للإحصاء).

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية مونتييخا

بلديات البسيط
أماكن مأهولة في البسيط

مونتييخا


Eine Clique bezeichnet in der Graphentheorie eine Teilmenge von Knoten in einem ungerichteten Graphen, bei der jedes Knotenpaar durch eine Kante verbunden ist. Zu entscheiden, ob ein Graph eine Clique einer bestimmten Mindestgröße enthält, wird Cliquenproblem genannt und gilt, wie das Finden von größten Cliquen, als algorithmisch schwierig (NP-vollständig). Das Finden einer Clique einer bestimmten Größe in einem Graphen ist ein NP-vollständiges Problem und somit auch in der Informationstechnik ein relevantes Forschungs- und Anwendungsgebiet.

Definitionen

Sei  ein ungerichteter Graph ohne Mehrfachkanten und  eine Teilmenge von .
Eine Clique ist eine Teilmenge  von , die einen vollständigen Teilgraphen induziert. Ist  eine Clique, so gilt also für den Teilgraph , wobei  alle Kanten aus  enthält, die zwei Knoten in  verbinden, dass je zwei beliebige verschiedene Knoten  und  aus  durch eine Kante miteinander verbunden sind.

Eine Clique  von  nennt man maximal, wenn man keinen weiteren Knoten  aus  zu  hinzufügen kann, so dass  zusammen mit  eine Clique ist. Gibt es in  keine Clique, die mehr Elemente als  enthält, so nennt man  größte Clique. Die Anzahl der Elemente einer größten Clique nennt man Cliquenzahl.

Als Cliquenüberdeckung von  der Größe  bezeichnet man eine Partition der Knotenmenge   in  paarweise disjunkte Cliquen .

Aus den Cliquen eines Graphen ergibt sich dessen Cliquen-Graph. Clique-Graphen sind für schleifenlose und ungerichtete Graphen definiert. Ein Graph ist eine Clique, wenn alle Knoten paarweise miteinander verbunden sind (Vollständiger Graph) und es keinen Knoten außerhalb der Clique gibt, der mit allen Knoten der Clique verbunden ist. Der Cliquen-Graph K(G) eines Graphen G ist der Graph, der sich ergibt, wenn alle Cliquen jeweils einem Knoten zugeordnet und zwei Knoten verbunden werden, wenn die zugehörigen Cliquen in G gemeinsame Knoten haben. Iterierte Clique-Graphen werden folgendermaßen definiert:

Zwei direkt miteinander verbundene Knoten stellen dabei eine Clique der Größe 2 dar.

Gerichtete Graphen oder solche mit Mehrfachkanten sind nicht Gegenstand derartiger Betrachtungen, da es nicht auf die Richtung oder Vielfachheit der Kanten ankommt.

Eigenschaften

Zu jeder Clique eines Graphen gibt es eine stabile Menge im Komplementgraphen.

Cliquenverhalten
Wenn man Cliquen-Graphen beliebig hoher Iteration betrachtet gibt es zwei mögliche Verhaltensweisen. Periodisches Cliquenverhalten tritt auf, wenn es einen Graphen gibt, der einem Graphen entspricht, der in der Abfolge von Cliquen-Graphen schon früher aufgetreten ist. Also:

Die zweite Möglichkeit ist, dass der Graph Cliquendivergent ist. Das ist der Fall, wenn es für die Anzahl an Knoten, aus denen ein beliebiger Graph aus der Abfolge iterierter Cliquen-Graphen besteht, keine obere Schranke gibt.

V(G) ist die Menge der Knoten des Graphen G.

Zusätzlich wird der Fall unterschieden, dass die iterierten Cliquen-Graphen ab einer bestimmten Iteration gleich dem Einvertexgraph sind, ein Graph der genau aus einem Knoten besteht. In diesem Fall bezeichnet man das Cliquenverhalten als konvergent.

Die Clique-Helly-Eigenschaft

Ein Graph hat die Clique-Helly-Eigenschaft, wenn die Familie seiner Cliquen die Helly-Eigenschaft besitzt. Graphen mit der Clique-Helly-Eigenschaft weisen in Zusammenhang mit Clique-Graphen einige interessante Eigenschaften auf.

Die Cliquen-Graphen von Graphen mit der Clique-Helly-Eigenschaft besitzen selbst die Clique-Helly-Eigenschaft.

Zu jeden Graph H mit der Clique-Helly-Eigenschaft gibt es einen Graphen G, sodass der Clique-Graph von G isomorph zu H ist.

Der Clique-Graph der zweiten Iteration K2(G) eines Graphen G mit der Clique-Helly-Eigenschaft ist ein induzierter Subgraph von G. Ein Graph mit der Clique-Helly-Eigenschaft ist also niemals cliquendivergent und seine Periode beträgt höchstens zwei.

Probleme und Komplexität

Das Entscheidungsproblem zu einem Graphen  und einer natürlichen Zahl  zu entscheiden, ob  eine Clique der Größe mindestens  enthält, wird Cliquenproblem (CLIQUE) genannt. Das zugehörige Optimierungsproblem fragt nach der Cliquenzahl eines Graphen. Das zugehörige Suchproblem fragt nach einer größten Clique. Diese drei Probleme sind polynomiell äquivalent.

Das Cliquenproblem ist eines von Karps 21 NP-vollständigen Problemen. Die zugehörigen Optimierungs- und Suchprobleme sind NP-äquivalent. Für den Nachweis der NP-Schwere des Cliquenproblems existiert eine Reduktion von 3-SAT auf das Cliquenproblem.

Eine größte Clique lässt sich jedoch in polynomieller Zeit berechnen, wenn der Komplementgraph bipartit ist.
Tatsächlich gilt sogar etwas stärker, dass die Cliquenzahl in perfekten Graphen in polynomieller Zeit berechnet werden kann. Da die chromatische Zahl und die Cliquenzahl in solchen Graphen identisch sind, ist auch ihre chromatische Zahl in polynomieller Zeit berechenbar.
Die Berechnung einer maximalen Clique gelingt bereits mit einem einfachen Greedy-Algorithmus.

Software
Algorithmen zum Finden und Manipulieren von Cliquen sind in der freien Python-Bibliothek NetworkX sowie in dem freien R-Paket igraph implementiert.

Literatur
 J. L. Szwarcfiter:  A Survey on Clique Graphs. In: Recent Advances in Algorithmsand Combinatorics. Springer, New York 2003, S. 109–136.
 F. Escalante: Über iterierte Clique-Graphen. In: Abhandlungen des Mathematischen Seminars der Universität Hamburg. Band 39. Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg 1973, S. 58–68.

Einzelnachweise

Graph
Graphentheorie
Grundbegriff (Graphentheorie)
Komplexitätstheorie

Clique (Graphentheorie)


İstihbarat Merkez İdaresi (Almanca: Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung) Doğu Almanya Devlet Güvenlik Bakanlığının dış istihbarat servisiydi.

Stasi

Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung (GDR)


Marguerite d'Escola, née le  à La Bastide-de-Sérou, dans l'Ariège et morte dans le 15e arrondissement de Paris le , est une écrivaine et critique française.

Biographie
Elle naît en 1880 en Ariège. Elle est la petite fille du docteur Jacques Bordes-Pages (1815-1897), sénateur de l'Ariège, et la fille d'un économiste. Elle épouse Joseph Ageorges en 1907, et publie sous le pseudonyme de Marguerite d'Escola.

Entre 1908 et 1957, elle publie de nombreux articles dans la presse, ainsi qu'une quinzaine de romans et biographies sur l'ensemble de sa carrière. Elle est récompensée par l'Académie française pour plusieurs de ses romans, en 1920, 1924, 1929, 1942 et 1947. Elle devient membre de l'Académie féminine des Lettres, une réunion d'écrivaines, et est amie avec des autrices reconnues, notamment Colette et Hélène Picard (dont elle est la voisine).

Distinctions
 Prix Montyon, 1920, , pour Simon.
 Prix Montyon, 1924, , pour Madame Jean.
 Prix Sobrier-Arnould, 1929, , pour Les Plumes d'oie.
 Prix Minerva, 1929, pour Les Plumes d'oie.
 Prix Ferrières, 1942, , pour Misère et charité au Grand Siècle.
 Prix Marcelin Guérin, 1947, , pour Hélène Boucher.

Œuvre

Livres

Nouvelles

Articles

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en décembre 1880
Naissance dans l'Ariège
Femme de lettres française
Écrivain français du XXe siècle
Décès en octobre 1971
Décès dans le 15e arrondissement de Paris
Décès à 90 ans

Marguerite d'Escola


Die 10. Emmy-Verleihung fand am 15. April 1958 im Coconut Grove in Hollywood,  Kalifornien, USA statt. Die Zeremonie wurde von Danny Thomas moderiert.

Nominierungen und Gewinner

Programmpreise

Regiepreise

Drehbuchpreise

Technikpreise

Musikpreise

Darstellerpreise

Moderatorenpreise

Weblinks
 10th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners (Emmys)
 Emmy Awards: 1958 (IMDb)

1958
Preisverleihung 1958
Filmjahr 1958
Preisverleihung in Los Angeles
Hollywood

Primetime-Emmy-Verleihung 1958


O Laudêmio de Petrópolis também conhecido jocosamente como Imposto do Príncipe e Taxa do Príncipe, é um laudêmio, isto é, um direito previsto em lei, que estabelece uma taxa a ser paga aos descendentes de antigos proprietários das terras da Fazenda Córrego Seco, situadas no município brasileiro de Petrópolis.

Esse direito, incorretamente confundido com um imposto, corresponde a 2,5% do valor das operações de compra e venda de imóveis nessa área, e tem de ser pago à vista à Companhia Imobiliária de Petrópolis, entidade administrada pelos descendentes de Dom Pedro II. Caso contrário, o comprador, a quem cabe o pagamento da taxa, não recebe a escritura definitiva do imóvel adquirido.

O laudêmio recai sobre os imóveis do 1.º distrito de Petrópolis, a região central da cidade, localizada na área correspondente à Fazenda do Córrego Seco. No século XIX Dom Pedro II parcelou o terreno, cedendo à exploração da área à terceiros, que, em troca, pagariam uma taxa à família imperial toda vez que a propriedade trocasse de mãos. Os herdeiros da família imperial reouveram na justiça o direito ao pagamento do laudêmio, pois a Fazenda Córrego Seco era uma propriedade privada da família, isto é, que não pertencia ao Estado brasileiro.

Um detalhe é que o dito Ramo de Vassouras (descendentes de Luís de Orléans e Bragança, o filho mais novo da Princesa Isabel), não tem mais participação nesse direito, pois vendeu sua parte da herança aos membros do chamado Ramo de Petrópolis (descendentes de Pedro de Alcântara de Orléans e Bragança, o filho mais velho da Princesa Isabel), que comandam e administram a Companhia Imobiliária de Petrópolis.

História
Muitas famílias e instituições pelo Brasil têm direito a laudêmio. Qualquer proprietário de terras que, em vez de vender suas terras ou aluga-las, as cede por meio de enfiteuse, pode ter direito a laudêmio. Também é muito comum que organismos da Igreja Católica Romana tenham enfiteuses, pois eram grandes proprietários de terras, e, para desenvolvê-las, criaram diversas enfiteuses. Exemplos de instituições que recebem enfiteuse são o Hospital dos Lázaros, o Convento de Santa Teresa, o Município do Rio de Janeiro, e o Estado do Rio de Janeiro, dentre outros.

Os descendentes da família imperial, que recebem o foro e o laudêmio em partes de Petrópolis, recebem isso à custa deles próprios. Durante o período imperial, a família imperial comprou uma fazenda, com dinheiro próprio, chamada "Fazenda Córrego Seco". Dom Pedro I, então imperador do Brasil, tentou comprar uma fazenda chamada "Padre Correia", mas seus herdeiros não concordaram em lhe vender a propriedade. Ele acabou comprando uma fazenda vizinha, justamente a do Córrego Seco, que na época pertencia ao Sargento-Mór José Vieira Afonso. Adquiriu a propriedade por vinte contos de réis, preço considerado muito alto para o valor real da fazenda. A escritura de compra do imóvel pelo então imperador foi assinada em 1830. O monarca – que depois de ser imperador no Brasil foi aclamado rei em Portugal – ainda comprou outras propriedades no entorno, no Alto da Serra, em Quitandinha e no Retiro, ampliando a área de sua fazenda.

Mais tarde, seu filho, Dom Pedro II, em vez de parcelar a fazenda e vendê-la em lotes, decidiu constituir enfiteuses com a finalidade de fazer com que a cidade se desenvolvesse. Além de fundar um povoado, também investiu na localidade.

No dia 16 de março de 1843, Pedro II, que estava com dezoito anos e recém-casado com a imperatriz Teresa Cristina, assinou o documento que arrendava as terras da fazenda do Córrego Seco ao Major Koeler para a fundação do que chamou de "Povoação-Palácio de Petrópolis", em que estabelecia a cobrança da enfiteuse dos colonos moradores da região, entre outras coisas.

A enfiteuse gera muito menos dinheiro imediato que a venda ou o aluguel, mas tem como vantagem a perenidade, pois é eterna. Apesar de gerar valores ínfimos de foro, gera os 2,5% de cada venda. E, com uma vantagem: ajuda a desenvolver a cidade, e mesmo a valorizar o entorno, conforme negócios vão ocorrendo.

A família imperial perdeu o acesso a o uso de posses do Estado brasileiro com a Proclamação da República do Brasil em 15 de novembro de 1889, mas conseguiu reaver direitos sobre parte dos bens que lhes eram particulares. A propriedade da Fazenda Córrego Seco – hoje parte de Petrópolis – era absolutamente e comprovadamente da família, e não fazia parte dos bens do Estado brasileiro. Por esse motivo, os descendentes da família imperial brasileira conseguiram reaver os direitos sobre a enfiteuse, que é apenas um direito sobre uma propriedade privada, isto é, é válido a despeito de quem seja o proprietário.

O dito "Ramo de Vassouras" da família imperial brasileira não tem mais participação na questão dos foros e laudêmios, pois Pedro Henrique de Orleans e Bragança vendeu sua quota aos seu parentes do "Ramo de Petrópolis", que comandam e administram a Companhia Imobiliária de Petrópolis.

Tramitam na Câmara dos Deputados alguns projetos de lei que propõem a extinção do laudêmio no município de Petrópolis. O tema se tornou novamente alvo de debate após as enchentes e deslizamentos de terra em Petrópolis em fevereiro de 2022, quando foi proposto um projeto de lei para destinar o laudêmio para ajudar na reconstrução da cidade.

Direitos reais, coisas e bens
Família imperial brasileira
Direito tributário
Tributos

Laudêmio de Petrópolis


Pouligny-Saint-Pierre este  o brânză franceză din lapte de capră cu pastă moale. Este produsă în regiunea Brenne din departamentul Indre și în special în comuna Pouligny-Saint-Pierre, a cărui nume îl poartă.

Brânza este obținută prin coagulare lentă, în principal lactică. Se prezintă sub forma unei piramide cu înălțimea de 12,5 cm și cu greutatea de 225-250 gr. Există două tipuri de maturare: maturarea albă, unde brânza este acoperită de mucegai Geotrichum candidum, și maturarea albastră, unde este acoperită de mucegai Penicillium album.

În anul 1972, Brânza Pouligny-Saint-Pierre a fost prima brânză din lapte de capră care a făcut obiectul unei denumiri de origine controlată (AOC) în Franța. Din anul 2009 este reglementată și de o denumire de origine protejată (AOP) în Uniunea Europeană. Zona delimitată a denumirii este cea mai mică din Franța. Producția de Pouligny-Saint-Pierre AOP era de  în anul 2005.

Referințe

Brânzeturi franceze
Brânzeturi din lapte de capră
Brânzeturi cu pastă moale

Pouligny-Saint-Pierre (brânză)


إيك إيمل
لاعب كرة قدم ألماني سابق من مواليد 27 نوفمبر 1960.

لعب مع منتخب ألمانيا لكرة القدم.

مسيرته الكروية
لعب آيكه إيمل خلال مسيرته الاحترافية مع 3 أندية في تسعة عشر موسمًا ولم يسجل خلالها أي هدف ضمن 576 مباراة. ولم يفز بأي موسم بالكأس وفاز في موسم واحد بالدوري.

خاض آيكه إيمل مسيرته مع نادي بوروسيا دورتموند للفورميلا في موسم 1978–79 ليلعب معه ثمانية مواسم، مشاركًا في 247 مباراة ولم يسجل أي هدف. ثم انتقل إلى نادي شتوتغارت في موسم 1986–87 ليلعب معه تسعة مواسم، حيث شارك في 287 مباراة ولم يسجل أي هدف أيضًا. لينتقل بعدها إلى نادي مانشستر سيتي في موسم 1995–96 ولمدة موسمين، مشاركًا في 42 مباراة ولم يسجل أي هدف أيضًا.

مراجع

روابط خارجية

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية ألمانيون غربيون
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من شتاتالندورف
حراس مرمى كرة قدم رجالية
لاعبو الدوري الألماني
لاعبو الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1980
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1988
لاعبو بوروسيا دورتموند
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الإنجليزي
لاعبو شتوتغارت
لاعبو كأس العالم 1982
لاعبو كأس العالم 1986
لاعبو كرة قدم ألمان
لاعبو كرة قدم ألمانيون غربيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية ألمان مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية ألمانيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون ألمان
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم من هسن
لاعبو مانشستر سيتي
لاعبو منتخب ألمانيا بي لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب ألمانيا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب ألمانيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي شتوتغارت
لاعبون فائزون ببطولة أمم أوروبا
مدربو كرة قدم ألمان
مدربو نادي فنار باغجة لكرة القدم
مواليد 1960
مواليد في شتاتالندورف

آيكه إيمل


الشفافية  في علم البصريات، هي خاصية فيزيائية للمادة التي تسمح للضوء بالمرور خلالها، أما الشفوفية  فإنها تسمح للضوء بالمرور من خلالها وتبدده. وعكس هذه الخاصية تسمى العتامة .

يمكن الرؤية من خلال المواد الشفافة النقية، ولا يمكن الرؤية من خلال المواد الشفيفة بوضوح حتى البيضاء منها.

وفي علم المعادن يستخدم مصطلح  للدلالة على الشفافية.

لا تشمل الشفوفية الرؤية من خلال الأجسام الملونة مثل الزمرد في حالته المقطوعة (الذي يكون شفافًا) ولكن يتضمن الأجسام مثل الزجاج المسنفر الذي يسمح للضوء بالمرور لكن بدون صورة واضحة.

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 عتامة
 بصريات الاغشية الرقيقة

مراجع

أعداد لابعدية
علم وهندسة الزجاج
مواد شفافة

شفافية (بصريات)


Sedefasti pigment je pigment koji se ističe posebnim optičkim učinkom koji se ispoljuje sedefastim sjajem i prelijevajućim, interferentnim bojama. Ti se pigmenti sastoje od vrlo sitnih listića, ali su, za razliku od metalnih pigmenata, djelomično prozirni i snažno lome svjetlost. Ako su čestice pigmenata paralelno orijentirane s površinom, dio upadne svjetlosti proći će kroz pigment, dok će se drugi dio svjetlosti odbiti (reflektirati). Međutim, svjetlost se ne reflektira samo s površine, već i s pigmentnih čestica iz unutrašnjosti materijala, pa se tako dobiva optički dojam sjaja iz dubine, a moguća je i pojava interferencije.

Sedefasti pigmenti pojavljuju se u prirodi, a mogu se pripraviti i sintetski. Prirodni sedefasti pigmenti sastoje se uglavnom od heterocikličkih spojeva gvanina i hipoksantina, a nalaze se u ljuskama nekih riba i na ljušturama školjaka. Iz ribljih ljusaka sedefasti se pigmenti izoliraju i upotrebljavaju u proizvodnji laka za nokte. Poznato je više sintetskih sedefastih pigmenata. Među najstarijima su bizmutovi spojevi, u prvom redu bizmutovoksidklorid, BiOCl, koji je dobrih svojstava, ali dosta skup. Olovni sedefasti pigment jednak je po sastavu olovnom bjelilu, ali se od njega razlikuje po kristalnom obliku. Iako se ističe izvanrednim sedefastim sjajem, malo se upotrebljava zbog otrovnosti olova. Najtraženiji je sedefasti pigment koji se sastoji od titanijevih dioksida. Kako se taj spoj ne može pripraviti s listićastim česticama, nanosi se na prikladan nosač kao što je silikatni mineral tinjac. Ti su pigmenti vrlo stabilni i neotrovni, pa se mnogo upotrebljavaju u kozmetici, dodaju se tiskarskim bojama, pokrivnim lakovima, polimernim materijalima i tako dalje.

Boje tankih listića

Boje tankih listića odnosno interferencijske boje su pojava interferencije koja se opaža kad snop svjetlosti padne na tanki sloj optičkoga sredstva pri čemu se dio svjetlosti reflektira (odbija) na gornjoj plohi, a ostatak se svjetlosti reflektira na donjoj plohi te se određene frekvencije ponište, a druge pojačaju.

Mjehur sapunice mijenja kod napuhavanja sve moguće boje, a isto takvu pojavu pokazuje i vrlo tanki sloj ulja na površini vode. To objašnjavamo na ovaj način. Zraka svjetlosti koja dolazi u sloj debljine d reflektira se na donjoj površini, a druga zraka reflektira se na gornjoj površini. Ako obje zrake shvatimo kao linijske valove, onda između prve i druge zrake postoji razlika prijeđenog puta, odnosno pomak faze.

Osim toga dolazi još k tome činjenica da se na optički gušćem sredstvu val pomakne u fazi za polovinu valne duljine λ/2, to jest brijeg se pretvori u dol, a dol u brijeg. Prema tome je ukupni pomak faze d + λ/2. Ako je taj pomak jednak neparnom višekratniku od λ/2, tada se prva i druga poništavaju, a listić na tom mjestu izgleda taman. Ako je pomak jednak parnom višekratniku od λ/2 na tom mjestu listić je svijetao u boji kojom je osvijetljen.

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Pigmenti

Sedefasti pigment