Lake Burley Griffin is an artificial lake in the centre of Canberra, the capital of Australia. It was completed in 1963 after the Molonglo River, which ran between the city centre and Parliamentary Triangle, was dammed. It is named after Walter Burley Griffin, the American architect who won the competition to design the city of Canberra.

Griffin designed the lake with many geometric motifs, so that the axes of his design lined up with natural geographical landmarks in the area. However, government authorities changed his original plans, and no substantial work was completed before he left Australia in 1920. Griffin's proposal was further delayed by the Great Depression and World War II, and it was not until the 1950s that planning resumed. After political disputes and consideration of other proposed variations, excavation work began in 1960 with the energetic backing of Australian Prime Minister Robert Menzies. After the completion of the bridges and dams, the dams were locked in September 1963. However, because of a drought, the lake's target water level was not reached until April 1964. The lake was formally inaugurated on 17 October 1964.

The lake is located in the approximate geographic centre of the city, and it is the centrepiece of the capital in accordance with Griffin's original designs. Numerous important institutions, such as the National Gallery, National Museum, National Library, Australian National University and the High Court were built on its shores, and Parliament House is a short distance away. Its surrounds, consisting mainly of parklands, are popular with recreational users, particularly in the warmer months. Though swimming in the lake is uncommon, it is used for a wide variety of other activities, such as rowing, fishing, and sailing.

The lake is an ornamental body with a length of  and a width, at its widest, of . It has an average depth of  and a maximum depth of about  near the Scrivener Dam. Its flow is regulated by the  Scrivener Dam, designed to handle floods that occur once in 5,000 years. In times of drought, water levels can be maintained through the release of water from Googong Dam, located on an upstream tributary of the Molonglo River.

Design history

Charles Robert Scrivener (1855–1923) recommended the site for Canberra in 1909, which was to be a planned capital city for the country. One of the reasons for the location's selection was its ability to store water "for ornamental purposes at reasonable cost"; Scrivener's work had demonstrated that the topography could be used to create a lake through flooding.

In 1911, a competition for the design of Canberra was launched, and Scrivener's detailed survey of the area was supplied to the competing architects. The Molonglo River flowed through the site, which was a flood plain and Scrivener's survey showed in grey an area clearly representing an artificial lake—similar to the lake later created—and four possible locations for a dam to create it. Most of the proposals took the hint and included artificial bodies of water.

Walter Burley Griffin's design
The American architect Walter Burley Griffin won the contest and was invited to Australia to oversee the construction of the nation's new capital after the judges' decision was ratified by King O'Malley, the Minister for Home Affairs. Griffin's proposal, which had an abundance of geometric patterns, incorporated concentric hexagonal and octagonal streets emanating from several radii.

His lake design was at the heart of the city and consisted of a Central Basin in the shape of circular segment, a West and East Basin, which were both approximately circular, and a West and East Lake, which were much larger and irregularly shaped, at either side of the system. The East Lake was supposed to be  higher than the remaining components. Griffin's proposal was "the grandest scheme submitted, yet it had an appealing simplicity and clarity.

The lakes were deliberately designed so that their orientation was related to various topographical landmarks in Canberra. The lakes stretched from east to west and divided the city in two; a land axis perpendicular to the central basin stretched from Capital Hill—the future location of the new Parliament House on a mound on the southern side—north northeast across the central basin to the northern banks along Anzac Parade to the Australian War Memorial (although a casino was originally planned in its place). This was designed so that looking from Capital Hill, the War Memorial stood directly at the foot of Mount Ainslie. At the southwestern end of the land axis was Bimberi Peak.

The straight edge of the circular segment that formed the central basin was designated the water axis, and it extended northwest towards Black Mountain. A line parallel to the water axis, on the northern side of the city, was designated the municipal axis. The municipal axis became the location of Constitution Avenue, which linked City Hill in Civic Centre and Market Centre. Commonwealth Avenue and Kings Avenue were to run from the southern side from Capital Hill to City Hill and Market Centre on the north respectively, and they formed the western and eastern edges of the central basin. The area enclosed by the three avenues was known as the Parliamentary Triangle, and was to form the centrepiece of Griffin's work.

Later, Scrivener, as part of a government design committee, was responsible for modifying Griffin's winning design. He recommended changing the shape of the lake from Griffin's very geometric shapes to a much more organic one using a single dam, unlike Griffin's series of weirs. Griffin lobbied for the retention of the pure geometry, saying that they were "one of the reasons d'etre of the ornamental waters", but he was overruled. The new design included elements from several of the best design submissions and was widely criticised as being ugly. The new plan for the lake retained Griffin's three formal basins: east, central, and west, though in a more relaxed form.

Griffin entered into correspondence with the government over the plan and its alternatives, and he was invited to Canberra to discuss the matter. Griffin arrived in August 1913 and was appointed Federal Capital Director of Design and Construction for three years.

The plans were varied again in the following years, but the design of Lake Burley Griffin remained based largely on the original committee's plan. It was later gazetted and legally protected by the federal parliament in 1926, based on a 1918 plan. However, Griffin had a strained working relationship with the Australian authorities and a lack of federal government funding meant that by the time he left in 1920, little significant work had been done on the city. A 1920s proposal to reduce West Lake into a ribbon of water was made on the basis of flood safety. However, the Owen and Peake report of 1929 ruled that the original design was hydrologically sound.

Political disputes and modifications

With the onset of the Great Depression, followed by World War II, development of the new capital was slow, and in the decade after the end of the war, Canberra was criticised for resembling a village, and its disorganised collection of buildings was deemed ugly. Canberra was often derisively described as "several suburbs in search of a city".

During this time, the Molonglo River flowed through the flood basin, with only a small fraction of the water envisaged in Griffin's plan. The centre of his capital city consisted of mostly farmland, with small settlements—mostly wooden, temporary and ad hoc—on either side. There was little evidence that Canberra was planned, and the lake and Parliamentary Triangle at the heart of Griffin's plan was but a paddock. Royal Canberra Golf Course, and Acton Racecourse and a sports ground were located on the pastoral land that was to become the West Lake, and people had to disperse the livestock before playing sport. A rubbish dump stood on the northern banks of the location of central basin, and no earth had been moved since Griffin's departure three decades earlier.

In 1950, the East Lake—the largest component—was eliminated upon the advice of the National Capital Planning and Development Committee (NCPDC). Today, what would have been the East Lake corresponds to the suburb of Fyshwick. The rationale given was that around  of farmland would be submerged and that the Molonglo would have insufficient water to keep the lake filled.

In 1953, the NCPDC excised the West Lake from its plans and replaced it with a winding stream, which was  wide and covered around a fifth of the original area. As the NCPDC had only advisory powers, this change was attributed to the influence of senior officials in the Department of the Interior who felt that Griffin's plan was too grandiose. Advocates of watered-down scheme thought it was more economical and saved  of land for development. However, according to engineering reports that were ignored, the smaller plan would actually cost more money and require a more complicated structure of dams that would in any case be less able to prevent flooding.

Initially, there was little opposition during the consultation period before the alterations were made. However, opposition to the reduction of the water area grew. The process that resulted in the alteration was criticised for being non-transparent and sneaky. Some organisations complained that they were not given an opportunity to express their opinion before the change was gazetted, and many politicians and the chief town planner were not informed. Critics bitterly insinuated that politically influential members of the Royal Canberra Golf Club, whose course was situated on the location of the proposed West Lake, were responsible for the change in policy.

The Parliamentary Public Works Committee advised the Parliament to restore the West Lake. After an inquiry in late 1954, it concluded that:

The Prime Minister, Robert Menzies, regarded the state of the national capital as an embarrassment. Over time his attitude changed from one of contempt to that of championing its development. He fired two ministers charged with the development of the city, feeling that their performance lacked intensity.

In 1958, the newly created National Capital Development Commission (NCDC), which had been created and given more power by Menzies following a 1955 Senate inquiry, restored the West Lake to its plans, and it was formally gazetted in October 1959. The NCDC also blocked a plan by the Department of Works to build a bridge across the lake along the land axis between Parliament House and the War Memorial contrary to Griffin's plans.

A powerful Senate Select Committee oversaw the NCDC and renowned British architect Sir William Holford was brought in to fine-tune Griffin's original plans. He changed the central basin's geometry so that it was no longer a segment of circle; he converted the southern straight edge into a polygonal shape with three edges and inserted a gulf on the northern shore. The result was closer to Scrivener's modified design some decades earlier.

Final layout

The lake contains  of water with a surface area of . It is  long,  wide at its widest point, has a shoreline of  and a water level of  above sea level.

The lake is relatively shallow; the maximum depth is  near the Scrivener Dam, and the average depth is . The shallowest part of the complex in the East Basin, which has an average depth of . The minimum depth of the water at the walls is around  and rock is placed at the toe of the wall to inhibit aquatic plant growth.

Lake Burley Griffin initially contained six islands, three unnamed small islands and three larger named islands. Of the larger islands, Queen Elizabeth II Island is located in Central Basin while Springbank and Spinnaker Island are located in the West Lake. Queen Elizabeth II Island is connected to dry land by a footbridge, and is the site of the Australian National Carillon. A seventh island was created as part of the Kingston Foreshore development in the East Basin, where a wide channel was excavated creating an island out of the northern most part of the Kingston Foreshore.

Construction
In 1958, engineers conducted studies into the hydrology and structural requirements needed for the building of the dam. Further studies were done to model water quality, siltation, climate effects and change in land quality. Modelling based on the data collection suggested that the water level could be kept within a metre of the intended level of  above sea level in the case of a flood.

In February 1959, formal authority for beginning construction was granted. However, while Menzies was on holiday, some officials from the Department of Treasury convinced ministers to withhold money needed for the lake, so the start of the construction was delayed. Once it started, progress was fast. At its peak, the number of people physically working on the construction in the lakes was between 400 and 500. John Overall, the Commissioner of the NCDC, promised Menzies that the work would be finished within four years, and he succeeded, despite the Prime Minister's scepticism. Equipment was quickly requisitioned.

After the lengthy political wrangling over the design had passed, the criticism of the scheme died down. Menzies strongly denounced the "moaning" by opponents of the lake. Most critics decried the project as a waste of money that should have been spent on essential services across Australia. Less strident concerns centred on the potentially negative effects of the lake, such as mosquitoes, ecological degeneration, siltation and the possibility that the lake would create fog. The latter of these concerns has proven to be unfounded.

Lakes, islands and foreshore

The excavation of Lake Burley Griffin began in 1960 with the clearing of vegetation from the floodplain of the Molonglo River. The trees on the golf course and along the river were pulled up, along with the various sports grounds and houses.

During major earthworks, at least  of topsoil was excavated. It was collected for use at several public parks and gardens, including the future Commonwealth Park on the northern shore. It was also used to create the six artificial islands including Springbank Island. The island was named after the former Springbank Farm that was situated there. Land excavated to create a sailing course at Yarralumla was used for the thematically named Spinnaker Island to its north, while excavated stone was moved beside the Kings Avenue Bridge at the eastern edge of the central basin from Queen Elizabeth II Island.

Care was taken to excavate the entire lake floor to a depth of at least  to provide sufficient clearance for boat keels. Another reason given for this was that mosquitoes would not breed nor would weeds grow at such a depth. A soil conservation program was launched in the catchment and bed load traps were installed to minimise loss of earth. The traps have been used as a source of sand and gravel for building sites. Drainage blankets were used to prevent the loss of groundwater beneath the lake.

During the following phase of work, four types of lake margin were constructed. On the southern side of the Central Basin, low reinforced concrete retaining walls were used, while on the eastern side, grouted rock wall can be seen near Commonwealth Park, as well as much of the East Basin. Sand and gravel beaches were built to cater for lakeside recreational pursuits. These are mostly prevalent on the western half of the lake complex. Rocky outcrops, steeply sloping stable shores with water vegetation such as bullrushes were also used. This treatment is evident in the West Lake in Yarralumla. William Holford and Partners were responsible for the foreshore landscaping, and over 55,000 trees were planted in accordance with a detailed scheme. Eucalypts were preferred so as to maintain the natural colour of the city landscape.

Bridges
Lake Burley Griffin is crossed by Commonwealth Avenue Bridge (), Kings Avenue Bridge () and a roadway over Scrivener Dam. The two bridges were constructed before the lake was filled, and replaced wooden structures.

Site testing for both the Commonwealth Avenue and Kings Avenue bridges took place during late 1959 to early 1960. The construction of the Kings Avenue Bridge began in 1960, followed by Commonwealth Avenue Bridge the year after. Fortunately for the builders, Canberra was in a drought and the ground remained dry during construction. Both bridges use post-tensioned concrete, reinforced with rustproof steel cables.

Both bridges are made of concrete and steel and are dual-carriageway; Commonwealth Avenue has three lanes in each direction while Kings Avenue has two. Instead of traditional lamp post lighting, Kings Avenue Bridge was illuminated by a series of fluorescent tubes on the handrails, a concept known as "integral lighting". The design was deemed a success, so it was introduced to the Commonwealth Avenue Bridge also. Both structures won awards from the Illuminating Engineering Society.

Kings Avenue Bridge opened on 10 March 1962. Prime Minister Menzies unlocked a ceremonial chain before the motorcade and pageant crossed the lake in front of a large crowd. Commonwealth Avenue Bridge opened in 1963 without an official ceremony. Menzies called it "the finest building in the national capital".

Dam

The dam that holds back the waters of Lake Burley Griffin was named Scrivener Dam after Charles Robert Scrivener. The dam was designed and built by Rheinstahl Union Bruckenbau in West Germany, and utilised state-of-the-art post-tensioning techniques to cope with any problems or movements in the riverbed. This was required because of the quartz porphyry and geological faulting upon which the dam sits. About  of concrete was used in its construction. The dam is  high and  long with a maximum wall thickness of . The dam is designed to handle a once in 5,000-year flood event. Construction began in September 1960 and the dam was locked in September 1963.

The dam has five bay spillway controlled by  wide, hydraulically operated fish-belly flap gates. The fish-belly gates allow for a precise control of water level, reducing the dead area on the banks between high and low water levels. The five gates have only been opened simultaneously once in the dam's history, during heavy flooding in 1976. The gates hold two-thirds of the lake's volume. They were designed to allow easy flow of debris out of the lake.

The dam has the capacity to allow a flow of  but can withstand up to  before "catastrophic damage" results; A flow of  can be dealt with without any substantial change in the water level. The highest recorded flow in the Molonglo was  during an earlier flood.

Lady Denman Drive, a roadway atop the dam wall, provides a third road crossing for the lake. It consists of a roadway and a bicycle path, and allows residents in western Canberra to cross the lake. This was possible because the dam gates are closed by pushing up from below, unlike most previous designs that wherein the gates were lifted from above.

Lake filling
A prolonged drought coincided with and eased work on the lake's construction. The valves on the Scrivener Dam were closed on 20 September 1963 by Minister for the Interior, Gordon Freeth; Menzies was absent due to ill health. Several months on, with no rain in sight, mosquito-infested pools of water were the only visible sign of the lake filling. With the eventual breaking of the drought, the lake reached the planned level on 29 April 1964. On 17 October 1964, Menzies (by now Sir Robert) commemorated the filling of the lake and the completion of stage one with an opening ceremony amid the backdrop of sailing craft. The ceremony was accompanied by fireworks display, and Griffin's lake had finally come to fruition after five decades, at the cost of A$5,039,050 (). Freeth suggested that Menzies had "been in a material sense the father of the lake" and that the lake should be named after him. Menzies insisted that the lake should be named after Griffin.

In times of severe drought, Lake Burley Griffin's water level can fall unacceptably low. When this happens, a release of water from Googong Dam located upstream can be scheduled to top up and restore the lake water level. The Googong Dam is on the Queanbeyan River which is a tributary of the Molonglo River. The dam whose construction was finished in 1979 is one of three dams—the Cotter and Corin Dams are the others—that meet the water supply needs of the Canberra and Queanbeyan region. The Googong Dam's water carrying capacity is .

Later history and development

Griffin's design made the lake a focal point of the city. In the four decades since the initial construction of the lake, various buildings of national importance were added. According to the policy plan of the government, "The lake is not only one of the centrepieces of Canberra's plan in its own right, but forms the immediate foreground of the National Parliamentary Area."

The creation of the lake also gave a water frontage to many prominent institutions that were previously landlocked. The Royal Canberra Hospital was located on the Acton Peninsula between the West Lake and the West Basin on the north shore until its demolition. Government House, the historic Blundell's Cottage—which was built over 50 years before construction of Canberra began—and the newly built Australian National University, on the southern and northern shores of the West Lake, both gained a waterfront.

In 1970, two tourist attractions were added to the middle of Central Basin. The Captain James Cook Memorial was built by the government to commemorate the Bicentenary of (then Lieutenant) James Cook's first sighting of the east coast of Australia. It includes a water jet fountain located in the central basin (based on the Jet d'eau in Geneva) and a skeleton globe sculpture at Regatta Point showing the paths of Cook's expeditions. On 25 April 1970, Queen Elizabeth II officially inaugurated the memorial. As part of the same ceremony, Queen Elizabeth also opened the National Carillon on Queen Elizabeth II Island, a set of 53 bronze bells donated by the British Government to commemorate the city's 50th anniversary.

The completion of the central basin placed a waterway between Parliament House and the War Memorial and a landscaped boulevard was built along the land axis. Later, various buildings of national importance were built along the land axis in the late-1960s through to the early 1980s. The National Library was opened on the western side of the axis in April 1968. Building of the High Court and National Gallery occurred in the late-1970s and the buildings were opened in May 1980 and October 1982 respectively. The latter two buildings lie on the eastern side of the axis and are connected by an aerial bridge. In 1988, the new Parliament House was built on Capital Hill, thereby completing the most important structure in the Parliamentary Triangle.

The current home of the National Museum was built on the former site of the Royal Canberra Hospital in 2001. This occurred after the public were encouraged to watch the controlled demolition of the hospital in 1997, but a girl was killed by flying debris, leading to criticism of the ACT Government.

At the start of the 21st century, the layout of the lake was significantly altered for the first time since its construction, through the Kingston Foreshores Redevelopment on southern shore of the East Basin, which was planned in 1997. A bidding process was enacted, multimillion-dollar luxury apartment complexes were built in the suburb of Kingston, driving property values to record-breaking levels. After a dispute over the environmental impact of the development, building works commenced on the previously industrial lakeside area of the suburb. In 2007, work started to reclaim land from the lakebed to form a harbour.

The Kingston Powerhouse, which used to provide the city's power supply, was converted into the Canberra Glassworks in 2007, 50 years after the electricity generators stopped. A  tower of glass and light named Touching Lightly was unveiled on 21 May 2010 by Chief Minister and Minister for the Arts and Heritage Jon Stanhope. It was built by Australian artist Warren Langley.

In 2007, the government unveiled a proposal to redevelop the area surrounding the historic Albert Hall into a tourist and dining precinct. This included the building of an eight-storey building and the rezoning of some waterfront land currently designated as cultural to commercial. It was met with widespread hostility from heritage activists and the general community, which submitted more than 3,300 signatories in a petition against the scheme. One of the criticisms was that the project was tilted too heavily towards business, and neglected the arts and community events. The proposal was scrapped in 2009.

It was proposed that a footbridge, to be named Immigration Bridge, be built between the National Museum of Australia and Lennox Gardens on the south shore, in recognition of the contributions that immigrants have made to Australia. The proposal mostly received negative feedback. An inquiry recommended that the bridge be redesigned or moved to accommodate the needs of other lake users. The proposal was abandoned in March 2010.

Lakeside recreation

The surrounds of Lake Burley Griffin are very popular recreational areas, and is known locally as LBG. Public parks exist along most of the shore line, with free electric barbecue facilities, fenced-in swimming areas, picnic tables and toilets. These parklands form a large part of the area around the lake, and occupy  in total. Some of the parks reserved for public recreation include Commonwealth, Weston, Kings and Grevillea Parks, Lennox Gardens and Commonwealth Place. Commonwealth and Kings Park on the northern shore of the Central Basin are among the two most popular. The former is an urban horticultural park and is the location of the Canberra Festival.

Commonwealth Park is the location of Floriade, an annual flower festival that is held for around a month in spring and attracts upwards of 300,000 visitors, a number comparable to the city population. The largest flower festival in Australia, the event is a major tourist attraction for the city, and legal action was threatened after another festival in Australia wanted to use the same name. An expansion is being planned to coincide with the centenary of the national capital. The Weston Park to the west is known for its woodland and conifers, while Black Mountain Peninsula is known as a picnicking site with eucalypts. Grevillea and Bowen Parks on the East Basin tend to be little used.

Owing to the proliferation of beaches, boat ramps and jetties, the West Lake is the area most used by swimmers and vessels. A bike path also surrounds the lake, and riding, walking or jogging around the lake are a popular activity on the weekends. Fireworks are often held over the lake on New Year's Eve, and a large show called Skyfire has been held at the lake since 1989.

Water sports

Lake Burley Griffin, apart from being ornamental, is used for many recreational activities. Canoeing, sailing, paddleboating, windsurfing and dragon boating are popular. A rowing course is set up at the western end of the lake. The National Championships were held in the lake in 1964, but high winds have deterred organisers. On one occasion, winds swept a boat into a bridge pylon. While not particularly popular, opportunities for swimming have been limited recently because of increasingly frequent lake closures due to concerns about water quality; another deterrent against swimming is the generally cold water temperature. During summer, the lake is used for the swim leg of numerous triathlon and aquathlon events including the Sri Chinmoy Triathlon Festival.

Generally, powerboat use on the lake is not permitted. Permits are available for the use of powered boats on the lake for use in rescue, training, commercial purposes or special interest (such as historic steam-powered boats). Molonglo Reach, an area of the Molonglo River just before it enters the east basin is set aside for water skiing. Ten powerboats may be used in this limited area.

Safety

The lake is patrolled by the Australian Federal Police water police. The water police give assistance to lake users, helping to right boats and towing crippled craft to shore.

At most swimming locations around Lake Burley Griffin there are fenced-in swimming areas for safety. In the more popular areas, there are also safety lockers with life belts and emergency phones for requesting help. Between 1962 and 1991, seven people died from drowning.

For safety and water quality reasons, the lake has different zones for different activities. The eastern extremity is zoned for primary contact water activities such as swimming and water skiing. The East and Central Basins, closer to populated areas, are zoned for secondary contact water sports such as sailing or rowing. West Lake and Tarcoola Reach, which covers the area between Commonwealth Avenue and Kurrajong Point, is the primary recreational area of the lake, and both primary and secondary contact water sports are permitted. Yarramundi Reach near Scrivener Dam has a marked rowing course, and is zoned as secondary, although primary contact activities are also allowed.

Environmental issues

Water quality

Toxic blue-green algae blooms are a reasonably common occurrence in the lake. Warnings about coming into contact with the water are released when an algal bloom is detected. Attempts are being made to limit the amount of phosphates entering the lake in the hope of improving its water quality. Blue-green algae (more correctly cyanobacteria) produce toxins, which can be harmful for humans and any other animals that come in contact with the contaminated water. There have been several cases of dogs being affected after playing in and drinking the lake water.

The water also appears murky due to a high level of turbidity; however, this is not usually a health risk. However, the turbidity, which is caused by wind, prevents photosynthetic stabilisation. Siltation is not considered a major problem and is only a factor in the East Basin, but dredging is not required. The problem has eased with the construction of the Googong Dam, and the spectre of heavy metal pollution has receded, partly due to the closure of some lead mines upstream. However, leaching and groundwater leakage still causes some pollution. Rubbish, oil and sediment traps have been set up at the incoming openings to the lake to minimise pollution.

Aquatic life and fishing
Fishing is quite popular in the lake. The most common species caught is the illegally introduced carp. Annual monitoring is carried out to determine fish populations. Almost equally as common are the introduced redfin European perch, with these being a regular by catch when fishing for golden perch. However, a number of less common species also inhabit the lake, including native Murray cod, western carp gudgeon and golden perch, as well as introduced goldfish, Gambusia, rainbow trout and brown trout.

The lake has been stocked annually with a variety of introduced and native species and over half a million fish have been released since 1981. There have been many changes to the fish populations in the lake as well as stocking practices since it was first filled.

Regular stocking since the start of the 1980s have re-established reasonable populations of golden perch and Murray cod; native fish that were indigenous to the Molonglo River before the lake was built, but had been lost to mining pollution of the Molonglo River in the first half of the 20th century. The main reason for stocking is to boost fish stocks along the Molonglo, which have been depleted by overfishing, introduced species and habitat destruction. One of the motives for raising the level of Murray cod and golden perch is to balance the ecosystem by having them act as native predators of other fish.

Native Silver perch and introduced brown trout were released in 1981–1983 and 1987–1989 respectively, but have not been stocked since. Silver perch stockings resulted in almost no captures. Introduced rainbow trout have been released sporadically, approximately once a decade, but have not been released since 2002–04, due to unacceptably low survival rates. According to a government report, the reason for the low survival rate is unknown, but the dominance of carp in the competition for food is one suggested theory. However, the eutrophic nature and high water temperatures of the lake in summer are more probable reasons. Golden perch and Murray cod have accounted for around four-fifths of the released fish in the last three decades and have been the only fish stocked in the last five years. The government plans to stock only these two species for the five years leading up to 2014.

Engineering heritage award
The lake is listed as a National Engineering Landmark by Engineers Australia as part of its Engineering Heritage Recognition Program.

Notes

References

External links

Lake Burley Griffin Heritage Assessment with "Lake Burley Griffin and Adjacent Lands Draft Heritage Management Plan"

Burley Griffin
Landmarks in Canberra
Murray-Darling basin
Burley Griffin, Lake
Tourist attractions in Canberra
Recipients of Engineers Australia engineering heritage markers
1964 establishments in Australia
Walter Burley Griffin

Lake Burley Griffin


5744 Yorimasa este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
5744 Yorimasa este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Yakiimo de Akira Natori și Takeshi Urata. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,22 ua, o excentricitate de 0,14 și o înclinație de 4,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 5001-6000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Familia Matterania

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1990
Centura de asteroizi

5744 Yorimasa


Henrik Lars Sedin (born 26 September 1980) is a Swedish ice hockey executive and former professional ice hockey centre who played his entire 17-season National Hockey League (NHL) career with the Vancouver Canucks from 2000 to 2018. He additionally served as the Canucks' captain from 2010 until his retirement. Born and raised in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden, Sedin and his identical twin brother Daniel played together throughout their careers; the pair were renowned for their effectiveness as a tandem. Henrik, a skilled passer, was known as a playmaker (150+ more career NHL assists than Daniel) while Daniel was known as a goal-scorer (150+ more career NHL goals than Henrik). Sedin tallied 240 goals and 830 assists, for 1,070 points, in 1,330 NHL games, ranking him as the Canucks' all-time leading points scorer.

Sedin began his career in the Swedish Hockey League with Modo Hockey in 1997 and was co-recipient, with brother Daniel, of the 1999 Golden Puck as Swedish player of the year. Selected third overall—one pick after brother Daniel—by the Canucks in the 1999 NHL Entry Draft, Sedin spent his entire NHL career in Vancouver. After four seasons with the club, he became the Canucks' top-scoring centre in 2005–06. He has since won three Cyrus H. McLean Trophies as the team's leading point-scorer (from 2007–08 to 2009–10) and one Cyclone Taylor Award as the team's most valuable player (2010). In 2009–10, he won the Hart Memorial Trophy as well as the Art Ross Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player and leading point-scorer, respectively. He was also named to the NHL first All-Star team that year and again in 2010–11, a season that included an appearance in the Stanley Cup Finals, where Vancouver lost to the Boston Bruins in seven games. That summer, Henrik and Daniel were named co-recipients of the Victoria Scholarship as Swedish athletes of the year. Alongside his brother, Henrik was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2022.

Internationally, Sedin has competed on Sweden's national ice hockey team. He is a two-time Olympian and helped Sweden to a gold medal at the 2006 Winter Games in Turin. In five appearances at the IIHF World Championships, he has won bronze medals in 1999 and 2001 and clinched the world title in 2013. At the junior level, he appeared in one World U17 Hockey Challenge (where he won silver), two European Junior and three World Junior Championships.

Early life
Henrik was born on 26 September 1980 in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden, six minutes before his identical twin brother, Daniel. The pair have two older brothers, Stefan and Peter. Their father, Tommy, is a school vice principal who played for Modo Hockey in the 1960s; their mother, Tora, is a nurse. Henrik began playing organized hockey with Daniel when they were eight. They did not regularly play on the same line until Daniel switched from centre to wing at the age of 14. Henrik and Daniel attended high school at Nolaskolan Gymnasium in their hometown in Sweden while playing professionally for Modo Hockey.

Playing career

Modo Hockey (1997–2000)
Aged 16, Henrik and Daniel Sedin began their professional careers in 1997–98 with Modo Hockey of the Swedish Hockey League. Henrik recorded a goal and five points over 39 games during his rookie season. In his second year with Modo, he improved to 12 goals and 34 points, joint second in team scoring with Samuel Påhlsson, behind Daniel. At the end of the season, Henrik and Daniel were named co-recipients of the Golden Puck, the Swedish player of the year award.

The Sedins were considered top prospects for the 1999 NHL Entry Draft. Rated as the top European prospects, they were expected to be top five selections and expressed a desire to play for the same team. Their agent, Mike Barnett, president of international talent agency IMG, presented them with two options to circumvent the usual NHL draft process, allowing them to play together. The first option was for the pair to enter the 1999 draft and not sign with their respective NHL clubs for two years, allowing them to become unrestricted free agents. This option required that they play junior ice hockey in North America, which was not their intention. Barnett also suggested that either Henrik or Daniel opt out of the 1999 draft, in the hope that the same team that selected the first twin would select the other the following year. On the possibility of the Sedins' playing for separate teams, Vancouver Canucks scout Thomas Gradin commented, "They're good enough to play with anyone, but separately their capacity might decrease by 10 or 15 percent." Nevertheless, Henrik and Daniel both entered the 1999 draft expecting to be selected by separate teams. However, then-Canucks general manager Brian Burke already possessed the third overall pick and through a series of transactions he obtained the second overall pick. He used these second and third overall picks to select Daniel and Henrik, respectively. Gradin notified them of the Canucks' intentions five minutes before the draft. Although then-Tampa Bay Lightning general manager Rick Dudley was ready to make Daniel his first overall choice before opening negotiations, he was convinced by Burke and Barnett that Daniel would not sign unless his brother was on the same team.

On 27 July 1999, a month following the draft, Henrik and Daniel signed three-year contracts with the Canucks. As the contract did not require them to begin playing in Vancouver immediately, they announced on 12 August they would return to Sweden to play one more season with Modo. During the 1999–2000 season, Henrik led Modo in scoring with 47 points in 50 games, two points ahead of Daniel. The two brothers played on a line with New York Islanders prospect Mattias Weinhandl.

Vancouver Canucks (2000–2018)

2000–2005
The 2000–01 NHL season was Henrik's first for the Canucks. His debut was the team's first game of the campaign on 5 October 2000, a 6–3 loss to the Philadelphia Flyers. With the game, Henrik and Daniel became the fourth pair of twins to have played in the NHL. Three days later, Henrik assisted on Daniel's first career NHL goal in a 5–4 win against the Tampa Bay Lightning. The goal tied the game at 4 with 1:26 left in regulation. In a 5–2 win against the Toronto Maple Leafs on 16 October 2000, Henrik scored his first NHL goal and added an assist on Daniel's second career goal. Henrik tallied 29 points over the course of the campaign—second among team rookies to Daniel's 34 points. He and Daniel played primarily on the Canucks' third line.

Henrik improved to 36 points in his second NHL season; he finished with five goals in his last six games, taking his season total to 16. In the opening game of the 2002 Stanley Cup playoffs, Henrik scored the overtime winner against the first-seeded Detroit Red Wings to put the Canucks 1–0 ahead in the series; it was his first NHL playoff goal. Detroit went on to eliminate the Canucks in six games en route to winning the Stanley Cup. During the 2002–03 season, Henrik suffered a sprained left shoulder that forced him out of three games. He had sustained the injury during a game against the Edmonton Oilers on 14 December 2002. Henrik also missed a game on 23 February 2003 because of a hand injury. He played 78 games during 2002–03 and finished the campaign with 39 points.

After their third NHL season, Henrik and Daniel were re-signed to one-year, US$1.125 million contracts on 29 July 2003. The Sedins began the 2003–04 season on a line with first-year player Jason King. The trio were named the "Mattress Line" (two twins and a King) and formed the Canucks' second scoring unit until King was reassigned to the team's minor league affiliate midway through the season. On 7 November 2003, St. Louis Blues forward Doug Weight was suspended four games without pay for a cross-check he delivered to Henrik during a game the previous day; Henrik was not injured. On 17 December 2003, Henrik was a healthy scratch for the first and only time in his NHL career. He was also sidelined for five games in March 2004 due to sore ribs. Over 76 games, Henrik increased his points total over the previous season to 42. During the off-season, Henrik and Daniel were re-signed to one-year, US$1.25 million contracts on 10 September 2004.

During the 2004–05 lockout, Henrik returned to Sweden to play for Modo with Daniel and their Canucks teammate Markus Näslund. During a game against Mora IK on 20 November 2004, Henrik received a slash that required a minor amputation to his left little finger. He finished the season with 36 points in 44 games, third in team scoring behind Peter Forsberg and Mattias Weinhandl.

2005–2010

As NHL play resumed in 2005–06, Henrik returned to the Canucks and scored 75 points, finishing second in team scoring behind Markus Näslund, who had 79 points. His breakout season was sparked, in part, by the signing of winger Anson Carter, who played on the Sedins' line and led the team in goal-scoring. The trio matched the scoring pace of the Canucks' top line of Näslund, Todd Bertuzzi and Brendan Morrison. Vancouver's head coach at the time, Marc Crawford, recalled that season as marking the Sedins' ascent as leaders on the team, stating, "By the end of that year, they definitely were our top guys. They had surpassed Näslund and Bertuzzi." During the off-season, Henrik and Daniel re-signed with the Canucks to identical three-year, $10.75 million contracts on 30 June 2006. Despite the team's success with Carter, the Canucks did not re-sign him; he joined the Columbus Blue Jackets the following season.

In the 2006–07 season, Henrik established himself as the Canucks' top-line centre. Winger Taylor Pyatt, who had been acquired in a trade from the Buffalo Sabres during the off-season, replaced Carter as the Sedins' linemate and went on to score a career-high 23 goals. For the fifth-straight season, Henrik recorded a personal best, with 81 points; he set a new Canucks record for assists in one season with 71, beating the 62 by André Boudrias in 1974–75. Henrik passed Boudrias on 25 March 2007, with a three-assist effort during a 5–4 loss to the Colorado Avalanche. In the opening game of the 2007 playoffs against the Dallas Stars, Henrik scored a game-winning, quadruple-overtime goal to end the seventh longest game in NHL history (and longest in Canucks history) at 138 minutes and six seconds of play. He struggled to produce offensively in his 12 games in the playoffs, however, managing four points as the Canucks were eliminated by the Anaheim Ducks in the second round.

Henrik was awarded his first NHL career penalty shot on 27 November 2007, during a game against the Anaheim Ducks. His attempt was stopped by goaltender Jonas Hiller. In 2007–08, Henrik was selected to play for the Western Conference in the 2008 All-Star Game against the East, the first appearance of his career. He recorded two assists. He won his first Cyrus H. McLean Trophy as Vancouver's leading scorer with 76 points. His 61 assists ranked fourth in the League for the second consecutive season.

The following season, Henrik scored 22 goals and 82 points, tying for the team lead in points with Daniel. Steve Bernier had been acquired in the 2008 off-season in another trade with Buffalo and began the season on the top line with the Sedins. Bernier was later removed; on 12 February 2009, head coach Alain Vigneault moved Alexandre Burrows to the line during a game against the Phoenix Coyotes. After recording 19 points and three game-winning goals in March, Henrik was named the NHL's Second Star of the Month. He added ten points over ten games in the 2009 playoffs, helping the Canucks advance to the second round, where they were defeated in six games by the Chicago Blackhawks.

Set to become unrestricted free agents on 1 July 2009, Henrik and Daniel began negotiating with the Canucks in the off-season and were reported to have asked for 12-year, $63 million contracts in mid-June. With free agency looming, Canucks general manager Mike Gillis travelled to Sweden to visit the Sedins, where they agreed on identical five-year, $30.5 million contracts on 1 July. On 30 September, Henrik was announced as one of the Canucks' three alternate captains, along with Ryan Kesler and Willie Mitchell.

Four games into the 2009–10 season, Daniel suffered the first major injury of his career, breaking his foot in a game against the Montreal Canadiens. He was sidelined for 18 games, marking the first time in Henrik's career that he played without his brother for an extended period. In Daniel's absence, however, Henrik enjoyed a high-scoring start to the season. On 14 November 2009, he scored his first NHL career hat-trick in an 8–2 win against the Colorado Avalanche. Leading up to Daniel's 22 November return, Henrik scored seven goals in seven games. He continued his pace into December, recording a League-leading 25 points (five goals, 20 assists) in 15 games to be named the NHL's First Star of the Month. The following month, he was named Second Star, having recorded 25 points in 13 games. On 7 January 2010, Henrik moved into top spot in the NHL scoring race, ahead of San Jose Sharks centre Joe Thornton with a three-assist night against the Phoenix Coyotes. It marked the first time in nearly five years, since Näslund was tied with Robert Lang on 18 February 2004, that a Canucks player held the League lead in scoring. During a 3–1 win against the Calgary Flames on 14 March, Henrik recorded his 416th career assist to pass Trevor Linden as Vancouver's all-time leader. On 27 March, he scored two assists against the San Jose Sharks to become the fourth Canuck in team history to record a 100-point season (after Pavel Bure, Alexander Mogilny and Markus Näslund). He was named Third Star of the Month for March after scoring 24 points in 15 games.

Henrik entered the final game of the regular season, on 10 April against the Calgary Flames, one point behind Alexander Ovechkin for the NHL scoring lead. In a pre-game ceremony, he was awarded the Canucks' Cyclone Taylor Trophy, Cyrus H. McLean Trophy and Molson Cup as the team's most valuable player, leading scorer and three-star selection leader, respectively. He then went on to record four assists in a 7–3 win to finish the season with 112 points, passing Ovechkin for the season lead, while also breaking Pavel Bure's franchise record of 110 points, set in 1992–93. Ovechkin failed to register a point in his last game the next day, earning Henrik the League scoring title and making him the first Art Ross Trophy winner in Canucks history. With a League-leading 83 assists, he also surpassed his own team record of 71 assists in one season. In the subsequent 2010 playoffs, Henrik added 14 points in 12 games. He scored the winning goal in game four against the Los Angeles Kings with under three minutes to go in regulation to tie the series at two games each. The Canucks went on to eliminate the Kings in six games before being ousted by the Blackhawks the following round for the second consecutive year.

On 19 May 2010, The Sporting News named Henrik their 2009–10 Player of the Year. He received 108 first-place votes out of the 353 NHL players, coaches and executives polled. Ovechkin received 86 first-place votes while Sidney Crosby received 72 first-place votes. Henrik was also voted by his countrymen in the league to receive the Viking Award as the NHL's best Swedish player. At the NHL Awards Show the following month on 23 June, Henrik, Ovechkin and Crosby were up for both the Hart Memorial Trophy, awarded to the player deemed by the media to be the most valuable to his team, and the Ted Lindsay Award, given to the best player as voted by the NHL Players' Association (NHLPA). After losing the Ted Lindsay Award to Ovechkin, Henrik was awarded the Hart, becoming the first Canuck and second Swedish player (after Peter Forsberg in 2003) to win the trophy. Henrik garnered 894 voting points, compared to Ovechkin's 834 and Crosby's 729. He admitted afterwards to feeling like the underdog going into the awards ceremony, noting "[Ovechkin and Crosby] are the faces of the sport ... to be standing next to them as the old guy, it's a strange feeling." He was additionally named to the NHL first All-Star team; at the same time, twin Daniel was named to the NHL second All-Star team. It marked the first time since Phil and Tony Esposito in 1973–74 that two brothers were named post-season NHL All-Stars. They were also chosen to appear together on the cover of EA Sports' European version of the NHL 11 video game.

2010–2018: captaincy
On 9 October 2010, Henrik was named the Canucks' 13th captain in team history during a pre-game ceremony celebrating the start of the team's 40th season of play. He succeeded Roberto Luongo, who had stepped down as team captain the previous month. Early in the 2010–11 season, he scored his first penalty shot goal on his second NHL career attempt on 1 November. Playing the New Jersey Devils, he scored on a backhand deke against goaltender Martin Brodeur. Midway through the campaign, he was chosen to his second career NHL All-Star Game. Playing on Team Lidstrom opposite Daniel and teammate Ryan Kesler on Team Staal, Henrik helped his squad to an 11–10 win, recording two assists in the process. Finishing the season with 19 goals and a League-leading 75 assists over 82 games, he ranked fourth in the NHL point-scoring with 94; only brother Daniel, Martin St. Louis of the Tampa Bay Lightning and Corey Perry of the Anaheim Ducks finished ahead of him. With Daniel winning the League scoring title, the two became the first brothers to win the Art Ross Trophy in consecutive years. (Chicago Blackhawks forwards Doug and Max Bentley also won separate scoring titles, but had achieved the feat three years apart in 1943 and 1946, respectively.)

As the Canucks established a team-record 54 wins and 117 points, they won their first Presidents' Trophy as the team with the best regular season record. Entering the 2011 playoffs as the first seed in the West, the Canucks eliminated the Blackhawks and the Nashville Predators in seven and six games, respectively. In the third round against the San Jose Sharks, Henrik established a single-game Canucks playoff record with four assists in Game 4, leading the Canucks to a 4–2 win. His first three assists helped the Canucks set another team record for the fastest three goals scored in a playoff game; all three were registered on 5-on-3 powerplays in a span of one minute and fifty-five seconds. With his third assist of the game, Henrik set another team record with his 16th assist of the 2011 playoffs, surpassing Pavel Bure's mark set in 1994. With San Jose facing elimination the following game, Henrik recorded two more assists for his 11th and 12th points in the series, tying Bure for most in a single round by a Canucks player. Vancouver won the game 3–2 in double-overtime to advance to the Stanley Cup Finals. Playing the Boston Bruins, the Canucks won the first two games of the series, but went on to lose four-games-to-three. Henrik finished the post-season with three goals and 22 points over 25 games, ranking second in playoff scoring behind Bruins centre David Krejčí. It was revealed following their defeat that Henrik had been playing a large portion of the playoffs with a back injury.

A week after Vancouver's Game 7 loss, Henrik was on hand at the NHL Awards Ceremony in Las Vegas, having been nominated along with Daniel for the NHL Foundation Player Award for their charitable work. They lost the award to Los Angeles Kings captain Dustin Brown. For his regular season efforts, Henrik was named to the NHL first All-Star team for a second consecutive year, alongside Daniel, who earned the distinction for the first time. Returning to Sweden in the off-season, Henrik and Daniel were co-recipients of the Victoria Scholarship as the country's athletes of the year. They became the third and fourth ice hockey players to receive the award, after Stefan Persson in 1980 and Peter Forsberg in 1994. Henrik and Daniel were presented the award, commemorated with glass plates, on 14 July 2011, in the city of Borgholm.

Playing in the 2011–12 season opener, Henrik dressed for his 500th consecutive NHL regular season game, having not missed a contest since returning from a rib injury on 21 March 2004. Almost three months later, he surpassed Brendan Morrison's Canucks record of 534 consecutive games played in a 5–2 win against the Edmonton Oilers on 26 December 2011. The previous game, in which he tied the record, was played against Morrison's Calgary Flames. At the end of the month, Henrik was named the NHL's Third Star for December, having recorded 22 points (two goals and 20 assists) over 15 games (a League-high total for the month). At the mid-season mark, Henrik was named to his third NHL All-Star Game in January 2012. He was one of four players representing the Canucks, including Daniel, Alexander Edler and Cody Hodgson, who was named as a rookie. With the exception of Hodgson, all the Canucks All-Stars were selected to Team Alfredsson. Henrik went on to record a goal and two assists in a 12–9 loss to Team Chara. Shortly after the All-Star break, Henrik injured his foot while blocking a shot from Predators defenceman Kevin Klein on 7 February. He briefly left the game and while a subsequent CT scan revealed no fracture, he remained questionable for the following contest before eventually playing through the ailment. Later that month, Henrik began a streak that saw him go eight games without a point for the first time since the 2003–04 season. Near the end of the regular season, Daniel sustained a concussion during a game against Chicago, forcing Henrik to play without his brother for the final nine contests of the campaign. During that span, he recorded 11 points, leading the Canucks to eight wins and one loss. The season-ending streak helped the Canucks to their second consecutive Presidents' Trophy, clinching the championship on the last game of the campaign, a 3–0 win against the Edmonton Oilers. During the contest, Henrik broke a 22-game goalless streak with the game-winner. With 67 assists, he led the League for a third consecutive season, becoming the fifth player in NHL history to do so, after Joe Thornton (2005–08), Wayne Gretzky (1979–92), Bobby Orr (1969–72) and Stan Mikita (1964–67). Though his points total dropped to 81, which ranked ninth in the NHL, he led the Canucks in scoring and was voted the team MVP.

The Canucks entered the 2012 playoffs against the eighth-seeded Los Angeles Kings. With Daniel out with a concussion Vancouver lost the first two games. In Game 3, Henrik received a hard hit from Kings' forward Dustin Brown—he had to be helped onto the bench following the hit and went to the locker room for six minutes. Despite later returning to the game, the Canucks lost 1–0. With Daniel back in the lineup for Game 4, Henrik registered a goal and an assist in a 3–1 Canucks' victory. Facing elimination in Game 5, Henrik scored a power play goal late in the first period to give Vancouver the early lead, though Canucks were unable to add another goal and eventually lost 2–1 in overtime. Henrik finished the playoffs with two goals and five points to lead the team in scoring.

Despite another lockout beginning on 15 September 2012, the Sedins decided that they would only return to Modo, now managed by former teammate Markus Näslund, if the entire 2012–13 season wound up cancelled. Instead, the shortened season began in January 2013, and during it Henrik passed Näslund as the franchise's all-time leading scorer with 757 points. After scoring the record-setting point, Sedin was given a standing ovation that carried on as play continued. After three minutes, the play stopped and Sedin saluted the crowd. During a commercial break, the Canucks ran a tribute video for the accomplishment, featuring congratulations from Näslund and Trevor Linden, the third-leading scorer in team history. In the final game of the season, head coach Alain Vigneault wanted to rest his regulars ahead of the playoffs. However, he played Henrik in the game though only for 22 seconds; he left the bench after just one shift. For his part, Henrik told Vigneault that "he would be okay with sitting out the game" and to him the streak is just "a number in the paper." Vigneault responded by telling Sedin that "he's not going to be the one that breaks the streak", and he gave him the choice to remain on the bench or return to the locker room. Sedin felt remaining on the bench would have been a further distraction and chose to leave. Henrik finished the season with 11 goals and 45 points in 48 games.

As of the end of the 2012–13 season, six 2003–04 season regular-season games plus four regular-season games in the previous season are the only NHL games he had missed in the regular season or play-offs throughout his NHL career of 1,039 games, to that point. Through the end of the 2012–13 season Henrik trailed only St. Louis Blues defenceman Jay Bouwmeester among active NHL ironman streaks; Bouwmeester had played in six more consecutive regular season games than Henrik's 629. On 21 January 2014, Sedin's consecutive regular season games streak ended at 679 games due to a rib injury sustained 16 January when he was cross-checked in Phoenix by Coyotes forward Martin Hanzal.

At the beginning of the 2013–14 season, the Sedins signed matching $28 million contract extensions to play four more years with the Canucks. Sedin played his 1,000th NHL game against the Winnipeg Jets on 12 March 2014, becoming only the second player in franchise history to reach that milestone. His brother Daniel reached the same milestone early in the 2014–15 season. Sedin appeared in 70 games for the Canucks during the 2013–14 season and scored 50 points: 11 goals and 39 assists. Having been eliminated by the San Jose Sharks in the first round of the 2013 playoffs, the 2013–14 Canucks failed to qualify for the postseason. On 3 March 2015, against the San Jose Sharks, Sedin scored his 900th point, a goal in the second period of the game. He was the 101st player to reach this milestone. Sedin became the first player in Canucks history to record 900 points with the team. On 6 April 2015, Sedin scored his 700th career assist against the Los Angeles Kings. During the 2014–15 season, Sedin had 18 goals and 55 assists, and his total of 73 points was his highest since 2011–12. Sedin was awarded the King Clancy Memorial Trophy at the conclusion of the 2015–16 season. Henrik surpassed Trevor Linden for most regular season games played in a Canucks uniform on February 13, 2016 during a game against the Toronto Maple Leafs. Sedin had 11 goals and 44 assists in 2015–16.

On 20 January 2017, Sedin reached the 1,000 point milestone with a goal against the Florida Panthers and former teammate Roberto Luongo. Sedin had 15 goals and 35 assists during the 2016–17 season. A pregame ceremony in his honour was held on 4 February 2017.

Retirement
On 2 April 2018, Daniel and Henrik announced that they would be retiring at the end of the season in a letter thanking the Canucks organization and their fans. On 5 April 2018, the Sedin Twins played their final game in Rogers Arena against the Arizona Coyotes. In their last home game, Henrik recorded two assists on his brother's goals to help defeat the Coyotes 4–3. Henrik played his final game on 7 April 2018, in a 3–2 shootout loss to the Edmonton Oilers; he retired alongside Daniel at the end of the 2017–18 season after 17 seasons and 1,330 regular season games with the Vancouver Canucks. Despite their retirement, Henrik and his brother were nominated, and named finalists, for the King Clancy Memorial Trophy, which they won on 20 June.

On 12 February 2020, Henrik's number 33 would be raised to the rafters alongside his brother Daniel's number 22 in an hour-long jersey retirement ceremony, the culmination of a week-long celebration of the twins' career.

On 28 June 2022, it was announced that Henrik would join his brother Daniel in being inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame later that year, together becoming the first career Canucks to make it to the hall.

Executive career
On 22 June 2021, it was announced that Henrik and Daniel would join the Canucks Hockey Operations department and were named special advisors to the general manager.

On 30 May 2022, the Canucks announced that the Sedins had transitioned into new roles with player development, working daily on and off the ice with young players in Vancouver and Abbotsford.

International play

Henrik played for the first time in North America with Sweden's national under-17 team at the 1997 World U17 Hockey Challenge, held in Alberta. Recording 20 points (12 goals and eight assists) over six games, he helped Sweden to a silver medal. After going undefeated in five contests, they were defeated in the gold medal game by Team Ontario, 6–2.

Henrik competed for Sweden at the 1997 European Junior Championships, recording three goals and seven points over six games. He joined Sweden for the 1998 European Junior Championships, the final game of which required Sweden to beat Russia by four goals to surpass Finland in goal differential and win the gold medal. Henrik recorded a goal and an assist against Russia as Sweden won 5–1.

In his NHL draft year, Henrik competed for Sweden at the 1999 World Junior Championships in Winnipeg, Manitoba. He recorded nine points in six games, fifth in tournament scoring and second in team scoring to brother Daniel, as Sweden failed to win a medal. Later that year, Henrik made his international debut for the Swedish men's team at the 1999 World Championships in Norway. He scored no points in eight games as Sweden won the bronze medal.

In 2000, Henrik once again competed in both the World Junior and Senior Championships. At the junior tournament in Sweden, Henrik led the tournament with 13 points in seven games, but Sweden did not earn a medal. At the World Championships, Henrik recorded five points as Sweden again failed to medal.

Following his rookie season with the Vancouver Canucks, Henrik made his third World Championships appearance, in 2001 in Germany. He earned his second bronze medal in three years as Sweden defeated the United States 3–2 in the bronze medal game. He made a fourth tournament appearance at the 2005 World Championships in Austria. Sweden missed out on the bronze medal, losing to Russia 6–3. Henrik had a goal and an assist in a losing effort during the bronze medal game. He finished the tournament with two goals and six points in nine games.

On 22 December 2005, Henrik was named to the Swedish Olympic team for the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin. He joined Daniel, Markus Näslund and Mattias Öhlund as one of four Canucks on the squad. Competing in his first Olympics, he contributed four points as Sweden won a gold medal, defeating Finland 3–2 in the final. Four years later, Henrik was once again named to the Swedish Olympic team for the 2010 Winter Games in Vancouver. Unlike the previous Olympics, Henrik went into the 2010 tournament as one of Sweden's key players: at the time of the roster announcement on 27 December 2009, he led all Swedish players in NHL scoring. Sweden failed to defend their gold medal from Turin, however, losing to Slovakia in the tournament quarterfinal. Henrik had two assists in four games.

Still recovering from the rib injury he suffered during the NHL season, Sedin was unable to play at the 2014 Olympics. In 2016, Henrik was named Captain of Sweden at the World Cup of Hockey after captain Henrik Zetterberg was injured in a practice game. Sweden reached the semifinals before losing to a side with representatives from eight European nations.

Playing style
Throughout his career, Henrik has scored markedly more assists than goals. Known as a playmaker, he starts play sequences that lead to goals with passes to his teammates. Many of the plays he generates are created off the cycle. Henrik's familiarity with Daniel's play enhances his effectiveness; the pair are known for their ability to find each other intuitively with passes, often without looking.

Beginning around the 2008–09 season, Henrik began to expand his skill-set by scoring more goals. His increased tendency to shoot was given an extra push when Daniel suffered the first major injury of his career early in the 2009–10 season, forcing Henrik to play without his brother and consequently pass less often. He recorded the first two 20-goal seasons of his career in 2008–09 and 2009–10, and increased his shot totals.

With his offensive skill the prime component of his game, Henrik is known to avoid initiating contact with opposing players. Early in their career, he and Daniel were knocked off the puck easily, As a result, players have often taken advantage of the brothers' lack of physicality by playing aggressively against them. This once led Canucks general manager Brian Burke to publicly complain, commenting during a 2002 playoff series against the Detroit Red Wings, Sedin' is not Swedish for 'punch me or headlock me in a scrum'." As their careers progressed, the Sedins have worked on their strength, improving their puck possession and allowing them to play more effectively.

Personal life
Henrik is married to Johanna Sedin; they have two sons: Valter, who was born in 2007 in Vancouver and Harry, who was born on 12 May 2010. They live together in the city's Yaletown neighbourhood, and return to Sweden during the off-season. In March 2010, Henrik and Johanna made a joint $1.5 million donation, with Daniel and his wife Marinette, to the BC Children's Hospital's $200 million project for a new building; the two families requested that it be put towards a pediatric intensive-care unit and a diagnostic imaging area. Henrik commented that it was something he and his wife had wanted to do since Valter was born.

Henrik and Daniel Sedin are devoted harness racing fans and race horse owners. Their most successful trotter so far is the 2013 Elitloppet winner Nahar.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs
Bold indicates led league

International

NHL All-Star Games

Awards

Sweden

International

NHL

Vancouver Canucks

Records
 Vancouver Canucks' franchise record for all-time assists – 830 assists (surpassed Trevor Linden's 415 assists on 14 March 2010)
 Vancouver Canucks' franchise record for assists in one season – 83 (2009–10) (surpassed his own 71 assists in 2006–07)
 Vancouver Canucks' franchise record for points in one season – 112 (2009–10) (surpassed Pavel Bure's 110 points in 1992–93)
 Vancouver Canucks' franchise record for most consecutive regular season games played – 679 (streak ended by bruised rib injury 18 January 2014; sixth-longest streak in NHL history as of that date)
 Vancouver Canucks' franchise record for all-time leading scorer – 1070 points (set 15 February 2013; surpassed Markus Näslund's 756 points).

Transactions
 June 26, 1999 – Drafted by the Vancouver Canucks in the first round, third overall, in the 1999 NHL Entry Draft;
 27 July 1999 – Signed with the Canucks to a three-year contract;
 29 July 2003 – Re-signed with the Canucks to a one-year, $1.125 million contract;
 10 September 2004 – Re-signed with the Canucks to a one-year contract;
 30 June 2006 – Re-signed with the Canucks to a three-year, $10.75 million contract;
 1 July 2009 – Re-signed with the Canucks to a five-year, $30.5 million contract;
 1 November 2013 – Re-signed with the Canucks to a four-year, $28 million contract.

See also
 Notable families in the NHL

Notes

References

External links

1980 births
Living people
Art Ross Trophy winners
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Identical twins
King Clancy Memorial Trophy winners
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Modo Hockey players
National Hockey League All-Stars
National Hockey League first-round draft picks
Olympic gold medalists for Sweden
Olympic ice hockey players for Sweden
Olympic medalists in ice hockey
People from Örnsköldsvik Municipality
Sportspeople from Västernorrland County
Swedish emigrants to Canada
Swedish expatriate ice hockey players in Canada
Swedish ice hockey centres
Swedish philanthropists
Swedish twins
Vancouver Canucks draft picks
Vancouver Canucks captains
Vancouver Canucks players

Henrik Sedin


An Gomesa glaziovii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Célestin Alfred Cogniaux. An Gomesa glaziovii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Gomesa, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

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Gomesa

Gomesa glaziovii


Monza steht für:

 Monza, eine italienische Stadt in der Lombardei und Hauptort der Provinz Monza und Brianza
 Autodromo Nazionale di Monza, Motorsport-Rennstrecke im Park der italienischen Stadt Monza (Parco di Monza) nordöstlich von Mailand
 Alfa Romeo 8C 2300 "Monza", Rennwagenmodell von Alfa Romeo
 Chevrolet Monza (Vereinigte Staaten), ein amerikanisches Automodell
 Chevrolet Monza (Brasilien), ein brasilianisches Automodell
 Chevrolet Monza (China), ein chinesisches Automodell
 Ferrari Monza SP, Sportwagen von Ferrari
 Opel Monza, Oberklassencoupé von Opel zwischen 1977 und 1986
  einige Leichtmotorräder der Mars-Werke
  Mopedmodelle von Gritzner-Kayser
 Monze (Aude) auf Okzitanisch

Monza ist der Familienname oder Namensteil folgender Personen:

 Alfredo Monza (1911–1974), italienischer Fußballspieler und -trainer
 Antonio da Monza, oberitalienischer Buchmaler
 Carlo Monza (1735–1801), italienischer Komponist der Klassik
 Omar Monza (1929–2017), argentinischer Basketballspieler

Monza (Begriffsklärung)


An Thurnia jenmanii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Joseph Dalton Hooker. An Thurnia jenmanii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Thurnia, ngan familia nga Thurniaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Guyana. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Thurnia

Thurnia jenmanii


Lexie Kiah Brown est une joueuse américaine de basket-ball, née le  à Boston (Massachusetts).

Biographie

Jeunesse
Fille du joueur NBA Dee Brown, Lexie Brown est née à Boston. Au lycée, elle joue sa première année à la  à Orlando, où elle aide son équipe à finir invaincue. Elle rejoint  en Géorgie, qui atteint les demi-finales du championnat d'Etat durant son année junior, puis la finale pendant son années senior Elle est sélectionnée pour le McDonald's All-American Girls Game de 2013.

Carrière universitaire
Sa carrière NCAA débute aux Terrapins du Maryland et atteint le Final Four dès son année freshman et gagne son surnom de "Big Shot Brown". Elle est nommée dans le meilleur cinq des débutants de l'ACC et le meilleur cinq académique de l'ACC. Durant sa seconde saison, elle pporte ses moyennes de points à 13,3. Elle est élue dans le meilleur cinq, le meilleur cinq défensif, le meilleur cinq académique de la Big Ten et meilleure joueuse du tournoi  de la Big Ten. Maryland atteint de nouveau le Final Four, mais est battu par les futures championnes, les Huskies du Connecticut.

Désireuse de se rapprocher du domicile familial, elle mute pour les Blue Devils de Duke. Après une année redshirt. En junior, elle établit un record de 56 lancers francs réussis consécutivement et est nommée meilleure joueuse de l'ACC de la semaine le . Diplômée de Duke en 2017, elle l'est également de la Duke Fuqua School of Business en 2018

Carrière professionnelle
Elle est la neuvième choix de la draft WNBA 2018 par le Sun du Connecticut. Pour sa première rencontre, elle affronte les Aces de Las Vegas pour marquer 5 points en 10 minutes, pour des moyennes de 1,7 point en 5,6 minutes sur 22 rencontres. Après cette première saison WNBA, elle rejoint le club hongrois de Györ en Euroligue. Après la draft WNBA 2019, le Lynx du Minnesota transfère son  Natisha Hiedeman au Sun contre les droits sur Lexie Brown. Elle devient un élément majeur du banc de Minnesota avec notamment  le  face aux Sparks de Los Angeles, avec 5 réussites à trois points.
Durant la saison WNBA 2020, une commotion cérébrale la force à quitter la bulle WNBA de Floride avant la fin de la saison. Elle décide cette année là de ne pas jouer à l'étranger et espèrait un retour au Lynx, mais son contrat est rompu à la veille des camps d'entraînement.

D'abord non conservée par la franchise de l'Illinois, elle signe en juin 2021 avec le Sky de Chicago qui est champion WNBA 2021, Brown entrant en jeu sur 3 des 4 manches pour inscire un cumul de 5 points, 2 rebonds et une passe décisives en 11 minutes.

En septembre 2021, elle s'engage pour le club LFB de Charnay, qu'elle rejoint après les Finales WNBA. Face à Bourges, elle est la première joueuse de LFB à inscrire  à trois points (10/13) pour un total de  à 12/17 aux tirs et 6 interceptions en 40 minutes, mais Charnay s'incline cependant 85 à 67. Elle quitte le club fin décembre.

Statistiques

États-Unis

Universitaires

|-
| align="center" | 2013-2014
| align="center" | Terrapins du Maryland
| 34 ||  ||  || 42,7 || 36,7 || 77,4 || 1,9 || 4,3 || 1,4 || 0,2 || 10,1
|-
| align="center" | 2014-2015
| align="center" | Terrapins du Maryland
| 36 ||  ||  || 41,4 || 34,5 || 83,0 || 3,3 || 4,5 || 2,2 || 0,0 || 13,3
|-
| align="center" | 2016-2017
| align="center" | Blue Devils de Duke
| 34 ||  ||  || 48,8 || 39,9 || 92,8 || 3,7 || 3,9 || 2,8 || 0,0 || 18,3
|-
| align="center" | 2017-2018
| align="center" | Blue Devils de Duke
| 33 ||  ||  || 46,3 || 37,1 || 82,8 || 4,4 || 4,4 || 3,7 || 0,2 || 19,4
|-bgcolor="#e9d9ff"
| align="left" colspan="2"| Total
| 137 ||  ||  || 44,7 || 36,9 || 84,1 || 73,3 || 4,3 || 2,5 || 0,1 || 15,2

WNBA

|-
| align="center" | 2018
| align="center" | Connecticut
| 22 || 0 || 5,6 || 27,3 || 31,0 || 57,1 || 0,8 || 0,5 || 0,2 || 0,0 || 1,7
|-
| align="center" | 2019
| align="center" | Minnesota
| 33 || 0 || 18,3 || 40,2 || 38,5 || 78,9 || 1,4 || 1,4 || 0,9 || 0,0 || 7,6
|-
| align="center" | 2020
| align="center" | Minnesota
| 17 || 13 || 22,0 || 34,2 || 26,9 || 79,2 || 1,9 || 2,4 || 1,8 || 0,0 || 6,4
|-
| align="center" | 2021
| align="center"bgcolor="#98fb98" | Chicago
| 17 || 0 || 9,5 || 26,3 || 24,2 || - || 0,7 || 1,1 || 0,4 || 0,0 || 1,6
|-
| align="center" | 2022
| align="center" | Los Angeles
| 34 || 16 || 25,0 || 44,1 || 39,8 || 66,7 || 2,3 || 2,1 || 1,0 || 0,2 || 7,1
|-bgcolor="#e9d9ff"
| align="left" colspan="2"| Total
| 123 || 29 || 17,2 || 38,7 || 35,6 || 76,0 || 1,5 || 1,5 || 0,9 || 0,1 || 5,4

|-
| align="center" | 2019
| align="center" | Minnesota
| 1 || 0 || 20,0 || 22,2 || 16,7 || - || 1,0 || 3,0 || 0,0 || 0,0 || 5,0
|-
| align="center" | 2021
| align="center"bgcolor="#98fb98" | Chicago
| 7 || 0 || 3,4 || 33,3 || 40,0 || 100 || 0,3 || 0,1 || 0,0 || 0,0 || 1,1
|-bgcolor="#e9d9ff"
| align="left" colspan="2"| Total
| 8 || 0 || 5,5 || 26,7 || 27,3 || 100 || 0,4 || 0,5 || 0,0 || 0,0 || 1,6

Palmarès
 Championne WNBA 2021

Distinctions individuelles
 All-American – AP (2015, 2017, 2018)
 Meilleure défenseuse de l'ACC (2018)
 Meilleur cinq de l'ACC (2017, 2018)
 Meilleur cinq défensif de l'ACC (2017, 2018)
 Meilleur cinq de la Big Ten (2015)
 McDonald's All-American (2013)

Notes et références
 <

Liens externes

  Profil Blue Devils

Joueuse américaine de basket-ball
Joueuse draftée par le Sun du Connecticut
Joueuse du Sun du Connecticut
Joueuse du Lynx du Minnesota
Joueuse du Seat-Szese Győr
Joueuse du Sky de Chicago
Joueuse de basket-ball de Charnay
Joueuse de basket-ball des Terrapins du Maryland
Joueuse de basket-ball des Blue Devils de Duke
Naissance en octobre 1994
Naissance à Boston

Lexie Brown


زاديه بن ماهبيان بن مهرا بنداد ويسمى كذلك «أزاذبه» «أذويه» «آزادبه»، هو ملك على الحيرة من قبل كسرى ودهقان (إقطاعي) من همدان استمر حكمه حتى الفتح الإسلامي فعندما سمع بقدوم خالد بن الوليد هرب مع بعض جنوده إلى المدائن. قتل ابن له في المعارك مع المسلمين.

المصادر

دهقان
أشخاص من همدان (إيران)
الشعب الإيراني في القرن 7
الفتح الإسلامي لفارس
سنة الوفاة غير معروفة
سنة الولادة غير معروفة
قادة عسكريون ليزدجرد الثالث
مناذرة

زاديه


Altınkaya veya Zerk Antalya ilinin Manavgat ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.
Toros Dağları'nın 1250m. yüksekliğindeki Antik Selge Kenti kalıntıları bugün, Zerk Köyü / Altınkaya yerleşim birimindedir. Çam ormanları arasındaki derin kanyon, çağlayan ve dağ güzelliklerine sahip yöre, fotoğraf sanatçıları için idealdir. Selge adının Luwi/Etrüsk dilinde "derin vadi" anlamındaki "Salaga"dan türediği sanılmaktadır. Ayrıca Selge, Göktürk/Turkuas fonetik yazılımına göre Usoluğu-Suoluğu anlamındadır. Kente, tek büyük kemerli ve taş bloklardan yapılmış 2m. enindeki Moka Köprüsü'nden geçilerek varılır. Hitit yazıtlarında yörenin Pithassa/Pisidia bölgesinde yer aldığı anlatılmaktadır. Savaşcılıkları ve kahramanlıklarıyla ün salmış kent halkı, Truva savaşında, Truva Kralı Hektor'un yanında yer almış, bazı kentleri haraca bağlamış, Pers işgalinde ise onlara paralı askerlik yapmıştır. Kentin en önemli tarihi olayı, kuzeydeki Pednelisos ile yaptığı ve geri çekilip, savaşın ağır şartlarını kabul ettiği Pednelisos Savaşı'dır. Daha sonra kendileri gibi Nordik bir kavim olan Galatlılar Kralı Amintas'a bağlanmışlar ama her dönemde, kendi dilini kullanıp, korumuşlardır. Bizans döneminde, Bizans ordusu içinde bulunan Vikingler Bizans'a isyan etmişler ve Bizans ordusuyla yaptıkları savaşı kaybederek Selge dolaylarına kaçarak, izlerini kaybettirmişlerdir. Zamanla İç Anadolu ile Pamfilya kıyı şeridini bağlayan kara ticaret yolunun, Kremna ve Ariassos'a kaydırılması ve yağmalar nedeniyle halk, Selge'yi terk ederek, kıyı şehirlerine yerleşmiştir. Selge'nin çevresinin surlarla kaplı ve surlar arasında, her iki yanında nöbetçi kuleleriyle korunmuş büyük bir şehir kapısının bulunduğu anlaşılmaktadır. En önemli kalıntı, alt katta 30, yukarı katta 15 caveanın yer aldığı ve cavealar arası geçişi 12 dik merdivenin sağladığı tiyatrodur. Seyirci bölümü ortadan geniş bir diazoma ile bölünmüş olup diazoma üzerinde blok taşlardan yapılı koltuklar dikkat çekmektedir. Yazıtlardan, burada 4 senede bir yarışmaların yapıldığı ve şampiyon sporculara ait heykellerin dikildiği anlaşılmaktadır. Batıdaki tanrısal alanda baş tanrı Zeus ve onun tapınaklarının kalıntıları, güneyde Anadolu Erkeklik ve Savaş tanrısı Sanda Tapınağı'nın kalıntıları yer alır. Tanrısal alanın alt kısmında, yağmur suyu toplamaya yarayan bir su sarnıcı görülmektedir. Antik kentin doğusunda, 50x50 m. boyutlarında, güney tarafı açık, diğer üç tarafında yan yana dizili dükkânların bulunduğu sütunlarla çevrili Agora bulunmaktaydı. Kuzeydeki 120 m. uzunluğundaki yapının Bizans dönemine ait bir Bazilika olduğu sanılmaktadır. En doğuda kentin Nekropol'u yer almaktadır. Nekropol tepesinin kuzey yamacında bir kısmı hâlen ayakta olan üç büyük mezar evi görülür.

Coğrafya
Antalya iline 154 km, Manavgat ilçesine 77 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Manavgat'ın mahalleleri

Altınkaya, Manavgat


زكي بني ارشيد (1957 -) الأمين العام الرابع السابق لحزب جبهة العمل الإسلامي، الجناح السياسي للإخوان المسلمين في الأردن. تعود أصول عائلته إلى عشيرة بني ارشيد، وموطنها الأصلي لواء الكورة التابع لمحافظة إربد شمالي الأردن

التعليم
دبلوم هندسة كيميائية من كلية عمان الهندسية البولتكنيك،1977

الخبرات الوظيفية
 1979 عمل في شركة الفوسفات ومصنع الاسمنت.
يعمل حاليا في القطاع الخاص

المواقع التي شغلها

رئيس الاتحاد العام لطلاب كلية البولتكنيك 1976م.
رئيس نقابة عمال الاسمنت الابيض 1992م.
رئيس النقابة العامة للعاملين في البناء 1995م
عضو المجلس المركزي لاتحاد نقابات العمال في الاردن 1995م.
نائب شعبة الزرقاء في الإخوان المسلمون في الأردن
عضو مجلس شورى الإخوان المسلمون في الأردن 1990-1994م.
نائبا للمراقب العام لجماعة الإخوان المسلمون في الأردن 2012-2016
عضو المكتب التنفيذي لحزب جبهة العمل الإسلامي 2002-2006م
 امين عام حزب جبهة العمل الإسلامي 2006-2009م.

سجنه
اعتقله الأمن الأردني مساء يوم 20 نوفمبر/تشرين الثاني 2014 فور خروجه من اجتماع لمجلس شورى الجماعة بمركزها العام في العاصمة عمّان، وأُبلغ بأنه مطلوب من المدعي العام في محكمة أمن الدولة. أودِع «سجن جويدة» بتهمة تعكير صفو العلاقات مع دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة، بعدما كتب مقالا على صفحته بموقع فيسبوك اتهمها فيه بـ«رعاية الإرهاب»، وهاجم تصنيفها لجماعة الإخوان «منظمة إرهابية».
وفي منتصف فبراير/شباط 2015 قضت محكمة أمن الدولة الأردنية بحبس بني ارشيد لمدة عام ونصف العام مع الشغل بتهمة «القيام بأعمال من شأنها أن تعرض المملكة لتعكير صلاتها وصفو علاقتها بدولة أجنبية».

ورفضت محكمة التمييز يوم 15 أبريل/نيسان 2015 الطعن الذي قدمه بني ارشيد في قرار محكمة أمن الدولة، وتضمن قرار المحكمة رفض طلب إخلاء السبيل الذي تقدمت به هيئة الدفاع عن بني ارشيد.

ومع بزوغ فجر الاثنين 4 يناير/كانون الثاني 2016 أفرجت السلطات الأردنية عن زكي بني ارشيد

مصادر
موقع جماعة الاخوان المسلمين -الأردن

وصلات خارجية
 بني أرشيد: الإصلاح رسالة الحركات الإسلامية، إخوان أون لاين، 21 أبريل 2006 م
 نقطة نظام: زكي سعد بني ارشيد (أمين عام جبهة العمل الإسلامي في الأردن)، قناة العربية، 11 مارس 2007 م
موقع الجزيرة نت

أشخاص يحتمل أن يكونوا أحياء
إخوان مسلمون أردنيون
دعاة أردنيون
سياسيون إسلاميون
معارضون أردنيون
مواليد 1957

زكي بني ارشيد


På engelsk betyder townhouse (byhus) og var oprindeligt en residens i London for et medlem af adelen eller herskabet i modsætning til deres bolig på landet, country house. De fornemste af Londons townhouses var selvstændige bygninger, men mange var fornemme rækkehuse.

Britiske bygherrer og ejendomsmæglere markedsfører ofte nye huse som townhouses som i USA for at opgradere beskedne boliger og for at undgå tanken om billige arbejderrækkehuse fra den Victorianske æra. De aristokratiske rækkehuse, som stadig ligger ved St. James's Square i Westminster, er glemt af den brede befolkning. Ordet svarer til hôtel particulier for den franske adel i Paris.

Baggrund
Et byhus har været den primære residens for en rig familie, som ejede en eller flere ejendomme på landet (herregårde), hvor de boede det meste af året. Nabobygninger og landbrug blev bortforpagtet eller lejet ud, og derved opstod familiernes rigdom og politiske magt. Mange Inns of Court i London var byhuse. Fx var Gray's Inn Reginald de Greys store townhouse.

Referencer

Hustyper

Townhouse (Storbritannien)


Tiempos que cambian iba a ser el noveno álbum de estudio del cantautor chileno Víctor Jara como solista, quedó inconcluso, ya que luego del golpe de Estado de 1973, el cantautor fue asesinado. Originalmente, el álbum iba a ser llamado Tiempos nuevos, pero posteriormente el nombre fue modificado al nombre como se conoce actualmente. El álbum ha sido editado de diversas formas, en diversas ocasiones y en distintos países, cambiando su nombre por los de: Manifiesto, Presente y Últimas Canciones, entre otros, reemplazándose sus canciones por otras, e incluyéndose canciones adicionales.

En las grabaciones de este álbum se encontraban colaborando el grupo chileno Inti Illimani y el músico chileno Patricio Castillo. Patricio Castillo perteneció hasta 1971 a Quilapayún, posteriormente se reintegró nuevamente a la banda, de manera definitiva, varios años más tarde. La mayoría de las canciones fueron compuestas por Víctor Jara, con excepción de «Aquí me quedo», compuesta junto con Patricio Castillo.

Versiones
Aunque este álbum nunca se editó de forma íntegra, si se utilizaron sus canciones para publicar diversos álbumes, los cuales además agregaban otras canciones, y modificaban la carátula concebida originalmente, la cual incluía una fotografía de Víctor Jara en blanco y negro, de perfil, mirando hacia el lado derecho. Dicha imagen, luego fue reutilizada en 2001, por WEA Chile, para la edición de la Antología musical.

Lista de canciones

Créditos
Relanzamiento de 2001:
 Patricio Castillo: canciones 1, 3, 5
 Inti Illimani: canción 6

 Carlos Esteban Fonseca: adaptación y diseño
 Joaquín García: masterizado
 Patricio Guzmán, Antonio Larrea: fotografía

Referencias

Álbumes de 1974
Álbumes de Víctor Jara
Álbumes de Warner Music Group
Álbumes de Atlantic Records
Álbumes de Discoteca del Cantar Popular
Álbumes en español

Tiempos que cambian


NGC 6644 je planetna maglica u zviježđu Strijelcu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 6644
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 6644 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 6644  DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 6600 - 6649

6644

NGC 6644


Ívan Stepanovytsj Mazepa (úkraínska: Іван Степанович Мазепа, pólska: Jan Mazepa Kołodyński; 30. mars 1639 – 2. október 1709) var rúþenskur hernaðar- og stjórnmálaleiðtogi sem réð yfir höfuðsmannsdæmi kósakka í Úkraínu innan rússneska keisaradæmisins frá 1687 til 1708.

Á tíma Norðurlandaófriðarins mikla gerði Mazepa uppreisn gegn stjórn Péturs mikla Rússakeisara og gekk í lið með her Karls 12. Svíakonungs í von um að færa kósökkum í Úkraínu sjálfstæði. Mazepa og Karl töpuðu gegn Pétri í orrustunni við Poltava árið 1709 og Mazepa lést stuttu síðar.

Í rússneskri sagnahefð er Mazepa álitinn föðurlandssvikari gegn Rússlandi en í Úkraínu hefur í auknum mæli verið litið á hann sem þjóðhetju upp frá sjálfstæði landsins árið 1991. Saga Mazepa var fyrirmynd fjölda skáldverka og listaverka á rómantíska tímabilinu.

Æviágrip
Ívan Stepanovytsj Mazepa fæddist 30. mars 1639 og var úr fátækri aðalsfjölskyldu í landstjóraumdæmi pólska konungdæmisins í Podolíu. Hann gekk í háskóla í Kænugarði og nam síðan hjá jesúítum í Varsjá áður en hann varð skjaldsveinn Jóhanns 2. Kasimírs Póllandskonungs.

Við hirð konungsins myndaði Mazepa tengsl sem áttu eftir að nýtast honum síðar á ævi hans. Hann ferðaðist mikið á yngri árum, meðal annars til Frakklands, Ítalíu og Hollands.

Samkvæmt gamalli sagnahefð sem Voltaire vísaði til í sagnaverki sínu um Karl 12. Svíakonung árið 1731 og fleiri höfundar eins og Dorville (1764) endurtóku síðar, var Mazepa í heimsókn í Volhyníu einhvern tímann á árunum 1659 til 1663 þegar hann hóf ástarsamband við eiginkonu húsbónda síns, pólsks aðalsmanns að nafni Falbowski. Þegar Fablowski kom að Mazepa með eiginkonu sinni lét hann tjarga hann og binda hann nakinn við villihest sem reið með hann lengst út á úkraínsku gresjurnar. Úkraínskir bændur fundu hann og björguðu lífi hans. Mazepa settist að með bændunum og barðist gjarnan með þeim þar sem þau urðu oft fyrir innrásum, árásum og ránsferðum ýmissa stigamanna. Hann lagaðist fljótt að þessu lífi og fékk þar langþráð tækifæri til að sýna það sem í honum bjó.

Í þjónustu Péturs mikla
Mazepa varð síðar ritari og undirmaður höfuðsmannsins Ívans Samojlovytsj (1630-1690). Samojlovytsj var settur af þann 20. júní 1687 eftir að hluti kósakkahers undir hans stjórns lét lífið í viðureign gegn Krímtöturum. Mazepa var kjörinn höfuðsmaður í hans stað, en hann hafði þá notað stöðu sína til að koma óorði á Samojlovytsj í augum Golítsyn fursta, eins æðsta manns Rússlands. Sem höfuðsmaður stóð Mazepa fyrir stækkun á Háskólanum í Kænugarði og lét reisa fjölda skóla- og kirkjubygginga til að stuðla að þróun menntaelítu í Úkraínu. Hann gerði jafnframt breytingar á Kænugarðsvirkinu til að geta varðveitt sjálfstæði þess betur.

Mazepa ávann sér traust Péturs mikla Rússakeisara, sem sæmdi hann Orðu Heilags Andrésar og gaf honum stöðu í leyndarráði sínu í tuttugu ár fyrir trygga og skilvirka þjónustu hans. Hann hlaut jafnframt furstatign í Úkraínu en metnaði hans var þó ekki fullnægt.

Mazepa lagði lengi á ráðin um að gera uppreisn gegn keisaranum og öðlast sjálfstæði á sama tíma og keisarinn gerði sig líklegan til að aðlaga Úkraínu enn frekar að yfirvaldi stjórnarinnar í Moskvu, meðal annars með hugmyndum um að leggja niður höfuðsmannstitilinn. Mazepa reyndi sér í lagi að villa um fyrir keisaranum með því að látast vera kominn fram á grafarbakkann, umkringja sig læknum og láta byggja kirkjur um allt.

Bandalag við Karl 12.
Á tíma Norðurlandaófriðarins mikla kom Mazepa sér í samband við Karl 12. Svíakonung. Hann sannfærði Zaporízjzja-kósakka um að Pétur mikli hygðist gera út af við menningu kósakka í Úkraínu.

Kósakkahershöfðinginn Vasílíj Kotsjúbej og ofurstinn Ívan Ískra neituðu að taka þátt í uppreisn gegn keisaranum og sendu fregnir af svikráðum Mazepa til Péturs mikla. Mazepa, sem handsamaði sendiboða þeirra á leiðinni, lét hálshöggva þá báða þann 14. júlí 1708. Þar sem hann vissi að áætlanir hans hefðu spurst út fór Mazepa að búa sig fyrir stríð. Her keisarans undir forystu Aleksandrs Mensjíkov lagði höfuðborg Mazepa, Batúryn, í rúst. Mazepa tókst engu að síður að safna liði og hélt af stað til að ganga til liðs við her Karls 12., sem treysti á heraflann sem Mazepa hafði lofað honum. Herir þeirra komu saman í Poltava en báðu þar afgerandi ósigur á móti Rússum í orrustunni við Poltava þann 8. júlí 1709.

Mazepa hafði biðlað til Tyrkjasoldáns um aðstoð í stríðinu með bréfi sem hann sendi til Istanbúl en hafði ekki haft erindi sem erfiði. Í bréfinu lýsti hann nauðsyn þess fyrir Tyrki að Úkraína yrði sjálfstæð því annars ætti Tyrkjaveldi óhjákvæmilega eftir að glata Krímskaga til Rússa. Þetta átti eftir að gerast sjötíu árum síðar.

Eftir ósigurinn við Poltava flúði Mazepa til Vallakíu og síðan til Bender í Moldavíu. Hann lést þar þann 2. október 1709. Stuttu eftir dauða Mazepa lét Pétur mikli stofna nýja orðu, Júdasarorðuna, honum til "heiðurs", en orðan átti að vera til marks um svikráð þeirra sem hana hlutu.

Árið 1708 lét rússneska rétttrúnaðarkirkjan bannfæra Mazepa. Kirkjan neitar enn þann dag í dag að afturkalla bannfæringuna. Patríarkatið í Konstantínópel viðurkennir ekki bannfæringuna og telur hana ekki samræmast kanónískum kirkjulögum þar sem hún hafi verið gerð af pólitískum ástæðum án trúarlegra, guðfræðilegra eða kanónískra röksemda.

Eftirmæli og arfleifð Mazepa

Bókmenntir
Þjóðsagnahefðin í kringum Ívan Mazepa varð innblásturinn að ljóðinu Mazeppa eftir Byron lávarð árið 1819 og samnefndu ljóði eftir Victor Hugo árið 1829. Hann birtist jafnframt í aðalhlutverki í ljóðum í verkinu Poltava eftir Aleksandr Púshkín (1828-1829) og leikriti eftir Juliusz Słowacki (1840).

Tónlist
Árið 1851 birti Franz Liszt verkið Douze études d'exécution transcendante en fjórði hluti þess bar titilinn Mazeppa og var byggður á ljóði Hugos. Írska tónskáldið Michael William Balfe orti kantötuna The Page um Mazepa árið 1861 og Pjotr Íljítsj Tsjajkovskíj orti óperuna Mazeppa frá 1881 til 1883.

Myndlist
Á þriðja áratugi 19. aldar máluðu listamenn fjölda málverka af téðum atvikum úr lífi Mazepa, sér í lagi af því hvernig pólski aðalsmaðurinn refsaði honum með því að binda hann nakinn við hest. Théodore Géricault, Eugène Delacroix, Horace Vernet og Louis Boulanger máluðu allir myndir sem innblásnar voru af hugmyndinni um Mazepa sem frelsiselskandi kósakka. Þessi málverk urðu afar vinsæl í Frakklandi.

Hestamennska
Árið 1825, á sýningu Cirque-Olympique í París, sýndi ítalski hestamaðurinn Antonio Franconi atriði sem titlað var Mazeppa, eða tartarahesturinn. Sýningunni var vel tekið og hún var síðar flutt til engilsaxnesku ríkjanna, þar á meðal Bandaríkjanna, eftir því sem hestamennskutískan breiddist út.

Kvikmyndir
Ævi Mazepa hefur verið söguefni í fjölda kvikmynda, meðal annars Mazeppa (1909), Mazeppa, der Volksheld der Ukraine (1919) eftir Martin Berger, Mazeppa (1993) eftir Bartabas og myndina Bæn fyrir Mazepa höfuðsmann (2001) eftir Júríj Ílljenko.

Höggmyndalist
Árið 2009 var minnismerki um Mazeppa eftir myndhöggvarann Giennadij Jerszow afhjúpað í Dytynets-garðinum í Tsjerníhív. Við afhjúpunarathöfnina brutust út átök á milli lögreglu og hatursmanna Mazepa.

Örnefni
Götur í Kænugarði, Poltava og Tsjerníhív heita eftir Mazepa, auk þess sem forseti Úkraínu hefur veitt Kross Ívans Mazepa sem heiðursverðlaun frá árinu 2009.

Hernaður
Korvetta í úkraínska sjóhernum, Ívan Mazepa höfuðsmaður, heitir eftir Mazepa, auk þess sem 54. bryndeild hersins ber nafn hans.

Tengt efni

Tilvísanir

Höfuðsmenn kósakkaríkisins

Ívan Mazepa


Erich Sprenger (* 28. März 1954 in Triesenberg) ist ein liechtensteinischer Politiker der Vaterländischen Union (VU).

Biografie
Sprenger machte eine Berufslehre als Industrieelektroniker, später liess er sich zum Treuhänder weiterbilden. Seit 1984 betreibt er ein eigenes Buchhaltungs- und Treuhandbüro. Von 1995 bis 2003 gehörte er dem Gemeinderat von Triesenberg an (ab 1999 als Vizevorsteher). Von 2001 bis 2005 war er Abgeordneter im Landtag des Fürstentums Liechtenstein (zeitweilig Mitglied der Finanzkommission). Seit 2007 ist Sprenger erneut Gemeinderat und Vizevorsteher von Triesenberg.

Sprenger ist verheiratet und hat drei Kinder.

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Landtagsabgeordneter (Liechtenstein)
VU-Mitglied
Liechtensteiner
Geboren 1954
Mann

Erich Sprenger