Agave polianthiflora ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Agaven (Agave). Ein englischer Trivialname ist "Gentry´s Mescalito Agave".

Beschreibung
Agave polianthiflora wächst einzeln mit einer Wuchshöhe von 20 bis 30 cm oder formt kleine, kompakte Gruppen mit einem Durchmesser bis 50 cm. Die linealischen, lanzettförmigen, steifen, grünen Blätter sind 10 bis 20 cm lang, in der Mitte bis 1,5 cm breit und mit Abdrücken der Knospe versehen. Die Blattränder sind weißfaserig und an der Basis fein gezahnt. Der graue Enddorn wird bis 1 cm lang.

Der ährenförmige, gerade Blütenstand wird 1 bis 2 m hoch. Die rotgefärbten Blüten erscheinen in der oberen Hälfte des Blütenstandes und sind 35 bis 45 mm lang. Die trichterförmige Blütenröhre ist 22–32 mm lang. Der Griffel überragt schon vor der Anthese deutlich die Blüte.

Die runde bis eiförmige dreikammerige Kapselfrüchte sind 10 bis 15 mm lang. Die glänzenden, schwarzen Samen sind 2,5 bis 3 mm lang, 3,5 bis 4 mm breit und 0,8 mm dick.

Die Blütezeit reicht von April bis Juli.

Systematik und Verbreitung
Agave polianthiflora wächst in Mexiko in den Bundesstaaten Sonora  und Chihuahua an felsigen Stellen des Kiefern- und Eichenwaldes in 1200 bis 2000 m Höhe. Sie ist vergesellschaftet mit Sukkulenten- und Kakteen-Arten.

Die Erstbeschreibung durch Gentry ist 1972 veröffentlicht worden.

Agave polianthiflora ist ein Vertreter der Gruppe Parviflorae. Sie wächst in Mexiko in begrenzten Gebieten nahe der Sonora – Chihuahua Grenze und gehört zu den kleinsten Arten der Gattung. Die Niederschläge der Region sind enorm und betragen 1000 mm im Jahr. Typisch sind die variabel angeordneten, weißfaserigen Blattränder. Einmalig ist die langröhrige, rotgefärbte Blüte. Sie ist kaum zu unterscheiden von den Parviflorae Mitgliedern Agave parviflora und Subspezies flexiflora, die jedoch die kleinsten, gelbgefärbten Blüten der Arten der Gattung besitzen.
Sporadisch treten in der Region Fröste auf.

Nachweise
 Howard Scott Gentry: Agave polianthiflora. In: Agaves of Continental North America. The University of Arizona Press, 1982, S. 203–205.
 Bernd Ullrich: Agave polianthiflora. In: Kakteen und andere Sukkulenten. Band 40, Heft 12, Karteikarte 36, 1989.

 Thomas Heller: Agave polianthiflora. In: Agaven. Münster, 2. Auflage 2006, S. 121–122.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Agaven
Polianthiflora

Agave polianthiflora


L'édition masculine 2022 du tournoi de tennis de Miami se déroule du 23 mars au , sur dur en extérieur. Il s'agit du  tournoi ATP Masters 1000 de la saison.

Faits marquants

Forfaits
On note les forfaits de l'Australien James Duckworth, de l'Autrichien Dominic Thiem, du Biélorusse Ilya Ivashka, des Espagnols Pablo Andújar et Rafael Nadal, de l'Italien Matteo Berrettini, du Japonais Kei Nishikori, des Serbes Novak Djokovic et Filip Krajinović, du Slovaque Alex Molčan et du Suisse Roger Federer. Ils sont respectivement remplacés par Sebastián Báez, Juan Manuel Cerúndolo, Daniel Altmaier, Roberto Carballés Baena, John Millman, Kevin Anderson, Kamil Majchrzak, Henri Laaksonen, Jordan Thompson, Oscar Otte et Francisco Cerúndolo.

Pendant le tournoi
À la suite de sa défaite au second tour, le numéro 1 mondial en double Mate Pavić est assuré de perdre sa première place au classement ATP à l'issue du tournoi au profit du Britannique Joe Salisbury.

Lauréats
L'Espagnol Carlos Alcaraz remporte le tournoi en battant en finale Casper Ruud. Il s'agit du  titre ATP de sa carrière en simple, le  en Masters 1000. À 18 ans et 333 jours, il devient le plus jeune joueur à remporter ce tournoi et le troisième plus jeune à remporter un Masters 1000 après Michael Chang et Rafael Nadal.

En double, Hubert Hurkacz et John Isner décrochent leur  titre ensemble en s'imposant en finale face à Wesley Koolhof et Neal Skupski. Il s'agit de leur  et  titre respectif dans la discipline. L'Américain, titré la semaine passée à Indian Wells au côté de Jack Sock, réalise ainsi le Sunshine Double.

Primes et points

NB : Si une tête de série est éliminée dès son entrée en lice, elle remporte les points d'une défaite au , même si elle en a été exemptée.

Résultats en simple

Parcours

Tableau final

Premiers tours

Première partie

Deuxième partie

Troisième partie

Quatrième partie

Résultats en double

Parcours

Tableau final

Premiers tours

Haut du tableau

Bas du tableau

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Tournoi de tennis de Miami (WTA 2022)
 Tournoi de tennis de Miami
 Saison 2022 de l'ATP
 Tournois ATP Masters 1000

Liens externes
  Site officiel du tournoi

ATP 2022
Tennis masculin en 2022
Tennis aux États-Unis en 2022
Tennis en mars 2022
Tennis en avril 2022
Sport en Floride en 2022
Sport aux États-Unis en mars 2022
Sport aux États-Unis en avril 2022

Tournoi de tennis de Miami (ATP 2022)


Ana Fani Alessandri Carlos, née à São Paulo le , est une géographe brésilienne. Elle est reconnue comme étant l'une des autorités en géographie urbaine du pays.

Biographie
Ana Fani Alessandri Carlos naît à São Paulo en 1950 dans une famille italienne du quartier de Barra Funda. Elle démarre des études de géographie à l'université de São Paulo en 1971, où elle obtient son diplôme en 1975. Elle soutient une maîtrise en 1978 et un doctorat en 1987, sous la direction de la professeure Léa Goldenstein.

En 1989, elle réalise un post-doctorat à l'université de Paris VII, et un second en 1996 à l'université de Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne. En 2000, elle soutient son habilitation au département de géographie de l'université de São Paulo, avec la monographie  (Espace-temps dans la vie quotidienne de la métropole).

Elle est professeure au département de géographie de l'université de São Paulo (USP), coordinatrice du Groupe d'étude de São Paulo et fondatrice en 2001 du groupe de géographie urbaine critique radicale () de São Paulo ( - GESP), un groupe de recherche marxiste-lefebvrien qui jouit d'une grande légitimité scientifique au Brésil et qui est une des spécialités de l'USP. Ana Fani Alessandri Carlos est ainsi une  autour de laquelle s'est structuré le GESP, qui regroupe une majorité de ses anciens ou actuels étudiants.

Ana Fani Alessandri Carlos a créé en 1989 au sein de l'USP la principale conférence de géographie urbaine SIMPURB () qui regroupe, tous les deux ans, des centaines de chercheurs.

Ana Fani Alessandri Carlos a également été professeure à l'université de Barcelone et à l'université de Buenos Aires.

Se réclamant de la géographie radicale, ses recherches sont consacrées presque exclusivement à la métropole de São Paulo et aux transformations spatiales résultant du développement de la capitale. Plus récemment, elle s'est intéressée à la construction de la métagéographie.

Travaux

Géographie urbaine radicale

Ana Fani Alessandri Carlos travaille sur l'évolution de l'urbanisation de São Paulo et la désindustrialisation de la ville, analysant les impacts des processus d'accumulation dans les pratiques socio-spatiales. Elle montre qu'à São Paulo comme dans toute ville mondiale, les dynamiques urbaines métropolitaines impliquent la constitution de nouvelles centralités et le vidage de certains quartiers, en fonction des transformations dans les usages et fonctions d'aires entières, comme conséquence des transformations dans les secteurs économiques. Elle affirme ainsi que le capital financier s'affirme au travers de l'espace, c'est-à-dire .

Elle travaille également sur la question du droit à la ville. Elle considère que . Le droit à la ville fait donc appel à l'autogestion sociale comme une appropriation réelle de l'espace, nécessitant une transformation profonde de la ville, et allant de pair avec une critique de l'État et des politiques qu'il mène.

Face au mouvement manifestations de juin 2013, Ana Fani Alessandri Carlos réagit dans deux articles, « Ni 3,20 ni 3,004 : le problème est bien plus complexe » et « La lutte est urbaine, le chemin est encore en cours de construction », proposant une interprétation marxiste-lefebvrienne des protestations, qui confirme l'analyse avancée depuis des années par le GESP, consistant à dire que la production capitaliste de l'espace urbain lui-même produit inévitablement une ségrégation socio-spatiale impossible à résoudre par des solutions techniques.

Géographie universitaire et scolaire
Cette géographie radicale revêt une dimension pédagogique. Ana Fani Alessandri Carlos et le GESP contribuent par exemple à la formation continue des enseignants de l'État de São Paulo via la publication d'ouvrages didactiques largement diffusés et réédités à plusieurs reprises tel A Cidade, A geografia na sala da aula (« La ville : la géographie dans la salle de classe », Carlos, 2006), ouvrage  massivement utilisé par les enseignants du secondaire.

Pandémie de Covid-19
Ana Fani Alessandri Carlos coordonne lors de la pandémie de Covid-19 un ouvrage intitulé « Covid-19 et la crise urbaine » () dans lequel elle montre que le Covid-19 est aussi une crise urbaine, qui met en lumière les contradictions et creuse les inégalités dans les villes. Selon elle, la pandémie éloigne davantage les habitants privilégiés des zones centrales des faiblesses sociales de la population périphérique. En l'absence de politiques publiques efficaces, les relations humaines sont échangées contre des profits rapides. En outre, elle met en lumière la différence entre les discours des gouvernements municipaux et étatiques qui ont suivi les directives de l'OMS et ceux du gouvernement fédéral qui a plusieurs fois minimisé la pandémie et demandé de donner la priorité à l'économie au détriment de la vie des gens.

En mai 2020, elle signale déjà que la société inégalitaire est marquée par une hiérarchie spatiale qui révèle la place que les groupes sociaux occupent dans la ville, notamment par un accès différencié au logement. Ces accès différenciés à la ville produisent la contradiction centre-périphérie. Or les données ont montré que le plus grand nombre des décès liés au Covid-19 sont situés à la périphérie de la zone urbaine où vivent des personnes qui sont expulsées du centre à cause du prix trop élevé du foncier. Dans ces zones il n'y a pas de services ou d'infrastructures — égouts, eau courante, asphalte dans les rues, services. Pour Ana Fani Alessandri Carlos, le concept d'inégalité exprime l'existence d'une société de classes, qui transforme des individus égaux en individus inégaux. L'inégalité est ainsi une condition sociale, et non une condition naturelle. La ségrégation socio-spatiale met en lumière la hiérarchie sociale, qui se concrétise en tant que hiérarchie spatiale par l'imposition d'un accès différencié aux lieux de la ville, et par l'imposition de la propriété privée, qui produit et structure la société inégalitaire dans laquelle nous vivons et qui reflète les endroits où la pandémie frappe le plus fort. Carlos explique que les situations vécues ne révèlent pas la vulnérabilité ou la perversité du processus d'urbanisation, mais la violence avec laquelle l'urbanisation est réalisée, sous la commande d'actions de planification soumises au processus de croissance et soutenues par l'État dont elle pointe la responsabilité et la connivence.

Récompenses
En 2012, elle est lauréate du Prix International Géocritique.

Elle reçoit en 2001 de la part du conseil municipal de São Paulo un « vote de jubilation et de félicitations » à l'occasion du lancement du livre Espaço-tempo na metrópole. Pour ce même livre, elle est finaliste du prix Jabuti, attribué au meilleur livre en sciences humaines par la Câmara Brasileira do Livro.

Son ouvrage Ensaios de geografia Contemporânea, Milton Santos, obra revisitada (1996) reçoit de la part de l'Instituto Histórico e geográfico de São Paulo le prix du « colar do centenário » pour le meilleur livre de géographie de 2001.

Publications principales

Ouvrages en portugais

Ouvrages en français et en anglais

Articles scientifiques en français

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en décembre 1950
Géographe brésilien
Femme géographe
Étudiant de l'université de São Paulo
Professeur à l'université de São Paulo

Ana Fani Alessandri Carlos


Kari Hotakainen (født 9. januar 1957 i Pori i Finland) er en finsk skønlitterær forfatter. Han debuterede som lyriker, men slog igennem i Danmark efter han fik Nordisk Råds Litteraturpris i 2004 for sin roman Hjemmefronten.

Han har udgivet romaner, digte og børnebøger, og har skrevet teaterstykker og radiospil. En del af hans bøger er oversat til dansk, efter at han blev kendt ud over Finlands grænser, da han fik Nordisk Råds Litteraturpris. Hans bøger er oversat til over 20 sprog.

Hans romaner handler ofte om den moderne mands udfordringer i det moderne, ikkereligiøse velfærdssamfund, som han beskriver i en humoristisk, satirisk og underspillet tone. Hans sprog og univers er sammenligneligt med samtidige forfattere som danske Erling Jepsen og norske Erlend Loe, med deres beskrivelser af relationer mellem kønnene og den moderne mands muligheder, kriser og udfordringer.

Ud over Nordisk Råds Litteraturpris har han også modtaget mange andre litterære hædersbevisninger.

Bibliografi

 1982 Harmittavat takaiskut, (digte)
 1985 Kuka pelkää mustaa miestä, (digte)
 1987 Hot, (digte)
 1988 Runokirja, (digte)
 1990 Lastenkirja, (børnebog)
 1991 Buster Keaton: elämä ja teot. (Romanbiografi)
 1993 Bronks, (roman)
 1995 Syntisäkki, (roman)
 1997 Pariskunta, pukki ja pieni mies, (roman)
 1997 Klassikko, (roman)
 1997 Ritva, (børnebog)
 1999 Sydänkohtauksia, eli kuinka tehtiin Kummisetä, (roman)
 2000 Kalikkakasa, (digte)
 2000 Näytän hyvältä ilman paitaa, (børnebog)
 2004 Juoksuhaudantie, (roman). På dansk: Hjemmefronten (2004). Filmatiseret af Veikko Aaltonen samme år.
 2004 Iisakin kirkko, (roman). På dansk: Isaak-katedralen, (2006)
 2008 Huolimattomat, (Roman). På dansk: De uberørte, (2008)
 2009 Ihmisen osa, (roman). På dansk: Eftermæle, (2011)
 2011 Jumalan sana, (roman). På dansk: Guds ord. (2013)
 2013 Luonnon laki, (roman). På dansk: Naturens lov (2016)
 2013 Henkireikä, (roman) – På dansk: Åndehul (2017)

Priser

 Kalevi Jäntii Prisen, 1989.
 Savoniaprisen, 1993.
 "Tak for bogen medaljen", 1998. Topeliusprisen, 2000.
 Finlandia-prisen, 2002.
 Nordisk Råds Litteraturpris, 2004, for Hjemmefronten.
 Nordisk Dramatikerpris, 2006.
 Runebergprisen, 2010, for Eftermæle

Forfattere fra Finland
Modtagere af Nordisk Råds Litteraturpris

Kari Hotakainen


Wilhelm Schüßler ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Wilhelm Schüßler (General) (1879–1945), deutscher Generalmajor und SS-Brigadeführer
 Wilhelm Schüßler (Historiker) (1888–1965), deutscher Historiker
 Wilhelm Heinrich Schüßler (1821–1898), deutscher Arzt

Wilhelm Schüßler


C++ ක්‍රමලේඛන භාෂාවෙහි, decltype යනු, ප්‍රකාශනයක වර්ගය විමසුම සඳහා වන මෙහෙයුම්කාරකයක් වෙයි .එය හඳුන්වාදෙන ලද්දේ,  C++ සම්මතයෙහි වර්තමාන අනුවාදය වන්නාවූ, C++11 වෙතිනි.
එහි ප්‍රයෝජනය වන්නේ සාමානය ක්‍රම ලේඛණයේ නිරන්තරයෙන් දුෂ්කර වන හා ඇතැම් විට සිදු කිරීමට නොහැකි වන, පරමිතික අච්චුව මත රදා පවතින ප්‍රකශණ වල වර්ගය සොයා ගැනීමයි.

සමානය ක්‍රම ලේඛණය 1990 සිට ජනප්‍රය වු අතර නිගමනය කීරීමේ ක්‍රියවලියක අවශයතාව හදුනා ගෙනුනි.බොහෝ සම්පාදක විකුණුම්කරුවන් type of ලෙස හදුන්වන මෙහෙයවන වල තමන්ගේම සංස්කරණ නිපදවු අතර පවතින භාෂා විශේෂාංග යොදා ඇතවුන් සීම සහිත වු ක්‍රියාකාරීත්වයක් ඇති නිපදවීම් ද කලහ.2002 දී  Bjarne Stroustrup විසින් c++ භාෂාවට ප්‍රිමිතිකරණයක් අතුලත් කල යුතු යැයි යෝජනා කරන ලද අතර decl type ලෙස එහි නම යෝජනා කරන ලදී ප්‍රකාශණයක වර්ගය එමගින් උපත දෙනවා යන්න එහි තේරුමයි.

decltype's අර්ථවිචාරය නිරීක්ෂණය කරන ලද්දේ නවක වැඩසටහන් සම්පාදක වරුන්ගේ හා ලේඛණාල ලියන්නන්ගේ ඕනැකම් පිරිමසා ගැනීමටයි.පොදුවේ ගත් කල වස්තුවේ හෝ කර්යයක වර්ගය ප්‍රභව කේතයේ පවතින පරිදිම කරනු ලබයි.

Motivation
With the introduction of templates into the C++ programming language, and the advent of generic programming techniques pioneered by the Standard Template Library, the need for a mechanism for obtaining the type of an expression, commonly referred to as typeof, was recognized. In generic programming, it is often difficult or impossible to express types that depend on template parameters, in particular the return type of function template instantiations.

Many vendors provide the typeof operator as a compiler extension. As early as 1997, before C++ was fully standardized, Brian Parker proposed a portable solution based on the sizeof operator. His work was expanded on by Bill Gibbons, who concluded that the technique had several limitations and was generally less powerful than an actual typeof mechanism. In an October 2000 article of Dr. Dobb's Journal, Andrei Alexandrescu remarked that "[h]aving a typeof would make much template code easier to write and understand." He also noted that "typeof and sizeof share the same backend, because sizeof has to compute the type anyway." Andrew Koenig and Barbara E. Moo also recognized the usefulness of a built-in typeof facility, with the caveat that "using it often invites subtle programming errors, and there are some problems that it cannot solve." They characterized the use of type conventions, like the typedefs provided by the Standard Template Library, as a more powerful and general technique. However, Steve Dewhurst argued that such conventions are "costly to design and promulgate", and that it would be "much easier to ... simply extract the type of the expression." In a 2011 article on C++0x, Koenig and Moo predicted that "decltype will be widely used to make everyday programs easier to write."

In 2002, Bjarne Stroustrup suggested extending the C++ language with mechanisms for querying the type of an expression, and initializing objects without specifying the type. Stroustrup observed that the reference-dropping semantics offered by the typeof operator provided by the GCC and EDG compilers could be problematic. Conversely, an operator returning a reference type based on the lvalue-ness of the expression was deemed too confusing. The initial proposal to the C++ standards committee outlined a combination of the two variants; the operator would return a reference type only if the declared type of the expression included a reference. To emphasize that the deduced type would reflect the "declared type" of the expression, the operator was proposed to be named decltype.

One of the cited main motivations for the decltype proposal, was the ability to write perfect forwarding function templates. It is sometimes desirable to write a generic forwarding function that returns the same type as the wrapped function, regardless of the type it is instantiated with. Without decltype, it is not generally possible to accomplish this. An example, which also utilizes the trailing-return-type:
int& foo(int& i);
float foo(float& f);

template <class T> auto transparent_forwarder(T& t) −> decltype(foo(t)) {
  return foo(t);
}

decltype is essential here because it preserves the information about whether the wrapped function returns a reference type.

Semantics

Similarly to the sizeof operator, the operand of decltype is unevaluated. Informally, the type returned by decltype(e) is deduced as follows:
If the expression e refers to a variable in local or namespace scope, a static member variable or a function parameter, then the result is that variable's or parameter's declared type
Otherwise, if e is an lvalue, decltype(e) is T&, where T is the type of e; if e is an xvalue, the result is T&&; otherwise, e is a prvalue and the result is T.

These semantics were designed to fulfill the needs of generic library writers, while at the same time being intuitive for novice programmers, because the return type of decltype always matches the type of the object or function exactly as declared in the source code. More formally, Rule 1 applies to unparenthesized id-expressions and class member access expressions.  Example:

const int&& foo();
const int bar();
int i;
struct A { double x; };
const A* a = new A();
decltype(foo()) x1; // type is const int&&
decltype(bar()) x2; // type is int
decltype(i) x3; // type is int
decltype(a->x) x4; // type is double
decltype((a->x)) x5; // type is const double&
The reason for the difference between the latter two invocations of decltype is that the parenthesized expression (a->x) is neither an id-expression nor a member access expression, and therefore does not denote a named object. Because the expression is an lvalue, its deduced type is "reference to the type of the expression", or const double&.

In December 2008, a concern was raised to the committee by Jaakko Järvi over the inability to use decltype to form a qualified-id, which is inconsistent with the intent that decltype(e) should be treated "as if it were a typedef-name". While commenting on the formal Committee Draft for C++0x, the Japanese ISO member body noted that "a scope operator(::) cannot be applied to decltype, but it should be. It would be useful in the case to obtain member type(nested-type) from an instance as follows":
vector<int> v;
decltype(v)::value_type i = 0; // int i = 0;

This, and similar issues pertaining to the wording inhibiting the use of decltype in the declaration of a derived class and in a destructor call, were addressed by David Vandevoorde, and voted into the working paper in March 2010.

Availability
decltype is included in the current version of the C++ Language Standard, C++11. It is provided by a number of compilers as an extension. Microsoft's Visual C++ 2010 compiler provides a decltype operator that closely mimics the semantics as described in the standards committee proposal. It can be used with both managed and native code. The documentation states that it is "useful primarily to developers who write template libraries." decltype was added to the mainline of the GCC C++ compiler in version 4.3, released on March 5, 2008. The operator is also present in Codegear's C++ Builder 2009, the Intel C++ Compiler, and Clang.

References

External links
Bjarne Stroustrup's C++0x FAQ entry for decltype

C++
Articles with example C++ code

Decltype


The Mauritian rupee (sign: Re (singular) and Rs (plural); ISO code: MUR; ) is the currency of Mauritius. One rupee is subdivided into 100 cents. Several other currencies are also called rupee.

Coins

In 1877, coins for 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 cents were introduced, with the lower three denominations in copper and the higher two in silver. Coin production ceased in 1899 and did not recommence until 1911, with silver coins not produced again until 1934, when Re. , Re.  and Re. 1/- coins were introduced. In 1947, cupro-nickel 10 cents were introduced, with cupro-nickel replacing silver in 1950.

In 1971 a new set of coins and banknotes were introduced by the Royal Mint.  This set has Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse and a range of heraldic motives on the reverse. Some of the reverse designs for this set were designed by Christopher Ironside OBE including the Rs. 10/-, Rs. 200/- and Rs. 250/- (issued 1988).

In 1987, a new series of coins was introduced which, for the first time, did not feature the portrait of the monarch (Mauritius did not become a republic until 1992) but that of Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam. This coinage consisted of copper-plated-steel 1c and 5c (the 5c was substantially reduced in size), nickel-plated-steel 20c and Re. , and cupro-nickel Re. 1/- and Rs. 5/-. Cupro-nickel Rs. 10/- were introduced in 1997. Coins currently in circulation are the 5c, 20c, Re. , Re. 1/-, Rs. 5/-, Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/-. Coins below Re. 1/- in value are generally regarded as small-change. The 1c coin has not been seen in circulation for many years, and the last series of 1 cent coins issued in 1987 are only seen as collectors' items.

In 2007, a bi-metallic Rs. 20/- coin was issued to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the Bank of Mauritius, and this has now become a coin in general circulation.

Banknotes

The first banknotes were issued by the government dated 1876 in denominations of Rs. 5/-, Rs. 10/- and Rs. 50/-. Re. 1/- banknotes were added in 1919. In 1940, emergency issues were made of 25c and 50c and Re. 1/-. In 1954, Rs. 25/- and Rs. 1,000/- were introduced.

The Bank of Mauritius was established in September 1967 as the nation's central bank and has been responsible for the issue of banknotes and coins since that time. The bank issued its first notes in 1967, comprising four denominations: Rs. 5/-, Rs. 10/-, Rs. 25/-, and Rs. 50/-, all undated and featuring a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse. Over the years, some denominations were revised with new signatures of the Bank's Governor and managing director but were otherwise unchanged.

In 1985, the Bank of Mauritius issued a completely new set of banknotes of Rs. 5/-, Rs. 10/-, Rs. 20/-, Rs. 50/-, Rs. 100/-, Rs. 200/-, Rs. 500/- and Rs. 1,000/-. A close study of these banknotes reveals an interesting array of subsets which were printed by two banknote printing companies (Bradbury Wilkinson and Thomas de La Rue). The banknotes were also designed at different time periods as there are very few identical and consistent design features appearing on all the denominations. Varying banknote numbering systems, different types of security threads, variations in the design and size of the Mauritian Coat of Arms, different ultraviolet light latent printing, inconsistent variations in the size incrementation between the denominations and multiple different typesets are just a few of the differences. This issue lasted up to 1998.

In 1998, The Bank of Mauritius made a new issue of banknotes consisting of 7 denominations, viz. Rs. 25/-, Rs. 50/-, Rs. 100/-, Rs. 200/-, Rs. 500/-, Rs. 1,000/- and Rs. 2,000/-. These banknotes had a standard format and were all issued simultaneously in November 1998. All the banknotes of this issue were printed in England by Thomas de la Rue Limited. These first banknotes were withdrawn from circulation in June 1999 following controversies due to the ordering of the text (English, Sanskrit, Tamil) as the Tamil population is said to have arrived in Mauritius prior to the North Indian community affiliated with Hindi.

The Bank of Mauritius made its latest issue of banknotes, which is still current, after June 1999.

Currently circulating banknotes

Obverse designs

Each denomination bears a hand engraved portrait of a prominent Mauritian figure, which appears on the left.

The top of the note says "Bank of Mauritius". The portrait is toward the center-left of the note and below the portrait is the name of the person in the portrait and their year of birth to year of death. On the bottom-left is the coat of arms of Mauritius. There is also a drawing of the Bank of Mauritius building and a portrayal of the statue of justice in the background of each of the denominations in the centre of the note. The value of the note is in the top-right corner with the "Rs" symbol in front the value. Below the value in the top-right corner is a feature to aid the visually impaired. This is in addition to the differences in sizes between the banknotes of various denominations. The left side of the note says the numerical value of the note, with the "Rs" symbol to the left of the value, written sideways left-faced up. On top of the numerical value on the left side is the serial number of the note. The serial number is also on the centre-right of the note. On the top-center of the note is states "This Note Is Legal Tender For", then it states the note's value written out in English (ex: "One Hundred"), and below that it says "Rupees". Below that it says the value of the note in Tamil, and below that it says the value of the note in Bhojpuri. Below that is the signature of the Governor of the Bank of Mauritius and next to that is the signature of the  managing director, or it could have the signatures of the First Deputy Governor, then the Governor, then the Second Deputy Governor. Below that is the year the note was printed.

Reverse Designs

The top left of the note on the reverse says "Bank of Mauritius". The left side of the note says the numerical value of the note, with the "Rs" symbol to the left of the value, written sideways left-faced up. The top right of the note has the numerical value of the note with the "Rs" symbol to the left of the value. Each denomination carries a different vignette, depicting various aspects of Mauritius. The Devanagari script value of the note can be found on the left side of the bottom of the vignette, with the Devanagari abbreviation of rupee, "रु" ("ru") in front of the value. The Tamil and Gujarati numerical value of the note can be found on the right side of the bottom of the vignette. The Tamil value is above the Gujarati value.

Features for authenticity verification

 The feel of banknote's paper
 Three-dimensional watermark in the form of a dodo: When held up to the light the head of the dodo can be clearly viewed.
 See-through in the form of a conch shell: this image completes when viewed against direct light.
 Windowed security thread reading "Bank of Mauritius" when held up to the light, this can be seen as a continuous band running through the paper. Viewed flat, the metallic areas can be seen on the surface of the paper.
 Engraved Portrait in Intaglio ink.
 Latent image: when viewed at eye level, the image of "BM" becomes visible.
 Micro-text reading "BM": under a magnifying glass, these letters are clear to see.
 Under ultra-violet light: figures corresponding to the face value of the banknote become apparent.

Rs. 100/-, Rs. 200/-, Rs. 500/-, Rs. 1,000/-, Rs. 2,000/- banknotes

Iridescent band in gold: when held under the light, this band visualizes and disappears when the viewing angle is changed.

Rs. 100/-, Rs. 200/- banknotes

Silver metallic ink: dull silver metallic band running from top to bottom on front, left of note. Metallic strip also beneath top right value numeral.

Rs. 500/-, Rs. 1,000/- banknotes

Silver Foil: two different images, value numeral or geometric shape, can be seen when viewed from different angles.

Rs. 2,000/- banknote

Hologram containing images of the dodo and the value "2000"

Rs. 200/-, Rs. 500/-, Rs. 1,000/- banknotes

Hologram containing images of the dodo and the denomination on the Rs. 200/- banknote, a deer and the denomination on the Rs. 500/- banknote and the Bank of Mauritius tower and the denomination on the Rs. 1,000/- banknote.

Rs. 25/-, Rs. 50/-, Rs. 500/- banknotes

Revised security features and the change of material from paper to polymer.

Rs. 2,000/- banknote
Revised security features and the change of material from paper to polymer.

Commemorative coins

See also
 Economy of Mauritius
 Seychellois rupee

Notes

References

External links
Ministry Of Finance and Economic Development

Circulating currencies
Currencies of the British Empire
Currencies of the Commonwealth of Nations
Currencies of Mauritius
Rupee, Mauritian
1876 introductions

Mauritian rupee


est une espèce éteinte d'acritarches, des microfossiles à paroi organique auxquels il n'est pas possible d'attribuer une affinité biologique avec certitude.

L'espèce a d'abord été trouvée au niveau du trou de forage de Rapla en Estonie en 1991. Elle date de l'Ordovicien. Elle a aussi été identifiée dans la dépression centrale en Lithuanie en 2001.

Bibliographie

  Uutela A. and Tynni R., 1991. Ordovician acritarchs from the Rapla borehole, Estonia. Geological Survey of Finland (description à la page 49, fig. VII:72).
  [] Lidija Paðkevièienë, 2001. Akritarchø taksonominë sudëtis ir pasiskirstymas Vidurio Lietuvos álinkio Oandu ir Rakverës amþiaus uolienose [abstract traduit en anglais: Taxonomical composition and distribution of acritarchs in the deposits of Oandu Ravere Regional Stages of the Middle Lithuanian Depression]. Geologija, Nr. 33.

Liens externes

  Cheleutochroa elegans sur le site Fossiilid.info (site visité le 31 mars 2022).
  Cheleutochroa elegans sur le site Palynodata (site visité le 31 mars 2022).

Notes et références

Acritarcha
Espèce d'eucaryotes préhistoriques (nom scientifique)
Taxon éteint de l'Ordovicien
Taxon fossile non connu en Paleobiology Database
Taxon fossile décrit en 1991

Cheleutochroa elegans


Gliese 581 e er en exoplanet der kredser om den røde dværgstjerne, Gliese 581, som er ca. 20,3 lysår væk fra Jorden. Det er den tredje planet der blev opdaget som kredser Gliese 581, og den første i forhold til sin stjerne.

Exoplaneter

Gliese 581 e


An Elythranthera in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Elythranthera in nahilalakip ha familia nga Orchidaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Elythranthera

Elythranthera


Luhasoo (også: Vanamõisa soo, Kellamäe soo) er en mose i Rõuge Vald, Võrumaa. Mosens areal er 1.546 ha. Mosen ligger i Luhasoo maastikukaitseala (landskabsfredningsområde).

Mosens tørvelag er 4–5 m tykt.

Noter/Eksterne henvisninger

Estlands geografi
Moser

Luhasoo


Vorma je rijeka u Norveškoj koja dovodi vodu iz jezera Mjøsa u rijeku Glommu. Vorma je duga 30 km, a teče kroz grad Eidsvoll. Vorma teče iz jezera Mjøsa kod sela Minnesund, a u Årnesu se ulijeva u rijeku Glommu kao lijeva pritoka.

Vorma je tako nazvana jer je bila "topla" rijeka koja se nikada ne smrzava, dok se i Glomma i Gudbrandsdalslågen redovito smrzavaju.

Izvori

Rijeke u Norveškoj
Sjevernomorski slijev (kontinentalna Europa)

Vorma


The Amundsen Sea is an arm of the Southern Ocean off Marie Byrd Land in western Antarctica. It lies between Cape Flying Fish (the northwestern tip of Thurston Island) to the east and Cape Dart on Siple Island to the west. Cape Flying Fish marks the boundary between the Amundsen Sea and the Bellingshausen Sea. West of Cape Dart there is no named marginal sea of the Southern Ocean between the Amundsen and Ross Seas. The Norwegian expedition of 1928–1929 under Captain Nils Larsen named the body of water for the Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen while exploring this area in February 1929.

The sea is mostly ice-covered, and the Thwaites Ice Tongue protrudes into it. The ice sheet which drains into the Amundsen Sea averages about  in thickness; roughly the size of the state of Texas, this area is known as the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE); it forms one of the three major ice-drainage basins of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.

Embayment

The ice sheet that drains into the Amundsen Sea averages about  in thickness. It is roughly the size of the state of Texas and is known as the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE); it forms one of the three major ice drainage basins of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet along with the Ross Sea Embayment and the Weddell Sea Embayment.

Some scientists proposed that this region may be a "weak underbelly" of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. The Pine Island and Thwaites Glaciers, which both flow into the Amundsen Sea, are two of Antarctica's largest five. Researchers reported that the flow of these glaciers increased starting in the mid-2000s; if they were to melt completely, global sea levels would rise by about . Other researchers suggested that the loss of these glaciers would destabilise the entire West Antarctic ice sheet and possibly sections of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.

A 2004 study suggested that because the ice in the Amundsen Sea had been melting rapidly and was riven with cracks, the offshore ice shelf was set to collapse "within five years". The study projected a sea level rise of  from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet if all the sea ice in the Amundsen Sea melted.

Measurements made by the British Antarctic Survey in 2005 showed that the ice discharge rate into the Amundsen Sea embayment was about 250 km3 per year. Assuming a steady rate of discharge, this alone was sufficient to raise global sea levels by 0.2 mm per year.

A subglacial volcano was detected just north of the Pine Island Glacier near the Hudson Mountains. It last erupted approximately 2,200 years ago, indicated by widespread ash deposits within the ice, in what was the largest known eruption in Antarctica within the prior 10 millennia. Volcanic activity may be contributing to the observed increase of glacial flow, although the most popular theory is that the flow has increased due to warming ocean water. This water has warmed due to an upwelling of deep ocean water due to variations in pressure systems, which could have been affected by global warming.

In January 2010, a modelling study suggested that the "tipping point" for Pine Island Glacier may have been passed in 1996, with a retreat of  possible by 2100, producing a corresponding  of sea level rise. It was suggested that these estimates were conservative. The modelling study also stated that "Given the complex, three-dimensional nature of the real Pine Island glacier ... it should be clear that the [...] model is a very crude representation of reality."

A 2023 study estimated that the area lost 3.3 trillion tons of ice between 1996 and 2021, raising sea levels by 9 millimeters.

Pine Island Bay

Pine Island Bay () is a bay about  long and  wide, into which flows the ice of the Pine Island Glacier at the southeast extremity of the Amundsen Sea. It was delineated from aerial photographs taken by United States Navy (USN) Operation HIGHJUMP in December 1946, and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for the USS Pine Island, seaplane tender and flagship of the eastern task group of USN Operation HIGHJUMP which explored this area.

Russell Bay

Russell Bay () is a rather open bay in southwestern Amundsen Sea, extending along the north sides of Siple Island, Getz Ice Shelf and Carney Island, from Pranke Island to Cape Gates. It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and USN air photos, 1959–66, and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Admiral James S. Russell, Vice Chief of Naval Operations during the post 1957–58 IGY period.

Climate engineering

References

External links

 Airborne Geophysical Survey of the Amundsen Embayment
 Subglacial Topography
 Thinning ice

Seas of the Southern Ocean

Amundsen Sea


Max Erik Tegmark (născut Max Shapiro ) este un fizician și cosmolog suedezo-american. Este profesor la Institutul Tehnologic din Massachusetts și director științific al Institutului de Întrebări Fundamentale. De asemenea, este co-fondator al Institutului pentru Viitorul Vieții, susținător al mișcării altruismului eficient și a primit donații din partea lui Elon Musk pentru a investiga riscul existențial din partea inteligenței artificiale avansate. A emis o teorie (speculativă) a întregului denumită ipoteza universului matematic (din engleză, mathematical universe hypothesis, MUH).

Biografie
Tegmark s-a născut în Suedia, ca fiul Karinei Tegmark și al profesorului american de matematică Harold S. Shapiro.
Este căsătorit cu Meia Chita-Tegmark, din anul 2012, originile căreia sunt din Romania

Opera
 Max Tegmark, Viața 3.0. Omul in epoca inteligenței artificiale, București,Editura Humanitas, 2019 ( traducere după ediția originală din 2017 de Vlad Zografi)
 Circa 300 de publicații in domeniul astrofizicii, cosmologiei, apariției vieții și interacțiunii ființelor raționale cu Universul, inteligenței artificiale, siguranței inteligenței artificiale
 Ours Mathematical Universe. My quest for the ultimate Nature of Reality, 2014. By Knopf publishing, 432 pp.

Note

Legături externe
Site-ul oficial

Nașteri în 1967
Cosmologi
Fizicieni suedeziFizicieni americani

Max Tegmark


Mary Elizabeth "Liz" Truss () este o politiciană britanică, lider al Partidului Conservator, care a ocupat funcția de prim-ministru al Regatului Unit din 6 septembrie 2022 până la 25 octombrie 2022.

Biografie

Nașterea și familia
Mary Elizabeth Truss s-a născut la 26 iulie 1975 la Oxford. Este fiica lui John Kenneth Truss și a Priscillei Mary Grasby. Tatăl său este profesor emerit de matematici la Universitatea din Leeds, iar mama sa este infirmieră, cadru didactic și membră a Campaniei pentru dezarmare nucleară. Liz Truss își descrie familia ca fiind «foarte de stânga» și arată că a crescut într-un mediu prolaburist.

S-a căsătorit în 2000 cu Hugh O'Leary, expert contabil, cu care are două fete.

Studii și formare
Liz Truss a fost elevă la o școală primară din Paisley, în Scoția, apoi la Roundhay School din Leeds. Ea a urmat studii de filosofie, politică și economie la Merton College de la Oxford, unde a obținut un master of arts în 1996.

În timpul studiilor la Oxford, a condus grupul studenților liberali-democrați, cu care ea a manifestat pentru abolirea monarhiei. În august 2022 a declarat că acest parcurs printre centriști a fost o eroarea a tinereții sale. Exprimându-se în fața membrilor partidului său, ea a mărturisit:

Apoi a urmat o carieră de director comercial în sectorul privat.

Parcursul politic

Începuturi
După ce a absolvit în 1996 University of Oxford, a lucrat ca economist și a fost vicepreședinte al Think-Tanks Reform.

Aderentă la Partidul Conservator de la mijlocul anilor 1990, ea a fost aleasă în Consiliul Municipal Greenwich. Ea a suferit mai multe eșecuri în circumscripțiile legislative laburiste. A fost remarcată de David Cameron, care dorea să scoată în față femeile, în partid.

La Alegerile legislative din 2010, a fost aleasă în Camera Comunelor pentru circumscripția South West Norfolk. Ca backbencher a cerut reforme în diferite domenii politice, inclusiv îngrijirea copilului, matematică și economie. Ea a fondat "Free Enterprise Group of Conservative MPs" și a participat la redactarea unei serii de lucrări și cărți, printre altele After the Coalition (2011) și Britannia Unchained (2012).

Din 2010 este parlamentară pentru South West Norfolk. Truss a fost din 2012 până în 2014 "Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State" responsabilă pentru educație și de îngrijire a copilului. Din 2014 până în 2016 a fost "Secretary of State for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs". La 14 iulie 2016 a fost numită de Theresa May ministru de justiție și lord cancelar în Cabinetul May, ceea ce a dus la înlăturarea lui Michael Gove. A fost prima femeie care deține poziția de lord cancelar (dacă nu este luată în calcul Eleanor de Provence în 1253). Din 2019 a fost ministru al femeilor și egalității și din 2021 ministru de externe.

Opozantă Brexitului până în 2016, ea s-a răzgândit după ce acesta a fost aprobat și a adoptat un discurs eurosceptic virulent. În 2016 făcea campanie pentru un «nu» și a semnat, la 15 mai 2016, în calitate de Secretar de Stat la Mediu o tribună în The Sun care a calificat Brexitul drept o «triplă tragedie: mai multe reguli, mai multe protocoale, mai multă încetineală pentru a vinde în Uniunea Europeană». Ea a detaliat explicând că potrivit lor, întreprinderile britanice « se vor îneca în formulare, ceea ce va afecta profiturile și că pe măsură ce locurile de muncă se pierd și prețurile cresc » A posteriori, ea a declarat că opoziția pe care o avusese față de Brexit fusese o eroare.

Premier al Regatului Unit
Elizabeth Truss a devenit premier al Regatului Unit, mandatul ei începând la 6 septembrie 2022, când a acceptat invitația reginei Elisabeta a II-a de a forma o nouă administrație, în urma demisiei predecesorului ei Boris Johnson după o criză guvernamentală.

La 20 octombrie 2022, Elizabeth Truss a demisionat din funcția de premier al Regatului Unit.

Bibliografie
 The Value of Mathematics. iunie 2008.
 A New Level. iunie 2009.
 Academic rigour and social mobility: how low income students are being kept out of top jobs. martie 2011.
 A decade of gains – learning lessons from Germany. februarie 2012.
 Affordable quality: new approaches to childcare. mai 2012.
 After the Coalition. 2011.
 Britannia Unchained. 2012.

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1975
Femei premier
Miniștri britanici
Oameni din Oxford
Politiciene din secolul al XX-lea
Politiciene din secolul al XXI-lea
Politicieni ai Partidului Conservator (Regatul Unit)
Prim-miniștri ai Regatului Unit

Elizabeth Truss


Liberty, formerly, and still formally, called the National Council for Civil Liberties (NCCL), is an advocacy group and membership organisation based in the United Kingdom, which challenges unjust laws, protects civil liberties and promotes human rights. It does this through the courts, in Parliament and in the wider community. Liberty also aims to engender a "rights culture" within British society. The NCCL was founded in 1934 by Ronald Kidd and Sylvia Crowther-Smith (later Scaffardi), motivated by their humanist convictions.

During the 1950s, the NCCL campaigned for reform of the mental health system, under which people known to be sane but deemed 'morally defective' – unmarried mothers, for example – could be locked up in an asylum. By 1957, the campaign had seen the release of around 2,000 inmates, the abolition of the Mental Deficiency Act 1913, and the establishment of new Mental Health Review Tribunals which culminated in the Mental Health Act 1959.

Since 2016, Liberty's work has been dominated by a High Court challenge to the Investigatory Powers Act, as well as campaigning against the so-called 'hostile environment' policies which allow indefinite immigration detention in the UK.

In autumn 2019, the organisation set up Liberty Investigates, an editorially independent journalism unit. Its initial focus was on how the coronavirus pandemic affects Human Rights in the UK.

History

Foundation and early years

The immediate spur to the organisation's formation was the National Hunger March 1932. The first Secretary was Ronald Kidd, and first President was the novelist E. M. Forster; vice-presidents were the politician and author A. P. Herbert and the journalist Kingsley Martin of the New Statesman. H. G. Wells, Lewis Clive, Vera Brittain, Clement Attlee, Rebecca West, Edith Summerskill and Harold Laski were also founder members.

The National Council for Civil Liberties (NCCL) was founded in 1934. The inaugural meeting took place in the church of St. Martin-in-the-Fields in London on 22 February. A letter published in The Times and The Guardian newspapers announced the formations of the group, citing "the general and alarming tendency to encroachment on the liberty of the citizen" as the reason for its establishment. The first campaign was against the criminalisation of pacifist or anti-war literature. Under the proposed Incitement to Disaffection Bill, commonly known as the 'Sedition Bill', it would have been a criminal offence to possess pacifist literature, for example anti-war pamphlets. Although the Bill became law as the Incitement to Disaffection Act 1934, NCCL succeeded in watering it down. Other prominent early themes included campaigning against fascists, against film censorship and support for striking miners in Nottinghamshire.

World War II
When Oswald Mosley was released from prison in 1943 (he had been imprisoned without trial under Defence Regulation 18B), the National Council for Civil Liberties demanded his continued imprisonment. A.W. Brian Simpson notes that the NCCL "had become an enthusiastic supporter of detention without trial". Harold Nicolson and 38 others resigned from the NCCL over the issue.

Liberty

In 1989, NCCL rebranded as "Liberty". During this period, the organisation was headed by Andrew Puddephatt and John Wadham.

On 10 September 2001, Shami Chakrabarti joined Liberty. After working as in-house counsel, she was appointed director of Liberty in 2003. As director, she began campaigning against what the pressure group saw as the "excessive" anti-terrorist measures that followed the 11 September 2001 attacks in the United States, such as the Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 (ATCSA). Liberty became increasingly high-profile, with Chakrabarti making regular appearances in the media. She was described in The Times newspaper as "the most effective public affairs lobbyist of the past 20 years".

Since the 2015 UK general election, Liberty has spearheaded the campaign to save the Human Rights Act. In August 2015, Chakrabarti said Liberty intended to become "more vigilant and active" in Scotland. She later shared a platform with Scotland's First Minister Nicola Sturgeon to jointly defend the HRA.

In January 2016 it emerged that Chakrabarti was standing down as Liberty's director. Martha Spurrier took up the post at the end of May.

Since 2016, Liberty's work has been dominated by taking a High Court challenge to the Investigatory Powers Act, and campaigning against the so-called 'hostile environment' policies and for an end to the use of indefinite immigration detention in the UK. In autumn 2019, the organisation set up Liberty Investigates, an editorially independent journalism unit that sits within Liberty. The unit formally launched in April 2020 with an initial focus on how the coronavirus pandemic is affecting Human Rights in the UK.

Campaigns

Post-war

BBC ban

During the 1940s, the NCCL led protests against a BBC ban on artists who attended a 'People's Convention' organised by the Communist Party.

Soldiers' civil liberties

In the years following the Second World War, the NCCL campaigned for better civil liberties protections for members of the Armed Forces, including for better education and vocational training, a fairer military justice system and freedom of voluntary association.

Miscarriages of justice

At this time NCCL was also involved in several miscarriage of justice cases, including that of Emery, Powers and Thompson, who were sentenced to between four and ten years' imprisonment for assaulting a police officer, even though someone else confessed to the crime and the prosecution evidence was flawed. NCCL found a witness who confirmed the men's alibi and they were released from prison and granted a royal pardon.

Reform of the Mental Health System

During the 1950s NCCL campaigned for reform of the mental health system, under which people known to be sane but deemed 'morally defective' – unmarried mothers, for example – could be locked up in an asylum.

By 1957, the campaign had seen the release of around 2,000 former inmates, the abolition of the Mental Health Act 1913 and the establishment of new Mental Health Review Tribunals and the Mental Health Act 1959.

1960–1974

In the 1960s the organisation broadened its scope, particularly from 1966 under new general secretary Tony Smythe. It campaigned on racial issues, on behalf of gypsies, children, prisoners and servicemen who had changed their decision about joining the forces. This broader range of campaigning resulted in a large rise in membership and a higher profile in the media.
It campaigned for the retaining of the public right to petition the ECHR, its General Secretary Martin Loney writing to the Prime Minister, Edward Heath. However, Loney was controversially sacked by the executive of the NCCL led by its chair, Henry Hodge.

Opposition to racial discrimination

After 1960, NCCL responded to the tightening of immigration laws and a rise in race-hate incidents by lobbying for the Race Relations Act, which came into force in 1965. NCCL also published pamphlets exposing the effective 'colour bar', whereby black and Asian people were refused service in certain pubs and hotels.

Following Conservative MP Enoch Powell's Rivers of Blood speech in 1968 the NCCL set about organising an emergency "Speak out on Race" meeting and also presented an NCCL petition to the Prime Minister.

Women's rights

Campaigning for women's rights was also a major part of NCCL's work in this period, including successfully calling for reform of jury service laws that effectively prevented women and the poor from serving on juries by means of a property qualification.

Right to public protest

NCCL intervened on behalf of groups refused permission to protest and monitoring the policing of demonstrations such as those against the Vietnam War.

Support for reluctant servicemen

NCCL also campaigned to raise awareness of the difficulty faced by 'reluctant servicemen' – men in the armed forces who had often signed up as teenagers then realised they'd made a mistake but were prevented from discharging themselves for anything up to 16 years.

Northern Ireland

In 1972 NCCL campaigned for civil rights in Northern Ireland.

Data protection

In 1975 NCCL bought 3 million credit rating files from Konfax Ltd after they were offered for sale in the Evening Standard. The files were destroyed and the major privacy protection 'Right to Know' campaign to give individuals greater control over their personal information was launched in 1977.

1975–1989
Near the end of 1974, Patricia Hewitt, later a Labour cabinet minister, was appointed as general secretary. A number of other future high-profile Labour politicians worked at the organisation at this time, such as Harriet Harman, who worked as the legal officer from 1978 to 1982, Jack Dromey, later her husband, was a member (1970–79) and chairman of the executive committee, and Diane Abbott was employed as Race Relations Officer (1978–80).

Paedophilia

In 1976, the NCCL in a submission to the Criminal Law Revision Committee of the British Parliament argued that "Childhood sexual experiences, willingly engaged in, with an adult result in no identifiable damage… The real need is a change in the attitude which assumes that all cases of paedophilia result in lasting damage". The NCCL also sought to place the "onus of proof on the prosecution to show that the child was actually harmed" rather than having a blanket ban on child pornography and advocated the decriminalisation of incest. Organisations such as Paedophile Information Exchange (P.I.E.), a pro-paedophile activist group, and Paedophile Action for Liberation became affiliated to the pressure group. Prominent pro-paedophile activist Tom O'Carroll also sat on the NCCL's sub-committee for gay rights. Shami Chakrabarti, the former director of Liberty, issued an apology about the links between the NCCL and the PIE. In December 2013, she said: "It is a source of continuing disgust and horror that even the NCCL had to expel paedophiles from its ranks in 1983 after infiltration at some point in the 70s."

Gay rights and censorship

NCCL acted for the owners of Gay's the Word bookshop, whose stock was confiscated by Customs officers in 1984. All charges were dropped in 1986.

Miners' strike

During the miners' strike, NCCL campaigned on behalf of miners stopped from picketing outside their home regions.

MI5 surveillance

The European Court of Human Rights ruled that MI5 surveillance of Harriet Harman and Patricia Hewitt during the pair's tenure at Liberty breached the European Convention on Human Rights.

1990–2004

Detention without charge

During the Gulf War, Liberty successfully campaigned for the release of over 100 Iraqi nationals – some of whom were openly opposed to Saddam Hussein – detained without charge in Britain on the grounds that they posed a risk to national security.

Miscarriage of justice

Throughout the 1990s Liberty focused again on miscarriage of justice cases and campaigned for reform of the criminal justice system. High-profile cases included that of the Birmingham Six, who were released after 16 years in prison for IRA bombings they did not commit.

Human Rights Act

At the start of the 2000s, Liberty used the protections in the new Human Rights Act 1998 to fight a number of landmark cases. Including supporting terminally ill Diane Pretty's fight to die with dignity and Christine Goodwin's fight for transgender rights.

A and others v Secretary of State for the Home Department

Liberty intervened in the long-running A and others v Secretary of State for the Home Department case following which the Law Lords ruled that detaining non-British nationals without trial was unlawful. In a 2005 judgment the Law Lords also confirmed that evidence obtained through torture was not admissible in British courts.

Katherine Gun

In 2004, Liberty acted for the translator and whistleblower Katharine Gun who claimed that the American National Security Agency had requested the British Government's help in illegal surveillance on the UN. She was prosecuted under the Official Secrets Act 1989. The charges were dropped when the prosecution failed to offer any evidence.

2005–2014

Pre-charge detention

During 2007 and 2008 Liberty led the opposition to government plans to extend detention without charge for those suspected of terrorism to 42 days. Chakrabarti and Liberty claimed a major campaign victory when the government dropped the proposal after it was rejected by the House of Lords in October 2008.

Gooch Gang

In April 2009, Liberty protested against a poster campaign by Greater Manchester Police which depicted a series of notorious Manchester gangsters, the Gooch Gang, as pensioners. The billboard campaign used computer-generated images of Colin Joyce and Lee Amos to show how the "aged" criminals would look when they are finally released from prison in the 2040s. Liberty supported claims that the posters should be removed following complaints from family members of the gangsters, not involved with their relatives' criminality, who claimed they were being targeted in the community after the posters were erected.

Cream of Conscience

November 2011 saw Liberty successfully assist in preventing Westminster City Council from implementing a proposed byelaw which would have essentially criminalised "soup runs" within areas of Southwark.

Freedom Games?

In response to the vast security systems which were put in place ahead of the London 2012 Olympic Games, Liberty raised concerns with regards to the infringements to civil liberties which would subsequently occur. Liberty argued that neither peaceful protest nor the right to free speech were a factor in ensuring the safety of the Games.

For their eyes only

Another prominent campaign in 2012 was "For their eyes only" in response to the proposed Justice and Security Bill which was introduced in the House of Lords on 28 May 2012.  The Bill was introduced as a result of prolific media investigations and litigation surrounding the UK Government and proposed "secret courts" and evidence which would be non-disclosable.  A campaign presence and attendance by Shami Chakrabarti at the Liberal Democrats Conference in September 2012 in Brighton successfully led to the passing of a motion by Jo Shaw, Liberal Democrat Parliamentary Spokesperson for Holborn and St Pancras, against the Bill. Nevertheless, the substantially unchanged Bill became law in April 2013.

Extradition Watch

A prominent campaign by Liberty was in relation to fairer extradition laws and the opposition of unfair extradition proceedings, the most prominent case being that of Gary McKinnon who gained worldwide press attention. Other prolific cases included that of Babar Ahmed, Talha Ahsan and Christopher Tappin.

Gary McKinnon

16 October 2012 saw a victory for Gary McKinnon, after a decade-long ordeal, as the Home Secretary, Theresa May, announced that she was refusing to allow Gary's extradition to the US on the basis that doing so would breach his Human Rights. Gary McKinnon was charged in 2002 of hacking into US military and NASA systems, but maintains that he was looking for UFOs and evidence of free energy suppression. Gary, who has Asperger syndrome, could have spent up to 70 years in a US jail if convicted and it was argued by his lawyers in an appeal to the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) that because of this factor and because the crime was committed in the UK that he should be tried in the UK. Director of Liberty, Shami Chakrabarti said of the Home Secretary's decision "This is a great day for rights, freedoms and justice in the United Kingdom." The Home Office also admitted that it was the Human Rights Act which essentially prevented the extradition.

Gay rights

Liberty intervened in the case of gay couple Michael Black and John Morgan who were turned away from a bed and breakfast because of the owner's religious views. On 18 October 2012 it was ruled that the B&B owner was in breach of equality legislation by unlawfully discriminating against the couple on the basis of their sexual orientation. Liberty's Legal Director James Welch said of the decision "Hopefully today's ruling signals the death knell of such 'no gays' policies – policies that would never be tolerated if they referred to a person's race, gender or religion."

2015 onwards

Save our Human Rights Act
Immediately following the 2015 General Election result, Liberty launched a campaign to save the Human Rights Act. The Conservative Party – which had won a majority – had included a pledge in its manifesto to repeal the Act. Liberty called this "a knowing attempt by Government ministers to hand itself the right to end the universality of human rights and choose when and to whom they apply".

In May 2016, Liberty, Amnesty International UK and the British Institute of Human Rights published a statement opposing repeal of the Act, backed by more than 130 organisations including UK Families Flight 103, Friends of the Earth, Refuge, Quakers in Britain, Stonewall, the Terrence Higgins Trust, the Down's Syndrome Association and the Football Supporters' Federation.

In July 2015, Liberty coordinated an intervention from a number of former Anti-Apartheid campaigners including Archbishop Njongonkulu Ndungane and Denis Goldberg.

The Deepcut inquests
Liberty represents the families of three of four young soldiers who died of gunshot wounds at Deepcut army barracks between 1995 and 2002 – Cheryl James, Sean Benton and James Collinson. Liberty used the Human Rights Act to compel Surrey Police to disclose evidence about the deaths to the families, which they were then able to use to apply for fresh inquests.

The second inquest into the death of Cheryl James took place at Woking Coroner's Court from January to April 2016. On 3 June 2016, Coroner Brian Barker QC recorded a verdict of suicide, delivering a narrative verdict that strongly condemned the culture at Deepcut. Following the verdict, Liberty called for reform to tackle the "pervasive sexualised culture" in the Armed Forces.

The second inquest into the death of Sean Benton also took place from January to June 2018, also in Woking. On 18 July 2018, Coroner Peter Rook QC also recorded a verdict of suicide and again strongly criticised failings at Deepcut and in the Surrey Police investigation. Following the verdict, Liberty and Sean's family called for all serious crimes within the Armed Forces to be investigated by the civilian police, rather than the Royal Military Police.

Corporal Anne-Marie Ellement
Liberty represented the family of Corporal Anne-Marie Ellement, a Royal Military Police Office who took her own life in 2011 after alleging that she had been raped by two colleagues. The allegations were investigated by military police themselves, and no charges were brought.

An initial inquest in March 2012 recorded a verdict of suicide, but Anne-Marie's family, represented by Liberty, used the Human Rights Act to secure a second, more thorough inquest. They alleged that Anne-Marie had been bullied and that the Royal Military Police had failed in their duty of care.

On 3 July 2014, Nicholas Rheinberg – Coroner in the second inquest – ruled that bullying, the lingering effect of the alleged rape and "work-related despair" had contributed to Anne-Marie's suicide.

In 2013, Anne-Marie's family, represented by Liberty, also used the threat of legal action under the Human Rights Act to compel the Ministry of Defence and Royal Military Police to agree to refer the Anne-Marie's rape allegations for a fresh, independent investigation. This was carried out by RAF Police and Bedfordshire Police, overseen by the Crown Prosecution Service.

On 29 October 2015, the Service Prosecuting Authority announced that two former soldiers had been charged with raping Anne-Marie and stated that "the original decision by the SPA not to prosecute was 'wrong'". The two men were acquitted on 20 April 2016.

In October 2016, the Royal Military Police apologised to Anne-Marie's family for failings and mistakes in the original rape investigation.

In November 2017, the Ministry of Defence announced it would stop Commanding Officers investigating allegations of sexual assault themselves – a call Liberty had made from Corporal Ellement's 2014 inquest.

Mass surveillance

Following Edward Snowden's whistleblowing in 2013, mass surveillance became a major part of Liberty's work.

Shortly after the revelations, Liberty brought a legal challenge to the UK government's practices with a coalition of other organisations, including Amnesty International, Privacy International and ACLU. In September 2018, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that GCHQ's bulk interception practices had violated privacy rights and failed to provide sufficient safeguards.

In 2014, Liberty represented MPs David Davis and Tom Watson in a legal challenge to the Data Retention and Investigatory Powers Act (DRIPA), claiming that it breached privacy rights. The case was referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) by the Court of Appeal, and in December 2016 the ECJ ruled that the general and indiscriminate retention of emails and electronic communications by governments was illegal. In January 2018, the Court of Appeal found DRIPA unlawful.

Throughout 2016, Liberty campaigned against what it believed to be a serious lack of privacy safeguards in the Investigatory Powers Bill. The Bill passed in November 2016. In January 2017, Liberty launched a crowdfunder to raise funds to challenge the Act in the High Court, raising more than £53,000 in a week.

Liberty's challenge to various parts of the Investigatory Powers Act is ongoing. In April 2018, the High Court issued its ruling on the first part of the challenge, giving the government six months to rewrite core parts of the Act, which it found incompatible with EU law.

Equal pensions for same-sex couples
Liberty represented John Walker in a legal challenge to a loophole in the Equality Act which let employers exempt same-sex spouses from spousal pension benefits. Upon retirement from Innospec, John had discovered that his husband would only receive a few hundred pounds a year. If he were married to a woman, she would have received around £45,000.

In July 2017, the Supreme Court found the loophole unlawful under EU law.

Hostile environment policies
Liberty campaigned against the introduction of the 'hostile environment' policies and has since campaigned for their repeal. It has also campaigned against data-sharing arrangements between immigration enforcement and public services including hospitals, schools and police. In August 2017, Liberty exposed that the Home Office had secretly gained access to nationality data on homeless people in London.

Facial recognition
In June 2018, Liberty announced it would be representing Cardiff resident Ed Bridges in a legal challenge to South Wales Police's use of facial recognition technology in public spaces. Liberty argues that the technology "is dangerously inaccurate and has the potential to trample on the freedoms we all take for granted".

Immigration detention

In January 2017, Liberty launched a campaign calling for a 28-day statutory limit on immigration detention in the UK.

Organisation

Liberty is both a non-profit company that employs staff and runs campaigns, and a member-based association. Both work closely with the Civil Liberties Trust.  Liberty is divided into three organisations:

 Liberty – an unincorporated association

A democratically run membership association, which individuals can join.

 Liberty – the company

A non-profit company that employs staff and runs campaigns etc. It leases buildings and works closely with the Civil Liberties Trust (see below).

 The Civil Liberties Trust

The Civil Liberties Trust (CLT) is a registered charity (No. 1024948), independent of Liberty. The CLT has no staff, but commissions Liberty to conduct charitable work such as providing public advice and information, also research, policy work, and litigation.

Causes and associations

The main issues Liberty is campaigning on, as of 2018, include:

Mass surveillance
 Police use of facial recognition and other intrusive surveillance technology such as IMSI catchers
 Human rights in the UK after Brexit
Hostile environment policies and public service data-sharing with UK immigration enforcement
 Soldiers' rights, in particularly campaigning for an overhaul of the military justice system
Immigration detention
Public spaces protection orders

In addition, Liberty campaigns on a number of 'core' issues that remain constant:

 Torture
 Privacy
 Free speech
 Equality
 Protest rights
 Policing

General secretaries and directors
1932: Ronald Kidd
1942: Elizabeth Acland Allen
1960: Martin Ennals
1966: Tony Smythe
1973: Martin Loney
1974: Patricia Hewitt
1984: Larry Gostin
1985: Sarah Spencer
1989: Andrew Puddephatt
1995: John Wadham
2003: Shami Chakrabarti
2016: Martha Spurrier

Publications
Liberty produces briefings on its campaign issues, as well as researching and writing reports on particular areas of human rights and civil liberties.

Reports
A Guide to the Hostile Environment: The border controls dividing our communities and how we can bring them down . April 2018.
Bringing human rights home? What's at stake for rights in the incorporation of EU law after Brexit . February 2018.
Military Justice: Proposals for a fair and independent military justice system . June 2014.
A Journalist's Guide to the Human Rights Act.  January 2011.

Litigating the Public Interest, July 2006
Twelve Point Terror Package Initial Thoughts, August 2005
Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 summary
Impact of Anti-Terror Measures on British Muslims, June 2004
ID Card Bill key points, 2004
A New 'Suspect Community', October 2003
Rights of victims of crime, February 2003
Magistrates Court Review, February 2003
Casualty of War – Counter Terror Legislation in Rural England, 2003
An Independent Police Complaints Commission, April 2000

Policy Papers

Being a cross-party, non-party political organisation, Liberty regularly publishes briefings to MPs and peers, to provide consultation to parliamentary committees and to respond to consultations on issues relating to human rights and civil liberties in the UK.

See also
 American Civil Liberties Union, an American equivalent
 Civil libertarianism
 Convention on Modern Liberty
 On Liberty (Chakrabarti book)

References

External links
https://www.libertyhumanrights.org.uk

1934 establishments in the United Kingdom
Civil liberties advocacy groups
Civil rights organisations in the United Kingdom
Human rights organisations based in the United Kingdom
Organisations based in the City of Westminster
Organizations established in 1934
Political advocacy groups in the United Kingdom
Political organisations based in London

Liberty (advocacy group)


كارل أبراهم  هو من كبار مؤسسي حركة التحليل النفسي، وكان أول من أسّس جمعية فرعية للتحليل النفسي وجعل مركزها برلين عاصمة ألمانيا، لتكون العاصمة الثانية لحركة التحليل النفسي بعد ڤيينا مقر سيجموند فرويد أبو التحليل النفسي.

نشأته
كارل أبراهم يهودي ألماني من أسرة متوسطة، درس الطب في ڤيرتسبورج، وحصل على الدكتوراه من فرابيورج، وقد ظل يعاني طوال حياته من عداء الألمان لليهود، واشتغل مع بلويلر وزامله في المصحة النفسية الجامعية في برجولزلي، وتعرّف على كارل يونغ، ويبدو أن برجولزلي كانت مركزا للراغبين في امتهان الطب النفسي، وفيها التقي بماركس ايتنجتون الذي أسهم معه في إنشاء جمعية برلين للتحليل النفسي، وقر فرويد واستغرقته كتاباته، ويبدأ يراسله، والتقي به لأول مرة سنة 1908، وتلاميذ أبراهام كثيرون، ومنهم من النوابغ فيليكس بيم، وهيللين دويتش، وجيمس جلوقر، وميلاني كلاين، وساندور رادو، وتيودور رايك، وإرنسب سيمل، وألكس ستارشي، وإدوارد جلوقو.

سيرته
نشر أبراهام نحو مئة بحث، وأربعة كتب، ومؤلفات تعالج موضوعات مهمة كالعصاب، وتأثير الجنس والعلافات الأسرية في الإصابة به، وسيكلوجية العصاب وخصوصا النوع الوسواسي، والهستيريا، وازدواج الجنسية وعلاقته بتكوين الصفات الخلقية، والفيتيشية، والظروف الإكليزية للقذف المبكر وللعجز الجنسي، والاكتئاب الهوسي، والأحلام، ولعل أهم كتاباته «دراسة قصيرة في نمو الليبدو» [1924] و«تكوين الخلق على المستوى التناسلي من نمو الليبدو»[1925].

اسهاماته
من اسهامات كارل أبراهم تفريقه في المرحلة الفمية بين الرغبة في المص والرغبة في العض، والمرحلة الشرجية بين الرغبة في الإخراج والرغبة في الإمساك. كان أول أبحاثه ينشره في مجال التحليل النفي هو «الحلم والأسطورة» [1909].

روابط خارجية

مراجع

تاريخ الطب النفسي
علماء نفس ألمان
محللون نفسيون ألمان
محللون نفسيون يهود
مواليد 1877
مواليد في بريمن (مدينة)
وفيات 1925
وفيات في برلين
يهود ألمان
يهود ألمان في القرن 20

كارل أبراهم


Michel-Louis Guérard des Lauriers (25 de outubro de 1898 - 27 de fevereiro de 1988) foi um teólogo dominicano francês e, mais tarde na vida, um bispo tradicionalista que apoiou o sedevacantismo e o sedeprivacionismo e foi excomungado.

Biografia
Michel-Louis Guérard des Lauriers nasceu perto de Paris, França, em 25 de outubro de 1898.

Em 1921, ingressou na Scuola Normale Superiore. Ele estuda por dois anos em Roma, com o professor Tullio Levi-Civita.

Em 1925, ingressou na Ordem dos Pregadores. Ingressou no noviciado dominicano de Amiens em 1927. Emitiu a profissão em 1930.

Ele era um normalien e agrégé em matemática.

Sacerdócio
Em 29 de julho de 1931, des Lauriers foi ordenado sacerdote.

Em 1933, tornou-se professor de filosofia na escola dominicana de teologia Le Saulchoir, na Bélgica. Em 1940, ele recebeu um doutorado em matemática com tese Sobre sistemas diferenciais de segunda ordem que admitem um grupo finito contínuo de transformações.

Sob o Papa Pio XII, ele serviu como professor na Pontifícia Universidade Lateranense, em Roma. Algum tempo antes de 1950, foi conselheiro do mesmo papa sobre o dogma da Assunção de Maria (proclamado no Munificentissimus Deus).

Com o advento do Concílio Vaticano II na década de 1960, des Lauriers se preocupou com os eventos que aconteciam na Igreja Católica. Ele foi a principal força intelectual por trás do famoso estudo crítico da Missa de Paulo VI (Novus Ordo Mass) chamado de Intervenção Ottaviani, apresentado a Paulo VI em outubro de 1969.

Em 1979, preocupado com o arcebispo Marcel Lefebvre e um possível acordo com o Vaticano, entre outras coisas, des Lauriers escreveu a Lefebvre avisando-o.

Sedeprivacionismo
Des Lauriers tornou-se então conferencista e professor no Seminário Internacional de São Pio X da Fraternidade Sacerdotal de São Pio X de Lefebvre (FSSPX) em Écône, Suíça . Ele então apresentou sua tese de que a Santa Sé poderia estar vaga porque o Papa Paulo VI era culpado de ensinar heresia. Por causa dessa visão, ele foi removido de seu cargo de professor no seminário por Lefebvre em 1977.

Des Lauriers desenvolveu ainda mais suas crenças sobre o estado atual do papado, argumentando que a conclusão necessária de Paulo VI ensinando heresia no contexto do Magistério, era que ele não poderia ser um verdadeiro papa, sendo apenas papa materialmente ( papa materialiter) e não formalmente, conhecida como a Tese de Cassiciacum.

Episcopado
Des Lauriers acreditava ainda que os novos ritos de ordenação e consagração episcopal (mais novo Pontificale Romanum , novas formas pela promulgação de 18 de junho de 1968) promulgados por Paulo VI eram duvidosamente válidos (ou mesmo totalmente inválidos) e, portanto, era necessário agir para garantir uma sucessão apostólica válida para a preservação da Igreja Católica Romana (Rito Latino). Doutor Eberhard Heller e Doutor Kurt Hiller, sedevacantistas alemães que abrigavam Ngô Đình Thục (1897–1984), ex-arcebispo de Huế, Vietnã, iniciou discussões com des Lauriers, e depois que foi falsamente relatado que des Lauriers concordou em diminuir seu sedeprivacionismo e aderir aos princípios teóricos do sedevacantismo absoluto/totalista, foi acordado que o arcebispo o consagraria bispo.

Em 7 de maio de 1981, após longa consideração, des Lauriers foi consagrado bispo por Thuc em Toulon, França.

Ele foi excomungado pelo cardeal Raztinger em março de 1983 depois de ser ilicitamente consagrado bispo por Pierre Martin Ngô Đình Thục.

Des Lauriers consagrou três bispos: Günther Storck, um alemão, em 30 de abril de 1984; Robert McKenna, um americano, em 22 de agosto de 1986; e Franco Munari, italiano, em 25 de novembro de 1987.

Morte e legado
Des Lauriers morreu em Cosne-Cours-sur-Loire, França, em 27 de fevereiro de 1988, aos 89 anos. Ele está enterrado em Raveau, França.

Atualmente há cinco bispos que aderem à sua Tese de Cassicicum: Suas Excelências Reverendíssimas Dom Geert Stuyver (um belga) do Istituto Mater Boni Consilii (IMBC), com sede na Itália, onde des Lauriers é altamente comemorado, Dom Donald Sanborn, Dom Joseph Selway (ambos americanos) e Dom German Fliess (Argentino) do Instituto Católico Romano (RCI), com sede nos Estados Unidos, bem como o Bispo Robert Neville de Michigan, Estados Unidos.

Obras

Por des Lauriers

 O Espírito Santo, alma da Igreja , Étiolles, Seine et Oise: Mosteiro da Cruz, 1948.
 Garabandal , Sl, 1965.
 Carta a uma religiosa de Simone Weil  ; comércio por Mariella Bettarini. Resposta à Carta a um religioso de Guérard des Lauriers; comércio por Carmen Montesano ( Carta a um religioso ), Turim: Borla, 1970.
 Matemática, Matemática, Matemática Moderna , Paris: Doin, 1972.
 Homilia (entregue em 15 de maio de 1971 por ocasião do aniversário da morte do Almirante de Penfentenyo de Kervéréguin), Versalhes: ROC, 1973.
 A Caridade da Verdade , Villegenon: Santa Joana d'Arc, 1985.
 A Presença Real do Verbo Encarnado nas Espécies Consagradas , Villegenon: Sainte Jeanne d'Arc, 1987.

Sobre a doutrina de des Lauriers

 Louis-Marie de Blignières, O Mistério do Ser. A abordagem tomista de Guérard des Lauriers , Paris, J. Vrin, 2008.

Referências

Michel-Louis Guérard des Lauriers


ශ්‍රී ලංකා කවුඩා (Dicrurus lophorinus) හෙවත් ශ්‍රී ලංකා සිළු මහ කවුඩා යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ Dicruridae කුලයට අයත් පක්ෂි විශේෂයකි. මෙම විශේෂය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවට ආවේණික ය. මුලින් සිතාසිටියේ මෙය පිතිපෙඳ මහ කවුඩාගේ උපවිශේෂයක් ලෙසයි.

මොවුන්ගේ ස්වාභාවික වාසස්ථාන උපනිවර්තන හෝ නිවර්තන තෙත් පහතරට වනාන්තර සහ උපනිවර්තන හෝ නිවර්තන තෙත් කඳුකර වනාන්තර වේ.

වර්ගීකරණය
Dicrurus lophorinus Vieillot, 1817 අතීතයේ ඒක විශේෂික Dissemurulus හෝ Dissemuroides යටතේ ඇතුළත් කොට තිබිණි. මෙය D. paradiseus උපරි විශේෂයක් ලෙස සැලකිණි. නමුත් වලිගයේ රූප විද්‍යාව සහ හඬ අනුව මොවුන් වෙනස් වේ. මොවුන්ගේ වර්ගීකරණ තත්ත්වය පැහැදිළි කරදීමට අණුක-ප්‍රවේණි විද්‍යාත්මක අධ්‍යයන අවශ්‍ය විය. D. paradisesගේ ceylonicus ඇතැම් අන්තර් ශ්‍රේණික දර්ශ සාමාන්‍යයෙන් තෙත් සහ වියළි කලාපය අතර සීමාවේ වාර්තා විය. නමුත් වර්තමානයේ විශේෂාන්තර මුහුම් ද සිදුවිය හැක. එයට හේතුව උචිත වාසස්ථාන මෙම පාරිසරික විද්‍යාත්මක කලාප දෙක අතර නොවීමයි. වර්තමානයේ මෙය විශේෂ දෙකක් ලෙස බෙදා වෙන්කොට ඇත.

ව්‍යාප්තිය
මෙම විශේෂය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ තෙත් කලාපයේ නිරිතදිග ප්‍රදේශවල දැදුරු ඔයේ සිට වලවේ ගඟ තෙක් දක්නට ලැබේ.

හඳුනාගැනීම
 ලෝහක නිල් හෝ කොළ පැහැයට හුරුනිල් දිස්නය සහිත කළු පිල්කළඹ
 හිස්වැස්මක වැනි වක්වූ සිළුව
 ගැඹුරින් දෙබල් වූ වලිගය
 රතු ඇස්
 ලිංගික ද්වීරුපිකතාවක් නැත.

හැසිරීම
සෙසු කවුඩන් මෙන්ම වනාන්තර පක්ෂියකු වන මෙම විශේෂය වන මායිම්, වගාබිම් සහ වනවැස්ම සහිත ගෙවතුවල දැකගත හැක. බොහෝ කවුඩන් මෙන් උස් ලැගුම්වල සිට මොවුන් කෘමීන් මත යැපේ. වෙනත් පක්ෂීන්ගේ නාද අනුකරණය (අනුයෑම) සිදුකරන මොවුන්ගේ හඬ බොහෝවිට ලෝහයකින් පහර දෙන්නාක් වැනි ශබ්දයකි.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

Rasmussen, P.C., and J.C. Anderton. 2005. Birds of South Asia. The Ripley guide. Volume 2: attributes and status. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions, Washington D.C.
 http://www.ceylonbirdclub.org/ceylon_bird_club_search.php?id=48

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පක්ෂීන්
කවුඩෝ
1817දී විස්තර කළ පක්ෂීන්

ශ්‍රී ලංකා සිළු මහ කවුඩා


Galatasaray TV, 18 Eylül 2006'da Doğan Grubu ile yapılan bir sözleşme çerçevesinde kurulmuştur. 28 Mayıs 2009'da Doğan Grubu ile sözleşme feshedilmiştir. Türksat 3A, D-Smart ve Teledünya'daki yayınlarını sonlandıran kanal şu anda sadece Digiturk platformundan, galatasaray.com'dan ve Dailymotion üzerinden yayın yapmaktadır.

Tarihi
Galatasaray TV, 18 Eylül 2006'da yayına başlamış olup 8 Ocak 2007'de test yayını, 15 Ocak 2007'de ise normal yayın hayatına başlanmıştır.

Galatasaray TV'nin Digiturk bünyesindeki ana stüdyo ve teknik oluşumlarının dışında, biri Florya'da, biri de Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu'nda olmak üzere iki stüdyosu bulunmaktadır.

Florya'daki Galatasaray TV stüdyosu, tesislerde bulunan radyo link vasıtası ile 24 saat canlı yayın yapma olanağı yaratan teknik donanıma sahiptir.

Yapım ve teknik inşası Galatasaray Spor Kulübü ve 1905 Galatasaraylı Yönetici ve İşadamları Derneği üyesi Fazlı Yıldırım'ın katkılarıyla gerçekleştirilen stüdyonun reji ses masası kamera ve diğer teknik donanımları Digiturk tarafından sağlanmıştır.

Nef Stadyumu'ndaki stüdyo, maç günlerinde up-link özelliği ile canlı yayın yapmakta ve Digiturk'ün farklı kamera düzenekleri ile Galatasaray'ın maçlarından önce ve sonra yayın yapmaktadır.

Galatasaray TV, Mecidiyeköy Çadır arazisi üzerine inşa edilecek çok katlı Galatasaray Yönetim Binası içinde merkez stüdyolarını kuracak olup, bundan başka Florya'daki mevcut stüdyo büyütülecek, Ali Sami Yen Spor Kompleksi içinde de hem Nef Stadyumu'nda hem de yeni yapılacak 15.500 kişilik kapalı spor salonunda stüdyoları olacaktır.

15 Kasım 2008 tarihinde RTÜK tarafından lisansı iptal edilen kanal, Türksat Uydusu ve D-Smart platformundan da çekilmiştir. 28 Mayıs 2009'dan bu yana Digiturk üzerinden yayın yapmaktadır. Ayrıca internette de www.galatasaray.com  adresinden yayın yapmaktadır. 16 Eylül 2009 tarihinde logosunu yenileyen kanal yaklaşık bir sene paralı yayın yapmış, ancak 1 Temmuz 2011 tarihinden itibaren Digiturk platformundan şifresiz yayına başlamıştır.

Kanal, 10 Ağustos 2012 tarihinde yeni yayın dönemine girmiş olup daha yeni program ve yayın kalitesi ile yeni sezona başlamıştır. Son olarak 4 Mayıs 2015 tarihi itibarı ile kulüp resmi radyo kanalı Galatasaray Radyo ile ortak yayınlar yapmaya başlamıştır.

Programlar
 Avrupa'dan Futbol
 Sarayın Yıldızları
 Günaydın Galatasaray Ailesi
 Ana Haber
 Adanmış Hayatlar
 Branş Defteri
 Efsane Aslanlar
 Görevimiz Tehlike
 Pano
 Gerçekleri Tarih Yazar
 Video Spor
 Spor Okulları
 Dünyanın Sporu
 Gamezone
 Son Topa Kadar
 Akademi Günlüğü

Spiker ve Sunucular
 Deniz Gülen
 Alican Baykın
 Melisa Çizmeci
 Ayşe Serem Tan
 Merve Ergü
 Esma Toker
 Ebru Gürsoy

Kamera
 Cüneyt Aktaş
 Erkan Gökçe
 Ali Zenler
 Ozan Moroğlu

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Galatasaray TV Haberleri
 Galatasaray TV

Türkçe televizyon kanalları
Türkiye'deki spor kanalları
TV
2006'da kurulan televizyon kanalları ve istasyonları

Galatasaray TV


Lise Davidsen est une soprano norvégienne née le  à Stokke

Biographie

Lise Davidsen naît le  à Stokke, en Norvège.

Elle commence l'apprentissage du chant à l'âge de 15 ans, en même temps que la guitare et le solfège, et découvre l'opéra lorsqu'elle a 19 ans, avec Le Chevalier à la rose de Richard Strauss. Elle étudie à l'Académie Grieg de musique de Bergen puis à l'Académie royale danoise de musique à Copenhague, avec Susanna Eken, dont elle sort diplômée en 2014.

En 2015, elle est lauréate de plusieurs concours internationaux, dont le Concours « Reine Sonja » et Operalia, où elle remporte trois prix, le premier prix féminin, le prix du public et le prix Birgit Nilsson.

En 2018 elle est remarquée et saluée par toutes les critiques dans le rôle de la diva et d'Ariadne dans l'Ariadne auf Naxos de Richard Strauss au festival d'Aix-en-Provence.

En 2019 c'est à Paris pour les Vier letzte Lieder que sa prestation est saluée à la Philharmonie.

Depuis lors, elle se produit sur les plus grandes scènes lyriques internationales , et devient l'une des sopranos dramatiques les plus prisées notamment dans le répertoire wagnérien faisant ses débuts avec succès au festival de Bayreuth en 2019 dans le rôle d'Elisabeth dans Tannhauser.

En mars 2020 elle chante le rôle-titre dans Fidelio au Royal Opéra House  quelques jours avant les fermetures dues à la pandémie, et Sieglinde dans le Ring en version concert et sans public donné par l'Opéra de Paris en novembre 2020 et retransmis sur France Musique.

Elle est également très rapidement invitée au Metropolitan Opera de New York, d'abord en Lisa dans la Dame de Pique, puis pendant la pandémie alors que la salle est fermée, elle a l'honneur de figurer parmi les artistes choisis pour des prestations solistes à distance et elle donne un récital retransmis dans le monde entier qui montre l'étendue de son répertoire. En 2022, elle chante successivement dans Ariadne auf Naxos puis dans Elektra dans le temple de l'opéra à New York, ses deux prestations étant considérées comme exceptionnelles.

En 2021, Lise Davidsen est sacrée interprète féminine de l'année aux .

Discographie

 Lise Davidsen (récital Wagner, Strauss) avec le Philharmonia Orchestra, Esa-Pekka Salonen (dir.), Decca, 2019.
 Lise Davidsen : Beethoven, Wagner, Verdi, avec le London Philharmonic Orchestra, Mark Elder (dir.), Decca, 2021.
 Lise Davidsen & Leif Ove Andsnes : EDVARD GRIEG, Decca 2022.

Notes et références

Liens externes
 Dossier consacré à Lise Davidsen sur Forum opéra

Chanteuse norvégienne d'opéra
Soprano norvégienne
Naissance en février 1987
Naissance en Norvège

Lise Davidsen


Trei panouri publicitare lângă Ebbing, Missouri  (titlu original: Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri) este un film american din 2017 scris și regizat de Martin McDonagh. Este creat în genurile comedie, crimă, dramă. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Frances McDormand, Caleb Landry Jones, Kerry Condon, Sam Rockwell (care a primit un Oscar pentru acel rol), Woody Harrelson și Abbie Cornish.

Prezentare

Filmul spune povestea unei mame și lupta sa cu autoritățile locale pentru aflarea identității ucigașului și violatorului fiicei sale.

Distribuție

Producție
Filmările au început la 2 mai 2016, în Sylva, North Carolina, și au durat 33 de zile. Cheltuielile de producție s-au ridicat la 12 milioane $.

Lansare și primire
A avut încasări de 43,8 milioane $.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 A 75-a ediție a Premiilor Globul de Aur

Filme din 2017
Filme de comedie din anii 2010
Filme americane
Filme cu violuri
Filme dramatice americane
Filme în limba engleză
Filme polițiste
Filme regizate de Martin McDonagh


كارين ألين  ممثلة أمريكية من مواليد 5 أكتوبر 1951.

مواقع خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من كارولتون
أشخاص من مقاطعة بيركشاير (ماساتشوستس)
أشخاص من مونتيري (ماساتشوستس)
أمريكيون من أصل أيرلندي
أمريكيون من أصل إسكتلندي
أمريكيون من أصل إنجليزي
أمريكيون من أصل ويلزي
خريجو جامعة جورج واشنطن
خريجو مسرح لي ستراسبرغ ومعهد السينما
خريجو معهد الموضة للتقانة
ممثلات أفلام أمريكيات
ممثلات ألعاب فيديو أمريكيات
ممثلات أمريكيات في القرن 20
ممثلات أمريكيات في القرن 21
ممثلات مسرح أمريكيات
ممثلات من أصل أيرلندي
ممثلات من أصل بريطاني
ممثلات من إلينوي
مواليد 1951
مواليد في كارولتون

كارين ألين


Taşpınar, Adana ilinin Tufanbeyli ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Daha önceleri Pınarlar köyüne bağlı Kayapınar mahallesi iken, 3 Temmuz 1956'da Taşpınar adıyla köy statüsü kazandı. 2012 yılındaki yasa değişikliğinden sonra yeniden mahalle oldu.

Coğrafya
Adana iline 186 km, Tufanbeyli ilçesine 6 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Tufanbeyli'nin mahalleleri

Taşpınar, Tufanbeyli


Se conoce como Barrios Mágicos de la Ciudad de México a una lista de veintiuna áreas en esta demarcación territorial, que han sido denominadas como «Barrios Mágicos» con el fin de atraer al turismo hacia ellos. El programa está patrocinado por el gobierno de la ciudad pero es el modelo del programa de «Pueblos Mágicos» (Pueblos Mágicos) del Gobierno Federal de México. Sin embargo, una diferencia es que la ciudad no necesita de los "barrios" para hacer cambios en su apariencia para ser aceptados.

El primero de los barrios fue nombrado en el año 2011 por el Secretario de Turismo de la Ciudad, Alejandro Rojas Díaz Durán. Cada uno de los veintiún barrios nombrados recibieron un pergamino con la acreditación de la aceptación para registrarlo en el periódico oficial llamado La Gaceta Oficial del DF. La primera en recibir este pergamino fue Santa María Magdalena Atlitic.

Los veintiún barrios incluyen

 El centro histórico de Coyoacán
 La zona Roma-Condesa
 El centro histórico de Xochimilco
 San Ángel
 San Agustín de la Cuevas (centro histórico de Tlalpan)
 Santa María la Ribera
 Zona Rosa
 Garibaldi
  Villa de Guadalupe
 Santiago Tulyehualco
 Mixcoac
 Tacubaya
 Santa María Magdalena Atlitic
 El centro histórico de Azcapotzalco
 La Merced
 Mixquic
 El centro histórico de Cuajimalpa
 San Pedro Atocpan
 Pueblo Culhuacán
 Tacuba
 Santa Julia
 El centro histórico de Iztacalco.

El Secretario de Turismo de la ciudad planea tener 30 barrios, con áreas tales como la reserva ecológica de Los Dínamos.

Los barrios han sido declarados solo en el papel, debido a que ni la ciudad ni los municipios tienen dinero para su promoción. La Legalidad del programa ha sido cuestionada por el presidente de la ALDF Comisión de Turismo, Carlo Pizano, como las designaciones se hicieron sin la publicación previa del público.

Referencias

Turismo en Ciudad de México
Barrios de México
Urbanismo en Ciudad de México

Barrios mágicos de Ciudad de México


Construct je deseti studijski album švedskog melodičnog death metal sastava Dark Tranquillity. Objavljen je 24. svibnja 2013. godine.

O albumu
Posljednji je album na kojem svira izvorni član sastava Martin Henriksson, koji ga je napustio 2016. Također je prvi album grupe od albuma Projector na kojem Henriksson svira bas-gitaru. Pjesme na albumu napisane su u vrijeme koje je sastav nazvao svojim "najmračnijim razdobljem"; dobio je pohvale kritičara zbog "melodrame" i "tame" u pjesmama.

Prije snimanja albuma basist Daniel Antonsson napustio je skupinu, a gitarist Martin Henriksson, koji je bio izvorni basist do albuma Projector, svirao je na bas-gitaru i gitaru. Pjevač Mikael Stanne nazvao je Antonssona kao "sjajnim momkom i nevjerojatnim glazbenikom".

Popis pjesama

Osoblje

Dark Tranquillity

 Martin Henriksson – gitara, bas-gitara
 Anders Jivarp – bubnjevi
 Niklas Sundin – gitara
 Mikael Stanne – vokali
 Martin Brändström – elektronika, inženjer zvuka

Ostalo osoblje

 Cabin Fever Media – grafički dizajn
 Isak Edh – dodatni inženjer zvuka
 Daniel Falk – fotografije
 Johan Örnborg – inženjer zvuka
 Jens Bogren – mix, mastering

Izvori

Albumi sastava Dark Tranquillity
Albumi iz 2013.

Construct