Monte Nabemba (en francés: Mont Nabemba) es la montaña más alta en el país africano de la República del Congo. Tiene una elevación que alcanza los 1.020 metros (3.346 pies) y está ubicado en el Departamento de Sangha de la República del Congo.

Existen algunos depósitos de mineral de hierro localizados en sus alrededores. La empresa australiana «Sundance Resources Limited» ha hecho perforaciones como parte de la preparación para explotar minerales de la montaña.

Véase también
 Geografía de la República del Congo
 Geografía de África

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Departamento de Sangha
Montañas de la República del Congo
Puntos más altos de los países de África

Monte Nabemba


was a town located in Kitamorokata District, Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 7,119 and the density of 73.02 persons per km2. The total area was 97.50 km2.

On January 1, 2006, Yamanokuchi, along with the towns of Takajō, Takazaki and Yamada (all from Kitamorokata District), was merged into the expanded city of Miyakonojō and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

External links
Official website of Miyakonojō

Dissolved municipalities of Miyazaki Prefecture

Yamanokuchi, Miyazaki


Archicofradía es la denominación que tienen algunas hermandades o cofradías de culto católico, ya sean de penitencia o de gloria, que puede significar varios conceptos, según las circunstancias de su otorgamiento:

 Por ser muy antigua.
 Por ser cofradía con privilegios especiales.
 Por ser el resultado de la fusión de varias Hermandades.
 Por tener Carta de Filiación o de hermandad con otra archicofradía más antigua.

Como norma general, la vida diaria y los actos de las archicofradías no se suelen distinguir demasiado del resto de asociaciones de culto católico, siendo utilizado este título más como reconocimiento de algún momento histórico concreto de estas hermandades, que como una indicación de mayor importancia actual de las mismas.

Algunas de las archicofradías más conocidas son: Archicofradía del Santísimo Sacramento de Santa Maria sobre Minerva, de Roma; Archicofradía Sacramental de Pasión, Sevilla; Real Archicofradía de San Gil, Écija; Archicofradía de Nuestro Padre Jesús Nazareno (Medinaceli), Madrid; Archicofradía de la Sangre (Málaga), Málaga; Archicofradía de Jesús de Medinaceli, San Fernando; Archicofradía de la Corte de María, Liria, Valencia; o la Real, Muy Ilustre, Venerable y Antiquísima Archicofradía de la Preciosísima Sangre de Nuestro Señor Jesucristo, conocida popularmente como Los Coloraos de Murcia

Referencias

Cofradías y hermandades

Archicofradía


Kamondo Ailesi İstanbul'da yaşamış olan Sefarad Yahudilerinden bankacı bir aileydi.

İstanbul'un, modernleşmesinde çok önemli katkıları olan bir aile olan Kamondo Ailesi İspanya'daki engizisyondan kaçarak ilk önce Venedik'e, ardından İstanbul'a gelmiş ve sonra Paris'e yerleşmiş son fertleri II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Nazi toplama kampları'nda yok edilmişlerdir. Doğu'nun Rothschild Ailesi diye anılan ailenin önemli ferdi Abraham Salomon de Kamondo, modernleşmenin kent içi yaşamdaki öncülerinden biri olmuştur. Modern bankacılığın kurucularından biri olmasının yanı sıra İstanbul'da ilk belediyenin kuruluşunda, kentsel altyapının modernleşmesinde, yeni ve modern eğitim kurumlarının oluşumunda rol almış, önemli şehircilik, mimarlık ve kültür yatırımlarına da öncülük etmiştir. İstanbul'un 19. yüzyılda Avrupa kentleri ile paylaştığı değerlerin ve kurumların oluşmasında ailenin ve Abraham–Salomon de Kamondo'nun bir sosyal girişimci olarak büyük bir payı vardır.

Yahudi cemaatin önderi olan Abraham Salomon de Kamondo, ilk belediye olan 6. Daire'nin kuruluşunda da görev aldı. Bankalar Caddesi'ndeki Kamondo merdivenlerini 1870-1880 yıllarında yaptıran ünlü banker yaşamını yitirince, Hasköy'de kendisinin yaptırdığı anıt mezara devlet töreniyle defnedildi. İstanbul'un gelişimi ve modernleşmesine katkı sağlayan Kamondo ailesinin anısına, Karaköy Bankalar Caddesi'ndeki merdivenlere Türkiye Yahudi Hahambaşılığı'nın da katılımıyla düzenlenen törenle plaket çakılmıştı.

1815'te kurdukları ve Kırım Savaşı sırasında Osmanlı Devleti'ni finanse eden İshak Kamondo ve Şürekası unvanlı banka, Şirket-i Hayriye ve Dersaadet Tramvay Şirketi'ne ortaklıkları, Altıncı Daire-i Belediye'nin kuruluşuna verdikleri katkılar, en önemli girişimleri arasındadır.

Kamondo Ailesi, Osmanlı modernleşmesinde iz bırakan sayısız yapı inşa ettirmiştir. Kasımpaşa'daki Kuzey Deniz Saha Komutanlığı, Galata Résidence, Serdar-ı Ekrem Sokak'taki Kamondo Hanı, Meşrutiyet Caddesi'ndeki Büyükada Han, Karaköy'de Saatçi Han, Latif Han, Lacivert Han, Yakut Han, Kuyumcular Han, Lüleci Han, Gül Han ve Bankalar Caddesi'deki Kamondo Merdivenleri bunlar arasında sayılabilir.

Kamondo Ailesi'nin Avrupa'da siyasal ve kültürel kurumların gelişmesinde de rol aldığı görülmektedir.

Kamondoların kültür ve sanata katkıları, ailenin Paris'e yerleşmesinden sonra da devam etmiştir. Champs Elysées'deki Ulusal Tiyatronun kurulması, Louvre Müzesi'ne bağışlanan empresyonist tablo koleksiyonu, 18. yüzyıl sanat eserlerini bir araya getiren Nissim de Camondo Müzesi, bu girişimler arasındadır. Kamondo'nun İtalyan Birliği'nin kurulmasına verdiği destek ve "Kont" unvanını alması da, bunun kanıtıdır.

Kamondo Ailesi'nin başlıca fertleri:
 1. kuşak: Abraham Salomon Kamondo (1781-1873), Bankacı ve yardımsever
 2. kuşak: Salomon Rafael Kamondo (1810-1866), Bankacı, ve Abraham Salomon Kamondo'nun oğlu
 3. kuşak: Abraham Behor Kamondo (1829-1889), Bankacı, ve Salomon Rafael Kamondo'nun oğlu
 4. kuşak: Isaac de Camondo (1851-1911), Bankacı, diplomat, besteci ve koleksiyoncu, ve Abraham Behor Kamondo'nun oğlu
 3. kuşak: Nissim Kamondo (1830-1889), Bankacı, ve Salomon Rafael Kamondo'nun oğlu
 4. kuşak: Moïse de Camondo (1860-1935), Bankacı ve koleksiyoncu, ve Nissim Kamondo'nun oğlu ve Nissim de Camondo'nun babası
 5. kuşak: Nissim de Camondo (1892-1917), Bankacı ve Birinci Dünya Savaşı pilotu, ve Moïse de Camondo'nun oğlu
 5. kuşak: Béatrice de Camondo (1894-1944), Moïse de Camondo'nun kızı
 6. kuşak: Fanny de Camondo (1920-1944), Béatrice de Camondo'nun kızı
 6. kuşak: Bertrand de Camondo (1923-1944), Béatrice de Camondo'nun oğlu

Kaynakça
From East and West:  Jews in a Changing Europe 1750-1870, Frances Malino ve David Sorkin. (1991) Blackwell Publishers, ISBN 0-631-16602-5, pp. 46-56: "Abraham de Camondo of Istanbul:  The Transformation of Jewish Philanthropy"
Les Camondo, ou, L'éclipse d'une fortune (Hébraïca), Nora Şeni (1997) Actes Sud ISBN 2-7427-1421-9
Le Dernier des camondo, Pierre Assouline (1999) Gallimard ISBN 2-07-041051-X

Dış bağlantılar
 Kamondo aile ağacı

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türk Yahudileri
 Yahudilik
 Sefarad

Kamondo ailesi


Moabe Platini Dias Ramos (født 22. juni 1987) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Moabe Platini Dias Ramos


Süleyman'ın Mabedi veya Birinci Mabet, günümüzde Kudüs'ün Eski Şehri'deki Tapınak Dağı'nda MÖ 964'te yapımına başlanmış ve MÖ 957'de bitirilmiş devasa bir Yahudi mabediydi. Adını bizzat yapım emrini veren Yehuda ve İsrail Krallığı kralı Süleyman'dan almıştır. Fakat bu mabede Yahudiler tarafınca Süleyman'ın Mabedi değil, "Mukaddes Ev" anlamına gelen Beit HaMiqdaş denir.

Gelecek asırlarda bu mabet, Yahudileri Babil'e sürgün edecek olan pagan Babil kralı II. Nebukadnezar tarafından MÖ 586'da yağmalandı ve kullanılamaz hâle getirildi. Mabedin yıkılması ve peş peşe gelen sürgünler, kehanetin gerçekleşmesi olarak görüldü ve Yahudiler'in dinî imanlarını daha da güçlendirdi.

Tanah, Süleyman'ın babası büyük savaşçı kral Davud'un İsrail kabilelerini nasıl birleştirdiğini, Kudüs'ü nasıl fethettiğini ve İsraillilerin ana eseri olan Ahit Sandığı'nı şehre nasıl getirdiğini anlatır. Davud, Ahit Sandığı'nı Yahudi milleti adına muhafaza etmek için bugün "Tapınak Dağı" olarak bilinen yeri, Kudüs'teki Moriah Dağı'nı seçti. Fakat YHVH, "çok kan döktüğü" gerekçesiyle Davud'un Mabedi inşa etmesine izin vermedi; bu inşa görevini, kamu işlerinin kurucusu olacak oğlu Süleyman üstlenecekti. Kral Süleyman, dayanıklı akasya ağaçlarından üretilmiş Ahit Sandığı'nı penceresiz Mukaddesler Mukaddesi adlı odaya yerleştirdi; burası mabedin en korunmalı ve ücra yerindeydi. Mukaddesler Mukaddesi odasına senede en fazla bir kez, bir kuzuyu kurban etmiş veya tütsü yakmış bir başhahamın girmesine izin verilirdi.

Yahudiler göçebe hayat sürdükleri dönemde ve Kenan'a yerleşmelerinin başlarında ibadetlerini Mişkan adlı portatif tapınakta yapmaktaydılar. Ahit Sandığı'da Mişkan'daki "Mukaddesler Mukaddesi" adı verilen bölümde saklanmaktaydı. MÖ 1000'lerde Davud, Kudüs'ü fethetti ve burayı imar ederek Yahudi toplumunun başkenti yaptı. Ahit Sandığı'nın çadırda bulunmasından rahatsız olan Davud, hem Ahit Sandığı'nın korunacağı hem de Tanrı'nın evi olarak kabul edilecek görkemli bir mabet yapmak istemiş, fakat Tanakh'a göre Tanrı tarafından kendisinin bu mabedi yapması uygun görülmemiş olup, Peygamber Natan' da bunu kendisine bildirdi. Tanrı'nın isteğine uyan Davud bu mabedi yapmamış ancak mabedin yapılacağı yeri belirlediği gibi mabedin yapılması için kaynaklar hazırlamış ve mabedin ayrıntılı planını da oğlu Süleyman'a vermiştir.

Süleyman hükümdarlığının dördüncü yılında, MÖ 964 dolaylarında mabedin inşasına başladı. Tevrat'ta belirtildiğine göre Süleyman, tapınağının yapımına Yahudilerin Mısır'dan çıkışının dört yüz sekseninci yılında başlamıştır. Süleyman, daha önce Davud'un sarayının yapımında büyük emeği geçen ve Davud'la yakın dostluğu bulunan Sur Kralı Hiram'dan da malzeme ve zanaatçi tedarik ederek yardım aldı. Mabedin inşasında Hiram işçilerin başında bulundu. MÖ 957 yılında tapınağın inşası tamamlandı. Ancak tapınağın etrafında bulunan kraliyet sarayı ve diğer kraliyet binalarının tam bir kompleks haline gelmesi otuz yıl kadar zaman almıştır. Genel görüşe göre Süleyman Mabedi, Kudüs'teki Haram-i Şerif'in bulunduğu dağ sırtının orta bölümünde yer alan Kubbetü's-Sahre'nin olduğu yere inşa edilmiştir.  Dönemin mimarisine göre Süleyman Mabedi, "Kutsallar Kutsalı", "Kutsal Yer" ve Mabed'i kutsal olmayan yerden ayırmak için yapılmış olan "Eyvan" olmak üzere üç bölümden oluşmaktaydı. Ahit Sandığı, "Kutsallar Kutsalı" olarak adlandırılan bölümde saklanmıştır. Yahudi terminolojisine göre, Süleyman'ın yaptığı Mabed, "Birinci Mabed" olarak nitelendirilmektedir.

Süleyman'ın ölümünden sonra krallık ikiye bölününce mabed güneydeki Yahuda Krallığı sınırları içerisinde kalmış, zaman zaman istilacıların yağmalama ve yıkımlarına maruz kalmıştır. Süleyman'ın oğlu Yahuda Kralı Revaham'ın zamanında, Mısır Kralı I. Şeşonk'un Kudüs'e yönelik saldırısında, Süleyman Mabedi'nin bütün hazinelerini alarak yanında götürdü. Süleyman' dan sonra olan Yahuda krallarında ve toplumun büyük bölümünde görülen putperest eğilimler sonucunda mabedin dini önemi zarar gördü. Kral Yotam (MÖ 740-736), Hizkiya ve Yoşiya (MÖ 638- 609) dönemlerinde mabede bir takım tadilat, bakım ve dinsel temizlik yaptırıldı. Babil krallığına bağlı olan Yahuda devletinin isyan etmesi üzerine Kudüs'ün MÖ 597 yılında  Buhtunnasr (II. Nebukadnezar) tarafından ele geçirilmesiyle tapınaktaki değerli hazineler alınarak Babil'e götürüldü. İlk işgalde çok fazla zarar görmeyen tapınak, Kudüs halkının yeniden isyan etmesi üzerine MÖ 586 yılında Kudüs'ü yeniden ele geçiren Babil kralı tarafından yıktırıldı. Bu olaydan sonra tapınaktaki Ahit Sandığı kaybolmuş ve bir daha bulunamamıştır.

Kur'an'da Süleyman'ın emrinde çalışan cinlerin mihraplar, heykeller, havuzlar kadar geniş leğenler ve sabit kazanlardan ne dilerse yaptıkları belirtilmiştir (Sebe' 34/13).

Babil sürgününden dönen  Zerubabel'in idaresindeki Yahudiler, yıkılan mabedin yerine tapınak inşasına başlamış ve bu tapınağı MÖ 515'te tamamlanmıştır (İkinci Mabed). Roma İmparatorluğu'na bağlı Kral Herod, İkinci Mabed'in  daha görkemli bir şekilde olması için yeniden yapmaya  MÖ 20/MÖ 19 yıllarında başladı. 1-2 yıl içerisinde ibadet bölümü tamamlanan mabedin diğer bölümlerinin tamamlanması uzun yıllar sürmüştür. MS 66 yılında Romalı idarecilerin yönetimine karşı fanatik Zealotlar tarafından çıkarılan isyan sonrasında tapınak Romalı idareci Titus tarafından MS 70 yılında yıktırıldı. Yahudilerin Simon bar Kohba önderliğinde, MS 132-135 yılları arasındaki çıkardığı isyanı bastıran Romalılar tapınağın kalan kısımlarını da ortadan kaldırdılar.

Süleyman Mabedi'nden sadece Herod'un yaptırdığı Batı duvarı (Ağlama Duvarı) günümüze gelebilmiştir. Mabedin yıkılışından sonra Yahudilik'te ibadet yeri olarak sinagog ortaya çıkmıştır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 İkinci Tapınak
 Üçüncü Tapınak

Kaynakça

Tapınak Tepesi

Antik İsrail ve Yehuda
MÖ 10. yüzyılda tamamlanan dinî yapılar
MÖ 10. yüzyılda kurulan oluşumlar
MÖ 6. yüzyılda feshedilmiş oluşumlar

Süleyman Mabedi


Pleuroblepharidella, monotipski rod crvenih algi (Rhodophyta) iz porodice Bonnemaisoniaceae, dio reda Bonnemaisoniales. Jedina vrsta je morska alga P. japonica

Sinonimi
 Odonthalia japonica Okamura 1942, bazionim
 Pleuroblepharis japonica (Okamura) M.J.Wynne 1980
 Pleuroblepharis stichidophora M.J.Wynne 1970

Izvori

Bonnemaisoniales

Pleuroblepharidella


Hohenfelde kan henvise til følgende steder i Tyskland:

 i Slesvig-Holsten:
 Hohenfelde, Steinburg, i Kreis Steinburg
 Hohenfelde, Plön, i Kreis Plön
 Hohenfelde, Stormarn, i Kreis Stormarn
 Hohenfelde, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Landkreis Rostock, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
 Hohenfelde, Schwedt, bydel Schwedt/Oder i Landkreis Uckermark, Brandenburg
 Hohenfelde, Hamborg, et kvarter i Hamborg

Hohenfelde


Konstantin Karamanlis (, d. 8 Mart 1907, Küpköy - ö. 23 Nisan 1998, Atina), Yunan siyasetçi.

Osmanlı Makedonyası'ndaki Küpköy (günümüzdeki Proti) yerleşiminde dünyaya geldi. Atina Üniversitesi'nde hukuk öğrenimi gördü. Avukatlık yaptı. 1935'te milletvekili seçildi. 1946'dan sonra Çalışma, Ulaşım, Haberleşme, Toplumsal Refah, Millî Savunma ve Kamu İşleri bakanlıklarında bulundu. 1955'te başbakan oldu. 1959'da Adnan Menderes'le Kıbrıs'ı bağımsız bir cumhuriyet haline getiren Zürih Antlaşması'nı karara bağladı. 1963'te komünist milletvekili Lambrakis'in öldürülmesinden hükûmetin sorumlu tutulması üzerine başbakanlıktan istifa ederek Paris'e gitti. 1967-1974 albaylar cuntasından sonra yurda döndü. Kasım 1974 parlamento seçimlerinden sonra Yeni Demokrasi (ND) hükûmetinin başına getirildi. Başbakanlığı döneminde cunta üyeleri yargılandı, genel af çıkarıldı, 1952 Anayasası yeniden yürürlüğe kondu, Avrupa'yla ilişkiler yakınlaştı. Mayıs 1980'de cumhurbaşkanı olan Karamanlis, başbakan Andreas Papandreu'nun yeni seçimlerde cumhurbaşkanı adayı olarak kendisini desteklemeyeceğini açıklaması üzerine 10 Mart 1985'te görevinden istifa ederek siyasal yaşamdan çekildi. Ancak eski partisinin 1990 yılında hükûmet olması üzerine yeniden Yunanistan Cumhurbaşkanı olarak seçildi ve 1995 yılına kadar bu görevini sürdürdü.

Eski Yunanistan başbakanı Kostas Karamanlis'in amcasıdır.

Kaynakça

1907 doğumlular
1998 yılında ölenler
Konstantin
20. yüzyıl Yunan siyasetçileri
Charlemagne Ödülü sahipleri
Yeni Demokrasi Partisi (Yunanistan)
Yunanistan cumhurbaşkanları
Yunanistan Parlamentosu üyeleri
Osmanlı Rumları

Konstandinos Karamanlis


Kulstof er nøglekomponentet for alt kendt liv på Jorden. Komplekse molekyler  består af kulstof bundet med andre grundstoffer, især oxygen, hydrogen og nitrogen, og kulstof er i stand til at binde med alle disse på grund af dets fire valenselektroner. Kulstof er vidt forekommende på Jorden. Det formodes somme tider indenfor astrobiologi at hvis liv eksisterer andre steder i universet, vil det også være kulstof-baseret.

Fodnoter

Carbon
Liv

Kulstof-baseret liv


Pétur Gautur er leikverk  eftir Henrik Ibsen. Leikritið var skrifað árið 1867 og sett á svið í Kristjaníu (Osló) 24. febrúar 1876. Tónlist í leikritinu er eftir Edvard Grieg. Pétur Gautur er eitt þekktasta norska leikverkið.

Pétur Gautur (leikrit)


Jakov Vranković, hrvatski reprezentativni rukometaš

S seniorskom hrvatskom reprezentacijom osvojio je zlato na Mediteranskim igrama u Tarragoni 2018.

Izvori

Hrvatski rukometaši

Jakov Vranković


An Cyperus sharpei in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni R.Booth, D.J.Moore ngan Hodgon. An Cyperus sharpei in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyperus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Queensland. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cyperus

Cyperus sharpei


Sharecropping is  a legal arrangement with regard to agricultural land in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on that land.

Sharecropping has a long history and there are a wide range of different situations and types of agreements that have used a form of the system. Some are governed by tradition, and others by law. The French métayage, the Catalan masoveria, the Castilian mediero, the Slavic połownictwo and izdolshchina, the Italian mezzadria, and the Islamic system of muzara'a (المزارعة), are examples of legal systems that have supported sharecropping.

Overview

Sharecropping has benefits and costs for both the owners and the tenant. Under a sharecropping system, the landowner provided a share of land to be worked by the sharecropper, and usually provided other necessities such as housing, tools, seed, or working animals. Local merchants usually provided food and other supplies to the sharecropper on credit. In exchange for the land and supplies, the cropper would pay the owner a share of the crop at the end of the season, typically one-half to two-thirds. The cropper used his share to pay off his debt to the merchant. If there was any cash left over, the cropper kept it—but if his share came to less than what he owed, he remained in debt.

Farmers who farmed land belonging to others but owned their own mule and plow were called tenant farmers; they owed the landowner a smaller share of their crops, as the landowner did not have to provide them with as much in the way of supplies.

In this system, the landowner encourages the cropper to remain on the land, solving the harvest rush problem. Since the cropper pays in shares or portions of his harvest, owners and croppers both share the risks and benefits of harvests being large or small and of prices being high or low. Because both parties benefit from larger harvests, tenants have an incentive to work harder and invest in better methods than, for example, in a slave plantation system. However, by dividing the working force into many individual workers, large farms do not benefit from economies of scale. Though the arrangement protected sharecroppers from the negative effects of a bad crop, many sharecroppers (both white and black) remained quite poor.

Advantages

Sociologist Jeffery M. Paige made a distinction between centralized sharecropping found on cotton plantations and the decentralized sharecropping with other crops. The former is characterized by long lasting tenure. Tenants are tied to the landlord through the plantation store. This form of tenure tends to be replaced by paid salaries as markets penetrate. Decentralized sharecropping involves virtually no role for the landlord: plots are scattered, peasants manage their own labor and the landowners do not manufacture the crops. This form of tenure becomes more common when markets penetrate.

Some economists have argued that sharecropping is not as exploitative as it is often perceived. John Heath and Hans P. Binswanger, contend that "evidence from around the world suggests that sharecropping is often a way for differently endowed enterprises to pool resources to mutual benefit, overcoming credit restraints and helping to manage risk."

Sharecropping agreements can be made fairly, as a form of tenant farming or sharefarming that has a variable rental payment, paid in arrears. There are three different types of contracts.
Workers can rent plots of land from the owner for a certain sum and keep the whole crop.
Workers work on the land and earn a fixed wage from the land owner but keep some of the crop.
No money changes hands but the worker and land owner each keep a share of the crop.

It also gave sharecroppers a vested interest in the land, incentivizing hard work and care. American plantations were, however, wary of this interest, as they felt that would lead to African Americans demanding rights of partnership. Many black laborers denied the unilateral authority that landowners hoped to achieve, further complicating relations between landowners and sharecroppers.

Landlords opt for sharecropping to avoid the administrative costs and shirking that occurs on plantations and haciendas. It is preferred to cash tenancy because cash tenants take all the risks, and any harvest failure will hurt them and not the landlord. Therefore, they tend to demand lower rents than sharecroppers.

Another possible benefit to sharecropping is that it enables women to have access to arable land, albeit not as owners, in places where ownership rights are vested only in men.

Disadvantages
The practice was harmful to tenants with many cases of high interest rates, unpredictable harvests, and unscrupulous landlords and merchants often keeping tenant farm families severely indebted. The debt was often compounded year on year leaving the cropper vulnerable to intimidation and shortchanging. Nevertheless, it appeared to be inevitable, with no serious alternative unless the croppers  left agriculture.

A new system of credit, the crop lien, became closely associated with sharecropping. Under this system, a planter or merchant extended a line of credit to the sharecropper while taking the year's crop as collateral. The sharecropper could then draw food and supplies all year long. When the crop was harvested, the planter or merchants who held the lien sold the harvest for the sharecropper and settled the debt.

Sharecropping has more than a passing similarity to serfdom or indenture, particularly where associated with large debts at a plantation store that effectively ties down the workers and their family to the land. It has therefore been seen as an issue of land reform in contexts such as the Mexican Revolution.

Regions
Historically, sharecropping occurred extensively in Scotland, Ireland and colonial Africa. Use of the sharecropper system has also been identified in England (as the practice of "farming to halves"). It was widely used in the Southern United States during the Reconstruction era (1865–1877) that followed the American Civil War, which was economically devastating to the southern states. It is still used in many rural poor areas of the world today, notably in Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh.

Africa
In settler colonies of colonial Africa, sharecropping was a feature of the agricultural life. White farmers, who owned most of the land, were frequently unable to work the whole of their farm for lack of capital. They, therefore, had African farmers to work the excess on a sharecropping basis. In South Africa the 1913 Natives' Land Act outlawed the ownership of land by Africans in areas designated for white ownership and effectively reduced the status of most sharecroppers to tenant farmers and then to farm laborers. In the 1960s, generous subsidies to white farmers meant that most farmers could afford to work their entire farms, and sharecropping faded out.

The arrangement has reappeared in other African countries in modern times, including Ghana and Zimbabwe.

Economic historian Pius S. Nyambara argued that Eurocentric historiographical devices such as 'feudalism' or 'slavery' often qualified by weak prefixes like 'semi-' or 'quasi-' are not helpful in understanding the antecedents and functions of sharecropping in Africa.

United States

Prior to the Civil War, sharecropping is known to have existed in Mississippi and is believed to have been in place in Tennessee. However, it was not until the economic upheaval caused by the American Civil War and the end of slavery during and after Reconstruction that it became widespread in the South. It is theorized that sharecropping in the United States originated in the Natchez District, roughly centered in Adams County, Mississippi with its county seat, Natchez.

After the war, plantations and other lands throughout the South were seized by the federal government. In January 1865, General William T. Sherman issued Special Field Orders No. 15, which announced that he would temporarily grant newly freed families 40 acres of this seized land on the islands and coastal regions of Georgia. Many believed that this policy would be extended to all former slaves and their families as repayment for their treatment at the end of the war. In the summer of 1865, President Andrew Johnson, as one of the first acts of Reconstruction, instead ordered all land under federal control be returned to the owners from whom it had been seized.

Southern landowners thus found themselves with a great deal of land, but no liquid assets to pay for labor. Many former slaves, now called freedmen, having no land or other assets of their own, needed to work to support their families. A sharecropping system centered on cotton, a major cash crop, developed as a result. Large plantations were subdivided into plots that could be worked by sharecroppers. Initially, sharecroppers in the American South were almost all black former slaves, but eventually cash-strapped indigent white farmers were integrated into the system. During Reconstruction, the federal Freedmen's Bureau ordered the arrangements for freedmen and wrote and enforced their contracts.

American sharecroppers worked a section of the plantation independently, usually growing cotton, tobacco, rice, sugar, and other cash crops, and received half of the parcel's output. Sharecroppers also often received their farming tools and all other goods from the landowner they were contracted with. Landowners dictated decisions relating to the crop mix, and sharecroppers were often in agreements to sell their portion of the crop back to the landowner, thus being subjected to manipulated prices. In addition to this, landowners, threatening to not renew the lease at the end of the growing season, were able to apply pressure to their tenants. Sharecropping often proved economically problematic, as the landowners held significant economic control.

In the Reconstruction Era, sharecropping was one of few options for penniless freedmen to support themselves and their families. Other solutions included the crop-lien system (where the farmer was extended credit for seed and other supplies by the merchant), a rent labor system (where the former slave rents his land but keeps his entire crop), and the wage system (worker earns a fixed wage, but keeps none of their crop). Sharecropping was by far the most economically efficient, as it provided incentives for workers to produce a bigger harvest. It was a stage beyond simple hired labor because the sharecropper had an annual contract. Sharecropping as historically practiced in the American South is considered more economically productive than the gang system of slave plantations, though less efficient than modern agricultural techniques.

Sharecropping continued to be a significant institution in many states for decades following the Civil War. By the early 1930s, there were 5.5 million white tenant farmers, sharecroppers, and mixed cropping/laborers in the United States; and 3 million Blacks. In Tennessee, sharecroppers operated approximately one-third of all farm units in the state in the 1930s, with white people making up two thirds or more of the sharecroppers. In Mississippi, by 1900, 36% of all white farmers were tenants or sharecroppers, while 85% of black farmers were. In Georgia, fewer than 16,000 farms were operated by black owners in 1910, while, at the same time, African-Americans managed 106,738 farms as tenants.

Around this time, sharecroppers began to form unions protesting against poor treatment, beginning in Tallapoosa County, Alabama in 1931, and Arkansas in 1934. Membership in the Southern Tenant Farmers Union included both blacks and poor whites, who used meetings, protests, and labor strikes to push for better treatment. The success of these actions frightened and enraged landlords, who responded with aggressive tactics. Landless farmers who fought the sharecropping system were socially denounced, harassed by legal and illegal means, and physically attacked by officials, landlords' agents, or in extreme cases, angry mobs. Sharecroppers' strikes in Arkansas and the Missouri Bootheel, the 1939 Missouri Sharecroppers' Strike, were documented in the newsreel Oh Freedom After While. The plight of a sharecropper was addressed in the song Sharecropper's Blues recorded by Charlie Barnet and His Orchestra in 1944.The sharecropping system in the U.S. increased during the Great Depression with the creation of tenant farmers following the failure of many small farms throughout the Dustbowl. Traditional sharecropping declined after mechanization of farm work became economical beginning in the late 1930s and early 1940s. As a result, many sharecroppers were forced off the farms, and migrated to cities to work in factories, or became migrant workers in the Western United States during World War II. By the end of the 1960s, sharecropping had disappeared in the United States.

Sharecropping and socioeconomic status
About two-thirds of sharecroppers were white, the rest black. Sharecroppers, the poorest of the poor, organized for better conditions. The racially integrated Southern Tenant Farmers Union made gains for sharecroppers in the 1930s. Sharecropping had diminished in the 1940s due to the Great Depression, farm mechanization, and other factors.

Economic theories of share tenancy
The theory of share tenancy was long dominated by Alfred Marshall's famous footnote in Book VI, Chapter X.14 of Principles where he illustrated the inefficiency of agricultural share-contracting. Steven N.S. Cheung (1969),  challenged this view, showing that with sufficient competition and in the absence of transaction costs, share tenancy will be equivalent to competitive labor markets and therefore efficient.

He also showed that in the presence of transaction costs, share-contracting may be preferred to either wage contracts or rent contracts—due to the mitigation of labor shirking and the provision of risk sharing. Joseph Stiglitz (1974, 1988),  suggested that if share tenancy is only a labor contract, then it is only pairwise-efficient and that land-to-the-tiller reform would improve social efficiency by removing the necessity for labor contracts in the first place.

Reid (1973), Murrel (1983), Roumasset (1995)  and Allen and Lueck (2004) provided transaction cost theories of share-contracting, wherein tenancy is more of a partnership than a labor contract and both landlord and tenant provide multiple inputs. It has also been argued that the sharecropping institution can be explained by factors such as informational asymmetry (Hallagan, 1978; Allen, 1982; Muthoo, 1998), moral hazard (Reid, 1976; Eswaran and Kotwal, 1985; Ghatak and Pandey, 2000),
intertemporal discounting (Roy and Serfes, 2001), price fluctuations (Sen, 2011) or limited liability (Shetty, 1988; Basu, 1992; Sengupta, 1997; Ray and Singh, 2001).

See also

Coolie
Convict lease
Peonage
Rent-seeking
Rural tenancy
Sharefarming
Sharemilking
Tenant farmer
Wage slavery

References

Further reading

External links

King Cotton's Slaves, 1936 newsreel by The March of Time about landless Southern farmers

Crops
Agricultural labor
Agricultural labor in the United States
Landowners
Real property law
Land tenure

Sharecropping


John Lee, KC, né le  et mort le , est un avocat, homme politique et officier de justice anglais de la Couronne. Il aide aux débuts de l'unitarisme en Angleterre.

Jeunesse
Né à Leeds, dans le Yorkshire, le 6 mars 1733, il est l'un des huit fils et des dix enfants du marchand de tissus Thomas Lee et de sa femme, Mary Reveley . Après la mort de son père en 1736, il est principalement élevé par sa mère, dissidente et amie de Thomas Secker, plus tard archevêque de Cantorbéry, décédé en 1750 .

Carrière juridique
Lee est appelé au barreau de Lincoln's Inn et rejoint le circuit nord, où il obtient une part égale avec James Wallace de la direction. Il est procureur du roi et sergent pour le comté palatin de Lancaster de 1782 jusqu'à sa mort .

En avril 1769, Lee comparait devant la Chambre des communes avec John Glynn comme avocat de John Wilkes et des pétitionnaires contre l'élection du colonel Henry Luttrell pour Middlesex mais la pétition a échoué. Le gouvernement lui offre un siège à la Chambre et le titre de Conseiller du roi (KC) en 1769, et en 1770 solliciteur général de la reine, mais il refuse les deux offres pour des raisons politiques. Le 18 septembre 1769, il devient cependant enregistreur de Doncaster. La nomination est faite sous l'influence de Lord Rockingham, que Lee connait par la loi, et signale l'arrivée de Lee en tant que conseiller juridique des Rockingham Whigs . Dans l'agitation Wilkite de cette année-là autour de la Society of Gentlemen Supporters of the Bill of Rights, Rockingham amène Lee et Alexander Wedderburn à Wentworth Woodhouse, pour trouver une solution de compromis, et à la mi-septembre ils trouvent un précédent de 1701 pour une pétition à la Couronne pour dissoudre le Parlement .

En 1779, Lee est l'un des avocats de l'amiral Augustus Keppel (1er vicomte Keppel) lorsqu'il est jugé par une cour martiale pour sa conduite lors de la bataille d'Ouessant. Le procès à Portsmouth est politisé, Keppel étant un whig, et son commandant en second, Hugh Palliser, un conservateur, agissant pour l'accusation. Lorsque Keppel est acquitté, Lee ne prend aucune rémunération, mais Keppel lui donne son propre portrait, peint par Joshua Reynolds . En 1780, Lee devient conseiller du roi. Connu au barreau comme "l'honnête Jack Lee", il se distingue par son intégrité et amasse une grande fortune.

En politique
Dans la deuxième administration de Lord Rockingham, Lee est nommé solliciteur général pour l'Angleterre et le Pays de Galles, et siège au parlement pour Clitheroe. C'est un arrondissement de poche, contrôlé par Thomas Lister et la famille Curzon . Lister est un whig, Assheton Curzon un ministre conservateur, et quand les deux hommes s'entendent en 1790 pour partager le siège à deux membres, Lee perd . Cela signifie qu'il n'a pas de siège aux élections générales britanniques de 1790. Plus tard cette année-là, il est nommé à Higham Ferrers par le magnat whig William Fitzwilliam (4e comte Fitzwilliam) lors d'une élection partielle, le vicomte Duncannon préférant Knaresborough. Il siège ensuite dans cette circonscription jusqu'à sa mort .

Lee démissionne de ses fonctions à la mort de Rockingham, mais y retourne sous le duc de Portland, et à la mort de Wallace à la fin de 1783, il est promu procureur général d'Angleterre et du Pays de Galles, et occupe le poste jusqu'au départ du duc de Portland. En politique, il est un homme de parti assidu. L'une de ses maximes est « Ne jamais parler en bien d'un ennemi politique ». John Wilkes parle de lui comme ayant été à la Chambre des communes "un chien des plus impudents"; Nathaniel Wraxall le qualifie de grossier et abusif, bien qu'il ait reconnu son intelligence: "un homme aux parties intellectuelles fortes, bien que de manières très grossières" .

Mort et famille

Lee meurt d'un cancer le 5 août 1793, après avoir souffert de problèmes de santé et joué peu de rôle dans la politique à la fin de sa vie. Il est enterré à l'église Staindrop, dans le comté de Durham. Le monument, par Joseph Nollekens, est payé par le comte Fitzwilliam . Un buste de Lee par Nollekens se trouve dans The Rockingham Mausoleum .

Lee épouse en 1769 Mary Hutchinson (1734–1812), fille de William Hutchinson de Staindrop, et y obtient une maison et un domaine. Ils ont une fille, Mary Tabitha (1777–1851) . Son beau-père est l'agent d'Henry Vane (2e comte de Darlington) .

Positions politiques
Joseph Priestley et Richard Price font partie des amis de Lee et il s'associe aux pro-américains et aux radicaux .

"Honest Whig" et pro-américain
Lee connait Benjamin Franklin par le biais du club de café Whig - le «club des Honest Whigs» de Franklin de sa première mission à Londres (1757-1762) - qu'il fréquente avec Priestley, Price et Andrew Kippis, et présente Priestley à Edmund Burke . Lors d'une visite ultérieure de Franklin, celle de 1773–5, Lee est l'un de ceux qui se rencontrent à Ludgate Hill, au London Coffee House . C'est le soi-disant "club de quinzaine" .

Lors de l'audience du Conseil privé de Franklin en 1774, sur l'affaire Hutchinson Letters, Lee est son avocat, en tant que second de John Dunning . Avec Thomas Townshend, Lee est attaqué en 1775 par John Shebbeare écrivant comme un hack du gouvernement pour l'administration de Lord North .

Vues religieuses et chapelle d'Essex Street
De par ses antécédents familiaux à Leeds, Lee est associé à la chapelle de Mill Hill, qui est de facto unitarienne. Ses propres opinions sont influencées par son ami Priestley. Il rencontre Theophilus Lindsey par Priestley et William Turner de Wakefield, à la fin des années 1760 . Il est un soutien des promoteurs de la pétition Feathers Tavern de 1772 au Parlement, demandant la levée des restrictions sur les dissidents religieux .

L'une des figures de proue de la pétition est Theophilus Lindsey, un prêtre de l'Église d'Angleterre, qui en 1773 démissionne de sa cure dans le Yorkshire en raison de scrupules religieux de conscience, une étape contre la volonté de Lee car il y a de fortes chances que son remplaçant soit de la Haute Église ou un évangélique, plutôt qu'un libéral . En 1774, Lee aide Lindsey à établir la première congrégation manifestement unitarienne en Angleterre. C'est Lord Shelburne, un bailleur de fonds, qui dirige Lee et Sir George Saville vers les unitariens de Lindsey . Avant l' Acte de 1813, il était illégal de nier la doctrine de la Trinité, mais le tempérament de l'époque permet une certaine latitude. Lee persuade les juges londoniens concernés d'enregistrer la Essex Street Chapell et assiste au sermon inaugural de Lindsey  . En 1775, Lee, Lindsey et sa femme et Priestley se réunissent régulièrement le dimanche matin .

Lee est connu comme un non-conformiste. Avec William Fowle Middleton, il vote au parlement en 1789 pour une aide juridique pour les dissidents, lorsque les Test Acts et Corporation Act sont débattus .

Dernières années
En 1779, Burke consulte Lee sur ses propres affaires et sur une affaire concernant l'officier de l'armée irlandaise Bigoe Armstrong (mort en 1794) . Avec Charles James Fox et d'autres, Lee travaille avec succès pour la libération de John Trumbull, pendant la guerre d'indépendance américaine . Dans le petit groupe de Rockingham Whigs impliqué dans la pétition de l'Association du Yorkshire au début de 1780, avec Shelburne, Burke, Keppel et George Byng, il écrit à nouveau à Christopher Wyvill pour soutenir l'Association en 1782 .

John Burgoyne, en liberté conditionnelle en Angleterre après sa capture par l'armée continentale, est rappelé en Amérique en 1781. Les conseils de Lee et Charles James Fox conduisent à un appel à Benjamin Franklin, mené par Burke .

Dans l'affaire Fytch, Lee gagne l'affaire, sur une caution de démission donnée pour une cure d'église, devant la Cour des plaidoyers communs en 1782 contre l'évêque de Londres, au nom de Lewis Disney Fytche. La décision est annulée en appel .

Samuel Heywood est l'un des amis de Lee du circuit nord. En 1783, Lee représente les propriétaires du navire négrier Zong devant le tribunal, après que ses propriétaires aient tenté de forcer leurs assureurs à les payer pour la perte de 132 esclaves assassinés par l'équipage du navire . Son argument juridique invoque le concept d'esclavage mobilier et devient notoire dans les cercles abolitionnistes ; cela ne peut être considéré comme son opinion personnelle, et il en va de même pour Heywood, un autre dissident de l'équipe juridique des assureurs .

Références

Liens externes

Avocat général pour l'Angleterre et le pays de Galles
Procureur général pour l'Angleterre et le pays de Galles
Décès en août 1793
Naissance en mars 1733
Décès à 60 ans

John Lee (juriste)


Le vicomte  est un samouraï japonais qui fut envoyé diplomatique aux États-Unis.

Biographie

Jeunesse et formation
En 1865, Yoshida est envoyé avec Sameshima Naonobu et dix-sept autres samouraïs du domaine de Satsuma en Angleterre pour étudier la science et la technologie occidentales. En 1867, Yoshida et Sameshima voyagent avec deux autres compagnons aux États-Unis et rejoignent la Fraternité de la Nouvelle Vie, le groupe spirituel chrétien de . De retour en Angleterre plus tard cette année-là, ils prétendent avoir ressenti la présence de Dieu à travers la prédication de Harris à New York.

Yoshida étudie à l'University College de Londres. Il s'inscrit à l'université Rutgers au New Jersey en septembre 1868, mais la quitte après quelques mois. En juillet 1869, il s'inscrit à la  (actuelle ) au Massachusetts et étudie l'économie politique.

Après avoir obtenu son diplôme, il passe du temps dans l'État de New York et à Hartford, où il acquiert une expérience dans le secteur bancaire.

Carrière
Il retourne au Japon en 1870, et entre au ministère des Finances. Il devient rapidement sous-ministre adjoint, puis chef du bureau des impôts, et enfin vice-ministre adjoint en novembre 1871. Tout en travaillant à ce poste, il obtient un prêt pour le Japon auprès des États-Unis et de l'Europe la même année.

Il est transféré au ministère des Affaires étrangères, et en janvier 1874, est nommé « envoyé extraordinaire et ministre plénipotentiaire » aux États-Unis. En 1879, il arrange la visite du président américain Ulysses S. Grant et de son épouse Julia Grant au Japon et protège le retour des fonds du Congrès des États-Unis. Il reste au poste d'envoyé jusqu'en 1882.

En juillet 1884, il devient vice-ministre des Affaires étrangères, mais se brouille avec le ministre Inoue Kaoru. Il est nommé vice-ministre de l'Agriculture et du Commerce en septembre 1885.

Il est nommé membre honoraire du Genrōin en 1887, et reçoit le titre de vicomte.

Vie privée
Il se lie d'amitié avec l'historien américain Henry Adams, avec qui il partage un intérêt pour le droit archaïque.

Il meurt après une période de maladie le .

Notes et références

Naissance en mars 1845
Naissance dans la province de Satsuma
Décès en août 1891
Décès à 46 ans
Samouraï du XIXe siècle
Kazoku
Personnalité de l'Ère Meiji
Ambassadeur du Japon aux États-Unis
Étudiant de l'University College de Londres
Étudiant de l'université Rutgers

Yoshida Kiyonari


Los del Río (, "Those from the River"), also known as The Del Rios, are a Spanish Latin pop and dance duo which was formed in 1962 by Antonio Romero Monge (17 February 1948) and Rafael Ruiz Perdigones (10 November 1948). They are best known for their hit dance single "Macarena", originally released in 1993. The song went on to become a worldwide success.

Career
The single "Tengo, tengo" was released on February 18, 1996, and appeared later that year on the album Fiesta Macarena.

Because of their considerable success worldwide, their native town of Dos Hermanas has named a new municipal music hall, the Anfiteatro Los del Río, after them.

Another well-known song by Los del Río is "Sevilla tiene un color especial" (Seville has a special color) which is featured prominently in the Spanish movie Ocho apellidos vascos (Spanish Affair).

Awards and nominations
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Nominee(s)
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=2|World Music Awards
| rowspan=2|1997
| rowspan=2|Themselves
| World's Best Selling Spanish Group
|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| World's Best Selling Latin Group
|

Discography

Albums

Singles

See also
List of best-selling Latin music artists

References

External links

IMC Records Announces the Signing of 'Los del Rio'
Los del Rio are celebrating a Fiesta Quinceañera

Musicians from Andalusia
Spanish musical duos
Musical groups established in 1962
Latin pop music groups
Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners
Pop music duos
1962 establishments in Spain

Los del Río


ශ්‍රී ලංකා ජාතික ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම ටෙස්ට් තරග තුනක් සහ එක් දින තරග තුනක් ක්‍රීඩා කිරීමට 1994 ජනවාරි සහ පෙබරවාරි ඉන්දියාවේ සංචාරය කරන ලදී.

මෙම සංචාරය 1993 හීරෝ කුසලාන තරගාවලියට ශ්‍රී ලංකාව සහභාගී වීමෙන් අනතුරුව අවසන් පූර්ව වටයට පිවිසි අතර එය මහත් ආන්දෝලනයකට ලක්විය.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාව ඉන්දියාවේ සංචාරය කළේ ආරක්ෂක හේතු දක්වමින් පාකිස්තාන ජාතික ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම ඉවත් වීමෙන් පසුවය.

මෙම තරගමාලාව ක්‍රීඩා කරනු ලැබුවේ දඟ පන්දු යවන තණතීරුවලිනි. 1990-91 දී ශ්‍රී ලංකාව පරාජයට පත්වීමෙන් පසු ඉන්දියාව සිය අටවැනි තම රටේදී  ජයග්‍රහණය සහ 1992-93 දී එංගලන්තය පරාජය කිරීමෙන් පසු ඔවුන් පිට පිටම ලැබූ දෙවන වයිට් වොෂ් ජයග්‍රහණය විය.

ඉන්දියාව මෙම ජයග්‍රහණය සැමරීමට තවත් හේතුවක් වූයේ කපිල් දේව් ටෙස්ට් ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩාවේ වැඩිම කඩුලු ලාභියා බවට පත්වීමයි. එය වසර තුනහමාරක් තිස්සේ පැවති රිචඩ් හැඩ්ලිගේ ලකුණු 431 ඉක්මවා ගියේය.

සංචිත

ටෙස්ට් තරගමාලාව

1 වන තරගය

2 වන තරගය

3 වන තරගය

එක්දින තරඟමාලාව

1 වන එදිජා

2 වන එදිජා

3 වන එදිජා

යොමුව

බාහිර සබැඳි

 ESPN Cricinfo හි තරගමාලා පිටුව

ක්‍රිකට්
ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ ක්‍රිකට්

ශ්‍රී ලංකා ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායමේ ඉන්දීය තරග සංචාරය 1994


{{Ficha de obra de teatro
|nombre          = El asedio de Calais
|nombre original = L'assedio di Calais
|imagen          =1838 François-Édouard Picot - The Siege of Calais.jpg
|descripción     = Le Siège de Calais (1838), por François-Édouard Picot.|género          = melodramma lirico
|actos           = 3 actos
|idioma          = Italiano
|libretista      = Salvatore Cammarano
|compositor      = Gaetano Donizetti
|UP              = Nápoles, Conservatorio de San Pietro a Maiella
|base            = Le Siège de Calais (1765),tragedia de Buirette de Belloy
|año estreno     = 19 de noviembre de 1836
|teatro estreno  = Teatro San Carlos
|lugar estreno   = Nápoles
|duración        =
|coro            =
|orquesta        =
|editorial       =
}}L'assedio di Calais (título original en italiano; en español, El asedio de Calais) es un melodramma lirico, u ópera, en tres actos con música de Gaetano Donizetti y libreto en italiano de Salvatore Cammarano, basado en la obra de Luigi Marchionni y, secundariamente, en el ballet de Luigi Henry (1827), ambas a su vez basadas en la obra de Pierre Laurent Buirette de Belloy titulada Le siège de Calais (1765). La base histórica fue el asedio de Calais en 1346, hacia el principio de lo que más tarde se llamaría la Guerra de los Cien Años. Se estrenó el 19 de noviembre de 1836 en el Teatro San Carlos de Nápoles.

Esta ópera rara vez se representa en la actualidad; en las estadísticas de Operabase aparece con sólo 2 representaciones en el período 2005-2010.

Personajes

Notas

Enlaces externos

 Notas, discografía y libreto (italiano / español) en Kareol

Óperas de Gaetano Donizetti
Óperas en italiano
Óperas de 1836
Óperas estrenadas en Nápoles
Óperas basadas en piezas de teatro
Adaptaciones de obras de Pierre-Laurent Buirette de Belloy
Eduardo III de Inglaterra

L'assedio di Calais


(qui signifie « visage cornu de la formation de Fort Crittenden ») est un genre éteint de dinosaures cératopsidés de la sous-famille des Centrosaurinae à cornes de la formation de Fort Crittenden du Campanien tardif de l'Arizona, Etats-Unis. Il contient une seule espèce, , et représente la première espèce de dinosaure de la formation de Fort Crittenden à recevoir un nom scientifique officiel.

Description

Crittendenceratops se distingue par des cornes en forme de crochet incurvés vers l'avant situés le long de la partie centrale du haut de la collerette, des épipariétaux « étendus » situés le long des côtés de la partie pariétale de la collerette, un épaississement de la collerette dans la partie pariétale, et une crête courte et prononcée à la surface de la partie squamosale de la collerette.

Classification
Crittendenceratops a été attribué aux Nasutoceratopsini (qui comprend également Avaceratops, Nasutoceratops et Yehuecauhceratops), une tribu de la sous-famille Centrosaurinae des cératopsidés, par Dalman et al. (2018). Le cladogramme ci-dessous suit leur analyse phylogénétique :

Liens externes

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Ornithischia
Genre de dinosaures non aviens (nom scientifique)
Taxon fossile décrit en 2018
Paléontologie aux États-Unis

Crittendenceratops


14148 Jimchamberlin este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
14148 Jimchamberlin este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Kitt Peak National Observatory în cadrul proiectului Spacewatch. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,34 ua, o excentricitate de 0,12 și o înclinație de 1,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 14001-15000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1998
Centura de asteroizi

14148 Jimchamberlin


Ana Iuriev () este o regizoare de film din Republica Moldova.

În anii 1965-1969 era asistent de regizor. A urmat cursurile facultății regie film documentar a Institutului de Cinematografie din Moscova (actualmente ) în anii 1970-1974, unde a fost studentă a Liei Derbîșeva. După studii a început să regizeze filme documentare la studioul Moldovafilm. A realizat mai multe schițe cinematografice, majoritatea în colaborare cu soțul său, operatorul A. Iuriev.

Filmografia Anei Iurieva include documentare, filme pentru copii și alte opere:
1973: Aici au fost rîpi
 Ruta de onoare
1974: Un kilometru de drum
 Stăpînii pămîntului
 Bine ați venit
1975: Toate încep din copilărie
 Nuvela pîinii
 Cea mai scurtă lecție
1976: Vin copiii la teatru
 Naturi active
1978: Ce ți-i și cu Liza asta!
 Elena Strujuc
 Etaje de-asupra orașului
1979: Fluieraș
1982: Măria sa, Femeia!
 Speranța
1983: A păstra și a înmulți
1984: Meditații despre pîine
 Ascultă chemarea viitorului
1985: Cum îți este numele, "Surule"?
1986: Sub tăișul iataganului
1987: Vatra fără leagăn
1988: Nedumerirea lui moș Gheorghe
1989: Cîteva interviuri după tragedie
 Fluierul lui Dumitrița

Cel puțin șase din filmele enumerate au fost premiate la diferite festivaluri republicane și internaționale. Ana Iurieva a fost distinsă cu titlul emerit "Maestru în Artă" în anul 1994.

Referințe

Bibliografie

Nașteri în 1944
Nașteri pe 9 februarie
Regizori de film moldoveni
Femei din Republica Moldova
Oameni în viață

Ana Iuriev


269589 Kryachko este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
269589 Kryachko este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Tzec Maun de Vitalij Nevskij. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,02 ua, o excentricitate de 0,03 și o înclinație de 11,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 269001-270000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2009
Centura de asteroizi

269589 Kryachko


Hollywood/Highland es una estación subterránea en la línea B del Metro de Los Ángeles y es administrada por la Autoridad de Transporte Metropolitano del Condado de Los Ángeles. La estación se encuentra localizada en Hollywood Boulevard y Highland Avenue en el Hollywood, California. Sobre el Ocio Hollywood and Highland Center.

Conexiones de autobús
Servicios del Metro
Metro Local: 156, 210, 212, 217, 222, 312, 656
Metro Rapid: 780

Otros servicios locales
LADOT DASH: Hollywood, Hollywood/West Hollywood

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Información general de la estación

Estaciones de Metro de Estados Unidos inauguradas en 2000
Estaciones de la Línea B (Metro de Los Ángeles)

Hollywood/Highland (Metro de Los Ángeles)


Das Presseamt des Heiligen Stuhls () ist die Pressestelle des Heiligen Stuhls und der Römischen Kurie. Es wurde am 18. Oktober 1966 durch Papst Paul VI. gegründet. Zu den wichtigsten Tätigkeiten gehört die Veröffentlichung von Pressemeldungen des Papstes und der Einrichtungen der Kurie im Täglichen Bulletin.

Es hat seinen Sitz im Palazzo dei Propilei.

Tägliches Bulletin
Das Presseamt veröffentlicht in den "Täglichen Verlautbarungen des Presseamtes des Heiligen Stuhls" tagesaktuelle Zusammenstellungen von öffentlichen Verlautbarungen. Sie werden täglich in einer oder mehreren Ausgaben herausgegeben. Amtssprache ist Italienisch. Die Texte erscheinen gewöhnlich in der Sprache, in der sie original verfasst worden sind, und werden bisweilen auch in anderen Übersetzungen zur Verfügung gestellt.

Im Bereich Dokumentationen werden Ansprachen, Botschaften und Dokumente des Papstes und Erklärungen des Direktors des Presseamts bereitgestellt. Auf der Website des Presseamts gibt es einen geschützten Bereich, der nur
akkreditierten Journalisten zur Verfügung steht und unter anderem Verlautbarungen mit Sperrfristen bereitgestellt.

Bischofssynode
Der gesamte schriftliche Bereich zur Veröffentlichung der Einladungslisten, Tagesordnungen, Dokumente, Nachrichten und Protokolle in Bezug der Bischofssynode wird durch das vatikanische Presseamt bewerkstelligt.

Vatican Information Service
Der VIS Vatican Information Service (Vatikanischer Informationsdienst) veröffentlicht Informationen und Statistiken über das Pontifikat und die Apostolischen Reisen des Papstes. Täglich gibt er eine Zusammenfassung der Aktivitäten des Heiligen Vaters und des Heiligen Stuhls heraus. Die Mitteilungen werden in englischer, französischer, spanischer und italienischer Sprache veröffentlicht.

Serviceinformationen
Bei den Serviceinformationen sind das Formular für den Antrag auf Akkreditierung beim Presseamt des Heiligen Stuhls, für professionelle Journalisten, und die Akkreditierungsregeln veröffentlicht und können dort abgerufen werden. Hier werden auch Serviceinformationen für akkreditierte Journalisten bekannt gegeben.

Direktoren
 Angelo Fausto Vallainc (Direktor; 1966–1970)
 Federico Alessandrini (Direktor; 1970–1976)
 Romeo Panciroli (Direktor; 1976–1984)
 Joaquín Navarro-Valls (Direktor; 1984–2006)
 Federico Lombardi SJ, (Direktor; 2006–2016)
 Greg Burke (Direktor; 2016–2018)
 Angelo Scelzo (Vizedirektor; 2013–2016)
 Paloma García Ovejero (Vizedirektorin; Juli 2016 – Dezember 2018)
 Alessandro Gisotti (1. Januar 2019–22. Juli 2019, kommissarischer Leiter)
 Matteo Bruni (22. Juli 2019–)

Weblinks
 Presseamt des Heiligen Stuhls
 VIS Vatican Information Service (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Organisation (Römische Kurie)
Medien (Vatikanstadt)
Medienarbeit
Gegründet 1966
Organisation (Vatikanstadt)

Presseamt des Heiligen Stuhls


An Pseudorhiza illyrica in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Hartmut Jahn ngan Horst Kümpel, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Seckel. An Pseudorhiza illyrica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pseudorhiza, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pseudorhiza (Orchidaceae)

Pseudorhiza illyrica


سوق البلاغجية (أي سوق بائعي البلغة، وهي نوع من النعال العتيقة) سوق يقع بمدينة تونس العتيقة، بُني في عهد الدولة الحفصية، وكان يسمى في عهدهم سوق الشمّاعين (أي سوق بائعي الشمع).

وصلات خارجية
 زيارة افتراضية ل سوق البلاغجية

مراجع

أسواق مدينة تونس

سوق البلاغجية


Rey de Corazones, también conocida como Rey por inconveniencia, (título original en francés: Le Roi de Cœur) es una comedia dramática francesa estrenada en 1966 dirigida por Philippe de Broca y protagonizada por Alan Bates.

Argumento

La película está ambientada en una pequeña ciudad en Francia, durante los momentos finales de la Primera Guerra Mundial cuando se retira el Ejército Imperial alemán. En su retirada instalan bombas en la ciudad para que explote. La gente de lugar huye y un grupo de lunáticos son dejados a su suerte. Estos escapan del asilo donde se encontraban y se hacen cargo de la ciudad abandonada.

Charles Plumpick (Alan Bates) es un soldado escocés que es enviado por su comandante en jefe para desarmar las bombas instaladas en la ciudad. Cuando Plumpick entra en la ciudad es perseguido por los alemanes y deja, sin saberlo, la puerta abierta del asilo de locos. Cuando los alemanes abandonan la ciudad, los reclusos huyen del asilo y en broma asumen el control de la ciudad. Los locos coronan a Plumpick Rey de Corazones con pompa surrealista mientras este intenta frenéticamente encontrar la bomba antes de que explote.

La película termina con la pregunta de quién está más loco, los del asilo o los soldados en el campo de batalla.

Comentarios

Cuando fue estrenada en Francia en 1966 no tuvo mucho éxito ni en la taquilla ni entre los críticos. Sin embargo, cuando se lanzó en los Estados Unidos un año después, logró convertirse en una película de culto, estando en proyección cinco años en el Central Square Theater de Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Reparto

 Jacques Balutin
 Alan Bates
 Daniel Boulanger (no mencionado en los créditos)
 Pierre Brasseur
 Jean-Claude Brialy
 Geneviève Bujold
 Pier Paolo Capponi
 Adolfo Celi

 Françoise Christophe
 Madeleine Clervanne
 Marc Dudicourt
 Julien Guiomar
 Palau
 Micheline Presle
 Michel Serrault

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Películas dramáticas de Francia
Películas cómicas
Películas sobre la Primera Guerra Mundial
Películas ambientadas en hospitales psiquiátricos
Películas con música de Georges Delerue

Rey de Corazones


Aida este o versiune cinematografică italiană din anul 1953 a operei Aida de Giuseppe Verdi. Ea a fost regizată de Clemente Fracassi și produsă de Gregor Rabinovitch și Federico Teti. Scenariul a fost adaptat de Fracassi, Carlo Castelli, Anna Gobbi și Giorgio Salviucci după libretul scris de Antonio Ghislanzoni. Echipa tehnică a producției a fost compusă din următorii: Piero Portalupi (imaginea), Flavio Mogherini (decoruri) și Maria De Matteis (costume). Orchestra Radiofonică de Stat Italiană a fost dirijată de Giuseppe Morelli, iar coregrafia baletului a fost realizată de Margherita Wallmann.

Filmul a fost proiectat în afara competiției la Festivalul de Film de la Cannes din 1987.

Distribuție
Sophia Loren - Aida
Lois Maxwell - Amneris
Luciano Della Marra - Radamès
Afro Poli - Amonasro
Antonio Cassinelli	- Ramfis

Interpretarea vocală: Renata Tebaldi (Aida), Ebe Stignani (Amneris), Giuseppe Campora (Radamès), Gino Bechi (Amonasro) și Giulio Neri (Ramfis). Yvette Chauviré și Léonide Massine și corpul de balet al Operei din Roma.

Vezi și
 Aida (opera)
 Listă de filme străine până în 1989

Note

Bibliografie
 Grigore Constantinescu și Daniela Caraman-Fotea, Ghid de operă, București, 1971

Legături externe

Filme din 1953
Filme italiene
Filme muzicale
Filme de operă

Aida (film din 1953)


Cariaco je grad u Venezueli, u saveznoj državi Sucre, Venezuela. Grad je sjedište općine Ribero. Nalazi se na riheci Cariaco, vrlo blizu njenog ušća u zaljev Cariaco u Karipskom moru, a gradska luka je poznata pod imenom  Puerto Sucre.

Povijest
Grad i okolicu je 1997. pogodio potres: Potres u Cariacu 1997.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Gradovi u Venezueli

Cariaco


Urago d'Oglio ist eine norditalienische Gemeinde (comune) mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) in der Provinz Brescia in der Lombardei. Die Gemeinde liegt etwa 28 Kilometer westlich von Brescia. Urago d'Oglio ist Teil des Parco dell'Oglio Nord und grenzt unmittelbar an die Provinz Bergamo. Diese Grenze im Osten der Gemeinde bildet der Oglio.

Verkehr
Durch die Gemeinde führt die frühere Strada Statale 11 Padana Superiore (heute eine Provinzstraße) von Turin nach Venedig.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Ort in der Lombardei

Urago d’Oglio


භාජා ලෙන් යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ ඉන්දියාවේ පූනේ නගරය අසල පිහිටි ක්‍රි.පූ. 2වන සියවසට අයත් ලෙන් 22කින් යුත් ලෙන් සමූහයකි. මෙම ලෙන් භාජා ගම්මානයේ සිට අඩි 400ක් පමණ ඉහළින් පිහිටා ඇත. මෙය අරාබි මුහුදේ සිට නැගෙනහිරට ඩෙකෑන් සානුව තෙක් විහිදුණු පුරාතන වැදගත් වෙළඳ මාර්ගයක පිහිටා ඇත. මෙහි ව්‍යු අභිලේඛන සහ ලෙන් විහාර ඉන්දියානු පුරාවිද්‍යා දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව විසින් ජාතික වැදගත්කමක් සහිත ස්මාරකයක් ලෙස සංරක්ෂණය කොට ඇත්තේ නිවේදන අංක 2407-A අනුව ය. මෙය හීනයාන බෞද්ධ නිකායයට අයත් ය. මෙම ලෙන්වල ස්තූප ගණනාවක් ඇති අතර, ඉන් වඩාත්ම ප්‍රකට චෛත්‍ය ගෘහය (ලෙන් අංක XII) මුල්කාලීන දැවමය ගෘහනිර්මාණ ශිල්පය අනුව යමින් මෙය ගොඩනැගූ ආකාරයට මනා නිදසුනකි. එහි අශ්ව ලාඩම් හැඩැති සිවිලිමක් ඇත. මෙහි වූ විහාර ලෙන (ලෙන් අංක XVIII) තුළ කුළුණු සහිත බරාඳයක් ඇති අතර, එය කැටයම්වලින් අලංකාර කොට ඇත. මෙම කැටයම් අනුව පෙනී යන්නේ ඉන්දියානු වාදන භාණ්ඩයක් වන තබ්ලාව මින් වසර 2300කටවත් පෙර නිර්මාණය වන්නට ඇති බවයි. මෙහිවූ කැටයමක තබ්ලා වයන ස්ත්‍රියක සහ නළඟනක දැක්වේ.

මෙම ලෙන් බේඩ්සේ ලෙන්වලට 9 km පමණ බටහිරින් පිහිටියේ ය. මෙම ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටි වෙනත් ලෙන් වන්නේ කාර්ලා ලෙන්, පතන් බෞද්ධ ලෙන සහ නාසික් ලෙන් ය.

සටහන්

ආශ්‍රේයයන්
Dehejia, V. (1997). Indian Art. Phaidon: London.
Michell, George, The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu, 1989, Penguin Books,

බාහිර සබැඳි

 Archaeological Survey of India, "Bhaja Caves, Bhaja"
 "Indian Tourist sites – In the footsteps of the Buddha"

මහාරාෂ්ට්‍රයේ ලෙන්
ඉන්දියාවේ බෞද්ධ ලෙන්
ඉන්දියාවේ බෞද්ධ ආරාම
ඉන්දියානු ශෛලමය ගෘහනිර්මාණ ශිල්පය
ඉන්දියාවේ බෞද්ධ වන්දනා ස්ථාන

භාජා ලෙන්


Collies form a distinctive type of herding dogs, including many related landraces and standardized breeds.  The type originated in Scotland and Northern England. Collies are medium-sized, fairly lightly-built dogs, with pointed snouts. Many types have a distinctive white color over the shoulders. Collies are very active and agile, and most types of collies have a very strong herding instinct. Collie breeds have spread through many parts of the world (especially North America and Australia), and have diversified into many varieties, sometimes mixed with other dog types.

Some collie breeds have remained as working dogs for herding cattle, sheep, and other livestock, while others are kept as pets, show dogs or for dog sports, in which they display great agility, stamina and trainability. While the American Kennel Club has a breed they call "collie", in fact collie dogs are a distinctive type of herding dog inclusive of many related landraces and formal breeds. There are usually major distinctions between show dogs and those bred for herding trials or dog sports: The latter typically display great agility, stamina, and trainability, and most importantly intelligence.

Common use of the unmodified name "collie" in some areas is limited largely to certain breeds – the name means Rough Collie by default in parts of the United States, and Border Collie by default in many rural parts of Great Britain. Many collie dog types do not actually include "collie" in their name – for example the Welsh Sheepdog.

Name
The exact origin of the name collie is uncertain; it may derive from the Scots word for 'coal'. Alternatively it may come from the related word coolly, referring to the black-faced mountain sheep of Scotland.  The collie name usually refers to dogs of Scottish origin which have spread into many other parts of the world, often being called sheepdog or shepherd dog elsewhere.
Iris Combe, in her book, "Border Collies," says that in old Gaelic "collie" was the rural term for anything useful — a "collie dog" was a useful dog.

Description

Appearance
Collies are generally medium-sized dogs of about  and light to medium-boned. Cattle-herding types are stockier than sheep-herding types. The fur may be short,
or long, and the tail may be smooth, feathered, or bushy. In the 1800s, the occasional naturally bob-tailed dog would occur. The tail can be carried low with an upward swirl, or may be carried higher but never over the back. Each breed can vary in coloration, with the usual base colors being black, black-and-tan, red, red-and-tan, white with a colored head with it without other body coloration of sable, black and tan, blue merle, sable merle sable. They often have white along with the main color, usually under the belly and chest, over the shoulders, and on parts of the face and legs, but sometimes leaving only the head colored – or white may be absent (unusual) or limited to the chest and toes (as in the Australian Kelpie). Merle coloration may also be present over any of the other color combinations, even in landrace types. The most widespread patterns include sable, black and white, black and tan  and tricolour (black-and-tan and white).

Temperament
Collies range in trainability from the "average" to very biddable. The Border Collie is the breed most in need of a "job" to stimulate its brain, lest it become anxious and hyper, while many other collie breeds fit well into an active family lifestyle (though all collie types still require some mental stimulation). Collie-type breeds are also known for their sensitivity and awareness of emotions in people; they may require gentler handling than other types of dogs.

Working type temperaments
A working member of a collie breed, such as the Border Collie, is an energetic and agile dog with great stamina. When in fit, working condition they are able to run all day without tiring, even over very rough or steep ground. Working collies display a keen intelligence for the job at hand and are instinctively highly motivated. They are often intensely loyal. Dogs of collie type or derivation occupy four of the first sixteen ranks in Stanley Coren's The Intelligence of Dogs, with the Border Collie being first.  These characteristics generally make working strains suitable for agility; in addition to herding work they are well suited to active sports such as sheepdog trials, flyball, disc dog and dog agility.  Working strains have strong herding instincts, and some individuals can be single-minded to the point of obsessiveness.  Collies can compete in herding events. Border Collies are used as search dogs in mountain rescue in Britain. They are particularly useful for searching large areas of hillside and avalanche debris. H. MacInnes believed that dark coated dogs are less prone to snow blindness.

Show and pet type temperaments
Certain types of collie (for example Rough Collies, Smooth Collies, Shetland Sheepdogs and some strains of Border Collie and other breeds) have been bred for many generations as pets and for the sport of conformation showing, not as herding dogs.  All collie dog breeds have proved to be highly trainable, gentle, loyal, intelligent, and well suited as pets. Their gentleness and devotion also make them quite compatible with children. They are often more suitable as watchdogs than as guard dogs, though the individual personalities of these dogs vary.

The temperament of these breeds has been featured in literature, film, and popular television programs. The novels of Albert Payson Terhune, which were very popular in the United States during the 1920s and 1930s, celebrated the temperament and companionship of his early AKC collies. More famously, the temperament and intelligence of the Rough Collie were exaggerated to mythic proportions in the character Lassie, which has been the subject of many films, books, and television shows from 1938 to the present.

The Lassie character was featured in a book titled Lassie Come Home by Eric P. Knight. Knight's collie "Tootsie" was the inspiration for the book, which was a collection of stories based on her and other collie legends he collected from talking to friends and neighbors. One such story was most likely the documented tale of "Silverton Bobbie", the Oregon collie who crossed the US to get to his owners. While the dogs who played Lassie on-screen were from AKC lines, the actual Tootsie looked nothing like them, although she did come from a collie breeder.

Health
Some collie breeds (especially the Rough Collie, Smooth Collie, and the Australian Shepherd) are affected by a genetic defect, a mutation within the MDR1 gene. Affected dogs are very sensitive to some drugs, such as Ivermectin, as well as to some antibiotics, opioids and steroids – over 100 drugs in total. Affected dogs also show a lower cortisol concentration than normal. The Verband für das Deutsche Hundewesen (The German Kennel Club) encourages breed clubs to test all breeding stock and avoid breeding from affected dogs.

Collies may have a genetic disease, named canine cyclic neutropenia, or grey collie syndrome. This is a stem cell disorder. Puppies with this disorder are quite often mistaken for healthy Blue Merles, even though their colour is a silver grey. Affected puppies rarely live more than 6 months. For a puppy to be affected, both the sire and the dam have to be carriers of the disorder.

Collie types and breeds
Herding dogs of collie type have long been widespread in Britain, and these can be regarded as a landrace from which a number of other landraces, types, and formal breeds have been derived, both in Britain and elsewhere. Many of them are working herding dogs, but some have been bred for conformation showing and as pets, sometimes losing their working instincts in the course of selection for appearance or for a more subdued temperament.

Herding types tend to vary in appearance more than conformation and pet types, as they are bred primarily for their working ability, and appearance is thus of lower importance.

Dogs of collie type or ancestry include:

 Australian Kelpie Developed in Australia from collies originally brought from Scotland and northern England. Erect ears, short-haired, usually black, black-and-tan or red-and-tan, with white limited to chest and toes.
 Australian Shepherd Derives its name from the sheep imported from Australia in the 19th century, but native to the Western United States. Used as both a drover and guardian of sheep and cattle. Ancestry almost certainly includes British collie types and Basque and Spanish sheepdogs. Shaggy mid length coat in every colour including merle, half prick ears, bobbed tail, and (very important) eyes of different colour, heterochromia very common.

 Bearded Collie Now largely a pet and show breed, but still of the collie type, and some are used as working dogs. The Beardie has a flat, harsh, strong and shaggy outer coat and a soft, furry undercoat. The coat falls naturally to either side without need of a part. Long hair on the cheeks, lower lips, and under the chin forms the beard for which it is known.
 All Bearded Collies are born black, blue, brown, or fawn, with or without white markings. Some carry a fading gene, and as they mature, the coat lightens, darkening again slightly after one year of age. A puppy born black may become any shade of gray from black to slate to silver. The dogs that are born brown will lighten from chocolate to sandy, and the blues and fawns show shades from dark to light. Dogs without the fading gene stay the color they were when they were born. The white only occurs as a blaze on the face, on the head, on the tip of the tail, on the chest, legs, feet, and around the neck. Tan markings occasionally appear on the eyebrows, inside the ears, on the cheeks, under the root of the tail and on the legs where the white joins the main color.
 Blue Lacy Grey or red all over, short hair, floppy ears.  Derived partly from the English Shepherd, with other non-collie breeds.

 Border Collie The most well known breed for herding sheep throughout the world.  Originally developed in Scotland and Northern England.  Not always suitable for herding cattle. Ears semi-erect or floppy, fur silky or fairly long, but short on face and legs; red, black, black-and-tan or merle, all usually with white over shoulders, alternatively mostly white with coloured patches on head. Coat can be either long or short.
 Cumberland Sheepdog An extinct breed similar to the Border Collie and possibly absorbed into that breed. An ancestor of the Australian Shepherd.  Erect or semi-erect ears, dense fur, black with white only on face and chest.
 English Shepherd Developed in the U.S. from stock of Farm Collie type originally from Britain. Floppy ears, thick fur, red, black or black-and-tan, with white over shoulders. Not to be confused with the very different Old English Sheepdog.
 German Coolie Also called Koolie, or German Collie. Developed in Australia, probably from British collies, but may have included dogs from Germany and Spain.  Erect ears, short fur, black, red, black-and-tan or merle, often with some white on neck or over shoulders. (Note: the name "German Collie" is also applied to a cross between a German Shepherd and a Border Collie.)
 Huntaway Developed in New Zealand from a mixture of breeds, probably including some collie – but it is not of the collie type. Larger and more heavily built than most collies, floppy ears, most commonly black-and-tan with little white.
 Lurcher Not an established breed, but a cross of collie (or other herding dog or terrier) with Greyhound or other sight hound. Traditionally bred for poaching, with the speed of a sight hound but more obedient and less conspicuous. Variable in appearance, but with greyhound build: Floppy ears, tall, slender, with small head, deep chest and "herring gut"; smooth, silky or rough coat, often brindled.
 McNab Shepherd Developed in the U.S. from Scotch Collies and dogs imported by Basque sheepherders. Variable in size, erect or semi-erect ears, short to medium fur, black or red with some white on face, chest and/or feet.
 New Zealand Heading Dog Also called New Zealand Eye Dog. Developed in New Zealand from Border Collie heritage and used to bring sheep towards the shepherd, especially with strong eye contact and no barking.
 Old English Sheepdog Derived from "Shags", hairy herding dogs, themselves derived from "Beards", the ancestors of the Bearded Collie. Modern dogs larger than most collies, no tail, floppy ears, long silky hair (including on face), usually grey and white. Not to be confused with the English Shepherd.
 Scotch Collie Scotch collies are separated into two varieties or breeds: Rough Collie and Smooth Collie. They are rather a different type to other collies with a long narrow face, tall, profuse coat and semi-erect ears. They are still used for herding as well as for showing. They were developed in the highlands of Scotland which is why they needed a profuse coat. There are four recognised colors: Sable, tri-color, blue merle, and color headed white. Non-recognized colors are: Bi-black, sable merle, harlequin, red merle, red tricolor, and black and tan. Both the Rough and Smooth Collies are double-coated with Smooths having a shorter or "smooth" outer coat. There are three different coat types of Rough Collies: Brandwyn (fluffy coats), Parader (flat long coats) and the working type (medium-length coats).
 Shetland Sheepdog A small show and pet breed developed in England partly from herding dogs originating in Shetland. The original Shetland dogs were not collies, but instead working herding dogs of Spitz type, similar to the Icelandic Sheepdog. However, in the development of the modern Shetland breed these Spitz-type dogs were heavily mixed with the Rough Collie and toy breeds, and now are similar in appearance to a miniature Rough Collie. Very small, nearly erect ears, long silky fur on body, most commonly sable or merle, with white over shoulders.

 Smithfield Originally a British type, now extinct used for droving cattle in the south-east of England, especially the Smithfield Market in London. They were large, strong collies, with white or black-and-white fur, and floppy-ears. Occasionally the name is used for modern dogs of a somewhat similar type in Australia. The name "Smithfield" is used to describe the shaggy Tasmanian farm dog of Bearded Collie type; and is also applied to the Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog and may have contributed to the Australian Koolie.
 Welsh Sheepdog Landrace herding dog from Wales. Erect or semi-erect ears, short or silky fur, red, black, black-and-tan, or merle, all usually with white over shoulders.

Famous collies

 Blanco, pet of Lyndon Johnson.
 Kep, pet of Beatrix Potter. He is depicted in the book The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck.
 Lad, pet of Albert Payson Terhune. He is chronicled through several short stories, most famously in the collection Lad, A Dog.
 Pickles, known for his role in finding the stolen Jules Rimet Trophy in March 1966, four months before the 1966 FIFA World Cup kicked off in England.
 Pal, who played Lassie (see below).
 Peter, awarded the Dickin Medal for conspicuous gallantry or devotion to duty while serving in military conflict.
 Reveille, a Rough Collie, official mascot of Texas A&M University.
 Rob, awarded the Dickin Medal for conspicuous gallantry or devotion to duty while serving in military conflict.
 Seamus, pet of Humble Pie front-man, Steve Marriott. Seamus' howling was recorded by Pink Floyd and the resulting song, "Seamus" was released on their album, Meddle (1971).
 Sheila, awarded the Dickin Medal for conspicuous gallantry or devotion to duty while serving in military conflict.
 Shep, Blue Peter dog.
 Silverton Bobbie, the Wonder Dog who in 1923, traveled 2,800 miles from Indiana back home to Silverton, Oregon.
 Two famous white Collies owned by United States President and Mrs. Calvin Coolidge.  A large oil painting hangs in The White House of First Lady Mrs. Coolidge and one of their white Collies.

Collies in fiction
 Lassie was a fictional Rough Collie dog character created by Eric Knight who originally was featured in a short story expanded to novel length called Lassie Come-Home.  The character then went on to star in numerous MGM movies, a long running classic TV series, and various remakes/spinoffs/revivals.
 Bessy, a long-running Belgian comics series which also was very successful in French, German and Swedish translations. It also featured a collie, obviously based on Lassie, but in a Wild West setting.
 Fly and Rex, herding dogs of the movie, Babe.
 The Dog, the Border Collie of the comic strip Footrot Flats.
 Colleen, a female collie in Road Rovers.
 Nana, a female Border Collie in Snow Dogs
 Shadow, collie from Enid Blyton's book Shadow the Sheepdog.  The collie type is not identified in the text, but the illustrations in an early edition look vaguely like a border collie.
 Fly, the sheep dog featured in Arthur Waterhouse's "Fells" trilogy for children, Raiders of the Fells (1948), Rogues of the Fells (1951) and Fly of the Fells (1957).  The collie type is not specified, but the illustrations look rather like a Rough Collie.
 The eponymous dog from the film Bingo.
 Flo, a collie in All Dogs Go to Heaven
 Murray, the male collie from the TV series Mad About You.
 A collie in White Fang by Jack London is the mate of the wolfdog White Fang
 Courageous Collie Carlo, a Rough Collie from Martha Speaks
 Winona, a collie from My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic
 Mackenzie, a Border Collie in Bluey
 Roger, a Border Collie in Cats & Dogs 3: Paws Unite!

See also

 List of dog breeds

References

External links

Dog types
herding dogs

Collie


Henri Massis () a fost un critic, istoric literar și eseist conservator francez.

Biografie
Massis s-a născut pe 21 martie 1886 la Paris, Franța. A urmat studii la Liceul Condorcet și Universitatea din Paris. El și-a început cariera publicistică la vârsta de 20 de ani, cu lucrările Comment Émile Zola Composait ses Romans, Le Puits de Pyrrhon și La Pensée de Maurice Barrès.

Împreună cu prietenul său Albert de Tarde a publicat eseuri despre sistemul universitar francez și despre generația anului 1912.

Massis s-a convertit la catolicism în 1913 și, după Primul Război Mondial, a militat pentru o renaștere a catolicismului și a spiritului francez. Începând din 1920 a lucrat ca redactor la nou-înființata Revue Universelle și s-a preocupat cu răspândirea filozofiei politice creștine. A publicat două volume de Jugements în care a analizat critic învățăturile morale a numeroși scriitori printre care Ernest Renan și André Gide. În scrierile sale politice Massis și-a exprimat îngrijorarea față de ceea ce a văzut ca fiind o amenințare la adresa societății franceze postbelice, inclusiv bolșevismul și misticismul oriental.

Deși a avut relații cu guvernul de la Vichy în timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial, Massis a refuzat să colaboreze cu mișcarea nazistă. După război, el a fost plasat într-un lagăr de internare pentru o singură lună și apoi a fost eliberat. Massis a lucrat după război la editura Plon, iar scrierile sale reflectă disprețul său față de nazismul din Germania și față de bolșevismul din Rusia. Massis a fost ales membru al Academiei Franceze în 1960 și a murit la Paris pe 16 aprilie 1970.

Scrieri

 (1905). Comment Émile Zola Composait ses Romans.
 (1907). Le Puits de Pyrrhon.
 (1909). La Pensée de Maurice Barrès.
 (1911). L'Esprit de la nouvelle Sorbonne [împreună cu Alfred de Tarde].
 (1913). Les Jeunes Gens d'aujourd'hui [împreună cu Alfred de Tarde].
 (1915). Romain Rolland contre la France.
 (1915). Luther Prophète du Germanisme.
 (1916). La Vie d'Ernest Psichari.
 (1916). Impressions de Guerre.
 (1917). Le Sacrifice (1914-1916).
 (1920). La Trahison de Constantin.
 (1921). Jérusalem le Jeudi-Saint de 1918.
 (1923). Jugements I: Renan, France, Barrès.
 (1924). Jugements II: André Gide, Romain Rolland, Georges Duhamel, Julien Benda, les Chapelles Littéraires.
 (1924). De Lorette à Jérusalem.
 (1924). Le Réalisme de Pascal.
 (1925). Jacques Rivière.
 (1927). En Marge de "Jugements".
 (1927). Réflexions sur l'Art du Roman.
 (1927). Défense de l'Occident.
 (1928). Avant-postes.
 (1931). Évocations. Souvenirs (1905-1911).
 (1932). Dix ans Après.
 (1934). Débats, [3 vol.].
 (1936). Les Cadets de l'Alcazar.
 (1936). Notre ami Psichari.
 (1937). Le Drame de Marcel Proust.
 (1937). L'Honneur de Servir.
 (1939). Chefs. Les Dictateurs et Nous.
 (1940). La Guerre de Trente ans: Destin d'un Age (1909-1939).
 (1941). Les Idées Restent.
 (1942). La Prière de Lyautey.
 (1944). Découverte de la Russie.
 (1948). D'André Gide à Marcel Proust.
 (1949). Allemagne d'hier et d'Après-demain.
 (1949). Portrait de M. Renan.
 (1951). Maurras et Notre Temps [2 vol.].
 (1956). L'Occident et son Destin.
 (1958). Visage des Idées.
 (1948). À Contre-courant.
 (1958). L'Europe en Question.
 (1959). De l'Homme à Dieu.
 (1961). Salazar Face à Face.
 (1962). Barrès et Nous, Suivi d'une Correspondance Inédite (1906-1923).
 (1967). Au Long d'une Vie.

Lucrări în traducere engleză
 (1928). Defence of the West, Harcourt, Brace & Company [cu o prefață de G. K. Chesterton].
 (1958). The Choice before Europe, London: Eyre & Spottiswoode [împreună cu Alphonse Pierre Juin].

Referințe

Lectură suplimentară
 Christophe, Lucien (1961). "Regards sur Henri Massis," Revue Générale Belge, pp. 17–41.
 Connell, Allison (1962). "The Younger Generation of 1912 in Agathon's Report and in the Novel," Modern Philology, Vol. 65, No. 4, pp. 343–352.
 Dubeon, Lucien (1923). "Henri Massis ou la Génération de l'Absolu," L'Éclair, 12 juin, No. 814.
 Griffiths, Richard (1965). The Reactionary Revolution: The Catholic Revival in French Literature, 1870-1914, New York: Ungar.
 Molnar, Thomas (1959). "French Conservative Thought," Modern Age, Vol. III, No. 3.
 Toda, Michel (1987). Henri Massis: Un Témoin de la Droite Intellectuelle, Paris: Table Ronde.
 Wohl, Robert (2009). The Generation of 1914, Harvard University Press.

Legături externe
 Académie française

 Works by Henri Massis, at Unz.org
 Pictures of Henri Massis

Nașteri în 1886
Decese în 1970
Eseiști francezi
Critici literari francezi
Istorici literari francezi
Absolvenți ai Liceului Condorcet
Membri ai Academiei Franceze
Absolvenți ai Universității din Paris

Henri Massis


Sweetwater River may refer to:

Sweetwater River (California), a river in San Diego County, California, USA
(includes the North Fork Sweetwater River)
Sweetwater River (Wyoming), a river in Natrona County, Wyoming, USA
(includes the East Sweetwater River and the Little Sweetwater River; both in Fremont County)

See also
 Sweetwater Creek (disambiguation)

Sweetwater River


Cette page concerne les évènements survenus en 2022 au Vatican :

Administration

 Pape : François
 Président du Gouvernorat : Fernando Vérgez Alzaga
 Camerlingue de la Sainte Église romaine : Kevin Farrell
 Secrétaire d'État : Pietro Parolin

Évènement
 Évolution des relations diplomatiques du Saint-Siège
 Prévue en , la seizième Assemblée générale ordinaire du Synode des Évêques est reportée en .

Chronologie

Janvier 2022

Février 2022

Mars 2022
 Le , publication de la constitution apostolique Praedicate evangelium.

Avril 2022
 Les 2 et , le pape François est en voyage à Malte.

Mai 2022

Juin 2022

Juillet 2022
 Du 2 au , François prévoit un voyage tout d'abord en République démocratique du Congo, notamment à Kinshasa et Goma puis, du 5 au 7, au Soudan du Sud. Toutefois, ce voyage, bien qu'annoncé dès 2021, reste suspendu aux conditions politiques locales.

 Du 24 et le 29 juillet 2022, le pape François s'est rendu au Canada. Ce voyage incluait 3 arrêts (Edmonton, Québec et Iqaluit). Ce voyage est en grande partie pour demander pardon aux peuples des Premières Nations du Canada pour les blessures physiques, psychologiques et sexuelles affligées dans les pensionnats Autochtones par les autorités religieuses de l'époque.

Août 2022
 Le 27 août : consistoire pour la création de nouveaux cardinaux

Septembre 2022

Octobre 2022

Novembre 2022
 Le , une panne informatique affecte la grande majorité des sites liés au Vatican, qui ne sont alors plus accessibles. Le directeur de la salle de presse, Matteo Bruni, affirme que des activités de  sont en cours, à la suite d'. De son côté, Andrii Yurash, ambassadeur d'Ukraine près le Saint-Siège, affirme que cette panne est due à une action de , ayant possiblement mené  une attaque par déni de service.

Décembre 2022
 Le , le pape émérite Benoît XVI meurt à l'âge de 95 ans.

Notes et références

Année au Vatican
Vatican

2022 au Vatican


Gara Vărd a fost o stație de cale ferată de pe linia Agnita, în comuna Chirpăr, județul Sibiu, România. Gara a fost deschisă în 1910 și închisă în 2001. Clădirea gării și calea ferată au fost protejate și încă există.

Note

Vărd
Fondări în 1910

Gara Vărd