Radoslav Bužančić (Split, 1958.), hrvatski konzervator-restaurator, povjesničar umjetnosti, arhitekt i urbanist.

Životopis
Rodio se je u Splitu 1958. godine. Studirao je u Zagrebu gdje je diplomirao na Arhitektonskom fakultetu 1983. godine. Zaposlio se je 1984. u Splitu kao konzervator i bavio se je istraživanjima.
Predmet Bužančićeva znanstvena interesa široko je područje povijesti umjetnosti od kasne antike do renesanse, a teme njegovih radova sintetiziraju istraživanja arheologije, arhitekture i urbanizma Dalmacije. Dosta je proučavao Trogir i trogirske spomenike, o čemu je publicirao brojne znanstvene radove i monografije Trogirska katedrala i Radovanov portal. Splitski opus označila su njegova proučavanja Dioklecijanove palače i carskog mauzoleja. Arhitekt je obnove trogirske i splitske katedrale. Vodio je složene zadaće na konzervatorskim istraživanjima i radovima te na restauraciji spomenika različitih stilova i razdoblja u Dalmaciji. Osobito se je posvetio istraživanju i otkrivanju onoga što krije spomenička baština te bilježenju onoga što je pronađeno i oteto zaboravu. Na matičnom fakultetu magistrirao je 1996. godine na temu predromaničke arhitekture. Pedagoškim radom bavi se od 1997. godine. Od 2006. godine pročelnik je Konzervatorskog odjela u Trogiru. Na matičnom fakultetu doktorirao je 2008. godine tezom Nikola Ivanov Firentinac, arhitekt renesansne obnove Trogira koncem 15. stoljeća. Na Filozofskom fakultetu u Splitu izabran je 2009. godine u naslovno znanstveno-nastavno zvanje docenta za područje humanističkih znanosti, polje povijest umjetnosti, grana povijest i teorija likovnih umjetnosti, arhitekture, urbanizma i vizualnih komunikacija. Od 2010. pročelnik je Konzervatorskog odjela u Splitu. 2012. godine ostvario je više uspješnih projekata od značaja za Grad Split. Na njegovu inicijativu započeto je niz istraživanja i prezentiranja spomenika od katedrale do zapadnih termi, pronašao je ploču s Marulićevim grbom u zemljanom nasipu iznad razine poda romaničke kuće u Bajamontijevoj ulici broj 5. 2012. godine objavio je monografiju Nikola Ivanov Firentinac i trogirska renovatio urbis koja je originalan i vrijedan rad s arhitektonskog, povijesnog i povijesno – umjetničkog gledišta. U njoj je obradio urbanističke zahvate na trogirskom trgu između 1460. i 1480. godine.

Članke je objavio u raznim zbornicima i časopisima, kao što su Klesarstvo i graditeljstvo, Prilozi povijesti umjetnosti u Dalmaciji, Crkva u svijetu i dr.

Nagrade i priznanja
Dobitnik je više strukovnih nagrada i priznanja za konzervatorski i znanstveni rad. 1994. godine dobio je nagradu Vicko Andrić, 1996. godine odlikovan je odličjem Reda Danice hrvatske s likom Marka Marulića za posebne zasluge u kulturi, 2001. godine kolektivnu nagradu Vicko Andrić, 2002. godine nagradu Europa Nostra za restauraciju kapele sv. Ivana u Trogiru, 2007. godine nagradu Grada Trogira. 2013. godine dobio je osobnu godišnju nagradu Grada Splita za 2012. godinu za niz uspješnih projekata na proučavanju povijesne i kulturne baštine, a osobito za objavu knjige Nikola Ivanov Firentinac i trogirska renovatio urbis.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Pregled po znanstveniku: Radoslav Bužančić (MB: 209460)  Hrvatska znanstvena bibliografija. Institut Ruđer Bošković.

Hrvatski konzervatori
Hrvatski povjesničari umjetnosti
Hrvatski arhitekti
Urbanisti
Životopisi, Split

Radoslav Bužančić


Toni Kanaet (Split, 4 de setembro de 1995) é um taekwondista croata, medalhista olímpico.

Carreira

Kanaet conquistou a medalha de bronze nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 em Tóquio, após confronto contra o croata Nikita Rafalovich na categoria até 80 kg. Ele também ganhou a medalha de ouro no Campeonato Europeu de Taekwondo de 2018 em sua categoria.

Taekwondistas olímpicos da Croácia
Taekwondistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020

Toni Kanaet


VeggieTales este o serie animată de copii creată de Big Idea Entertainment, care conține legume antropomorfe în povestiri care transporta teme morale bazate pe creștinism. În România a fost difuzat pe canalul TVR 1.

Istorie
Serialul a fost creat de Phil Vischer și Mike Nawrocki când au vrut să creeze o serie de videoclipuri care îi învață pe copii despre povestiri și lecții din Biblie, in timp ce făcând-o distractivă.

Phil a început inițial în 1990, când dorea să folosească bare de bomboane ca bază. Cu toate acestea, soția lui a contestat ideea, crezând că a avut o influență negativă asupra copiilor. A tras un castravete și a crezut că este cea mai bună alegere, legume. El a ales aceste obiecte pe măsură ce a spus ele că sunt ușor de animat în comparație cu personajele cu membrele, hainele sau părul din cauza limitărilor privind grafica 3D la începutul anilor '90.

Phil a colaborat apoi cu Mike Nawrocki, care au făcut ambele emisiuni de marionete în colegiul biblic.

În cele din urmă, schițele pe care Phil le-a atras de fructe și legume au devenit baza pentru VeggieTales.

Numele în sine a venit de la Mike Nawrocki, deoarece a simțit că este un titlu bun, deoarece era vorba despre legume care povesteau povesti.

În timp ce Povestea jucăriilor este considerat primul film animat care folosește imaginile pe calculator pentru film, VeggieTales este prima serie video care folosește acest tip de animație înainte de lansarea filmului.

Seria a început cu doar unul sau două episoade pe an, până când compania a produs în cele din urmă trei episoade pe an începând cu 2014. De atunci, nu s-au produs noi episoade din serie, probabil datorită faptului că Big Idea Entertainment este prea ocupată creând și concentrându-se pe Povești cu legume: În casa (engleză VeggieTales in the House).

Episoade

Filme
Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie (2002)
Piratii care nu fac nimic: Povești în țara legumelor (2008)

Vezi și
 3-2-1 Super Pinguinii!
 LarryBoy: The Cartoon Adventures
 Povești cu legume: În casă
 Povești cu legume: În oraș

Legături externe

 Site-ul oficial pentru cumpărături

Seriale de animație

VeggieTales


Kişisel bilgisayar veya PC (İng: personal computer), şahsi kullanımına yönelik özel olarak tasarlanmış, herhangi bir uzman veya operatörün yardımı olmadan kişilerin kendi başlarına kullanabileceği bilgisayar türü. Masaüstü bilgisayarlar, dizüstü (laptop) bilgisayarlar ve tablet bilgisayarlar, PC'lere örnek olarak verilebilir. Kişisel bilgisayarlar evde, büroda veya mobil olarak (hareket hâlindeyken) kullanılabilirler.

Kişisel bilgisayarlardaki yazılım uygulamaları; metin işlemeyi, tablolama programını, veritabanlarını, web tarayıcılarını, e-posta istemcilerini, oyunları, sayısız kişisel performans ve özel amaçlı yazılım uygulamarını kapsar. Modern kişisel bilgisayarlarda çoğunlukla internet bağlantısı bulunmakta ve internete (WWW) erişilebilmektedir.

Kişisel bilgisayarlarda en yaygın olarak kullanılan mikroişlemciler  x64-uyumlu CPU'lardır. Önceki yıllarda x86-uyumlu CPU'lar yaygın olarak kullanılmıştır ve yakın gelecekte x64 CPU'lar, x86 CPU'ların yerini tamamen alacaklardır. Çünkü x86-uyumlu işlemciler yeni programların ihtiyaç duyduğu gücü sağlamakta yetersiz kalmakta, yeni nesil işlemciler ise hem daha ucuza mal edilebilmekte hem de performansı daha iyi sağlamaktadır.

Tarihçe

İlk kişisel bilgisayar olarak Altair 8800 gösterilmektedir. Kişisel bilgisayarlar yaygın olarak IBM uyumlu olup, Linux işletim sistemini içerebileceği gibi, Macintosh olup Mac OS X de içerebilir. Günümüzde en yaygın işletim sistemi ise Microsoft firmasının ürünü olan Windows serisidir.

Kişisel bilgisayar, terimi ilk kez New York Times gazetesinde 3 Kasım 1962'de kullanılmıştır.

Kaynakça

Kişisel bilgisayar


Flen flyys (Middle English: "Fleas and flies") is the colloquial name and first words of an anonymous, untitled poem, written about 1475 or earlier, famous for containing an early written usage in English of the vulgar verb "fuck". In fact the usage was "fuccant", a hybrid of an English root with a Latin conjugation, and was disguised in the text by a simple code, in which each letter was replaced with the next letter in the alphabet of the time (so that fuccant is written as gxddbou).

Written half in English and half in Latin, the poem satirised Carmelite friars in the English county of Cambridgeshire. The poem takes its name from the opening line Flen, flyys and freris meaning "fleas, flies and friars".

The famous line reads "Non sunt in coeli, quia gxddbov xxkxzt pg ifmk." meaning "They [the friars] are not in heaven, since ..." followed by words that when decoded, taking in account the alphabet of the time (where u and v were interchangeable, as were i and j, and uu represented w), read "fvccant vvivys of heli", a Latin/English mix that means "...they fuck the wives of Ely" (Ely being a city near Cambridge) as well as being a pun on the word "hell".

The poem also contains the lines "Fratres cum knyvys goth about and txxkxzv nfookt xxzxkt." With the last three words decoded in the same way as "svvivyt mennis vvyvis," it may be translated as "Friars with knives go about and swive (have sex with) men's wives."

The poem is found in British Library, Harley MS 3362, and was first edited in T. Wright & J. O. Halliwell, Reliquiæ Antiquæ (1841) 1.91. The Oxford English Dictionary (online edition) cites Flen flyys in square brackets, since the form fuccant is Anglo-Latin and not strictly speaking English.

Footnotes

Middle English poems

Flen flyys


The Temple Church, a royal peculiar in the Church of England, is a church in the City of London located between Fleet Street and the River Thames, built by the Knights Templar for their English headquarters in the Temple precinct. It was consecrated on 10 February 1185 by Patriarch Heraclius of Jerusalem. During the reign of King John (1199–1216) it served as the royal treasury, supported by the role of the Knights Templar as proto-international bankers. It is now jointly owned by the Inner Temple and Middle Temple Inns of Court, bases of the English legal profession. It is famous for being a round church, a common design feature for Knights Templar churches, and for its 13th- and 14th-century stone effigies. It was heavily damaged by German bombing during World War II and has since been greatly restored and rebuilt.

The area around the Temple Church is still known as the Temple. Temple Bar, a jurisdictional gateway, stood in the middle of Fleet Street in the Temple area. Nearby is Temple Underground station.

History

Construction
In the mid-12th century, before the construction of the church, the Knights Templar in London had met at a site in High Holborn in a structure originally established by Hugues de Payens (the site had been historically the location of a Roman temple in Londinium, now known as London). Because of the rapid growth of the order, by the 1160s the site had become too confined, and the order purchased the current site for the establishment of a larger monastic complex as their headquarters in England. In addition to the church, the new compound originally contained residences, military training facilities, and recreational grounds for the military brethren and novices, who were not permitted to go into the City without the permission of the Master of the Temple.

The church building comprises two separate sections: The original circular church building, called the Round Church and now acting as a nave, and a later rectangular section adjoining on the east side, built approximately half a century later, forming the chancel.

After the capture of Jerusalem in 1099 by the Crusaders, the Dome of the Rock was given to the Augustinians, who turned it into a church (while the Jami Al-Aqsa became a royal palace). Because the Dome of the Rock was the site of the Temple of Solomon, the Knights Templar set up their headquarters in the Al-Aqsa Mosque adjacent to the Dome for much of the 12th century. The Templum Domini, as they called the Dome of the Rock, featured on the official seals of the order's Grand Masters (such as Everard des Barres and Renaud de Vichiers), and along with the Church of the Holy Sepulchre upon which it was based soon became the architectural model for Round Templar churches across Europe.

The round church is  in diameter, and contains within it a circle of the earliest known surviving free-standing Purbeck Marble columns. It is probable that the walls and grotesque heads were originally painted in colours.

It was consecrated on 10 February 1185 by Heraclius, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem. It is believed that King Henry II (1154–1189) was present at the consecration.

1185–1307
The Knights Templar order was very powerful in England, with the Master of the Temple sitting in parliament as primus baro (the first baron in precedence of the realm). The compound was regularly used as a residence by kings and by legates of the Pope. The Temple also served as an early safety-deposit bank, sometimes in defiance of the Crown's attempts to seize the funds of nobles who had entrusted their wealth there. The quasi-supra-national independent network and great wealth of the order throughout Europe, and the jealousy this caused in secular kingdoms, is considered by most commentators to have been the primary cause of its eventual downfall.

In January 1215 William Marshal served as a negotiator during a meeting in the Temple between King John and the barons, who demanded that the king should uphold the rights enshrined in the Coronation Charter of his predecessor and elder brother King Richard I. Marshal swore on behalf of the king that the grievances of the barons would be addressed in the summer, which led to the signing by the king of Magna Carta in June.

Marshal later became regent during the reign of John's infant son, King Henry III (1216–1272). Henry later expressed a desire to be buried in the church and, to accommodate this, in the early 13th century the chancel of the original church was pulled down and a new larger chancel was built, the basic form of which survives today. It was consecrated on Ascension Day 1240 and comprises a central aisle and two side aisles, north and south, of identical width. The height of the vault is . Although one of Henry's infant sons was buried in the chancel, Henry himself later altered his will to reflect his new wish to be buried in Westminster Abbey.

Crown seizure

After the destruction and abolition of the Knights Templar in 1307, King Edward II took control of the church as a Crown possession. It was later given to the Knights Hospitaller, who leased the Temple to two colleges of lawyers. One college moved into the part of the Temple previously used by the Knights, and the other into the part previously used by its clergy, and both shared the use of the church. The colleges evolved into the Inner Temple and the Middle Temple, two of the four London Inns of Court.

16th–19th centuries
In 1540 the church became the property of the Crown once again when King Henry VIII abolished the Knights Hospitaller in England and confiscated their property. Henry provided a priest for the church under the former title "Master of the Temple". In the 1580s the church was the scene of the Battle of the Pulpits, a theological conflict between the Puritans and supporters of the Elizabethan Compromise. Shakespeare was familiar with the site and the church and garden feature in his play Henry VI, part 1 as the setting for the fictional scene of the plucking of two roses of York and Lancaster and the start of the Wars of the Roses. In 2002 this event was commemorated with the planting of new white and red roses in the modern gardens.

Following an agreement in 1608 by King James I, the two Inns were granted use of the church in perpetuity on condition that they should support and maintain it. They continue to use the Temple church as their ceremonial chapel.

The church escaped damage in the Great Fire of London of 1666. Nevertheless, it was refurbished by Christopher Wren, who made extensive modifications to the interior, including the addition of an altar screen and the installation of the church's first organ. The church underwent a Victorian restoration in 1841 by Smirke and Burton, who decorated the walls and ceiling in high Victorian Gothic style in an attempt to return the church back to its supposed original appearance. Further restoration work was executed in 1862 by James Piers St Aubyn.

Twentieth century

On 10 May 1941, German incendiary bombs set the roof of the Round Church on fire, and the fire quickly spread to the nave and chapel. The organ and all the wooden parts of the church, including the Victorian renovations, were destroyed and the Purbeck marble columns in the chancel cracked due to the intense heat. Although these columns still provided some support to the vault, they were deemed unsound and were replaced in identical form. The original columns had a slight outward lean, which architectural quirk was followed in the replacement columns. The Master's House was burned down on the same night.

During the renovation by the architect Walter Godfrey, it was discovered that elements of the 17th-century renovations made by Wren had survived in storage and these were replaced in their original positions. The church was rededicated in November 1958.

The church was designated a Grade I listed building on 4 January 1950.

Use

Among other purposes, the church was originally used for Templar initiation ceremonies. In England the ceremony involved new recruits entering the Temple via the western door at dawn. The initiates entered the circular nave and then took monastic vows of piety, chastity, poverty and obedience. The details of initiation ceremonies were always a closely guarded secret, which later contributed to the order's downfall as gossip and rumours spread about possible blasphemous usages. These rumours were manipulated and exploited by the order's enemies, such as King Philip IV of France, to fabricate a pretext for the order's suppression.

Today the Temple Church holds regular church services, including Holy Communion and Mattins on Sunday morning. It also holds weddings, but only for members of the Inner and Middle Temples. The Temple Church serves both the Inner Temple and the Middle Temple as a private chapel.

The Temple Church has always been a royal peculiar, due to which the choristers have the privilege of wearing scarlet cassocks. Debate exists regarding the relationship of its status as Crown subject and peculiar. Relations with the Bishop of London are very good and she regularly attends events and services at the Temple Church. The Bishop of London is also ex officio Dean of the Chapel Royal.

Music at the Temple Church

The church offers regular choral music performances and organ recitals. A choir in the English cathedral tradition was established at the Temple Church in 1842 under the direction of Dr E. J. Hopkins, and it soon earned a high reputation.

In 1927, the Temple Choir under George Thalben-Ball became world-famous with its recording of Mendelssohn's Hear My Prayer, including the solo "O for the Wings of a Dove" sung by Ernest Lough. This became one of the most popular recordings of all time by a church choir, and it sold strongly throughout the twentieth century, reaching gold disc status (a million copies) in 1962 and achieving an estimated 6 million sales to date.

The Temple Church's excellent acoustics have also attracted secular musicians: Sir John Barbirolli recorded a famous performance of the Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis by Ralph Vaughan Williams there in 1962 (at the suggestion of Bernard Herrmann), and Paul Tortelier made his recording of the complete Bach Cello Suites there in April 1982.

In 2003 the church was the location of a music video of Libera.

While writing the score for Interstellar, film composer Hans Zimmer chose the Temple Church for the recording of the parts of the score that included an organ. The church's organist, Roger Sayer, played the organ, while a large orchestra played throughout the church. Zimmer is quoted saying that "Setting foot into Temple Church is like stepping into profound history. ...Temple Church houses one of the most magnificent organs in the world."

The choir continues to record, broadcast and perform, in addition to its regular services at the Temple Church. It is an all-male choir, consisting of 18 boys who are all educated on generous scholarships (most of the boys attend the City of London School although the scholarship is portable) and 12 professional men. They perform weekly at Sunday services, 11:15–12:15 pm, during term time. The choir gave the world premiere of Sir John Tavener's epic The Veil of the Temple, which took place over seven hours during an overnight vigil in the Temple Church in 2003. The following year it was performed by the choir at the Lincoln Festival in New York City; a concert version was performed at the BBC Proms the same year. Two new recordings were released in 2010 on the Signum Classics label: one of the Temple Church Choir, and a recording of English organ music played by James Vivian. Both were critically acclaimed. The boys' choir also appears on the 2016 recording of John Rutter's violin concerto Visions, and on an album of upper-voices Christmas music released the same year.

Organ

The church contains two organs: a chamber organ built by Robin Jennings in 2001, and a four manual Harrison & Harrison organ, built in 1924 as a private ballroom organ at Glen Tanar House and installed at the Temple Church in 1954.

List of organists

The church has had a number of famous organists, including:

Francis Pigott 1688–1704
John Pigott 1704–1737 (from 1729 for Middle Temple only)

Inner Temple
Obadiah Shuttleworth 1729–1734
John Stanley 1734–1786
Robert John Samuel Stevens 1786–1810
George Price 1810–1814

Middle Temple
John Pigott 1729–1737
James Vincent 1737–1749
John Jones 1749–1796
Emily Dowding 1796–1814

(from 1814 for both Inner and Middle Temple)
George Price 1814–1826
George Warne 1826–1843 (afterwards organist of St Nicholas' Church, Great Yarmouth)
Dr Edward John Hopkins 1843–1897
Sir Henry Walford Davies 1897–1923
Sir George Thalben-Ball 1923–1982
Dr John Birch 1982–1997
Stephen Layton 1997–2006
James Vivian 2006–2013
Roger Sayer 2014–

Master of the Temple

The church always has two clergy, called the "Master of the Temple" and the "Reader of the Temple." The title of the Master of the Temple recalls the title of the head of the former order of the Knights Templar. The Master of the Temple is appointed by the Crown; the right of appointment was reserved when the Church was granted to the two Inns by James I in 1608. The church has the status of a peculiar rather than a private chapel and is outside any episcopal or archiepiscopal jurisdiction. The present Master of the Temple is the Reverend Robin Griffith-Jones, appointed in 1999. The Master gives regular lunchtime talks open to the public.

The official title of the Master of the Temple is the "Reverend and Valiant Master of the Temple." His official residence is the Master's House, a Georgian townhouse built next to the church in 1764.

Masters of the Temple

 1160-1185† Richard de Hastings
 1540–1558† William Ermested
 1560–1584† Richard Alvey
 1585–1591 Richard Hooker
 1591–1601† Nicholas Balgay
 1601–1628† Thomas Master (as Archdeacon of Salop from 1614)
 1628–1639† Paul Micklethwaite
 1639–1644 John Littleton (royalist, left London to join the king, ejected 1644)
(1644 Richard Vines nominated by the House of Commons but rejected by the House of Lords.)
 1645–1646 John Tombes
 1646–1658 Richard Johnson
 1658–1659† Ralph Brownrigg (as Bishop of Exeter)
 1659–1661 John Gauden (as Bishop of Exeter)
 1661–1684† Richard Ball
 1684–1704 William Sherlock (as Dean of St Paul's from 1691)
 1704–1753 Thomas Sherlock (as Dean of Chichester 1715, Bishop of Bangor 1728, Salisbury 1734, London 1748)
 1753–1763† Samuel Nicolls
 1763–1771† Gregory Sharpe
 1771–1772† George Watts
 1772–1787 Thomas Thurlow (as Dean of Rochester 1775, Bishop of Lincoln 1779)
 1787–1797 William Pearce (later Dean of Ely)
 1797–1798 Thomas Kipling (later Dean of Peterborough)
 1798–1827 Thomas Rennell (as Dean of Winchester from 1805)
 1827–1845 Christopher Benson
 1845–1869 Thomas Robinson
 1869–1894 Charles John Vaughan (as Dean of Llandaff from 1879)
 1894–1904† Alfred Ainger
 1904–1915† Henry George Woods
 1915–1919 Ernest Barnes (later Bishop of Birmingham)
 1919–1930 William Henry Draper
 1930–1935 Spencer Carpenter (later Dean of Exeter)
 1935–1954† Harold Anson
 1954–1957† John Firth
 1958–1968 Dick Milford
 1968–1980 Bobby Milburn (formerly Dean of Worcester)
 1981–1999† Joseph Robinson
 1999– Robin Griffith-Jones

† Master died in post

Buried in the church

 Sir Richard Chetwode, Sheriff of Northamptonshire (1560–1635).
 Silvester de Everdon, Bishop of Carlisle and Lord Chancellor of England (died 1254).
 Sir Anthony Jackson (1599–1666).
 Geoffrey de Mandeville, 1st Earl of Essex (died September 1144).
 William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke (1146–1219).
 William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (1190 – 6 April 1231).
 Gilbert Marshal, 4th Earl of Pembroke (1194 – 27 June 1241).
 Dr Richard Mead (1673–1754).
 William Petyt, barrister, legal scholar, and Keeper of the Records in the Tower of London (1640/1641 – 3 October 1707).
 Sir Edmund Plowden (1518–1585).
 Francis James Newman Rogers (1791–1851).
 John Selden (1584 – 1654), English jurist
 James Simpson (1737–1815), Attorney General of Colonial South Carolina. His wife, who predeceased him, is buried in the south transept of Westminster Abbey.
 Sir John Tremayne (1647–1694).
 Robert de Veteripoint, Sheriff of Westmoreland (died 1228).
 Oliver Goldsmith, (1728–1774), novelist, playwright and poet.

In popular culture
Temple Church plays a significant role in the plot of the mystery novel The Da Vinci Code by Dan Brown and its subsequent film adaptation, a key scene of which was filmed inside the church.

See also

 List of churches and cathedrals of London
 Temple (Paris) – medieval Knights Templar European headquarters
 History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes

References

External links

 Official website of the Temple Church
 Official website detailing the music of the Temple Church
 Middle Temple's website
 Inner Temple's website
 2008 Temple Festival website
 Temple Church – Sacred Destinations article with large photo gallery
 Black and white images of the Temple – Pitt University
 Ground plan and discussion of round shape – Rosslyn Templars
 The History of the Knights Templar, by Charles Greenstreet Addison, with extensive history and description of Temple Church

Church of England church buildings in the City of London
Knights Templar
Royal Peculiars
Masters of the Temple
Christopher Wren church buildings in London
Churches bombed by the Luftwaffe in London
Grade I listed churches in the City of London
Tourist attractions in London
Round churches in England
Church

Temple Church


Michel Bouquet () a fost un pictor francez.

Date biografice
Până în anul 1830, Michel Bouquet a frecventat Universitatea Politehnică din Lorient. Elev al lui Theodore Gudin, el a început să picteze lucrări cu tematică marină și a debutat la Salonul Oficial din anul 1835, cu un tablou intitulat Vue prise à Lorient. Ulterior, el s-a dedicat peisagisticii pictând cu predilecție imagini din Bretania și a câștigat medalia de clasa a 3 - în anul 1839. După această expoziție, el a decis, la fel ca mulți alți artiști tineri seduși de lucrările lui Decamps și Prosper Marilhat, să facă o excursie în Orient. Bouquet a vizitat Sicilia, Grecia, Asia Mică, Constantinopolul, Moldova și Valahia, Ungaria, Algeria, făcând diferite desene și schițe după peisajele pe care le-a întâlnit în diferitele țări  pe care le-a vizitat. Schițele au stat la baza picturilor în ulei sau a pastelurilor pe care le-a realizat ulterior, lucrări care au fost mai apoi foarte apreciate de critica de artă.

Bouquet a vizitat Scoția și a expus pastelurile realizte în anul 1850. El nu a renunțat la reprezentarea în lucrările sale a locurilor din zona unde s-a născut. În anul 1845 a primit din partea Ministerului de Interne francez comanda de a picta un peisaj numit Vue de Lorient. În perioada 1853 - 1856 a expus cu greutate peisajele realizate în Normandia și Bretania. A câștigat medalia clasa a doua a Salonului Oficial din anul 1847 și din 1849. Ca pictor, el a reușit să surprindă în picturile sale efemeritatea momentelor inedite de lumină și umbră ce apar în natură. A fost un specialist în înfățișarea transparențelor acvatice, în efecte ale luminozității cerului și în verdeața rece a peisajului. Michel Bouquet a fost un colorist genial și s-a distins inclusiv în tehnica pastelului.

Artistul a publicat o mulțime de litografii, un album, în anul 1840 la Paris, cu douăsprezece plăci cu peisaje făcute pe vremea în care a vizitat principatele dunărene și două cărți referitoare la Scoția. Una dintre ele intitulată The Tourist's Ramble in the Highlands a fost publicată la Londra și cealaltă la Paris în anul 1852. El a făcut mai multe desene publicate în revista  l'Illustration cu peisaje din Scoția

Referințe

Bibliografie
 G. Oprescu, Țările române văzute de artiști francezi, Cultura Națională, 1926
Yves Berthelot, Michel Bouquet, industria picturală capiatin, 1807-1890, Un Historien à LOrient

Nașteri în 1807
Decese în 1890
Pictori francezi
Francezi din secolul al XIX-lea

Michel Bouquet (pictor)


يعقوب عبد الله (12 يناير 1975 -)، ممثل كويتي.

عن حياته
يحمل شهادة بكالوريوس تربية رياضية من كلية التربية الأساسية التابعة للهيئة العامة للتعليم التطبيقي والتدريب، ويعمل مدرس تربية بدنية. بدأ العمل الفني في مسرح الشباب، وشارك في العديد من الورش المسرحية. إلا إن بدايته الفعلية كانت في عام 2001 عندما شارك في مسلسل جرح الزمن، ثم توالت أعماله الفنية بالمسرح والتلفزيون.

أعماله

من المسلسلات

تقديم البرامج
 برنامج صادوة - الجزء الثاني، بمشاركة المذيعة مها محمد.
 برنامج اللعب فلة.

المسرحيات

الجوائز
 في عام 2008 حصل على «أوسكار جريدة عالم اليوم» كأفضل ممثل شاب عن دوره في مسلسل التنديل.
 في عام 2010 حصل على جائزة أفضل ممثل من «مهرجان الخرافي للإبداع المسرحي» عن دورة في مسرحية دماء بلا ثمن.

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
ممثلون كويتيون في القرن 20
مواليد 1394 هـ
مواليد 1975
ممثلو تلفزيون كويتيون
ممثلو مسرح كويتيون

يعقوب عبد الله


ෂටලය (කුරුල්ලෙක් හෝ කීරා ලෙස ද හඳුන්වයි )
බැඩ්මින්ටන් ක්‍රීඩාවේ භාවිතා වන ඉහළ- රෝධය ප්රක්ෂේපනයකි. එය  විවෘත කේතුකාකාර හැඩයකින් යුක්ත වේ: කේතුව සෑදී තිබෙන්නේ පාත්ත හෝ තාරා පිහාටු  16 හෝ ඊට වැඩි ගණනක් වටකුරු කිරළ ඇබ පදනමකට අතිච්ඡාදනය කර කාවැද්ද වීමෙනි. කිරළ ඇබය තුනී සමකින් ආවරණය කර තිබේ. ෂටලයේ  හැඩය එය ඉතාමත්  සින්ක් ස්ථාවර කර තබනවා. මූලික දිශානතිය ඉවතලුවෝතින්, කිරළ ඇබය පළමුව පියාසර කරන අතර, කිරළ ඇබයේ පළමු දිශානතිය පවති. shuttlecock යන විවහාරික නාමය shuttle ලෙස සාමාන්‍ය බසින් හඳුන්වනු ලබයි. එහි නාමයෙහි "shuttle" යන කොටස සමහරවිට ව්යුත්පන්න වී ඇත්තේ තරඟය අතර තුර එහි පසුපස හා ඉදිරි  චලනය රෙදි වියන යන්ත්‍රයක ෂටලයේ ක්‍රියාවලියට සමාන නිසා විය හැක; එහි නාමයෙහි "cock" යන කොටස සමහරවිට ව්යුත්පන්න වී ඇත්තේ කුකුලෙකුගේ ආකාරයට පිහාටු සවි කර ඇති නිසා විය හැක.

පිහාටු ෂට්ල්  එදිරිව කෘතිම ෂට්ල්
පිහාටු පහසුවෙන් කඩෙන සුළුය; එම නිසා ෂටල පසුවෙන් හානි වන නිසා තරඟයක් අතර තුර නිතරම කිහිප වරක් ෂටල ආදේශ  වේ. මේ හේතුව නිසා පිහාටු ෂටල වලට ආදේශයක් ලෙස ප්ලාස්ටික් අවරනයකින් යුත් කෘතීම ෂටල නිපදවා තිබේ. ක්‍රීඩකයින් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් කෘතීම ෂටල plastics ලෙසද, පිහාටු ෂටල feathers ලෙසද හඳුන්වයි.

පිහාටු ෂටල නිවැරදි දුර නිසි වේගයෙන් පියාසර කිරීමට හා වැඩි කලක් භාවිතා කිරීමට එය ක්‍රීඩාවට යොදා ගැනීමට අඩුම වශයෙන් පැය 4 කටවත් පෙර එය හොඳින් ආර්ද්‍ර කරගත යුතුය.  හොඳින් ආර්ද්‍ර කරගත් පිහාටු, ෂටලයේ වේගය වෙනස් වීම හා එහි කල්පැවැත්ම වැඩි දියුණු කරමින් තරඟය අතරතුර හොඳින් නැමීමට ලක් වේ.  වියළි පිහාටු බිඳෙන සුළු අතර පහසුවෙන් කැඩීමට ලක්වීම ෂටලය පැත්තෙන් පැත්තට වැනීමට හේතු වේ. සංතෘප්ත පිහාටු 'තලප' වැනිය, එය තදින් පහර දුන් විට පිහාටු කේතුව ඕනෑවට වඩා පටු කිරීමෙන් ෂටලයට ඕනෑවටත් වඩා දුර හා වේගයකින් පියාසර කිරීමට හැකියාව ලබා දෙයි.  සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අර්ද්‍රතා පෙට්ටි භාවිත කරනු ලබන අතර, වසන ලද ෂටල නලයේ පිහාටු අගට සරල තෙත් ස්පොන්ජියක් ඇතුළු කිරීමෙන්ද මෙම කාර්යය සාර්ථකව ඉටුකර ගත හැක.  ෂටලයේ කිරල ඇබය කොටසේ ජලය කිසිසේත් ස්පර්ශ නොවිය යුතුය. ෂටල නිවැරදි හා නිසි වේගයෙන් හා දුර පියාසර කරන්නේද යන්න සහතික කරගැනීමට ක්‍රීඩා කිරීමට පළමුව ෂටල පරීක්ෂා කරනු ලැබේ.  දේශීය වායුගෝලීය තත්වයන්ට සරිලන ආකාරයට විවිධ බර වලින් යුත් ෂටල යොදාගනී.  ආර්ද්‍රතාවය හා මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සිට ඇති උස යන දෙකම ෂටලයේ ගුවන් චලිතයට බලපායි.  සාමාන්ය ක්රීඩකයකුගේ අත යටින් එල්ල කල පහරකින් නිවැරදි ෂටලයක් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ක්‍රීඩා පිටියේ දැලෙහි එක් පැත්තක පසුපස රේඛාවේ සිට අනෙක් පැත්තේ දිගු යුගල සේවා රේඛාවට කෙටි දුරක් ආසන්න වන තෙක් ගමන් කරයි.

හොඳ තත්වයේ පිහාටු ෂටලයක මිල  හොඳ තත්වයේම ප්ලාස්ටික් ෂටලයක මිලට සමාන වන අතර, ප්ලාස්ටික් ෂටලය දීර්ඝ කාලයක් භාවිත කල හැක,
සාමාන්යයෙන් එහි ගුවනේ චලනයට බාධාවක් ඇති නොවී වැඩි තරඟ සංඛාවක් කල් පවත්වා ගත හැක.

වඩාත් අත්දැකීම් බහුල හා දක්ෂ ක්‍රීඩකයින් පිහාටු සඳහා කැමැත්තක් දක්වන අතර ප්‍රධාන තරඟාවලි හා ලීගයන් හීදී සෑම විටම ක්‍රීඩා කිරීම සඳහා උසස් තත්වයෙන් යුත් පිහාටු ෂටල යොදා ගනී. අත්දැකීම් බහුල ක්‍රීඩකයින් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් පිහාටු ෂටලයක "හැඟීම්" වලට අසා කරන [citation needed] අතර ප්ලාස්ටික් වලට වඩා පහසුවෙන් පිහාටු වල ගුවන් චලනය පාලනය නතු කර ගනී. යුරෝපයේ හා උතුරු ඇමරිකානු කලාපයට වඩා ආසියාවේ පිහාටු ෂටල වැඩි වශයෙන් යොදා ගන්න අතර ප්ලාස්ටික් ෂටල  ඉතා අඩුවෙන් භාවිත වේ.[citation needed]

ප්ලාස්ටික් සහ පිහාටු වලින් ක්‍රීඩා කිරීමේ ලක්ෂණ වල සැලකිය යුතු වෙනසක් තිබේ. මුලික බලපෑමේදී ප්ලාස්ටික් මදක් සෙමින් පියාසර කරන අතර, ගුවන් චලිතයේ අවසනය වන විට තවත් මන්දගාමී වේ. නිශ්චිත පහරක් හමුවේ පිහාටු කෙළින්ම පහළට වැටීමට නැඹුරු වන අතර, ප්ලාස්ටික් කිසිසේත්ම කෙළින්ම පහළ වැටීමට ලක් නොවී, විකර්ණයක් ආකාරයට පහලට වැටේ. පිහාටු ෂටල නුල් වලින් 320 km/h (200 mph) වඩා වැඩි වේගයකින් පිට වන අතර, නමුත්  ඉක්මනින් මන්දගාමී වේ පහලට ඇද වැටේ. මේ හේතුව නිසා පිහාටු ෂටල යොදා ගන්නා තරඟ  වඩා වේගවත් කරන බවක් දක්නට ලැබෙන,[citation needed] අතර පහර එල්ල කිරිඉමට වැඩි වෙලාවක් ඉඩ ලබා දෙයි. පිහාටු ෂටල රැකටයේ මුහුණතේ වැදී වඩා වේගයෙන් ගමන් කරන නිසා ඒවා උරහිස් වලට ඇතිවන බලපෑම හා ආබාධ අඩු කිරීමට නැඹුරු තාවයක් දක්වයි. .[citation needed]

පිරිවිතර
ෂටලයක බර සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ග්‍රෑම් 4.75ත් 5.50ත් අතර වේ (අවුන්ස 0.168ත් 0.194ත් අතර). එක පිහාටුවක දිග මිලිමීටර් 70 (අඟල් 2.8) බැගින් වන පිහාටු 16 කින් එය සමන්විත වේ. කිරළ ඇබයේ විෂ්කම්භය මිලිමීටර් 25ත් 28ත් (අඟල් 0.98ත් 1.10ත් අතර) අතර ද පිහාටු වලින් සදෙන වෘත්තයේ විෂ්කම්භය මිලිමීටර් 54 (2.1 අඟල්) ද වේ.

මෙයද බලන්න
 Jianzi: a traditional Asian game in which players aim to keep a heavily weighted shuttlecock (Jian) from touching the ground
 Battledore and shuttlecock: an ancient game similar to that of modern badminton.

ආශ්රිත

ෂටල


Empetrum is a genus of three species of dwarf evergreen shrubs in the heath family Ericaceae.  They are commonly known as crowberries and bear edible fruit. They are commonly found in the northern hemisphere, from temperate to subarctic climates, and also in the Southern Andes of South America and on the South Atlantic islands of South Georgia, the Falklands and Tristan da Cunha. The typical habitat is on moorlands, tundra, muskeg and spruce forests. They are also often found in areas of coastal exposure on the sand dunes and dune slacks.

Species of Empetrum include: E. nigrum (crowberry or black crowberry) and its tetraploid subspecies E. nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum, E. eamesii (rockberry or purple crowberry) and E. rubrum (red crowberry). All are evergreen mat forming shrubs, with small, light green needle-like leaves 3–10 mm long. The flowers are small and either bisexual or dioecious. The fruit is a fairly dry berry. The plant has slender, wiry, spreading branches covered with short, narrow, stiff leaves, the margins of which are recurved so as to form a hollow cylinder concealing the hairy under face of the leaf, which protects against excessive loss of water from the leaf.

The genus and related ones such as Ceratiola and Corema were for most of the 20th century classified in their own family Empetraceae, but molecular data, leaf morphology, and other considerations point to their inclusion in the Ericaceae (specifically, as a tribe within the subfamily Ericoideae).   This tribe does share a number of distinctive morphological features, which seem to be associated with wind pollination.

Uses
In subarctic areas, Empetrum has been a vital addition to the diet of the Inuit and the Sami. After waning popularity, the crowberry is regaining its reputation as an edible berry. It provides a steady crop and the gathering is relatively easy. The high concentration of anthocyanin pigment can be used as a natural food dye. The Dena'ina (Tanaina) harvest it for food, sometimes storing in quantity for winter, and like it mixed with lard or oil. They keep well in a cool place without any special preparation.

The berries are usually collected in the fall of the year but if not picked they may persist on the plant and can be picked in the spring. The Inuit and Native Americans mix them with other berries, especially the blueberry. Cooking enhances the flavor. They make good pie and jelly.

The leaves and stems are used in Dena'ina medicine for diarrhea and stomach problems; they are boiled or soaked in hot water, and the strained liquid drunk.

In Dena'ina plantlore in the Outer and Upper Inlet area of Lake Clark, the root is also used as a medicine, being used to remove a growth on an eye and to heal sore eyes. The roots are boiled and the eyes are washed with the strained, cooled tea, to which a little sugar may be added.

The vitamin content of crowberries is low, as is also the concentration of volatile liquids, the lack of which makes them almost odorless. The acidity is lower than is typically encountered in forest berries.

Crowberries are also occasionally grown as ornamental plants in rockeries, notably the yellow-foliage cultivar Empetrum nigrum 'Lucia' (photo, left).

See also
 List of fruits

References

External links

Ericaceae genera
Berries

Empetrum


La patria equivocada es una película argentina dramática-histórica de 2011 dirigida por Carlos Galettini y protagonizada por Juana Viale, Adrián Navarro y Esteban Pérez. Está basada en la novela homónima de Dalmiro Sáenz. Se estrenó el jueves 27 de octubre de ese año.

Sinopsis
Clarita se enamora de Clorindo y abandona su bien posicionado hogar para dedicar su vida a su marido, desertor del ejército, y a sus ideales. Luego de la muerte de Clorindo, busca otro destino para su hijo. Los descendientes de esta familia, irán recorriendo la historia de la construcción de la Argentina atravesada por el orgullo, la pasión y la venganza.

Reparto
 Juana Viale ... Niña Clarita
 Adrián Navarro ... Federico López
 Esteban Pérez ... Requejo
 Aldo Barbero ... Jean Pierre Dumont
 Sebastián Pajoni ... Maestro
 Elio Marchi ... Clorindo Mayor
 Ricardo Bertone ... Padre Crespo
 Daniel Aimetta ... Tata Dios
 Fernando Margenet ... General Mitre
 Lelia Maria ... Lucia
 Juan Ignacio Bianco ... Clorindo Hijo

Recepción
La patria equivocada tuvo una pobre recepción por la mayoría de la crítica. En una recopilación de las críticas del film en el sitio de reseñas Todas Las Críticas, éste alcanzó una aprobación del 25%, de entre 15 críticas.

El Diario La Nación calificó a la película como mala:

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio Oficial

 Tráiler YouTube

Películas de cine histórico
Películas basadas en hechos reales

La patria equivocada


Rygaards Skole er en privatskole i Hellerup, Gentofte Kommune. Skolen, der har både en dansk og international afdeling, blev oprettet i 1909 af nonneordenen Assumptionssøstrene, og skolen bygger derfor deres værdier på et katolsk-kristent grundlag. Skolen havde i 2009 840 elever.

Skolen ligger på Bernstorffsvej 54, hvor også Sankt Therese Kirke ligger (nr. 56).

Referencer

Katolske skoler i Danmark
Hellerup
Proprietærgårde
Etableret i 1909
Vilhelm Tvede

Rygaards Skole


الأمير، وهو لقب تشريفي.

 أمير (اسم) : أسم مذكر معطى

 أمير (لقب) : لقب نبيل

 الأمير، وهو كتاب للكاتب الإيطالي نيكولو مكيافيلي نشر عام 1532 م.

صفحات توضيح أسماء أماكن

أمير (توضيح)


John Alldis (10 de agosto de 1929 – 20 de diciembre de 2010) fue un maestro de coro y director de orquesta británico.

Después de terminar sus estudios secundarios en Felsted, Alldis estudió música coral con Boris Ord en el King's College de la Universidad de Cambridge desde 1949 hasta 1952. Después de dejar la universidad, Alldis rápidamente ganó consideración como director de coro. En 1966, la Orquesta Sinfónica de Londres lo contrató para formar y dirigir su primer grupo coral estable. Sin embargo, se cambió al Coro Filarmónico de Londres en 1969, con el que permaneció hasta 1982, preparando coros para muchas interpretaciones con Sir Adrian Boult, Otto Klemperer, Leopold Stokowski, Sir Colin Davis, Bernard Haitink, Georg Solti, Zubin Mehta y Daniel Barenboim.

En 1962, Alldis fundó el coro profesional que lleva su nombre, John Alldis Choir, de 16 miembros, que se presentó con el estreno mundial de la obra de Alexander Goehr Una pequeña cantata de proverbios. Su nombre fue identificado con el coro a partir de entonces. La música contemporánea figuró de manera importante en su repertorio, y estrenó obras de Malcolm Williamson, Richard Rodney Bennett y Harrison Birtwistle, muchas de las cuales fueron grabadas para el sello Argo. En 1967, preparó el John Alldis Choir para la primera representación en Europa de Cánticos de Réquiem, de Stravinski, dirigida por Pierre Boulez. La grabación que el coro hizo 1972 de Verse, Op. 7b, de Justin Connolly, fue relanzada en 2008 por el sello Lyrita. El coro también participó en muchas grabaciones de ópera para Decca y la RCA, junto a cantantes como Luciano Pavarotti, Plácido Domingo, Janet Baker, Joan Sutherland y Kiri Te Kanawa.

En 1970, Alldis dirigió su coro en el estreno y grabación de Atom Heart Mother, álbum de rock de Pink Floyd. En 1975, dirigió al coro en la interpretación en la abadía de Westminster del Concierto sacro de Duke Ellington, grabación que sería la anteúltima de Ellington. También dirigió al Coro Filarmónico de Londres y a los vientos en la grabación de Star Clusters, de David Bedford, editado por el sello Classicprint. En 1977, grabó Sounds of Glory para Arcade Records, una compilación de clásicos corales, que ganó un disco de oro.

Alldis dirigió a otros conjuntos, de estilos que abarcan desde el Renacimiento hasta la música contemporánea. Desde 1966 hasta 1979, dirigió el coro de la Guildhall School of Music and Drama. Entre 1971 y 1977, sirvió como director conjunto de Radio Dinamarca, dirigiendo principalmente al Coro de la Radio Estatal de Dinamarca. Desde 1979 hasta 1983, dirigió al Groupe Vocal de France, con el que grabó obras de Francis Poulenc y Gabriel Fauré. Desde 1989 hasta 1990, fue director musical y consultivo de los Cameran Singers en Israel y brevemente fue director invitado para el Hallé Choir en Manchester. Desde 1978 hasta 1987, dirigió el American Choral Symposium en Manhattan (Kansas). Desde 1985 hasta 1998, fue director invitado permanente del Coro de Cámara de los Países Bajos, con el que realizó varias grabaciones, entre ellas, música coral inglesa en el sello Globe. Desde 1989 hasta 1997, fue director invitado del Coro Filarmónico de Tokio y la Sociedad Filarmónica Central de China en Pekín. En 2002, dirigió la Ópera de Lyon en la primera representación de Messa Sulenna, del compositor corso Jean-Paul Poletti. Desde 1975 hasta 2003, Alldis sirvió en el Ralph Vaughan Williams Trust, y desde 1971 hasta 2004 dirigió la Orquesta Sinfónica de Wimbledon.

Alldis ganó premios Grammy por su obra con Sir Adrian Boult y Sir Georg Solti, fue Honorary Fellow de Westminster Choir College, Princeton. En 1994 fue nombrado Caballero de la Orden de las Artes y las Letras. Estuvo casado con la violinista y maestra Ursula Alldis, y tuvo dos hijos,  Dominic y Robert.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Directores de orquesta del Reino Unido
Directores de coro del Reino Unido
Ganadores del Premio Grammy
Alumnado del King's College (Cambridge)
Músicos clásicos del siglo XX del Reino Unido

John Alldis


Margaret Ann May (born 30 June 1950), is an Australian politician who was a Liberal Party of Australia member of the Australian House of Representatives from October 1998 to July 2010, representing McPherson, Queensland.

May was born in Ba, Fiji, and was educated at Seaforth TAFE College in Sydney. She was a financial administrator with the New South Wales Department of Education 1982–88 and an electorate secretary before entering politics.

May was elected to the seat of McPherson at the 1998 election. She defeated her Labor challenger local Councillor Eddy Saroff at the 2007 election and was subsequently appointed to the Outer Shadow Ministry as Shadow Minister for Ageing until the change in Liberal leadership in December 2009.

On 14 August 2009 she announced that she would retire at the 2010 federal election.

References

1950 births
Living people
People from Ba Province
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for McPherson
Women members of the Australian House of Representatives
21st-century Australian politicians
21st-century Australian women politicians
20th-century Australian politicians
20th-century Australian women politicians

Margaret May


Barsbüttel, Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaleti Stormarn iline bağlı bölge. 24,68 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu 31 Aralık 2004 itibarıyla 12322 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Nüfus yoğunluğu ise 499 seviyesindedir. Belediye başkanlığı Arno Kowalski tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmi site

Stormarn iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Barsbüttel


Cavalleria war ein spanisches Flächen- und Feldmaß. Die Größe des Maßes war von der Getreidesaatmenge abhängig, die für die Fläche notwendig war.
 1 Cavalleria = 60 Fanega Saatgut
Die Fanega war  ein Volumenmaß von etwa 55,4 Liter.
Als Bestellfläche hatte eine Fanega um 576 Quadrat-Estadales, was 64,256 Ar entsprach, so dass sich für eine  Cavalleria  um 3855 Ar ergaben.

Literatur
 Samuel Ricard, Thomas Heinrich Gadebusch: Handbuch der Kaufleute: oder Allgemeine Übersicht und Beschreibung des Handels der vornehmsten europäischen Staaten nebst Nachrichten von ihren natürlichen Produkten, Manufakturen und Fabrike. Band 2, Anton Ferdinand Röse, Greifswald 1784, S. 300.

Einzelnachweise

Altes Maß oder Gewicht (Spanien)
Flächeneinheit

Cavalleria


6291 Renzetti este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
6291 Renzetti este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Stația Anderson Mesa de Edward L. G. Bowell. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,48 ua, o excentricitate de 0,22 și o înclinație de 11,5° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 6001-7000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1985
Centura de asteroizi

6291 Renzetti


"Slavonska nogometna zona – Posavska skupina" je bila jedna od dvije skupine "Slavonske nogometne zone", odnosno liga četvrtog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1977./78.
Sudjelovalo je 14 klubova, a prvak je bio "Borac" iz Podvinja.

Ljestvica

 "Hajduk" (Sijekovac) – klub iz Bosne i Hercegovine

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Unutarnje poveznice
 Hrvatska liga – Sjever 1977./78.
 Slavonska zona – Podravska skupina 1977./78.
 Liga NSO Nova Gradiška 1977./78.
 Općinska liga Slavonska Požega 1977./78.
 Općinska liga Vinkovci 1977./78.
 Liga NSO Županja 1977./78.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 Željko Batarilović: NK Otok : 1923. – 2003. : monografija , Osijek, 2003.,
 library.foi.hr, "Vinkovački list"
 library.foi.hr, "Vinkovački list", br. 22 (1364), god. XXVI, izdano 9. lipnja 1978., str. 11 (Sport), (25. kolo i ljestvica), preuzeto 23. ožujka 2020.
 library.foi.hr, "Vinkovački list", br. 23 (1365), god. XXVI, izdano 16. lipnja 1978., str. 13 (Sport), (26. kolo), preuzeto 23. ožujka 2020.

1977-78 Slavonija
1977-78
Slavonija

Slavonska nogometna zona Posavska skupina 1977./78.


Infrastruktura

Početak gradnje/renovacije

Dovršetak gradnje/renovacije ili otvaranje

Svemirske letjelice

Orbitalne i suborbitalne letjelice

Letovi prema Mjesecu i tijelima Sunčevog sustava

 2. listopada – lansiran SOHO

Tehnologija

Ostali događaji

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Astronautika u 1996.


Tovomitopsis, biljni rod iz porodice kluzijevki. Postoje dvije priznate vrste grmova i drveća iz Južne i jugoistočne Južne Amerike

Vrste
 Tovomitopsis paniculata (Spreng.) Planch. & Triana
 Tovomitopsis saldanhae Engl.

Sinonimi
 Bertolonia Spreng.

Izvori

Clusieae

Tovomitopsis


General Sir Horace Lockwood Smith-Dorrien,  (26 May 1858 – 12 August 1930) was a British Army General. One of the few British survivors of the Battle of Isandlwana as a young officer, he also distinguished himself in the Second Boer War.

Smith-Dorrien held senior commands in the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) during the First World War. He commanded II Corps at the Battle of Mons, the first major action fought by the BEF, and the Battle of Le Cateau, where he fought a vigorous and successful defensive action contrary to the wishes of the Commander-in-Chief Sir John French, with whom he had had a personality clash dating back some years. In the spring of 1915 he commanded the Second Army at the Second Battle of Ypres. He was relieved of command by French for requesting permission to retreat from the Ypres Salient to a more defensible position.

Early life
Horace Smith-Dorrien was born at Haresfoot, a house near Berkhamsted, in the county of Hertfordshire to Colonel Robert Algernon Smith-Dorrien and Mary Ann Drever. He was the twelfth child of sixteen; his eldest brother was Thomas Smith-Dorrien-Smith, the Lord Proprietor of the Isles of Scilly from 1872 until 1918. Another elder brother was Rear-Admiral Arthur Hale Smith-Dorrien. He was educated at Harrow and on 26 February 1876 entered the Royal Military College, Sandhurst.

Career
On graduation from the Royal Military College in 1877 he had hoped to receive an infantry commission with the 95th Rifle Brigade, but instead received one with the 95th (Derbyshire) Regiment of Foot, later to become the Sherwood Foresters.

Zulu War
On 1 November 1878, he was posted to South Africa where he was employed as a Transport Officer. He was present at the Battle of Isandlwana during the Anglo-Zulu War on 22 January 1879, serving with the British invasion force as a transport officer for a detachment of Royal Artillery. As the Zulu impis overwhelmed the British lines, destroying it in hand-to-hand fighting, Smith-Dorrien narrowly escaped on his transport pony over 20 miles of rough terrain with twenty Zulu warriors in running pursuit, crossing the Buffalo River, 80 yards wide and with a strong current, by holding the tail of a loose horse. Smith-Dorrien was one of fewer than fifty British survivors from the battle (many more native African troops on the British side also survived), and one of only five Imperial officers to escape it with his life. Because of his conduct in trying to help other soldiers escape from the battlefield, including a colonial commissariat officer named Hamer whose life he saved, he was recommended for the Victoria Cross, but it was not awarded. He took part in the rest of that war. His observations on the difficulty of opening ammunition boxes led to changes in British Army practice for the rest of the war (though modern commentators argue that this was not as important a factor in the defeat as was thought at the time).

Egypt, India and Sudan
Smith-Dorrien served in Egypt under Evelyn Wood. He was promoted captain on 1 April 1882, appointed assistant chief of police in Alexandria on 22 August 1882, then given command of Mounted Infantry in Egypt on 3 September 1882, and was seconded to the Egyptian army (1 February 1884). During this time, he forged a lifelong friendship with the then Major Kitchener. He met Gordon more than once, but his bad knee kept him off the expedition to relieve Khartoum. He served on the Suakin Expedition. On 30 December 1885, he witnessed the Battle of Gennis, where the British Army fought in red coats for the last time. The next day (31 December 1885) he was given his first independent command, 150 men (a mixture of hussars, mounted infantry and Egyptians) with fifty infantry in reserve. His task was to capture nine Arab river supply boats (nuggars), in order to achieve which he had to exceed his orders by going beyond the village of Surda, making a 60-mile journey on horseback in 24 hours. For this, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order in 1886.

Smith-Dorrien then left active command to go to the Staff College, Camberley (1887–89). Staff College was not yet much respected, and he later recorded that he devoted much time to sport whilst there.

He was posted to India, and promoted major on 1 May 1892. He became Deputy Assistant Adjutant-General, Bengal, on 1 April 1893 and then Assistant Adjutant General, Bengal, on 27 October 1894. He returned to his regiment where he commanded troops during the Tirah Campaign of 1897–98.

In 1898, he transferred back to Egypt. He was promoted brevet lieutenant-colonel on 20 May 1898 and appointed Commanding Officer of the 13th Sudanese Battalion (16 July 1898). He fought at the Battle of Omdurman (2 September 1898), where his infantry fired at Devishes from entrenched positions. He commanded the British troops during the Fashoda incident. He was promoted brevet colonel 16 November 1898 and Commanding Officer of the Sherwood Foresters and substantive lieutenant-colonel (1 January 1899).

South Africa
On 31 October 1899, he shipped to South Africa for the Second Boer War, arriving at Durban 13 December 1899, in the middle of "Black Week". On 2 February 1900, Lord Roberts put him in command of the 19th Brigade and, on 11 February, he was promoted to major general, making him one of youngest generals in the British Army at the time. He later commanded a division in South Africa.

He provided covering fire for French's Cavalry Division at Klipsdrift, and played an important role at the Battle of Paardeberg (18 to 27 February 1900), where he was summoned by Lord Roberts and asked for his views in the presence of Lord Kitchener, French and Henry Colvile. He argued for the use of sapping and fire support, rather than attacking the entrenched enemy over open ground. Kitchener followed him to his horse to remonstrate that he would be "a made man" if he attacked as Kitchener wished, to which he replied he had given his views and would only attack if ordered to do so. A week later he took the laager after careful assault.

At Sanna's Post (31 March 1900), Smith-Dorrien ignored inept orders from Colvile to leave wounded largely unprotected and managed an orderly retreat without further casualties. He took part in the Battle of Leliefontein (7 November 1900). On 6 February 1901, Smith-Dorrien's troops were attacked in the Battle of Chrissiesmeer.

Smith-Dorrien's qualities as a commander meant he was one of few British commanders to enhance his reputation during this war. Smith-Dorrien was mentioned three times in despatches in the London Gazette (including by Lord Kitchener dated 23 June 1902), and Ian Hamilton later wrote highly of his performance and his grasp of the men's morale, whilst Roberts also thought highly of his South Africa performance. He was at the top of a list (21 September 1901) of eighteen successful commanders of columns or groups of columns, including Haig and Allenby, whom French commended to Lord Roberts.

India

On 22 April 1901, he received orders to return to India where he was made Adjutant-General (6 November 1901) under Kitchener (who returned to India after the end of the Second Boer War, in late 1902). He was placed in command of the 4th (Quetta) Division in Baluchistan, a post he held from 30 June 1903 until 1907. He was raised to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in 1904 and promoted lieutenant general on 9 April 1906. He introduced the Staff ride, erroneously attributed by Terraine to Haig. He also helped found the Staff College at Quetta in 1907.

Smith-Dorrien remained neutral in the dispute between Kitchener (Commander-in-Chief India) and the Viceroy Lord Curzon. Kitchener's predecessor, Sir Arthur Power Palmer, was his wife's uncle.

Aldershot

Smith-Dorrien returned to England and, on 1 December 1907, became GOC of the Aldershot Command. Unlike many senior generals of the era, Smith-Dorrien could speak to troops with ease and was greatly admired by regimental officers. In prewar training he wanted "individual initiative and intelligence" in British soldiers. He later wrote: "one could never become an up-to-date soldier in the prehistoric warfare to be met with against the Dervishes".

Smith-Dorrien improved the frequency and methods of training in marksmanship of all soldiers (including cavalry, and including shooting at moving targets). During this period, the higher ranks of the army were divided on the best use of cavalry. Smith-Dorrien, along with Lord Roberts, Sir Ian Hamilton and others, doubted that cavalry could often be used as cavalry, i.e. that they should still be trained to charge with sword and lance, instead thinking they would be more often deployed as mounted infantry, i.e. using horses for mobility but dismounting to fight. To this end, he took steps to improve the marksmanship of the cavalry. This did not endear him to the arme blanche ('pro-cavalry') faction, which included French and Douglas Haig, and whose views prevailed after the retirement of Lord Roberts.

At Aldershot, Smith-Dorrien instituted a number of reforms designed to improve the lot of the ordinary soldier. He abandoned the practice of posting pickets to trawl the streets for drunk soldiers outside the base, more than doubled the number of playing fields available to the men, cut down trees, and built new and better barracks. His reforms earned many plaudits but were treated as an implied criticism by his predecessor, Sir John French, with whom he had still been on relatively cordial terms at the end of the South African War. Aylmer Haldane recorded that at the 1909 manoeuvres French was "unfair" in summing up for Paget against Smith-Dorrien. On 21 August 1909 he lectured all his cavalry officers – in the 16th Lancers' mess – about the importance of improving their men's musketry. By 1910 the feud between French and Smith-Dorrien was common knowledge throughout the Army. Smith-Dorrien objected to French's womanising, a fact which Richard Holmes attributes in part to Smith-Dorrien being happily married to a young and pretty wife, and French's nephew later claimed to have overheard "a ferocious exchange" between them, in which Smith-Dorrien declared "Too many whores around your headquarters, Field-Marshal".

He also tried to get the army to replace the old Maxim gun with the new Vickers Maxim gun, which weighed less than half as much and had a better water-cooling system, but the War Office did not approve the expenditure.

In 1911, he was made Aide-de-Camp to King George V. He was part of the King's hunt in the Chitwan area of Nepal; on 19 December 1911, Smith-Dorrien killed a rhino and on the following day shot a bear.

Southern Command
On 1 March 1912, he was appointed GOC Southern Command (Douglas Haig had succeeded him as GOC Aldershot). At Southern Command he had jurisdiction over twelve counties and many regimental depots. He had experience of dealing with Territorials (who would make up much of II Corps in 1914) for the first time and instigated training on fire-and-movement withdrawals which would also prove useful at Le Cateau.

He was promoted to full General (10 August 1912) and raised to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) in 1913.

Although Smith-Dorrien was perfectly urbane and, by the standards of the day, kind-hearted towards his troops, he was notorious for furious outbursts of bad temper, which could last for hours before his equilibrium was restored. It has been suggested that the pain from a knee injury was one cause of his ill temper. It was rumoured that Smith-Dorrien's temper was caused by some kind of serious illness. Esher (a royal courtier who exercised great influence over military appointments) had dined with Smith-Dorrien (28 January 1908) to see if he was indeed "changed and weakened". Lord Crewe (letter to Seely 5 September 1913) turned him down for the post of Commander-in-Chief India because of his foul temper (A.J. Smithers, probably wrongly, blames French's enmity for denying Smith-Dorrien the promotion).

Unlike French, he was politically astute enough to avoid becoming entangled in the Curragh Incident of 1914. Unlike a number of British generals of the era, Smith-Dorrien was not a political intriguer.

First World War
In 1914, the Public Schools Officers' Training Corps annual camp was held at Tidworth Pennings, near Salisbury Plain. Lord Kitchener was to review the cadets, but the imminence of the war kept him elsewhere, and Smith-Dorrien was sent instead. He surprised the two-or-three thousand cadets by declaring (in the words of Donald Christopher Smith, a Bermudian cadet who was present) "that war should be avoided at almost any cost, that war would solve nothing, that the whole of Europe and more besides would be reduced to ruin, and that the loss of life would be so large that whole populations would be decimated. In our ignorance I, and many of us, felt almost ashamed of a British General who uttered such depressing and unpatriotic sentiments, but during the next four years, those of us who survived the holocaust – probably not more than one-quarter of us – learned how right the General's prognosis was and how courageous he had been to utter it."

With the outbreak of the First World War, he was given command of the Home Defence Army, part of Ian Hamilton's Home Defence Central Force. However, following the sudden death of Sir James Grierson, he was placed in charge of the British Expeditionary Force II Corps, by Lord Kitchener, the new Secretary of State for War. Field Marshal Sir John French had wanted Sir Herbert Plumer but Kitchener chose Smith-Dorrien as he knew he could stand up to French, and in the full knowledge that French disliked him. Kitchener admitted to Smith-Dorrien that he had doubts about appointing him, but put them to one side.

Smith-Dorrien arrived at GHQ (20 August) and formally asked French's permission to keep a special diary to report privately to the King as His Majesty had requested. French could hardly refuse, but this further worsened their relations. Smith-Dorrien later claimed in his memoirs that French had received him "pleasantly", but his diary at the time simply records matter-of-factly that he "motored into to Le Cateau and saw the Commander-in-Chief" which may be suspiciously brief in contrast to the diary's normally detailed description of other events. There was also personal friction between George Forestier-Walker and Johnnie Gough, the chiefs of staff of II Corps and I Corps respectively.

Mons (23 August 1914)
French still believed (22 August) that there were only light German forces facing the BEF, but after hearing intelligence that German forces were stronger than thought and that the BEF had moved far ahead of Lanrezac's Fifth French Army on its right, Sir John cancelled the planned further advance. He told Lanrezac that he would hold his current position for another 24 hours.

French's and Smith-Dorrien's accounts differ about the conference at 5.30am on 23 August. French's account in his memoirs "1914" stated that he had become doubtful of the advance into Belgium and warned his officers to be ready to attack or retreat. This agrees largely with French's diary at the time, in which he wrote that he had warned Smith-Dorrien that the Mons position might not be tenable. When "1914" was published, Smith-Dorrien claimed that French had been "in excellent form" at the meeting and had still been planning to advance. However, in his own memoirs Smith-Dorrien admitted that French had talked of either attacking or retreating, although he claimed that it had been he who had warned that the Mons position was untenable. Edmonds in the "Official History" agreed that French had probably been prepared either to attack or to retreat. Edmonds – who was not an eyewitness – later claimed in his memoirs that French had instructed Smith-Dorrien to "give battle" on the line of the Conde Canal, and that when Smith-Dorrien queried whether he was to attack or defend he was simply told, after French had whispered with Murray, "Don't ask questions, do as you are told".

Smith-Dorrien's II Corps took the brunt of a heavy assault by the German forces at Mons, with the Germans under von Kluck attempting a flanking manoeuvre. Forestier-Walker, Chief of Staff II Corps, was driven by Smith-Dorrien's foul temper to attempt to resign his post during the Battle of Mons but was told by the BEF Chief of Staff Murray "not to be an ass". During the battle of Mons Smith-Dorrien's car was almost struck by a German shell.

Retreat to Le Cateau (24–25 August)
French ordered a general retreat, during which I Corps (under Lt-General Douglas Haig) and II Corps became separated, II Corps marching down an old Roman road west of the Forest of Mormal, and I Corps marching to the east of that dense forest. French agreed to Haig's retreat east of the Forest (Haig Diary, 24 August) without, apparently, the initial knowledge of Smith-Dorrien. Joseph Joffre had intended that both BEF Corps should pass west of the Forest. Smith-Dorrien was at GHQ at Bavai at 1800 on 24 August – he sought orders from Sir John, but was told to do as he pleased and that Haig would be starting at 0500 the next morning.  Smith-Dorrien later recorded that he "remonstrated" with Sir John that he wanted to begin his retreat soon after midnight and have his rearguard underway by 0500, to lessen the risk of their being pressed by the Germans, and that Sir John "concurred", but that Haig could still move east of the Forest as he intended. Smith-Dorrien recorded that he "implored" Archibald Murray to issue an order that both Corps were to move west of the Forest. Smith-Dorrien's biographer AJ Smithers believes it more likely that he "bullied" Murray into issuing an order, and is highly critical of Sir John for failing to "grip" the situation. Orders were finally issued at 2015, and were later published as Appendix XIII of the relevant volume of the Official History. Prior to the publication of the Official History, Sir John had falsely claimed in his unreliable memoirs (1914) that he had already issued the orders at 1500.

Murray noted in his diary (25 August) that GHQ had moved back from Le Cateau to St Quentin and that I Corps was being heavily engaged by night (at Landrecies) – making no mention of II Corps's situation. Because the German plan was to envelop the BEF from the west, most of their pressure fell on II Corps, which had already suffered higher casualties (2,000) in its fighting withdrawal on 24–25 August than at Mons the previous day (1,600). Smith-Dorrien later remarked on Sir John's failure to explain in his memoirs how the eight-mile gap between the two British corps had come about, that had it been he rather than Haig who had ignored orders Sir John would have criticised him for it, and that had the order been followed both BEF Corps would have been concentrated at Le Cateau by the night of 25/26 August under Sir John's personal command.

Le Cateau (26 August)
French had a long discussion with Murray and Wilson (25 August) as to whether the BEF should stand and fight at Le Cateau, a position which had been chosen for both I and II Corps to hold after they had retreated on either side of the Forest of Mormal. II Corps had been harried by German forces as it retreated west of the forest and Sir John wanted to fall back as agreed with Joffre and hoped that the BEF could pull out of the fight altogether and refit behind the River Oise. Wilson issued orders to Smith-Dorrien to retreat from Le Cateau the next day.

On the evening of 25 August 1914 Smith-Dorrien was unable to locate the 4th Division and Cavalry Division. Allenby (GOC Cavalry Division) reached him at 2am on 26 August 1914, and reported that his horses and men were "pretty well played out", and unless they retreated under cover of darkness there would be no choice but to fight in the morning. Allenby agreed to act under Smith-Dorrien's orders. Hamilton (GOC 3rd Division) also reported that his men would be unable to get away before 9am, which also left little choice but to fight, lest isolated forces be overwhelmed piecemeal by the Germans. A French cavalry corps under Sordet, and especially its artillery, also took part on the west flank.

French was awakened at 2am on 26 August 1914 with news that Haig's I Corps was under attack at Landrecies, and ordered Smith-Dorrien (3:50 am) to assist him. Smith-Dorrien replied that he was "unable to move a man". This irritated French, as Haig (who already had serious doubts about French's competence) was a protégé of his.

Smith-Dorrien finally managed to locate Snow (GOC of the newly arrived 4th Division), at 5:00 am (his brigades were assembling in their positions between 3:30 am and 5:30 am). He was not under Smith-Dorrien's orders but agreed to assist II Corps. Smith-Dorrien then cancelled his order to retreat and decided to stand and fight at Le Cateau. He still hoped for assistance from I Corps (Haig), which did not reach its intended position to the immediate east of Le Cateau. This news reached French at 5:00 am – woken from his sleep once again, and insisting that the exhausted Murray not be woken, he telegraphed back that he still wanted Smith-Dorrien to "make every endeavour" to fall back but that he had "a free hand as to the method", which Smith-Dorrien took as handing him permission to make a stand. On waking properly, French ordered Wilson to telephone Smith-Dorrien and order him to break off as soon as possible. Wilson ended the conversation – by his own account – by saying "Good luck to you. Yours is the first cheerful voice I've heard in three days." Smith-Dorrien's slightly different recollection was that Wilson had warned him that he risked another Sedan.

Von Kluck believed that he was facing the entire BEF (numbering, he believed, six divisions) and hoped to envelop it on both flanks to its destruction, but lack of coordination among the German attacking forces thwarted this ambition.

After Le Cateau
Smith-Dorrien's decision to stand and fight enraged French, who accused him of jeopardising the whole BEF. French and his staff believed that II Corps had been destroyed at Le Cateau, although its units reappeared and reassembled after the retreat. Haig, despite believing French to be incompetent, wrote in his journal (4 September 1914) of Smith-Dorrien's "ill-considered decision" in electing to stand and fight at Le Cateau. Murray later (in 1933) called Smith-Dorrien "a straight honourable gentleman, most lovable, kind and generous" but thought he "did wrong to fight other than a strong rearguard action". However, the historian John Terraine praised Smith-Dorrien's decision, arguing that despite heavy casualties sustained by II Corps in the action, it materially slowed the German advance.

GHQ (French) fell back to Noyon on 26 August 1914, and then and the next day Huguet and other French liaison officers attached to it gave Joffre a tale with their communications of shattered British forces falling back from Le Cateau in defeat. In fact Smith-Dorrien's staff had held II Corps' formation together, although at a meeting (held at 2am on 27 August 1914, as Smith-Dorrien had found GHQ's present location with great difficulty) French accused him of being overly optimistic.

Smith-Dorrien (2 September 1914) recorded that his men were much fitter and had recovered their spirits after the Le Cateau engagement. Smith-Dorrien's II Corps led the counter-attack upon the German advance at the subsequent First Battle of the Marne and the First Battle of the Aisne, Haig's I Corps to his right being delayed by forests in its path of advance.

II Corps, with its heavy casualties was effectively temporarily broken up in late October 1914 to reinforce I Corps (Haig), but Smith-Dorrien was given command of the newly formed British Second Army when it was reconstituted on 26 December 1914. His writings from the time show that he was fully aware of the importance of artillery, machine guns and aircraft working in close cooperation with the infantry.

Smith-Dorrien later recorded that General French inflicted "pin-pricks" on him from February 1915 onwards, including the removal of Forestier-Walker as his Chief of Staff. This was supposedly on the grounds that Forestier-Walker was needed to command a division training in England, although two months later he was still waiting to receive its command. French told Haig that Smith-Dorrien was "a weak spot" (5 February 1915). During the Battle of Neuve Chapelle he was dissatisfied (13 March 1915) at the apparent "lack of determination" of Smith-Dorrien's diversionary attacks. Smith-Dorrien was not always immune to the excessive optimism which British officers were expected to display throughout the war: Aylmer Haldane recorded in his diary on 15 March 1915 that prior to the battle Smith-Dorrien had been claiming that the war would be won in March 1915. French complained to Kitchener (Secretary of State for War) about him on 28 March 1915.

Second Battle of Ypres
At the Second Battle of Ypres, the British were defending a barely-tenable salient of ground, held at great cost at the First Battle of Ypres five months earlier. On 22 April 1915 the Germans used poison gas on the Western Front for the first time, and heavy casualties were sustained by the British and French troops.

On 27 April 1915, with a French counterattack to the north of the salient materializing later and on a smaller-scale than promised, Smith-Dorrien recommended withdrawal to the more defensible "GHQ Line". French privately agreed with this analysis, but was angered that the suggestion came from Smith-Dorrien. French wanted the situation kept quiet so as not to distract from the upcoming attack upon Aubers Ridge by Haig's First Army (one historian describes this behaviour on French's part as "cretinous"). Smith-Dorrien wrote a long letter on 27 April 1915 explaining the situation to Robertson (then French's Chief of the General Staff BEF). He received in response a curt telephone message telling him that, in French's view, he had adequate troops to defend the salient. A few hours later written orders arrived, directing Smith-Dorrien to turn command of the salient over to Herbert Plumer and to lend Plumer his chief of staff and such other staff officers as Plumer required. (In practice this meant that Plumer's V Corps, already holding the salient, became an autonomous force reporting directly to GHQ, with Smith-Dorrien left only with II Corps south of the salient). Plumer immediately asked permission for a withdrawal almost identical to that proposed by Smith-Dorrien. After a delay whilst Foch conducted another counterattack, French consented to the action.

On 30 April 1915, Haig wrote in his diary:

Sir John also told me Smith-Dorrien had caused him much trouble. 'He was quite unfit [(he said)] to hold the Command of an Army' so Sir J. had withdrawn all troops from him control except the II Corps. Yet Smith-D. stayed on! [He would not resign!] French is to ask Lord Kitchener to find something to do at home. ... He also alluded to Smith-Dorrien's conduct on the retreat, and said he ought to have tried him by Court Martial, because (on the day of Le Cateau) he 'had ordered him to retire at 8 am and he did not attempt to do so [but insisted on fighting in spite of his orders to retire]'.

After French refused permission to retreat, Smith-Dorrien noted (6 May 1915) that the planned counterattack was a complete failure with casualties higher than predicted by GHQ. Smith-Dorrien's offer to resign his command on 6 May 1915 was ignored, and on that same day French used the 'pessimism' of the withdrawal recommendation as an excuse to sack him from command of Second Army altogether. "Wully" Robertson is said to have broken the news to him with the words " 'Orace, yer for 'ome " (Robertson was a former cavalry trooper [enlisted man] who dropped his aitches), although by another account he might have said " 'Orace, yer thrown " (a cavalry metaphor).

The Official Historian Brigadier Edmonds later alleged that French had removed Smith-Dorrien as he was senior to Haig and stood in the way of Haig becoming Commander-in-Chief, and that Wilson had put the idea in French's mind, but this may be doubtful as their antipathy went back a long way, and French was later (December 1915) replaced by Douglas Haig as Commander-in-Chief of the BEF against his will.

Smith-Dorrien was raised to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (14 May 1915) and was briefly appointed GOC First Home Army (22 June 1915).

Remainder of the war
After a period in Britain commanding First Army of Central Force, Smith-Dorrien was appointed GOC East Africa (22 November 1915) to fight the Germans in German East Africa (present day Tanzania, Rwanda, and Burundi) but pneumonia contracted during the voyage to South Africa prevented him from taking command. His former adversary, Jan Smuts, took on this command. Smith-Dorrien took no significant military part in the rest of the war. He returned to England in January 1916 and on 29 January 1917 was appointed lieutenant of the Tower of London.

He led a campaign in London for moral purity, calling for suppression of "suggestive or indecent" media.

French's memoirs
French, partly in response to criticism inspired by Smith-Dorrien, later wrote a partial and inaccurate account of the opening of the war in his book 1914, which attacked Smith-Dorrien. Smith-Dorrien, as a serving officer, was denied permission to reply in public.

French's official despatch after Le Cateau had praised Smith-Dorrien's "rare and unusual coolness, intrepidity and determination". In 1914 French wrote that this had been written before he knew the full facts, and that Smith-Dorrien had risked destruction of his corps and lost 14,000 men and 80 guns (actual losses of each were around half of this number). Smith-Dorrien, in a private written statement, called 1914 "mostly a work of fiction and a foolish one too".

Family
On 3 September 1902 (on leave between being Adjutant General, India and taking command of 4th Division), he married Olive Crofton Schneider (1881–1951) at St Peter's, Eaton Square, London, in a ceremony performed by his brother Rev. Walter Smith-Dorrien.

Olive was the eldest daughter of Colonel John Henry Augustus Schneider and his wife, Mary Elizabeth (née Crofton) Schneider, of Oak Lea, Furness Abbey. Her brothers were Henry Crofton Schneider and Major Cyril Crofton Schneider. Olive's mother was the stepsister of Gen. Sir Arthur Power Palmer GCB, GCIE, who died in 1904.

The Smith-Dorriens had three sons:
Grenfell Horace Gerald Smith-Dorrien (born 1904) served in the army, reaching the rank of brigadier. He was killed by shellfire on 13 September 1944 during the Italian Campaign, whilst commanding the 169th (London) Infantry Brigade. His grave is in the Gradara War Cemetery, in the Commune of Gradara in the Province of Pesaro and Urbino.
Peter Lockwood Smith-Dorrien (born 1907) was killed in the King David Hotel bombing on 22 July 1946.
Bromley David Smith-Dorrien (1911–2001) He joined the Foresters in 1940. After the war, he worked to keep alive his father's reputation, designing a first-day cover commemorating the Battle of Le Cateau and helping his father's biographer A. J. Smithers. His grave is at Kennington Cemetery.

Horace and Olive Smith-Dorrien informally adopted Power Palmer's two daughters (Frances Gabrielle and Celia de Courcy), who were left homeless after his second wife's death in 1912.

Olive Smith-Dorrien was created a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in 1918.

Later years and death

Smith-Dorrien's last position was as Governor of Gibraltar from 9 July 1918 until 26 May 1923, where he introduced an element of democracy and closed some brothels. According to Wyndham Childs in the summer of 1918, Smith-Dorrien tried, and nearly succeeded, in uniting the Comrades of the Great War, the National Association of Discharged Sailors and Soldiers, and the National Federation of Discharged and Demobilized Sailors and Soldiers into one organisation. The merger later took place in 1921 to form the British Legion, under the influence of Field Marshal Douglas Haig.

He retired in September 1923, living in Portugal and finally in England. He devoted much his time to the welfare and remembrance of Great War soldiers. He worked on his memoirs, which were published in 1925. As French was still alive at the time of writing, he still felt unable to rebut 1914. Despite his treatment by French, in 1925, he journeyed across Europe to act as a pallbearer at French's funeral, an act appreciated by French's son.

He played himself in the film The Battle of Mons, released in 1926. In June 1925, he unveiled the war memorial in Memorial Avenue, Worksop. On 4 August 1930, he unveiled the Pozières Memorial.

Smith-Dorrien died on 12 August 1930 following injuries sustained in a car accident at Chippenham, in Wiltshire; he was 72 years old. His body was buried at the Rectory Lane Cemetery of St Peter's Church, Berkhamsted in Hertfordshire. His grave is marked by a tall stone cross, once adorned by a bronze sword of sacrifice which has since been stolen. The grave was restored in 2018, although the sword is still missing.

His wife Olive outlived him by more than twenty years and died on 15 September 1951 in the Chelsea area of London.

Legacy
The following memorials have been established:

Stall plate 14 in the Henry VII Chapel of Westminster Abbey (1913)
In 1931, after his death, the Smith-Dorrien Memorial was added to the Sherwood Foresters Memorial in Crich, Derbyshire, which Smith-Dorrien himself had opened on 6 August 1923.

Several places and institutions around the world have been named after Horace Smith-Dorrien, including:

Dorrien, a vineyard area in South Australia (1916)
Mount Smith-Dorrien, Alberta, Canada (1918); the Smith-Dorrien Trail and Smith-Dorrien Creek, Alberta are also named after him.
Smith-Dorrien Institute in Aldershot
Smith Dorrien Road, Leicester
Smith Dorrien Avenue, Smith Dorrien Bridge, and Smith Dorrien House, Gibraltar
Smith Dorrien Street, Netherby, South Australia
Smith-Dorrien Avenue, Esterhazy, Saskatchewan

John Betjeman, mentions Horace in Chapter III "Highgate" of his autobiographical blank-verse poem Summoned by Bells:

In late September, in the conker time,
When Poperinghe and Zillebeke and Mons
Boomed with five-nines, large sepia gravures
Of French, Smith-Dorrien and Haig were given
Gratis with each half-pound of Brooke Bond tea.

Horace also features in the poem "Canada to England" by Craven Langstroth Betts:
Lead out, lead out, Brave Mother, for the sake of sacked Louvain!
Give us our own Smith-Dorrien, yield us the van again!

Further reading
Principal references
 Ballard, C, Smith-Dorrien, London: Constable and Co Ltd, 1931. – This is largely a condensed version of Smith-Dorrien's autobiography but for the first time included material from Smith-Dorrien's defence against French's allegations in 1914, now that both Smith-Dorrien and French had died.
 Beckett. Dr. Ian F, The Judgement of History: Lord French, Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien and 1914 Tom Donovan Publishing, 1993;  – The bulk of this book is Smith-Dorrien's General Sir Horace Smith-Domien's statement with regard to the first edition of Lord French's book "1914", his privately circulated rebuttal of French's criticisms of Smith-Dorrien's actions at Ypres. Useful introductory essay by Dr. Beckett.
 Beckett. Dr. Ian F, Corvi, Steven J. (editors) Haig's Generals Pen & Sword, 2006  – Includes a 25-page chapter by Steven Corvi with an emphasis on Smith-Dorrien's contributions to the Great War
 Fortescue, John William, Sir, 'Horace Smith-Dorrien' in Following the Drum Blackwood & Sons, Edinburgh, 1931, pp. 251–298.
 Smith-Dorrien, Sir Horace, General Sir Horace Smith-Domien's statement with regard to the first edition of Lord French's book "1914" 1920
 Smith-Dorrien, Sir Horace, Memories of Forty-Eight Years' Service, John Murray, 1925. – Sir Horace's autobiography. (Republished as Smith-Dorrien: Isandlwhana to the Great War Leonaur, 2009 )
 Smithers, A J, The Man Who Disobeyed: Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien and His Enemies, London: Leo Cooper, 1970  – Only modern biography.
Theses
 Corvi, Steven J. General Sir Horace Lockwood Smith-Dorrien: Portrait of a Victorian Soldier in Modern War, unpublished PhD thesis, Northeastern University (Boston), 2002
 Siem, Richard Ray Forging the Rapier among Scythes: Lieutenant-General Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien and the Aldershot Command 1907–1912, unpublished MA dissertation, Rice University (Houston), 1980. Now available online: Forging the rapier among scythes: Lieutenant-General Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien and the Aldershot Command 1907–1912
Archives relating to Smith-Dorrien

 De Lisle, Gen Sir (Henry De) Beauvoir (1864–1955) (correspondence with Smith-Dorrien)
 Simpson-Baikie, Brig Gen Sir Hugh Archie Dundas (1871–1924) (manuscript letter to Simpson-Baikie from Gen Sir Horace Lockwood Smith-Dorrien on adverse comments about Smith-Dorrien in 1914 John French, 1st Viscount of Ypres, 1920 and typescript letter from Professor Robert Clifford Walton concerning Smith-Dorrien, 1972)
 Papers of Sir James Ramsay Montagu Butler (1889–1975) historian
Other references
 Altham, E. A., Sir. The principles of war historically illustrated. With an introduction by General Sir Horace L. Smith-Dorrien 1914.
 Anon. Report on the 4th (Quetta) Division Staff Ride Under the Direction of Lieut.-General H.L. Smith-Dorrien C.B., D.S.O., Commanding 4th (Quetta) Division, May 1907 4th (Quetta) Divisional Press, 1907. (This was a five-day exercise conducted around Gulistan and north to Chaman on the North-West Frontier, involving an imaginary war with Russia.)
 Aston, Sir George Grey "Sir H. Smith-Dorrien and the Mons retreat: A review of Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien's Memories of Forty-Eight Years' Service." The Quarterly Review April 1925 pp 408–428
 Childs, Wyndham Episodes and reflections: being some records from the life of Major-General Sir Wyndham Childs, K.C.M.G., K.B.E., C.B., one time second lieut., 2nd Volunteer Battalion, the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry Cassell, 1930
 Barnett, Kennet Bruce Handbook on Military Sanitation for Regimental Officers ... With an introduction by Lt.-General Sir Horace L. Smith-Dorrien Forster Groom & Co. London, 1912
 Gilson, Capt. Charles J. L. History of the 1st Battalion Sherwood Foresters (Notts. and Derby Regt.) in the Boer War 1899–1902 Swan Sonnenschein & Co. Ltd. 1908. Introduction by Lieut.-Gen. Sir H L. Smith Dorrien. Reprinted by Naval & Military Press. Much of this introduction can be read in this PDF extract.

 Holmes, Richard The Little Field Marshal: A Life of Sir John French Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004  – Includes a good account of French's relationship with Smith-Dorrien.
 Paice, Edward Tip and Run: The Untold Tragedy of the Great War in Africa Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2007,  – Has some details of S-D's involvement with the East African campaign
 Neillands, Robin The Death of Glory: the Western Front 1915 (John Murray, London, 2006)
 [Pilcher, Major-General T. D.] A General's Letters to His Son on Obtaining His Commission Introduction by Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien. Cassell, 1917 (Author is uncredited in the book itself.) Reprinted 2009 by BiblioBazaar  (Authorship of this book is incorrectly attributed by the publisher of the reprint to an "H. S. Smith-Dorrien")

 Who Was Who Vol. III (1929–1940) A & C Black Publishers Ltd. 2nd ed., 1967
 Winnifrith, Douglas Percy The Church in the Fighting Line: With General Smith-Dorrien at the Front, Being the Experiences of a Chaplain in charge of an Infantry Brigade London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1915 (Available online at: archive.org)
 Some books referring to Smith-Dorrien
 Live Search books referring to Smith-Dorrien
 Google Book Search books referring to Smith-Dorrien

References

External links

 Obituary: General Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien
 Sir Horace Lockwood Smith-Dorrien (1858–1930), General; Governor of Gibraltar: Sitter in 11 portraits (National Portrait Gallery)
 Olive Crofton (née Schneider), Lady Smith-Dorrien (National Portrait Gallery)
 Haresfoot, his birthplace, now a school
 'The Story of a General' by Henry Newbolt (1916)
 General Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien at South Lodge
 The London Gazette, 8 February 1901. p. 863 (Boer War)
 The London Gazette, 8 February 1901. p. 877
 Some Prominent British Generals and their Fortunes in The Great War – Smith-Dorrien
 A Book of Poems for the Blue Cross Fund (to help horses in war time) President, Lady Smith-Dorrien
 Smith-Dorrien, Horace Lockwood
 Horace Lockwood Smith Dorrien 1858–1930 (Family tree details)

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1858 births
1930 deaths
People from Berkhamsted
People educated at Harrow School
British military personnel of the Tirah campaign
British Army personnel of the Mahdist War
British Army personnel of the Anglo-Egyptian War
British Army personnel of the Anglo-Zulu War
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
British Army generals of World War I
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Governors of Gibraltar
British Army generals
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
Sherwood Foresters officers
English autobiographers
Road incident deaths in England
Horace
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
Military personnel from Hertfordshire
Burials in Hertfordshire
Dorrien and Smith-Dorrien family

Horace Smith-Dorrien


Panta Lunjevica (în ; 1840-1887) a fost un înalt funcționar administrativ sârb, prefect (načelnik) al districtului (srez sau okrug) Šabac și la un moment dat și al districtului Belgrad. El a urmat studii înalte, lucrând anterior ca ofițer în armată și polițist. A fost cunoscut ca o persoană loială dinastiei Obrenović, de convingeri liberale.

Panta era fiul lui Nikola Lunjevica (1776-1842), un comandant (vojvoda) al Revoluției Sârbe și camarad apropiat al prințului Miloš. Împreună cu mama sa, Đurđija, Panta a renovat Mănăstirea Vujan în 1858, care fusese refăcută mai devreme de către tatăl său în 1800. El a fondat biblioteca din Aranjelovac. El a avut șapte copii cu soția sa, Anđelija Koljević: doi fii, Nikola și Nikodije, și cinci fiice, Hristina, Đina, Ana, Draga și Vojka. Draga a fost Regina consort a Serbiei (1900-1903) ca soție a regelui Aleksandar Obrenović.

Referințe

Bibliografie
 Кона.
 Srbije.
 Arena-Verlag.
 I. Jovanović-Stojimirović.

Nașteri în 1840
Decese în 1887
Sârbi din secolul al XIX-lea
Politicieni sârbi

Panta Lunjevica


Kızılcık (Cornus mas), kızılcıkgiller (Cornaceae) familyasından bir ağaç türüdür.

Etimoloji ve isimlendirme
Kızılcık kelimesi Eski Türkçe kökenli kızıl sözcüğünden Türkiye Türkçesinde yer alan +çUk ekiyle türetilmiştir. Türkçede kaydedilmiş ilk örneği Dede Korkut Kitabı'nda kızılçuk olarak geçmektedir.

Kızılcığa Anadolu'nun bazı bölümlerinde şeytan aldatan, zoğal, ergen, eğren, kiren veya kiran ismi de verilir.

Özellikleri
En fazla 5–8 m boy yapar. Yapraklar koyu yeşil, her iki yüzü tüylü, damarlar paralel, damarlar boyunca tüylüdür. Şubat-Mart ayında açan sarı renkli küçük Çiçekleri vardır, meyveleri kırmızı renkli, eliptik şekillidir. Kızılcık ağacı kuru, balçıklı topraklarda yetişir, çoğalması tohumlar yardımıyla gerçekleşir.

Kızılcık yükseklik çok artmadıkça meyve verir. Ayrıca çok fazla su isteyen bir yapısı vardır. Kızılcık çok erken çiçek açan, ama çok geç meyve veren bir ağaçtır.

Kullanım
Kızılcık meyvelerinin tadı ekşi olup, taze ya da kurutulmuş olarak tüketildiği gibi, tarhana, hoşaf, reçel ve marmelat yapımında da kullanılmaktadır. Kızılcık meyvesi şeker ilave edilmiş suda kaynatılıp, kapalı kaplarda uzun süre saklanabilir ve yemek arasında içecek olarak tüketilebilir.

Odunu lifli olup çok esnek ve dayanıklıdır, yoğunluğu fazla olduğundan suda batar. Baston ve sopa yapımında kullanılır. Kabuğundan boya, yapraklarından tanen elde edilir. Bahçe ve parklarda süs bitkisi olarak da yetiştirilir.

İçeriği ve Faydaları
Kızılcık, yüksek besin maddesi ve antioksidan içeriği nedeniyle sağlıklı bir besindir. Genellikle "süper yiyecek" olarak adlandırılırlar. Çok keskin ve ekşi tadı nedeniyle nadiren çiğ yenir. Kızılcıklar öncelikle karbonhidrat ve liflerden oluşur. Ayrıca manganez, bakır ve C, E ve K1 vitaminleri gibi çeşitli vitamin ve minerallere sahiptir.

Galeri

Kaynakça

Kızılcıkgiller
Azerbaycan ağaçları
Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

Kızılcık


Pierre Claude François Delorme (født 28. juli 1783 i Paris, død 8. november 1859 sammesteds) var en fransk maler og litograf. Han var en akademisk skolet maler, som især dyrkede historiemaleriet.

Han udviklede sig under Anne-Louis Girodets vejledning og ved studiet af de gamle mestre i Rom (hvor han 1810 malede et hovedværk: Abels død (Musée Fabre, Montpellier) til en akademisk-korrekt maler, men tør og teatralsk, inspireret af Jacques-Louis David. Senere værker: Leanders død, Jairi datter, Cephalus bortført af Aurora etc. og omfattende malerier på offentlig bestilling, til kirkerne Saint-Gervais, Saint-Eustache, Notre-Dame-de-Lorette (Basilica della Santa Casas underfulde flytning til Loreto) med flere.

Kilder

Personer fra Paris
Malere fra Frankrig
Historiemalere
Franskmænd i 1800-tallet
Grafikere fra Frankrig

Pierre Claude François Delorme


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Hiadeľ enthält die vier nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Hiadeľ im Okres Banská Bystrica.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

!
Hiadel


A Tuna Mista do Instituto Superior Técnico (TMIST) é uma tuna universitária de Portugal.

História
A TMIST surgiu a 19 de Setembro de 2006, movida pelo sonho de um grupo de alunos em trazer a atividade tunante para o campus Taguspark do Instituto Superior Técnico.

Até aos dias de hoje uniu estudantes, dos demais cursos e idades, em nome da música e do convívio, tendo sempre como objetivo a criação de uma base sólida que desse garantias de um futuro promissor.

Tudo isto fez com que a sua presença fosse cada vez mais sentida, não só em eventos relacionados com o mundo tunante, mas também em muitas outras ocasiões, tentando sempre elevar o nome da instituição que representa.

Hoje, a TMIST conta com a organização de quatro edições do E'TMIST - Encontro de Tunas Mistas do Instituto Superior Técnico e três edições do TMIST - Festival de Tunas Mistas do Instituto Superior Técnico.

EP Noites de Folia
No seu 15º aniversário, a 19 de Setembro de 2021, lançou o seu primeiro EP "Noites de Folia"

Referências

Ligações externas

 Página oficial da TMIST
 Página Oficial no Facebook
 Página Oficial no Instagram

Tunas académicas de Portugal


The Blacktop Cadence fue una banda estadounidense emo/indie formada en 1996, en Florida, Estados Unidos.

Sonido

El sonido de la banda ha sido típicamente descrita como "el tiempo después de Hot Water Music" presentando estilos vocales emotivos más reservados, predominando en muchas partes de la guitarra rítmica, una línea de bajo melódico y una batería intrincada.

Inicios

En 1997, la banda graba su único álbum llamado "Chemistry For Changing Times" en el difunto sello discográfico "Keystone-Ember Records". En 2003, este álbum fue relanzado por No Idea Records en CD y en Vinil. "Blacktop Cadence" también había contribuido con una canción en "The Emo Diaries #2" llamada "Cold Night In Virginia", lanzada en 1998 por el sello discográfico Deep Elm Records. Después de esto, la banda se separa en alguna fecha de 1998. Chris y George continúan tocando en Hot Water Music; Jack reapareció unos pocos años más tarde en "Army of Ponch" y Heather se fue a San Diego a continuar su carrera como profesora.

Discografía

"Chemistry For Changing Times" CD ("Keystone-Ember Records", 1997)
"Chemistry For Changing Times" CD/Vinil ("No Idea Records", 2003
"The Emo Diaries, Chapter 2 - A Million Miles Away" track "Cold Night In Virginia" CD ("Deep Elm Records", 1998)

Miembros

 Chris James Wollard (Guitarrista/Vocalista)
 George A. Rebelo (Baterista)
 Jack Duane Bailey (Guitarrista/Vocalista de Apoyo)
 Heather Ann Parker (Bajista)

Enlaces externos

Biografía en Inglés
Blacktop Cadence en No Idea Records
Myspace Oficial
Página oficial
Datos de la banda

Grupos de música de Florida
Grupos de rock de Florida
Grupos de emo de Estados Unidos
Grupos de indie rock de Estados Unidos
Grupos de música de los años 1990
Grupos de música formados en 1996

The Blacktop Cadence


Mihai Brediceanu, né le  et mort le , est un compositeur, chef d'orchestre et musicologue roumain.

Biographie
Il est né à Brașov, fils du compositeur Tiberiu Brediceanu et petit-fils de Coriolan Brediceanu. Il étudie le piano au Conservatoire de Brașov et le solfège, la composition et la direction d'orchestre à l'Université nationale de musique de Bucarest. Ses professeurs sont Mihail Jora, , Florica Musicescu, Silvia Șerbescu et Ionel Perlea. Il suit également des études supérieures en droit et en mathématiques à l'Université de Bucarest.

De 1959 à 1966, Brediceanu est le directeur général de l'Opéra national de Bucarest ; de 1969 à 1971, le directeur musical de l' à New York et, à partir de 1971, professeur à l'Université de Syracuse. Entre 1978 et 1980, il est directeur général de l'Opéra d'Istanbul et entre 1982 et 1990, directeur général de l'Orchestre philharmonique George Enescu. En 1991, il est nommé à nouveau directeur général de l'Opéra national de Bucarest.

Outre de nombreuses pièces de musique pour le théâtre, Brediceanu a composé une symphonie, quatre danses symphoniques, une suite pour orchestre de chambre, des œuvres chorales, de la musique de chambre et des chansons.

En 2001, il est décoré de l'Ordre de l'Étoile de Roumanie, au rang de Chevalier par le président Ion Iliescu. Brediceanu est citoyen d'honneur de la ville de Lugoj.

Il est marié à l'actrice Dina Cocea. Il est mort à Focșani en 2005 et est enterré à Lugoj.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en juin 1920
Naissance à Brașov
Chevalier de l'ordre de l'Étoile de Roumanie
Étudiant de l'université nationale de musique de Bucarest
Personnalité liée à Brașov
Professeur à l'université de Syracuse
Chef d'orchestre roumain
Compositeur roumain
Décès en mars 2005
Décès à 84 ans

Mihai Brediceanu