The Manchester Regiment was a line infantry regiment of the British Army in existence from 1881 until 1958. The regiment was created during the 1881 Childers Reforms by the amalgamation of the 63rd (West Suffolk) Regiment of Foot and the 96th Regiment of Foot as the 1st and 2nd battalions; the 6th Royal Lancashire Militia became the 3rd (Reserve) and 4th (Extra Reserve) battalions and the Volunteer battalions became the 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th battalions.

After distinguished service in both the First and the Second World Wars, the Manchester Regiment was amalgamated with the King's Regiment (Liverpool) in 1958, to form the King's Regiment (Manchester and Liverpool), which was, in 2006, amalgamated with the King's Own Royal Border Regiment and the Queen's Lancashire Regiment to form the present Duke of Lancaster's Regiment (King's, Lancashire and Border).

1881–1899
Between the 1860s and 1880s, the British Army underwent a period of reform implemented by Edward Cardwell and Hugh Childers. Single-battalion regiments were amalgamated and regiments were affiliated with a geographical area. The Manchester Regiment came into being on 1 July 1881 by the union of the 63rd (West Suffolk) and 96th Regiments of Foot. They had been linked in 1873 by their allocation to the 16th Sub-district Brigade Depot in Ashton-under-Lyne, near to Manchester. The 2nd Battalion, as the 96th Foot, had been raised in the town of Manchester in 1824. Eight additional battalions were gained through the incorporation of the 6th Royal Lancashire Militia and rifle corps units from Lancashire.  By July, the regiment had the following under its command:

 Regimental Headquarters
 63rd Regimental District (Regimental Depot) based in Ashton (later named Ladysmith Barracks)
 1st Battalion (Regular)
 2nd Battalion (Regular)
 3rd (1st Battalion, 6th Royal Lancashire Militia) Battalion (Militia)
 4th (2nd Battalion, 6th Royal Lancashire Militia) Battalion (Militia)
 1st Volunteer Battalion — former 4th Lancashire Rifle Volunteers
 2nd Volunteer Battalion — former 6th Lancashire (1st Manchester) Rifle Volunteers
 3rd Volunteer Battalion — former 40th Lancashire (3rd Manchester) Rifle Volunteers
 4th Volunteer Battalion  — former 20th Lancashire (2nd Manchester) Rifle Volunteers
 5th (Ardwick) Volunteer Battalion — former 23rd Lancashire Rifle Volunteers
 6th Volunteer Battalion — former 7th Lancashire Rifle Volunteers

The 1st Battalion was deployed to Egypt to take part in the Anglo-Egyptian War in 1882 and was then deployed to Gibraltar in 1897. The 2nd Battalion was based in India from 1882 to 1897 and saw action on the North-West Frontier before departing for Aden.

1899–1914

Second Boer War

Amidst growing tension between Boers and the British in the Transvaal, the 1st Manchester shipped to South Africa in September 1899. The battalion arrived in Durban, Natal Colony in early October, and was soon afterwards moved to Ladysmith. The war began on 11 October with a Boer invasion of the colony. After Boer forces captured Elandslaagte railway station, the Manchesters had four companies sent by armoured train to Modderspruit. While disembarking there, the Manchesters and accompanying Imperial Light Horse came under ineffectual artillery fire.

The 1st Manchesters, along with the Gordon Highlanders and the Imperial Light Horse, took part in the subsequent assault. The fighting was heavy, with the Boers pouring accurate fire into the advancing British troops. Under increasingly heavy fire, the battalion halted its advance. The Manchester became the main vanguard of the frontal assault, having originally been tasked with a left-flank attack on the Boer hills. Once the battalion closed in, the Boers withdrew to their main line of defence.

On 2 November, Boer forces encircled and isolated the town of Ladysmith, beginning a 118-day siege. On 6 January 1900, a contingent of 16 soldiers of the 1st Manchesters came under attack at Wagon Hill, near to Caeser's Camp. Against superior numbers, the detachment held its position for 15 hours. Only two survived, Privates Pitts and Scott, who had continued to hold out for many hours when the others had been killed. Both received the Victoria Cross for their actions, giving the regiment its first two VCs. By 28 February, Ladysmith had finally been relieved by a force under the command of General Redvers Buller.

The 2nd Manchesters was mobilized into a new 8th Division going to South Africa for the war. 930 officers and men of the regiment left Southampton in the SS Bavarian in March 1900, and in April arrived in Natal as reinforcements. Both battalions participated in the offensive that followed the relieving of Ladysmith, Kimberley and Mafeking. After the fall of Bloemfontein and Pretoria, the Boer commandos transitioned to guerrilla warfare. The 2nd Manchesters operated in the Orange Free State, searching farms and burning those suspected of housing commandos. The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Vereeniging in May 1902. The 2nd battalion stayed in South Africa throughout the war. Four months later 340 officers and men of the battalion left Cape Town on the SS Michigan in late September 1902, arriving at Southampton in late October, when they were posted to Aldershot.

When the Boers proved more resilient than predicted, a number of regiments recruited in large centres of population formed additional regular battalions. The Manchester Regiment formed the 3rd and 4th Battalions in February 1900, at which time the militia battalions were relabelled as the 5th and 6th battalions. The 3rd Battalion was stationed in Saint Helena and South Africa from August 1902, while the 4th Battalion was stationed in Cork. In 1906, the 3rd and 4th battalions both returned to the United Kingdom, where they were disbanded.

The 5th (Militia) Battalion (until February 1900 known as the 3rd battalion) was embodied in May 1900, disembodied in October that year, and re-embodied in May 1901 for service in South Africa, for which it embarked the following month. More than 800 officers and men returned to Southampton in July 1902, following the end of the war.

The 6th (Militia) Battalion (until February 1900 known as the 4th battalion) was embodied in May 1900, disembodied in October that year, and later re-embodied for service in South Africa. More than 640 officers and men returned to Southampton by the SS Guelph in October 1902, following the end of the war, and was disbanded at the Ashton barracks.

The 1st Manchesters left South Africa for Singapore in 1903. The following year, the 1st moved to India, where, in 1911, the battalion paraded at the Delhi Durbar, attended by King George V and Queen Mary. The 2nd Manchesters had returned to Britain in 1902, where it remained until the outbreak of the First World War in 1914.

Haldane reforms
In 1908, the Volunteers and Militia were reorganised nationally, with the former becoming the Territorial Force and the latter the Special Reserve. The regiment now had two Reserve and six Territorial battalions:
 3rd (Reserve) Battalion (SR) at Ladysmith Barracks
 4th (Extra Reserve) Battalion (SR) at Ladysmith Barracks
 5th Battalion (TF) at Bank Street in Wigan (since demolished)
 6th Battalion (TF) at Stretford Road in Hulme (since demolished)
 7th Battalion (TF) at Burlington Street in Manchester
 8th (Ardwick) Battalion (TF) at Ardwick Green in Manchester
 9th Battalion (TF) at Old Street in Ashton-under-Lyne
 10th Battalion (TF) at Rifle Street in Oldham

First World War

Mobilisation
On the outbreak of war in August 1914 the 1st Battalion was part of the 8th (Jullundur) Brigade of the 3rd (Lahore) Indian Division, while the 2nd Battalion was part of  14th Brigade in 5th Division, stationed in Ireland.

In August 1914 the two Special Reserve battalions went to their war station in the Humber Garrison where they carried out the dual tasks of garrison duties and preparing reinforcement drafts of regular reservists, special reservists, recruits and returning wounded for the two regular battalions.

The Territorial battalions mobilised in August 1914 as part of the East Lancashire Division. Shortly afterwards the Territorial Force was invited to volunteer for overseas service and the bulk of the East Lancashire Division did so. The division was sent to Egypt to relieve the Regular garrison for service on the Western Front and was subsequently designated the 42nd (East Lancashire) Division. Those men who were ineligible for overseas service, together with the volunteers who were flooding in, were formed into second line units distinguished with a '2/' prefix (2/5th Manchesters etc) . The 2nd Line battalions of the Manchesters joined the 66th (2nd East Lancashire) Division.

Meanwhile on 6 August 1914, less than 48 hours after Britain's declaration of war, Parliament sanctioned an increase of 500,000 men for the Regular Army, and the newly-appointed Secretary of State for War, Earl Kitchener of Khartoum issued his famous call to arms: 'Your King and Country Need You', urging the first 100,000 volunteers to come forward. This group of six divisions with supporting arms became known as Kitchener's First New Army, or 'K1'. Volunteers poured into the recruiting offices across the country and were formed into 'Service' battalions of the county regiments. So many came forward that the 'K1' battalions were quickly filled and the recruitment of the 'K2' , 'K3' and 'K4' units quickly followed. The Manchesters formed the 11th (Service) Bn (K1), 12th (Service) Bn (K2), 13th (Service) Bn (K3) and 14th (Reserve) Bn (K4).

The flood of volunteers overwhelmed the ability of the army to absorb and organise them, and by the time the Fifth New Army (K5) was authorised, many of its constituent units were being organised as "Pals battalions" under the auspices of mayors and corporations of towns up and down the country. The Lord Mayor and City of Manchester raised eight battalions of Manchester Pals, which became the 16th–23rd (Service) Bns of the Manchester Regiment, subtitled '1st City', '2nd City', etc. Meanwhile the  Mayor and Town of Oldham raised the 24th (Service) Bn (Oldham Pioneers). Later the 25th–27th (Reserve) Bns were formed from the depot companies of the Pals battalions.

Western Front

The 1st Battalion moved to France, landing at Marseille in September 1914. Having been briefly attached to French cavalry, the 1st Battalion moved to the frontline on 26 October, relieving a battalion of the Bedfordshire Regiment near Festubert. Three days later, a heavy bombardment preceded an attack by a German force directed against the 2nd Battalion, Manchesters and the 1st Battalion, Devonshire Regiment. Despite capturing a trench line, the Germans were unable to capitalise due to the actions of a platoon commanded by Second-Lieutenant James Leach. In the process of their methodical retaking of the trench, the party killed eight, wounded two and captured 14 soldiers. For their contribution to the defence of the Manchesters' trenches, Second-Lieutenant Leach and Sergeant John Hogan were awarded the Victoria Cross. Severe casualties were sustained by the 1st Manchesters and its brigade during the Battle of Neuve Chapelle. A succession of intensely fought battles followed, culminating in the Second Battle of Ypres and Battle of Loos.

The 2nd Manchesters embarked for France with the 5th Division in August 1914 and contributed to the rearguard actions that supported the British Expeditionary Force's (BEF) retreat following the Battle of Mons. The battalion was engaged in the battles of the Marne, the Aisne and "First Ypres".

On 1 July 1916, the first day of the Battle of the Somme, the regiment had nine battalions committed, including the Manchester Pals, the 16th (1st City), 17th (2nd City), 18th (3rd City) and 19th (4th City), all serving in the 90th Brigade of the 30th Division. The day proved to be the deadliest in the British Army's history, with more than 57,000 killed, wounded or missing.

The regiment continued its involvement in the Somme Offensive. In late July, the 16th, 17th and 18th Manchesters attacked an area in the vicinity of the small village of Guillemont. During the action, Company Sergeant-Major George Evans, of the 18th, volunteered to deliver an important message, having witnessed five previous, fatal attempts to do so. He delivered his message, running more than half a mile despite being wounded. He was awarded the Victoria Cross.

On 2 April 1917, the 2nd Manchesters attacked Francilly-Selency, in which C Company captured a battery of 77 mm guns and a number of machine-guns. Two paintings were made of this action by the military artist Richard Caton Woodville. Later in the month, the Manchester Regiment fought in the Arras Offensive.

Preparations for a new offensive, the Third Battle of Ypres, in the Ypres sector had got under-way in June with a preliminary assault on Messines. The Manchester Pals' Brigade fought in the offensive's opening battle, at Pilckem Ridge, on 31 July. Conditions during "Third Ypres" (or Passchendaele) reduced the battleground to an intractable morass. During "Third Ypres", Sergeant Coverdale, of the 11th (Service) Battalion, killed three snipers, rushed two machine gun positions, then reorganised his platoon to capture another position, though after advancing some distance was forced back due to bombardment from the British artillery, suffering nine casualties in the advance.

After serving on the Western Front from July 1915 with 17th (Northern) Division, including the Ypres Salient and the battles of the Somme and Arras, 12th (Service) Battalion amalgamated with Regimental HQ and two squadrons of the Manchester-based Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry (DLOY), who had been dismounted and retrained as infantry. From 24 September 1917 the battalion was redesignated 12th (DLOY) Battalion, Manchester Regiment. It continued serving with 17th (N) Division until the Armistice, including the Battle of Passchendaele, the German Spring Offensive and the Allied Hundred Days Offensive.

In March 1918, the German Army launched an all-out offensive in the Somme sector. Faced with the prospect of continued American reinforcement (who had entered the war in April 1917) of the Allied armies, the Germans urgently sought a decisive victory on the Western Front. On the morning of 21 March, the 16th Manchesters occupied positions in an area known as Manchester Hill, near to St. Quentin. A large German force attacked along the 16th's front, being repulsed in parts, but completely overwhelming the battalion elsewhere. Some positions lost were recaptured in counter-attacks by the 16th. Though encircled, the 16th continued to resist the assault, encouraged by its commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Wilfrith Elstob. During the course of the battle, Elstob single-handedly repulsed a grenadier attack and made a number of journeys to replenish dwindling ammunition supplies. At one point, he sent a message to 42nd Brigade HQ that "The Manchester Regiment will defend Manchester Hill to the last", to his men he had told them "Here we fight, and here we die". The 16th Manchesters effectively ceased to exist as a coherent body. Lieutenant-Colonel Elstob was awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross. An attempt to retake the hill was later made by the 17th Manchesters, now part of 21st Brigade, with heavy losses. Two more Victoria Crosses were awarded to the regiment in the final months of the war. Also involved in the Spring Offensive were the 2/5th, 2/6th and 2/7th battalions, serving as part of 199th (2/1st Manchester) Brigade, part of 66th (2nd East Lancashire) Division, all battalions of the Territorial Force.

The later-prominent war poet, Wilfred Owen served with the 2nd Battalion, Manchesters in the later stages of the war. On 1 October 1918, Owen led units of it to storm a number of enemy strong points near the village of Joncourt. For his courage and leadership in the Joncourt action, he was awarded the Military Cross, an award he had always sought in order to justify himself. On 4 November 1918, Wilfred Owen was killed in action during the crossing of the Sambre–Oise Canal, exactly one week (almost to the hour) before the signing of the Armistice of 11 November 1918 and was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant the day after his death.

Middle East
In September 1914, just before the Ottoman Empire entered the war on Germany's side, six of the regiment's battalions joined the Egypt garrison. They belonged to the East Lancashire Division of the Territorial Force, which was selected to release Regular Army troops for service in active theatres. Serving in the division were the 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th battalions, with the latter two as part of the East Lancashire Brigade (which also included two battalions, the 4th and 5th, of the East Lancashire Regiment) and the other four the Manchester Brigade. In May 1915, the division was numbered as the 42nd (East Lancashire) Division and the brigades were numbered, the Manchester Brigade becoming 127th (1/1st Manchester) Brigade and the East Lancashire Brigade the 126th (1/1st East Lancashire) Brigade. In the same month, the division landed at Cape Helles, Gallipoli to reinforce the British beachheads established during the initial landings in April.

The Manchesters disembarked at "V" and "W", where, in the April landings, there had been at least 2,000 casualties. The Manchester battalions took part in the Third Battle of Krithia on 4 June 1915. The 127th Brigade reached their first objective and advanced a further 1,000 yards, capturing 217 Ottomans in the process.

During the Battle of Krithia Vineyard, the Manchesters suffered heavy losses and gained a Victoria Cross for gallantry by Lieutenant Forshaw of the 1/9th Battalion. The evacuation of Cape Helles lasted from December 1915 to January 1916. The Manchester battalions suffered many casualties during the Dardnalles Campaign. At the Helles Memorial, 1,215 names of the Manchesters alone fill the memorial.

The 1st Manchesters embarked for the Mesopotamian campaign, accompanying the infantry element of the Indian Corps, from France in late 1915. The battalion took part in the Battle of Dujaila in March 1916, which was intended to relieve the British forces in Kut-al-Amara, which was being besieged by Ottoman forces. In the battle, the 1st Manchesters seized the trenches of the Dujaila Redoubt with the 59th Scinde Rifles (Frontier Force); however, they were subsequently displaced by an Ottoman counter-attack, being forced back to their starting lines. During the withdrawal, Private Stringer held his ground single-handedly, securing the flank of his battalion. He was awarded the Victoria Cross. British and Indian forces suffered 4,000 casualties. After five failed attempts to relieve the town, Kut surrendered to Ottoman forces on 29 April 1916. The 1st Manchesters would take part in further actions in Mesopotamia, but in March 1918 the battalion moved to Egypt.

The battalion then moved to Ottoman-controlled Palestine, still part of the 3rd (Lahore) Division, to take part in the campaign there against the Ottomans. They fought in the last major offensive there, at Megiddo, on 19 September. Within three hours the Turkish lines, held by the Turkish Eighth Army, had been broken. Open warfare defined the theatre. During the Megiddo offensive, the cavalry advanced more than 70 miles in 36 hours. The 1st Manchesters took part in further engagements until the Armistice with the Ottoman Empire, remaining in the area until 1919.

Home Front
During a raid by German Zeppelin L 21 on the night of 31 March - 1 April 1916, 31 soldiers of the 3rd Manchesters were killed when a bomb hit their billet at Cleethorpes.

As the war continued the Manchesters organised a number of other battalions for service away from the front lines. In 1915 the Home Service men of the TF battalions of the Manchesters and the Lancashire Fusiliers, were combined into 45th Provisional Battalion, which became 28th Manchesters on 1 January 1917. It served at home in 73rd Division and was disbanded in 1918. A 29th Battalion was formed in June 1918, but within days was absorbed into 16th (1st City) Bn. The 1st Garrison Battalion served in India, and the 2nd (Home Service) Garrison Bn at home. In addition, three training battalions were organised in 1917 for progressive training of recruits: 51st (Graduated), 52nd (Graduated) and 53rd (Young Soldier) Bns. One of the last surviving First World War veterans, Netherwood Hughes, served in the 51st Battalion. Ned Hughes died 4 April 2009 aged 108.

Interwar years
In 1919, during the interwar period, the 1st Manchesters returned to Britain for a year, later reinforcing the garrison in Ireland. In 1922, it garrisoned the Channel Islands before joining the British Army of the Rhine in Germany. It returned to Britain in 1927 and, in 1933, departed for the West Indies. After being posted to Egypt in 1936, the 1st Manchesters was converted into a Vickers machine-gun battalion. The battalion had to be rushed to the Mandate of Palestine when the Arab populace erupted in revolt. In difficult conditions, the battalion suffered four killed and contributed a number of men to the counter-insurgency Special Night Squads. In 1937, a company on detachment in Cyprus provided a special guard for the Coronation parade. In 1938, the battalion moved to Singapore.

Meanwhile, in 1920, the 2nd Manchesters became part of the garrison in Mesopotamia, which had been acquired by Britain as a mandate territory under the auspices of the League of Nations. During an action near Hillah, Captain Henderson reorganised his company, who were wavering in the face of a large force of tribesmen, then led the company in three attacks against the tribesmen, being severely wounded in the second attack, though carrying on for the third and final counter-attack. He carried on fighting until he succumbed to a loss of blood and collapsed. Aided by one of his men, who helped him to stand, Henderson told his company, "I'm done now, don't let them beat you." He was shot again, which killed him. He was awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions. The battalion departed for India in 1922, where it remained until 1932. At the beginning of the Second World War, it was stationed in Britain.

The Territorial Force had been demobilised in 1919. It was reformed on 7 February 1920 and reorganised and renamed as the Territorial Army the following year. The battalions of the Manchester Regiment were reformed, the 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th continuing to serve in the 127th (Manchester) Infantry Brigade, and the 9th and 10th with 126th (East Lancashire) Infantry Brigade (alongside the 4th and 5th East Lancashire Regiment), both brigades still being part of 42nd (East Lancashire) Infantry Division. However, in 1921, the 6th and 7th battalions were amalgamated as the 6th/7th Battalion and later converted to become the 65th (The Manchester Regiment) Anti-Aircraft Brigade, Royal Artillery.

On 31 October 1938, during the period of rearmament preceding the Second World War, the 10th (Territorial Army) Battalion was converted to armour, becoming the 41st Battalion, Royal Tank Corps, later 41st (Oldham) Royal Tank Regiment. A 'second line' battalion, which was formed at Oldham in 1939, became the 47th (Oldham) Royal Tank Regiment.

Second World War

North West Europe and Italy
When the German Army invaded France in May 1940, the 2nd, 5th and 1/9th Manchesters formed part of the British Expeditionary Force - the 2nd and 1/9th were Machine Gun battalions. The 2nd Battalion, a Regular Army unit, was the MG Battalion of the 2nd Infantry Division, the 5th was serving with 4th East Lancashire Regiment and 1st Highland Light Infantry in the 127th Infantry Brigade, 42nd (East Lancashire) Infantry Division and the 1/9th was with III Corps GHQ Troops. Despite putting up a stubborn defence, the BEF went into retreat, the Manchesters being engaged along the way. Much of the BEF converged on Dunkirk, where hundreds of ships evacuated more than 330,000 soldiers back to Britain. Of the surviving men of the 2nd Manchesters, more than 300 men were evacuated. Fewer than 200 remained, fighting until being either captured or killed. The 5th and 1/9th were also evacuated, having suffered light casualties. The evacuation ended on 3 June. Captain Jack Churchill, the only known man to kill an enemy with a longbow in the Second World War, was serving with the Manchester Regiment during this period.

In November 1941, the 5th Manchesters, along with the rest of the division (which became 42nd Armoured Division), was converted to armour as the 111th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (Manchester Regiment), serving alongside the 107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (King's Own) and the 110th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (Border) in the 11th Armoured Brigade. The men continued to wear their Manchester Regiment cap badge on the black beret of the RAC as did all infantry units converted in this way. However, 111 RAC was disbanded in November 1943 and 5th Manchesters reconstituted as an infantry battalion. In the summer of 1944, the battalion acted as the Royal Bodyguard at Balmoral Castle while the Royal Family was in residence and then served as a machine-gun battalion with 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division until the end of the war.

In November 1941, the 2/9th Manchesters, a 2nd Line Territorial Army duplicate of the 1/9th and a Machine Gun Battalion, was transferred to the Royal Artillery and converted into the 88th Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery. (Sometime after this, the 1/9th Battalion was redesignated as the 9th Battalion.) The 88th Anti-Tank Regiment was part of the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division until July 1943 when it transferred elsewhere and, in January 1944, the regiment was transferred to 45th (Holding) Division where it converted to the 88th Training Regiment, Royal Artillery.

The 6th Battalion, created on 31 July 1939 as a duplicate of the 5th Battalion, was serving as part of the 199th Infantry Brigade, initially part of the 66th Infantry Division, alongside the 7th Manchesters and the 2/8th Battalion of the Lancashire Fusiliers. On 23 June 1940, the 66th Division was disbanded and the 199th Brigade was transferred to the 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division. On 5 May 1942, the battalion was redesignated as the 1st Battalion, to replace the original battalion, which had been lost at Singapore in February. In October 1943, the new 1st Battalion transferred to the 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division, where it was to remain for the rest of the war. On 27 June 1944, the 1st Battalion, Manchester Regiment landed in France, 21 days after the initial invasion had begun on 6 June, D-Day. With the rest of the 53rd Division, the battalion saw fierce fighting in the Battle of Normandy and took part in a number of engagements in the area around Caen, scene of much bitter fighting, which was captured by British and Canadian forces on 9 July, and later fought in the Battle of Falaise. The battalion advanced across Northern France, reaching Antwerp in Belgium in early September. The 1st Manchesters, along with the rest of the 53rd (Welsh) Division, moved to Turnhout, before advancing later that month into the Netherlands, where the 1st and 7th Manchesters saw heavy action, with the 7th, now as part of the 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division, fighting in the Battle of the Scheldt under command of the First Canadian Army. The 1st Manchesters, after entering German territory in the face of the Wehrmacht's defences, crossed the Rhine with the 53rd Division in late March. The 7th Manchesters with 52nd Division saw its last fighting in Bremen, when that city was captured on 26 April. The 1st Battalion ended the war in Hamburg when that city surrendered on 3 May.

The 8th (Ardwick) Battalion had been serving alongside the 5th Manchesters in the 127th Brigade of the 42nd Division until 5 May 1940, when the battalion was transferred to Malta and was replaced in the brigade by the 1st Highland Light Infantry, a Regular Army unit. In August, the battalion became part of the Northern Infantry Brigade, later redesignated 2nd Malta Infantry Brigade and, finally, 232nd Infantry Brigade. In late July 1943, the 8th Manchesters was transferred to the 20th Indian Infantry Brigade, part of the 10th Indian Infantry Division, then serving in the Middle East. Both the 8th and 9th Manchesters took part in the Italian campaign. The 9th Battalion was part of the 4th Indian Infantry Division and later, from 15 July 1944 until 31 August 1945, formed the Support Battalion of the British 46th Infantry Division. The 9th Manchesters saw much action during the Battles for the Gothic Line in August–September 1944, including the Battle of Montegridolfo. After service in Greece during the civil war and a return to Italy for the last weeks of the campaign there, it reached Graz, Austria by the end of the war.

Far East

Stationed in Singapore from 1938, the 1st Battalion, Manchesters, as part of the 2nd Malaya Infantry Brigade, saw action during the Japanese invasion of the island in February 1942. After a bitter defence, Lieutenant-General Arthur Percival signed the surrender of Singapore on 15 February. About 80,000 British and Commonwealth personnel became POWs of the Imperial Japanese Army. The 1st Battalion was reformed in the United Kingdom by the redesignation of the 6th Battalion.

In 1942, the 2nd Manchesters was sent to the sub-continent with the rest of the British 2nd Infantry Division, being stationed first in British India, then Burma in 1944. The battalion was involved in the Battle of Kohima in fierce fighting with the Japanese. It fought in subsequent actions in Burma until April 1945, when it returned to India.

Postwar
The 1st Manchesters remained in Germany as part of the British Army of the Rhine (BAOR) until it returned to Britain in 1947, where it was joined by the 2nd Battalion. On 1 June 1948, the two battalions amalgamated in the presence of the regiment's colonel-in-chief, Queen Elizabeth. Soon afterwards, the 1st Battalion was posted to Germany, being first based at Wuppertal. On the regiment joining the West Berlin garrison in 1950, detachments performed guard duty at Spandau Prison. The battalion proceeded, in 1951, to Malaya aboard the troopship Empire Hallande. In three years of service during the Malayan Emergency, the Manchesters had 15 men killed in action.

With the exception of a brief return to Britain, the 1st Battalion, Manchesters remained part of BAOR until 1958. In the same year, the regiment was amalgamated with the King's Regiment (Liverpool) to create the King's Regiment.

Heritage & ceremonial

Regimental museum
The Museum of the Manchester Regiment, which had previously been based at Ladysmith Barracks, moved to Ashton Town Hall in 1987. The museum remains closed while the town hall is being redeveloped.

Regimental collect

The regimental collect was:

O Lord our God whose name only is excellent and thy praise above heaven and earth we thank thee for the men of the Manchester Regiment who counted not their lives dear unto themselves but laid them down for their friends, beseeching thee to give them a part in those good things which thou has prepared for all whose names are written in the Book of Life. And grant to us that having them always in remembrance we may imitate their faithfulness and with them inherit, the new name which thou has promised to them that overcome; through Jesus Christ our
Lord. Amen.

Battle honours
The battle honours of the regiment were as follows:
From the 63rd Regiment of Foot: Egmont-op-Zee, Martinique 1809, Guadeloupe 1810, Alma, Inkerman, Sevastopol, Afghanistan 1879–80
From the 96th Regiment of Foot: Egypt, Peninsula, New Zealand
Guadeloupe 1759, Egypt 1882, Defence of Ladysmith, South Africa 1899–1902
The Great War:
Western Front:Mons, Le Cateau, Retreat from Mons, Marne 1914, Aisne 1914, La Bassée 1914, Armentières 1914, Givenchy 1914, Neuve Chapelle, Ypres 1915 17 '18, Gravenstafel, St. Julien, Frezenberg, Bellewaarde, Aubers, Somme 1916 '18, Albert 1916 '18, Bazentin, Delville Wood, Guillemont, Flers-Courcelette, Thiepval, Le Transloy, Ancre Heights, Ancre 1916 '18, 1917 '18, Scarpe 1917, Bullecourt, Messines 1917, Pilckem, Langemarck 1917, Menin Road, Polygon Wood, Broodseinde, Poelcappelle, Passchendaele, St. Quentin, Bapaume 1918, Rosières, Lys, Kemmel, Amiens, Hindenburg Line, Épéhy, Canal du Nord, St. Quentin Canal, Beaurevoir, Cambrai 1918, Courtrai, Selle, Sambre, France and Flanders 1914–18
Italy: Piave, Vittorio Veneto, Italy 1917–18
Macedonia: Doiran 1917, Macedonia 1915–18
Gallipoli: Helles, Krithia, Suvla, Landing at Suvla, Scimitar Hill, Gallipoli 1915
Egypt and Palestine: Rumani, Egypt 1915–17, Megiddo, Sharon, Palestine 1918
Mesopotamia: Tigris 1916, Kut al Amara 1917, Baghdad, Mesopotamia 1916–18
The Second World War:
North-west Europe: Dyle, Withdrawal to Escaut, Defence of Escaut, Defence of Arras, St. Omer-La Bassée, Ypres-Comines Canal, Caen, Esquay, Falaise, Nederrijn, Scheldt, Walcheren Causeway, Flushing, Lower Maas, Venlo Pocket, Roer, Ourthe, Rhineland, Reichswald, Goch, Weeze, Rhine, Ibbenburen, Dreirwalde, Aller, Bremen, North-West Europe 1940 '44–45
Italy: Gothic Line, Monte Gridolfo, Coriano, San Clemente, Gemmano Ridge, Montilgallo, Capture of Forli, Lamone Crossing, Defence of Lamone Bridgehead, Rimini Line, Montescudo, Cesena, Italy 1944
Mediterranean: Malta 1940
Far East: Singapore Island, Malaya 1941–42, North Arakan, Kohima, Pinwe, Shwebo, Myinmu Bridgehead, Irrawaddy, Burma 1944–45

Colonels-in-Chief
Colonels-in-Chief were:
1930–1936: F.M. HM King George V
1947–2002: HM Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother

Regimental Colonels
Colonels of the regiment were:
1877–1881 (1st Battalion): Gen. Sir Richard Waddy (ex 63rd Foot)
1877–1881 (2nd Battalion): Gen. Thomas Maitland Wilson (ex 96th Foot)
1881–1889: Gen. Edmund Richard Jeffreys, CB
1889–1895: Gen. John McNeill Walter, CB
1895–1899: Lt-Gen. Sir Henry Radford Norman, KCB
1899–1904: Lt-Gen. Vere Hunt Bowles
1904–1920: Maj-Gen. William Osborne Barnard
1920–1924: Maj-Gen. Sir Vere Bonamy Fane, KCB, KCIE
1924–1925: Maj-Gen. Sir Willoughby Garnons Gwatkin, KCMG, CB
1925–1932: Gen. Hon. Sir Herbert Alexander Lawrence, GCB
1932–1935: Brig-Gen. Wilfrid Keith Evans, CMG, DSO
1934–1947: Col. Francis Holland Dorling, DSO
1947–1948: Maj-Gen. Charles Dawson Moorhead, CB, DSO, MC
1948–1954: Maj-Gen. Eric Boyd Costin, DSO
1954–1958: Maj-Gen. Thomas Bell Lindsay Churchill, CB, CBE, MC (to King's Regiment)
1958: Regiment merged with the King's Regiment (Liverpool) to form The King's Regiment (Manchester and Liverpool)

Manchester Regiment Victoria Cross recipients

Second Boer War
 Private James Pitts  - (1st Battalion) in Natal on 6th January 1900.
 Private Robert Scott  - (1st Battalion) in Natal on 6th January 1900.

First World War
 Sergeant John Hogan  - (2nd Battalion) at Festubert, France, on 29 October 1914.
 Second lieutenant James Leach  - (2nd Battalion) at Festubert France in the First World War on 29 October 1914.
 Corporal Issy Smith  - (1st Battalion) at the Second Battle of Ypres on 26 April 1915.
 Lieutenant William Forshaw  - (1/9th Battalion Territorial Force) at the Battle of Krithia Vineyard in Gallipoli between 7 and 9 August 1915.
 Private George Stringer   at the Battle of Es Sinn in Mesopotamia on 8 March 1916.
 CSM George Evans   - (18th Battalion 3rd Manchester Pals) during the Battle of the Somme at Guillemont France on 30 July 1916.
 Sergeant Charles Harry Coverdale  - (11th Battalion) at Poelcapelle Belgium on 4 October 1917.
 Private Walter Mills  - (C Company 1/10th Battalion) at Red Dragon Crater near Givenchy France on 11 December 1917.
 Lieutenant Colonel Wilfrith Elstob  - (16th Battalion) at the Manchester Redoubt, near St. Quentin France on 21 March 1918.
 Private Alfred Robert Wilkinson  - (1/5th Battalion Territorial Force) at the Battle of the Selle, near the Selle River France on 20 October 1918.
 Private James Kirk  - (10th Battalion) at the Battle of the Sambre at the River Sambre France on 4 November 1918.

1920 Iraqi Revolt
 captain George Stuart Henderson  - (2nd Battalion) during the 1920 Iraqi Revolt near Hillah Mesopotamia on 24 July 1920.

Footnotes

Notes

References

 A. F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2a: The Territorial Force Mounted Divisions and the 1st-Line Territorial Force Divisions (42–56), London: HM Stationery Office, 1935/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-39-8.
 A. F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2b: The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th–69th), with the Home-Service Divisions (71st–73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions, London: HM Stationery Office, 1937/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-39-8.
 A. F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 3a: New Army Divisions (9–26), London: HM Stationery Office, 1938/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-41-X.

 Frederick E. Gibbon, The 42nd East Lancashire Division 1914–1918, London: Country Life, 1920/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2003, ISBN 1-84342-642-0.

 E. A. James, British Regiments 1914–18, London: Samson Books, 1978/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2001, .

 Joseph Morris, The German Air Raids on Great Britain 1914–1918, first published 1925/Stroud: Nonsuch, 2007, .
 Instructions Issued by The War Office During August, 1914, London: HM Stationery Office, 1916.
 Army Council Instructions Issued During August 1916, London: HM Stationery Office.

External links
 Chris Baker, The Long, Long Trail
 The Manchester Regiment Group 1899–1958
 The Ashton Territorials, 9th Battalion of the Manchester Regiment
 Museum of the Manchester Regiment
 "IN FROM THE COLD" A Manchester at Gallipoli. Sgt. Thomas Worthington, 1/6th Battalion, Manchester Regiment, by John Hartley

Further reading

Military units and formations established in 1881
The King's Regiment
History of Manchester
Military units and formations in Manchester
Military units and formations in Lancashire
Regiments of the British Army in World War II
Regiments of the British Army in World War I
Military units and formations disestablished in 1958
1881 establishments in the United Kingdom
R
R

Manchester Regiment


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ඉන්දියානු මැදිහත් වීම

අර්බුදයට මැදිවූ දෙපාර්ශවය විසින්ම කරන ලද බලපෑම් හේතුවෙන් ඉන්දීය සාම සාධක හමුදාව ආපසු කැඳවා ගැනීමට ඉන්දියාවට සිදු විය. ඉන්දියාව මෙම අර්බුදයට 1980 දී මැදිහත් වීමට හේතු කිහිපයක් බලපෑවේය. ඉන්දියාව කළාපයේ බලවතා කිරීමට ඉන්දීය නායකයන් තුළ තිබූ කැමැත්ත මෙයින් ඵකක් විය. ඉන්දියාවේම දෙමළ ජනයා නිදහස ඉල්ලා සිටීමෙන් කරදර කිරීම තවත් හේතුවකි. පසුව සඳහන් කරන ලද කාරණය වඩාත් ප්‍රබල වූයේ ඉන්දියාවේ තමිල්නාඩු ප්‍රාන්ත‍යේය. ඵයට හේතුවූයේ ශ්‍රි ලාංකික දෙමළ ප්‍රජාවගේ ස්වාධීනත්වය උදෙසා උදව් කිරීමට ඵම ප්‍රාන්තයට ජනවාර්ගික නෑ කමක්  තිබූ බැවිනි. මුළු අර්බුදය පැවති කාලය පුරාම ඉන්දීය මධ්‍යම රජය ද ප්‍රාන්ත රාජ්‍යයන් ද දෙපාර්ශවයටම විවිධාකාරයෙන් උදව් කළහ. 1980 වර්ෂයේ සිට ඉන්දියාව ඵහි බුද්ධි තොරතුරු ඵ්ජන්සිය වූ RAW හරහා LTTE යට සහ ඵහි තරගකාරී පක්ෂය වූ ටෙලෝ සංවිධානය ද ඇතුළු අවිගත් කණ්ඩායම්වලට මූල්‍යමය අාධාරද ආයුධ මෙන්ම පුහුණු වද සැපයුවේය. LTTE ය වඩාත් ප්‍රබල  වූයේ 'රෝ' සංවිධානයෙන් ලැබුණු අාධාර හරහා යැයි කියනු ලැබේ. සෑම ආයුධ සන්නද්ධ කණ්ඩායම්වලටම උදව් කිරීමෙන් ඉන්දියාව බලාපොරොත්තු වූයේ දෙමළ ස්වාධීනත්ව ව්‍යපාරය බෙදීම්වලට ලක් කිරීම සහ ඵ් කෙරේ ඉන්දියානු බලය පවත්වා ගැනීමයි.

1980 දශකයේ අගභාගයේ ඉන්දියාවේ මැදිහත් වීම ඉතා ක්‍රියාකාරී අන්දමින් සිදු  විය. 1987 ජුනි 5 වැනි දින ශ්‍රි ලංකා හමුදාව විසින් යාපනය වටලා ගෙන සිටි අවස්ථාවේ ඉන්දියන් ගුවන් හමුදාව මගින් ආහාර අඩංගු මලු යාපනයට පතිත කරවන ලදී. ශ්‍රි ලංකා රජය කියා සිටියේ LTTE ය යටත් කර ගැනීමට ආසන්නව සිටි අවස්ථාවක ඉන්දියන් හමුදාව විසින් LTTE යට ආහාර සහ බෙහෙත් ද්‍රව්‍යය ටොන් 25 ක් LTTE සතු ප්‍රදේශවලට හෙලීම කෙලින්ම ත්‍රස්තවාදීන්ට කළ උදව්වක් වූ බවයි. දෙපාර්ශවය අතර සාකච්ඡා පැවැත්වුණු අතර ඉන්දු ශ්‍රී ලංකා සාම ගිවිසුමට 1987 ජුලි 29 දින ඉන්දීය අගමැති රජිව් ගාන්ධි සහ ශ්‍රි ලංකා ජනාධිපති ජේ.ආර් ජයවර්ධන විසින් අත්සන් තබනු ලැබීය. ගිවිසුමෙන් ශ්‍රී ලංකා රජය දෙමළ ඉල්ලීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් කරුණු කීපයක් ඉටු කළේය. පළාත් අතර බලය බෙදාහැරීම එකකි. පසුව ජනමත විචාරණයක් පැවැත්වීමේ පොරොන්දුව පිට උතුරු නැගෙනහිර දෙපළාත ඵ්කාබද්ධ කිරීම තවත් ඵකකි. දෙමළ භාෂාවට නිල තත්වය ලබා දීමද ඊට ඇතුළත්ය. (මෙය 13 වැනි සංශෝධනයට ඇතුළත් කර ඇත) සාම හමුදාවක් මගින් උතුරු  නැගෙනහිර නීතිය හා සාමය ඇති කිරීමටත් දෙමළ කැරලිකරුවන්ට සහයෝගය නොදැක්වීමටත් ඉන්දියාව පොරොන්දු විය. LTTE යද ඇතුළුව අනෙකුත් ආයුධ සන්නද්ධ කණ්ඩායම් මුලදී අකමැති වුවද ඔවුන්ගේ අවි ආයුධ සාම සාධක හමුදාවට භාර දීමට ඵකඟ වූහ.

ශ්‍රි ලංකා රජය දකුණේ ජනතා විමුක්ති පෙරමුණ නම් මාක්ස්වාදී තරුණ කැරැල්ලකට මුහුණ දෙමින් සිටි අතර, ගිවිසුම අත්සන් කළ වහාම ඉන්දියන් හමුදාවද කැඳවන ලදී. ඉන්දියන් හමුදාව හඳුන්වන ලද්දේ 'ඉන්දියන් සාම සාධක හමුදාව' යනුවෙනි. ඵකී හමුදාව පළමුවෙන් යුද්ධය නවත්වා සන්නද්ධ කණ්ඩායම් නිරායුධ කළේය. ශ්‍රි ලංකා රජය උතුරේ තම හමුදාව ආපසු කැඳවා ජනතා විමුක්ති පෙරමුණේ කැරැල්ල මැඩ පැවැත්වූ අතර ඉන්දියන් හමුදාව උතුරේ සැළකිය යුතු ප්‍රදේශයක පාලනය සියතට ගත්තේය.

බොහෝ සන්නද්ධ කණ්ඩායම් අවි බිම තබා සාමය ලබා ගැනීමේ විසඳුමකට ඵකඟත්වය පළ කළ නමුදු LTTE ය තම භටයන් නිරායුධ කිරීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළේය. ගිවිසුම සාර්ථක කිරීමට උනන්දු වූ ඉන්දියන් සාම සාධක හමුදාව බලය යොදවා LTTE ය විසුරුවා හැරීමට උත්සාහ කළේය. ඵය සම්පූර්ණ යුද්ධයක් බවට පරිවර්තනය විය. අවුරුදු තුනක් පුරා පැවති යුද්ධයේදී IPKF විසින් කරන ලද විවිධාකාර වූ දූෂණ, මානව හිමිකම් කමිටු සහ ඉන්දීය මාධ්‍ය විසින්ද පෙන්වා දෙන ලැබුණි. දෙමළ ජනයාගෙන් ඵල්ල වූ තද බල විරෝධතාවයන්ට ද IPKF මුහුණ දුන්නේය. ඵ් සමග ජාති මාමකත්වයෙන් පෙලුනු සිංහලයන්ද ඉන්දීය හමුදාව දිගටම ශ්‍රි ලංකාවේ රැඳී සිටීම ගැන විරුද්ධ වූහ. මේ නිසා ඉන්දියන් හමුදාව ආපසු ගෙන්වා ගන්නැයි ඉන්දි‍යාවෙන් ඉල්ලීමට ශ්‍රි ලංකාවට සිදු විය. ඔවුන් LTTE ය සමග රහස් ගිවිසුමකට බැඳුනා යැයි කියනු ලැබේ. ඵහි ප්‍රථිඵලයක් ලෙස සටන් විරාමයක් ඇති විය. LTTE ය හා IPKF අතර නිරන්තර ගැටුම් ඇති විය. සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව ශ්‍රී ලංකා රජය කැරලි කරුවන්ට ආයුධ සැපයීමෙන් පවා උදව් කරන ලද්දේ ඉන්දියන් හමුදාවන්ගේ ආපසු ගමන දැකීමේ අපේක්ෂාවෙනි. ඉන්දියා හමුදා භටයන්ට සිදු වූ හානි වැඩි විය. අර්බුදයට මැදි වූ දෙපාර්ශවයෙන්ම හමුදාව ආපසු කැඳවන ලෙස ඉන්දියාවට කරන ලද බලපැම වැඩි වූ නමුදු රජිව් ගාන්ධි ඵසේ කිරීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළේය. ඵහෙත් ඉන්දීය පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙන් රජිව් පරාද වීමෙන් පසු 1989 දෙසැම්බරයේදී නව අගමැති වී.පී.සිං IPKF ආපසු කැඳවන ලෙස නියෝග කළේය. 1990 මාර්තු 24 වැනි දින ඔවුන්ගේ හමුදාව රැගත් අවසාන නැව ශ්‍රි ලංකාවෙන් පිට විය. ශ්‍රි ලංකාවේ IPKF රැඳී සිටි මාස 32ක කාළය තුළ ඉන්දියන් හමුදාවේ 1100 ක්ද ශ්‍රි ලංකාවේ 5000 කට වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක්ද මිය ගියහ. ඵම යුද්ධය සඳහා ඉන්දීය රජය වැය කරන ලද මුදල රුපියල් බිලියන 20 ක් වූ බව ගණන් බලා තිබේ.

ආශ්‍රිත

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War#Indian_involvement

ඉන්දියානු මැදිහත් වීම


El Nínox halcón (Uroglaux dimorpha), también conocido como Búho aguilucho de Nueva Guinea, es una especie de  búho incluida en la  familia Strigidae del orden Strigiformes. Es el único miembro del género monotípico Uroglaux. Es endémica de la isla de Nueva Guinea.
No tiene subespecies reconocidas.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Strigidae
Géneros monotípicos de aves
Aves de Nueva Guinea

Uroglaux dimorpha


The Reserve Bank of New Zealand (RBNZ, ) is the central bank of New Zealand. It was established in 1934 and is currently constituted under the Reserve Bank of New Zealand Act 2021. The governor of the Reserve Bank, currently Adrian Orr, is responsible for New Zealand's currency and operating monetary policy.

The Reserve Bank of New Zealand does not offer financial services to the public nor does it offer deposit insurance, and its website refers people to other financial institutions.

History
The Reserve Bank of New Zealand was established from 1 August 1934 by the Reserve Bank of New Zealand Act 1933. The Reserve Bank first issued banknotes in 1934, see New Zealand pound.

The Reserve Bank of New Zealand Act 1989 which came into effect in February 1990 introduce the regime of inflation targeting to the bank.  New Zealand was the first country in the world to try this regime which was later adopted in other countries.

The bank's primary functions and responsibility have been modified several times over its history, with the latest being the Reserve Bank of New Zealand Act 2021.

Museum
The Reserve Bank Museum, based at the bank's headquarters in Wellington Central, has been open to the public since 2006.

Ownership
The Reserve Bank has been wholly owned by the New Zealand Government since 1936. The Reserve Bank is established by an Act of Parliament (the Reserve Bank of New Zealand Act 2021) and it has statutory independence. The Reserve Bank is accountable to Parliament and provides an annual dividend to the Government.

Functions

Monetary policy
The Reserve Bank's primary function, as defined by the Reserve Bank of New Zealand Act 2021 is to provide "stability in the general level of prices" and "maximum sustainable employment".

The Reserve Bank is responsible for independent management of monetary policy to maintain price stability. The degree of price stability is determined through a Policy Target Agreement with the Minister of Finance. Policy Target Agreements are public documents and hence a government cannot secretly change the targets to gain a short term surge in economic growth.

The mechanism of this is the official cash rate which affects short-term interest rates. The bank will provide cash overnight at 0.50% above the cash rate to banks against good security with no limit. Furthermore, the bank will accept deposits from financial institutions with interest usually at the official cash rate.

Banks that offer loans at interest higher than the official cash rate will be undercut by banks that offer cheaper loans, and banks that loan out lower than the official cash rate will make less compared to other banks which can simply deposit their money in the Reserve Bank with a higher rate of return. The Reserve Bank borrows and offers loans with no limit on volumes in order to ensure that the interest rate in the market remains at the official cash rate level.

Through controlling this, the Reserve Bank can then influence short term demand in the New Zealand Economy and use this to control prices.

Adjustments to the official cash rate are made eight times a year. It can make unscheduled adjustments but does not usually do so.

Fractional-reserve banking
Like all modern monetary systems, the monetary system in New Zealand is based on fiat and fractional-reserve banking. In a fractional-reserve banking system, the largest portion of money created is not created by the Reserve Bank itself. Private sector commercial banks create 80% or more.

Issuing of currency
The bank by virtue of the Reserve Bank Act has the sole right of issuing New Zealand legal tender notes and coins. The Reserve Bank controls the issuing of currency to banks and also replaces used and damaged money from circulation. In March 2005, the bank decided to remove the 5 cent coin from circulation (the following year), as well as reducing the size of 10, 20 and 50 cent coins.

The Reserve Bank accepts all New Zealand currency for payment at face value. This applies to all demonetised or withdrawn currency, however such currency need not be accepted by money changers as it is no longer legal tender. All decimal notes are legal tender except $1 and $2 notes as these have been withdrawn.
Damaged notes are still worth something so long as they are recognisable. The Reserve Bank website notes that as a rule of thumb if there is more than half a bank note they will pay its full value. To receive payment people have to turn in the note to either the Reserve Bank in Wellington or any bank.

Collectors coins
The Reserve Bank from time to time produces limited runs of legal tender coins for collectors and have a New Zealand theme and design. These coins generally do not circulate, but are legal tender. The coins are sold for the Reserve Bank via New Zealand Post's business unit.

Prudential regulation
The Reserve Bank is responsible for the Prudential regulation of the New Zealand banking system to ensure that the system remains healthy, however it does not guarantee that a bank will not fail, or face problems.
 there are 27 registered banks.

Capital
New Zealand-incorporated registered banks are required to maintain a minimum level of capital relative to their risk-weighted assets. This helps ensure that banks have enough money to cover any losses they might incur.

Liquidity
The liquidity policy of New Zealand's locally incorporated registered banks is primarily governed by two banking prudential requirements documents: 'Liquidity policy' (BS13) and 'Liquidity policy annex – liquid assets' (BS13A). These documents are part of the banks' conditions of registration. Additionally, reporting requirements are imposed under section 93 of the Banking (Prudential Supervision) Act 1989.

Disclosure
All registered banks operating in New Zealand must issue a quarterly disclosure statement, which the Reserve Bank scrutinise. The purpose of these disclosure statements is to assist depositors to make sound decision and encourage banks to maintain sound banking practices

The disclosure comprises:
 A key information summary that provides a brief overview of the bank's financial condition
 General disclosure statement to provide comprehensive information on the bank
 Supplemental disclosure statement

Credit Ratings

Outsourcing

Connected Exposures

Open Bank Resolution

Macro-Prudential

Deposit Takers Act
In June 2023 the Deposit Takers Act replaced the RBNZ Act(1989) and the Non-Bank Deposit Takers Act (2013) as the foundational law regulating Deposit Takers (New Zealand banks, building societies and credit unions).

It creates a single regulatory regime for all deposit takers and a deposit insurance scheme.

Insurance industry supervision
Under section 12 of the Insurance (Prudential Supervision) Act 2010, the RBNZ is charged with the prudential supervision of the New Zealand insurance industry. This includes the licensing of persons to carry on insurance business in New Zealand.

Regulation of non-bank deposit takers (NBDTs)
Under Part 5D of the Reserve Bank of New Zealand Act 1989 (the "Act"), the RBNZ is charged with the enforcement of the credit rating and prudential requirements applying to non-bank deposit takers (NBDTs) in New Zealand. These functions were introduced by the enactment of the Reserve Bank of New Zealand Amendment Act 2008.

Under the Non-Bank Deposit Takers Act (2013)  the RBNZ acts as the prudential regulator and licensing authority for NBDTs.

Governors
The following have served as governors of the Reserve Bank:
 Leslie Lefeaux (1 January 1934 – 31 December 1940)
 William Fox Longley Ward (Acting Governor: 1 May 1941 – 1 February 1944), (1 February 1944 – 8 July 1948)
 Edward Coldham Fussell (21 July 1948 – 20 July 1962)
 Gilbert Wilson (21 July 1962 – 20 July 1967)
 Sir Alan Low (21 July 1967 – 11 February 1977)
 Raymond W. R. White (12 February 1977 – 11 February 1982)
 Dick L. Wilks (12 February 1982 – 17 May 1984)
 Sir Spencer Russell (18 May 1984 – 31 August 1988)
 Dr Donald Brash (1 September 1988 – 26 April 2002)
 Dr Alan Bollard (23 September 2002 – 25 September 2012)
 Graeme Wheeler (26 September 2012 – 27 September 2017)
 Grant Spencer (Acting Governor: October 2017 - March 2018)
 Adrian Orr (27 March 2018 – present)

Coat of arms

See also
New Zealand dollar
Banks in New Zealand
Financial Markets Authority (New Zealand)

References

External links

 List of registered banks in New Zealand
 Overview of the role, structure and governance arrangements of the Reserve Bank
 Reserve Bank of New Zealand, Who They Are

Banks of New Zealand
Banking in New Zealand
New Zealand
Government agencies of New Zealand
Economy of New Zealand
Financial regulatory authorities of New Zealand
Banks established in 1934
1934 establishments in New Zealand

Reserve Bank of New Zealand


Kunststen (kunststensbeton, kunstbeton) er en finbeton som fremstilles af forskellige slags knuste bjergarter i forskellige farver, for eksempel marmorskærver med hvid eller farvet cement som bindemiddel.

Kunststenens overflade kan bearbejdes når cementen er hærdnet og kan anvendes som flisebelægning eller facadebeklædning og som materiale for skulpturer og udsmykningsgenstande.

Tufsen, en legeskulptur af Egon Møller-Nielsen fra 1949, er et eksempel på en skulptur støbt i kunststen.

Eksterne henvisninger

 "Kunststen" på Ordnet.dk

Menneskeskabte materialer
Beton
Skulptur

Kunststen


O Aviso de 16 de maio (chinês:五一六通知; pinyin : Wǔyīliù Tōngzhī) ou Circular de 16 de maio, oficialmente Notificação (chinês :通知; pinyin: Tōngzhī), foi a primeira grande declaração política da Revolução Cultural Chinesa. Foi publicado em uma sessão ampliada de maio de 1966 do Politburo do Partido Comunista Chinês. A Notificação de 16 de maio encerrou uma disputa política dentro do PCC. O resultado foi uma vitória política para Mao Zedong. A Notificação é muitas vezes vista como o início da Revolução Cultural.

Interpretações e consequências
Imediatamente após a Notificação de 16 de maio, Lin Biao fez um discurso no qual comunicou sua opinião de que a Notificação de 16 de maio pretendia "prevenir um complô contra-revolucionário" e estabelecer a autoridade absoluta do "pensamento de Mao". O acadêmico Alessandro Russo interpreta o discurso de Lin como motivado pela incerteza institucional levantada pela advertência de Mao sobre direitistas secretos no partido que são "como Khruschev" e que Lin estava contando com a autoridade pessoal de Mao para compensar a incerteza institucional.

Em uma carta de julho de 1966 para Jiang Qing, que circulou publicamente somente após a morte de Lin, Mao descreveu o discurso de Lin como contendo ideias "profundamente perturbadoras". A ênfase de Mao em uma "luta contra o revisionismo" não se referia ao risco de um golpe, mas sim à "restauração pacífica" do capitalismo. Mao escreveu: "Nunca pensei que os panfletos que escrevi tivessem tanto poder mágico. Agora que ele começou a inflá-los, todo o país seguirá o exemplo. Parece exatamente como a cena da esposa comerciante de medula Wang, que se orgulha da qualidade de seus produtos." "Eles me lisonjeiam elogiando-me até as estrelas, [mas] as coisas mudam ao contrário: quanto mais alto se dirige, mais difícil é sua queda. Estou preparado para cair, despedaçando toda a minha carne e ossos. Não importa; importa não é destruído, apenas se despedaça". Mao concordou que o Comitê Central distribuísse o discurso de Lin como um documento oficial e comentou em sua carta de julho de 1966: "Esta é a primeira vez em minha vida que, em um ponto importante, cedi lugar a outro contra meu melhor julgamento; digamos independentemente da minha vontade." O consentimento de Mao para a circulação do discurso de Lin acabaria por ajudar a resultar em sua batalha política de 1970-1971 contra Lin.

Após a expulsão de Peng Zhen e seus aliados, Chen Boda e Jiang Qing se tornaram o centro de um novo Grupo da Revolução Cultural.

História da China

Aviso de 16 de maio


Safari Europa er en dansk dokumentarserie fra 2010 i 8 afsnit instrueret af Adam Schmedes efter manuskript af Dorthe Rosenørn Schmedes og Bor Thierry.

Afsnit
Obs! Afsnittene er oplistet i alfabetisk rækkefølge. Tilføj gerne afsnitsnumre og første sendedage.

Eksterne henvisninger

Noter

Danske film fra 2010

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Tv-serier fra Danmark

Safari Europa


Der Kreuzgrund, auch Kreuzig genannt, ist ein etwa drei Kilometer langes Muldental südlich von Ruppersdorf in der Oberlausitz. Es senkt sich von einer Höhe von 330 Metern über NN am Ortsrand von Ninive in östlicher Richtung zu einer Höhe von 280 Metern über NN am Triebenbach ab. Der tief eingeschnittene untere Talhang fällt auf nördlicher Seite nur flach ab, auf der südlichen Seite dagegen weitaus steiler. Es wird angenommen, dass diese Landschaftsformen im Jungpleistozän im Zuge des Neißedurchdruchs entstanden sind.

Früher wurde das Tal von einem kleinen Bach durchflossen, ab Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts führte dieser aber immer weniger Wasser. Heute ist dieser fast komplett ausgetrocknet, es sind nur noch vereinzelte Rinnsale anzutreffen.

Literatur

Trockental
Tal in Europa
Tal in Sachsen
Geographie (Oberlausitz)
Geographie (Herrnhut)

Kreuzgrund (Triebenbach)


Cheverly es una estación en la línea Naranja del Metro de Washington, administrada por la Autoridad de Tránsito del Área Metropolitana de Washington. La estación se encuentra localizada en 5501 Columbia Park Road en Cheverly, Maryland. La estación Cheverly fue inaugurada el 20 de noviembre de 1978.

Descripción
La estación Cheverly cuenta con 1 plataformas laterales. La estación también cuenta con 530 de espacios de aparcamiento, 34 espacios para bicicletas y con 0 casilleros.

Conexiones
La estación es abastecida por las siguientes conexiones de autobuses:
 Rutas del MetroBus

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 WMATA: Estación Cheverly
 Líneas del Metro de Washington

Estaciones de Metro de Estados Unidos inauguradas en 1978
Estaciones de la línea Naranja (Metro de Washington)
Condado de Prince George (Maryland)

Cheverly (Metro de Washington)


Mod Difteri I er en dokumentarfilm instrueret af Theodor Christensen efter eget manuskript.

Handling

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1941

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Mod Difteri I


Færøernes herrehåndboldlandshold er det mandlige landshold i håndbold for Færøerne. Den nuværende landstræner er danske Peter Bredsdorff-Larsen, siden 2021.

I juni 2015 og juni 2017 deltog holdet i IHF Emerging Nations Championship, som er for opkommende håndboldnaioner. Det er for spillere under 24 år, dog må 3 af spillerne være over 24. Færøerne vandt begge turneringer. I 2015 vandt de finalen 27-24 over Letland. I 2017 vandt de finalen 26-25 mod Tyrkiet. Nr. 1, 2 og 3 fra IHF Emerging Nations Championship 2017 kvalificerede sig til Kvalifikation til EM i håndbold 2018.

Resultater

IHF Emerging Nations Championship
 2015 – Vinder
 2017 – Vinder

Holdet

Truppen i 2018

Kilde:

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
Håndboldforbundets officielle hjemmeside
Hondbóltssamband Føroya (FAR) hos European Handball Federation

Håndboldlandshold (herrer)
Herrehåndboldlandshold

Færøernes håndboldlandshold (herrer)


Dana 6. siječnja 2021. godine pristaše američkog predsjednika Donalda Trumpa okupile su se u Washingtonu, DC, kako bi prosvjedovale protiv rezultata predsjedničkih izbora 2020. godine i podržale Trumpov zahtjev da potpredsjednik Mike Pence i Kongres odbiju pobjedu novoizabranog predsjednika Joea Bidena. Ujutro 6. siječnja (EST) prosvjednici su se okupili na skupu "Spasimo Ameriku", planiranom događaju na Elipsi, gdje su prisutni čuli govore predsjednika Trumpa i Rudyja Giulianija. Demonstracije su kulminirale neredima, u kojima su Trumpove pristaše napale Kapitol Sjedinjenih Država. Događaj se dogodio nakon što su propali brojni raniji pokušaji Trumpa i njegovih pristaša da ponište izborne rezultate.

Tijekom početnog skupa, Trump je potaknuo svoje pristaše da se "bore pakleno" i "vrate našu zemlju" i zatražio od svojih pristaša da marširaju do američkog Kapitola. Nakon toga pro-Trumpova rulja marširala je na Kongres i na kraju upala u zgradu. Kongres je u to vrijeme zasjedao, provodio je prebrojavanje glasova na izbornom kolegiju i raspravljao o prigovoru na prebrojavanje glasova koji je podnijela Arizona.

Kako su prosvjednici stigli, osiguranje Kapitola evakuiralo je komore Senata i Zastupničkog doma i zaključalo nekoliko drugih zgrada u kampusu Kapitol. Prosvjednici su prošli sigurnosne mjere da bi ušli u Kapitol, zauzimajući evakuiranu komoru Senata, dok su stražari izvlačili pištolje kako bi spriječili ulazak na pod evakuirane Kuće. Nekoliko zgrada u kompleksu Kapitola evakuirano je, a sve zgrade u kompleksu nakon toga zaključane. Izgrednici su prošli sigurnost da zauzmu evakuiranu komoru Senata, dok su stražari izvlačili pištolje kako bi spriječili ulazak na evakuirani pod kuće. Evakuirani ured predsjednice Doma Nancy Pelosi nakratko je zauzeo Trumpov pristaša.

Policajci su tijekom zastoja ispred prostorije Kuće ustrijelili uljeza, a kasnije je umrla od ozljeda. Pet osoba je umrlo od događaja, a još deseci su teško ozlijeđeni. Policijski službenik Kapitol-a Brian D. Sicknick umro je nakon što je navodno protupožarnim aparatom pogođen u glavu. Izvješteno je da su pronađene tri improvizirane eksplozivne naprave: jedna na kapitolskom terenu i po jedna u uredima Republikanskog nacionalnog odbora i Demokratskog nacionalnog odbora.

Događaji su izazvali široku osudu političkih čelnika i organizacija širom zemlje. Vođa senatske većine Mitch McConnell nazvao je juriš na Kapitol "neuspjelom pobunom". Predsjedateljica doma Nancy Pelosi i čelnik manjinske senatorice Chuck Schumer pozvali su Pencea da se službeno poziva na 25. amandman, istovremeno prijeteći da će po drugi put opozivati Trumpa.

Trump je na juriš reagirao rekavši prosvjednicima da "idu kući u miru"; također je opisao prosvjednike kao "domoljube" i "vrlo posebne", izražavajući "ljubav" prema njima i pripisujući događaje ukradenim izborima. Kao rezultat toga, Twitter je privremeno zaključao Trumpov račun i uklonio tri njegova tweeta zbog kršenja njihove politike građanskog integriteta. Neredi i oluje na Kapitolu opisani su kao pobuna, pobuna i domaći terorizam. Neki su izvori taj čin označili kao pokušaj Trumpovog državnog udara. Incident je bio prvi put da su Kapitol pregazili od paljenja Washingtona 1814. godine od strane Britanaca tijekom rata 1812. godine.

Pozadina

Na predsjedničkim izborima u Sjedinjenim Državama 2020., održanima 3. studenoga 2020, pobijedio je demokratski kandidat Joe Biden, koji je pobijedio dosadašnjeg republikanskog predsjednika Donalda Trumpa. Prije, tijekom i nakon prebrojavanja glasova, Trump i drugi republikanci pokušali su poništiti izbore, lažno navodeći raširenu prijevaru birača.

Budući da se Kongres trebao sastati 6. siječnja 2021. godine, kako bi se prebrojali rezultati glasanja na Izbornom kolegijumu, Trump je najavio planove okupljanja uoči događaja kako bi nastavio svoj prosvjed zbog valjanosti izbornih rezultata nekoliko država. Trump je 18. prosinca najavio "Veliki prosvjed u DC-u 6. siječnja. Budi tamo, bit će divlje!" Gradonačelnica Washingtona DC Muriel Bowser zatražila je 31. prosinca 2020. da se postrojbe Nacionalne garde Distrikta Columbia rasporede kako bi podržale lokalna policija tijekom predviđenih demonstracija. U svom je zahtjevu napisala da stražari neće biti naoružani te da će oni biti prvenstveno odgovorni za "upravljanje gužvom" i usmjeravanje prometa, omogućujući policiji da se usredotoči na sigurnosne probleme. Vršitelj dužnosti ministra obrane Christopher C. Miller odobrio je zahtjev 4. siječnja 2021. Odobrenjem je aktivirano 340 vojnika, a ne više od 114 raspoređenih u bilo kojem trenutku.

Trump je prethodnih dana proveo sugerirajući da bi potpredsjednik Pence trebao odbiti pobjedu novoizabranog predsjednika Joea Bidena, akt koji nije u ustavnoj moći Pencea, i ponovio je ovaj poziv u svom govoru ujutro 6. siječnja. Istog je popodneva Pence objavio pismo Kongresu u kojem je rekao da neće osporavati Bidenovu pobjedu.

Događaji u okrugu Columbia

Tisuće nazočnih okupilo se u Freedom Plaza 5. siječnja 2021. godine, uoči protesta planiranih za ovaj tjedan. U utorak navečer i u srijedu ujutro uhićeno je najmanje deset osoba, nekoliko zbog optužbi za oružje.

Trumpov skup u Washingtonu D.C.
Ujutro 6. siječnja prosvjednici su okružili Washingtonski spomenik da bi se okupili. Nekoliko ljudi održalo je govore o Elipsi, uključujući Trumpovog savjetnika Rudyja Giulianija i samog Trumpa. Giuliani se obratio mnoštvu, ponavljajući teorije zavjere da su glasački strojevi korišteni na izborima "krivo" i pozivajući na "suđenje borbom".

Trump je održao govor iza staklene barijere, izjavivši da "nikada neće priznati" izbore, kritizirajući medije i pozivajući Pence da poništi izborne rezultate, nešto što nije u ustavnoj moći Pencea.

Trump je pozvao svoje pristaše da marširaju Kapitolom, gdje se sastaje Kongres:Nikada nam nećete vratiti zemlju slabošću. Morate pokazati snagu i morate biti jaki. Došli smo zahtijevati da Kongres učini ispravnu stvar i broji samo birače koji su zakonski raspoređeni. Znam da će svi ovdje uskoro marširati do zgrade Kapitola kako bi mirno i domoljubno učinili da se vaši glasovi danas čuju.Trump je također rekao svojim pristašama da se "bore. Borimo se pakleno. A ako se ne borite pakleno, više nećete imati zemlju." Izjavio je da će "ići na Kapitol, a mi ćemo pokušati pružiti" republikancima "onu vrstu ponosa i smjelosti koji su im potrebni da vrate našu zemlju".

Razgovarali su i Trumpovi punoljetni sinovi Donald Trump mlađi i Eric Trump, koji su verbalno napali republikanske kongresmene i senatore koji nisu podržavali napore da ospore glasanje na Izbornom kolegiju i obećavajući kampanju protiv njih na budućim primarnim izborima.

Neredi u zgradi Kapitola
Počevši između 13:00 i 14:15, izgrednici su započeli pokušaj juriša na zgrade u kompleksu američkog Kapitola. Neke su zgrade u kompleksu evakuirane, a izgrednici su prošli sigurnosne mjere da bi ušli u Kapitol, uključujući i Dvoranu nacionalnih statua. Juriš na Kapitol organiziran je na pro-Trumpovim web stranicama krajnje desnice na društvenim mrežama, uključujući Gab i Parler, na kojima su se pozivali na nasilje nad Kongresom i tjednima služili kao regrutni centri za QAnon, Ponosne dječake i druge rubne elemente.

Gomila je postala nasilna iza 14 sati. Dok su sudionici skupa stizali na Kapitol kako bi se sastali s ostalim tamo već okupljenim prosvjednicima, oko 14:15. probijene su barikade oko perimetra područja Kapitola u kojima je bila policija Distrikta Columbia, a kaptiolsko osiguranje savjetovalo je članove Kongresa da se sklone. Kad su izgrednici počeli jurišati na Kapitol i druge obližnje zgrade, neke zgrade u kompleksu su evakuirane, a izgrednici su prošli sigurnosne mjere da bi ušli u sam Kapitol, uključujući i Dvoranu nacionalnog kipa. U vrijeme prekida zajedničko zasjedanje Kongresa podijelilo se tako da je svaka komora mogla zasebno raspravljati, a zatim izglasati prigovor na prihvaćanje ovjerenih rezultata liste birača iz Arizone koju je iznio predstavnik Paul Gosar iz Arizone potpisao senator Ted Cruz iz Teksasa, s obje komore otprilike na pola svoje dvosatne rasprave o prijedlogu. Nakon probijanja sigurnosnog opsega, većina izgrednika jednostavno je pješice ušla u Kapitol; drugi su konopcima i improviziranim ljestvama napadali zgradu, a neki su razbili prozore da uđu. Mnoštvo pro-Trumpovih ekstremista prošlo je pored barijera i časnika, a neki su pripadnici mafije prskali kemijske agense. Neki su izgrednici nosili zastave Konfederacije, nacističke ambleme i nosili su opremu za nerede, uključujući kacige i prsluke u vojnom stilu. Ispred zgrade rulja je postavila vješala, probušila gume policijskom vozilu i na vjetrobranskom staklu ostavila poruku "PELOSI JE SOTONA".

Nakon proboja, sve su zgrade u kompleksu bile zaključane, a ulaz i izlaz iz zgrada nisu dopušteni. Oni koji su bili u zgradi zamoljeni su da se usele u urede i zaključaju vrata i prozore; onima izvana savjetovano je da "potraže zaklon". Članovima Kongresa u Domu rečeno je da stave plinske maske nakon što su organi reda primijenili suzavac u zgradi. Neki su zaposlenici uspješno požurili spašavati kutije zapečaćenih glasova izbornih kolegija kako bi spriječili da ih izgrednici oštete.

ABC News izvijestio je da su u zgradi Kapitola pucali hici i da je na ulaznim vratima odaja Kuće bio oružani sukob. Nakon što su pro-Trumpovi izgrednici provalili u Kapitol, više policajaca izvuklo je oružje iz komore Zastupničkog doma i usmjerilo ih prema vratima u komoru koja su bila zabarikadirana namještajem. Na stubištu je jedan policajac pucao u muškarca koji mu je prilazio.

Ashli Babbitt, uljez, ustrijeljena je unutar Kapitola od strane reda dok se penjala kroz barikadirana vrata iza odaje Kuće, a kasnije je umrla od ozljeda. Službenik za provođenje zakona rekao je za Washington Post da policija vjeruje da je preminuli bio nenaoružan, ali policajac koji je ispalio kobni hitac to u to vrijeme nije znao, a policija je bila svjesna da mnogi uljezi nose skriveno oružje.

Pro-Trumpovi izgrednici upali su u urede predsjedavajuće kuće Nancy Pelosi, prevrćući stolove i čupajući fotografije sa zidova; u Kapitolu je bilo pljačke. Policijski službenici Capitol-a izvijestili su da je zgrada "uništena". Promatrači su u svim dijelovima zgrade vidjeli "krhotine, smeće, sve u liftovima, srušene stvari, srušene stupove". U dvorani Nacionalnog kipa razbijeni su stakleni prozori. Izgrednici su uništili opremu za snimanje i emitiranje Associated Pressa izvan Kapitola nakon što su otjerali novinare. Više je policajaca ozlijeđeno u nasilju na Kapitolu.

Tok događaja
Sva vremena dana po istočnom vremenu (EST):

 8:17 ujutro: Predsjednik Trump tweetuje lažne navode o prevarama, rekavši: "Sve što Mike Pence mora učiniti jest poslati ih natrag u države, A MI POBJEDIMO. Učini to, Mike, ovo je vrijeme za krajnju hrabrost!"
 11:00: Elipsa južno od Bijele kuće ispunjena je Trumpovim pristašama.
 11:30: Vršiteljica dužnosti ministra obrane Miller sudjeluje u stolnoj vježbi o mogućnostima odgovora na nepredviđene slučajeve Ministarstva prosvjete i prosvjeda.
 12:00: Predsjednik Trump započinje svoj jednosatni govor. Ponavlja lažne navode da su izbori ukradeni, kritizirajući potpredsjednika Pencea poimence nekoliko puta, optužujući kolege republikance da nisu učinili dovoljno da potkrepe svoje lažne navode i navodeći da će s mnoštvom prošetati do Kapitola. povlači se u Bijelu kuću odmah nakon govora.
 12:30: Mnoštvo pro-Trumpovih pristaša okuplja se ispred zgrade američkog Kapitola.
 13:00: Izgrednici napadaju vanjsku barikadu Capitol Police zapadno od zgrade Capitol-a. U isto vrijeme, senatori i potpredsjednik Pence odlaze do odaje Doma. Pence objavljuje pismo u kojem navodi da ga Ustav sprječava da se jednostrano miješa u prebrojavanje izbornog koledža Sjedinjenih Država 2021.
 13:05: Kongres se sastaje na zajedničkoj sjednici kako bi potvrdio izbornu pobjedu Joea Bidena. Ministar obrane prima obavještajna izvješća otvorenog koda o demonstrantima koji se kreću prema američkom Kapitolu.
 13:10: Predsjednik Trump završava svoj govor potičući mnoštvo da marširaju na Kapitol: "Pokušat ćemo im pružiti vrstu ponosa i smjelosti koji su im potrebni da vrate našu zemlju."
 13:12: Rep. Paul Gosar (R-AZ) i senator Ted Cruz (R-TX) prigovaraju potvrđivanju glasova donesenih na predsjedničkim izborima u Sjedinjenim Državama 2020. u Arizoni. Zajedničko zasjedanje razdvaja se u vijeće Doma i Senata radi rasprave o prigovoru.
 13:26: Američka policija Kapitola naredila je evakuaciju kompleksa Capitol.
 13:30: Veliki broj Trumpovih pristaša maršira od Elipse do avenije Pennsylvania prema Kapitolu. U međuvremenu, preplavljena policija Kapitola prisiljena je povući se stepenicama Kapitola.
 Nešto nakon 13:30: Bombe s cijevima pronađene su u sjedištu Republikanskog nacionalnog odbora i Demokratskog nacionalnog odbora. Zgrade uz ovo sjedište su evakuirane.
 13:34: Gradonačelnica D.C-a Bowser putem telefona traži da tajnik vojske Ryan D. McCarthy pruži neodređeni broj dodatnih snaga.
 13:35: U vijećanjima u Senatu, vođa većine McConnell upozorava da bi odbijanje potvrde rezultata predsjedničkih izbora pod lažnim izgovorom gurnulo američku demokraciju u "spiralu smrti".
 13:49: Šef policije Capitol Sund traži hitnu pomoć od zapovjednika Nacionalne garde DCC-a, general-majora Williama J. Walkera.
 14:15: Pro-Trumpova rulja razbija prozore i ulazi u Kapitol, otvarajući vrata kako bi omogućila drugima da uđu.
 14:20: Kuća i Senat prekidaju i započinju evakuaciju.
 14:22: Tajnik vojske McCarthy telefonirao je s gradonačelnikom Bowserom, zamjenikom gradonačelnika DC-a, ravnateljem DC-a, Agencijom za državnu sigurnost i upravljanje izvanrednim situacijama i vodstvom Metro policije u kojem se traži dodatna podrška DCNG-a.
 14:24: Predsjednik Trump cvrkuće, "Mike Pence nije imao hrabrosti učiniti ono što je trebalo učiniti da zaštiti našu zemlju i naš Ustav, dajući šansu državama da potvrde ispravljeni niz činjenica, a ne lažnih ili netočnih one koje su trebali prethodno potvrditi. SAD zahtijeva istinu! "
 14:30 sati: Tajnik Miller, predsjedavajući Generalštaba generalštaba Mark Milley i vojni tajnik McCarthy sastaju se kako bi razgovarali o zahtjevima policije Capitol i vlade DC-a.
 14.38 sati: Predsjednik Trump objavio je tweetove: "Podržite našu policiju i policiju Kapitola. Oni su zaista na strani naše zemlje. Budite mirni!"
 15:00: Tajnik Miller odlučuje rasporediti sve raspoložive snage DCNG-a kako bi pojačao metro policiju i policiju Capitol dok pokušavaju uspostaviti sigurnost u kompleksu Capitol. Vojni tajnik McCarthy zapovijeda Nacionalnoj gardi D.C. da pripremi gardiste za prelazak iz DC Armourya u kompleks Kapitola, čekajući službeno odobrenje tajnika Millera.
 15:04: Tajnik Miller, uz savjet višeg vodstva obrane, službeno odobrava potpunu aktivaciju 1100 vojnika u DCNG-u. Vojni tajnik McCarthy zapovijeda DCNG-u da započne punu mobilizaciju.
 15:13: Predsjednik Trump tweetuje, "Molim da svi u američkom Kapitolu ostanu mirni. Bez nasilja! Zapamtite, MI smo Stranka zakona i reda - poštujte Zakon i naše velike muškarce i žene u plavom. Hvala. ti! "

 15:19: Vojni tajnik McCarthy telefonski je razgovarao sa senatorom Schumerom i predsjednikom doma Pelosi u vezi s zahtjevom gradonačelnika Bowsera. McCarthy objašnjava da je odobrena puna mobilizacija DCNG-a.

 15.26 sati: McCarthy je telefonirao s gradonačelnikom Bowserom i šefom policije Metroa Robertom Conteeom poručujući da njihov zahtjev nije odbijen i da je tajnik Miller odobrio potpuno aktiviranje DCNG-a.
 15:32: Guverner Virginije Ralph Northam naredio je mobilizaciju snaga Nacionalne garde Virginije očekujući zahtjev za potporu.
 15:36: Tajnica tiska Bijele kuće Kayleigh McEnany tweetuje da se Nacionalna garda i ostale savezne snage upućuju prema Kapitolu.
 15:37: Guverner Marylanda Larry Hogan naređuje mobilizaciju snaga Nacionalne garde Marylanda očekujući zahtjev za potporu.
 15:46: Načelnik ureda Nacionalne garde general R. R. Hokanson telefonirao je s general-ađutantom Virginije Timothyjem P. Williamsom kako bi razgovarao o podršci Washingtonu, DC i obaviješten je da su snage Nacionalne garde Virginije već mobilizirane.
 15.48 sati: Vojni tajnik McCarthy napušta Pentagon za sjedište policijske uprave Metroa u zgradi Henry Daly.
 15:55: General Hokanson telefonirao je s general-ađutantom Marylanda general-majorom Timothyem E. Gowenom kako bi razgovarao o podršci Washingtonu, DC i obaviješten je da su snage Nacionalne garde Marylanda već mobilizirane.
 16:05: Novoizabrani predsjednik Biden održava konferenciju za novinare u kojoj poziva predsjednika Trumpa da "zatraži kraj ove opsade".
 16:10: Vojni tajnik McCarthy stiže u sjedište policijske uprave D.C.
 16:17: Trump je tweetovo video koji govori izgrednicima da ih voli i da trebaju ići kući, ponavljajući lažne tvrdnje da je izbor ukraden.
 16:18: Tajnik Miller, general Milley, vojni tajnik McCarthy i general Hokanson razgovaraju o raspoloživosti snaga Nacionalne garde smještenih izvan neposrednog područja metroa D.C. Tajnik Miller usmeno odobrava prikupljanje i raspoređivanje snaga Nacionalne garde izvan države u DC.
 16:32: Tajnik Miller ovlašćuje DCNG da provodi operacije perimetra i čišćenja u znak podrške američkoj policiji Kapitola.

 16:40: Vojni tajnik McCarthy telefonirao je s guvernerom Marylanda Hoganom u kojem se guverner slaže da pošalje snage Marylanda NG u D.C., očekuje se sljedeći dan.
 17:02: 154 DCNG napušta Oružnicu DC.
 17:40: 154 DCNG stižu u kompleks Capitol, prisežu na policiju Capitol i započinju operacije podrške.
 Oko 17:40: Kad se unutrašnjost Kapitola očisti od izgrednika, čelnici Kongresa izjavljuju da će nastaviti s prebrojavanjem izbornih glasova.
 17.45: Tajnik Miller potpisuje službeno odobrenje za izvođenje državne Nacionalne garde za prikupljanje i raspoređivanje kao potporu američkoj policiji Kapitola.
 Oko 17:45: Policija objavljuje da je Ashli Babbitt, izgrednik ustrijeljen unutar Kapitola, umro.
 18:00: Policijski čas stupa na snagu.
 18:01: Predsjednik Trump tweetuje, "To su stvari i događaji koji se događaju kad se sveta pobjeda na izborima tako bez ceremonije i opako oduzme od velikih domoljuba koji su toliko dugo bili loše i nepravedno tretirani. Idite kući s ljubavlju i u miru. Zauvijek pamtite ovaj dan!
 18:14: Američka policija Kapitola, metro policija DC i DCNG uspješno uspostavljaju obod na zapadnoj strani američkog Kapitola.
 19:00: Facebook uklanja objave predsjednika Trumpa s Facebooka i Instagrama zbog toga što "pridonosi [umjesto] riziku od trajnog nasilja, a ne umanjuje".
 19:02: Twitter uklanja Trumpove tweetove i isključuje njegov račun na 12 sati zbog "ponovljenih i teških kršenja [njegove] politike građanskog integriteta".
 20:00: Američka policija Kapitola proglašava zgradu Kapitola sigurnom.
 20:06: Senat se ponovno sastaje, pod predsjedanjem potpredsjednika Pencea, kako bi nastavio raspravljati o prigovoru na izborno brojanje u Arizoni.
 20:36: Facebook blokira Trumpovu stranicu na 24 sata.
 21:00: Govornik Pelosi ponovno otvara raspravu u Domu.
 22:15: Senat glasa 93–6 protiv prigovora nekolicine republikanskih senatora protiv prebrojavanja izbornih glasova u Arizoni.
 23:30: Dom glasa 303–121 za odbijanje republikanskog prigovora na prebrojavanje izbornih glasova u Arizoni.

7. siječnja

 Nešto nakon 12:00 sati: Senat odbacuje, 92-7, prigovor nekolicine republikanskih senatora protiv prebrojavanja izbornih glasova u Pennsylvaniji.
 12:15: Republikanski predstavnik Scott Perry (R-PA) i senator Josh Hawley (R-MO) usprotivili su se prebrojavanju izbornih glasova u Pennsylvaniji, što je pokrenulo dvosatnu raspravu u obje komore.

 2:20: Mali broj zastupnika gotovo se fizički obračunao u vijeću Doma. Nakon što je predstavnik Conor Lamb (D-PA) rekao da je napad na Kapitol od strane bijesne protrumpovske rulje ranije tog dana "nadahnut lažima, istim lažima koje večeras čujete u ovoj sobi", predstavnik Morgan Griffith (D- VA) usprotivio se Lambovoj primjedbi; prigovor je odbila predsjednica Pelosi. Nekoliko minuta kasnije, članovi obje stranke vode žustru verbalnu raspravu na srednjem prolazu u neposrednoj blizini, prekidajući se kad je Pelosi zatražio red.

 3:10: Dom odbacuje, 282-138, republikanski prigovor protiv prebrojavanja izbornih glasova u Pennsylvaniji.
 03:24: Nakon odbijanja svih prigovora, Kongres dovršava brojanje izbornih glasova, pobijedivši Biden, 306-232; Potpredsjednik Pence potvrđuje izborni rezultat, formalno proglašavajući Bidena pobjednikom.

Širenje COVID-19
Stručnjaci za javno zdravstvo rekli su da je juriš na Kapitol potencijalni događaj širenja virusa COVID-19. Malo je članova gomile nosilo pokrivala za lice, a mnogi su dolazili izvan grada, a malo je izgrednika odmah bilo privedeno i identificirano. Američki predstavnik Jacob LaTurner, republikanac iz Kansasa, bio je pozitivan na COVID-19 nakon ukidanja zaključavanja navečer 6. siječnja; LaTurner - koji je svoj brucoški mandat u Kongresu započeo 3. siječnja - nije se vratio na kat Doma kad je nastavljen postupak prebrojavanja na izbornom kolegiju. Oko 200 Kongresnih djelatnika navodno se sklonilo u razne prostorije unutar Kapitola, što je dodatno povećalo rizik od prijenosa COVID-19.

Dr. Anthony Fauci, ravnatelj Nacionalnog instituta za alergiju i zarazne bolesti i vodeći član Radne skupine za koronavirus Bijele kuće, rekao je u intervjuu za WJLA-TV da su izgrednici "vjerojatno izlagali povećanom riziku jer su u osnovi to učinili ne pridržavati se osnova javnog zdravstva "kako bi se spriječilo širenje COVID-19, poput" univerzalnog nošenja maski, držanja fizičke distance i izbjegavanja gužve u skupnim okruženjima." Dan nakon juriša na Kapitol, Eric Toner, viši znanstvenik iz Johns Hopkins centra za zdravstvenu sigurnost, rekao je da je juriš na Kapitol "izvanredno opasna" iz perspektive javnog zdravstva.

Američki aktivist za neonacističke i bijele supremacije Tim "Baked Alaska" Gionet sudjelovao je u dnevnim događajima, uključujući juriš na Kapitol, unatoč nedavnoj dijagnozi COVID-19.

Izvori

Politika

Juriš na Kapitol Sjedinjenih Država


دار الكتاب اللبناني دار نشر لبنانيـة، عُرفت بنشر الأعمال الكاملة للأستاذ عباس محمود العقاد في ستة وعشرين مجلداً، والمؤلفات الكاملة للدكتور طه حسين في ستة عشر مجلداً. ولا تزال الدار توالي طبع المجموعتين إلى اليوم ومنذ عقود من السنين.

مصادر

طالع
قائمة دور النشر في لبنان

دور نشر في لبنان

دار الكتاب اللبناني


La sixième édition du meeting All Star Perche, compétition d'athlétisme en salle de saut à la perche, s'est déroulée le  à Aubière, en France. Considérée comme la compétition la plus prestigieuse de saut à la perche au monde, la réunion accueille les meilleurs athlètes mondiaux de la discipline. La compétition se déroule à huis clos et se limite à 4 concours en raison de la pandémie de la Covid-19. Pour la même raison, l'évènement déménage exceptionnellement au Stadium Jean-Pellez d'Aubière à la place de la Maison des Sports de Clermont-Ferrand.

Faits marquants
Renaud Lavillenie établit un nouveau record du meeting et améliore sa meilleure performance de la saison en franchissant 6,06 m. Le néerlandais Menno Vloon améliore de 11 centimètres son record personnel en effaçant une barre à 5,96 m. Ethan Cormont et Valentin Lavillenie s'adjugent les minimas olympiques placés à 5,80 m. La biélorusse Iryna Zhuk porte son record national à 4,73 m et termine deuxième de l'épreuve derrière la britannique Holly Bradshaw.

Résultats

Notes et références

2021
Compétition d'athlétisme à Aubière
Athlétisme en février 2021
Sport en France en février 2021

All Star Perche 2021


Bowenite (também bowenita) é uma variedade dura e compacta do mineral antigorite, uma espécie do subgrupo serpentina com fórmula química geral Mg3(OH)O4Si2O5. Classificado como pedra semi-preciosa, foi usado para confecionar ferramentas, armas e joias pelo povo Māori na Nova Zelândia e para joias pela casa parisiense Fabergé. Depósitos dste mineral ocorrem em vários lugares ao redor do mundo, incluindo o Afeganistão, a China, a Nova Zelândia, a África do Sul e várias regiões dos Estados Unidos. A coloração deste mineral varia de verde-escuro a verde-oliva claro e em tons que se aproximam do amarelo. A bowenite foi assim designada por James D. Dana, em 1850, em homenagem ao mineralogista George T. Bowen, que analisou aquele mineral em 1822. O nome «retinalite» é por vezes é aplicado à bowenite amarela. O mineral proveniente da Nova Zelândia é comercializado sob o nome de .

Descrição
Juntamente com o jade nefrítico o povo Māori classifica a bowenite como pounamu, que também é conhecida como greenstone (pedra-verde) e é de particular importância para os Ngāi Tahu iwi em cujas terras tradicionais na Ilha do Sul (South Island), da Nova Zelândia, são encontrados a maioria dos depósitos. Historicamente, foi usado para ferramentas, armas e ornamentos, embora o uso moderno seja limitado a jóias, como os amuletos hei-tiki.

Os depósitos da South Island são legalmente protegidos e a obtenção de material sem a permissão dos Ngāi Tahu levou a processos judiciais. Em 1992, o iwi Ngāi Tahu aprovou o Plano de Gestão de Recursos de Pounamu para administrar os depósitos deste recurso comercialmente valioso.

A bowenite é o mineral símbolo do estado de Rhode Island, nos Estados Unidos.

A maioria dos depósitos de bowenite são pequenos, embora um grande depósito tenha sido descoberto na África do Sul em 1989. Os depósitos na China estão na região de Suzhou, que produz artefactos, que também são conhecidos como jade de Suzhou, com elaborados desenhos em entalhe.

Referências

Ligações externas
Mindat with mineral data

Filossilicatos
Subgrupo serpentina
Rhode Island
Gemas

Bowenite


Thetídio, en , est un village du dème de Pharsale, district régional de Lárissa, en Thessalie, Grèce.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du village s'élève à .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Village en Thessalie

Thetídio


بلدية سانت لورينس دورتونس (بالكاتالانية: Sant Llorenç d'Hortons) هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة برشلونة، والتي تقع في منطقة كاتالونيا، شرق إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 2.219 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

مراجع

بلديات في مقاطعة برشلونة

سان لورينزو دي هورتونس


හැදින්වීම
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ආරවුල් නිරාකරණය  කිරීමේ ප්‍රධාන ක්‍රමවේදයන් වශයෙන් අධිකරණමය ක්‍රමවේදය සහ අධිකරණමය  නොවන (ව්කල්ප ආරවුල්
නිරාකරණය  කිරීමේ යාන්ත්‍රනය)ක්‍රමවේදය  යනුවෙන් හදුනා ගැනීමේ හැකියාව ඇත.

අධිකරණම ක්‍රමවේදය යටතේ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ මහාධිකරණය, දිසා අධිකරණය මහේස්ත්‍රාත් අධිකරණය සහ ප්‍රාථමි  අධිකරණ පළමු අවස්ථා අධිකරණ වන අතර  විනිසුරුවරයෙකු විසින් තීන්දුවක් ලබා දෙනු ලැබේ.යම් පාර්ශවයක් තීන්දුව සම්බන්ධයෙන් අතෘප්තිමත් නම් ඔහුට ඉහළ අධිකරණයට  එනම් මහාධිකරණය,අභියාචනාධිකරණයට,හෝ ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණයට නැවත නඩුව විමසන ලෙසට ඉල්ලුම් කළ හැකිය.බලන්න:

අධිකරණය විසින් නඩු විසදීමේදී ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් විමර්ශනවාදී පටිපාටිය සහ එදිරිවාදී පටිපාටිය අනුගමනය කරනු දැක ගත හැකිය.විමර්ශනවාදී(inquisiitorial) පද්ධතිය සිවිල් නීති සම්ප්‍රධායට එදිරිවාදී පද්ධතිය (acquisitorial)පොදු  නීති සම්ප්‍රධායටද දළ වශයෙන් යා කළ හැකිය.මෙම විභේදනය  ද එකක් වන අතර සමහර  අවස්ථාවන්හිදී විමර්ශනවාදී ලක්‍ෂණ පොදු නීතියේද  දැකගත  හැකිය.ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ අධිකරණ තේරාවලියේදී විනිසුරුවරයා විසින්එදිරිවාදී පටිපාටිය අනුගමනය කරනු දැකිය හැක.

ප්‍රාථමික අධිකරණ

නඩුවක් විසදන පළමු අධිකරණයයි.දැනට ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ එවැනි ප්‍රාථමික අධිකරණ දෙකක් ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ. අනෙක් ප්‍රදේශවල මහේස්ත්‍රාත් ප්‍රාථමික

අධිකරණ වල බලතල දරයි.ප්‍රාථමික අධිකරණයක කාර්යපටිපාටිය 1979අංක 44දරණ ප්‍රාථමික අධිකරණ සංවිධාන පනත මගින් පාලනය වේ.right|200px

ප්‍රාථමික අධිකරණයකට,
ණය අලාබ ඉල්ලීම හෝ හිමිකම් පෑම සම්බන්ධ ආරවුල් රු1500නොඉක්මවන විටදී **ප්‍රාදේශීය ආයතන වලදී ආදායම් අයකර ගැනීමේ බලතල
අපරාධ කරුණු
ඉඩම් වල භුක්තිය සම්බන්ධ ආරවුල්.(66නඩු )
ව්‍යවස්ථාවලින් දක්වා ඇති ඕනෑම වරදවල් විමසිය හැක.

මහේස්ත්‍රාත් අධිකරණය

මහේස්ත්‍රාත් අධිකරණ  82 පමණ දැනට  ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ  ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ.සැම මහේස්ත්‍රාත් අධිකරණයකටම අපරාධ නඩු විමසීමට බලතල ඇති අතර රු100,000 දක්වා ප්‍රමාණයකට පීඩාවට පත් පාර්ශවයට වක්දිනියම කිරීමේ බලය ඇත.යම් පාර්ශවකරුවකු මහේස්ත්‍රාත් අධිකරණ‍යේ වරදකරු කිරීම දඩුවම් හෝ නියෝග වලට අතෘප්තිමත් නම් ඊට එරෙහිව අභියාචනයක් අදාල පළාතේ  මහාධිකරණයේ ගොනු කළ හැකිය.

දිසා අධිකරණය

සෑම දිස්ත්‍රික්කයකම අනුබද්ධිතව දිසා අධිකරණ පිහිටුවා ඇති අතරදැනට  ශ්‍රී ලංකාව පුරාම දිසා අධිකරණ 57ක් පමණ ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ.නීතියෙන් අධිකරණයට යොමුකරන නඩුවලට අමතරව සියලු සිවිල්ආදායම් ,භාර,බං‍කොලොත්භාවය ,තෙස්තමේන්තු ප්‍රශ්න සදහා අධිකරණ බලය හා
වාර්තාගත කිරීමේ බලය දිසා අධිකරණය සතුය.රු මිලියන තුනකට අඩු වටිනාකමක් ඇති වානිජ ආරවුල් විසදිය හැකි අතර අභියාචනා සම්බන්ධව අභියාචනාධිකරණයට  යොමු විය හැක.

මහාධිකරණය
ශ්‍රී ලංකා‍වේ සෑම කලාපයකම මහාධිකරණ පිහිටුවා ඇත.
බරපතල අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් කටයුතු කරණ  මුල් අවස්ථා  අධිකරණය මෙයයි.
මහාධිකරණයේ අපරාධ නඩු ආරම්භ කරනුයේ නීතිපති වරයා විසින් වන අතර පැමිණිල්ල රජයේ නිතීඥවරු විසින් මෙහෙය වනු ලැ‍බේ.

පළාත්බද මහාධිකරණය

පලාතතුල ක්‍රියාත්මක වන මහේස්ත්‍රාත් අධිකරණ, දිසා අධිකරණ, ප්‍රාථමික උසාවි, විනිශ්චය සභා, වල තීන්දු වලට එරෙහි අභියාචනා පළාත්බද

මහාධිකරණය  විමසනු ලැබේ.මුල් අවස්ථා අධිකරණයක්, විනිශ්චය සභාවක් හෝ ආයතනයක් ලබාගෙන  ඇති ඕනෑම නියෝගයක් හෝ තීන්දුවක් තහවුරු

කිරීම‍ට ,නිශ්ප්‍රභා කිරීමට, නිවැරදි කිරීමට හෝ සංශෝධනය කිරීමටත් නව නඩු විභාගයක‍ට  යොමු කිරීමටත් පළාත්බද මහාධිකරණයට බලතල ඇත.

අභියාචනාධිකරණය

මහාධිකරණය,මුල් අවස්ථා අධිකරණ,මහේස්ත්‍රාත් අධිකරණ,දිසා අධිකරණ,විනිශ්චය සභා විසින් නීතිය පිළිබඳව සිදුකළ වැරදීම් නිවැරදි කිරීමේ

බලය.අභියාචනාධිකරණයට ඉන්ජන්ක්‍ෂන් හා රිට් ප්‍රදානය කිරීමේ බලතල ඇත.

ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණය
දේශීය නීතිය තුල ඉහළම සහ අවසන් අධිකරණය වේ.
ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ ප්‍රතිපාදන වලට යටත්ව ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ දක්වා ඇති බලතල &සම්බන්ධ කරුණු, මුලික අයිතිවාසිකම් ආරක්‍ෂා කිරීම, අභියාචනා විමසී‍මේ අධිකරණ බලය ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණය සතුය.

විකල්ප ආරවුල් නිරවුල් කිරීමේ යාන්ත්‍රණය

සමථකරණය යටතේ දෙපාර්ශවය විසින් අපක්‍ෂපාතීව ප්‍රශ්නගත පාර්ශවයන් සදහා අන්‍යෝන්‍යව පිළිගත හැකි එකගත්වයන් වර්ධනය කර ගැනීමටත්,

සාකච්ඡා කිරීමටත් සමථකරුවකු පත් කර ගනී.බලාත්මක තීරණ ලබා දීමේ කියාවෙන් තොරය.

සමථකරණ ක්‍රියාවලිය......,

මුලාශ්‍ර
කුඩාව්‍යාපාර සහ ආර්ථික ජීවන වෘත්තීන් සංවර්ධනයේ නෛතික පාර්ශවයන්.(ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවර්ධන නීති සංවිධානය)

ජාත්‍යන්තර තුලනාත්මක හා මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ නීතිය.-නො‍යෙල් ඩයස් පියතුමා.

මේ අඩවිත් බලන්න
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නීති පද්ධතිය
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ අධිකරණ පද්ධතිය
ජාත්‍යන්තර අපරාධ අධිකරණය

නීතිය

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ආරවුල් නිරාකරණය


Kahverengi cüceler, ilk kez 1995 yılında keşfedilen, ne yıldız ne de gezegen kategorisine konabilen gök cisimleri. Ancak son yıllarda bazı gök bilimciler kütlelerinin büyüklüğüne ve buna bağlı olarak sıcaklıklarına ve buna da bağlı olarak renklerine göre O, B, A, F, G, K ve M olarak sıralanan geleneksel yıldız kategorilerine kahverengi cüceleri de T ve Y sınıfları olarak eklemektedir.

Kahverengi Cüceler yıldızlararası gaz bulutlarının çökmesiyle oluşurlar, fakat gökcismini yıldız yapacak nükleer tepkimelerin başlayamayacağı kadar hafiftirler. 80 Jüpiter kütlelik sınıra ulaşamadıkları için yeteri kadar ısınamayıp sönerler.

İlk keşfedilen Kahverengi Cüceler Gliese 229 a ve Gliese 229 b. Gliese B diğerine göre daha solgundur. Bu iki sönmüş yıldızın yaşları yaklaşık 10 milyon yıl olarak tahmin ediliyor. Dünyamızdan yaklaşık olarak 1400 ışık yılı uzaklıkta, Büyük Orion Bulutsusunda yer alıyor ve birbirlerinin çevresinde dönüyorlar. Bunların dışında Ülker'deki çiftlerden biri de Kahverengi Cücedir ve adı Teide 1'dir. Yüksek miktarda lityum içerir.

Özellikleri
 Kütle: Kabul edilmiş teorilere göre hidrojen yanmasını başlatabilecek kritik kütle 0.084M. Yani bir kahverengi cücenin kütlesi bundan daha büyük olmamalı. En alt sınırın belirlenmesi güçse de kahverengi cücelerin genellikle 10-84 Jüpiter kütlesi () arasında bir kütleye sahip oldukları düşünülüyor.
 Güneş Kütlesi: M=2x1030kg=1000
 Jüpiter Kütlesi: =2x1027kg=0.001M
 Merkezi Isı: Merkezdeki sıcaklığın, nükleer tepkimeleri başlatmaya yeten 3 milyon derecenin altında olması gerekiyor. Bu değer kütleye bağlı; daha küçük kütlelere ilişkin sıcaklıklar da daha düşük.
 Yüzey Sıcaklığı: Bir kahverengi cücenin en dış katmanına ait sıcaklığın 1000 civarında olması beklense de, bu sıcaklık yaşa da bağlı. Kahverengi cüce, yaşlandıkça soğuyor. Yaşamının başlangıcında nükleer füzyon oluşabilse de bu pek uzun sürmüyor.
 Işınım Gücü: Kahverengi cüceler, yüzey sıcaklıklarının düşüklüğüne bağlı olarak, pek parlak değiller. En sönük yıldızlar için ışınım gücü 10−4; ancak genç bir kahverengi cüce soğumadan önce daha büyük bir ışınım gücüne sahip olabiliyor. Evrimlerinin sonraki aşamalarındaysa ışınım güçleri 10−5 civarındadır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Yıldız nesneleri
 Karanlık yıldız
 Turuncu cüce
 Kırmızı cüce
 Sarı cüce
 Altyıldız nesneleri
 Siyah cüce
 Güneş dışı gezegen
 Beyaz cüce
 Listeler
 Kahverengi cüceler dizini
 Diğerleri
 Karanlık madde

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 NASA-1
 NASA-2
 Resimler

Karanlık madde
Yıldız olayları
Yıldız türleri
Gezegen türleri

Kahverengi cüce


Louis-Jodel Chamblain (nascido em 18 de janeiro de 1953 ou 1954) é um influente militar haitiano, foi sargento do exército haitiano e posteriormente líder paramilitar rebelde. Ele é considerado um criminoso de guerra por organizações internacionais de direitos humanos.

Chamblain emergiu pela primeira vez como uma figura notória como sargento da junta militar de transição no Haiti após o colapso da ditadura de Jean-Claude Duvalier em 1986. Em 1987, teria chefiado esquadrões da morte governamentais que atacaram os eleitores durante as eleições presidenciais de 1987, fazendo com que fossem canceladas; a eleição permitiria a transição para o governo civil.

As eleições civis ocorreram em 1990, nas quais Jean-Bertrand Aristide foi eleito, mas o golpe de Estado de 1991, no qual Chamblain estava envolvido, depôs Aristide apenas oito meses depois. Imediatamente após o golpe, a reputação de brutalidade de Chamblain cresceu ainda mais, já que ele teria sido responsável por milhares de assassinatos de partidários de Aristide.

Chamblain era o segundo no comando de uma organização paramilitar, a Frente para o Avanço e Progresso do Haiti (FRAPH), fundada em agosto de 1993 quando as tensões aumentaram entre os defensores do restabelecimento de Aristide e os apoiadores do governo militar. Com o fim do regime militar e a restauração de Aristide (após a intervenção dos Estados Unidos pela Operação Uphold Democracy) em 1994, Chamblain se exilou na República Dominicana. Ele foi condenado à revelia por seu envolvimento no assassinato de Antoine Izméry, um conhecido ativista pró-democracia, e por seu envolvimento no Massacre de Raboteau.

Em fevereiro de 2004, Chamblain regressou do exílio para participar de uma nova rebelião contra Aristide. Pouco depois de seu retorno, capturou a cidade central de Hinche da polícia haitiana com uma força de cinquenta homens.

Após o retorno de Chamblain e o colapso do governo de Aristide em 2004, a Anistia Internacional pediu que as forças de paz da ONU prendessem Chamblain por sua suposta participação em vários crimes de guerra em 1987, 1991 e 1993-1994. Em abril de 2004, ele se entregou para enfrentar um novo julgamento no caso do assassinato de Izméry e foi absolvido. Apesar da absolvição, permaneceu detido pelas autoridades judiciais que investigam sua responsabilidade pelo incêndio que devastou parcialmente Cité Soleil, uma favela nos arredores da capital Porto Príncipe em 1993. Finalmente, foi libertado da prisão em agosto 2005 em virtude de um julgamento do Tribunal de Apelação de Porto Príncipe.

Chamberlain apareceu junto com Jean-Claude Duvalier como seu chefe de segurança no retorno de Duvalier do exílio em 16 de janeiro de 2011.

Criminosos do Haiti
Militares do Haiti
Pessoas relacionadas à Junta haitiana (1991-1994)

Louis-Jodel Chamblain


2. ŽNL Dubrovačko-neretvanska za sezonu 2021./22. predstavlja drugi stupanj županijske lige u Dubrovačko-neretvanskoj županiji, te ligu petog stupnja hrvatskog nogometnog prvenstva.
U ligi sudjeluje 10 klubova, a prvak je postao "Hajduk 1932" iz Vele Luke.

Sustav natjecanja
Deset klubova igra dvokružnu ligu (18 kola).

Sudionici
 Enkel – Popovići, Konavle
 Faraon – Trpanj
 Grk – Potomje, Orebić
 Hajduk 1932 – Vela Luka
 NA Libertas – Dubrovnik
 Omladinac –  Lastovo
 Ponikve – Boljenovići – Ponikve, Ston
 Putniković – Putniković, Ston
 Rat – Kuna Pelješka, Orebić
 SOŠK 1919 – Ston

Ljestvica

Rezultati
''Ažurirano: 22. svibnja 2022.

Najbolji strijelci
Izvori:

Strijelci 10 i više pogodaka:

 ''Ažurirano: 22. svibnja 2022.

Povezani članci
 2. ŽNL Dubrovačko-neretvanska
 1. ŽNL Dubrovačko-neretvanska 2021./22.

Vanjske poveznice
 zns-dn.com, Županijski nogometni savez Dubrovačko-neretvanske županije
 zns-dn.com, 2. ŽNL
 dalmatinskinogomet.hr
 ŽNS Dubrovačko-neretvanski, facebook stranica
 markopolosport.net
 sportnet.hr forum, 1. ŽNL Dubrovačko-neretvanska

Izvori
 zns-dn.com, Bilteni
 zns-dn.com, 2. ŽNL
 dalmatinskinogomet.hr, DUBROVAČKO-NERETVANSKA ŽNL
  rsssf.com, Croatia 2021/22, Sixth Level
  sofascore.com, 2. ŽNL Dubrovačko-neretvanska – 21/22
  tipsscore.com, 2. ŽNL Dubrovačko-neretvanska 2021-2022
 zns-dn.com, 2. ŽNL (2021./22.), wayback arhiva
 zns-dn.com, "Bilten" – službeni bilten Županijskog nogometnog saveza Dubrovačko-neretvanskog, br. 18/22, god. VII., objavljeno 18. svibnja 2022. (2. ŽNL – zaostale utakmice, konačna ljestvica, popis strijelaca), preuzeto 22. svibnja 2022.

2021-22
Dubrovačko-neretvanska-2

2. ŽNL Dubrovačko-neretvanska 2021./22.


Hochdonn Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Dithmarschen iline bağlı bölge. 5,46 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 9/30/2006 itibarıyla yaklaşık 1281 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Gerd Raabe tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.findcity.de/25712e

Hochdonn