Threadfins are silvery grey perciform fish of the family Polynemidae. Found in tropical to subtropical waters throughout the world, the threadfin family contains eight genera and about 40 species. An unrelated species sometimes known by the name threadfin, Alectis indicus, is properly the Indian threadfish (family Carangidae).

Ranging in length from  in the dwarf threadfin (Parapolynemus verekeri) to  in fourfinger threadfin (Eleutheronema tetradactylum) and giant African threadfin (Polydactylus quadrifilis), threadfins are both important to commercial fisheries as a food fish, and popular among anglers. Their habit of forming large schools makes the threadfins a reliable and economic catch.

Description
Their bodies are elongated and fusiform, with spinous and soft dorsal fins widely separated. Their tail fins are large and deeply forked, indicating speed and agility. The mouth is large and inferior; a blunt snout projects far ahead. The jaws and palate possess bands of villiform (fibrous) teeth. Their most distinguishing feature is their pectoral fins: they are composed of two distinct sections, the lower of which consists of three to seven long, thread-like independent rays. Polynemus species may have up to 15 of these modified rays.

In some species, such as the royal threadfin (Pentanemus quinquarius), the thread-like rays may extend well past the tail fin. This feature explains both the common name threadfin and the family name Polynemidae, from the Greek poly meaning "many" and nema meaning "filament." Similar species, such as the mullets (family Mugilidae) and milkfish (family Chanidae), can be easily distinguished from threadfins by their lack of filamentous pectoral rays.

Distribution and habitat
Threadfins frequent open, shallow water in areas with muddy, sandy, or silty bottoms; they are rarely seen at reefs. Their pectoral rays are thought to serve as tactile structures, helping to find prey within the sediments. Noted for being euryhaline, threadfins can tolerate a wide range of salinity levels. This attribute allows threadfins to enter estuaries and even rivers. They feed primarily on crustaceans and smaller fish.

Reproduction
Presumed to be pelagic spawners, threadfins probably release many tiny, buoyant eggs into the water column, which then become part of the plankton. The eggs float freely with the currents until hatching.

Cuisine

Threadfin has been used to create crab stick.

Mariculture
In Hawaii, sixfinger threadfins are the subject of commercial open-ocean cage mariculture.

Genera and species

The species in eight genera are:

 Genus Eleutheronema
 Eleutheronema rhadinum (Jordan & Evermann, 1902) (East Asian fourfinger threadfin)
 Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw, 1804) (Fourfinger threadfin)
 Eleutheronema tridactylum (Bleeker, 1849) (Threefinger threadfin)
 Genus Filimanus
 Filimanus heptadactyla (Cuvier, 1829) (Sevenfinger threadfin)
 Filimanus hexanema (Cuvier 1829) (Javanese threadfin)
 Filimanus perplexa Feltes 1991 (Splendid threadfin)
 Filimanus sealei (Jordan & Richardson, 1910) (Eightfinger threadfin)
 Filimanus similis Feltes 1991 (Indian sevenfinger threadfin)
 Filimanus xanthonema (Valenciennes, 1831) (Yellowthread threadfin)
 Genus Galeoides
 Galeoides decadactylus (Bloch, 1795) (Lesser African threadfin)
 Genus Leptomelanosoma
 Leptomelanosoma indicum (Shaw, 1804) (Indian threadfin)
 Genus Parapolynemus
 Parapolynemus verekeri (Saville-Kent, 1889) (Dwarf paradise fish)
 Genus Pentanemus
 Pentanemus quinquarius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Royal threadfin)
 Genus Polydactylus (likely not monophyletic)
 Polydactylus approximans (Lay & Bennett, 1839) (Blue bobo)
 Polydactylus bifurcus Motomura, Kimura & Iwatsuki, 2001 (Slender fivefinger threadfin)
 Polydactylus longipes Motomura, Okamoto & Iwatsuki, 2001 (Long-limb threadfin)
 Polydactylus luparensis Lim, Motomura & Gambang, 2010 (Sarawak giant threadfin)
 Polydactylus macrochir (Günther, 1867) (King threadfin)
 Polydactylus macrophthalmus (Bleeker, 1858) (River threadfin)
 Polydactylus malagasyensis Motomura & Iwatsuki, 2001 (African blackspot threadfin)
 Polydactylus microstomus (Bleeker, 1851) (Smallmouth threadfin)
 Polydactylus mullani (Hora, 1926) (Arabian blackspot threadfin)
 Polydactylus multiradiatus (Günther, 1860) (Australian threadfin)
 Polydactylus nigripinnis Munro, 1964 (Blackfin threadfin)
 Polydactylus octonemus (Girard, 1858) (Atlantic threadfin)
 Polydactylus oligodon (Günther, 1860) (Littlescale threadfin)
 Polydactylus opercularis Seale & Bean, 1907 (Yellow bobo)
 Polydactylus persicus Motomura & Iwatsuki, 2001 (Persian blackspot threadfin)
 Polydactylus plebeius (Broussonet, 1782) (Striped threadfin)
 Polydactylus quadrifilis (Cuvier, 1829) (Giant African threadfin)
 Polydactylus sexfilis (Valenciennes, 1831) (Sixfinger threadfin)
 Polydactylus sextarius (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) (Blackspot threadfin)
 Polydactylus siamensis Motomura, Iwatsuki & Yoshino, 2001 (Largemouth striped threadfin)
 Polydactylus virginicus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Barbu)
 Genus Polynemus
 Polynemus aquilonaris Motomura, 2003 (Northern paradise fish)
 Polynemus bidentatus Motomura & Tsukawaki, 2006
 Polynemus dubius Bleeker, 1854 (Eastern paradise fish)
 Polynemus hornadayi Myers, 1936 (Hornaday's paradise fish)
 Polynemus kapuasensis Motomura & van Oijen, 2003 (Kapuas elegant paradise fish)
 Polynemus melanochir Valenciennes, 1831 (Blackhand paradise fish)
 Polynemus multifilis Temminck & Schlegel, 1843 (Elegant paradise fish)
 Polynemus paradiseus Linnaeus, 1758 (Paradise threadfin)

Timeline of genera

References

External links
Fisheries Western Australia - Threadfins Fact Sheet
The Paradise threadfin, Polynemus paradiseus
Offshore aquaculture project yields a traditional Hawaiian delicacy

Fish of Hawaii
Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque

id:Senangin

Threadfin


Le Centre de biologie cellulaire et moléculaire (en   , IAST : Kośikīya evam āṇavik jīvavijñāna kendra; en anglais :  ou CCMB) est un établissement indien de recherche fondamentale en sciences de la vie situé à Hyderabad qui opère sous l'égide du Conseil indien de la recherche scientifique et industrielle (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research). Le CCMB est un « Centre d'excellence » désigné par le Réseau mondial de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire de l'UNESCO.

Histoire
Le CCMB est initialement créé en tant que centre semi-autonome le , à partir du département de biochimie du laboratoire de recherche régional de l'époque (actuellement l', IICT, à Habsiguda, Hyderabad). Auparavant, en 1976, le conseil d'administration du CSIR (le , basé à New Delhi, l'organe suprême qui coordonne 44 instituts de recherche - aujourd'hui 38 - dans le pays), avait approuvé la proposition de créer un tel centre compte-tenu de l'importance de mener des recherches dans les domaines exploratoires et multidisciplinaires de la biologie moderne. De 1981 à 1982, le CCMB se voit accorder le statut de laboratoire national à part entière avec son propre comité exécutif et son propre conseil consultatif scientifique. Au vu de son développement, le centre est par la suite déménagé sur un campus spacieux.

Recherche

Les programmes de recherche en cours au CCMB se répartissent en trois catégories principales : la recherche fondamentale de haute qualité dans les domaines pionniers de la biologie moderne, la recherche en réponse aux besoins de la société, et la recherche axée sur les applications en vue de la commercialisation. Cette dernière inclut les domaines de l'évolution et du développement, la régulation des gènes chez les procaryotes et les eucaryotes, les interactions hôte-parasite, la biologie membranaire, la structure des protéines, la biologie des cellules souches, la neurobiologie, la bio-informatique, la génomique fonctionnelle, l'écologie et les écosystèmes.

Annexe I – LaCONES

Le  est une annexe du CCMB dont le but est de conserver la faune indienne en utilisant des techniques biologiques modernes et des technologies de reproduction assistée. Il a beaucoup travaillé avec divers départements du gouvernement indien pour lutter contre la criminalité liée aux espèces sauvages. Il permet d'identifier la source de viande animale en cas de doute, les sources d'animaux de contrebande et d'étudier le stress chez les animaux sauvages via des mesures non invasives. Il a aidé la Direction de la sécurité aérospatiale à identifier la raison des impacts d'oiseaux et les a aidés dans l'ingénierie de la canopée de leurs aéroports. Il héberge la National Wildlife Genetic Resource Bank qui comprend actuellement 250 échantillons génétiques d'animaux, collectés dans des zoos à travers le pays. La National Wildlife Genetic Resource Bank peut préserver jusqu'à  échantillons. Au cours des dernières années, il a travaillé avec le  à Hyderabad pour protéger le cerf souris de l'extinction. En août 2018, il a commencé la libération progressive de ces animaux dans leurs habitats d'origine de la réserve de tigres d'Amrabad.

Annexe II – Complexe de biotechnologie médicale
Le CCMB effectue des tests de diagnostic moléculaire pour 30 troubles génétiques et des analyses médico-légales de la faune dans son complexe de biotechnologie médicale, également connu sous le nom de Innovation Hub (iHUB). Il abrite également le Centre d'incubation Atal-CCMB (AIC-CCMB)] pour soutenir les startups en sciences de la vie à un stade précoce. Cette initiative est soutenue par NITI Aayog et Atal Innovation Mission. Elle a soutenu des startups travaillant dans la découverte de médicaments, la réutilisation de médicaments, le développement de vaccins, le diagnostic, la nutrition et le développement de nanomatériaux. Elle héberge désormais un  Startup Hub pour incuber des startups qui se penchent sur les mégadonnées dans le secteur des sciences de la vie/de la santé.

Collaborations
Le centre collabore activement avec des biologistes en Inde et à l'étranger. La liste de collaborations présentes et passées comprend l'Institut de recherche fondamentale Tata, la , l',l', le .

Le centre a collaboré avec le Centre médical de l'université du Nebraska pour la recherche translationnelle sur le glaucome. En outre, le centre reçoit des financements pour des projets de collaboration spécifiques d'établissements situés en dehors de l'Inde, tels que les National Institutes of Health, la Harvard Medical School et le Massachusetts Institute of Technology aux États-Unis, l'Imperial Cancer Research Fund et l'université de Cambridge au Royaume-Uni, l'India-Japan Science Council et l'université des Ryūkyū au Japon, le Centre national de la recherche scientifique et l'Institut Pasteur en France et la Fondation Volkswagen en Allemagne .

Réalisations technologiques

 Développement de la technologie d'empreintes digitales ADN en Inde, ce qui fait de l'Inde le troisième pays au monde à disposer de sa propre technologie de prise d'empreintes digitales ;

 Développement de la technologie d'amorce universelle qui permet d'identifier l'espèce d'animal source à partir de n'importe quel produit animal ;
 Découverte de la mutation de la maladie cardiaque, portée par 60 millions de personnes parmi les Indiens ;
 Mise au point par génie génétique de la première KO gène souris en Inde ;
 Démonstration de la première insémination artificielle chez le cerf ;
 Développement d'un programme systématique de dépistage et de validation des médicaments anticancéreux en Inde ;
 Découverte du caractère unique de la population indienne grâce à des études génomiques ;
 Découverte de l'origine des tribus Andaman ;
 Kit de diagnostic basé sur la technologie de l'ADN recombinant commercialisé pour la détection d'agents pathogènes causant des infections ophtalmiques ;
 Découverte de riz à haut rendement résistant aux maladies ;
 Découverte de bactéries indigènes, Indibacter alkaliphilus, utilisées pour générer des enzymes et des biomolécules dans le secteur de la biotechnologie industrielle ;
 Découverte de la fonctionnalité des microsatellites (répétitions de séquences simples) parmi l'ADN non codant ;
 Découverte du gène CPA1, responsable de la pancréatite chronique, en collaboration avec l'Asian Institute of Gastroenterology.

Pertinence sociétale du CCMB
Les scientifiques actuels et passés du CCMB ont  joué un rôle important dans la fondation et la direction de nombreux instituts de recherche et d'enseignement en Inde. Cela comprend la création du  (CDFD) à Hyderabad, après le succès de la technologie des empreintes ADN comme forme acceptée de preuve dans le système judiciaire indien. Le CCMB a résolu plusieurs affaires criminelles très médiatisées de meurtres, d'assassinats et de viols en utilisant la technologie d'empreintes génétiques. Cela inclut les cas de Rajiv Gandhi, Beant Singh, Naina Sehwal, Priyadarshini Mattoo, la femme de Swami Shraddhananda et Swami Premananda. La technologie des empreintes génétiques a également permis d'identifier les victimes de l'accident d'avion de Singapore Airlines en 2000.

Dans les années 1990, le CCMB a incubé la première entreprise de biotechnologie de l'Inde, Shantha Biotechnics Ltd, et les a aidés à développer leur vaccin recombinant contre l'hépatite B, abordable pour toute la population indienne.

Il a joué un rôle déterminant dans la lutte contre le COVID-19 en Inde. C'est l'un des centres d'analyse des échantillons de patients du Telangana. Il vise également à contribuer à la compréhension de base de la biologie du SRAS-CoV2 pour aider à développer des vaccins et des médicaments.

Prix et distinctions
En reconnaissance de sa contribution à la biologie moderne, le CCMB a été choisi comme centre d'excellence par le Réseau mondial de l'UNESCO pour la biologie moléculaire et cellulaire (MCBN), et a été désigné comme centre d'excellence du Sud pour la recherche et la formation par l'Académie des Sciences du monde TWAS. De nombreux prix internationaux et nationaux prestigieux ont été décernés au CCMB, notamment le prix CSIR Technology (quatre fois) et le prix FICCI pour des réalisations exceptionnelles en science et technologie.

Les scientifiques du CCMB sont lauréats d'un Padma Bhushan, de quatre Padma Shri, de trois prix Infosys et de  prix Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar.

Voir également
 Manjula Reddy

Notes et références

Laboratoire P4
Centre ou institut de recherche en biologie moléculaire

Centre de biologie cellulaire et moléculaire d'Hyderabad


Maync ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Harry Maync (1874–1947), deutscher Germanist und Hochschullehrer
 Susy Langhans-Maync (1911–2003), Schweizer Schriftstellerin
 Wolf Maync (1911–2002), deutscher Heimatkundler und Paläontologe

Maync


Eugene Nasir (Amritsar, 1908-9 de agosto de 1991) (translitera al árabe يوجين ناصر ) fue un botánico pakistaní.

Algunas publicaciones
 . 1991. Flora of Pakistan: Flora of West Pakistan. Volumen 193. Editor Department of Botany, Univ. of Karachi, 166 pp.
 --------------------, . 1987a. Wild flowers of Rawalpindi-Islamabad districts. Editor National Herbarium, 83 pp.
 --------------------, --------------------. 1987b. Gymnospermae. Volúmenes 178-186 de Flora of Pakistan. Editor PanGraphics, 36 pp.
 . 1985. Flora of Pakistan. Nº 170. Editor Pakistan Agr. Res. Council
 . 1979. Flora of West Pakistan. Nº 130-139. Editor Pakistan Agr. Res. Council
 ------------------------------------, ---------, ---------------------. 1972. An annotated catalogue of the vascular plants of West Pakistan and Kashmir. Editor Fakhri Print. Press. 1.028 pp.
 . 1968. Gymnosperms of West Pakistan. Editor Ferozsons, 21 pp.
 --------------------. 1955. The bupleura (Umbelliferae) of north-west Himalaya. Editor Univ. of California Press, 28 pp.

Eponimia
 (Asteraceae) Taraxacum nasiri Soest
 (Convolvulaceae) Argyreia nasirii D.F.Austin
 (Gentianaceae) Gentianodes nasirii Omer, Ali & Qaiser

Referencias

Botánicos de Pakistán
Escritores en inglés
Pakistaníes del siglo XX

Eugene Nasir


الدوري السعودي الممتاز 2006–2007 هي النسخة الواحد والثلاثون من الدوري السعودي الممتاز منذ استحداث المسابقة بعام 1976. لعبت المسابقة بنظام المربع الذهبي وشارك فيها 12 فريق. الفائز باللقب سيتأهل لدوري أبطال آسيا 2008.

ظفر الاتحاد بلقب البطولة بعد فوزه في المباراة النهائية 2–1 أمام نظيره الهلال، ويعتبر اللقب السابع بتاريخه. الأندية التي هبطت إلى الدرجة الأولى هما الفيصلي، والخليج.

الملاعب والمواقع

جدول الدوري

 # == المركز ; لعب = المباريات الملعوبة; فاز = عدد مباريات الفوز; تعادل = عدد مباريات التعادل; خسر = عدد مباريات الخسارة; له = الأهداف التي سجلها; عليه = الأهداف التي استقبلها; +/- = فارق الأهداف; النقاط == النقاط

المربع الذهبي
ملاحظة:يتم لعب مباراة بين صاحبي المركز الثالث والرابع في الدوري التمهيدي، والفائز في هذه المباراة يتقابل مع صاحب المركز الثاني في الدور التمهيدي، والفائز في تلك المباراة يلعب النهائي مع متصدر الدور التمهيدي، والفائز في النهائي يحصل على لقب الدوري ويتأهل لدوري أبطال آسيا.

النهائي

البطل

هدافي الموسم

انظر أيضًا
 إحصائيات الدوري السعودي منذ بدايته

مراجع

 الدوري السعودي 2006\2007 موقع كووورة
 الدوري السعودي 2006\2007 موقع مؤسسة إحصاءات وثيقة لرياضة كرة القدم

وصلات خارجية
 الاتحاد العربي السعودي لكرة القدم
 إحصائيات الدوري السعودي

السعودية في 2006
السعودية في 2007
الدوري السعودي الممتاز
دوريات كرة قدم آسيوية في 2006–07
كرة القدم السعودية في 2006-07
مواسم الدوري السعودي الممتاز

الدوري السعودي الممتاز 2006–07


Beñat oder Benat ist ein baskischer männlicher Vorname.
Es ist die baskische Form des Namens Bernhard.

Bekannte Namensträger sind:

 Beñat (Fußballspieler) (Beñat Etxebarria Urkiaga; * 1987), spanischer Fußballspieler
 Beñat Albizuri (* 1981), spanischer Radrennfahrer
 Beñat Intxausti (* 1986), spanischer Radrennfahrer
 Beñat San José (* 1979), spanischer Fußballtrainer

Einzelnachweise

Männlicher Vorname
Baskischer Personenname

Beñat


Myre kan henvise til:
 Myrer – en familie af årevingede insekter
 Myre (Øksnes) – norsk by som er administrationsby i Øksnes kommune i Nordland Fylke
 Myre (film) – tysk animationsfilm fra 2018 af Julia Ocker

Myre (flertydig)


A Operação folhas de oliveira (, Mivtza ʿAlei Zayit), também conhecida como Operação Kinneret (o nome hebraico para o Mar da Galiléia), foi uma operação de represália israelense realizada na noite de 10 para 11 de dezembro de 1955, contra posições sírias fortificadas perto da costa nordeste do Mar da Galiléia. A operação foi motivada por repetidos ataques sírios contra a pesca israelense no Mar da Galiléia. O sucesso da operação resultou na destruição das posições sírias. Os sírios também sofreram 54 mortos em combate. Outros trinta foram feitos prisioneiros. Ocorreram seis fatalidades nas FDI.

Antecedentes

Após a Guerra Árabe-Israelense de 1948, a Síria e Israel negociaram um acordo de armistício, assinado em 20 de julho de 1949, que previa o estabelecimento de zonas desmilitarizadas (ZMD) na fronteira entre Israel e a Síria. Logo surgiram disputas sobre a soberania sobre as ZMD, levando a choques periódicos de fronteira e constantes tensões de fronteira. Apesar do acordo de armistício ter colocado a linha de demarcação dez metros a leste do mar, e a fronteira internacional passar pelo interior a partir da margem leste do Mar da Galiléia, o que colocou todo o mar e a costa circundante sob a soberania israelense, os sírios colocaram suas posições militares diretamente na costa, e artilheiros sírios freqüentemente disparavam contra pescadores israelenses que se aproximavam da costa nordeste. Além disso, houve uma série de transgressões de fronteira envolvendo pescadores e agricultores sírios que, sob a proteção de canhões sírios, continuaram a utilizar o mar para pesca e irrigação. Barcos de patrulha israelenses eram freqüentemente alvejados de posições sírias a leste da costa. No dia anterior à operação, um barco da polícia israelense que se aproximava da costa noroeste do mar foi alvo de tiros de canhões sírios.

O recém-reeleito primeiro-ministro de Israel, David Ben-Gurion, decidiu que uma resposta era necessária e ordenou uma operação em grande escala para destruir as posições de canhões sírios ao longo da costa em resposta ao "período prolongado de ações provocativas e tiroteios sírios". Além disso, os israelenses esperavam levar prisioneiros sírios que poderiam ser trocados por quatro israelenses mantidos cativos pela Síria em condições brutais e desumanas. Ariel Sharon recebeu o comando geral da operação. O ministro das Relações Exteriores, Moshe Sharett, estava nos Estados Unidos para negociar uma possível compra de armas na época.

A batalha

Na noite de 10 para 11 de dezembro de 1955, a operação começou. Após barragens de artilharia e morteiros contra posições sírias, elementos do 890º Batalhão Paraquedista, acrescidos de unidades do Batalhão Paraquedista da Reserva 771 de Aharon Davidi, bem como unidades das Brigadas Nahal e Givati, começaram o ataque. A complexa operação envolveu um ataque de duas colunas avançando do norte e do sul, que incluiu infantaria e veículos blindados, bem como um ataque anfíbio conduzido por tropas que cruzaram o mar de barco. Sharon dirigiu a operação de um pequeno avião circulando a área de batalha. A força combinada realizou incursões contra posições sírias ao longo da costa nordeste do Kinneret, ao norte do Kibutz Ein Gev, até o estuário do rio Jordão e destruiu todas as posições de artilharia que eles atacaram. Os sírios sofreram cinquenta e quatro mortos em combate e outros trinta soldados sírios foram feitos prisioneiros. Os israelenses perderam seis soldados mortos, com outros dez feridos. Entre eles estava o Comandante de Companhia Yitzchak Ben Menachem, um soldado altamente estimado e herói israelense da Guerra Árabe-Israelense de 1948 que foi morto por uma granada de mão síria enquanto atacava posições sírias perto de Akib. Apesar de sua morte, a missão foi considerada um sucesso absoluto. As consequências políticas geradas pela operação levariam Ben-Gurion a comentar, um tanto sarcasticamente, que ela pode ter sido "bem-sucedida até demais".

Resultado

Embora bem-sucedida militarmente, as consequências políticas da operação foram imediatas. Isso atraiu uma repreensão das Nações Unidas e resultou no adiamento do pedido de armas do ministro das Relações Exteriores, Moshe Sharett (o governo dos Estados Unidos decidiu aprová-lo na véspera do ataque, mas retirou-se quando a notícia saiu). Também acabou com a perspectiva de assistência militar direta dos EUA por enquanto. O próprio Sharett ficou indignado ao saber da operação. Dos Estados Unidos, ele enviou um cabo de protesto com palavras fortes a Ben-Gurion e concluiu questionando se havia um governo em Israel, se ele tinha sua própria política e se sua política era sabotar seus próprios objetivos. Sharett também expressou suspeita a Abba Eban de que Ben-Gurion ordenou deliberadamente a incursão para negar-lhe uma vitória pessoal no pedido de armas.Ao voltar para casa, Sharett repreendeu o secretário militar de Ben-Gurion quando este o cumprimentou no aeroporto, acusando-o de traição. Em Israel, Sharett continuou a criticar duramente Ben-Gurion por ordenar o ataque, uma vez que observou que "o próprio Satanás não poderia ter escolhido um momento pior". Ele reclamou amargamente que Ben-Gurion excedeu sua autoridade ao não consultar o Gabinete e o Ministério das Relações Exteriores. Comentando o processo de tomada de decisão, ele observou que "Ben-Gurion, o ministro da Defesa, consultou Ben-Gurion, o ministro das Relações Exteriores, e recebeu luz verde de Ben-Gurion, o primeiro-ministro". Os ministros do gabinete também ficaram chocados com a incursão e criticaram o escopo e o momento da invasão. Os ministros exigiram que, no futuro, todas as operações militares propostas fossem apresentadas ao gabinete para aprovação. Um ministro acusou as FDI de seguirem uma política independente e tentar impor sua vontade ao governo, enquanto outros especularam que ela havia excedido as ordens que havia recebido ao expandir o escopo da operação.

No entanto, a operação foi um sucesso tático e atingiu dois objetivos importantes. Primeiro, impressionou os sírios com o poder que Israel poderia exercer se fosse provocado. Na verdade, foi sugerido que o fracasso da Síria em agir militarmente em nome de seu aliado egípcio durante a Operação Kadesh israelense foi uma consequência da Operação Folhas de Oliveira. Em segundo lugar, a captura de vários soldados sírios por Israel durante o ataque ajudou a facilitar a libertação de seus quatro cativos mantidos pela Síria. Em 29 de março de 1956, uma troca de prisioneiros foi realizada e os quatro foram devolvidos a Israel depois de suportarem quinze meses de cativeiro na Síria.

Referências
1955 em Israel
Conflito israelo-árabe
Ariel Sharon

Ligações externas
 Operation Olive leaves, Exhibition in the IDF&Defense establishment archives

Operação Folhas de Oliveira


A McLaren Formula E Team, competindo atualmente como NEOM McLaren Formula E Team, é uma equipe britânica de automobilismo que atualmente disputa a Fórmula E, campeonato este que é organizado pela Federação Internacional de Automobilismo (FIA). A equipe foi formada a partir da Mercedes-EQ Formula E Team e fez sua estreia na categoria na temporada de 2022–23.

História
Em dezembro de 2020, Zak Brown anunciou o interesse da McLaren em entrar na Fórmula E assim que o contrato de fornecimento de baterias da empresa expirasse. Em janeiro do ano seguinte, a McLaren assinou uma opção de entrar no campeonato em 2022.

A McLaren anunciou a aquisição da equipe Mercedes-EQ Formula E Team em maio de 2022 e estreou na temporada de 2022–23 como "NEOM McLaren Formula E Team" usando trens de força fornecidos pela Nissan.

A McLaren contratou René Rast — que havia competido pela última vez na temporada de 2020–21 com a Audi Sport ABT Schaeffler — e Jake Hughes como seus pilotos para a disputa da primeira temporada da equipe na categoria de monopostos elétricos. A McLaren fez sua estreia na categoria no ePrix da Cidade do México de 2023, com Hughes se classificando em terceiro e terminando a corrida no quinto lugar, enquanto Rast se classificou em décimo quinto, mas abandonou a corrida na volta quarenta após colidir com Oliver Rowland da Mahindra Racing. No ePrix de Daria de 2023, a McLaren alcançou vários marcos. Na primeira corrida, Hughes se classificou em segundo lugar, mas terminou em oitavo, enquanto Rast se classificou e terminou em quinto lugar, marcando a primeira volta mais rápida da McLaren na Fórmula E. Na segunda corrida, Hughes garantiu a primeira pole position da equipe na categoria, enquanto Rast se classificou em terceiro lugar. Hughes terminou a corrida em quinto e Rast em terceiro lugar, dando à McLaren seu primeiro pódio na Fórmula E. Hughes se classificou em segundo no ePrix de Mônaco, mas posteriormente foi promovido à pole position depois que Sacha Fenestraz, da Nissan Formula E Team, foi destituído de sua pole position por exceder seu limite de potência em sua corrida final. Hughes terminou a corrida no quinto lugar, enquanto Rast terminou em décimo sétimo depois de sofrer múltiplas colisões. No ePrix de Londres, a McLaren correu com a primeira pintura de automobilismo do mundo projetada com inteligência artificial. A McLaren terminou a temporada na oitavo colocação no Campeonato de Equipes.

Em agosto de 2023, a McLaren anunciou que Hughes havia assinado novamente com a equipe, enquanto Rast deixou a equipe para a disputa da temporada de 2023–24. Rast foi substituído por Sam Bird, que trocou a Jaguar TCS Racing pela equipe de Woking.

Resultados
(legenda) (resultados em negrito indicam pole position; resultados em itálico indicam volta mais rápida)

Notas
* Temporada ainda em andamento.† – Não completaram a prova, mas foram classificados, pois concluíram 90% da prova.

Ligações externas

McLaren
Equipes de automobilismo do Reino Unido
Equipes de Fórmula E

McLaren Formula E Team


Niyazi Serhat Akın (d. 5 Haziran 1981, Almanya), Türk eski millî futbolcudur. En son Almanya 4. Ligi olan Regionalliga takımı Berliner AK 07'de oynamış ve futbolu bırakmıştır.

Özel hayatı
Erzincan kökenli eski millî futbolcu, evli ve iki çocuk babasıdır.

Kariyeri
1991 yılında futbola Almanya'da 10 yaşındayken Karlsruher SC takımın altyapısına girerek başladı. 2000 yılına kadar burada oynadı. 2000 yılında Fenerbahçe'ye transfer oldu ve Türkiye millî takımına kadar yükseldi. Fenerbahçe'nin ardından RSC Anderlecht'e transfer olmuştur. 2006-2007 sezonunda Almanya'nın 1. FC Köln takımına kiralık olarak transfer olmuş diğer sezon RSC Anderlecht'e geri dönmüştür. 15 Ağustos 2008 tarihinde Süper Lig'e yeni dahil olan Kocaelispor'la anlaşan futbolcu, burada 1 yıllık sözleşmeye imza atmıştır. Ligin 15. haftasında Kocaelispor'dan para alamadığı ve beklediği ilgiyi göremediği için sözleşmesini tek taraflı fesh etmiştir. Ligin takımlarından Kayserispor ve Beşiktaş kendisi ile ilgilenmiş fakat Konyaspor ile 1.5 yıllık sözleşme imzalamıştır. 2011-2012 sezonu için Yusuf Şimşek'in Futbolcu-Antrenör olarak görev yaptığı Turgutluspor'la anlaşmıştır. 2012-13 sezonu yaz transfer döneminde Yusuf Şimşek'in Teknik direktörlük yaptığı Denizlispor ile anlaşmıştır. 2013-14 sezonunun başında Almanya 3. lig ekiplerinden BAK 07'ye transfer olmuştur.

Fenerbahçe
2000-01 sezonunda Fenerbahçe'ye transfer olmuş ve çok sayıda maçlarda yer almıştır, taraftar futbolcuya "Kadıköy Boğası" lakabını vermiştir. Christoph Daum zamanında forvet oynarken sezon içinde sağ açığa alınmış daha az gol atmaya başlamıştır. Buna karşın derbi maçlarında attığı gollerle dikkatleri üzerine çekmiştir. Fenerbahçe'de 5 sezon oynayan futbolcu 3 şampiyonluk yaşamıştır. Süper Lig'de Fenerbahçe formasını 125 kere giymiş 41 gol atmıştır. Fenerbahçe formasıyla toplamda resmi maçlara 154 kere çıkmış ve 49 gol atmıştır.

RSC Anderlecht ve FC Köln
Fenerbahçe formasıyla Türkiye millî takıma kadar yükselen futbolcu 5 sezon sonunda Belçika'nın RSC Anderlecht takımına transfer olmuştur. Burada 24 Numaralı formayı giyip, ilk sezonunda Belçika, Pro League şampiyonluğunu yaşarken Avrupa kulüplerinde oynayan ve şampiyonluk yaşayan ilk Türk futbolcu olmuştur. 2006-2007 sezonunda Fenerbahçe'den hocası olan Christoph Daum'un çalıştırdığı o zaman Bundesliga 2'de oynayan 1. FC Köln'e kiralanmıştır, 7 maça çıkmış ve 1 gol atmıştır. Ertesi sezon geri dönmüş ve büyük bir sakatlık (Karın kası yırtılması) geçirmiştir. 2008-2009 sezonunda Türkiye'ye dönmüştür.

Kocaelispor ve Konyaspor
Büyük bir sakatlık geçirdikten sonra 2008-2009 sezon başında Beşiktaş tarafından istenmiş ama Kocaelispor takımına transfer olmuştur. Süper Lig'de 11 maça çıkmış ve ilk yarı bitmek üzereyken parasını alamadığı için sözleşmesini fesh etmiştir. Kocaelispor'dan sözleşmesini fesh eden futbolcu'yu yine eski hocası olan Mustafa Denizli'nin çalıştırdığı Beşiktaş istemiş ama transferi engellenmiştir. 2008-2009 sezonunun ikinci yarısında Konyaspor'a geçmiştir. Bu takımda da 11 maça çıkmış 1 gol atmıştır. Ancak Konyaspor 2008-2009 sezonu sonunda küme düşmüştür.

Karlsruher
Transfer sezonunda hiçbir takımla anlaş(a)mayan oyuncu 14 Kasım 2009 günü futbola başladığı kulübe dönmüştür, Almanya ikinci liginden Karlsruher SC ile 30 Haziran 2010 tarihine kadar geçerli olacak geçici bir sözleşme imzalamıştır. İkinci takımla maçlara çıkan futbolcu 7 maçta 5 gol atarak kendisini tekrar ispatlamış ve Karlsruher SC takımı ile sözleşme imzalamıştır.
Oyuncu 1. takımda hiç gol atamayıp Karlsruher SC II takımında ise 5 maçta 4 gol atmıştır. Oyuncu 2010-2011 sezon sonunda sözleşmesi bittiği için serbest kalmıştır.

Turgutluspor
Serhat Akın, 2011-12 sezonunun yaz transfer döneminde eski takım arkadaşı Yusuf Şimşek girişimleriyle çalıştırdığı Spor Toto 2. Lig ekiplerinden biri olan Turgutluspor ile 1 yıllık anlaşma imzalamıştır. Burada 1 sezonda attığı gollerle takımın play-off oynamasına katkısı oldu.

Denizlispor
Serhat Akın, 2012-13 sezonunun yaz transfer döneminde 1. Lig ekiplerinden olan Denizlispor ile anlaşmıştır. Serhat'ın Denizlispor'a transferinde Yusuf Şimşek'in: Denizli'ye gelirsem Serhat'ı da getireceğim. sözleri etkili olmuştur. Fakat Denizlispor'un yeni başkanı Süleyman Urkay, Serhat'ı kadroda düşünmediği için Serhat'ı göndermiştir.

Berliner AK 07
Serhat Akın, 22 Ağustos 2013 tarihinde Almanya 4. Ligi Regionalliga takımlarından Berliner AK 07 ile bir yıllık sözleşme imzaladı.

Millî takım kariyeri
1999 yılında 4 defa Türkiye U-17 formasını giydi. Aynı yıl içerisinde 3 defa da Türkiye U-18 formasını giydi ve bu maçlarda 4 gol kaydetti. 2000 yılından 2002 yılına kadar 22 defa formasını giydiği ümit millî takım'da 12 gol attı. 2002-2006 yılları arasında Türkiye A millî takım formasını 16 defa giydi ve bu maçlarda 3 kez rakip fileleri havalandırdı. Babası'nın Erzincan'lı olması sebebiyle millî takım da genelde 24 numarayı giymiştir

Millî takım performansı
NOT : Türkiye A Milli ile oynadığı maçlar.

Millî takım golleri

Başarıları
Fenerbahçe
Süper Lig: 2000/01, 2003/2004, 2004/05
RSC Anderlecht
Belçika, Pro League: 2005/06

Fenerbahçe İstatistikleri

Survivor 2017
Acun Ilıcalı'nın sunduğu Survivor 2017 yarışmasına katıldı ve 3. oldu.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmî site

1981 doğumlular
Türk erkek futbolcular
Türk gurbetçi futbolcular
Türkiye millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Fenerbahçe SK futbolcuları
RSC Anderlecht futbolcuları
Kocaelispor futbolcuları
Konyaspor futbolcuları
Karlsruher SC futbolcuları
Süper Lig futbolcuları
Yaşayan insanlar
Altay SK futbolcuları
1. Lig futbolcuları
Belçika'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
Belçika'daki Türk gurbetçiler
Berliner AK 07 futbolcuları
Türkiye 21 yaş altı millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Türkiye 18 yaş altı millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Türkiye 17 yaş altı millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Forvet futbolcular
Twitch yayıncıları
Bundesliga futbolcuları
Survivor yarışmacıları

Serhat Akın


Hola a Todo el Mundo (en adelante HATEM) es un grupo de música de estilo folk, pop y alternativo que surge en Madrid en la primavera de 2006.

Historia
Tomando prestado el título de un poema de Walt Whitman como nombre de la banda, Hola a todo el mundo nace en la primavera del año 2006. En el año 2007 graban su primera maqueta en los estudios Heatroom de Madrid. Un año más tarde debutan en la Sala Sol como teloneros del grupo sueco Club 8. Con tan sólo tres canciones en Myspace, "Jenn believes everyone has a…", "Run run zebra run run", "In two shakes of donkey's", su sonido levanta tal expectación que les lleva a participar en el Wintercase 2008, e incluso en el Primavera Sound del año siguiente. Finalmente y recurriendo a la autoedición, sale a la luz "Hola a Todo el Mundo" (HATEM Prayer Team, 2010).

En abril de 2009 fueron elegidos por la revista Mondo Sonoro como una de las tres mejores bandas madrileñas debutantes. Ese mismo año fueron galardonados por los premios Pop-Eye 2009 como "mejor grupo Folk del año".

Desde noviembre de 2009, Hola a todo el mundo cuentan con oficina propia, Producciones Disonantes, con quien han cerrado acuerdos de representación, contratación, y producción de conciertos.

El 8 de marzo de 2010 sale a la venta su primer disco, producido por Luca Petricca en Reno Studios de Madrid, autoeditado en su propio sello, HATEM Prayer Team, y distribuido por Popstock.

En mayo de 2011 publican un EP, Estela Castiza, formado por 8 canciones, esta vez en español (su primer LP era en inglés), rozando lo experimental pero sin perder su esencia.

En octubre de 2012 publican su disco Ultraviolet Catastrophe.

Influencias
Hola a todo el mundo ha conseguido convertirse, en poco tiempo, en uno de los grupos de referencia del indie español. En lo musical; sus canciones se acercan al mundo folk, con mucha mezcla de instrumentos de cuerda y percusión. Hay mucha influencia del folk americano en distinto formato: moderno, más antiguo o más country. También se aprecian influencias como la de Beirut de toque balcánico, hasta el rock progresivo o canciones con sonido de los noventa.

Mezclan consiguiendo un estilo propio; con referencias tan dispares como el pop de Devendra Banhart, con la electrónica de Animal Collective. Van de la grandiosidad rock de Arcade Fire al intimismo folk de Vetiver (teloneros en junio de 2008 en su gira por Portugal).

Arreglos de violín, banjo, piano, guitarras, acordeón, sintetizadores y samplers. Folk anglosajón al más puro estilo The Incredible String Band o Fairport Convention antes, y Akron / Family o Fleet Foxes ahora. Arreglos a doce manos de violines, banjos, guitarras, xilófonos, panderetas, acordeones, ukeleles, pianos, baterías y panderos.

Puesta en escena
Ukeleles, banyos y violines entre camisas de cuadros y estampados floreados. Un 'look vintage', un nombre en castellano y canciones en inglés. Hola A Todo El Mundo (H.A.T.E.M.) es un sexteto de aire folk que se ha convertido, junto a Russian Red, en una de las últimas sensaciones de la escena madrileña.

Antes de cada concierto se colocan en círculo en el escenario y entonan una especie de "canto a la amistad", inspirado en las influencias del grupo que quizás se notan menos, la de "las antiguas canciones espirituales a capela y cantos de trabajo americanos", según el grupo.

Además "La combinación de instrumentos da mucho juego en el escenario", afirman. De hecho, alguno de ellos pasa de una mano a otra en los conciertos. "Queda muy vistoso y le da alegría. Y el hecho de que en el grupo haya chicos y chicas también le da su gracia", acota Ari.

También poseen una bandera propia como símbolo del grupo, la cual fue cosida a mano por la madre de Ari [cantante]. "Nos gusta tener nuestra propia iconografía y esto es un buen símbolo, toda comunidad necesita sus elementos definitorios", afirman.

Disolución del grupo
El 19 de mayo de 2017 y tras 10 años en activo, Hola A Todo El Mundo anuncia su disolución a través de un comunicado de Joshua Díaz, batería de la banda, realizado a través de Facebook.

Componentes
Juan Manuel Ruiz Arjonilla "Ari": guitarra, voz, mandolina, ukelele, wurlitzer, sintetizador, percusión.
Ana Molina "Cheryl": acordeón, piano, percusión, coros.
Álvaro Sanjuán del Castillo: banjo, bajo, guitarra, percusión, coros.
Joshua Díaz Martínez: batería, percusión, coros.

Discografía

Álbum
 Hola A Todo El Mundo (2010)
 Estela Castiza (2011)
 Ultraviolet Catastrophe (2012)
 Away (2016)

Proyección
Han actuado en los festivales nacionales más importantes, como el Wintercase, el Festival de Otoño, el Primavera Sound, el Low Cost Festival, el Contempopranea o el Sonorama.

Tras recibir el  Premio de la Música independiente al mejor álbum pop de 2010 por su primer disco homónimo, y el Premio Pop Eye 2011 por su EP Estela Castiza, han sido nominados este año 2011 al premio Grupo Emergente de la revista Rolling Stone.

Enlaces externos
 http://www.facebook.com/pages/HOLA-A-TODO-EL-MUNDO/293936474380
 http://www.disonantes.com/hatem.php
 http://www.myspace.com/holaatodoelmundo
 http://www.elmundo.es/metropoli/2008/06/06/musica/1212760879.html
 http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/645695/0/hola/todo/mundo/
 http://lafonoteca.net/grupos/hola-a-todo-el-mundo
 http://www.rollingstone.es/noticias/view/de-que-viven-los-musicos-indies-espanoles
 http://www.esmerarte.com/web/?p=1153
 https://web.archive.org/web/20120107004219/http://www.disonantes.com/
 https://web.archive.org/web/20120218042217/http://www.nvivo.es/blog/ganadores-de-la-tercera-edicion-de-los-premios-musica-independiente/

Grupos de indie rock de España
Grupos de rock de la Comunidad de Madrid
Grupos de música formados en 2006

Hola a Todo el Mundo


ලේපිට මහ-කෑරලා (Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus) හෙවත් රන්පිට මහ-කෑරලා, මහ රන්-පිට කෑරලා හෝ Malherbe's golden-backed woodpecker යන නම්වලින් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ කෑරල් විශේෂයකි. පුළුල් වශයෙන් මෙම පක්ෂීන් ඉන්දියානු උපමහාද්වීපය, දකුණු චීනය තෙක් නැගෙනහිර පෙදෙස්, මලය අර්ධද්වීපය, සුමාත්‍රා, බටහිර හා මධ්‍යම ජාවා සහ ඊසානදිග බෝර්නියෝ ප්‍රදේශවලින් හමුවේ.

වර්ගීකරණය
මෑතකාලීන වර්ගීකරණ සාක්ෂි අනුව<ref>Collar, N. J. (2011)</ref> මෙම විශේෂය පහත විශේෂවලට භේදනය කළ යුතු බැව් පෙනීගොස් ඇත:

ලේපිට මහ-කෑරලා, (C. guttacristatus) (C. lucidus යන්න භේදනයක් නොව කාණ්ඩයක් ලෙස ගෙන ඇත)
රත්පිට මහ-කෑරලා, (C. stricklandi); ශ්‍රී ලංකාව.
ජාවා මහ-කෑරලා (C. strictus); නැගෙනහිර ජාවා, බාලි සහ කැන්ජියන් දූපත්
ලුසොන් මහ-කෑරලා (C. haematribon); උතුරු පිලිපීනයේ ලුසොන්, පොලිලෝ, කැටන්ඩුවානේස් සහ මැරින්ඩුක්.
කහ-මූණත් මහ-කෑරලා (C. xanthocephalus); නීග්‍රෝස්, ගුයිමාරාස්, පැනේ සහ ටිකාඕ පිලිපීන දූපත්
පඬු-තිත් සහිත මහ-කෑරලා (C. lucidus); බොහොල්, ලෙයිටේ, සමාර්,බිල්රාන්, පැනාඕන්, මින්ඩැන්ඩෝ, බසිලාන් සහ සමාල් පිලිපීන දූපත්.
රතු-හිසැති මහ-කෑරලා (C. erythrocephalus); බැලබැක්, පැලවාන්, බුසුවංගා සහ කැලමියන් පිලිපීන දූපත්

විස්තරය
ලේපිට මහ-කෑරලා දිගින් 33 cm පමණ වන විශාල කෑරලෙකි. දර්ශීය කෑරල හැඩයෙන් යුත් මෙම පක්ෂීන්‍ට ඍජු සිළුවක් සහ දිගු ගෙලක් ඇත. උපවිශේෂ අතර වර්ණ ප්‍රභේදනයේ පුළුල් විවිධත්වයක් දැකගත හැක. බොහෝවිට මෙම පක්ෂීන්ගේ සලකුණු නොමැති රන්-කහ සිට අඳුරු දුඹුරු පැහැය දක්වා වන පිටක් සහ පියාපත් පිහිටයි. නිතඹ රතු පැහැති අතර, වල්ගය කළු පැහැති ය. පහළ පෙදෙස් අඳුරු සලකුණු සහිත සුදු (ඉරි හෝ පටි) හෝ ලා දුඹුරු පැහැති ය. හිස සුදු පැහැයට හුරු අතර, අඳුරු රටාවකින් යුක්ත විය හැක. නොඑසේනම් එය කහ, දුඹුරු හෝ රතු පැහැ විය හැක. ඍජු උල්වූ හොටය දිගු (හිසට වඩා දිගු ය) අතර, දිගු පාද ඇඟිලි සතරකින් යුත් යුගඅංගුලික පාදයකි. (ඇඟිලි දෙකක් ඉදිරියටත්, දෙකක් පසුපසටත් යොමුවූ) පාද ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන්ම අළු පැහැති ය. ඇසෙහි තාරා මණ්ඩලය සුදු පැහයේ සිට කහ පැහැය දක්වා විය හැක.

පරිණත පිරිමි ලේපිට මහ-කෑරලුන් හට සැමවිටම පාහේ රතු සිළුවක් ඇත. ගැහැනු පක්ෂීන්ගේ උපවිශේෂ අනුව වර්ණය වෙනස්වන සිළුව්ක ඇත. උදාහරණයක් වශයෙන් දැක්වුවහොත් සුදු ලප සහිත කළු පැහැති, කහ හෝ ලා පැහැ ලප සහිත දුඹුරු වැනි ස්වරූපයක් ගත හැක. ලාබාල පක්ෂීන් ද ගැහැනු පක්ෂීන් සේම අඳුරු සිළුවක් දරන අතර, තාරා මණ්ඩලය දුඹුරු පැහැති ය.

සමාන විශේෂ

සුදු-සහ-කළු-හිසැති ලේපිට මහ-කෑරල් උපවිශේෂ පා ඇඟිලි තුවන් දරන ඇතැම් Dinopium කෑරල් විශේෂවලට සමානත්වයක් පෙන්වයි. නමුත් ඔවුන් සමීප සම්බන්ධයක් නොදක්වයි. රත්-කෑරලා (D. benghalense) සහ පොදු රත්-කෑරලා (D. javanense) මෙන් නොව, ලේපිට මහ-කෑරලාගේ අඳුරු උඩුරැවුල් තීරු සුදු (මේ නිසා ඈතට නොපෙනේ) තීරුවලින් වෙන්වී ඇත. නමුත් stricklandi විශේෂයේ හැර, ඔවුන්ගේ පසුපස ගෙල සුදු (කළු නොවේ) පැහැති ය. ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පක්ෂීන් තුළ ද Dinopium විශේෂවල මෙන් අඳුරු පැහැය ගෙල තෙක් නොවිහිදේ. ශ්‍රී ලංකාවෙන් බැහැරව හමුවන කළු-සහ-සුදු-හිසැති මහ-කෑරලුන්ගේ ගෙලවල් පාර්ශ්විකව කළු පැහැයෙන් සීමා වූ සුදු පැහැ ගෙලකින් සමන්විත ය. නමුත් Dinopium විශේෂවල ඇත්තේ කළු ගෙලක් සහ ඉහළ පිටුපස පෙදෙසකි. ඔවුන්ගේ ගෙලෙහි සිහින් සුදු තීරු දැකගත හැක. මෙම කෑරලුන් ප්‍රමාණයෙන් කුඩා අතර, හිසට වඩා කෙටි හොටයක් සහ අඳුරු තාරා මණ්ඩලයකින් යුක්ත ය.

විශාල සහ කුඩා විශේෂයන්ගේ පිල්කළඹ තුළ සිදුවූ අභිසාරී පරිණාමය සෙසු කෑරලුන් තුළ ද දැකගත හැක. නිදසුන් ලෙස උතුරු ඇමරිකානු සිහින් පිහාටු සහිත කෑරලා ("Picoides" pubescens) සහ ස‍ලෝම කෑරලා ("P." villosus), නිවර්තන ඇමරිකානු දුම්වන්-දුඹුරු කෑරලා ("P." fumigatus) සහ ඇතැම් Veniliornis නැතහොත් පළලිරි කෑරලා (V. lignarius) සහ දාම් වැනි කෑරලා (V. mixtus) මෙන්ම ඇතැම් දකුණු ඇමරිකානු Piculus සහ "Picoides" විශේස දැක්විය හැක. මෙම කිසිදු පක්ෂියකු සමූහවාසී වශයෙන් ගැවසෙන බවක් වාර්තා වී නොමැත. ඔවුන්ගේ ප්‍රමාණයෙන් වෙනස්කම් සහ වාසස්ථාන අභිරුචි හේතුවෙන් එතරම් තරගකාරීත්වයක් ඇති නොවේ. මේ නිසා අනුකරණය පිළිබඳ සාමාන්‍ය සාධක වලංගු නොවන බැව් පෙනේ.

පරිසරය
මෙම කෑරල් විශේෂය විවෘත වනාන්තර වාසස්ථාන සමග සම්බන්ධයක් දක්වයි. උදාහරණ වශයෙන් හිමාලයානු පාකඳු හෝ බටහිර ඝාට්ස් දැක්විය හැක. මෙම විශේෂය කඩොලාන වනාන්තරවල ද හමුවේ. මෙම විශේෂය මීට සමාන පෙනුමක් ඇති පොදු රත්-කෑරලා (Dinopium javanense) සමග සැසඳීමේ දී ඇතැම් වනාන්තර ප්‍රභේද සඳහා අනුවර්තනය වී ඇති බැව් පෙනේ. මේ අනුව ප්‍රදේශයේ ප්‍රමුඛව පවතින වනාන්තර වර්ගය අනුව, C. lucidus ඇතැම්විට වඩා වැඩියෙන් (උදා. තායිලන්තයේ) හෝ වඩා අඩුවෙන් (උදා. මැලේසියා අර්ධද්වීපය තුළ) D. javanenseට සාපේක්ෂව ව්‍යාප්ත වී පැවතිය හැක. නිදසුනක් ලෙස මැලේසියානු කඩොලාන වනාන්තර තුළ ලේපිට මහ-කෑරලා උසැති Avicennia alba ශාකවල ලැගීමට කැමැත්තක් දක්වන බැව් සොයාගෙන ඇත. නමුත් පොදු රත්-කෑරලා එම විශේෂය කෙරෙහි මෙන්ම Bruguiera parviflora සහ Sonneratia alba ශාක සඳහා ද විශේෂත්වයක් නොදක්වයි.

සෙසු කෑරලුන් සේම, ලේපිට මහ-කෑරලා ද උගේ හොටය ගස්වලින් ආහාර සාරා සොයාගැනීමට යොදාගනියි. උ‍ගේ යුගඅංගුලික (zygodactyl) පාද සහ රළු වල්ගය ආධාරයෙන් ගස්වල කඳට එදිරිව රැඳී සිටීමට උත්සාහ දරයි. දිගැති දිව ඉදිරියට විදීම මගින් දැව කොටස් අතර සැඟවී සිටින ආත්‍රොපෝඩාවන් ගොදුරු කරගනියි. ප්‍රදාන වශයෙන්ම කුඩා අපෘෂ්ඨවංශීන් මත යැපුණ ද, ලේපිට මහ-කෑරලුන් මල් පැණි උරාබීමට ද ප්‍රිය කරයි. ඔවුහු ගස්වල බෙණයක් තුළ සුදු පැහැ බිත්තර තුනක් හෝ හතරක් දමති.

ව්‍යාප්ත වී සිටින ප්‍රදේශවල පුළුල්ව හමුවන ලේපිට මහ-කෑරලා IUCN ආයතනය විසින් අඩු අවදානමක් යොමු වූ විශේෂයක් ලෙස ප්‍රවර්ගීකරණය කොට ඇත.

පාදක සටහන්

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

 Grimmett, Richard; Inskipp, Carol, Inskipp, Tim & Byers, Clive (1999): Birds of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.. ISBN 0-691-04910-6
 Collar, N.J. 2011. Species limits in some Philippine birds including the Greater Flameback Chrysocolaptes lucidus. Forktail number 27: 29-38</small>
 Moore, William S.; Weibel, Amy C. & Agius, Andrea (2006): Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of the woodpecker genus Veniliornis (Picidae, Picinae) and related genera implies convergent evolution of plumage patterns. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 87(4): 611–624.  PDF fulltext
 Noske, Richard A. (1991): Field identification and ecology of the Greater Goldenback Chrysocolaptes lucidus in Malaysia. Forktail 6: 72-74. PDF fulltext
 Rasmussen, Pamela C. & Anderton, John C. (2005): Birds of South Asia – The Ripley Guide. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-67-9
 Weibel, Amy C. & Moore, William S. (2005): Plumage convergence in Picoides woodpeckers based on a molecular phylogeny, with emphasis on convergence in downy and hairy woodpeckers. Condor'' 107(4): 797–809.  (HTML abstract)

ලේපිට මහ-කෑරලා
බංගලාදේශයේ පක්ෂීන්
දකුණු ආසියාවේ පක්ෂීන්
අග්නිදිග ආසියාවේ පක්ෂීන්
ලේපිට මහ-කෑරලා

ලේපිට මහ-කෑරලා


අතීන්ද්‍රීය ප‍්‍රත්‍යක්ෂය

අතීන්ද්‍රීය ප‍්‍රත්‍යක්ෂය යනු, භෞතික සංවේදනයන් මගින් හෝ පූර්ව අත්දැකීම් ලබා ගැනීමකින් තොරව, සාමාන්‍ය තත්ත්වයන්ට ඔබ්බෙන් පවත්නා මාර්ගවලින් තොරතුරු ලබා ගැනීමේ හැකියාවයි. මෙය 'ඩියුක් විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ' පර්යේෂකයකු වූ ජේ. බී. රයින් විසින් හඳුන්වා දෙන ලද යෙදුමකි. සම්මත සංවේදන ක‍්‍රම 5 එනම්, කලින් දැන සිටීම, අනාගත සිදුවීම පිළිබඳ ඇති දැනීම, දිවැස, මිනිසුන් වස්තූන් හා සිදුවීම් පිළිබඳ ව ඇති දැනීම යනාදියෙන් තොරව සංවේදනා හා දැනීම ලබා ගැනීම ඔහු ඉන් අදහස් කළේය. මෙය සමහර අවස්ථාවලදී හයවන සංවේදනය, සහජ බුද්ධිය, අද්භූත කම්පනය හෝ අන්තර් ඥානය ලෙස ද හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ. මෙයට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ විද්‍යාව මගින් අදාළ කාලය තුළ විග‍්‍රහ කළ නොහැකි තොරතුරු සහ මූලාශ‍්‍රයන් ය. මෙය ඉතා ජනප‍්‍රිය විශ්වාසයක් වන නමුත්, නිසි තොරතුරු හා න්‍යායන් නොමැති වීම ඒ පිළිබඳ සැක පහළ කරන්නෝ ද බොහෝය.

මෙම හැකියාව ඉතා මතභේදකාරී වන අතර, එය තහවුරු කළ හැකි කිසිදු විද්‍යාත්මක පැහැදිලි කිරීමක් නොමැත. පාර- මනෝවිද්‍යාව තුළ මේ පිළිබඳ ව ඇති හැකියාව සොයා බැලෙන අතර, ඒ සඳහා විවිධ පර්යේෂණ ක‍්‍රම ද යෝජනා වී තිබේ. එහෙත්, විද්‍යාත්මක තහවුරු කිරීම් තුළ මෙය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් පිළිගැනීමක් නැත.

සටහන්

Clinical Depression - Signs and symptoms

අතීන්ද්‍රීය ප‍්‍රත්‍යක්ෂ


Die 1. Amateurliga Schwarzwald-Bodensee 1975/76 war die 26. Saison der 1. Fußball-Amateurliga und die 16. Spielzeit, in der in Württemberg in den beiden Staffeln Nordwürttemberg und Schwarzwald-Bodensee gespielt wurde. Seit der Vorsaison wirken keine südbadischen Vereine mit. Die Meisterschaft der Schwarzwald-Bodensee-Liga gewann der BSV 07 Schwenningen, der auch die anschließenden Aufstiegsrunde zur 2. Bundesliga Süd gewann und somit erstmals in die 2. Bundesliga aufstieg.

Der TSV Tettnang und der SV Oberzell stiegen in die 2. Amateurliga ab.

Abschlusstabelle

Weblinks
 1. Amateurliga Schwarzwald-Bodensee 1975/76

Fußballsaison 1975/76
1975


Sint Anthonis () eller Sint Tunnis () er en kommune og en by i den sydlige provins Noord-Brabant i Nederlandene.

Galleri

Byer i Nord-Brabant
Kommuner i Nord-Brabant

Sint Anthonis


An Carex juvenilis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Charles Baron Clarke ngan E.G.Camus. An Carex juvenilis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex juvenilis


Motorul în stea sau motor cu cilindrii în stea, este un model de construcție de motor cu ardere internă cu sistem bielă-manivelă, cu mai mulți cilindrii dispuși radial în formă de stea în jurul unui arbore cotit. Motoarele în stea lucrează ponderal după sistemul în patru-timpi a motoarelor Otto, dar pot fi și motoare Diesel ori în doi timpi, sau un sistem combinat ale acestora. Își găsesc preponderent folosința în construcția motoarelor de avion.

În mod obișnuit la aceste motoare, carcasa cu cilindrii este staționară iar arborele cotit execută mișcarea de rotație dar există și motoare rotative în stea, la care arborele este fix  iar steaua de cilindrii se rotește.

Referințe

Bibliografie

Vezi și
 Motor cu ardere internă
 Motor diesel
 Motor Wankel
 Motor în patru timpi
 Motor în doi timpi
 Arbore cotit
 Cilindru motor
 Mecanism bielă-manivelă

Legături externe

Motoare cu ardere internă

Motor în stea


Aderus gracilicornis é uma espécie de inseto besouro da família Aderidae. Foi descrita cientificamente por Maurice Pic em 1914.

Distribuição geográfica
Habita no Quénia.

Referências

gracilicornis
Fauna do Quénia
Insetos descritos em 1914
Espécies descritas por Maurice Pic

Aderus gracilioricornis


Vaterpolo klub "Adriatic" (VK Adriatic; Adriatic; Adriatic Šibenik) je bio muški vaterpolski klub iz Šibenika, Šibensko-kninska županija.

O klubu
Klub je osnovan 2006. godine. Od 2009. godine se natjecao u 2. HVL, a 2015. godine ulazi je član 1. B lige,
koju te sezone i osvaja.
Te sezone je u 1. B ligi bio i VK "Šibenik",
koji je prethodno bio član Prve hrvatske lige i Jadranske lige, drugoplasirani u Kupu LEN u sezoni 2006./07., ali u velikim financijskim i organizacijskoim teškoćama, te se javila potreba o jačem klubu u Šibeniku, koji bi se vratio u Jadransku ligu i prvenstvo Hrvatske. U kolovozu 2015., nakon više problema i odugovlačenja, dolazi do spajanja dva kluba u novi klub "Solaris", koji preuzima "Adriaticovo" mjesto i i organizaciju, te se oslanja na "Šibenikovu" tradiciju ("Šibenik" s također ranije nazivao "Solaris").

Novoformirani "Solaris" od sezone 2015./16. redovito nastupa u A-2 Jadranskoj ligi i prvenstvu Hrvatske.

Uz seniore su u klubu djelovale i selekcije nada, kadeta i mlađih juniora''.

Uspjesi
 1. B liga
 prvak: 2015.

Pregled plasmana

Poznati igrači

Poznati treneri

Unutrašnje poveznice
 VK Solaris Šibenik
 Vaterpolski klub Šibenik
 OVK Adriatic Šibenik

Vanjske poveznice
 hvs.hr (stare stranice), Adriatic
 sportilus.com, VATERPOLO KLUB ADRIATIC
 sibenskiportal.rtl.h, VK Adriatic
 sibenik.in, VK Adriatic

Izvori

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Jews and Judaism in China are predominantly composed of Sephardi Jews and their descendants. Other Jewish ethnic divisions are also represented, including Ashkenazi Jews, Mizrahi Jews and a number of converts.

The Jewish Chinese community manifests a wide range of Jewish cultural traditions and it also encompasses the full spectrum of Jewish religious observance. Though a small minority, Chinese Jews have had an open presence in the country since the arrival of the first Jewish immigrants during the 8th century CE. Relatively isolated communities of Jews developed from ancient all the way to modern China, most notably the Kaifeng Jews (the term "Chinese Jews" is often used in a restricted sense in order to refer to these communities).
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Jewish merchants from around the world began to trade in Chinese ports, particularly in the commercial centres of Hong Kong, which was for a time a British colony; Shanghai (the International Settlement and French Concession); and Harbin (the Trans-Siberian Railway). In the first half of the 20th century, thousands of Jewish refugees escaping from pogroms in the Russian Empire arrived in China. By the time of the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, only a few Jews were known to have maintained the practice of their religion and culture.

Overview
The presence of a community of Jewish immigrants in China arguably began sometime in the Song Dynasty though a number of scholars have argued for their presence there in earlier Tang dynasty times. In the 9th century, the Persian geographer Ibn Khordadbeh noted the travels of Jewish merchants called Radhanites, whose trade took them to China via the Silk Road through Central Asia and India. He mentioned the presence of Jewish merchants in a number of Chinese cities, and the important economic role they played transporting merchandise as well as transmitting scientific and technological expertise by land and sea all the way from Spain and France via the Middle East to China. The medieval Italian explorer Jacob of Ancona, the supposed author of a book of travels, was a scholarly Jewish merchant who wrote in vernacular Italian, and reached China in 1271, although some authors question its veracity.

During the period of China's opening to the West and British quasi-colonialism, the first group to settle in China were Jews who arrived in China under British protection following the First Opium War. Many of these Jews were of Indian or Iraqi origin, due to significant British colonialism in these regions. The second community came in the first decades of the 20th century when many Jews arrived in Hong Kong and Shanghai during those cities' periods of economic expansion. Many more Jews arrived as refugees from the Russian Revolution of 1917. A surge of Jews and Jewish families was to arrive in the late 1930s and 1940s, for the purpose of seeking refuge from the Holocaust in Europe and were predominantly of European origin. Shanghai was notable for its special area assigned to Jewish refugees, most of whom left after the war, the rest relocating prior to or immediately after the establishment of the People's Republic of China.

Many Jews in China converted to Islam and became Hui Muslims.

Over the centuries, the Kaifeng community came to be virtually indistinguishable from the Hui and Han Chinese population and is therefore no longer recognized by the Chinese government as a separate ethnic minority. This is as a result of having maintained already-Jewish and adopted many Han Chinese customs including patrilineal descent and extensive intermarriage with the Hui population. Since their religious practices are considered to be functionally extinct, they are not eligible for expedited immigration to Israel under the Law of Return unless they explicitly convert.

Today, many descendants of the Jews have assimilated into Hui Muslim populace. Some of them, as well as international Jewish communities are beginning to search for these descendants to help them revive their interest in their Jewish roots. This is especially important in modern China because belonging to any minority group includes a variety of benefits including reduced restrictions on the number of children and easier admission standards to tertiary education.

History
It has been asserted by some that the Jews who have historically resided in various places in China originated with the Lost Ten Tribes of the exiled ancient Kingdom of Israel who relocated to the areas of present-day China. Traces of some ancient Jewish rituals have been observed in some places.

One well-known group was the Kaifeng Jews, who are purported to have traveled from Persia to India during the mid-Han Dynasty and later migrated from the Muslim-inhabited regions of northwestern China (modern day Gansu province) to Henan province during the early Northern Song Dynasty (960–1127).

Origins

There is an oral tradition that the first Jews immigrated to China through Persia following the Roman Emperor Titus's capture of Jerusalem in 70 CE. A large number of Jews emigrated from Persia during the reign of Emperor Ming of Han (58–75 CE). Writing in 1900, Father Joseph Brucker hypothesized that Jews came to China from India by a sea route since ancient times.

Three steles with inscriptions found at Kaifeng bear some historical suggestions. The oldest, dating from 1489, commemorates the construction of a synagogue (1163) (bearing the name Qīngzhēn Sì, a term often used for mosque in Chinese), states the Jews entered China from India in the Later Han Dynasty (25–220 CE), the Jews' 70 Chinese surnames, their audience with an "un-named" Song Dynasty Emperor, and finally lists the transmission of their religion from Abraham down to the prophet Ezra. The second tablet, dated 1512 (found in the synagogue Xuanzhang Daojing Si) details the Jews' religious practices. The third is dated 1663 and commemorates the re-rebuilding of the Qingzhen si synagogue and recaps the information from the other two steles.

Father Joseph Brucker believed Matteo Ricci's manuscripts indicate there were only approximately ten or twelve Jewish families in Kaifeng in the late 16th and early 17th century, and that they had reportedly resided there for five or six hundred years. It was also stated in the manuscripts that there was a greater number of Jews in Hangzhou. This could be taken to suggest that loyal Jews fled south along with the soon-to-be crowned Emperor Gaozong to Hangzhou. In fact, the 1489 stele mentions how the Jews "abandoned Bianliang" (Kaifeng) after the Jingkang Incident.

Many Jewish communities were established in China in the Middle Ages. However, not all left evidence of their existence. The following are those known today: Kaifeng, Hangzhou, Ningbo, Yangzhou, Ningxia, Guangzhou, Beijing, Quanzhou, Nanjing, Xi'an and Luoyang.

Names
The contemporary term for Jews in use among Chinese today is Youtairen () in Mandarin Chinese and "yau tai yan" in Cantonese. The terms have a similar pronunciation to יהודאי (Yehudai)—the Aramaic word for Jew—and to Ἰουδαῖος (iudaios), the Greek word.

It has been recorded that the Chinese historically called the Jews Tiao jin jiao (挑筋教), loosely, "the religion which removes the sinew," probably referring to the Jewish dietary prohibition against eating the sciatic nerve (from Genesis 32:32).

Jewish dietary law (kashrut), which forbids the eating of, among other foods, non-ruminant mammals, shellfish and reptiles, would have most likely caused Jewish communities to stand out from the surrounding mainstream Chinese population, as Chinese culture is typically very free in the range of items it deems suitable for food.

Jews have also been called the Blue-Hat Hui (), in contrast to other populations of Hui people, who have identified with hats of other colors. The distinction between Muslim and Jewish Hui is not, and historically has not been, well recognised by the dominant Han population.

A modern translation of the "Kaifeng Steles" has shown the Jews referred to their synagogue as "The Pure and Truth", which is essentially the same as the term used in modern China to refer to Muslim mosques (清真寺). lǐbàisì 禮拜寺 and qīngzhēnsì 清真寺 were used as names of both synagogues and mosques by Jews and Muslims.

According to an oral tradition dictated by Xu Xin, Director of the Centre for Judaic Studies at Nanjing University, in his book Legends of the Chinese Jews of Kaifeng, the Kaifeng Jews called Judaism Yīcìlèyè jiào (一賜樂業教), lit. the religion of Israel. Yīcìlèyè is a transliteration and partial translation of "Israel". Xu Xin translates this phrase as "Chosen people, endowed by God, and contented with their lives and work".

Early record

The earliest evidence showing the presence of Jews in China is from the beginning of the 8th century: a business letter written in the Judeo-Persian language, discovered by Marc Aurel Stein. The letter (now housed in the British Museum) was found in Dandan Uiliq, an important post along the Silk Road in northwest China during the Tang Dynasty (618–907). The text is thirty-seven lines in length and was written on paper, a product then manufactured only in China. It was identified, by David Samuel Margoliouth, as dating from 718 CE. Ibn Zeyd al Hassan of Siraf, a 9th-century Arabian traveler, reports that in 878 followers of the Chinese rebel leader Huang Chao besieged Canton (Guangzhou) and killed a large number of foreign merchants, Arabs, Persians, Christians and Jews, resident there.

China was a destination for Radhanite Jews who brought boys, female slaves from Europe to sell to any local according to the Book of Roads and Kingdoms by ibn Khordadbeh. At Dandan Oilik an 8th-century document written in Judeo-Persian was found and translated by Aurel Stein.

Sources indicate that Jews in China were often mistaken for Muslims by other Chinese. The first plausible recorded written Chinese mention of Jews uses the term Zhuhu (竹忽) or Zhuhudu (朱乎得) (perhaps from Arabic Yehoud or from Hebrew Yehudim, "Jews") found in the Annals of the Yuan Dynasty in 1329 and 1354. The text spoke of the reinforcement of a tax levied on "dissenters" and of a government decree that the Jews come en-masse to Beijing, the capital.

Famous Venetian traveler Marco Polo, who visited China, then under the Yuan Dynasty, in the late 13th century, described the prominence of Jewish traders in Beijing. Similar references can be found in the notes of the Franciscan John of Montecorvino, first archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Beijing in the early 14th century, and the writings of Ibn Batuta, an Arabian envoy to the Mongol Empire in the middle of the 14th century.

Genghis Khan called both Jews and Muslims Huihui when he forbade Jews and Muslims from practicing kosher and halal preparation of their food, calling both of them "slaves" and forcing them to eat Mongol food, and banned them from practicing circumcision.

Among all the [subject] alien peoples only the Hui-hui say "we do not eat Mongol food". [Cinggis Qa'an replied:] "By the aid of heaven we have pacified you; you are our slaves. Yet you do not eat our food or drink. How can this be right?" He thereupon made them eat. "If you slaughter sheep, you will be considered guilty of a crime." He issued a regulation to that effect ... [In 1279/1280 under Qubilai] all the Muslims say: "if someone else slaughters [the animal] we do not eat". Because the poor people are upset by this, from now on, Musuluman [Muslim] Huihui and Zhuhu [Jewish] Huihui, no matter who kills [the animal] will eat [it] and must cease slaughtering sheep themselves, and cease the rite of circumcision.

During the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), a Ming emperor conferred seven surnames upon the Jews, by which they are identifiable today: Ai (艾), Shi (石), Gao (高), Jin (金), Li (李), Zhang (張), and Zhao (趙).
Two of these, Jin and Shi, are the equivalent of common Jewish names in the west: Gold and Stone.

The first modern Western record of Jews residing in China is found in the records of the 17th-century Jesuit missionaries in Beijing. The prominent Jesuit Matteo Ricci, received a visit from a young Jewish Chinese man in 1605. Ricci mentioned this man's name as Ngai, who has since been identified by the French sinologist Paul Pelliot as a Jew named Ai T'ien, who explained that the community he belonged to was monotheistic, or believing in only one God. It is recorded that when he saw a Christian image of Mary with the child Jesus, he took it to be a picture of Rebecca with Esau or Jacob, figures from Hebrew Scripture. Ngai (Ai Tian, Ai T'ien) declared that he had come from Kaifeng, and stated that this was the site of a large Jewish population. Ricci sent an ethnic Chinese Jesuit Lay Brother to visit Kaifeng; later, other Jesuits (mostly European) also visited the city. It was later discovered that the Jewish community had a synagogue (Libai si), which was constructed facing the west, and housed a number of written materials and books.

The Jews who managed the synagogue were called "Mullahs". Floods and fire repeatedly destroyed the books of the Kaifeng synagogue. They obtained some from Ningxia and Ningbo to replace them. Another Hebrew roll of law was bought from a Muslim in Ning-keang-chow in Shen-se (Shanxi), who acquired it from a dying Jew at Canton.

The Chinese called Muslims, Jews, and Christians in ancient times by the same name, "Hui Hui" (Hwuy-hwuy). Crossworshipers (Christians) were called the "Huay who abstain from animals without the cloven foot", Muslims were called "Hwuy who abstain from pork", Jews were called "Hwuy who extract the sinews (removes the sciatic nerve)". Hwuy-tsze (Hui zi) or Hwuy-hwuy (Hui Hui) is presently used almost exclusively for Muslims, but Jews were still called Lan Maou Hwuy tsze (Lan mao Hui zi) which means "Blue cap Hui zi". At Kaifeng, Jews were called "Teaou kin keaou "extract sinew religion". Jews and Muslims in China shared the same name for synagogue and mosque, which were both called "Tsing-chin sze" (Qingzhen si) "Temple of Purity and Truth", the name dated to the 13th century. The synagogue and mosques were also known as Le-pae sze (Libai si). A tablet indicated that Judaism was once known as "Yih-tsze-lo-nee-keaou" (israelitish religion) and synagogues known as Yih-tsze lo nee leen (Israelitish Temple), but it faded out of use.

A Muslim in Nanjing told Semedo that four families of Jews converted to Islam since they were the last Jews in Nanjing, their numbers diminishing.

Various Jewish Chinese individuals worked in government service and owned big properties in China in the 17th century.

Shanghai's first wave of Jews came in the second half of the 19th century, many being Mizrahi Jews from Iraq. The first Jew who arrived there was Elias David Sassoon, who, about the year 1850, opened a branch in connection with his father's Bombay house. Since that period Jews gradually migrated from India to Shanghai, most of them being engaged from Bombay as clerks by the firm of David Sassoon & Co. The community was composed mainly of "Asian," (Sephardi) German, and Russian Jews, though there were a few of Austrian, French, and Italian origin among them. Jews took a considerable part in developing trade in China, and several served on the municipal councils, among them being Silas Aaron Hardoon, partner in the firm of E. D. Sassoon & Co., who served on the French and English councils at the same time. During the early days of Jewish settlement in Shanghai, Jews were involved in the trade in opium and Bombay cotton yarn.

Modern times

Contemporaneous sources estimated the Jewish population in China in 1940—including Manchukuo—at 36,000 (source: Catholic Encyclopedia).

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Jewish merchants from around the world began to trade in Chinese ports, particularly in the commercial centres of Hong Kong, which was for a time a British colony; Shanghai (the International Settlement and French Concession); and Harbin (the Trans-Siberian Railway). In the first half of the 20th century, thousands of Jewish refugees escaping from pogroms in the Russian Empire arrived in China. By the time of the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, only a few Jews were known to have maintained the practice of their religion and culture. China's Jewish communities have been ethnically diverse, ranging from the Jews of Kaifeng and all other ports throughout China. Kaifeng Jewish ancestry has been found among their descendants living among the Hui Muslims, such as during a hajj pilgrimage the Hui Muslim woman Jin Xiaojing (金效靜) found out about her Jewish ancestry and wrote about it in an article, "China's Jews" (中国的犹太人) published in "Points East" in 1981. Scholars have pointed out that Hui Muslims may have absorbed Kaifeng Jews instead of Han Confucians and Buddhists. Jewish converts to Islam who became Hui Muslims in 16th century China were called the blue hat Hui (藍帽回回) since they converted to Islam due to similarities in their traditions. One of the 7 prominent Hui Muslim clans of Kaifeng, the Zhang Jewish clan, became Muslim. The Zhang family, among several Hui Muslims with Kaifeng Jewish ancestry call themselves "fake Muslims" since they are openly proud of their ancestry Instead of being absorbed into Han, a portion of the Jews of China of Kaifeng became Hui Muslims. In 1948 Samuel Stupa Shih (Shi Hong Mo) (施洪模) said he saw a Hebrew language "Religion of Israel" Jewish inscription on a tombstone in a Qing dynasty Muslim cemetery to a place west of Hangzhou. It is reported that they came to be more or less totally assimilated into the Hui Muslim populace, due to widespread intermarriage; especially during the Ming Dynasty. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, however, some international Jewish groups, most notably Shavei Israel, have helped Chinese Jews rediscover their Jewish heritage and reconnect with their Jewish roots.

Shanghai

Jewish life in Shanghai had really taken off with the arrival of the British. Mizrahi Jews from the Middle East came as traders via India and Hong Kong and established some of the leading trading companies in the second half of the 19th century. Later, after World War I, many Ashkenazi Jews came from Europe. Rebbe Meir Ashkenazi (Chabad-Lubavitch) was the Chief Rabbi of Shanghai (1926–1949).

Russian Jews
At the early 20th century many Russian Jews fleeing pogroms in several towns in Russian Empire decided to move to northeast China for permanent settlement (Rabbi Aharon Moshe Kiselev served in Harbin from 1913 until his death in 1949). After the Russian Revolution of 1917, many White Russians, fled to Harbin (former Manchuria). These included, among others, Dr. Abraham Kaufman, who played a leading role in the Harbin Jewish community after 1919, the parents of future Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, and Teodor Parnicki at the age of 12. According to estimates, over 20,000 Jews lived in Harbin and played a key role in the shaping of local politics, economy and international trade.

Dr. Sun Yat-sen, founder of the Republic of China, admired the Jewish people and Zionism, and he also saw parallels between the persecution of Jews and the domination of China by the Western powers. He stated, "Though their country was destroyed, the Jewish nation has existed to this day ... [Zionism] is one of the greatest movements of the present time. All lovers of democracy cannot help but support wholeheartedly and welcome with enthusiasm the movement to restore your wonderful and historic nation, which has contributed so much to the civilization of the world and which rightfully deserve [sic] an honorable place in the family of nations."

The Japanese occupation of Northeast China in 1931 and the establishment of Manchukuo in 1932 had a negative impact on the Harbin Jewish community (13,000 in 1929). Most of those Jews left Harbin for Tianjin, Shanghai, and the British Mandate of Palestine. Until 1939, the Russian Jews were about 5,000 in Shanghai.

World War II

Another wave of 18,000 Jews from Germany, Austria, and Poland immigrated to Shanghai in the late 1930s and early 1940s to escape the Holocaust. Shanghai was an open city at the time and it did not have restrictions on immigration, and some Chinese diplomats such as Ho Feng Shan issued "protective" passports and the Japanese diplomat Chiune Sugihara issued transit visas with which refugees could go to Shanghai after a short stay in Japan. In 1943, the occupying Japanese army required these 18,000 Jews, formally known as "stateless refugees," to relocate to an area of  in Shanghai's Hongkew district (today known as the Hongkou District) where many lived in group homes called "Heime". The total number of Jews who entered Shanghai during this period equaled the total number of Jews who fled to Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand and South Africa combined. Many of the Jews in China later moved to found the modern state of Israel.

Shanghai was an important safe-haven for Jewish refugees during the Holocaust, since it was one of the few places in the world where one didn't need a visa. However, it was not easy to get there. The Japanese, who controlled the city, preferred to look the other way. However, some corrupt officials also exploited the plight of the Jews. By 1941, nearly 20,000 European Jews had found shelter there.

Notable Jews during the Second Sino-Japanese War include Dr. Jakob Rosenfeld, Stanisław Flato, Ruth Weiss, Eva Sandberg (photographer and wife of Communist leader Xiao San), and Morris Abraham Cohen.

Late in the war, Nazi representatives pressured the Japanese army to devise a plan to exterminate Shanghai's Jewish population, and this pressure eventually became known to the Jewish community's leadership. However, the Japanese had no intention of further provoking the anger of the Allies after their already notorious invasion of China and their additional invasion of a number of other Asian nations, so they delayed the German request until the War ended. With the intercession of the Amshenower Rebbe and the translation skills of Leo (Ariyeh) Hanin, the Japanese ultimately kept the Jews of Shanghai safe.

In general, in the period from 1845 to 1945, more than 40,000 Jews came to China to do business or in search of a safe haven.

Late 20th century
After World War II and the establishment of the PRC in 1949, most of these Jews emigrated to Israel or the West, although a few remained. Three prominent non-Chinese lived in China from the establishment of the People's Republic of China to the contemporary period: Sidney Shapiro, Israel Epstein, and Ruth Weiss, two American emigres and one Austrian emigre, are of Jewish descent. Another Jewish-American, Sidney Rittenberg served as interpreter to many top Chinese officials.

Structured Jewish life returned to Beijing in 1979 with the founding of Kehillat Beijing, an egalitarian lay-led community serving ex-patriate Jews from all over the world.

Sara Imas, the Shanghai-born daughter of Shanghai's Jewish Club president, Leiwi Imas, became the first Chinese Jewish immigrant to Israel after the two countries established formal diplomatic relations in 1992. Leiwi Imas, who had to leave Germany for Poland in 1939, arrived in Shanghai the same year. He spent his final years in Shanghai until 1962, prior to the beginning of the Cultural Revolution. Although Sara Imas's non-Chinese appearance and family background brought her much trouble during the Cultural Revolution when she was accused of being a foreign capitalist and spy, today Sara Imas has returned to Shanghai, working as the Chinese representative of an Israeli diamond company.

On June 27, 1985, an international group of scholars and activists gathered in Palo Alto, California to establish the Sino-Judaic Institute. Rabbi Anson Laytner serves as the incumbent president.

The Institute of Jewish Studies was established at Nanjing University in 1992.

Since the 1990s, the Shanghai municipal government has taken the initiative to preserve historical Western architectures that were constructed during Shanghai's colonial past. Many formerly Jewish-owned hotels and private residence have been included in the preservation project. In 1997, the Kadoorie-residence-turned Shanghai Children's Palace, had their spacious front garden largely removed in order to make room for the city's overpass system under construction. A One Day Tour of the history of Jewish presence in Shanghai can be arranged through the Center of Jewish Studies Shanghai. Rabbi Shalom Greenberg from Chabad-Lubavitch in New York City arrived in Shanghai to serve this community in August 1998. Rabbi Arthur Schneier, president of the Appeal of Conscience Foundation of New York, donated a Torah to the community that same year. On the first day of Rosh Hashanah, in September 1999, a Jewish New Year service was held at the Ohel Rachel Synagogue for the first time since 1952.

21st century
As of 2010, it is estimated that 2,000 to 3,000 Jews lived in Shanghai. In May 2010, the Ohel Rachel Synagogue in Shanghai was temporarily reopened to the local Jewish community for weekend services. Synagogues are found in Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong, serving both native Chinese Jews, Israelis and diaspora Jewish communities across the world.

In 2001, Rabbi Shimon Freundlich from the Chabad-Lubavitch movement came and settled in Beijing with the mission of building and leading the Chabad-Lubavitch Centre of Beijing. Kehillat Beijing continues its practice of conducting weekly lay-led Shabbat services, regular holiday observance, and community activities including retreats and celebrations. In 2007, the Sephardic community of Shanghai opened a synagogue, study hall, kosher kitchen, and educational classes for children and adults. The community has its own hacham, who functions as a teacher and chazan, in addition to Rabbi Ephraim Bezalel, who manages local community affairs and kashrut needs. Since a significant amount of Chinese food products and food ingredients are exported to the American market, a number of kosher certification agencies send rabbis to China to serve as kosher inspectors (mashgichim). As of 2009, over 50 mashgichim have been stationed in China, 7 of them from the Orthodox Union.

As of 2019, Harbin could claim a single Jewish inhabitant, professor Dan Ben-Canaan, who helped advise the local government on restoring the city's synagogues and other Jewish-related buildings.

Kaifeng's Jewish community has reported increasing suppression by the authorities since 2015, reversing the modest revival it experienced in the 1990s. The observance of public religious services and the celebration of religious festivals like Passover and Sukkot have been prohibited, and Jewish community groups have been shut down. Signs have been removed from the Kaifeng Synagogue, a historical site located on Teaching the Torah Lane that is now under strict surveillance.

A small number of Chinese Jews have succeeded in making aliyah and immigrating to Israel with the help of private organisations such as Shavei Israel.

Notable Chinese-born people of Jewish ancestry
Song Dandan, an actress who often appears in the Chinese New Year's Gala on CCTV
Stanley Ho, founder and Chairman of SJM Holdings which owns nineteen casinos in Macau including the Grand Lisboa, nicknamed variously Godfather and King of Gambling, reflecting the government-granted monopoly he held on the Macau gambling industry for 75 years
Josie Ho, Stanley Ho's daughter, who is of Dutch Jewish ancestry. Hong Kong-based actress.
Laurence Tribe, an American professor of constitutional law born to European Jewish parents
Ron Klinger, an Australian leading English-language bridge writer, born in Shanghai to European Jewish parents
Mike Medavoy, an American film producer of Ukrainian Jewish descent
Zhao Yingcheng, a Ming Dynasty official from the 17th century, member of the Kaifeng Jewish community
Sir Michael David Kadoorie, a Hong Kong billionaire businessman, and the chairman and 18% owner of CLP Group

See also

Antisemitism in China
Chinese people in Israel
History of the Jews in Hong Kong
History of the Jews in Taiwan
Kaifeng Jews
Ten Lost Tribes
People's Republic of China–Israel relations
Religion in China
Freedom of religion in China
Shanghai Ghetto

References

Citations

Sources
 Works cited

 General references

Further reading
 Adler, Marcus N. "Chinese Jews." The Jewish Quarterly Review 13.1 (1900): 18-41. online
 Eber, Irene, and Kathryn Hellerstein, eds. Jews in China: Cultural Conversations, Changing Perceptions (2021) excerpt
 Ehrlich, M. Avrum. Jews and Judaism in modern China (Routledge, 2009).
 Finn, James. The Jews in China: Their Synagogue, Their Scriptures, Their History (1843) very old guide online.
 Katz, Yossi. "The Jews of China and their Contribution to the Establishment of the Jewish National Home in Palestine in the First Half of the Twentieth Century." Middle Eastern Studies 46.4 (2010): 543-554.
 Kaufman, Jonathan. The Last Kings of Shanghai: The Rival Jewish Dynasties That Helped Create Modern China (2021) excerpt
 Laytner, Anson, and Jordan Paper, The Chinese Jews of Kaifeng: A Millennium of Adaptation and Endurance (Lexington Books, 2017).

 Loewenthal, Rudolf. "The nomenclature of Jews in China." Monumenta Serica 12.1 (1947): 97-126.
 Malek, Roman. From Kaifeng to Shanghai: Jews in China (Routledge, 2017).
 Neubauer, Adolf. "Jews in China." The Jewish Quarterly Review 8.1 (1895): 123-139. online
 Paper, Jordan. The Theology of the Kaifeng Jews, 1000–1850 (Wilfrid Laurier UP, 2012)
 Perlmann, S. M. The History of the Jews in China (R. Mazin, 1913) online.
 Pollack, Michael. Mandarins, Jews, and Missionaries:  the Jewish experience in the Chinese Empire, (New York:  Weatherhill, 1998), .
 Wald, Shalom Salomon. China and the Jewish People (2004)
 White, William Charles. Chinese Jews, (2nd ed, Paragon, 1966).
 Xu, Xin. The Jews of Kaifeng, China: History, Culture, and Religion (2003). online
 Xun, Zhou. Chinese Perceptions of the Jews' and Judaism: A History of the Youtai (Routledge, 2013).
 Zane, Nicholas. Jews in China: A History of Struggle (2019) excerpt

Historiography and Memory
 Goldstein, Jonathan, and Benjamin I. Schwartz. The Jews of China: v. 1: Historical and Comparative Perspectives (Routledge, 2015).
 Goldstein, Jonathan. The Jews of China: v. 2: A Sourcebook and Research Guide (Routledge, 2018) online
 Raiskin, Shlomy. "A Bibliography on Chinese Jewry", Moreshet Israel (Journal of Judaism, Zionism and Eretz-Israel), No. 3 (September 2006), pp. 60–85.
 Ross, James R. et al. eds. The Image of Jews in Contemporary China (2019) excerpt
 Shapiro, Sidney.  Jews in Old China, Studies by Chinese Scholars, (Hippocrene Books, 1984), online
 Shulman, Frank Joseph. "The Chinese Jews and the Jewish Diasporas in China from the Tang Period (AD 618-906) through the Mid-1990s: A Selected Bibliography." The Jews of China (Routledge, 2018) pp. 157–183.
 Song, Lihong. "From 'Jews in China' to 'Jews and China'." Journal of Modern Jewish Studies 17.4 (2018): 487-495.

External links
Schnorientalism: The Tao of Jews,  The Jewish Forward

Ethnic groups in China

History of the Jews in China


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