South Ronaldsay (, also , ) is one of the Orkney Islands off the north coast of Scotland. It is linked to the Orkney Mainland by the Churchill Barriers, running via Burray, Glimps Holm and Lamb Holm.

Name
Along with North Ronaldsay, the island is named after St Ronald. The original name from which the English name derives, Rǫgnvaldsey, comes from Old Norse; Rǫgnvalds ("Ronald's") + ey ("island").

Geography and geology
With an area of , it is the fourth largest of the Orkney islands after The Mainland, Hoy and Sanday. Ferries sail from Burwick on the island to John o' Groats on the Scottish mainland and from St Margaret's Hope to Gills Bay.

South Ronaldsay's main village is St Margaret's Hope, Orkney's third largest settlement. It is named either after Margaret, Maid of Norway, the heir to the Scottish throne who died in Orkney age seven or possibly St. Margaret.  The village has a small blacksmith's museum and is known for its annual Boys' Ploughing Match. During this event young girls and boys dressed in dark jackets play the part of the horses and young boys using miniature ploughs compete with one another at ploughing a 4-foot square rig in the nearby sands.

The cardinal points of the island are Ayre of Cara, by Churchill Barrier no. 4 (north), Grimness (east), Brough Ness, (south) and Hoxa Head, (west). The highest elevation is Ward Hill, which reaches . This name is common one in Orkney for the highest point on an island and comes from the  historic use of these places used for the lighting of warning beacons.

Prehistory

The island is known for the Neolithic Isbister Chambered Cairn, popularly known as the "Tomb of the Eagles". Discovered by Ronald Simison in 1958 in the south east of the island, 16,000 human bones and 725 bird bones were found at the site, the latter predominantly belonging to the White-tailed Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla). The evidence suggests that  the human bodies had been exposed to the elements to remove the flesh before burial. The tomb was in continuous use for a millennium or more.

The burnt mound at nearby Liddle, discovered by Simison in 1972, is the best example of a Bronze Age cooking place in Orkney. Made of flat slabs originally sealed with clay, the central stone trough would have been filled with water heated by stones using peat as a fuel. The building was probably roofless.

There is a broch site at Howe of Hoxa in the north west that may have been the burial place of Thorfinn "Skullsplitter".

History
In 1627 nine chapels were recorded on the island with some of the names hinting at the existence of Christian worship prior to the Norse conquest of Orkney. They were: Sant Androis at Woundwick, Our Ladie at Halcro, Sant Colmis at Loch of Burwick, Ruid chappell in Sandwick, Sant Tola [Olaf] in Wydwall, Sant Colme in Hoxay, Sant Margrat in the Howp, Sant Colmeis in Grymnes and Sant Ninian in Stow. The locations are all known although little physical evidence remains in several cases.

In the late seventeenth century South Ronaldsay was described as "fertile in Corns and abounding with People".<ref>Wallace, J. (1693) A Description of the Isles of Orkney by Master James Wallace, published after his death by his son, to which is added, An essay concerning the Thule of the ancients (by Sir Robert Sibbald). Edinburgh. John Reid. Quoted by The Papar Project  RCAHMS. Retrieved 16 November 2008.</ref> Murdoch MacKenzie's 1750 map of the island indicates the site of lead workings near Grimness and a visitor in 1774 "saw several deep holes which I was informed were sunk in search of Lead ore" although only small quantities were mined.

By the late eighteenth century South Ronaldsay was divided into two unequally sized parishes, St. Peter's covered the northern two thirds of the island while St. Mary's formed the southern third. St. Peter's church has a date stone of 1642 and appears on Blaeu's 1654 map. By 1793 the building had no roof and was "exposed to all the winds of heaven" but as probably repaired by 1801. A Pictish symbol stone was discovered in a window in the church. On one face of the slab is a mirror-case underlying part of an undecorated crescent and V-rod and on the other a crescent and V-rod, ornamented with scrollwork, below a decorated panel.

During the 19th century the island's economy benefited from the herring fishing industry and St Margaret's Hope became the main trading centre for the South Isles. In 1890 there were 20 shops and 18 tradesmen located there.

Tomison's Academy was founded by William Tomison, a native of the island who became Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. When it opened it had 170 pupils but the school closed in the 1960s. Tomison is buried nearby in the grounds of his former home, Dundas House.

In 1991, the island was rocked by false allegations of widespread child abuse, as part of the worldwide Satanic panic, that saw nine children being removed from their families by police and social workers. The case was thrown out of court when it was found the social workers were using unorthodox interrogation techniques to force confessions from the children, who all denied the abuse.

There are many well-preserved houses and other structures in the local vernacular style.

Local politics
The island is part of the "East Mainland, South Ronaldsay and Burray" ward, represented on the Orkney Islands Council by three independent councillors. The local community council covers both South Ronaldsay and Burray.

Natural historyMicrotus arvalis ronaldshaiensis is one of five varieties of the  Orkney vole, a sub-species of the common vole found only in the Orkney islands.  Larger than the common vole, it resembles the field vole but has shorter, paler fur.

The Orkney voles were introduced to the archipelago in Neolithic times. The oldest known radiocarbon-dated fossil of the Orkney vole is 4600 years BP, which marks the latest possible date of introduction.

See also

List of islands of Scotland
List of Orkney Islands
Alexander Carrick, sculptor of war memorial and linked to Saint Margaret's Hope

References
Notes

Bibliography

Hedges, J. (1990) Tomb of the Eagles: Death and Life in a Stone Age Tribe. New Amsterdam Books.
Omand, Donald (ed.) (2003) The Orkney Book. Edinburgh. Birlinn.

Further reading
Barthelmess, Isle Barbette (2004) A Celebration of Sunrise at the Tomb of the Eagles. Orkney Museums and Heritage.
Picken, Stuart D.B.,The Soul of an Orkney Parish, The Kirkwall Press, Kirkwall, 1972.
Lamb, Gregor, The Place-Names of South Ronaldsay and Burray'', Bellavista Publications, Kirkwall, 2006.

External links

Undiscovered Scotland Page

Islands of the Orkney Islands

South Ronaldsay


John Holdeman (* 31. Januar 1832 bei New Pittsburgh, Ohio; † 10. März 1900) war ein mennonitischer Prediger und Gründer der mennonitischen Gemeindebewegung Church of God in Christ, Mennonite (Gemeinde Gottes in Christo, Mennoniten).

Leben und Wirken
Holdemann stammte aus einer pennsylvaniadeutschen Bauernfamilie in Ohio. Die Vorfahren der Familie waren bereits im 18. Jahrhundert als Täufer aus der Schweiz zugewandert. Bereits in seinen Jugendjahren lernte er über seinen Vater die stark evangelistisch geprägte Gemeindebewegung des aus Maryland stammenden Predigers John Winebrenner kennen. Um 1844 war Holdeman wahrscheinlich selber Gast bei einer größeren Versammlung der baptistisch und methodistisch geprägten Bewegung, die auch als Winebrennerians oder Church of God bezeichnet wurde. Holdemann selber ließ sich jedoch wie seine Eltern mennonitisch taufen. Am 18. November 1852 heiratete er Elizabeth Ritter.

Doch schon im ersten Jahr seiner Ehe erlebte er eine spirituelle Krise mit einer Reihe von Träumen und Visionen. Von da an setzte sich Holdeman intensiv mit der Bibel wie auch dem Märtyrerspiegel und den Schriften der frühen Täufer auseinander. Dies führte zu einer zunehmenden Kritik am Gemeindeleben der etablierten Mennonitengemeinden. Holdemann entwickelte eine stark restitutionistische Haltung, die sich vor allem an den frühen Täufern orientierte. Er kritisierte unter anderem die aus seiner Sicht zunehmende Verweltlichung der nordamerikanischen Mennoniten. Im Januar 1858 begann er selbst zu predigen und im April des darauffolgenden Jahres bildete er im Haus seiner Eltern schließlich eine separate Gemeinde, die als Church of God in Christ, Mennonite noch heute als eigenständige mennonitische Denomination in Nordamerika besteht. Zwischen 1862 und 1879 unternahm er zahlreiche Predigtreisen und veröffentlichte eine Reihe von Traktaten und Artikeln in deutscher und englischer Sprache. Seine ausgedehnten Aktivitäten führten jedoch mehrmals zu finanziellen Krisen. Seinen Lebensunterhalt bestritt er während dieser Zeit vor allem als Bauer. Auch blieb seine Gemeinde trotz seiner Arbeit als Prediger und Publizist innerhalb der damals vor allem pennsylvaniadeutsch geprägten Täuferbewegung in Nordamerika isoliert. Seine Kritik fand kaum Resonanz. Dies änderte sich erst mit der Einwanderung russlanddeutscher Mennoniten ab 1874, bei denen Holdemans Kritik zum Teil auf fruchtbaren Boden fiel. Seine Bewegung fand nun neue Kraft und konnte sich ausbreiten. Im Jahr 1883 übersiedelte er mitsamt seiner Familie und Gemeinde in den Jasper County in Missouri und 1897 schließlich in den McPherson County in Kansas, wo durch den Übertritt einer Reihe von russlanddeutschen Mennoniten ein regionales Zentrum der neuen Bewegung entstanden war. Im Juni des gleichen Jahres gründete er die Zeitschrift Botschafter der Wahrheit, deren Chefredakteur er auch bis zu seinem Tode blieb.

Holdeman starb am 10. März 1900 im Alter von 68 Jahren. Seine Frau überlebte ihn um 32 Jahre und wurde 98 Jahre alt.

Die von Holdeman im Umfeld der Erweckungsbewegungen des 19. Jahrhunderts gegründete Church of God in Christ, Mennonite besteht bis heute, ist inzwischen vollständig anglisiert und kann dem Spektrum konservativ-evangelikaler Mennoniten zugerechnet werden.

Weblinks

 Täufergeschichte.net über John Holdeman und die "Gemeinde Gottes in Christo, Mennoniten"
 Offizielle Seite der Church of God in Christ, Mennonite

Mennonitischer Geistlicher (19. Jahrhundert)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1832
Gestorben 1900
Mann

John Holdeman


Torcuato Salvador Francisco Nicolás Di Tella  (Buenos Aires, 29 de diciembre de 1929-7 de junio de 2016) fue un ingeniero industrial y sociólogo argentino. Hijo del ingeniero italiano, Torcuato Di Tella y junto con su hermano, Guido Di Tella, fundadores del instituto universitario epónimo a su padre. Ocupó el cargo de Secretario de Cultura de la Nación desde el 25 de mayo de 2003 hasta su renuncia el 25 de noviembre de 2004. Fue nombrado en 2010 como Embajador Argentino en Italia, cargo que ocupó hasta el momento de su muerte.

Ganó dos veces el premio Konex: en 1986 por sus trabajos en Sociología. En aquella fundación fue, más tarde, en 1996 jurado por Humanidades para aquel premio.

Biografía

Primeros años y estudios
Nació el 29 de diciembre de 1929 en Buenos Aires, hijo de los italianos Torcuato Di Tella y María Robiola, fue anotado en el Registro Civil como Torcuato Salvador Francisco Nicolás.

Se recibió de ingeniero industrial en la Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) en 1951, y en 1953 obtuvo un Master of Arts en Sociología en la Universidad de Columbia de Nueva York. Ejerció como profesor en la Universidad de Chile de 1957 a 1958, y más tarde en la UBA, dentro de la carrera de sociología, que ayudó a fundar en la Argentina junto con Gino Germani, en 1959. Fue uno de los fundadores del Instituto de Desarrollo Económico y Social  (IDES) en 1960. Di Tella  se especializó en el estudio comparativo de los sistemas políticos latinoamericanos. Estudió ingeniería industrial y posteriormente hizo una maestría en sociología en la Universidad de Columbia en Nueva York en 1953. apenas dos años más tarde su vocación lo llevó a obtener un Master of Arts en Sociología en la Universidad de Columbia, en Nueva York. Desde entonces, se dedicó a la sociología y a la ciencia política; escribió y fue profesor universitario en Argentina Europa y Norteamérica

Participó como profesor invitado en la Universidad de Oxford y la Universidad de California, entre otras.hambién fue profesor titular de Sociedad y Estado y de Introducción a la Sociología en el Ciclo Básico Común de la UBA, y del Instituto del Servicio Exterior de la Nación. Fue profesor visitante en la Universidad de Chile, UC Berkeley, University of London, University of Texas (Austin) y Kobe University. Designado para la cátedra Tinker en Columbia en 1981 y en Stanford en 2000. Ocupó la cátedra San Martín de la Universidad Hebrea de Jerusalén en 2001.
Además, junto con su madre y su hermano Guido fundó en 1958 la Fundación Di Tella, que mantiene el Instituto Di Tella y la Universidad Torcuato Di Tella. Ha sido presidente del Instituto de Desarrollo Económico y Social (IDES) entre 1984 y 1993, y director de la revista Desarrollo Económico (1971-1974). El Instituto Di Tella, el centro de estudios fundado por los hermanos, se constituyó en una usina de ideas en las que convivieron intelectuales de la talla de Marta Minujin y León Ferrari (arte), Gerardo Gandini y Les Luthiers (música), Antonio Seguí (pintura), Tulio Halperin Donghi y Ezequiel Gallo (historia), Clorindo Testa (arquitectura), y Juan Carlos Torre (sociología), entre otros

Secretario de Cultura
Tras la llegada al poder del presidente Néstor Kirchner, Di Tella fue designado para ocupar el cargo de Secretario de Cultura y asumió el 25 de mayo de 2003, junto con todo el gabinete kirchnerista. La política cultural se desarrolló constituyéndose proyectos de federalización de la cultura con el objetivo de descentralizarla y hacerla accesible para los lugares más periféricos del país. Al calor de la democratización de estas manifestaciones culturales, comenzaron a desarrollarse eventos artísticos, talleres y charlas a lo largo y lo ancho del territorio nacional.

Di Tella buscó hacer una "federalización de la cultura". Por ejemplo, abrir en Rosario el Museo de Arte Oriental, llevar obras de arte que no estaban exhibidas en Buenos Aires a la provincia del Neuquén y el Museo Precolombino (en gran parte donado por su hermano Guido) a otra localidad y crear un museo de la producción y el trabajo en el interior. "No quiero nada nuevo en Buenos Aires", afirma, sino "enfatizar la cultura popular, valorar la cultura aborigen y hacerla circular por el país, también a través de bibliotecas populares".

El primer cargo público de Di Tella que engloba una variedad de organismos descentralizados, espacios y actividades: del Fondo Nacional de las Artes a la Biblioteca Nacional y las bibliotecas populares, de los museos al Instituto Nacional del Cine y el del Teatro, del patrimonio nacional y los monumentos a la Orquesta Sinfónica y las academias nacionales. Al respecto dijo "Voy a tener que operar con gente que tenga experiencia en esto y voy a delegar funciones", Soy un socialista moderado que participará de un gobierno cuyo objetivo prioritario debe ser lograr la unión nacional", dijo. Para eso, en su gestión buscará "recuperar valores nacionales, integrando a todo el país y dando participación al pueblo, para que se exprese libremente". Di Tella decide renunciar el 23 de noviembre de 2004.

Las palabras serían aclaradas por el Jefe de Gabinete Alberto Fernández al indicar que "fueron sacadas de contexto" y que "La cultura es un tema que preocupa mucho al Gobierno".

Distinciones
Fue profesor emérito de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, fundador del Instituto Torcuato Di Tella y miembro del Grupo Fundador de la Universidad Torcuato Di Tella. Di Tella, ganó dos veces el premio Konex por sus trabajos en Sociología.

Instituto Di Tella
Fundó en 1958  junto a su hermano el Instituto Torcuato Di Tella —llamado así en homenaje a su padre— que ha sido el centro de encuentro de los artistas más vanguardistas de los 60, y concentró sus actividades en las temáticas de arte, economía, ciencias sociales y urbanismo, se constituyó en un hito cultural y contribuyó a la formación de varias generaciones de artistas, profesionales y académicos destacados como Marta Minujin y León Ferrari (artes plásticas), Gerardo Gandini y Les Luthiers (música), Antonio Seguí (pintura), Tulio Halperin Donghi y Ezequiel Gallo (historia), Héctor Diéguez y Rolf Mantel (economía), Clorindo Testa (arquitectura), Natalio Botana (ciencia política) y Juan Carlos Torre (sociología), entre otros

Actividad posterior
Tras su salida de la Secretaría de Cultura continuó con su vida académica. En este período publicó cinco de los libros más importantes de su carrera; uno de ellos Le Forze Popolari escrito en italiano y publicado por la Editorial Ediesse de Roma en el 2012, además de varios artículos, entre ellos Por qué la Argentina no es como Canadá?, publicado como capítulo en el libro Breve Historia de Canadá, en el año 2009. Continuó también activo como vicepresidente de la Fundación Di Tella, que mantiene los institutos Di Tella.

En noviembre de 2009 fue propuesto como posible embajador argentino en Reino Unido, un puesto que desde 2008 se encontraba vacante tras el retiro del embajador Federico Mirré. Finalmente, por decisión del poder ejecutivo, se decidió dejar vacante el puesto en protesta por el conflicto de las Malvinas.

En septiembre de 2010, fue designado por la presidenta Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, Embajador Argentino en Italia. El puesto, también se encontraba vacante, y el anterior embajador había sido Victorio Taccetti. Pese a declarar enfáticamente que no era peronista, Di Tella decidió aceptar la embajada a Italia porque el cargo de Embajador representa al país y no a un gobierno.

En mayo de 2011, fue designado Embajador argentino en Albania, sin perder su puesto en la embajada argentina en Italia.

Di Tella falleció el 7 de junio de 2016 en la ciudad de Buenos Aires, a los 86 años de edad.

Libros publicados
 El sistema político argentino y la clase obrera. Buenos Aires, Eudeba, 1964.  Revisado y reimpreso con el título Política y clase obrera.  Buenos Aires, Cedal, 1983.   ISSN: 04-2016-031810410500-203
 ¿Socialismo en la Argentina? Buenos Aires, J. Álvarez, 1965.
 Argentina, sociedad de masas. con Gino Germani y Jorge Graciarena (comps.)  Buenos Aires, Eudeba, 1965.  ISSN: 20-1603-170442211-612
 La teoría del primer impacto del crecimiento económico. Rosario, Universidad del Litoral, 1966.
 Sindicato y comunidad: Dos estructuras sindicales latinoamericanas. con L. Brams, J. Reynaud y A. Touraine. Buenos Aires, Editorial del Instituto, 1967.  (Una traducción francesa había aparecido con el título Huachipato et Lota. Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1966.)
 Los fragmentos del poder: de la oligarquía a la poliarquía en la Argentina con Tulio Halperín Donghi (comps.). Buenos Aires, J. Álvarez, 1969.
 Hacia una política latinoamericana. Montevideo, Arca, 1969.  Traducción portuguesa: Para uma política latinoamericana. Rio de Janeiro, Paz e Terra, 1969.  Edición revisada: Clases sociales y estructuras políticas.  Buenos Aires, Paidós, 1973.
 Estructuras sindicales. Buenos Aires, Nueva Visión, 1969.   Reedición por Biblos, 1994.  ISBN: 9507860479, 9789507860478
 La rebelión de esclavos de Haití. Buenos Aires, IDES, 1984.
 Sociología de los procesos políticos. Buenos Aires, Grupo Editor Latinoamericano, 1985.  Reimpreso por Eudeba, 1986 y 1988.  Traducción inglesa: Latin American Politics: A Theoretical Approach. Austin, University of Texas Press, 1990, reimpreso en 1992, hard back y paper back.  Reedición revisada por la misma editorial, 2001; en italiano, Tra caudillos e partiti politici, Milano, Feltrinelli, 1993.  ISBN: 9509432164, 9789509432161
 Sociedad y Estado en América Latina. Buenos Aires, Eudeba, 1985.
 Introducción a la sociología. Buenos Aires, Eudeba, 1986.
 Diccionario de Ciencias Sociales y Políticas. Con Paz Gajardo, Susana Gamba y Hugo Chumbita. Buenos Aires, Punto Sur, 1989.  Reedición revisada y ampliada, Emecé, 2001. Reimpresión, Ariel, 2004.  ISBN: 9509922560, 9789509922563
 Hacia una estrategia de la socialdemocracia en la Argentina. Buenos Aires, Punto Sur, 1989.
 Política nacional y popular en México. 1820-1847. México: FCE, 1994.  Traducción inglesa National Popular Politics in Early Independent Mexico 1820-1847, Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press, 1996.
 Historia de los partidos políticos en América Latina. Buenos Aires, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1993.  Reimpresión 1999. Traducido como History of Political Parties in Twentieth Century Latin America, New Brunswick, NJ, Transaction Publishers, 2004.
 Historia Argentina. 2 vols (Desde los orígenes hasta 1830, y Desde 1830 hasta nuestros días). Buenos Aires, Troquel, 1993-1994.  Una versión revisada, y reducida en su cubrimiento temporal, apareció por la misma editorial como Historia social de la Argentina contemporánea, Troquel, 1998.  ISBN: 9501620603, 9789501620603
 Torcuato Di Tella: industria y política. Buenos Aires, Tesis/Norma, 1993.  Traducida al italiano, 1999.
 Estructuras sindicales en la Argentina y Brasil: algunas tendencias recientes. con la colaboración de L. M. Rodrigues, M.C. Arnaiz y P. Chomnalez.  Cuaderno de la Fundación Simón Rodríguez, Buenos Aires, 1995.  ISBN: 9507860479, 9789507860478
 Democracia sustentable / Sustainable Democracy. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995. (coautor), con Adam Przeworski y otros.  Traducido en Buenos Aires, Paidós, 1998.
 Argentina/Chile: ¿Desarrollos paralelos? (comp) Buenos Aires, Grupo Editor Latinoamericano, 1997.
 Political Culture, Social Movements and Democratic Transitions in South America in the Twentieth Century. (comp), con Fernando Devoto, Annali Feltrinelli. Milán, Feltrinelli Editore, 1998.
 Crisis de representatividad y sistemas de partidos políticos. (comp). Buenos Aires, Grupo Editor Latinoamericano, 1998.  ISBN: 9506945357, 9789506945350
 Diccionario del político exquisito. Buenos Aires, Emecé, 1998.
 Los partidos políticos: teoría y análisis comparativo. Buenos Aires, A-Z Editora, 1998.
 Japón/América Latina: la construcción de un vínculo. (comp). Buenos Aires, Grupo Editor Latinoamericano, 1998.
 Juan B. Justo: Socialismo e organização política. (comp). Brasilia, Instituto Teotônio Vilela, 1999.
 Mercosur/Africasur. (comp). Buenos Aires, Grupo Editor Latinoamericano, 2000.
 Historia del progresismo en la Argentina. Buenos Aires, Troquel, 2001.  ISBN: 9501620646, 9789501620641
 Actores y coaliciones en América Latina. Buenos Aires, La Crujía, 2003.  ISBN: 9871004257, 9789871004256
 Perón y los sindicatos, el inicio de una relación conflictiva. Buenos Aires, Ariel/Planeta 2003.  ISBN: 9509122807, 9789509122802
 El modelo político paraguayo. Buenos Aires, La Crujía, 2003.
 Coaliciones políticas. Derecha e izquierda: ¿todavía existen? Buenos Aires, Capital Intelectual, 2004.  ISBN: 9871181183, 9789871181186
 Repertorio político latinoamericano. (comp.) 4 vols.  Buenos Aires, , 2007.
 Ideas para una nueva etapa política. Buenos Aires, Corregidor, 2008.  ISBN: 9500517582, 9789500517584
 Le forze popolari nella poluitica argentina. Una storia. Roma Ediesse, 2012.
 Coaliciones políticas: Argentina en perspectiva. Buenos Aires, El Ateneo, 2015.
 I Movimenti Nazionali e Popolari in America Latina. Roma, 2016.  (manuscrito a publicar)

Premios y distinciones

 (1958) Miembro del Consejo - Instituto Di Tella.
 (1992-2000) Miembro del Consejo - Universidad Torcuato Di Tella.
 (1971-2001) Presidente - Fundación Simón Rodríguez, Buenos Aires.
 (1978) Miembro de la Comisión Directiva - Instituto de Desarrollo Económico y Social (IDES), Buenos Aires.
 (1984-1993) Presidente - Instituto de Desarrollo Económico y Social (IDES), Buenos Aires.
 (1971-1974) Director - Revista Desarrollo Económico.
 (1981) Beca - Fulbright.
 (1984-1985) Miembro del Consejo Consultivo - Carrera de Sociología, Universidad de Buenos Aires.
 (1986) Premio Konex Platino en las Humanidades - Konex, Buenos Aires.
 (1995-1999) Miembro de la Comisión de Museos y Monumentos Históricos de la República Argentina - Buenos Aires.
 (1990) Miembro del Consejo Asesor - Government and Opposition, Londres.
 (1996) Miembro del Consejo Asesor - Estudios Sociales, Rosario, Argentina.
 (1996) Jurado Premios Konex, Humanidades
 (1998-2001) Miembro del Consejo Asesor - Latin American Research Review.
 (1997-1999) Miembro de la "CEANA" - Organizada por el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de la Argentina.
 (2002) Profesor Emérito - Designado en la Universidad de Buenos Aires.
 (2003-2004) Secretario de Cultura - Presidencia de la Nación Argentina.
 (2003) Actores y coaliciones en América Latina - Buenos Aires, La Crujía.

(2010-2016) Embajador - Ante la República Italiana, Roma, Italia.

(2011-2016) Embajador - Ante la República de Albania.

Referencias

Familia Di Tella
Ingenieros industriales de Argentina
Ingenieros de Argentina del siglo XX
Ingenieros de Argentina del siglo XXI
Embajadores de Argentina en Italia
Instituto Di Tella
Alumnado de la Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad de Buenos Aires
Políticos del Frente para la Victoria
Secretarios de Cultura
Sociólogos de Argentina
Premio Konex
Gabinete de Néstor Kirchner

Torcuato Di Tella (hijo)


William de Forz, 3rd Earl of Albemarle ( 1190 − 26 March 1242) was an English nobleman. He is described by William Stubbs as "a feudal adventurer of the worst type".

Family background
Forz was the son of William de Forz (died 1195), and Hawise, Countess of Aumale (died 11 March 1214), a daughter of William le Gros, 1st Earl of Albemarle. His father was a minor nobleman from the village of Fors in Poitou; the toponymic is variously rendered as Fors and Forz, or else Latinised to Fortibus.

Estate holdings
Soon after 1213, Albemarle was established by King John in the territories of the Earldom of Albemarle, and in 1215 the whole of his mother's estates were formally confirmed to him. The Earldom of Albemarle which he inherited from his mother, included a large estate in Yorkshire, notably the wapentake of Holderness, including the castle of Skipsea, and the honour of Craven, as well as estates in Lincolnshire and elsewhere. It had also included the county of Aumale, but this had recently been lost to the French, along with the rest of Normandy.  Albemarle was the first holder of his earldom to see it as wholly English.

Involvement in military actions
Albemarle was actively engaged in the struggles of the Norman barons against both King John and King Henry III. He was generally loyal to King John during the baronial revolt, although he did eventually join the barons after the leaders of the City of London joined them and the king's cause looked hopeless.

Albemarle was one of the twenty-five executors of the Magna Carta, but among them he was probably the least hostile to the king. The barons made him constable of Scarborough Castle, but when soon after fighting began between the barons and the king, he went over to John's side, the only executor to do so. He fought for the king until the French capture of Winchester in June 1216, when again the king's cause looked hopeless. He then stayed on the barons' side until their cause fell apart. He sided with John, then subsequently changed sides as often as it suited his policy.

After John's death, Albemarle supported the new king, Henry III, fighting in the siege of Mountsorrel and at the Battle of Lincoln.

His real object was to revive the independent power of the feudal barons, and he co-operated to this end with Falkes de Breauté and other foreign adventurers established in the country by John. This brought him into conflict with the great justiciar, Hubert de Burgh, who was effectively regent. In 1219 he was declared a rebel and excommunicated for sponsoring a forbidden tournament in Brackley. In 1220 matters were brought to a crisis by his refusal to surrender the two royal castles of Rockingham and Sauvey of which he had been made constable in 1216. Henry III marched against them in person, the garrisons fled, and they fell without a blow. In the following year, however, Albemarle, in face of further efforts to reduce his power, rose in revolt.

Excommunication and loss of power
Albemarle was now again excommunicated by the legate Pandulf Verraccio at a solemn council held in St Paul's, and the whole force of the kingdom was set in motion against him, a special scutage—the scutagium de Bihan—being voted for this purpose by the Great Council. The capture of his Castle of Bytham broke his power; he sought sanctuary and, at Pandulph's intercession, was pardoned on condition of going for six years to the Holy Land. He remained in England, however, and in 1223 was once more in revolt with Falkes de Breauté and other turbulent spirits. A reconciliation was again patched up; but it was not until the fall of Falkes de Breauté that Albemarle finally settled down as an English noble.

He eventually gave in when the cause was lost in 1224, and was thenceforth loyal to Henry III.

Revived influence
In 1225 Albemarle witnessed Henry's third re-issue of the Great Charter; in 1227 he went as English ambassador to Antwerp; and in 1230 he accompanied Henry on his expedition to Brittany. In 1241 he set out for the Holy Land, but died at sea, on his way there, on 26 March 1242.

Family
By his wife Aveline de Montfichet (Modern English: Avelina), a sister of Richard de Montfichet's, William left a son, William de Forz, 4th Earl of Albemarle, who succeeded him in the Earldom.

References

Sources

1190 births
1242 deaths

Year of birth uncertain
Anglo-Normans
Christians of the Barons' Crusade
William
Magna Carta barons
People who died at sea

William de Forz, 3rd Earl of Albemarle


Apocrine ()  is a term used to classify the mode of secretion of exocrine glands. In apocrine secretion, secretory cells accumulate material at their apical ends, and this material then buds off from the cells, forming extracellular vesicles. The secretory cells therefore lose part of their cytoplasm in the process of secretion.

An example of true apocrine glands is the mammary glands, responsible for secreting breast milk. Apocrine glands are also found in the anogenital region and axillae.

Apocrine secretion is less damaging to the gland than holocrine secretion (which destroys a cell) but more damaging than merocrine secretion (exocytosis).

Apocrine metaplasia

Apocrine metaplasia is a reversible transformation of cells to an apocrine phenotype. It is common in the breast in the context of fibrocystic change. It is seen in women mostly over the age of 50 years. Metaplasia happens when there is an irritation to the breast (breast cyst). Apocrine-like cells form in a lining of developing microcysts, due to the pressure buildup within the lumen. The pressure build up is caused by secretions. This type of metaplasia represents an exception to the common rule of metaplasia increasing the risk for developing cancer in that apocrine metaplasia doesn't increase the possibility of developing breast cancer.

Apocrine ductal carcinoma in situ

Apocrine ductal carcinoma in situ  (ACDIS) is a very rare breast carcinoma which is regarded as a variant of the ductal carcinoma in situ breast tumors. ACDIS tumors have microscopic histopathology features that are similar to pure apocrine carcinoma of the breast tumors but differ from them in that they are completely localized, i.e. have not invaded nearby tissues or metastasized to distant tissues.

Apocrine carcinoma

Apocrine carcinoma is a very rare form of female breast cancer. The rate of incidence varies from 0.5 to 4%. Cytologically, the cells of apocrine carcinoma are relatively large, granular, and it has a prominent eosinophilic cytoplasm. When apocrine carcinoma is tested as a "triple negative", it means that the cells of the patient cannot express the estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, or HER2 receptor.

References

External links
 Diagram at uwa.edu.au

Exocrine system

Apocrine


USS Miami was a  light cruiser of the United States Navy, which were built during World War II. The class was designed as a development of the earlier s, the size of which had been limited by the First London Naval Treaty. The start of the war led to the dissolution of the treaty system, but the dramatic need for new vessels precluded a new design, so the Clevelands used the same hull as their predecessors, but were significantly heavier. The Clevelands carried a main battery of twelve  guns in four three-gun turrets, along with a secondary armament of twelve  dual-purpose guns. They had a top speed of .

Miami was commissioned in December 1943, and saw service in several campaigns in the Pacific.  Like almost all her sister ships, she was decommissioned shortly after the end of the war, and never saw active service again.  Miami was scrapped in the early 1960s.

Design

The Cleveland-class light cruisers traced their origin to design work done in the late 1930s; at the time, light cruiser displacement was limited to  by the Second London Naval Treaty. Following the start of World War II in September 1939, Britain announced it would suspend the treaty for the duration of the conflict, a decision the US Navy quickly followed. Though still neutral, the United States recognized that war was likely and the urgent need for additional ships ruled out an entirely new design, so the Clevelands were a close development of the earlier s, the chief difference being the substitution of a two-gun  dual-purpose gun mount for one of the main battery  gun turrets.

Miami was  long overall and had a beam of  and a draft of . Her standard displacement amounted to  and increased to  at full load. The ship was powered by four General Electric steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four oil-fired Babcock & Wilcox boilers. Rated at , the turbines were intended to give a top speed of . Her crew numbered 1285 officers and enlisted men.

The ship was armed with a main battery of twelve 6 in /47 caliber Mark 16 guns in four 3-gun turrets on the centerline. Two were placed forward in a superfiring pair; the other two turrets were placed aft of the superstructure in another superfiring pair. The secondary battery consisted of twelve  /38 caliber dual-purpose guns mounted in twin turrets. Two of these were placed on the centerline, one directly behind the forward main turrets and the other just forward of the aft turrets. Two more were placed abreast of the conning tower and the other pair on either side of the aft superstructure. Anti-aircraft defense consisted of twenty-eight Bofors  guns in four quadruple and six double mounts and ten Oerlikon  guns in single mounts.

The ship's belt armor ranged in thickness from , with the thicker section amidships where it protected the ammunition magazines and propulsion machinery spaces. Her deck armor was  thick. The main battery turrets were protected with  faces and  sides and tops, and they were supported by barbettes 6 inches thick. Miamis conning tower had 5-inch sides.

Service history

Construction and initial training

The keel for Miami was laid down at William Cramp & Sons in Philadelphia on 2 August 1941. She was launched on 12 August 1942, and after completing fitting-out work, was commissioned into the fleet on 28 December 1943, with the hull number CL-89. The ship began sea trials on the Delaware River on 1 January 1944, and from 21 January to 3 February, she remained at Philadelphia for modifications and to take on a load of ammunition. She got underway on 4 February to resume training operations in Delaware Bay that lasted until 7 February, when she joined the destroyer  to sail for Chesapeake Bay for further training. On 12 February, Miami moved to the Norfolk Navy Yard in Portsmouth, Virginia, before departing two days later in company with the heavy cruiser  and the destroyers  and . The four ships steamed south to Trinidad in the British West Indies for a shakedown cruise. While en route, one of Miamis crew fell overboard and couldn't be found.

Over the next two weeks, Miami took part in drills with the other ships in the Gulf of Paria until 3 March, when she and Quincy left to return to Norfolk, this time escorted by the destroyers  and . They arrived four days later, where Miami was inspected by Rear Admiral Donald B. Beary. On 11 March, the ship sailed for the Naval Research Laboratory Annex in Chesapeake Bay for tests the following day. She then returned to Delaware Bay on the 13th, and then to Philadelphia on 14 March for repairs that lasted through the end of the month. On 2 April, the ship was moved to Boston, Massachusetts, departing there on 7 April for Casco Bay, Maine, where she conducted shooting practice with her sister ship , the destroyer , and the destroyer escort . After a week of practice, Miami and Edwards then sailed back to Boston on 14 April.

The Navy thereafter ordered Miami to sail for the Pacific, and she departed on 16 April. For the voyage south, she was assigned to Task Group (TG) 27.7, which also included her sisters Houston and  and the destroyers Edwards, , , and . They passed through the Panama Canal on 22 April, and the next day, the unit was re-designated TG 12.3 and Broome and Simpson were detached. The rest of the ships proceeded on to San Diego, California, arriving there on 30 April. From there, the task group sailed for Pearl Harbor the next day, arriving there on 6 May. While there, Miami joined the heavy cruiser  for training exercises on 8 May. She thereafter underwent maintenance from 13 to 24 May.

Operations in the Pacific Theater

Mariana and Palau Islands campaign

Miami was next transferred to TG 12.1, which also included the fast battleships  and , the cruisers Vincennes and Houston, the minelayer , and the destroyers , , , ,  and . The unit departed on 24 May, bound for Majuro Atoll in the Marshall Islands, and arrived there six days later. They then joined the Fast Carrier Task Force, then under the command of 5th Fleet and designated Task Force (TF) 58. Miami was assigned to the subordinate unit TG 58.4, which also included the aircraft carriers , , and . The American fleet embarked on the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign, beginning with air strikes against Japanese positions on Saipan on 11 June and continuing over the following week. Miami contributed to the fleet's anti-aircraft defenses when the Japanese launched an aerial counterattack on 19 June, though she was not heavily engaged. Later that day, the ship's secondary guns opened fire on what was believed to be a Japanese submarine but was in fact merely an abandoned sampan.

Miami continued to escort the carriers as they launched air strikes in support of the invasion of Saipan until 27 June, when she was detached as part of Task Unit 58.4.5 and sent bombard Guam before American forces landed on that island as well. The unit included Houston and five destroyers. In addition to Japanese positions on the island, Miami shelled a cargo ship that was moored in Apra Harbor. A Japanese coastal artillery battery on the Orote Peninsula engaged Miami during the bombardment, and the latter eventually silenced the Japanese guns. Miami and the other vessels thereafter returned to their positions screening the carriers. On 6 July, Miami was sent to Eniwetok to replenish stores and ammunition before returning to the fleet on 14 June. By that time, she had been transferred to TG 58.3, which was centered on the carriers , , and . The ships anchored at Saipan on 31 July, by which time had been secured by American forces. The next morning, the ships sortied to carry out a raid on Japanese installations on Iwo Jima. Miami was again detached for replenishment and maintenance at Eniwetok on 11 August. She joined TU 58.2.1 on 25 August, along with her sister  and four destroyers.

On 26 August, Miami left the fleet to pick up the crew from a OS2U Kingfisher from the battleship , but she was recalled before she arrived. By this time, the Fast Carrier Task Force had passed to the command of the Third Fleet, and all of the units were renumbered. Miami was transferred to TG 38.2, which included the carriers Bunker Hill, , and , the light carriers  and , and the fast battleships  and . She escorted the carriers that struck Japanese positions on Peleliu and Anguar in the Palau Islands on 7 September to prepare for the invasion of Peleliu. The fleet thereafter shifted its attention to Japanese airfields in the Philippines from 12 to 15 September; during this period, on the 14th, Miami picked up the pilot of an F6F Hellcat that had been shot down. The ship steamed to Saipan on 28 September to replenish ammunition and stores.

Philippines campaign

As the fleet began preparations for the next major campaign, Miami joined TF 34, along with the battleships Washington, New Jersey, Iowa, and  and the carrier  for training exercises that ended the next day. Later on the 30th, Miami sailed to the fleet's advance base at Ulithi Atoll in the Caroline Islands, where she joined TG 38.2. On 6 October, Miami and the rest of the Fast Carrier Task Force sortied to conduct air strikes against Japanese installations on Okinawa and Formosa, which began on 10 October. Two days later, during strikes on Formosa, Japanese aircraft attacked the fleet, and late that day, Miamis anti-aircraft gunners shot down one aircraft and assisted in the destruction of another. In the early hours of 13 October, she shot down another Japanese aircraft. With the invasion of Leyte approaching, the fleet turned its attention to Japanese forces in the Philippines on 18 October, striking targets in Aparri and Laoag. Two days later, American forces went ashore on Leyte, leading to heavy Japanese counterattacks.

Japanese efforts to disrupt the landing culminated in the Battle of Leyte Gulf, an effort by three squadrons to attack the invasion fleet. After the American carrier task force was drawn north by a feint from the Northern Force, the main Japanese unit, the Center Force, attempted to penetrate the San Bernardino Strait. Miami remained with the carriers until the Center Force encountered a group of American escort carriers, destroyers, and destroyer escorts on the morning of 25 October. Frantic calls for support from the Fast Carrier Task Force led its commander, Admiral William Halsey Jr. to detach a group of ships, including Miami, south to stop the Center Force. By the time they arrived, the Japanese had broken off their attack, convinced they had stumbled into TF 38 itself. Miami and several cruisers and destroyers nevertheless caught and sank the destroyer  on 26 October.

The following day, Miami and the rest of TG 38.2 briefly withdrew eastward before resuming operations against Japanese forces in the Philippines. These consisted of a series of strikes on airfields on Luzon from 5 to 6 November, after which Miami was detached to return to Ulithi, where she remained from 9 to 13 November. She sortied the next day to rejoin her unit, which carried out further attacks on Luzon from 18 to 25 November. Through this period, Japanese aircraft repeatedly attacked the fleet, and during one attack on the 25th, Miami shot down a dive bomber. Another brief return to Ulithi to replenish fuel and ammunition followed the next day, and she thereafter took part in training exercises there for a week. The ship next joined TG 30.4, which sortied on 9 December to wage additional attacks on Luzon from 14 to 16 December. She was present when the fleet was struck by Typhoon Cobra on 18 December, which sank three destroyers and inflicted serious damage to several ships, including Miami. The ship had serious hull damage between frames 21 and 33. One of her Kingfishers was thrown overboard and the other was so badly damaged that the crew discarded it. She remained in the area to assist in the search for survivors before returning to Ulithi on 24 December.

After repairs were completed, Miami joined TG 38.3, which sortied on 1 January 1945 to carry out the South China Sea raid. The raid was an effort to isolate Japanese forces in the Philippines by neutralizing airfields in occupied China, Formosa, and Southeast Asia. The fleet's carriers initially struck targets on and around Formosa, turned to attack Luzon once more from 6 to 8 January, before entering the South China Sea in the early hours of 10 January. The carriers then launched strikes on Japanese-occupied French Indochina before turning back north to attack Formosa again on 15 and 16 January. On the latter day, Miami shot down an A6M5 Zero fighter. The fleet thereafter passed through the Balintang Channel and then the Luzon Strait, continuing north to launch an attack on Okinawa on 20 and 21 January. The fleet thereafter returned to Ulithi to make preparations for the next major offensive, arriving there on 27 January.

Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign

On 10 February, Miami and the rest of the fleet sortied to begin its next major operation, beginning with supporting attacks for the invasion of Iwo Jima. By this time, the fleet had passed back to 5th Fleet command, and Miami had been transferred to TG 58.1. The fleet began air strikes on Tokyo on the night of 15 February, which continued over the following two days. On 18 February, the fleet sailed south to attack Japanese positions on Chichijima, followed by strikes on Okinawa from 20 to 22 February, by which time American forces had begun the invasion of Iwo Jima. Later that month, Miami was detached to form Task Unit 58.1.22 along with her sister ships  and , the cruiser , and fifteen destroyers. The unit carried out a rail on the island of Okidaitōjima on 2 March. Three days later, she returned to Ulithi to replenish fuel and munitions. She got underway again on 14 March and rejoined the Fast Carrier Task Force, which raided Japanese installations on Okinawa and the main island of Kyushu between 18 and 31 March. During this period, Miami helped to defend the fleet against heavy Japanese air attacks. Still part of TG 58.1, she escorted the carriers , , and  as they directly supported American forces during the battle of Okinawa beginning on 1 April. These operations continued through 11 April.

The next day, Miami took part in searches for American pilots who had been shot down during the fighting around Okinawa; that afternoon, Kingfishers from Miami recovered one man from the water and a further two from Amami Ōshima. On 14 April, Miamis anti-aircraft gunners claimed several Japanese planes shot down during a particularly heavy attack. TF 58 began attacks on Amami Ōshima, Tokuno Shima, and Kikaijima from 20 to 30 April. Miami returned to Ulithi later that day, remaining there for repairs and replenishment for more than a week. On 10 May, Miami departed for Pearl Harbor, sailing independently and arriving seven days later. There, she embarked passengers bound for the West Coast of the United States, and carried them to San Pedro, California. She reached the port on 24 May, unloaded ammunition, and then entered the dry dock the following day for an overhaul. The work lasted more than a month, and the ship re-entered the water on 7 July. She conducted limited trials on 14 July and was thoroughly inspected between 1 and 11 August. She departed for Pearl Harbor on 20 August, arriving four days later; by that time, Japan had announced it would surrender, ending the war. Miami left for Guam on 30 August, and while en route on 2 September, the formal surrender took place aboard the battleship . For her service during the conflict, Miami was awarded six battle stars.

Post-war operations

Miami departed for Okinawa on 9 September, accompanied by the destroyer escort . After arriving there on 12 September, she was used to accept the surrender of Japanese garrisons in the Ryukyu islands. Four days later, she went to sea along with TF 55 to avoid a major typhoon; she returned to Buckner Bay in Okinawa on 17 September. On 22 September, she covered the arrival of Tenth Army to begin occupation duties in the Ryukus. Another typhoon forced Miami back to sea on 3 October. Four days later, she dropped anchor in Naze, Kagoshima on the island of Amami Ōshima. After patrolling the area for several days, she returned to Buckner Bay on 15 October. She remained there until 29 October, when she got underway to visit Yokosuka, Japan, though she remained there for only a short time before sailing south to the Caroline Islands, ultimately arriving in Truk on 11 November. Her crew conducted a survey of the damage inflicted during Operation Hailstone, a major carrier raid on the atoll during the war. Miami was ordered home on 25 November, and she arrived in Long Beach, California, on 10 December.

For the next year and a half, Miami operated off the coast of California, conducting training cruises for naval reservists. She was decommissioned on 30 June 1947 and thereafter assigned to the Pacific Reserve Fleet. She remained in the Navy's inventory until 1 September 1961, when she was stricken from the naval register. The ship was then sold for scrap to the shipbreaking firm Nicholai Joffe Corp. on 26 July 1962.

Footnotes

Notes

Citations

References

External links

Cleveland-class cruisers
World War II cruisers of the United States
Ships built by William Cramp & Sons
1942 ships

USS Miami (CL-89)


A Franchi SPAS-15 é uma escopeta de combate fabricada pela empresa italiana Luigi Franchi S.P.A.

Design
A arma é baseada na SPAS-12 e possui modos de disparo de ação por bombeamento/semiautomático semelhantes.

Ao contrário de sua antecessora, a SPAS-15 é alimentada por um carregador destacável. A arma possui uma coronha de madeira preta fixa ou uma coronha de metal dobrável.

Usuários
: Usada pelo BOPE, 1º BFEsp, PRF e a GRT da Polícia Militar. Também foram adquiridas em números pequenos pela PF em 2002, mas foram retiradas de uso devido a problemas de confiabilidade.
: 2.000 adquiridas em 1999 pelo Exército Italiano. Também usada pelos Carabineiros.
: Forças especiais israelitas.
: Exército Português.

Espingardas semiautomáticas

Franchi SPAS-15


est une idole japonaise, née dans la préfecture d'Osaka, au Japon, le . Elle est membre des Juice=Juice, groupe de l'agence Hello!Project.

Biographie
En 2015, Riai Matsunaga échoue à l'audition 2015 Angerme New Member Audition. L'année suivante elle échoue à l'audition Morning Musume. '16 « Shinseiki » Audition (Audition Morning Musume. '16 « Nouvelle Ère »).

Le , elle Intègre les Hello!Pro Kenshūsei.

En mai 2019, Riai Matsunaga remporte le prix de la meilleure performance au concert Hello!Project Kenshuusei Recital 2019, en exécutant Gatamekira des Taiyō to Ciscomoon. Le 14 juin, intègre le groupe Juice=Juice.

Surnom
Le surnom Yafuzō est tiré de sa présentation sur son blog, vers l'été 2019.

Groupes
 Juice=Juice (2019 -)
 Hello!Pro All Stars (2020)

Discographie

Albums
  : terzo

Singles
  : Pop Music / Suki tte Itte yo
  : DOWN TOWN / Ganbarenai yo
  : Plastic Love / Familia / Future Smile
  : Zenbu Kakete GO!! / Eeny Meeny Miny Moe ~Koi no Rival Sengen~

Notes et références

Naissance en juillet 2005
Chanteuse japonaise
Juice=Juice
Hello! Project
Naissance dans la préfecture d'Osaka

Riai Matsunaga


Augusto Trujillo Arango (Santa Rosa de Cabal, Risaralda, Colômbia, 5 de agosto de 1922 - Manizales, 24 de fevereiro de 2007) foi arcebispo de Tunja na Colômbia.

Augusto Trujillo Arango foi ordenado sacerdote em 6 de agosto de 1945 em Manizales. Em 1957 foi nomeado bispo auxiliar na Arquidiocese de Manizales e bispo titular de Nisyrus. Em 1960 João XXIII fez a nomeação como Bispo de Jericó, e em 1970 como sucessor de Ángel María Ocampo Berrio nomeado pelo Papa Paulo VI como Arcebispo de Tunja. Em 1998, sua renúncia foi concedida por João Paulo II.

Ver também

Arcebispos católicos da Colômbia

Augusto Trujillo Arango


Luzerne steht für:
 Luzerne, eine Nutzpflanze aus der Familie der Hülsenfrüchtler
 Luzerne (Pennsylvania), einen Ort in Pennsylvania, USA
 La Luzerne, französische Gemeinde

Siehe auch:
 Lucerne
 Luzern (Begriffsklärung)
 Lake Lucerne

Luzerne (Begriffsklärung)


Strânsul nepoatelor este un film românesc din 1973 regizat de Paula Popescu-Doreanu.

Vezi și
 1973 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1973

Strânsul nepoatelor


José Kleber Callou (Crato, 19 de junho de 1930 - Crato, 29 de abril de 2019), foi um professor acadêmico e político brasileiro, foi deputado estadual do Ceará entre 1967 e 1971, pela Aliança Renovadora Nacional (ARENA).

Foi vereador pelo município do Crato de 1959 à 1967, sendo presidente da Mesa Diretora em 1960, 1963, 1965 e 1966. Deputado Estadual eleito para o mandato de 1967 à 1975. Terceiro Secretário da Mesa Diretora em 1969. Anteriormente, foi presidente do Sport Club do Crato, da Liga Cratense de Desportos, do Lions Club do Crato e quando professor acadêmico foi reitor do Diretório Acadêmico Dom Francisco da Faculdade de Filosofia do Crato.

Biografia

Filho de José Calazans Callou e Maria Doçura Callou, tinha ancestralidade galega, francesa e holandesa por parte de pai e indígena por parte de mãe.

Educação e atividade profissional
Começou sua educação graduando-se técnico em Contabilidade pela Escola Técnica de Comércio do Crato, iniciando sua atividade profissional na empresa comercial Tavares & Filho, no Crato e no Banco Caixeiral do Crato, foi professor da Escola Técnica de Comércio e do Colégio Pio X, ambos em Crato, Ceará. Após sua primeira e última eleição como deputado estadual pelo estado do Ceará, bacharelou-se em Direito, ciências jurídicas e ciências sociais pela Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC) e licenciou-se em história.

Lecionou no Colégio Estadual Wilson Gonçalves, no Colégio Estadual Pedro Felício, na Universidade Regional do Cariri (URCA) e por um período na Universidade Federal do Ceará.

Deputados estaduais do Ceará

Kleber Calou


760 Massinga, 28 Ağustos 1913 tarihinde Alman astronom Franz Kaiser tarafından keşfedilen 21 asteroit'ten biridir. Heidelberg Gözlemevi'nde keşfedilen asteroit, keşfinden önceki gece Simeis G. Neujmin tarafından da keşfedildiği düşünülmektedir. "760 Massinga" Asteroit kuşağı'nda bulunan bir asteroittir. Aynı zamanda Kaiser, bu keşfine arkadaşı ve meslektaşı olan Adam Massinger'in adını vermiştir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yörünge simülasyonu (Java Applet)

Asteroitler
Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan asteroitler ve cüce gezegenler

760 Massinga


An Elegia decipiens in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Esterh., ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Moline och Hans Peter Linder. An Elegia decipiens in nahilalakip ha genus nga Elegia, ngan familia nga Restionaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Elegia (Restionaceae)

Elegia decipiens


A protein isoform, or "protein variant", is a member of a set of highly similar proteins that originate from a single gene or gene family and are the result of genetic differences. While many perform the same or similar biological roles, some isoforms have unique functions. A set of protein isoforms may be formed from alternative splicings, variable promoter usage, or other post-transcriptional modifications of a single gene; post-translational modifications are generally not considered. (For that, see Proteoforms.) Through RNA splicing mechanisms, mRNA has the ability to select different protein-coding segments (exons) of a gene, or even different parts of exons from RNA to form different mRNA sequences. Each unique sequence produces a specific form of a protein.

The discovery of isoforms could explain the discrepancy between the small number of protein coding regions of genes revealed by the human genome project and the large diversity of proteins seen in an organism: different proteins encoded by the same gene could increase the diversity of the proteome. Isoforms at the RNA level are readily characterized by cDNA transcript studies. Many human genes possess confirmed alternative splicing isoforms. It has been estimated that ~100,000 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) can be identified in humans. Isoforms at the protein level can manifest in the deletion of whole domains or shorter loops, usually located on the surface of the protein.

Definition
One single gene has the ability to produce multiple proteins that differ both in structure and composition; this process is regulated by the alternative splicing of mRNA, though it is not clear to what extent such a process affects the diversity of the human proteome, as the abundance of mRNA transcript isoforms does not necessarily correlate with the abundance of protein isoforms. Three-dimensional protein structure comparisons can be used to help determine which, if any, isoforms represent functional protein products, and the structure of most isoforms in the human proteome has been predicted by AlphaFold and publicly released at isoform.io.  The specificity of translated isoforms is derived by the protein's structure/function, as well as the cell type and developmental stage during which they are produced. Determining specificity becomes more complicated when a protein has multiple subunits and each subunit has multiple isoforms.

For example, the 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an enzyme, which performs different roles in human cells, has 3 subunits:
 α, catalytic domain, has two isoforms: α1 and α2 which are encoded from PRKAA1 and PRKAA2
 β, regulatory domain, has two isoforms: β1 and β2 which are encoded from PRKAB1 and PRKAB2
 γ, regulatory domain, has three isoforms: γ1, γ2, and γ3 which are encoded from PRKAG1, PRKAG2, and PRKAG3
In human skeletal muscle, the preferred form is α2β2γ1. But in the human liver, the most abundant form is α1β2γ1.

Mechanism

The primary mechanisms that produce protein isoforms are alternative splicing and variable promoter usage, though modifications due to genetic changes, such as mutations and polymorphisms are sometimes also considered distinct isoforms.

Alternative splicing is the main post-transcriptional modification process that produces mRNA transcript isoforms, and is a major molecular mechanism that may contribute to protein diversity. The spliceosome, a large ribonucleoprotein, is the molecular machine inside the nucleus responsible for RNA cleavage and ligation, removing non-protein coding segments (introns).

Because splicing is a process that occurs between transcription and translation, its primary effects have mainly been studied through genomics techniques—for example, microarray analyses and RNA sequencing have been used to identify alternatively spliced transcripts and measure their abundances. Transcript abundance is often used as a proxy for the abundance of protein isoforms, though proteomics experiments using gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry have demonstrated that the correlation between transcript and protein counts is often low, and that one protein isoform is usually dominant. One 2015 study states that the cause of this discrepancy likely occurs after translation, though the mechanism is essentially unknown. Consequently, although alternative splicing has been implicated as an important link between variation and disease, there is no conclusive evidence that it acts primarily by producing novel protein isoforms.

Alternative splicing generally describes a tightly regulated process in which alternative transcripts are intentionally generated by the splicing machinery. However, such transcripts are also produced by splicing errors in a process called "noisy splicing," and are also potentially translated into protein isoforms. Although ~95% of multi-exonic genes are thought to be alternatively spliced, one study on noisy splicing observed that most of the different low-abundance transcripts are noise, and predicts that most alternative transcript and protein isoforms present in a cell are not functionally relevant.

Other transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory steps can also produce different protein isoforms. Variable promoter usage occurs when the transcriptional machinery of a cell (RNA polymerase, transcription factors, and other enzymes) begin transcription at different promoters—the region of DNA near a gene that serves as an initial binding site—resulting in slightly modified transcripts and protein isoforms.

Characteristics
Generally, one protein isoform is labeled as the canonical sequence based on criteria such as its prevalence and similarity to orthologous—or functionally analogous—sequences in other species. Isoforms are assumed to have similar functional properties, as most have similar sequences, and share some to most exons with the canonical sequence. However, some isoforms show much greater divergence (for example, through trans-splicing), and can share few to no exons with the canonical sequence. In addition, they can have different biological effects—for example, in an extreme case, the function of one isoform can promote cell survival, while another promotes cell death—or can have similar basic functions but differ in their sub-cellular localization. A 2016 study, however, functionally characterized all the isoforms of 1,492 genes and determined that most isoforms behave as "functional alloforms." The authors came to the conclusion that isoforms behave like distinct proteins after observing that the functional of most isoforms did not overlap. Because the study was conducted on cells in vitro, it is not known if the isoforms in the expressed human proteome share these characteristics. Additionally, because the function of each isoform must generally be determined separately, most identified and predicted isoforms still have unknown functions.

Related Concept

Glycoform

A glycoform is an isoform of a protein that differs only with respect to the number or type of attached glycan. Glycoproteins often consist of a number of different glycoforms, with alterations in the attached saccharide or oligosaccharide. These modifications may result from differences in biosynthesis during the process of glycosylation, or due to the action of glycosidases or glycosyltransferases. Glycoforms may be detected through detailed chemical analysis of separated glycoforms, but more conveniently detected through differential reaction with lectins, as in lectin affinity chromatography and lectin affinity electrophoresis. Typical examples of glycoproteins consisting of glycoforms are the blood proteins as orosomucoid, antitrypsin, and haptoglobin. An unusual glycoform variation is seen in neuronal cell adhesion molecule, NCAM involving polysialic acids, PSA.

Examples

 G-actin: despite its conserved nature, it has a varying number of isoforms (at least six in mammals).
 Creatine kinase, the presence of which in the blood can be used as an aid in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, exists in 3 isoforms.
 Hyaluronan synthase, the enzyme responsible for the production of hyaluronan, has three isoforms in mammalian cells.
 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, an enzyme superfamily responsible for the detoxification pathway of many drugs, environmental pollutants, and toxic endogenous compounds has 16 known isoforms encoded in the human genome.
G6PDA: normal ratio of active isoforms in cells of any tissue is 1:1 shared with G6PDG. This is precisely the normal isoform ratio in hyperplasia. Only one of these isoforms is found during neoplasia.
Monoamine oxidase, a family of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of monoamines, exists in two isoforms, MAO-A and MAO-B.

See also
 Gene isoform

References

External links

 MeSH entry protein isoforms
 Definitions Isoform

Protein structure

Protein isoform


Copenhagen Historic Grand Prix er et motorsports-arrangement med veteranbiler, der afholdes årligt i Bellahøj i København. Det er blevet afholdt siden 2001 (i Fælledparken fra 2001-2012), og det ligger den første weekend i august. Prins Joachim er protektor for arrangementet, og har deltaget regelmæssigt sammen med adskillige danske og internationale professionelle racerkørere.

Bilerne konkurrerer i forskellige klasser inklusive et stort antal biler i præ-anden verdenskrig-klassen. Omkring 200 veteranbiler deltager. Dette tæller bl.a. Bentleyer fra 1920'erne, Bugatti'er fra 1930'erne, Jaguarer og Porscher fra 1950'erne og Lotus Cortinaer, Alfa Romeoer og Jaguar E-Type'er fra 1960'erne.

Royal Pro-Am Class er en klasse, hvor prins Joachim og andre amatører deler deres biler med professionelle racerkørere. I 2008 deltog 25 kørere fra Le Mans, inklusive den otte-dobbelte vinder Tom Kristensen.

Udover adskillige racerløb, så foregår der også forskellige demonstrationer, præsentationer og bilshows med fokus på veteranbiler.

I 2015 medvirkede en Zenvo ST1, som er en moderne superbil, der fra Danmark. Bilen brød i brand under arrangementet så føreren var nødt til at forlade bilen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Bilsport
Sport i København
Etableret i 2001

Copenhagen Historic Grand Prix


Maria Manuela de Macedo Pinho e Melo, ComIH, Medalha de Mérito Turístico (Grau ouro), (Vale de Cambra, 26 de Março de 1945), é uma jornalista e política portuguesa.

Carreira
Manuela de Melo licenciou-se em Biologia na Universidade do Porto. Foi professora no ensino secundário no ano lectivo de 1973-1974. De 1973 até Janeiro de 2002 foi jornalista da RTP e professora da Escola Superior de Jornalismo do Porto (1983 a 1990).

Ocupou também os seguintes cargos: vereadora da Câmara Municipal do Porto (Pelouro da Cultura e Turismo) de Janeiro de 1990 a Janeiro de 2002; membro do Conselho de Administração-Comissão Executiva da Porto 2001, S.A., entre 30-01-1999 e 30-06-2002; membro do Conselho de Opinião da RTP (1997 a 1999); vice-presidente da Câmara Municipal do Porto (1999-2002); membro da Comissão Parlamentar de Educação, Ciência e Cultura; vice-presidente do Grupo Parlamentar do Partido Socialista; deputada na IX Legislatura; Conselheira Municipal para a Igualdade na Câmara Municipal de Arcos de Valdevez, a partir de 24 de Outubro de 2018.

Jornalistas de Portugal
Deputados da Assembleia da República Portuguesa

Manuela de Melo


Biserica romano-catolică "Sfântul rege Emeric" din Sântimbru este un ansamblu de monumente istorice aflat pe teritoriul satului Sântimbru, comuna Sântimbru, din România.

Ansamblul este format din două monumente:
 Biserica romano-catolică "Sf. Rege Emeric" ()
 Zid de incintă ()

Despre biserică, pe scurt
Localitatea Sântimbru a fost menționată pentru prima dată într-un hrisov din 1567 și biserica de aici e dedicată Sfântului Emeric (hramul fiind pe 5 noiembrie), respectându-se astfel obiceiul, încă din sec. al XIII-lea, ca bisericile din ținutul Ciucului să fie închinate sfinților. În secolul al XX-lea, satul avea și o biserică românească.

Biserica de acum e în stil baroc, proiectată pe la 1776, pe când cea veche, de natură gotică, a fost, în cea mai mare parte a ei, demolată. Numai turnul și sanctuarul au suferit mici modificări, când s-a decis trecerea la celălalt stil artistic și arhitectonic. Ultima oară când biserica-monument a fost renovată a fost în 2005.

Iconografia altarului cuprinde scenele vieții Sf. Maria (vizita și salutul îngerului Gabriel, prezentarea Pruncului Isus la Templu, Adormirea Mariei) și Patimile lui Hristos (trădarea lui Iuda Iscariotul, judecata lui Pilat din Pont, purtarea crucii spre Golgota, ajutorul dat de Simon din Cirene, moartea lui Isus), toate făcute de un anume Schongauer. În timpul renovărilor, vechile picturi murale ale lui Stephanus Antal au putut fi conservate.

Biserica are 5 clopote foarte grele, una din ele fiind închinată sfântului patron și o alta Sf. Elisabeta a Turingiei.

Note

Monumente istorice din județul Harghita
Biserici romano-catolice din România
Biserici din secolul al XV-lea din România
Biserici fortificate din Transilvania
Biserici din județul Harghita

Biserica romano-catolică Sfântul Rege Emeric din Sântimbru


Derlatka es un pueblo de Polonia, en Mazovia. Se encuentra en el distrito (Gmina) de Trojanów, perteneciente al condado (Powiat) de Garwolin. Se encuentra aproximadamente a 25 km al sureste de Garwolin, y a 81 km al sureste de Varsovia.

Entre 1975 y 1998 perteneció al voivodato de Siedlce.

Referencias

Localidades del voivodato de Mazovia

Derlatka


Ștefan Radu Oprea ()  un politician român, ales senator în 2012 pe listele . Din 29 ianuarie 2018 ocupă funcția de ministru pentru mediul de afaceri, comerț și antreprenoriat.

Activitatea profesională a început-o în mediul privat ca administrator și mai apoi manager al unor companii din domeniul construcțiilor, transportului internațional sau importului. De asemenea a activat ca și consultant în domeniul proiectelor europene. În martie 2009 a devenit prefect al județului Prahova. În 2012 a fost ales în Senatul României, iar în 2016 a fost reales. În cadrul acestei camere, a fost președintele Comisiei pentru Dezvoltare și Strategie Economică, vicepreședinte al Comisiei Economice pentru Industrie și Servicii și membru în Comisia pentru Afaceri Europene.

Vezi și
 Legislatura 2012-2016 (Senat)
 Parlamentul României

Legături externe
 Activitatea parlamentară

http://ruti.gov.ro/author/stefan-radu-oprea/

Nașteri în 1970
Nașteri pe 14 iunie
Senatori români 2012-2016
Politicieni români în viață
Senatori români 2016-2020
Membri ai Partidului Social Democrat
Miniștri români
Guvernul Dăncilă
Senatori români 2020-2024
Ploieșteni

Ștefan-Radu Oprea


Silas Hare (* 13. November 1827 im Ross County, Ohio; † 26. November 1908 in Washington, D.C.) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1887 und 1891 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Texas im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
Im Jahr 1840 kam Silas Hare mit seinen Eltern in das Hamilton County in Indiana. Er besuchte öffentliche und private Schulen seiner neuen Heimat. Während des Mexikanisch-Amerikanischen Krieges war er Soldat in einer Freiwilligeneinheit aus Indiana. Nach einem anschließenden Jurastudium und seiner 1850 erfolgten Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt begann er in Noblesville in diesem Beruf zu arbeiten. Im Jahr 1853 zog er nach Belton in Texas, wo er weiterhin als Anwalt praktizierte. 1862 wurde er im Gebiet des späteren Staates New Mexico Richter unter der Regierung der Konföderierten Staaten. Danach nahm er als Hauptmann im Heer der Konföderation am Bürgerkrieg teil.

Nach dem Krieg arbeitete Hare zunächst wieder als Rechtsanwalt. Zwischen 1873 und 1876 war er Kriminalrichter. Gleichzeitig schlug er als Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei eine politische Laufbahn ein. Im Jahr 1884 war er Delegierter zur Democratic National Convention in Chicago, auf der Grover Cleveland erstmals als Präsidentschaftskandidat nominiert wurde. Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1886 wurde Hare im fünften Wahlbezirk von Texas in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington gewählt, wo er am 4. März 1887 die Nachfolge von James W. Throckmorton antrat. Nach einer Wiederwahl konnte er bis zum 3. März 1891 zwei Legislaturperioden im Kongress absolvieren. Im Jahr 1890 wurde er von seiner Partei nicht mehr zur Wiederwahl nominiert.

Nach dem Ende seiner Zeit im US-Repräsentantenhaus betätigte sich Silas Hare als Anwalt in der Bundeshauptstadt Washington, wo er am 26. November 1908 verstarb.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Texas
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
Politiker (19. Jahrhundert)
Richter (Vereinigte Staaten)
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
Militärperson (Konföderierte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1827
Gestorben 1908
Mann

Silas Hare


Agrilus epaulus é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Obenberger, 1932.

Referências

epaulus

Agrilus epaulus


Simões Filho es un municipio brasileño del estado de Bahía. Su población estimada en 2005 era de 107.561 habitantes.

Está localizado al lado de Salvador.

Historia
El municipio fue creado con la emancipación de Salvador del distrito de Água Comprida, y su denominación actual, el 7 de noviembre de 1961, por la ley 1538. Su nombre homenajea el periodista y político Ernesto Simões Hijo, fundador del diario LA Tarde (periódico), hoy existente.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página de la prefectura
 Página de la cámara

Localidades de Bahía

Simões Filho


William Harrison Martin (* 23. Mai 1823 bei Eufaula, Alabama; † 3. Februar 1898 bei Hillsboro, Texas) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1887 und 1891 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Texas im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
William Martin besuchte die öffentlichen Schulen seiner Heimat. Nach einem anschließenden Jurastudium in Troy und seiner Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt begann er in diesem Beruf zu arbeiten. Im Jahr 1850 zog er nach Texas, wo er weiterhin als Anwalt praktizierte. Gleichzeitig schlug er als Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei eine politische Laufbahn ein. Zwischen 1853 und 1857 gehörte er dem Senat von Texas an. Zu Beginn des Bürgerkrieges stellte er eine Kompanie für das Heer der Konföderation auf. Danach diente er in diesem Heer direkt unter dem Kommando von Robert E. Lee. Bis 1865 nahm er an allen von Lee geschlagenen Schlachten teil. Er war auch bei dessen Kapitulation in Appomattox Court House anwesend.

Nach dem Krieg war Martin in Athens als Rechtsanwalt tätig. Im Jahr 1872 wurde er Bezirksstaatsanwalt. Nach dem Rücktritt des Abgeordneten John Henninger Reagan, der in den US-Senat gewählt worden war, wurde Martin bei der fälligen Nachwahl für den zweiten Sitz von Texas als dessen Nachfolger in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 4. November 1887 sein neues Mandat antrat. Nach einer Wiederwahl konnte er bis zum 3. März 1891 im Kongress verbleiben. Nach dem Ende seiner Zeit im US-Repräsentantenhaus praktizierte Martin wieder als Anwalt in Athens. Er starb am 3. Februar 1898 auf seinem Anwesen nahe Hillsboro, wo er auch beigesetzt wurde.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Texas
Mitglied des Senats von Texas
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
Staatsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1823
Gestorben 1898
Mann

William Harrison Martin


Als Kawaraban (japanisch ; zu deutsch wörtlich "Dachziegeldruck") bezeichnete man in Japan aus Papierbögen bestehende und überwiegend einfarbig mit schwarzer Tusche bedruckte Flugblätter. Sie waren von etwa 1615 bis 1871/72 im Umlauf.

Geschichte
Die ältesten erhaltenen Kawaraban stammen aus dem Jahr 1615 der Edo-Zeit. Die Bezeichnung dieser Art von Flugblättern als "Kawaraban" ist allerdings erst seit Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts sicher belegt. Geschrieben wurde das Wort mit dem Kanji  (Kawara), das für aus Ton hergestellte Dachziegel steht. Diese Schreibung könnte darauf hinweisen, dass die ersten Kawaraban mit tönernen Druckplatten hergestellt wurden; allerdings konnten solche Druckplatten nicht nachgewiesen werden. Eine andere etymologische Herleitung des Begriffs verweist auf eine weitere Bedeutung des Wortes Kawara, nämlich "Flussufer", bzw. "ausgetrocknetes Flussbett", geschrieben mit den Kanji . Die ausgetrockneten Flussbetten und die Flussufer waren traditionell Aufenthaltsort der Eta und Hinin, den Angehörigen der untersten sozialen Schichten der Gesellschaft des feudalen Japan. Die Bedeutung von Kawaraban wäre dann sinngemäß als "Drucke für das gemeine Volk" zu verstehen. Kawaraban waren bis etwa 1871/72 vornehmlich einfarbig. Das letzte Kawaraban wurde um 1871/72 gedruckt, danach wurden sie von der farbig illustrierten Zeitung Tokio Nichinichi Shinbun (; zu dt. "Tokios Tageszeitung") abgelöst.

Herstellung

Hergestellt wurden die Kawaraban wie andere Holzschnitte auch: Texte und Illustrationen wurden als Negative in die speziell präparierten Holzplatten geschnitten, von denen dann die Abzüge auf Japanpapier hergestellt wurden. Kleinere Flugblätter wurden mit einer einzelnen Platte gedruckt, für umfangreichere Berichterstattung konnten es auch mehrere sein, mit denen nebeneinander auf große Papierbögen gedruckt wurde. Gelegentlich erschienen auch Flugschriften, die mehrere Seiten umfassten. Meistens waren die Flugblätter einfarbig, die Berichterstattung über bedeutende Ereignisse wie zum Beispiel das Große Erdbeben 1855 oder die Ankunft von Admiral Matthew Calbraith Perry im Jahre 1854 wurden dagegen auch als Mehrfarbendruck hergestellt. Produzenten der Kawaraban waren kleine Verleger, die von den Zensurbehörden nicht allzu streng kontrolliert wurden. Sobald sich ein berichtenswerter Vorfall ereignete, wurde ein Schreiber beauftragt, der Text und Illustrationen entwarf. Dessen Entwurf ging an den Plattenschneider, die Druckplatten gelangten zum Drucker und dann wurden die fertigen Flugblätter an die Ezōshiya ("Buchhandlungen") geliefert. Parallel dazu wurden sie von Straßenhändlern verkauft. Der Preis (etwa 4 Mon) entsprach dem Wert eines Viertels einer einfachen Mahlzeit, größere und umfangreichere Kawaraban kosteten bis zum Doppelten der Mahlzeit (um die 30 Mon).

Hintergründe

Flugblätter wie die Kawaraban kamen auf, als die einfache Bevölkerung Japans bemüht war, auf einfachstem Wege über wichtige Ereignisse wie Naturkatastrophen und Kriege informiert zu werden. Dabei standen zunächst Informationsaustausch und Neuigkeiten im Vordergrund, später kam freilich die Sensations- und Unterhaltungslust dazu.

Kleinere Exemplare waren zwar schnell hergestellt, allerdings beschränkten sich die Informationen und Abbildungen auf das Allernötigste, worunter vor allem die Qualität oft zu leiden hatte. Bei einem Hausbrand beispielsweise, reichte es vollkommen aus, eine Karte der Umgebung mit Ortsnamen zu drucken, auf denen die Miniaturdarstellung eines Feuers nebst erklärendem Kurztext über dem Ort zu sehen war. Bei Nachrichten über Naturkatastrophen hingegen bedurfte es detailreicherer Bilder und umfangreicherer Texte, sodass die darüber berichtenden Kawaraban entsprechend großformatig ausfielen. Ein sehr bekanntes Kawaraban berichtet vom Ansei-Edo-Erdbeben am 11. November 1855 (traditionelles Datum: Ansei 2/10/2), bei welchem im Epizentrum Edo mehr als 14.000 Häuser zerstört und Tausende von Menschen getötet wurden. Ein weiteres Problem bezüglich der Kawaraban war, dass das Bakufu den Textinhalt und die zu druckende Menge an Flugblättern immer mehr kontrollierte und dass die Kawaraban nicht täglich produziert wurden, sodass es unmöglich war vorauszusehen, wann das nächste Kawaraban erscheint und was darin steht. Erst mit der Öffnung der Grenzen Japans um 1854 ließ die Kontrolle wieder etwas nach.

Siehe auch
 Geschichte der Zeitung

Literatur
 Rebecca Salter: Japanese popular prints from votive slips to playing cards. A & C Black Publishers Limited, London 2006, ISBN 0-7136-6517-3.
 Stephan Köhn: "Berichte über Gesehenes und Gehörtes aus der Ansei-Zeit", Teil 1. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2002, ISBN 3-447-04546-9.
 Andrzej K. Koźmiński, Donald P. Cushman: Organizational Communication and Management: A Global Perspective. SUNY, New York 1993, ISBN 0-7914-1305-5.
 S. Noma (Hrsg.): kawaraban. In: Japan. An Illustrated Encyclopedia. Kodansha, 1993. ISBN 4-06-205938-X, S. 764.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Druckerzeugnis
Kulturgeschichte (Japan)
Literatur (Japanisch)

Kawaraban


الكيمياء الفلكية هي دراسة العناصر الكيميائية الموجودة في الفضاء الخارجي وتشكيلها والتفاعلات بينها. وتشير الكيمياء الفلكية إلى دراسة كيمياء كلا النظام الشمسي والوسط البين-نجمي. والعلم الذي يدرس كيمياء أجرام النظام الشمسي (مثل المذنبات والنيازك) يُسمى الكيمياء الكونية. بينما الذي يدرس تفاعلات الذرات والجزيئات في الوسط البين نجمي يدعى الفيزياء الفلكية الجزيئية. لسنوات عديدة كان الفلكيون على معرفة ضئيلة عن تركيب الوسط البين نجمي، فعلم الفلك البصري لم يُظهر إلا النجوم والمجرات والسدم، بينما كان الوسط البين نجمي يظهر مظلماً تماماً، كأنه لا يوجد شيء فيه. لكن مع ظهور علم الفلك الراديوي في الخمسينيات والستينيات جاءت اكتشافات مذهلة. فقد أظهرت الأرصاد خطوطاً طيفية للهيدروجين ذات طول موجة يبلغ 23 سنتيمتراً، والتي تدل على وجود كميات كبيرة من الهيدروجين في الوسط البين نجمي. وقد اكتشفت العديد من العناصر الأخرى في الوسط البين نجمي بعد اكتشاف الهيدروجين ولكن بنسب قليلة نادرة. والتركيب الكيميائي والذري في السحب الجزيئية يلعب دورا أساسيا في تكوين النجوم والكواكب وتطورها لأن النجوم والأنظمة الكوكبية تولد من هذه السحب.

المطيافية

أحد الأجزاء الهامة من الكيمياء الفلكية هو المطيافية، حيث تستخدم التلسكوبات لقياس امتصاص وابتعاث الضوء من الذرات والجزيئات في أماكن مختلفة. وبمقارنة الأرصاد الفلكية مع قياسات المختبر يُمكن للعلماء معرفة التركيب الكيميائي وحرارة الأجرام السماوية والوسط البين نجمي. وهذا مُمكن بسبب أن كلاًّ من الأيونات والذرات والجزيئات تملك أطيافاً مميّزة. أو بالأحرى «بصمة طيفية»، فعندما ينكسر ضوء جرم إلى الألوان المكوّنة له يتكون شيء شبيه بقوس قزح. وهذا يسمى بـ«الطيف»، تمتص مواد مختلفة الضوء بأطوال موجيّة مختلفة، وحين يُوجّه الضوء على هذه المواد تظهر خطوط مظلمة (تسمى «خطوط الامتصاص») حيث المادة امتصت بعض الأطوال الموجية ممّا يجعل طيف الجرم غير كامل. وكل عنصر أو مركب يملك شكلاً طيفياً خاصاً، وبتحليل «البصمة» الطيفية الكاملة لجرم ما يُمكن للفلكيين أن يحددوا ممّا يتركّب.

نشأة العناصر الكيميائية

توصف نشأة الأنوية الذرية والعناصر الكيميائية بالتفصيل في مقالة «تخليق نووي». وبناء عليها نشأ غازي الهيدروجين والهيليوم بعد الانفجار العظيم مباشرة. أما باقي العناصر ذات كتل ذرية أثقل من الهيدروجين والهيليوم فقد نشأت «طـُبخت» في قلب النجوم حيث الحرارة العالية التي تفوق 14 مليون درجة مئوية وأحيانا تصل إلى مليار درجة مئوية بحسب كتلة النجم. في النجوم تتكون العناصر الأثقل من الهيدروجين والهيليوم عن طريق اندماجها النووي وتتكون العناصر منها الليثيوم (العدد الذري 3) والكربون (العدد الذري 6) والنيتروجين (وعدده الذري 7) والأكسجين (عدده الذري 8) والصوديوم (العدد الذري 11) وهكذا حتى الحديد وعدده الذري 26. أما العناصر الأثقل من ذلك فهي تتكون خلال انفجار النجوم فيما يسمى مستعرات عظمى.

عندما تقترب نهاية عمر نجم كبير تنفجر وتبعثر كميات هائلة من العناصر الثقيلة في الفضاء. وقد حدث مثلا انفجار المستعر الأعظم SN 2006gy - وتبلغ كتلته نحو 150 كتلة شمسية - في المجرة NGC 1260، نتج عنه نحو 20 كتلة شمسية من النيكل. ومن حسن الحظ أن هذا الانفجار حدث بعيدا عنا، فهو يبعد عنا نحو 240 مليون سنة ضوئية. وإذا حدث مثل هذا الانفجار في نجم قريب نسبيا منا مثل إيتا كارينا وقد حدث فيه انفجار ابتدائي بالفعل منذ نحو 130 سنة، وهو يبعد عنا نحو 7500 سنة ضوئية لكان ضوؤه واضحا في عز النهار، وقد يكون لها تاثيرا مميتا على الأرض.

تفسير وجود كل العناصر على الأرض وفي الشمس والمجموعة الشمسية بصفة عامة هو أنها نشأت على أشلاء مستعر أعظم أو مستعرات عظيمة لجيل النجوم الأول أو الثاني بعد الانفجار العظيم. فيقدر عمر المجموعة الشمسية بنحو 4.5 مليار سنة حتى الآن، وحدث الانفجار العظيم منذ نحو 14.7 مليار سنة، أي أن المجموعة الشمسية تكون بذلك من ضمن الجيل الثاني أو الثالث للنجوم بعد أول نجوم تكونت بعد الانفجار العظيم.

نسب العناصر على الأرض

تختلف نسب العناصر على الأرض عن تلك التي نجدها في النيازك أو في عن مكونات العناصر الموجودة في الكواكب البعيدة أو في الكون بصفة عامة. فإذا نظرنا إلى القشرة الأرضية نجدها غنية بعناصر مرتبطة بالأكسجين وتبلغ نسبتها الوزنية نحو 49 % . يأتي بعدها السيليكون (Si, %25,7), والألمونيوم (Al %7,5) والحديد (Fe %4,7), والكالسيوم (Ca %3,4), والصوديوم (Na 2,6 %), والبوتاسيوم (K %2,4), والمغنسيوم (Mg %1,9), والهيدروجين (H %0,9) والتيتان (Ti %0,6). وأما باقي العناصر فهي لا تشكل سوي 2و0 % من مادة الأرض.

وإدا نظرنا إلى الكرة الأرضية ككل بما فيها قلبها الثقيل لوجدنا توزيع آخر للعناصر. فمعظم العناصر الموجودة في الأرض ككل هو الحديد (Fe, 35 %) والأكسجين (30 %)، والسيليكون (15 %) والمغنسيوم (13 %)، ويأتي بعدها النيكل، الكبريت، الكالسيوم، الألمونيوم والآخرون أقل من 3%.

وسبب قلة وجود الهيدروجين والهيليوم في جو الأرض هو فرارهما من جاذبية الأرض، وتسربهما إلى أعماق الفضاء. ولكنهما الغازان الذي تتكون منها الشمس، ويمدون الشمس بطاقتهم المتولدة من أندماجهم النووي.

المراجع

اقرأ أيضاً
 كيمياء كونية
 تخليق العناصر
 اندماج نووي
 أبراج التخليق
 علم كواكب خارج المجموعة الشمسية

وصلات خارجية

 الكيمياء الفلكية

تخصصات فلكية فرعية
فروع الكيمياء
كيمياء

كيمياء فلكية


Maximilian Friedrich Karl Franz comte von Hatzfeldt-Trachenberg (né le  à Berlin et mort le  dans la même ville) est un diplomate et envoyé royal prussien. Hatzfeldt est l'envoyé extraordinaire de la Prusse et ministre plénipotentiaire à Paris depuis 1849.

Biographie

Famille
Maximilian Friedrich Karl Franz comte von Hatzfeldt-Trachenberg est le fils de Franz Ludwig von Hatzfeldt. Son père est lieutenant général prussien, gouverneur de Berlin et envoyé extraordinaire. En août 1803, il reçoit le rang prussien de prince en primogéniture en tant que prince von Hatzfeldt zu Trachenberg. Le 17 décembre 1799, il épouse la comtesse Friederike Karoline von der Schulenburg (née le 6 mai 1779 à Kehnert et mort le 12 décembre 1832 à Berlin), fille du ministre prussien à la Direction générale et au Collège supérieur de Guerre Friedrich Wilhelm von der Schulenburg-Kehnert.

Le mariage produit six enfants, quatre filles et deux fils. Maximilian est le deuxième fils et le plus jeune enfant du couple. Son frère aîné est Hermann Anton von Hatzfeldt qui hérite de la principauté de Trachenberg. Parmi ses sœurs, Helene von Hatzfeldt (1801-1838) épouse en 1827 l'administrateur de l' , Klara Luise Auguste von Hatzfeldt (1807-1858) épouse en 1829 le général de cavalerie prussien August Ludwig von Nostitz et la même année Hermine Maximiliane von Hatzfeldt (1809-1889) épouse l'homme politique prussien .

Sa sœur Sophie von Hatzfeldt épouse son cousin brutal et violent Edmund von Hatzfeldt-Wildenburg-Weisweiler en 1822. Le mariage se termine par un divorce en 1854. Sophie von Hatzfeldt est soutenue en cela par le dirigeant ouvrier Ferdinand Lassalle, avec qui elle a ensuite une relation pendant un certain temps.

Expérience professionnelle
Hatzfeldt se lance très tôt dans une carrière diplomatique. En 1838, il est promu secrétaire de légation de Prusse à Paris et en 1847 conseiller de légation. À partir du printemps 1848, il dirige par intérim les affaires de l'ambassade de Prusse à Paris. En mai 1849, il est nommé envoyé extraordinaire et ministre plénipotentiaire auprès du président de la République française, Louis Napoléon.

Après la restauration de l'Empire français en novembre 1852, le gouvernement prussien est initialement réticent à reconnaître Louis Napoléon comme empereur Napoléon III. Ce n'est qu'après que le ministre-président prussien Otto Theodor von Manteuffel se soit déclaré satisfait des intentions pacifiques du gouvernement français dans une note qui lui est adressée le 28 décembre 1852 que Hatzfeldt est accrédité le 1er janvier 1853 comme ambassadeur auprès de l'empereur Napoléon III et reçoit le rang et le titre de conseiller secret effectif.

En raison de la neutralité prussienne pendant la guerre de Crimée, le travail de Hatzfeldt à Paris s'avère difficile. La Prusse n'est invitée que le 10 mars 1856 au Congrès de Paris, qui se réunit depuis février 1856 pour négocier la paix et mettre fin à la guerre de Crimée. Depuis le 17 mars 1856, Hatzfeldt participe aux négociations avec le ministre-président prussien Otto Theodor von Manteuffel. Tous deux sont cosignataires de la Paix de Paris conclue en mars 1856. Peu de temps après la signature du traité de paix, Hatzfeldt reçoit l'Ordre de l'Aigle rouge de  classe avec des feuilles de chêne. Un an plus tard, Hatzfeld est également impliqué en tant que représentant prussien dans les négociations à Paris sur l'affaire de Neuchâtel et est cosignataire du  le 26 mai 1857.

Il meurt le 19 janvier 1859, à l'âge de 45 ans, d'une maladie pulmonaire lors de courtes vacances à Berlin. Le service funèbre a lieu dans l'église Sainte-Edwige de Berlin, où le prince régent prussien Guillaume  est également présent. L'inhumation a lieu le 10 février à Trachenberg, la maison familiale des Hatzfeldt en Silésie.

Mariage et progéniture
Maximilian von Hatzfeldt-Trachenberg se marie le 20 juin 1844 à Paris avec la comtesse Rachel Elisabeth Pauline de Castellane (née le 6 juillet 1823 à Paris et morte le 9 mars 1895 à Berlin). Elle est la fille du commandant de Lyon et maréchal de France Boniface de Castellane. Le couple a cinq enfants, deux fils et trois filles.

Sa fille Hélène, comtesse de Hatzfeldt-Trachenberg (née le 11 juillet 1847 à Paris et morte le 12 février 1931 à Nice), épouse le 11 juin 1870 à Sagan le maréchal prussien Georg von Kanitz et sa fille cadette Louise comtesse von Hatzfeldt-Trachenberg (née le 7 janvier 1852 à Paris et morte le 3 mars 1909 à Sanremo) le 7 août 1872 à Sagan  avec le diplomate et homme politique prussien .

Honneurs
Pour ses services, Maximilian von Hatzfeldt-Trachenberg reçoit en plus de l'Ordre de l'Aigle rouge, la croix d'honneur de  classe de l'Ordre des Hohenzollern, la croix de chevalier de  classe de l'ordre du Lion de Zaeringen, l'ordre de Saint-Grégoire-le-Grand de  classe et la croix de chevalier de  classe de l'Ordre royal de François .

Hatzfeldt est grand officier de la Légion d'honneur française et chevalier de l'ordre de Malte.

Bibliographie

 Nekrolog. In: Neue Preußische Zeitung, Nr. 16, Berlin Donnerstag, den 20. Januar 1859, Seite 1 (Digitalisat.)
 Nachruf. In: Unsere Zeit. Deutsche Revue der Gegenwart. 3. Band, Brockhaus, Leipzig 1859, Seite 141 (Digitalisat.)

Liens externes

 Hatzfeld, Max Graf von. Dans : Gustav Mayer (éd. ) : Ferdinand Lasalle. Lettres et écrits posthumes. .
 Hatzfeldt-Trachenberg, Maximilian von. Dans : Thésaurus .
 M. le comte de Hatzfeldt. Dans :

Ambassadeur prussien
Ambassadeur en France
Grand officier de la Légion d'honneur
Chevalier de l'ordre de Saint-Grégoire-le-Grand
Chevalier de l'ordre souverain de Malte
Chevalier de 1re classe de l'ordre du Lion de Zaeringen
Récipiendaire de l'ordre de l'Aigle rouge de 1re classe
Récipiendaire de 1re classe de l'ordre princier de la maison de Hohenzollern
Naissance en juin 1813
Naissance à Berlin
Décès en janvier 1859
Décès à Berlin
Décès à 45 ans

Maximilian von Hatzfeldt-Trachenberg


الأمير سعد بن سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود (1354 هـ - 1397 هـ) وهو الابن الخامس من أبناء الملك سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود، ولد في الطائف عام 1354 هـ، نشأ تحت رعاية والده ودرس في مدرسة الأمراء مع أعمامه وأخوته وتعلم القراءة والكتابة وحفظ القرآن الكريم وحفظ ألف حديث من أحاديث الرسول، درس التاريخ والسياسة وتعلم الحرب ودرس الأبتدائية والمتوسطة في الطائف ودرس الثانوية العامة في مكة المكرمة وتخرج من الثانوية العامة في عام 1370 هـ. والدته هي بركة وهي والدة شقيقه الأكبر الأمير محمد بن سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود.

حياته المهنية

عيّنه والده بعد أن عاد إلى المملكة وكيل إمارة منطقة الحدود الشمالية وبذلك هو أول وكيل إمارة منطقة الحدود الشمالية وعندما تولّى الإمارة رأى أن أصغر مدن المملكة هي طريف وعرعر ورفحاء الواقعة في الحدود الشمالية فأمر الأمير سعد بن سعود ببناء أولًا طريق سريع يربط بين عرعر ورفحاء وطريف ثم ربطهما ببقية مدن المملكة ثم أمر ببناء مطار إقليمي لكل واحد منهن ثم بناء بيوت ومحلات ومصانع ومؤسسات للبيع مما يساعد بنموها، ثم تحول سكان الحدود الشمالية في عام 1943 من 2100 نسمة إلى عام 1950 عندما أصبح سكانها 15000 نسمة وفي عام 1956 ترك هذا المنصب وأصبح رئيسًا للحرس الوطني لكنه تركها عندما أمر الملك فيصل بتعيين الملك (الأمير آنذاك) عبد الله بن عبد العزيز آل سعود بدلاً منه.

مناصبه الرسمية
 وكيل إمارة منطقة الحدود الشمالية (1954 - 1961)
 رئيس الحرس الوطني (1961 - 1962)
 نائب أمير منطقة عسير (1969 - 1977)

وفاته
توفي الأمير سعد بن سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود في يوم الخميس 15 صفر 1397هـ الموافق 3 فبراير 1977 عن عمر ناهز 53 عامًا بعد نوبة قلبية مفاجئة أصابته وهو في الطائرة، والذي قام بدفنه هو الملك خالد.

الأسرة
 الأميرة نورة بنت فيصل آل سعود. والدة الأمير فهد، الأمير نواف، الأمير خالد، الأميرة منيرة، والأميرة نورة.
 الأميرة منيرة بنت تركي بن عبد العزيز آل سعود. والدة الأميرة نوف، الأميرة نهى، والأمير منصور.

أبناؤه
 الأمير فهد بن سعد بن سعود (توفي عام 1999 عن عمر يناهز 41 عامًا). كان متزوج من الأميرة نورة بنت فيصل بن سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود وله من الأبناء الأمير سعد (متزوج من كريمة الشيخ عبد العزيز بن محمد الهزاني وله من البنات الأميرة نوف، والأميرة فهدة، والأمير فهد)، الأمير سعود (متزوج من كريمة الشيخ عبد الله بن صالح بن عبد العزيز الصرامي وله من الأبناء الأمير عبد الله، والأمير فهد)، الأمير عبد العزيز، الأميرة الجوهرة، الأميرة آلاء، والأميرة أضواء (متزوجة ولها أربعة أبناء). له كريمة متزوجة من محمد بن سعود بن فهد العنزي.

 الأميرة نوف بنت سعد بن سعود (متوفاة).
 الأمير نواف بن سعد بن سعود (متوفى، وصلي عليه يوم الثلاثاء الموافق 3 ربيع الأول 1442 هـ في مدينة الرياض). كان متزوج من الأميرة عبير بنت سلطان الرشيد وله من الأبناء الأمير عبد العزيز متزوج من الأميرة مي بنت حسين العذل وله من الأبناء الأمير سعود والأميرة عبير والأمير سعد، والأميرة مها.
 الأميرة نهى بنت سعد بن سعود. ولها من الأبناء الأمير سلمان، الأمير منصور، والأمير سعد.
 الأمير منصور بن سعد بن سعود. وله من الأبناء الأمير فيصل (متزوج من كريمة الأمير عبد الله بن فيصل بن تركي بن جلوي آل سعود)، الأمير عبد العزيز (متزوج من كريمة الأمير فيصل بن بندر بن خالد بن عبد العزيز آل سعود)، الأمير سعد (متزوج من كريمة الأمير سيف الإسلام بن سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود)، الأمير فهد (متزوج من كريمة الأمير عبد العزيز بن فهد بن سعد الأول آل سعود)، الأمير سعود، والأميرة نوف.
 الأمير خالد بن سعد بن سعود. وله من الأبناء الأمير سعد، الأميرة منيرة، والأميرة بسملة.
 الأميرة منيرة بنت سعد بن سعود.
 الأميرة نورة بنت سعد بن سعود.

مصادر

أبناء سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود
رؤساء الحرس الوطني السعودي
مواليد 1354 هـ
مواليد 1924
وفيات 1977

سعد بن سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود


Stela Huțan Palade  (n. 14/27 martie 1921, Gura Humorului – d. 15 august 2010, București) a fost cea mai tânără aviatoare română care a făcut parte din Escadrila Albă (Escadrila 108 Transport Ușor), campania 1943 - Crimeea, cu avioane pilotate exclusiv de femei, care transportau răniții de pe front în timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial.

Biografie
A fost sora Vioricăi Elena Huțan, prima femeie însoțitoare de bord din România.

A absolvit liceul la Cernăuți și s-a înscris la universitate în același oraș.

în anul 1940 s-a mutat cu familia la București. Fiind orfană de tată din anul 1930, iar mama fiind pensionară cu patru copii, a decis să-și susțină familia angajându-se la Societatea Franco-Română deoarece cunoștea bine limbile franceză și germană. În paralel cu noul loc de muncă și încurajată de fratele ei, s-a înscris la școala de planorism și aviație. La vârsta de 19 ani a avut primul contact cu un aerodrom.

În 1941 a obținut brevetul de planorist și s-a înscris la cursurile teoretice pentru zborul cu motor, la Politehnica din București.

În 1942 a luat cursuri de pilot la Roșiorii de Vede, obținând brevetul de pilot civil. La scurt timp și-a reconfigurat brevetul civil în brevet militar în cadrul Școlii Militare Ziliștea-Buzău (actuala Școală Militară de Maiștri Militari și Subofițeri a Forțelor Aeriene "Traian Vuia", Boboc).

A fost căsătorită cu căpitanul Palade Petre.

Activitate
Având doar 20 de ani, își dorea să facă parte din escadrila de avioane formată din femei-pilot în cadrul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial. În urma demisionării unei colege a avut această oportunitate.

Pe data de 8 iulie 1943, cinci aviatoare, printre care și Viorica Huțan, au făcut parte din Escadrila 108 care s-a deplasat pe aerodromul Simferopol-Crimeea. Aici a ajutat la transportul răniților de pe frontul din Kuban la Simferopol, transferând într-un timp relativ scurt peste 200 de grav răniți. În perioada războiului a participat la multe misiuni de recunoaștere printre care:
 13 iulie 1943 pe ruta: Simferopol - Sarabuz - Simferopol;
 14 iulie 1943 pe ruta: Simferopol - Kerci - Simferopol;
 19 iulie 1943 pe ruta: Simferopol - Kerci - Simferopol;
În martie 1944 a primit repartiție la Târgu Jiu.

În 1949 a obținut brevetul de instructor de zbor și a continuat să se antreneze până în 1953 obținându-și licența de zbor.

A lucrat ca funcționar la Societatea de Telefon din București, ulterior la Ministerului Poștei și Telecomunicațiilor, unde a lucrat 32 de ani, încheindu-și carierea la Serviciul Relații Internaționale.

După pensionare a colaborat voluntar la Federația Aeronautică Română și la Aeroclubul Aviației unde a fost aleasă ca reprezentantă a aviatoarelor române în retragere.

Împreună cu Elena Șenchea-Popescu a inițiat multe activități printre care:
 găsirea mormântului primei aviatoare române Elena Caragiani în Cimitirul Bellu și amplasarea unei elice cu fotografia acesteia ca simbol funerar;
 a ajutat la concesionarea permanentă, cu acte legale, a mormintelor primelor patru aviatoare române (Maria Adam, Jana Iliescu, Maria Voitec și Victoria Comșa) căzute cu monoplanul, împreună cu instructorul lor Nicolae Evghenovici, înhumate în cimitirul Ghencea Militar, de unde au fost preluate osemintele și băgate într-un osuar;
 a înființat o bibliotecă aviatică la Liga Aeriană din București;
Prin Liga Aeriană a intervenit la primăria București, la serviciul de Arhitectură și Sistematizare, pentru ca două străzi din cartierul Aviatorilor să poarte numele Elenei Caragiani, prima pilot-aviator român și respectiv al Smarandei Brăescu, prima parașutistă română de renume mondial.

A ținut legătura cu Federația Aeronautică Internațională din Paris și personal a făcut prezentări în școli pentru promovarea aviației române și mai ales a celei feminine.

Note

Bibliografie
 George Marcu, Femei de seama din Romania. De ieri și de azi, Editura Meronia, 2017
 Ecaterina Țarălungă, Enciclopedia identității românești. Personalități, Editura Litera, 2011

Nașteri în 1921
Decese în 2010
Români bucovineni

Stela Huțan Palade