The Speak Good English Movement (SGEM) is a Singapore Government campaign to "encourage Singaporeans to speak grammatically correct English that is universally understood". It was launched by then-Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong on 29 April 2000. The purpose was to ensure that Singaporeans recognise the importance of speaking Standard English and to encourage its usage. It is seen as a measure to counter the usage of Singapore Colloquial English, known as Singlish.

Background
English was introduced in 1819 with the establishment of the modern port in Singapore. The port attracted migrants from neighbouring countries, such as China and India, resulting in a diverse linguistic landscape. Proximity to these languages has over generations influenced Singaporean English. Known colloquially as Singlish, the vernacular dialect is characterised by the mixture of local expressions with Standard English (e.g. the use of discourse particles such as ). Singlish is commonly used by Singaporeans in informal contexts and can be incomprehensible to non-Singaporeans.

When the Speak Good English Movement was launched in 1999, then-Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong described Singlish as "English corrupted by Singaporeans", and "broken, ungrammatical English". According to the government, mastery of Standard English is imperative to raise living standards in Singapore, and Singlish causes problems when Singaporeans need to communicate in the "global language of commerce, business and technology". The movement thus campaigns for an improved standard of English used in Singapore. In hopes of extending its reach, the movement adopts a different theme and target group each year, and also collaborates with various partner organisations to provide programmes in line with the movement's goals.

Aims
The campaign aims to discourage the use of Singlish and encourage the use of a more standardised form of English, (i.e. generally modelled on the British standard). According to the movement's chairman, then Colonel (NS) David Wong, the Speak Good English Movement aims to build a sense of pride that Singaporeans can speak good English, as opposed to Singlish, as well as to check the trend where Singaporeans use Singlish as a way of identifying themselves. Instead, it envisions a brand of grammatically correct English, different from Singlish, to be linked with the unique Singaporean identity.

Past themes
Since 2003, the Speak Good English Movement has been launched annually with year-long programmes and activities held island-wide to increase the awareness among Singaporeans that speaking good English matters in their daily lives. Each year a different theme focusing on the target audience is created. The themes that were used in the campaign up until 2015 are:

 2000–2004: Speak Well. Be Understood.
 2005–06: Speak Up. Speak Out. Speak Well.
 2006–07: Be Understood. Not only in Singapore, Malaysia and Batam.
 2007–08: Rock Your World! Express Yourself.
 2008–09: I Can
 2009–10: Impress. Inspire. Intoxicate.
 2010–11: Get It Right
 2011–12: How You Speak Makes a Difference
 2012–13: Make Good English Stick
 2013–14: 10 Tips to Improve Your English
 2014-16: Grammar Rules Matter. Use Good English.
 2017–18: Learn Grammar Rules to Rule the English Language
 2019: Let's Connect. Let's Speak Good English.

2000–2004 : Speak Well. Be Understood.
In 1999, then Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong highlighted the problem of speaking Singlish in his National Day Rally. A year later in April 2000, he officially launched the Speak Good English Movement with the tagline 'Speak Well, Be Understood'. He stressed the importance of speaking standard English and reducing the use of Singlish, as Singapore is a hub city and an open economy with a need to interact with English-speaking foreigners. Singaporeans often use Chinese syntax and literal translations of Chinese phrases while speaking English, which make utterances seem truncated and incomprehensible to foreigners. In his rally, the prime minister stressed that "if we speak a corrupted form of English that is not understood by others, we will lose a key competitive advantage." The movement was spearheaded by a committee of people in the private sector led by then Colonel (NS) David Wong, a senior adviser with the consulting company Ernst and Young. Its target audience was Singaporeans under 40, which included young working adults, parents and students in schools, tertiary institutes, polytechnics and technical institutes. The launch kick-started a week-long festival packed with events such as plays and a speech marathon.

Later in the year, the public sector also organised year-long programmes as part of the movement. One such event was the seminar held by the Singapore Teachers' Union (STU) at the Shangri-La Hotel, attended by about 500 participants who were mostly teachers. The seminar emphasised the power of pronunciation and the teaching of grammar, and encouraged teachers to teach English in more creative ways in schools using dramas and role-playing. Other highlights in 2000 included the launch of Grammar Matters, a series of five books using comics to illustrate the correct use of grammar by the Regional English Language Centre in support of the movement.

From 2001 to 2002, it was reported that increasingly, Singaporeans were becoming more aware and acknowledging the importance of speaking good English. The British Council continued to operate its toll-free line giving English lessons. Reportedly, year 2001 saw almost 250,000 callers while there were about 170,000 callers in 2002.  Also, an inter-school Scrabble competition, in which 54 primary schools participated, was held to kick off the year's events in April 2002.

According to the Government, more Singaporeans recognised the need to speak well, and took steps to improve their spoken English. Programmes organised by SGEM partners such as the People's Association and the British Council were well received.

In 2003, the movement, already in its fourth year, aimed to not only encourage Singaporeans to speak well but also speak simple English.  Chairman Wong said, "They may be afraid to use English; it's not natural to them. This year what we would like to do is encourage people to try. Have a go even if they can't speak well, even if they cannot use long words, even if they can't use long sentences; it's not important. The idea is to use simple words, simple sentences and convey their message clearly." The movement continued throughout the year until March 2004 so as to create greater impact and awareness.

In its fifth year, acting Manpower Minister Ng Eng Hen launched the campaign at The Arts House at Old Parliament in April 2004. The target of the campaign can be summed up as English@Work&Play. Its target audience was working adults in the service industry, including cabbies, shop assistants, waiters and others, which made up 70 per cent of all workers in Singapore. People in positions of influence, parents and teachers were also encouraged to serve as positive role models in speaking good English to those around them. The movement also partnered organisations and key agencies in training workshop initiatives to improve the English language proficiency of all their teachers. A new programme called Functional Literacy for Our Workers (FLOW) was initiated by the Workforce Development Agency with the aim to equip workers who had little English literacy with some basic tools required for them to do their work. Other activities to promote good English were also held throughout the year, such as the WISH programme (as in the previous year), and talks at selected public libraries to educate the public on the importance of reading aloud and on using English to communicate with one's family.

Partner programmes

Mattel Southeast Asia held the Inter School Scrabble competition.
Singapore Drama Educators Association (SDEA) held DRAMAzing race, which involved some 150 students from 29 secondary schools in a race that encouraged them to utilise good English. The race was similar in format to The Amazing Race.
The National University of Singapore held PROSE (Promotion of Standard English) Forum where prominent figures in Singapore shared their experiences about the importance of speaking good English and being understood.
National Library Board held the Raise-A-Reader Workshop: The Primary Years tailored specially to equip parents with the know-hows of choosing suitable reading materials for their children and complementing their reading habits. Other events such as ACTiquette! Dramatization Contest were also organized in conjunction of the SGEM 2003.
English Language and Literature Teachers Association of Singapore, ELLTA (S) conducted a seminar on Speaking Good English for Effective Teaching and Communication.
Julia Gabriel Speech & Drama Centre held a workshop for parents to develop language skills, encourage reading skills and motivate writing skills using books, stories and poems at home for their children.
The British Council held workshops for parents to improve their pronunciation, to identify Singlish errors and replace them with the standard forms and held IELTS tests.
Society for Reading & Literacy (SRL) conducted a six-month Women Learning English (WISH) Programme for free at 12 community centres nationwide with a record enrollment of 180 students in six classes. Also, Sheila Wee from the SRL conducted a talk to educate parents on the use of storytelling to develop children's interest in English.
Workshops by SGEM partners: These included Reading Aloud: The Whys And Hows organised by Society for Reading & Literacy (SRL), Tell Me A Story and Fun With Tots by National Library Board that educated parents on how to develop reading skills in their children among others.
Speak Good English Weekend held at The Arts House at Old Parliament saw the collaboration of SGEM partners like Asian Storytelling Network (ASN), British Council, Institute of Technical Education (ITE), Julia Gabriel Speech & Drama Centre, National Library Board, News Radio 93.8FM and Regional Language Centre (RELC) to organise activities related to English such as Scrabble, poetry, and tongue-twister sessions. Booths were set up to allow enrolment for English classes as well.

2005–06 : Speak Up. Speak Out. Speak Well.

Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong launched that year's Speak Good English Movement on 13 May at the HDB Hub Auditorium at Toa Payoh. Chairing the movement was Professor Koh Tai Ann, professor of English Literature at the School of Humanities and Social Sciences at Nanyang Technological University. Professor Koh highlighted that speaking good English did not necessarily mean that one should seek to eradicate or diminish the usage of Singlish or mother tongue. He recognised the importance of mother tongue and Singlish as a bonding element for Singaporeans, but emphasised that there was a right place and time for it and that Singaporeans must be able to converse in Standard English when an occasion called for it. The highlights of that year's movement included the appointment of 12 ambassadors for the SGEM 2005. They included taxi drivers, cyber gamers and media personalities.

Partner programmes in 2005–06

Singapore Plain English Speaking Award (PESA) 2005 was organised by the Ministry of Education and YMCA Singapore from 30 May to 29 July 2005. It took the format of story telling competition for Primary and Secondary students. While the primary school children were to draft and compose their own stories, the secondary school contestants had to pick a topic of interest, plan a speech, and present their ideas and arguments fluently and eloquently through the use of plain English. A total of 140 students participated in the event.
Workshops and Seminars by SGEM partners: These included Raise-A-Reader Workshop by the National Library Board for parents to develop conducive reading environments for their children. A Mouthful of Words by Reach Learning Centre was organised for children between 9–12 years old and their parents to understand and explore the concept of phonetics and encourage good spoken English.The Hamburger Model: A Story Writing Workshop was organized by Ms Angeline Tan from Creative Culture Consultants which taught 7- to 10-year-old children how to develop interesting storylines and write a story.
READi Course For Reading Facilitators organized by Society for Reading & Literacy (SRL) aimed to reach out to underprivileged children who had difficulties in reading.  Partial sponsorships were given to deserving volunteers who had attended the two-month course. A total of ten volunteers obtained the sponsorship. They later carried out para-intervention or remedial reading sessions in schools, voluntary welfare organisations and libraries for children with reading difficulties.
Nationwide challenges and competitions were organized by SGEM partners. These included DRAMAmazing race 2 by Singapore Drama Educators Association (SDEA) which involved school students solving puzzles and making use of good English to complete the race that was similar to The Amazing Race, and the inter-school Scrabble Championship 2005 that was put together by Mattel Southeast Asia. Other activities include the SGEM 2005 Pronunciation challenge held by the British Council and the National Library Board between 17 May to 20 June. In the challenge, members of the public logged onto the official SGEM website, listened to and selected the dialogue with the correct pronunciation to win a free course from the British Council.

2006–07 : Be Understood. Not only in Singapore, Malaysia and Batam

The 2006 movement was launched by Radm (NS) Lui Tuck Yew, Minister of State For Education on 25 July 2006 at The Plaza, National Library Building. The focus of the year was on creating a standard of English for Singaporeans to be understood anywhere in the world, not just locally but internationally. The highlights of the 2006 movement include starting of the 'English as it is Broken' column in the Generation Y page of The Sunday Times which addressed questions relating to English sent in by its readers. This column continued its run for two years in print and was later adapted to a regularly updated online column on STOMP which still runs today. There have also been daily enquiries regarding English language on STOMP. Its popularity led to the publication of two best-selling volumes of books of the same title- 'English As It is Broken', based on issues brought up from the site.

Partner programmes in 2006–07

Walk and Talk competition (British Council): During November 2006 – February 2007, students from Primary to pre-university entered the competition by creating short animations films in collaboration with tertiary-level design and technology students.
Singapore's Favourite Words Contest (British Council): An online contest was held for the public to vote for their favourite English words. The contest concluded with 'love' as Singapore's favourite English word. Other words include 'cool' and 'exhausted'. The winner was given a pair of tickets to the UK. In a follow-up from the larger Singapore's 100 Favourite Words, a competition was held for participants to incorporate the top 10 words in a short story writing competition.
Golden Point Award 2007 (National Arts Council, The Arts House): The biennial writing competition which began in 1992 was held on 24 April 2007.
'Express Yourself' Workshops (British Council): A series of six workshops were conducted for young adults to improve their literacy skills. Each workshop focused on one emotion (e.g. hope, anger, etc.) and looked at different ways of expressing it.
Getting to Know the International Phonetic Alphabet (National Institute of Education): A two-hour workshop was conducted for the public to learn about the IPA. They were held on 30 September 2006 and 25 November 2006.
Is Your Child Reading Enough? (Reading Specialists Association, National Library Board): A half-day free forum was held for the public on 9 September 2006 at Bishan Community Library, to raise concerns they may have regarding reading. Topics included : 'What type of Reader is your child?', 'Busting Reading Myths' and 'Ingredients for Raising a Successful Young Reader'.
Journey through a Story (Creative Culture Education Centre): On 7 September 2006, children at the Cheng San Community Library were taught how to create stories from pictures.
Child Mother Goose Programme (Fei Yue Family Community Service): A parent-child programme was held at Yishun Community Library on 6 September 2006 to encourage parents to use rhymes and stories to enhance language communication abilities in toddlers.
Magical Tales from Afar (National Book Development Council of Singapore): On 5 and 6 September 2006, international storytellers narrated stories about their homeland.
'English As It IS Broken' (The Sunday Times, Ministry of Education): A new weekly column was introduced in the Gen Y page of the Sunday Times. It addressed questions related to English.
2006 Plain English Speaking Award (YMCA Singapore, Ministry of Education, National Library Board) : The public speech competition for students was held in August 2006.
SGEM Pamphlets & Posters for Retailers (Singapore Retailers Association): Pamphlets and posters which consisted of helpful phrases for communication were distributed in a bid to encourage staff to use Standard English at the workplace.

2007–08 : Rock Your World! Express Yourself

Launched by Radm (NS) Lui Tuck Yew, Minister of State For Education on 31 July 2007 at Timbre Music Bistro, the 2007/08 Movement targeted four broad groups – youth, parents, teachers and frontline staff. The key focus was on the youth, while parents, teachers, and frontline staff were seen as the main people to have interactions with them, thus having a vital role in the language input that they receive. The organizers tried to encourage young Singaporeans to express themselves through the arts and music. This year also saw the appointment for the new chairman – Mr Goh Eck Kheng, publisher of Landmark Books for a two-year term from 1 March 2008 to 30 April 2010.

Rock Your Word – A social networking initiative
From August 2007 to June 2008, the movement held weekly programmes and performances which aimed to allow youths to grow their confidence and fluency with the code. Programmes included music, oratorical performances, film, drama, stand-up comedy, and poetry. In providing a platform for local artists, it had hoped to use the power and reach of those artists to send its message to youths in Singapore. It also used social media platforms such as MySpace, YouTube, Facebook, STOMP, Youth.Sg, The Speak Good English Movement website and blogs by band members.

Partner programmes in 2007–08
 Inspiring Teacher of English Award 2008 (The Straits Times): This was the first national award to acknowledge passionate English teachers in Singapore schools who have ignited love of the English language in their students by using innovative methods to help students speak and write better.
 Good English Tip-off! (Youth.Sg): A monthly series which provided nuggets of information about using English.
 Fat Kids Are Harder To Kidnap – 31 plays in 1-hour (Youth Empire): An interactive theatrical production performed by How Dram company which ran for 3 Wednesdays between 5–16 March 2008.
 Schools Digital Media Awards 2008 (SDMA): In this year, there were some winning entries that were related to good English.
 School Invasion Tour at Temasek Junior College: On 31 January 2008, music acts by Switchfoot, Speak Good English Movement activists, West Grand Boulevard and Caracal were performed for students at Temasek Junior College.
 Speak Good English Day at Singapore Polytechnic: On 28 November 2008, students and lecturers from the School of Business at Singapore Polytechnic held performances to emphasise the importance of speaking good English. The programme included a skits of a Singlish version of Little Red Riding Hood, a courtroom trial as well as a mock debate on the topic "Men Are Redundant".
 English As It Is NOT Broken! (Singapore Polytechnic) held a version of the oratorical competition – Plain English Speaking Award to proficient speakers to represent the school in the annual Plain English Speak Award by the YMCA.
 Switch on to Standard English! & Interactive Storytelling Sessions (Julia Gabriel Centre for Learning, National Library Board): two events were conducted with a talk "Switch on to Standard English!" on how Standard English is crucial to children's success in school, and Interactive Storytelling Sessions which used drama, puppets and music in the process.
 Stories My Grandparents Told Me Storytelling Competition 2007 (Acropolis English Centre, National Book Development council of Singapore): 13 primary school students qualified as finalists in this competition.
 Special Edition of Rock Your World (Timbre Music Bistro & Bar, The British Council): On 5 December 2007, Charlie Dark was brought in for a one-night-only performance.
 Rock Your World @ Youth.SG  Contest: Contests were held every last Tuesday of the month where participants had to creatively express an emotion such as 'joy' or 'anger' in any way.

2008–09: I Can
Launched by Minister Lim Boon Heng, Prime Minister's Office, on 26 August 2008, the Speak Good English Movement 2008 targeted the workforce who were seen as the people both Singaporeans and international visitors would encounter most frequently. Frontline staff of the service and retail sectors were especially targeted.
The message of the tagline of 2008 – 'I Can' was that 'I can help others improve their English.', 'I can take action to improve my English.' and 'I can speak good English if I want to.' In order to encourage willingness to speak and improve their proficiency of Standard English, the movement of this year initiated the classification of Singaporeans into three categories: 1. Singaporeans who can speak Standard English. 2. Singaporeans who cannot yet speak Standard English and are open to improving themselves. 3. Singaporeans who are not able to speak Standard English and do not see the importance of doing so.

Partner programmes in 2008–09

 Service English for Retail Professionals (Singapore Retailers Association): A new training programme called "Service English for Retail Professionals" was launched. It targeted non-fluent English speakers in the service and retail sectors.
Inspiring Teacher of English Award 2009 (The Straits Times): This was the first national award to acknowledge passionate English teachers in Singapore schools who have ignited love of the English language in their students, used innovative methods to help students speak and write better.
Schools Digital Media Awards (SDMA) 2009
 The ABCs of Pronunciation (Jan & Elly) : A series of four workshops were conducted at four public libraries. They aimed to help Singaporeans understand and use proper pronunciation on the international stage by using phonemic awareness techniques and giving tips on commonly mispronounced words.
 What Every Parent Needs to Know About Standard Singapore English (RELC and National Library Board): A series of three talks were presented on how parents have an influence on their children's use of Standard English. The titles of the talks are 'What Every Parent Needs to Know About Standard Singapore English' and 'Ten Best Ideas to Teach Your Children to Speak Good English' and ' Using Standard Spoken English at Home'.
Inspiring Teacher of English award 2008 (The Straits Times) : On 29 October, the inaugural Award ceremony was held at the National Library Building. Nine teachers were presented with the award.
English As It Is Broken (STOMP): At the website, ongoing question and answer for the public about English was updated daily by an English panel.

2009–10 : Impress. Inspire. Intoxicate.
The Speak Good English Movement 2009 was officially launched by Deputy Prime Minister Teo Chee Hean on 28 August with the tagline "Impress. Inspire. Intoxicate": impress those we communicate with, inspire others as role models of good English and using words that intoxicate to make everyday communication more engaging. The tagline also aimed to convey the message that communicating well goes beyond grammar and vocabulary and involves being able to express and be understood as well. The target of this year's movement is young people of the wired generation, aged 18 to 29.

Six Lives
This year, the movement initiated an online drama titled Six Lives which followed the lives of six friends planning a wedding for their friends John and Huileng. Over a span of 12 episodes, Six Lives aimed to show the importance of communicating well and how 'Impress, Inspire and Intoxicate' can be incorporated into daily situations that friends get into, through the demonstration by the six characters who interacted through blog entries and comments at the Sixlives webpage.

Partner programmes in 2009–10

Grammar Ninja (STOMP): A contest was held where participants had to take pictures of poor English usage in public places, suggest corrections and post it in the forum according to a different theme each month. The 'Grammar Ninja' with the most significant contribution of the month was awarded a S$100 Kinokuniya book voucher.
Inspiring Teacher of English Award 2010 (The Straits Times): This was the first national award to acknowledge passionate English teachers in Singapore schools who have ignited love of the English language in their students, used innovative methods to help students speak and write better.
Work Your Language (Mediacorp Radio's 938LIVE) : It was a weekly radio programme which aimed to enhance the working experience. Though weekly episodes, tips and hints where shared on how to be more effective in the workplace and improve relationships with colleagues with better language skills.
Fix That Sign (STOMP) :A contest which gave prizes to the top three voted entries of photographs of signs with broken English island wide.
English As It Is Broken contest (PIONEER): A contest with the Singapore Armed Force's monthly print magazine, which gave away T-shirts for entries of photos with corrections for signs with broken English.
Language Master 2009 (Teens Network Club): In collaboration with the People's Association Teens Network Club, Language Master was a competition to encourage teens in upper primary and lower secondary to speak in proper English.
Schools Digital Media Awards 2010 (SDMA): A category open to both student and teachers that was related to good English was included in the competition this year- 'Miscommunication in the English Language'.
Free English Workshops (The British Council): A series of four free English workshops were conducted on the topics of 'Guiding Children in Reading', 'Learning English Online', 'Singlish vs Standard English' and 'Presentation Skills'.

2010–11 : Get it Right

In its 11th year, the Speak Good English Movement 2010 which was launched on 7 September 2010 with the tagline 'Get It Right'. This year's focus is on those who are less proficient in Standard English. It aimed at broadening the environment in which Standard English is used, in order to create a conducive environment where those less proficient in the code can learn by example. Fluent speakers of Standard English are encouraged to use it more frequently in all conversation, regardless if it is with family members, colleagues, hawkers, or taxi drivers.

Activist toolkit
In a bid for Singaporeans to 'Get It Right'-where those proficient in Standard English take note to use the language accurately and those who are less proficient at it try to use it correctly; the organisers introduced an Activist Toolkit. The Activist Toolkit includes sticky notes, stickers and notebooks. People are encouraged to use the sticky notes to correct English errors that they encounter anywhere. For example, correcting a wrongly expressed sign by pasting a sticky note over it. This tactic is called 'guerrilla-styled' from guerrilla marketing. The current Minister for Community Development, Youth and Sports Vivian Balakrishnan kicked off this year's campaign by being the first to correct a sign at the Xin Food Court at the HarbourFront Centre. He replaced an ungrammatical sign saying 'No outside food allowed' with a one which reads 'No food from elsewhere, please'.

Partner programmes in 2010–11

English Pronunciation Workshops (Jan & Elly): This partner programme by Jan and Elly offered a series of free pronunciation workshops that were held at public libraries across Singapore. The workshops aimed to teach participants how to understand and use proper English pronunciation in an international environment.
English Workshop Series (British Council Singapore): The British Council Singapore offered a series of free workshops at public libraries across Singapore from August to December 2010. Topics included 'Know your pronunciation', 'Phonics and Early Learning Literacy' and 'Success with your Presentation'. Reading workshops for children and parents as well as English communication workshops for working adults are also conducted.
English Workshops for Young Executives (Ascend Education Centre): Ascend Education Centre conducted a series of eight workshops targeting young working executives. The focus was on improving communication skills by brushing up written and spoken grammar of the participants. Some of the topics included: 'Don't Be Tense Over Tenses – Present, Perfect and Past', 'Would You if You Could? – Use of Modals', 'Be Active About Using the Passive', 'Work Your Way Up – Use of Phrasal Verbs', 'Therefore, In Conclusion – Use of Conjunctions and Transition Phrases'
English As It Is Broken: The citizen journalism and social networking site STOMP collaborated with SGEM to provide an English-language panel which answers readers' questions regarding the English language in the local context on a daily basis. STOMP's continuing partnership with the movement has since produced two books focus on commonly asked questions and mistakes, as well as tips on how to improve the reader's command of the English language. STOMP also launched a free iPhone app, Say It Right, that allows users to listen to the correct pronunciation of words that are most commonly mispronounced by Singaporeans and to look up the definition of these words. The app uses a familiar Singaporean voice to pronounce the words in hopes of making it more appealing and useful to its target audience in spontaneous situations when they are unsure of the pronunciation of a certain word.
Street Speak (RazorTV): RazorTV, an online television broadcast service launched a five-part video series titled 'Street Speak' was focuses on 5 areas where Singaporeans commonly face difficulties in their daily use of the English language. The series also suggests corrections for self-improvements. The five areas include 'Literal translations', 'Vocabulary', 'Grammar/ Tenses', 'Pronunciation', 'Listening'.
English Fun Facts (938LIVE): The radio station would run daily programmes featuring fun facts and trivia about English. Examples of topics include 'Did you know that certain English words actually have foreign origins?' and 'Did you know that the meanings of some English words have evolved over time?'

2019 : Let's Connect. Let's Speak Good English
With the new appointment of a new chairman after ten years and the formation of a new committee, a new campaign was rolled out on 14 June 2019. Mr. Jason Leow, chairman of Speak Good English Movement, says the movement recognises Singlish as a "cultural marker for many Singaporeans", but good English has value in "promoting understanding, supports business communication and helps us be understood by others wherever English is spoken – internationally and in Singapore."

The logo is a quotation mark symbolising a person in conversation, with the new tagline 'Let's connect. Let's speak good English.'

Criticism
The SGEM has received mixed reactions from its beginning; its strongest opponents have included linguists and social commentators. In response, Liew Choon Boon, Director of the Arts & Heritage Development Division from the Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts and Ho Peng, Director of Curriculum Planning and Development from the Ministry of Education, wrote in a letter published in The Straits Times on 12 December 2008:

Singlish as a marker of Singaporean identity

The Speak Good English Movement is the government's effort to encourage Singaporeans to speak Standard English rather than the colloquial form, Singlish.  Many Singaporeans have criticised this as trying to eradicate Singlish. Arguing that Singlish is a distinctive marker of Singaporean identity, supporters of Singlish criticise SGEM. Their support for Singlish stems from the belief that Singlish can forge social cohesion and according to some, "It may be the only thing that makes us Singaporean." Likewise, celebrity STOMP blogger Leow Ju Len says in this blog post:

Save Our Singlish Campaign
On 27 April 2002, two years after the start of SGEM, TalkingCock launched the Save Our Singlish Campaign. They made it clear at the speech during the launch that they did not oppose the speaking of good English. Rather, they "completely support the writing and speaking of good English" and hoped that SGEM would see the Save Our Singlish Campaign "as complementary, not adversarial". TalkingCock found it important to save Singlish for it is a crucial part of the Singaporean culture and heritage:

Furthermore, they reiterated that "Singlish is not just broken English. It's a patois." They argued that speaking good English should not be promoted at the expense of Singlish. Singapore Watch summed it up with "Speak Singlish proudly, speak English properly." Colin Goh, who started TalkingCock, pointed out that Singaporeans can tell the difference between English and Singlish:

He further acknowledged that there are times when improper English is spoken by Singaporeans but reiterated that the blame cannot be pushed onto Singlish:

In an event held on 24 August 2006, TalkingCock in Parliament: We, the Citizens, Ruby Pan (a former Ministry of Education scholar and a graduate of Princeton University) displayed the ability to switch easily from Standard English to Singlish and to different English accents.

Speak Good Singlish Movement
The Speak Good Singlish Movement gathers support through a Facebook page which  had 252 members though as reported in a dead link, an identically named group had 3,140 members in December 2012. It began as a response to the launch of SGEM 2010, in particular, its notion of using post-its to correct public signs written in poor English. The page ran its own post-it campaign, called the "Post-its Tak Bak Chew Campaign", inviting supporters to send in snapshots of their own home-made signs with proper Singlish.

The original Facebook page was established on 11 September 2010 with the following statements:

In an exclusive interview with The Online Citizen, one of Singapore's key social commentary websites, its unnamed founder directly called into question Dr Balakrishnan's appeal about the SGEM.

Hiring "native" English speakers to teach
Since Singapore gained independence in 1965, English is taught as a first language and is also the most dominant language in Singapore. All public schools use English as the medium of instruction. But one cannot classify all Singaporeans as native speakers of English because the main languages spoken at home are not necessarily English. In 2006, then Education Minister Tharman Shanmugaratnam mentioned during a dialogue session at a student education conference that his ministry was looking at hiring "native speakers" to teach English language in schools in order to improve the standard of teaching the English language in school. Following this, many Singaporeans wrote in to newspapers forums with questions such as "Why aren't our English teachers suitably qualified?" and wondering if "native English speakers" meant foreign English-speakers hailing from the United States or from Britain.

On 14 June 2006, mrbrown reported in his blog that the Ministry of Education had already put up job advertisements in the British newspaper The Guardian for experienced, qualified native speakers of English to teach English as a first language, English literature, geography, history, knowledge and inquiry.

Subsequently, mrbrown created two podcasts on the mrbrown show to express his views. The first gave insight to what will happen if the implementation of hiring foreign native English speakers to teach English became too successful. The second tells of how he imagines the interviews with the native speaker applicants for the teaching jobs.

In response, Jennifer Chan, Press Secretary to Minister for Education, wrote in a forum letter reply dated 22 June 2006 that:

The hiring of "a small number" of foreign teachers was to complement the local teachers in subjects like English, the Mother Tongue Languages and the humanities. This formed part of the plan to bring the standard of English languages in schools to a higher level.

The "interference" argument
Drawing from notions of linguistic interference, the "interference" argument justifies the need to eliminate Singlish by suggesting that it confuses and contaminates Standard English. It suggests that the inability to distinguish the grammars of the two varieties of English will cause learners to mix their features, thus contaminating the grammar of the standard version.

However, many Singaporeans feel that Singlish is unlikely to negatively affect their proficiency in Standard English. In a 2008 study, about 41% of the Singaporean participants felt that they already have a good command of English. Another study by Wee (2005) has shown that in general, Singaporeans are confident in their code-switching abilities between Singlish and Standard English, which undermines the claims that using Singlish interferes with the learning of Standard English.

See also
 English-only movement
 Languages of Singapore
 Linguistic rights
 Singapore English
 Singlish vocabulary
 Speak Mandarin Campaign
 Language planning and policy in Singapore

References

External links
 Official site

2000 establishments in Singapore
English language in Singapore
Language policy in Singapore
Singapore government policies
Sociolinguistics

Speak Good English Movement


Silvia N. Blumenfeld (1949) es una experta mundial en micología. De 1986 hasta 2004, fue profesora de Micología y Biotecnología de fungi filamentosos en la Universidad Nacional del Comahue, en Río Negro, Argentina. Se trasladó a Israel, donde se estableció en 2002, convirtiéndose en curadora de las colecciones de hongos de la Universidad de Tel Aviv, y especializándose en setas medicinales. Ha escrito más de 50 artículos, libros, y patentes de invención a su nombre, habiendo recibido honores académicos. En 1995, fue galardonada con el Premio Nacional 'José Antonio Balseiro' por su obra.

Carrera
Silvia Blumenfeld es una profesora e investigadora, especializándose en micología, fitopatología y patogenia de forestales. También es experta en biotecnología de setas, hongos descomponedores de madera, y en colecciones de cultivos de setas. Dirigió proyectos de selección genética y mejora de cepas de hongos comestibles y medicinales. Blumenfeld trabajó veinte años en la formulación de inoculantes y en su producción industrial, además de biotecnología de setas.

 Profesora de Fitopatología, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Facultad de Agronomía, Cinco Saltos, Río Negro, Argentina. De 1986 a 2004
 Profesora de Biotecnología de setas filamentosas, curso de Grado de maestría en Ciencias Químicas de la Universidad Nacional del Comahue. De 1995 a 2004

 Miembro de la "Carrera de Investigador Científico y Tecnológico" del Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina (CONICET), de 1985 a 2002
 Fue investigadora en el Hagolan Research Institute, en 2003
 Fue curadora en la Universidad de Tel Aviv, de las colecciones de hongos, desde 2006 a 2010

 Profesora invitada a importantes y numerosas Universidades e Institutos, de Canadá, España, Francia, EE. UU., México, Venezuela, Cuba, Brasil, Uruguay.

 En 2010, desarrolló la empresa Mycolo: una compañía especializada en el cultivo y procesamiento de setas medicinales a extractos medicinales

Grados académicos
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires
 Grado: Licenciatura en Ciencias Biológicas
 Postgrado: Dr. en Ciencias Biológicas
 Profesora de Fitopatología y Biotecnología de setas

Honores
1995 – Premio Nacional Argentino José Antonio Balseiro
 Como Directora de Grupo de Trabajo, por los resultados de transferencia de tecnología y extensión con el sector productivo en los tópicos de setas comestibles, otorgado por el Ministerio de Educación y el Fórum de Ciencia y Tecnología. Le fue otorgado el 26 de abril por el Presidente de la Nación Argentina, Dr. Carlos Saúl Menem, en el Salón Blanco de la Casa Rosada.

Miembro de
 Sociedad Argentina de Botánica, desde 1977
 Mycological Society of America, desde 1985 a 1995
 Canadian Phytopathological Society, desde 1987 a 1995
 Asociación Argentina de Micología, desde 1987
 Sociedad Chilena de Fitopatología, desde 1991
 Asociación latinoamericana de Micología, desde 1994
 Asociación Micológica Carlos Spegazzini, desde 1994
 Beer Sheva, Israel, agosto de 2008

Algunas publicaciones

Artículos
 . 2008. Cultural studies on Fomitiporia punctata, associated with esca wood decay of grapevines in Israel. Mycological Res. (in prensa)

 ------------------------, ---------------, ---------. 2007. Fungi associated with esca wood decay of grapevines in Israel. Proceedings of II International Congress of Food Science and Technology, Córdoba, Argentina: 315-327

 ------------------------. 2007. Toxic mushrooms in Israel. Proceedings of II International Congress of Food Science and Technology, Córdoba, Argentina: 328-339

 . 2004. Creation of a Culture Collection Federation for Latin America and the Caribbean. WFCC Newsletter 38:45

https://web.archive.org/web/20101122145434/http://conicet.gov.ar/VINCULACION/acciones/listado_convenios_de_patentes.php
 ------------------------, . 2000. Estudio comparativo de cepas americanas y europeas de hongos comestibles. Revista Ibero-Americana de Micología 17:129-136

 ------------------------, --------------. 2001. Cultivo de Pleurotus spp. sobre residuos lignocelulósicos. Revista Ibero-Americana de Micología 18:92-98

 ------------------------. 2001. Crecimiento y productividad de cuatro cepas de Pleurotus ostreatus (Fr.) Kumm. sobre differentes sustratos. Revista Bosque (Chile) 22(2): 135-141

 . 2001. Tuber rufus Pico, first citation for Argentina. The Mycologist: 15 (4): 173-175

 . 1998. El proyecto RESANFOR-NEUQUÉN, evaluación de daños producidos por las enfermedades de origen fúngico. Actas del Primer Simposio Argentinocanadiense y Primer Congreso Argentino de Protección Forestal (PROFOR): 1-10

 ------------------------, . 1998. Micorrizas comestibles en plantaciones de coníferas de Río Negro y Neuquén. Actas del Primer Simposio Argentino-canadiense y Primer Congreso de Protección Forestal (PROFOR): 51-59

 ------------------------. 1998. Argentine patent on new method of mushroom cultivation on wood wastes. Patente de invención No. 251.648 del Instituto Nacional de la Propiedad Industrial, INPI, Buenos Aires, Argentina

 ------------------------. 1997. Cepario LIHLCOM de la Universidad Nacional del Comahue. En: CABBIO (Eds.) Catálogo Nacional de Cepas de Microorganismos, PROIMI - FCEN - UBA, Tucumán, p. 92-96

 ------------------------, . 1996. Micorrización de plántulas de pino carrasco (Pinus halepensis) obtenidos por propagación vegetativa. Investigación Agraria. Recursos forestales 5 (2): 181-195

 ------------------------. 1996. Cultivo de Lentinus edodes Berk, sobre aserrín de álamo suplementado. Bol. Soc. Arg. Bot. 32 (1): 55-61

 ------------------------, . 1995. Hongos lignívoros en bosques de lenga Nothofagus pumilio (Poepp. et Endl.) Krasser] de la provincia de Neuquén, Argentina. Bosque (Chile) 16 (2): 84-96

 ------------------------, . 1994. Cultivo de hongos comestibles sobre residuos de maderas. Bol. Soc. Arg. Bot. 30 (2): 23-34

 . 1993. Basidiomycetes xilófilos de la región mesopotámica. IV. Especies poroides de la familia Hymenochaetaceae Donk. Rev. Invest. Agrop. INTA, XXII (2): 132-167

 . 1993. Fusarium lateritium Nees, agente causal de una cancrosis en álamos del Valle Medio del Río Negro. Actas VI Jornadas Fitosanitarias Argentinas:115-122

 ------------------------. 1993. Resistance of poplar clones to xylophagous fungi. Material und Organismen: 28 (4): 262-269

 ------------------------. Macromycetes (Aphyllophorales) asociados a los álamos. Estudio ecológico para el Alto Valle de Río Negro y Neuquén. Bol. Soc. Arg. Bot. 28 (1-2):101-110

 ------------------------, . 1988. Selección de clones de álamo resistantes a la degradación fúngica. Actas V Jornadas Forestales Argentinas:532-543

 ------------------------. 1986. Estudio ecológico de los Basidiomycetes xilófilos en plantaciones de Pinus elliottii y Pinus taeda de Argentina. Bol. Soc. Arg. Bot. 24 (3-4): 261-281

 ------------------------. 1986. Los hongos lignívoros de la región patagónica: estado actual de su conocimiento. Actas I Jornadas Forestales Patagónicas: 238-244. Editorial Siringa. Neuquén

 ------------------------. l986. Interacciones en cultivo entre Naematoloma fasciculare (Huds.:Fr.) Karst. (Agaricales, Strophariaceae) y varias especies de hongos xilófilos. Physis (Buenos Aires), C,44 (107): 97-102

 ------------------------, . 1986. Athelia epiphylla Pers. (Aphyllophorales, Corticiaceae), agente causal del ojo de pescado en peras. Actas VI Jornadas Fitosanitarias Argentinas, Fitopatología: 335-343

 . 1984a. New South American species of Phellinus (Hymenochaetaceae). Mycotaxon 21 (4): 423-425

 . 1984b. Two new pileate species of Junghuhnia (Polyporaceae). Mycotaxon 19 (1): 471-478

 ------------------------. 1984c. Studies on the degradation of pine wood blocks by Aphyllophorales. Material und Organismen 19 (4): 253 - 262

 ------------------------. 1970. The health-related budget of Los Angeles County, FY1970 P. Rand Corporation. Rand collection. Editor Rand Corp. 10 pp.

Publicaciones de libros o de capítulos
 2011. Mycologists: Beatrix Potter, Christiaan Hendrik Persoon, Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, Silvia Blumenfeld, George Engelmann. Editorial Books Llc, Wiki Series. 42 pp. ISBN 1156783682

 . 2008. Growing edible and medicinal wood-rotting fungi. Digital Printer, Beer Sheva, Israel, 215 pp.

 . 2007. Patología Forestal del cono sur de América (Forest pathology of the South Cone of America), volumen II, Forest Pathology of Poplars. Orientación Gráfica Editora, Buenos Aires, 322 pp. ISBN 9879979128

 . 2002. Cultivo de hongos comestibles sobre residuos agroindustriales (2ª ed.). Imprenta Islas Malvinas, Facultad de Cs. Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Comahue Neuquén, 122 pp. ISBN 95043510769)

 ------------------------. 1998. Cultivo de hongos comestibles sobre residuos agroindustriales. Imprenta Islas Malvinas, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Comahue Neuquén, 112 pp. ISBN 95043510769

 . 1997. Patología Forestal del cono sur de América (Forest pathology of the South Cone of America), vol. I, Mycorrhizae. Orientación Gráfica Editora, Buenos Aires, 237 pp. ISBN 9879979133

 . 1992. Curso de capacitación en el cultivo de hongos comestibles. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, FORAT Impresos, Cinco Saltos, 80 pp. ISBN 9504351077

 ------------------------. 1991. Producción de hongos comestibles. Cuaderno de Investigación N.º. 1. Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, 24 pp.

Concurrencia a Congresos y Simposios
1983 - XIX Jornadas Argentinas de Botánica, Santa Fe
 . Xylophylous Basidiomycetes in implanted Woods of Pinus taeda and Pinus elliottii, p. 10

 ------------------------. Contribution to the study of the fungal Argentinean flora: species growing on Pinus elliottii and Pinus taeda, p. 11

1986 - VI Jornadas Fitosanitarias Argentinas, Neuquén
 ------------------------, . Athelia epiphylla Pers. (Aphyllophorales, Corticiaceae), ethiological agent of "fish eye rot" on pears, p. 335

1987 - First Symposium on Nothofagus, Villa La Angostura, Neuquén.
 ------------------------. Dynamics of fungal degradation on "lenga" woods, p. 2

1987 - First Joint Meeting of the Mycological Society of America and the Canadian Phytopathological Society, Ottawa, Canadá
 ------------------------. Basidiomycetes that decay Nothofagus pumilio forests: dynamics of fungal degradation of wood, p. 111

1991 - XII International Plant Protection Congress, Río de Janeiro, Brazil
 ------------------------, . Poplar diseases in southern Argentina'

1991 - II Latin American Symposium on genetic resources of horticultural species. XVI Argentinean Congress of Horticulture, Mar del Plata, Argentina
 ------------------------, . Production of edible mushrooms on agroindustrial wastes, p. 40

1991 - XXIII Argentinean Botanical Congress, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina.
 ------------------------. Growth and productivity of four strains of Pleurotus ostreatus on different composts, p. 46

 . Micropropagation of poplar clones, p. 170

 ------------------------, . Computer science applied to the investigation in forest pathology, p. 290

1991 - II National Congress of Phytopathology, Valdivia, Chile
 ------------------------, . Selection of resistant poplars to fungal pathogens, p. 10

 ------------------------, . Bioconversion of agroindustrial wastes by wood-degradying mushrooms, p. 11

 . Micropropagation of resistant poplars to fungal pathogens: preliminary studies, p. 12

1992 - Etnobotánica 92, Córdoba (España)
 . A comparative study of the productivity of European and American strains of edible mushrooms, p. 299

1992 - XXV Congreso Brasileiro de Fitopatologia, Gramado, Brasil
 . Micropropagation of resistant forest trees to fungal diseases. Fitopatol. Bras. 17 (2): 158

 . The phytopathological frequent problems in the cultivation of edible mushrooms on agroindustrial wastes. Fitopatol. Bras. 17 (2): 171

1993 - 6th International Congress of Plant Pathology, Montreal, Canadá
 -----------------------. Studies of Araucaria declines in the Caviahue Park, Argentina, p. 98

1993 - VI Argentinean Congress of Mycology. Buenos Aires
 . Substrate formulation for the cultivation of edible mushrooms, p. 1135

1994 - 5th International Congress of Mycology. Vancouver, Canadá
 . Bioconversion of wood wastes by white rot edible fungi1994 - Latin American Congress of Botany. Mar del Plata
 ----------------------, . Influences of the method of spawn production in the cultivation of edible mushrooms1994 - Workshop on contributions of the Phytopathology to the Argentinean agricultural production. Buenos Aires
 ----------------------. Pathology of the cultivation of edible mushrooms1995 - IV Patagonical Forest Meeting. San Martín de los Andes, Neuquén
 ------------------------, . The RESANFOR - NEUQUEN Project:: forest diseases survey

1996 - VIII Latin American Congress. VI National Congress of Horticulture, Montevideo, Uruguay
 ------------------------, . The LIHLCOM project: a system of technological transfer of the production of edible mushrooms in the Republica Argentina, p. 174

1998 - First Canadian Argentinean Symposium and First Argentinean Congress of Forest Protection, Buenos Aires, 13 a 15 abril
 ------------------------. Sustainable use of the forest edible mushrooms, p. 32

 ------------------------. The RESANFOR-NEUQUEN project, evaluation of the damage for diseases, p. 47

 ------------------------, . The edible mycorrhizae in pine plantations: their rol as biological control agents, p. 53

 ------------------------, --------------, . The LIHLCOM project: a system of technological transfer for the production of edible mushrooms, p. 33

1998 - International Congress of Plant Protection, Edinburgh, R.U.
 ------------------------. Ecology of diseases in forest nurseries in Neuquén, Argentina resumen en línea

1999 - III Latinamerican Mycological Congress. Caracas, Venezuela.
 ------------------------, . First citation of Tuber magnatum Pico for the Argentina, p. 124

2000. I Latinamerican Symposium on mushroom production, Xalapa, Veracruz, México.
 ------------------------, . Germplasm collections and genetic resources on edible mushrooms, p. 17

2000 - 15th International Congress on the Science and Cultivation of Edible Mushrooms. Maastricht, Países Bajos

 ------------------------, . Technological optimization for edible wood- rotting fungi production, p. 943

 Conferencista en Simposios
1991 - XXIII Argentinean Botanical Congress, San Carlos of Bariloche. Session on Computer Sciences applied to the botanical research.

1993. IVI Argentinean Congress of Mycology.
 . Biodeterioration of wood for industrial use, Symposium on materials biodeterioration

 ------------------------. Degradation of lignocelulosic wastes: their application to the substrate formulation for the cultivation of edible mushrooms. Symposium on Physiology of mushrooms: Enzymes

1995 - 61st. Annual Meeting of the Canadian Phytopathological Society, Toronto, Canadá
 ------------------------, . Forest Protection at Argentina: the RESANFOR-NEUQUEN project

1996 - II Latin American Congress of Mycology, La Habana, Cuba
 ------------------------, . Cultivation of edible mushrooms on agroindustrial wastes in the Republica Argentina, p. 8

1997 - Workshop on Sustainable Development, Global Change and Environmental Impact. Organised by the Dept. of Geography of the UNC and the Organising Committee of the PROFOR, First Argentinean-Canadian Symposium of Forest Protection

 ------------------------. ''''Sustainable Use of forest by-products: the edible and medicinal mushrooms

1997 - The Human Dimensions Global of Climate Change and Sustainable Forest Management in the America An Inter-American Conference. Brasilia, Brasil

 ------------------------. Sustainable cropping of edible mycorrhizae at Neuquen, Argentina

1999 - III Latin American Congress of Mycology, Caracas, Venezuela, August 31 at the 3 of September

 ------------------------, . The sustainable cultivation of edible and medicinal mushrooms in the Argentina. p. 47

1996 - First Patagonical Meeting of educators in the Chemistry and others Natural Sciences, Neuquén
 ------------------------. The medicinal, toxic and hallucinogens mushrooms

1997. "XIX Provincial Fair of Sciences and Technology"
 ------------------------. The medicinal, toxic and hallucinogen mushrooms

1999 - III Latinamerican Congress of Mycology, Caracas, Venezuela.
 ------------------------, . Sustainable production of edible and medicinal mushrooms in Argentina. p. 47

2000 - I Latinamerican Symposium on mushroom production, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
 ------------------------, ----------------. Production of edible mushrooms in Argentina, an alternative to the productive reconversion and economical development, p. 32

 Como Secretaria de Sesión
1996 - II Latin American Congress of Mycology, La Habana, Cuba. Symposium on cultivation of edible mushrooms in Latin America

1998 - First Canadian Argentinean Symposium and First Argentinean Congress of Forest Protection, Buenos Aires. Symposium of Forest Mycology and Forest Pathology

1999 - III Latin American Congress of Mycology, Caracas, Venezuela. Symposium on Technological aspects of the cultivation of edible mushrooms in Latin America

2004 – XVIII Latin American Congress of Microbiology. Buenos Aires, Argentina.
 . Strategies for the conservation of endangered culture collections''

Fuentes

Véase también
 Anexo:Micólogos

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Publicaciones de la autora
 Currículo de la autora

Biólogos de Argentina
Emigrantes argentinos hacia Israel
Empresarios de Israel
Escritores en español del siglo XX
Escritores en inglés del siglo XX
Judíos de Argentina
Micólogos de Argentina
Profesoras de Argentina
Alumnado de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales de la Universidad de Buenos Aires
Investigadores del CONICET
Biólogas de Argentina

Silvia Blumenfeld


Le Pont du Diable est un téléfilm franco-belge réalisé en 2018 par Sylvie Ayme sur un scénario d'Éric Delafosse et Sylvie Ayme, diffusé pour la première fois en Belgique sur La Une le  et en France sur France 3 le .

Cette fiction est une coproduction d'EndemolShine Fiction, France Télévisions, Be-FILMS et la RTBF (télévision belge).

Synopsis
André Savignac, maire de Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert, est retrouvé pendu au Pont du Diable (Saint-Jean-de-Fos). Meurtre ou suicide ?

Distribution
 Élodie Frenck : Marina Fazergues, commandant au SRPJ de Montpellier
 David Kammenos : le berger Franck Livarois
 Patrick d'Assumçao : Philippe Charras, chef de la gendarmerie locale
 Myriam Bourguignon : lieutenant Inès Guemouri
 Pierre-Olivier Mornas : Eric Savignac
 Anne Benoît : Chantal Fazergues
 Nina Bouffier : Fanny Fazergues
 Pascal Turmo : Le légiste
 Jean-François Malet : Raphaël Scotto
 Thomas Trigeaud : Thomas Scotto
 Lounès Tazairt:  Mohamed Gazhouani
 Nouritza Emmanuelian : Léa Roussin
 Christophe Truchi : Damien Fazergues
 Cécile Combredetv : Estelle Rocca
 Mama Prassinos : la procureure
 Dominique Ratonnat : Gilles Soubes
 Núria Lloansi : Laetitia Dubos
 Mathieu Bonfils : Marc Dubos
 Florie Abras : Carole
 Claude Maurice (actrice)|Claude Maurice : Annie, cliente du magasin
 Alice Lagarde : Naomi
 Laurent Frattale : André Savignac à 44 ans
 Coline Bellin : Marina à 15 ans
 Zachary Toulemont Eoche : Éric Savignac à 15 ans
 Oumayma Dennouni : Nora Allouache
 Auguste Wilhelm : Damien à 12 ans

Production

Genèse et développement

Tournage
Le tournage du téléfilm Le Pont du diable a lieu durant l'été 2018 dans les départements français de l'Hérault et du Gard, notamment du côté de Gignac, Mèze, Nîmes, Saint-Bauzille-de-Putois et Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert, village dont le maire est retrouvé, au début du téléfilm, pendu au Pont du Diable qui marque la fin des gorges de l'Hérault, à cheval entre Saint-Jean-de-Fos et Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert.

Le tournage a fait appel à de nombreux intermittents du spectacle et habitants de la région.

Fiche technique
 Titre français : Le Pont du Diable
 Genre : Drame, Policier, Thriller
 Production : Nicolas Coppermann, Juliette Hayat
 Sociétés de production : EndemolShine Fiction, France Télévisions, Be-Films et RTBF (télévision belge)
 Réalisation : Sylvie Ayme
 Scénario : Éric Delafosse et Sylvie Ayme
 Musique : Jérôme Lemonnier
 Décors : Yan Arlaud
 Costumes : Marie Jagou
 Directeur de la photographie :
 Son :
 Montage :
 Maquillage :
 Pays de production :  /
 Langue originale : français
 Format : couleur
 Durée :
 Dates de première diffusion :
 Belgique :  sur La Une (RTBF)
 France :  sur France 3

Accueil critique
Télé-Loisirs trouve Élodie Frenck .

Le Figaro voit dans ce téléfilm .

Pour Télé Star, .

Télé 7 jours estime que Le Pont du Diable est

Pour Jean-Christophe Nurbel du site Bulles de Culture, Le Pont du diable est  et .

Enfin, Télé Magazine juge l'intrigue assez prenante.

Diffusions et audience
La toute première diffusion du Pont du Diable a lieu en Belgique, le  sur La Une (RTBF).

Le téléfilm est ensuite diffusé trois fois sur France 3 :
 le 26 janvier 2019, lors de la première diffusion, le téléfilm est vu par 4,8 millions de téléspectateurs, soit 22,9 % de part d'audience en France ;
 le 9 mai 2020, il fait mieux que  lors de sa première diffusion, puisqu'il rassemble 5,50 millions de téléspectateurs, soit une part d'audience globale de 22,8 % ;
 enfin le 2 mars 2021, lors de sa troisième diffusion, il fédère encore .

Le Pont du Diable est par ailleurs diffusé sur la chaîne de télévision thématique française 13ème Rue le 2 mars 2019, le 9 mars 2019 et le 26 mars 2019.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Téléfilm français des années 2010
Téléfilm diffusé en 2019
Téléfilm de France Télévisions
Téléfilm policier

Le Pont du Diable (téléfilm)


دائرة هواري بومدين إحدى دوائر ولاية قالمة الجزائرية. تقع على بعد 20 كلم من مدينة قالمة. تضم بلديات :
 بلدية هواري بومدين
 بلدية مجاز عمار
 بلدية راس العقبة
 بلدية سلاوة عنونة

دوائر ولاية قالمة

دائرة هواري بومدين


Yatağan (kılıç), Bir Türk  kılıcı, efelerin belindeki uzun bıçak, Manisa'nın Yunt Dağları köylerinde yılan bıçağı denen çobanların kullandığı uzun eğri pala.
 Yatağan Termik Elektrik Santrali - Muğla ilinin Yatağan ilçesinde kurulu bulunan, kömürle çalışır elektrik santrali.
 T-84 Yatagan,

Coğrafya
 Yatağan - Muğla iline bağlı ilçe
 Yatağan, Akhisar - Manisa ili Akhisar ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Yatağan, Gürpınar - Van ili Gürpınar ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Yatağan, Meram - Konya ili merkez Meram ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Yatağan, Serinhisar - Denizli ili Serinhisar ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Yatağan (anlam ayrımı)


O Dibradoras é um veículo de comunicação brasileiro com atuação exclusiva e engajada no protagonismo de mulheres no esporte. É formado pela publicitária Angélica Souza e pelas jornalistas Renata Mendonça e Roberta Nina Cardoso.

O veículo foi lançado em 2015 e ganhou destaque nas redes sociais durante os Jogos Olímpicos de 2016, quando o debate sobre a representatividade feminina no esporte se fez ainda mais presente no país.

Em setembro de 2020, entrou para o ranking mundial da Federação Internacional de Futebol (FIFA) como um dos melhores blogues, podcasts e escritores que produzem conteúdo sobre futebol feminino.

Bibliografia

Ligações externas

Sites de esporte

Dibradoras


Beden Hırsızının Hikayesi veya özgün adıyla The Tale of the Body Thief, Anne Rice'nin ünlü Vampir Günceleri (The Vampire Chronicles) serisinin dördüncü kitabı. İlk üç eser sırasıyla: Vampirle Görüşme (Interview with the Vampire), Vampir Lestat (The Vampire Lestat) ve Lanetliler Kraliçesi (The Queen of the Damned) idi. 1992'de basılan Beden Hırsızının Hikayesi Lestat'ın ruhları değiştirip bedenleri ele geçirebilen Raglan James'le yaptığı anlaşma sonucu başka bir bedende hapsolmasının hikayesi anlatılır. Lestat, ölümlü bedeniyle Raglan James'in peşine düşer. Bu sırada sıradan ölümlülerin dertleriyle uğraşmak zorunda kalır. Ağır biçimde hastalanır, kadınlarla birlikte olmanın nasıl bir his olduğunu hatırlar ve ölümlü dünyanın çikolata gibi minik nimetlerini keşfeder.

Vampir Günceleri
1992 romanları
Amerikan LGBT romanları
İngilizce romanlar
LGBT romanları
Kapak resmi aranan kitaplar

Beden Hırsızının Hikayesi


Krsto Gopčević, pomorski kapetan i brodovlasnik srpskog pravoslavnog podrijetla.  Podrijetlom iz Krivošija u zaleđu Boke kotorske.

Ruski i crnogorski saveznik u Napoleonskim ratovima. Svoj je brod, korvetu Amorevole upotrijebio za rat protiv Napoleonovih snaga u Boki kotorskoj 1806. – 07. godine. Padom Napoleona 1815. postupno je narednih desetljeća svoje pomorskotrgovačko poslovanje prenio u Rusiju, u Odesu, potom u Smirnu, trgujući ponajviše žitom. Od 1830. uspješno se bavio trgovinom u Trstu. U Trstu mu se rodio sin Spiridon.

Izvori

Boka kotorska
Životopisi, Trst

Krsto Gopčević


Olga Costa, nombre artístico de Olga Kostakowsky Fabricant (Leipzig, Alemania, 28 de agosto de 1913 - Guanajuato, Guanajuato 28 de junio de 1993), fue una pintora, promotora cultural y coleccionista alemana nacionalizada mexicana. Trabajó a favor del desarrollo de museos del estado de Guanajuato con su esposo, el pintor mexicano José Chávez Morado.

Su obra pictórica es numerosa, abarcó el periodo de 1936 a 1988 y forma parte de importantes colecciones como la del Banco Nacional de México, la Blaisten y la del Museo de Arte Moderno de la Ciudad de México.

De sus exposiciones individuales destacan: el homenaje del Festival Internacional Cervantino en 1989, la del Museo de Arte Moderno en 1990 y la que se realizó en 2013 en el Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes para conmemorar el centenario de su nacimiento.

En 1990 recibió el Premio Nacional de Ciencias y Artes en el campo de Bellas Artes.

Primeros años
Sus padres, Ana Fabricant y Jacobo Kostakowsky, originarios de Odesa, Unión Soviética (hoy Ucrania), emigraron en 1909 a Alemania durante la Primera Guerra Mundial. Vivieron en Leipzig donde nacieron sus dos hijas: Olga y Lya. Posteriormente se trasladaron a Berlín debido a la profesión de su padre, violinista, director de orquesta y compositor . Por su activismo político e ideas socialistas, Jacobo Kostakowsky estuvo en la prisión de Baviera. Cuando le otorgaron la amnistía, la familia decidió emigrar a México. Llegaron el 7 de septiembre de 1925 al Puerto de Veracruz a bordo del barco Espagne. Se establecieron definitivamente en la Ciudad de México.

Los Kostakowsky Fabricant organizaban reuniones semanales en las que participaban músicos, pintores y escritores, por lo que Olga no estuvo ajena a la vida cultural de la época. Ella, a lo largo de su vida, mantendría vínculos amistosos y profesionales con artistas plásticos, escritores, músicos y promotores culturales.

Estudios
Olga asistió al Colegio Alemán de México hasta tercero de secundaria. Aunque realizó estudios de canto y piano, no continuó con ellos pues se sintió atraída por la obra de Diego Rivera que vio en el Anfiteatro Bolívar de la Escuela Nacional Preparatoria, lugar al que asistía para atender sus estudios de música. Se inscribió en la Escuela Nacional de Artes Plásticas en la Academia de San Carlos (ENAP) en 1933. Uno de sus maestros fue Carlos Mérida. Su estancia en la ENAP fue muy breve, ya que por problemas económicos, dejó sus estudios a cuatro meses de haberlos iniciado para trabajar en una tienda.

Vida personal y trayectoria profesional
En el taller de litografía dirigido por Emilio Amero, en la ENAP conoció a José Chávez Morado. En 1935 contrajo matrimonio con él, quien años después declararía: Tomados de la mano fuimos al encuentro de una vida en común, unimos nuestras pobrezas materiales, pero también nuestras riquezas vitales, exteriores e interiores. Desde que nos conocimos nos hemos ido construyendo uno al otro. Si una pintura mía no la ha visto Olga, yo no la he visto completamente, y lo mismo sucede con esa pintura tan delicada que hace ella, y aunque vemos el mundo pictóricamente de distinto modo, nos completamos.En 1936, se trasladó a Jalapa, Veracruz, debido a encomiendas profesionales de Chávez Morado. Vivió un año y medio en esta ciudad, donde reinició su actividad artística y su proceso de autoformación como pintora.

En 1940 radicaron en San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato. Regresaron a la Ciudad de México al año siguiente, donde mantuvieron contacto con el grupo de refugiados españoles y personas que habían llegado a México huyendo de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Asistieron con frecuencia a un barrio denominado "la pequeña Iberia", cerca del Monumento a la Revolución.

En 1941 fundó la Galería Espiral junto con Angelina Beloff, Feliciano Peña y Francisco Zúñiga, de la cual fue directora. En ese año diseñó escenografías y vestuarios para el Ballet Waldeen.

En 1943 participó como cofundadora de la Sociedad de Arte Moderno que, dirigida por Susana y Fernando Gamboa, fue la primera galería que logró montar en México importantes exposiciones como la presentación de la obra de Picasso.

Inés Amor, directora de la Galería de Arte Mexicano, la invitó a preparar su primera exposición individual en 1945. A partir de ese momento par

ticipó regularmente en exposiciones individuales y colectivas.

En 1948 se integró a la Sociedad para el Impulso de las Artes Plásticas; que derivó, el año siguiente, en la fundación del Salón de la Plástica Mexicana, institución sucesora de la Sociedad de Arte Moderno, conformada por un grupo de 52 artistas cuyo objetivo era promover el arte mexicano.

Recibió su primer encargo oficial en 1951, que consistió en pintar un óleo de gran formato para el Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes. El resultado es La vendedora de frutas, que forma parte del acervo del Museo de Arte Moderno de la Ciudad de México. En los años siguientes participó en las primeras exposiciones itinerantes organizadas por el INBA y por el Frente Nacional de Artes Plásticas, que tenían como fin dar a conocer el arte mexicano en diferentes países de Europa y Asia.

En 1952, con mosaicos, realizó su única obra mural, titulada Motivos sobre el agua, en el balneario Agua Hedionda, en Cuautla, Morelos. Se trata de la imagen de una inmensa ola, de la que sale un enorme caracol prehispánico, la cual conjunta el agua, el viento y la tierra. También aparecen unas sirenas que, en lugar de escamas, están cubiertas por flores. En ese año también diseñó azulejos y mosaicos en piedra.

En 1955 vivió una temporada en la ciudad de Guanajuato. En esta época, el paisaje empezó a tomar más importancia en su obra. A partir de 1959 abandonó casi por completo la figura humana como tema, como consecuencia del horror que le produjo la masificación de la sociedad moderna.

Realizó un viaje a Japón en 1964, cuyas influencias se manifestaron en su obra, pues se inspiró en los materiales, la técnica y el estilo pictórico del arte oriental.

Se estableció definitivamente en la ciudad de Guanajuato en 1966, donde participó con Chávez Morado en la organización del Museo de la Alhóndiga de Granaditas. Vivieron en el municipio de Silao por muchos años. Durante este periodo, Olga Costa regresó a la pintura y produjo pequeños trabajos en óleo y gouache.

En 1975, Olga Costa y José Chávez Morado donaron su colección de piezas prehispánicas al Museo de la Alhóndiga de Granaditas. En 1979 fundaron el Museo del Pueblo de Guanajuato, al cual donaron su colección de pintura de los siglos XVIII, XIX y XX, por lo que recibieron la condecoración El Pípila de Plata. Con parte de la obra que coleccionaron se fundó el Museo Olga Costa-Chávez Morado, en el municipio de Silao, Estado de Guanajuato

El Festival Internacional Cervantino, en su edición XVII (1989), le rindió homenaje a Olga Costa con una muestra retrospectiva de su obra, que abarcó el periodo 1935-1989.

El jurado del Premio Nacional de Ciencias y Artes en el campo de las Bellas Artes, le otorgó en 1990 el reconocimiento a su obra artística y su quehacer cultural.

Falleció en la ciudad de Guanajuato en 1993.

Valoración de su obra
La obra de Costa se caracteriza por una extensa gama cromática y la integración de elementos de la naturaleza, como plantas, frutas y flores. Entre sus obras destacan los géneros de paisaje, naturaleza muerta y retrato.

Raquel Tibol valora su aporte artístico en las siguientes líneas: "Olga Costa nunca fue dogmática en lo estético ni en lo artístico. Detestaba cualquier regla o teoría que discriminara tendencias y valores en el arte. […] No necesitó de aprobaciones foráneas para descubrir en la producción plástica mexicana atributos muy propios y muy elevados, que muchas veces ni siquiera habían logrado ser reconocidos nacionalmente. Los frutos tropicales fueron el vehículo con el que transitó del arte ingenuo al naturalismo, al esquematismo geométrico y al Neofauvismo. Persiguiendo un refinamiento cromático cada vez mayor, más sugerente, más inventivo".

Algunas de sus obras forman parte del acervo artístico del Banco de México, FEMSA, el Museo de Arte Moderno de la Ciudad de México y la Colección Blaisten.

Obra

 Bañistas, gouache, 1936
 Ramillete con fondo azul, gouache, 1936
 Dama verde, gouache, 1936
 Las bañistas, óleo sobre tela, 1936
 Desnudo, temple,1937
 La vedette, óleo sobre tela,1938
  Retrato del Maestro José Chávez Morado, óleo sobre tela, 1939
 La novia, óleo sobre tela, 1941
 Chimenea, 1941, temple sobre papel, 25 x 37 cm, Col. De la Artista*
 El duelo, óleo sobre tela, 1942
 Niño muerto, óleo sobre tela, 1944
 La niña de las palmas, óleo sobre tela, 1944, 85.7 x 66 cm,
 Naturaleza Muerta, óleo sobre tela, 1945, 93 x 72 cm,
 Autorretrato, óleo sobre tela, 1947, 90 x 75 cm, Col. Andrés Blaisten-
 Autorretrato, para Marte R. Gòmez, làpiz grafito s/ papel, 1946, 38.6 x 37.4 cm, Col. Museo Soumaya
 La frondosa, óleo sobre tela, 1948
 Sin nombre, óleo sobre tela, 1948,
 Escena del istmo, técnica mixta, 1950
 Hermanitos, óleo sobre tela, 1950,
 Flor de alcachofa, óleo sobre tela, 1950,
 La vendedora de frutas, óleo sobre tela, 1951, 195 x 245 cm, colección Museo de Arte Moderno
 Tehuana con sandía (Isabel Villaseñor) 1952 óleo sobre tela, 130 x 111 cm-
 Flores, óleo sobre masonite, 1953,
 Pescadores óleo sobre masonite, 1953,
 Macetas, óleo sobre tela, 1954,
 Recuerdos de Silao, óleo sobre masonite, 1954,
 La tormenta, óleo sobre masonite, 1955,
 La barda, óleo sobre tela 1955, Col. Museo del pueblo de Guanajuato
 La valenciana, óleo sobre fibracel, 1955,
 Caserío, óleo sobre tela, 1955,
 Meseta de Piedra, óleo sobre tela, 1956,
 Isla en el aire, óleo sobre masonite, 1956,
 Peregrinos, óleo sobre tela, 1957,
 Sin título, dibujo y tinta, 1960,
 Ofrenda, óleo sobre masonite, 1961,
 Dulces mexicanos, óleo sobre tela, 1961,
 Tetera blanca, óleo sobre tela 1961,
  Nísperos, óleo sobre masonite 1962,
 Retrato de Damián, óleo sobre tela, 1962,
 Nísperos, óleo sobre masonite, 1962,
 Margarita de perfil óleo sobre tela, 1963
 La dama del sweater, óleo sobre masonite, 1963
 Costeña, óleo sobre masonite, 1963
 Tehuanas, óleo sobre masonite, 1963,
 Dos perfiles, óleo sobre papel, 1964,
 Mandarinas, óleo sobre triplay, 1964,
 Los volcanes, óleo sobre papel, 1964
 Gato, óleo sobre papel, 1964,
 Paisaje con cielo crepuscular, óleo sobre papel, 1964
 Cabeza de muchacha, óleo sobre papel, 1964
 Florero azul, óleo sobre masonite, s/fecha.
 Dama enjoyada, plumil y tinta, 1965
 Pescado plateado, tinta y plata, 1965
 Casahuates, óleo sobre papel, 1965
 Hojas secas, tinta y plata, 1965
 Montañas con luna dorada, óleo sobre papel, 1965
 Golden flash, temple y oro, 1965
 Paisaje oriental, óleo y plata, collage, 1965
 Tabachin, óleo sobre papel, 1966
 Pitayas, óleo sobre tela, 1967,
 Después de la cosecha, óleo sobre tela, 1967,
 Cerro de la Bufa, óleo sobre masonite, 1967,
 Frutero con sandía, óleo sobre tela 1968,
 Peregrinos, óleo sobre masonite, 1968,
 Campos labrantíos, óleo sobre masonite, 1968,
 Señal óleo sobre tela, 1969,
 Sandías, óleo sobre tela, 1970,
 Paisaje geométrico, óleo sobre tela, 1970,
 Frutero, óleo sobre tela, 1971,
 Araucaria I, óleo sobre tela, 1971,
 Araucaria II, óleo sobre tela, 1971,
 Tres manzanas, óleo sobre tela 1971,
 Sembradío, óleo sobre tela, 1971,
 Paisaje guanajuatense, La bufa, óleo sobre tela 1971,
 Jardín geométrico, óleo sobre tela, 1971
 Florero verde, óleo sobre tela, 1971,
 Manzanas y duraznos, óleo sobre tela, 1972,
 Árboles entre flores, tinta y acuarela, 1972,
 Jardín, tinta y acuarela, 1971,
 Nochebuenas, óleo sobre tela, 1971, 80 x 100 cm
 Flores rojas, óleo sobre tela 1972,.
 Árbol luminoso, óleo sobre tela, 1972,
 Sin título, óleo sobre tela 1972,
 Follajes, plumil, 1972
 Paisaje en penumbra, plumil, 1972
 Claro en el bosque, plumil, 1972
 Campo al amanecer, tinta, 1972,
 Construcción, crayola, 1972,
 Esferas rojas, plumón sobre papel, 1972, 31 x 24.5 cm
 La construcción,  pastel sobre papel, 1972, 29 x 38 cm
 Cerros parchados, 1973, Litografía acuarelada, 40x 56 cm.
 Jardín, óleo sobre tela, 1973,
 Espigas de zacate, óleo sobre tela, 1973
 Sin título, 1973,
 Jardín con árbol del fraile, óleo sobre tela, 1973,
 La casa azul, óleo sobre tela, 1973,
 Las guayabas, óleo sobre tela, 1973, 75 x 100 cm
 Follajes azules, 1974
 Composición, óleo sobre masonite, 1974, Col. privada
 Óleo sobre tela, 1974, Museo del Pueblo de Guanajuato
 Tronco seco y piedras, tinta china 1974
 Asteroide, tinta china, 1974
 Composición no. 1, plumil, 1974
 Composición no. 2, plumil, 1974
 Composición no. 3, plumil, 1974
 Composición no. 4, plumil, 1974
 Composición no. 6, plumil, 1974
 Caserío vertical, crayola y tinta, 1974
 Grab sik, plumil, 1974
 Esqueleto de nopal, crayola y tinta china, 1974
 Piedra con liquen, tinta china, 1975
 Tres árboles, 1975, tinta china,
 Acantilado, plumil y tinta china, 1975
 Árbol, óleo sobre tela, 1973-76,
 Sembradío, óleo sobre mayatex, 1973-76
 Para flor de mi jardín, óleo sobre tela,  70 x 40 cm, 1976
 Rara flor de mi jardín, óleo sobre tela, 1976,
 Rara flor, óleo sobre papel, 1976
 Gráfica de follajes, crayola, 1976
 Composición no. 7, plumil, 1976
 Dos árboles, óleo sobre tela, 1976,
 El charco, óleo sobre tela, 1977,
 La casa roja, óleo sobre tela, 1977,
 El cerro de Pastita, óleo sobre tela, 1977,
 Los jales, óleo sobre tela 1977,
 Llanura paisaje con sembrado de zempazuchil (SIC) óleo sobre madera, 1977,
 Ventanita iluminada, Técnica mixta, 1977
 Los Mina, óleo sobre mayatex, 1978,
 Paisaje con nubes, óleo sobre tela, 1978,
 Mi jardín, óleo sobre tela, 1979,
 Serranía, óleo sobre tela 1979,
 Laderas, óleo sobre tela 1978-79,
 Flores en blanco y amarillo, óleo sobre tela, 1980
 El Charco, óleo sobre tela, 1980, Col. Fomento Cultural Banamex
 El quelite colorado, óleo sobre tela 1980,
 Casitas y casotas, óleo sobre tela, 1981,
 Sin título, óleo sobre tela, 1981,
 Manzanas, óleo sobre lino, 1981,
 La casa negra, óleo sobre tela, 1981,
 Geranios rojos, óleo sobre tela, 1981,
 Casas azules, óleo sobre tela, 1981,
 Árboles, óleo sobre tela, 1981,
 La bola azul, plumil, 1981,
 Vitral, óleo sobre tela y cartón, 1981
 El jacalón azul, plumil, 1981
 Casa azul, solución gráfica, crayón, 1981
 Bosque, óleo sobre tela,1982,
 Enredadera, óleo sobre tela, 1982,
 Persianas primera versión, óleo sobre masonite, 1982
 Tres naranjitas, óleo sobre tela, 1983
 El volcán, óleo sobre tela, 1982
 Naturaleza muerta con pirulíes, 1983
 Paisaje, óleo sobre tela, 1983
 Naturaleza muerta con cocos, 1987
 Quebraplato azul, 1987
 Retrato de Doña Luz Morado, sin fecha,
 Fronda, óleo sobre tela,
 Árbol en el pantano, óleo sobre tela, s/fecha,
 Macetas colgantes, óleo sobre tela y madera,
 Magnolia, óleo sobre cartón,
 Árbol y flores del campo, óleo sobre tela 121 x 146, Col. del Banco de México
 Corazón egoísta, óleo sobre tela, 67 x 73'
 Danzante, óleo sobre masonite, 80 x 60.
 Diseños geométricos, óleo sobre tela, 38 x 53.5 cm'
 El Charco, óleo sobre tela, 120 x 145 Col. Banco Nacional de México
 Flor de invierno, óleo sobre tela, sin fecha, 30 x 20 cm
 Florero, óleo sobre tela, 35 x 22 cm
 La Presa, óleo sobre tela, 120 x 50 cm Col. Banco de México.
 Lavando en el río, gouache sobre papel 32 x 21 cm

Referencias

Pintoras de México del siglo XX
Muralistas de México
Emigrantes alemanes hacia México
Premio Nacional de Ciencias y Artes (México)
Nacidos en Leipzig
Fallecidos en Guanajuato

Olga Costa


A Patrulha Internacional do Gelo (em inglês: International Ice Patrol) é uma organização que tem como objetivo monitorar a presença de icebergs nos oceanos Atlântico e Ártico e reportar os seus movimentos por motivos de segurança. É operada pela Guarda Costeira dos Estados Unidos, mas é financiada por 13 nações interessadas na navegação transatlântica. Desde 2011, os governos que contribuíram para a Patrulha Internacional do Gelo incluem Bélgica, Canadá (Serviço Canadense de Gelo), Dinamarca, Finlândia, França, Alemanha, Grécia, Itália, Japão, Holanda, Noruega, Panamá, Polônia, Espanha, Suécia, Reino Unido e Estados Unidos.

A organização foi criada em 1914 em resposta ao naufrágio do RMS Titanic. A missão principal da Patrulha do Gelo é monitorar o perigo dos icebergs no Oceano Atlântico Norte e fornecer produtos de alerta de iceberg relevantes para a comunidade marítima.

História

Fundação
Desde as primeiras viagens ao Atlântico Norte, os icebergs ameaçam os navios. Uma revisão da história da navegação antes da virada do século XX mostra um número impressionante de casualidades ocorridas nas proximidades dos Grandes Bancos da Terra Nova.  Por exemplo,  afundou em 1833 com uma perda de 215 pessoas. Entre 1882 e 1890, 14 embarcações se perderam e 40 foram seriamente danificados devido ao gelo. Isso não inclui o grande número de navios baleeiros e de pesca perdidos ou danificados pelo gelo. Foi preciso um dos maiores desastres marinhos de todos os tempos para despertar a demanda pública por uma ação cooperativa internacional para lidar com esse perigo marinho. Este desastre, o naufrágio do  em 15 de abril de 1912, foi o principal impulso para o estabelecimento da Patrulha Internacional do Gelo.

Em sua viagem inaugural de Southampton, Inglaterra com destino a Nova Iorque, o Titanic colidiu com um iceberg ao sul da "cauda" (extremidade sul) dos Grandes Bancos e afundou em menos de três horas. A perda de vidas foi enorme, com mais de 1 500 dos 2 224 passageiros e tripulantes perecendo. Titanic, o novo navio da White Star Line, foi o maior navio de passageiros de seu tempo, deslocando 45 000 toneladas e capaz de manter uma velocidade superior a . A perda do Titanic fez sentir no mundo uma consciência sóbria do potencial de tragédia de um iceberg. As dimensões do desastre do Titanic criaram uma reação pública suficiente em ambos os lados do Atlântico para incitar os governos relutantes a entrar em ação, produzindo a primeira Convenção Internacional para a Salvaguarda da Vida Humana no Mar (SOLAS) em 1914.

Após o desastre do Titanic, a Marinha dos EUA atribuiu os cruzadores  e  para patrulhar os Grandes Bancos da Terra Nova pelo resto de 1912. Em 1913, a Marinha dos Estados Unidos não podia dispensar os navios para esse fim, então o Revenue Cutter Service (precursor da Guarda Costeira dos Estados Unidos) assumiu a responsabilidade, designando o USRC Seneca e o USRC Miami para conduzir a patrulha.

Na primeira Convenção Internacional para a Salvaguarda da Vida Humana no Mar, realizada em Londres em 12 de novembro de 1914, o tema do patrulhamento das regiões de gelo foi amplamente discutido. A convenção, assinada em 30 de janeiro de 1914 pelos representantes das diversas potências marítimas do mundo, previa a inauguração de um serviço internacional de demolição, observação e patrulha de gelo, composto por embarcações, que deveriam patrulhar as regiões de gelo durante a temporada do perigo de icebergs e tentar manter as vias transatlânticas livres de destroços durante o restante do ano. Devido principalmente à experiência adquirida em 1912 e 1913, o governo dos Estados Unidos foi convidado a assumir a gestão do serviço triplo, despesa a ser custeada pelas 13 nações interessadas na navegação transatlântica.

A segunda Convenção Internacional para a Salvaguarda da Vida Humana no Mar foi convocada em Londres em 16 de abril de 1929. Dezoito nações participaram, todas as quais assinaram o ato final em 31 de maio de 1929. Devido ao receio no Senado dos Estados Unidos, como resultado de ambiguidades no artigo 54 que trata do controle, a convenção de 1929 não foi ratificada pelos Estados Unidos até 7 de agosto de 1936, e mesmo assim a ratificação foi acompanhada de três ressalvas. Ao mesmo tempo, o Congresso promulgou legislação em 25 de junho de 1936, exigindo formalmente que o Comandante da Guarda Costeira administrasse o Serviço Internacional de Observação e Patrulha do Gelo (Cap. 807, parágrafo 2 49 USC 1922) e descrevendo de maneira geral a maneira em que este serviço deveria ser executado. Com apenas pequenas mudanças, permanece até hoje como a autoridade básica da Guarda Costeira para operar a Patrulha Internacional do Gelo. Desde 1929, houve três convenções SOLAS (1948, 1960 e 1974). Nenhuma delas recomendou qualquer mudança básica que afete a Patrulha do Gelo.

Todos os anos desde 1914, a Guarda Costeira dos Estados Unidos e a Patrulha Internacional do Gelo colocam uma coroa de flores de um navio ou aeronave no local do desastre do Titanic em 15 de abril. A cerimônia solene é assistida pela tripulação da embarcação e uma declaração de dedicação ao Titanic e suas fatalidades é lida.

Administração

Desde seu início até o início da Segunda Guerra Mundial, a Patrulha do Gelo foi conduzida a partir de dois cúteres de patrulha de superfície, alternando patrulhas de vigilância nos limites das regiões com gelo no sul. Em 1931 e posteriormente, um terceiro navio foi designado para a Patrulha do Gelo para realizar observações oceanográficas nas proximidades dos Grandes Bancos. Após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, a vigilância aérea tornou-se o principal método de reconhecimento de gelo, com as patrulhas de superfície sendo gradualmente eliminadas, exceto durante os anos de gelo incomumente pesado ou longos períodos de visibilidade reduzida. O uso do navio oceanográfico continuou até 1982, quando o único navio oceanográfico remanescente da Guarda Costeira, , foi convertido em um cúter de resistência média. A aeronave tem vantagens distintas para reconhecimento de gelo, proporcionando uma cobertura muito maior em um período de tempo relativamente curto.

De 1946 até 1966, os escritórios da Patrulha de Gelo, centro de operações e aeronaves de reconhecimento estavam baseados na Base Naval Argentia, em Terra Nova, durante a estação de gelo.

Devido a mudanças nos compromissos operacionais e restrições financeiras, os escritórios na Base Naval Argentia fecharam em 1966. A sede da Patrulha do Gelo e o centro de operações mudaram-se para Governors Island, Nova Iorque,

Hoje, a Patrulha Internacional do Gelo está localizada no Centro de Operações de Satélites da Administração Oceânica e Atmosférica Nacional (NOAA) em Suitland, Maryland. Anteriormente, estava localizada no Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento da Guarda Costeira em New London, Connecticut. A destacamento de reconhecimento de gelo, geralmente composto por onze tripulantes e quatro observadores de gelo voando em uma aeronave HC-130, continua a funcionar a partir da Terra Nova.

A Patrulha de Gelo divulga informações sobre icebergs e o limite de todo gelo marinho conhecido via rádio, transmitindo pelo Comando de Comunicações da Guarda Costeira dos EUA (COMMCOM) localizado em Chesapeake, Virgínia, via Inmarsat Safetynet e mapa fac-símile via rádio. As informações da Patrulha do Gelo também estão disponíveis via acesso à Internet. As mudanças de 2002 na SOLAS exigem que os navios que transitam pela região protegida pela Patrulha do Gelo usem os serviços prestados durante a temporada de gelo.

História da aviação da Patrulha Internacional do Gelo
 6 de fevereiro de 1946 – Um PBY-5A faz o primeiro voo de reconhecimento da Patrulha Internacional do Gelo.
 24 de fevereiro de 1946 – Dois PB4Y-1 chegam a Argentia, Terra Nova para se tornar a primeira aeronave dedicada à Patrulha do Gelo.
 1 de julho de 1946 — Primeiros implantações de helicópteros na Patrulha Internacional do Gelo. Um helicóptero HNS-1, Sikorsky R-4, CGNR 39047, voou a partir de um  na costa da Groenlândia.
 1947 — Um PB-1G torna-se a aeronave da Patrulha do Gelo.
 1948 — O PB-1G equipado com câmera inicia um censo de icebergs na Ilha de Baffin, concluído em 1949.
 1949 — Aeronaves tornam-se as únicas ferramentas de reconhecimento pela primeira vez.
 1956 — Testes malsucedidos para identificar icebergs através da marcação com marcadores de corante, corante comercial e óleo de motor usado.
 1958 — Última patrulha no gelo por um PB-1G.
 1959 — R5Ds substituem PB-1Gs.
 Junho de 1959 — Experiências malsucedidas de demolição de icebergs com bombas incendiárias de magnésio e termite.
 Maio de 1960 — Experiências malsucedidas de demolição de icebergs lançando bombas altamente explosivas a partir de um UF-2G.
 24 de maio de 1962 — Primeira Patrulha do Gelo pelo HC-130B.
 1963 — R5Ds substituídos por HC-130Bs, equipados com sistema de navegação Doppler.
 1964 — Primeiro uso bem-sucedido do termômetro de radiação aerotransportado para detectar mudanças na temperatura da água da superfície.
 1967 — Primeiro uso de radiômetro de micro-ondas para diferenciar contatos do radar como navio ou iceberg.
 30 de abril de 1970 — A destacamento de reconhecimento de gelo mudou-se de Argentia para CFB Summerside na Ilha do Príncipe Eduardo.
 1971 — A avaliação do radar aerotransportado de observação lateral começou.
 1973 — Sistema de navegação unercial instalado em aeronaves da Patrulha do Gelo.
 1973 — A destacamento de reconhecimento de gelo mudou-se para São João da Terra Nova.
 1982 —  A destacamento de reconhecimento de gelo mudou-se para Gander, Terra Nova e Labrador .
 1989 — A destacamento de reconhecimento de gelo voltou para São João, Terra Nova e Labrador.

Notas

Ligações externas
 United States Coast Guard International Ice Patrol Site
 Paper on the Patrol's Economic Value
 United States Coast Guard Aviation Association, The Ancient Order of the Pterodactyl

Navegação
Organizações fundadas em 1914
Organizações marítimas
Transporte através de águas internacionais
Guarda Costeira dos Estados Unidos

Patrulha Internacional do Gelo


296525 Milanovskiy este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
296525 Milanovskiy este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Zelenchukskaya Station de Timur V. Kryachko. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,24 ua, o excentricitate de 0,08 și o înclinație de 13,3° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 296001-297000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2009
Centura de asteroizi

296525 Milanovskiy


Entitatea Națiunilor Unite pentru egalitatea de gen și emanciparea femeilor (UN Women)
este o agenție a Organizației Națiunilor Unite (ONU). Ea a fost creată cu scopul de a promova egalitatea și emanciparea femeilor peste tot în lume. În prezent, Directorul Executiv al UN Women este Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka

Istoric
Ca răspuns la rezoluția UN 63/311 din ianuarie 2006, Secretarul General a prezentat raportul A/64/588, denumit "Propunere pentru înființarea Unității pentru Egalitate de Gen și împuternicire a femeilor". În acest raport, Secretarul General a precizat că această entitate are rolul de a coordona toate activitățile privind egalitatea de gen din sistemul Națiunilor Unite.
După ani de negocieri între statele membre ale Națiunilor Unite, grupuri de femei și societatea civilă, în data de 2 iulie 2010 Adunarea Generală a adoptat unanim rezoluția 64/289, creând astfel UN Women prin alipirea Diviziei pentru Emanciparea Femeii (Division for the Advancement of Women), Fondul de Dezvoltare a Națiunilor Unite pentru Femei (UNIFEM), Institutul Internațional de Cercetare și Training pentru Emanciparea Femeii (INSTRAW) și Biroul Consilierului Special pe Probleme de gen și Emanciparea Femeii (OSAGI).

Structură și funcționare
Rezoluția 64/289 stabilește că entitatea trebuie să fie condusă de un Sub Secretar General, numit de Secretarul General dupa consultarea statelor membre, cu un mandat de 4 ani, având posibilitatea de reinnoire.
Organizația este condusă de o structură interguvernamentală responsabilă cu setarea unor direcții normative și de acțiune a politicilor UN Women. Cele normative sunt gestionate de către Adunarea Generală, Consiliul Economic și Social și Comisia Statusului Femeilor în timp ce politicile operaționale țin de Adunarea Generală, Consiliul Economic și Social și Bordul Executiv.
Bordul Executiv este alcătuit din reprezentanți ai celor 41 State Membre aleși pentru o perioadă de 3 ani de către Consiliul Economic și Social al UN cu următoarea alocare regional și număr de membri : Africa (10), Asia și Pacific (10), Europa de Est (4), America Latina și Caraibe (6), Europa de Vest și alte State (6), țări care contribuie (6).
Resursele obținute pentru finanțarea proceselor normative sunt obținute din bugetul entității și aprobate de Adunarea Generală în timp ce bugetul pentru procesele operaționale și activități provine din contribuții voluntare și este aprobat de Bordul Executiv.

Arii de acțiune și campanii ale UN Women

 Leadership și participare politică
 Emancipare economică
 Stoparea violenței împotriva femeilor
 Acțiuni umanitare
 Pace și securitate
 Guvernanță și planificare națională
 Agenda 2030 pentru Dezvoltare Sustenabilă
 HIV și SIDA

Obiective
 Sprijnirea entităților interguvernamentale precum Comisia Statusului Femeilor în formularea politicilor, standardelor globale și normelor
 Ajutarea statele membre ONU la implementarea standardelor menționate prin suport ethnic și financiar
 Responsabilizarea ONU în datoria asumată de a promova egalitatea de gen

Referințe

Organizații ale Națiunilor Unite
Drepturile femeii
Fondări în 2010

UN Women


Isadore "Friz" Freleng (, cunoscut și ca I. Freleng, a fost un animator american,  regizor,  producător și compozitor cunoscut pentru lucrarea sa Warner Bros.  Looney Tunes  și  Merrie Melodies  seria de cartoon s.

A introdus și / sau a dezvoltat mai multe dintre cele mai mari vedete ale studioului, printre care: Bugs Bunny, Porky Pig, Tweety Bird, [Sylvester Looney Tunes Sylvester the Cat] [Yosemite Sam]] (despre care sa spus că poartă mai mult decât o asemănare trecătoare) și Speedy Gonzales. Directorul principal al studioului Warners, Freleng a regizat mai multe desene animate decât oricare alt regizor din studio (un total de 266) și este, de asemenea, cel mai onorat al regizorilor Warner, câștigând cinci premii Pentru Premiile Academiei de Film Animate [Premiile Academiei]] și trei premii Emmy Awards . După ce Warners a închis studioul de animație în 1963, Freleng și partenerul de afaceri David H. DePatie au înființat DePatie-Freleng Enterprises, care au produs desene animate (în special cele pentru "The Pink Panther Show] "), Secvențe de titluri de filme de lung metraj și desene animate de sâmbătă-dimineață până la începutul anilor 1980.

Porecla "Friz" a venit de la prietenul său, Hugh Harman, care la numit inițial "Congresmanul Frizby", după un senator fictiv care a apărut în piesele satirice în "[Los Angeles Examiner] ] ''. În timp, acest lucru sa scurtat la "Friz".

Cariera timpurie
Freleng sa născut în Kansas City, Missouri, unde și-a început cariera în animație la United Film Ad Service. Acolo, el a făcut cunoștință cu alți animatori Hugh Harman și Ub Iwerks. În 1923, prietenul lui Iwerks, Walt Disney, sa mutat la Hollywood și a cerut colegilor săi de la Kansas City să se alăture lui. Freleng, cu toate acestea, a susținut până în 1927, când în cele din urmă sa mutat în California și sa alăturat [Walt Disney Productions | studioul Walt Disney]]. A lucrat alături de alți foști animatori din Kansas City, printre care Iwerks, Harman, Carmen Maxwell și Rudolph Ising. În timp ce la Disney, Freleng a lucrat la desene animate Alice Comedies și Oswald the Lucky Rabbit pentru producătorii Margaret Winkler și Charles Mintz.

Note

Bibliografie

Legături externe

 Friz Freleng a Loonipedia
 Friz Freleng a Facebook

Nașteri în 1906
Decese în 1995
Animatori americani
Producători de film americani

Friz Freleng


Traktørstedet Ludvigslyst er en dansk restaurant og traktørsted, beliggende ved Julsøs vestligste bred, i den østlige udkant af Svejbæk. Stedet åbnede som Gjæstgiveri Ludvigslyst, inden det i 1899 skiftede navn til Hotel Ludvigslyst. Det nuværende navn fik stedet i 2012, efter en længerevarende lukning og renovering.

Historie
Ludvigslyst var oprindeligt en bondegård, og fik sit navn efter Ludvig Hemmer Sørensen, da hans mor arvede gården efter Ludvigs fars død i 1855.

Kort tid efter etableringen af Svejbæk Station, og åbningen af Skanderborg-Silkeborg-jernbanen i 1871, kom der for alvor udenbys turister til området. Derfor blev der her indrettet et mindre gæstgiveri på Ludvigslyst, primært til besøgende til Himmelbjerget. På samme tid blev der også anlagt en anløbsbro for dampskibe lige nedenfor gæstgiveriet, så turisterne kunne blive sejlet rundt på Silkeborgsøerne, og over til Himmelbjerget på den anden side af Julsø.

Der kom hurtigt mange gæster til Ludvigslyst, og J. Pind købte stedet. Han begyndte at markedsføre stedet med indrykkede annoncer i de lokale aviser med teksten: "Silkeborg og Omegnens Beboere samt Lystreisende og Tourister anbefales mit nyindrettede Gjæstgiveri "Ludvigslyst" ved Sveibæk Station midt for alt det Smukke i Silkeborg-Egnen mellem Silkeborg og Himmelbjerget. Billige Priser og god Betjening garanteres. J. Pind".

Gæstgiveriet fik i 1899 opført en ny hovedbygning med hotelværelser, og skiftede i den forbindelse navn til Hotel Ludvigslyst. Flere af datidens kunstnere besøgte stedet. Blandt andet malerne Harald Foss og Johan Peter Wildenrath, samt forfatterne Johannes Brøndsted og Theodor Ewald. Når malerne
ikke havde til at betale hotelregningen, efterlod de nogle gange malerier som betaling for deres ophold. Indtil 1906 skiftede hotellet ejere flere gange, indtil købmand Chr. Mehl overtog stedet, og kort tid efter blev den hovedbygning opført, som i dag kendes og bruges som Ludvigslyst.

Da 2. verdenskrig brød ud, og Danmark blev besat, blev den danske stat i 1944 presset af Værnemagten til at købe stedet. Derefter blev der indrettet rekreationshjem for tyske marinesoldater. I januar 1945 blev stedet forvandlet til en flygtningelejr, og Ludvigslyst blev indhegnet med ståltrådshegn, og bevogtet af tyske soldater. Da den sidste flygtning forlod stedet i sommeren 1946, stod det meste i en miserabel forfatning. Efter krigen havde Ludvigslyst mange forskellige ejere, som dog aldrig fik hotellet tilbage til fordums tid. I 1989 blev der indrettet et hotel- og restaurant-museum på 1. sal af bygningen, ligesom restauranten begyndte at servere danske retter som stegt rødspætte, og stegt flæsk med persillesovs.

I 2007 besluttede byrådet i Silkeborg, at der skulle bygges et stort internationalt kurhotel på grunden, hvor Ludvigslyst ligger. Det betød at den eksisterende bygning skulle rives ned, for at give plads til nyt byggeri. Derfor lukkede man i 2008 både restaurant og museum, da Silkeborg Kommune søgte efter investor til at stå for det nye byggeri. Dette lykkedes aldrig, så kommunen måtte igen sælge grund og bygning. Dette skete til kokken Kira Provst Hansen, som efter en omfattende renovering, i maj 2012 kunne genåbne stedet under navnet Traktørstedet Ludvigslyst.

I oktober 2016 blev Ludvigslysts køkken optaget i madguiden White Guide Nordic 2017 med titlen "very fine level".

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Traktørstedet Ludvigslysts officielle websted

Restauranter i Danmark
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Silkeborg Kommune
Etableret i 1871
Sejs-Svejbæk

Traktørstedet Ludvigslyst