Džudaško natjecanje za muškarce u kategoriji do 90 kg na Olimpijskim igrama 2016. u Rio de Janeiru održano je 10. kolovoza u Carioca Areni 2.

U ovoj kategoriji natjecalo se 35 džudaša iz 35 država. U prednatjecanju bili su podijeljeni u 4 skupine, iz kojih su se pobjednici četvrzavršnica borili dalje u poluzavršnici i završnici. Džudaši koje su došli do završnice, plasirali su svoje protivnike iz prednatjecanja u repasaže i kasnije borbu za brončano odličje s poraženima u poluzavršnici.

Zlatno odličje osvojio je japanski džudaš Mashu Baker, koji je u završnici nadvladao gruzijskog borca Varlama Liparteliania. Brončano odličje podijelili su Gwak Dong-han iz Južne Koreje i Cheng Xunzhao iz Kine.

Rezultati

Repasaži

Borba za brončano odličje

Izvori
 www.rio2016.com - Džudo, muškarci do 90 kg

Džudo na OI 2016.

Džudo na OI 2016. – muškarci do 90 kg


محمد حيان راتب الحموي (مواليد 30 نوفمبر 1983) لاعب كرة قدم دولي سابق سوري يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الثانية الشباب البحريني في مركز المهاجم من 2015 كما يجيد اللعب في مركز الوسط المهاجم.

مسيرة الأندية
بدأ الحموي مسيرته المهنية مع الكرامة. في أغسطس 2008 انتقل إلى التضامن الكويتي ولكنه رحل عنه بعد أربعة أشهر. في ديسمبر 2008 عاد إلى الكرامة.

مسيرة المنتخبات
كان الحموي ضمن لاعبي منتخب سوريا تحت 19 سنة الذي احتل المركز الرابع في بطولة آسيا للشباب لكرة القدم 2004 في ماليزيا ثم كان جزءا من منتخب سوريا تحت 20 سنة في بطولة العالم للشباب لكرة القدم 2005 في هولندا. لعب ضد إيطاليا وكولومبيا في دور المجموعات وضد البرازيل في الدور الثمن النهائي. سجل هدف واحد ضد إيطاليا.

الإنجازات

الكرامة
 الدرجة الأولى (4): 2006 - 2007 - 2008 - 2009
 كأس الجمهورية السورية (4): 2007 - 2008 - 2009 - 2010
 كأس السوبر السوري (1): 2008

الشخصية
 لاعب العام في سوريا (1): 2009
 جائزة الاتحاد الآسيوي لكرة القدم عبد الله الدبل لأفضل لاعب قيم (1): 2009
 هداف كأس الاتحاد الآسيوي (1): 2009 (8 أهداف)

مصادر

روابط خارجية

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سوريون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سوريون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في الأردن
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في البحرين
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في الكويت
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في العراق
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من حمص
رياضيون سوريون مغتربون في الأردن
رياضيون سوريون مغتربون في البحرين
رياضيون سوريون مغتربون في السعودية
رياضيون سوريون مغتربون في العراق
رياضيون سوريون مغتربون في الكويت
رياضيون من حمص
لاعبو الدوري الأردني للمحترفين
لاعبو الدوري البحريني الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري السوري
لاعبو الدوري الكويتي
لاعبو النادي الفيصلي (عمان)
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى السعودي
لاعبو كرة قدم سوريون
لاعبو كرة قدم في دورة الألعاب الآسيوية 2006
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون سوريون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في الأردن
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في البحرين
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في السعودية
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في العراق
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في الكويت
لاعبو منتخب سوريا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي التضامن (الكويت)
لاعبو نادي الحالة
لاعبو نادي الحزم
لاعبو نادي الشباب (البحرين)
لاعبو نادي الكرامة
لاعبو نادي زاخو
لاعبو نادي شباب الأردن
لاعبو نادي منشية بني حسن
منافسون في الألعاب الآسيوية من سوريا
مواليد 1404 هـ
مواليد 1983
مواليد 1984
مواليد في حمص

محمد الحموي


الأصدقاء قد تعني:
 الأصدقاء هم شركاء في رابطة صداقة

 الأصدقاء (مسلسل) عربي بطولة صلاح السعدني، محمد وفيق، فاروق الفيشاوي

الأصدقاء (توضيح)


Karl Gustaf Patrik de Laval (; 9 May 1845 –  2 February 1913) was a Swedish engineer and inventor who made important contributions to the design of steam turbines and centrifugal separation machinery for dairy.

Life

Gustaf de Laval was born at Orsa in Dalarna in the Swedish de Laval Huguenot family (immigrated 1622 - Claude de Laval, soldier - knighted de Laval 1647). He enrolled at the Institute of Technology in Stockholm (later the Royal Institute of Technology, KTH) in 1863, receiving a degree in mechanical engineering in 1866, after which he matriculated at Uppsala University in 1867.

He was then employed by the Swedish mining company, Stora Kopparberg. From there he returned to Uppsala University and completed his doctorate in 1872. He was further employed in Kloster Iron works in Husby parish, Sweden.

de Laval was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences from 1886. He was a successful engineer and businessman. He also held national office, being elected to Swedish parliament, from 1888 to 1890 and later became a member of the senate. De Laval died in Stockholm in 1913 at the age of 67.

Contributions

de Laval nozzle
In 1882 he introduced his concept of an impulse steam turbine and in 1887 built a small steam turbine to demonstrate that such devices could be constructed on that scale. In 1890, Laval developed a nozzle to increase the steam jet to supersonic speed, working from the kinetic energy of the steam, rather than its pressure.  The nozzle, now known as a de Laval nozzle, is used in modern rocket engine nozzles.  De Laval turbines can run at up to 30,000 rpm.  The turbine wheel was mounted on a long flexible shaft, its two bearings spaced far apart on either side.  The higher speed of the turbine demanded that he also design new approaches to reduction gearing, which are still in use today.  Since the materials available at the time were not strong enough for the immense centrifugal forces, the output from the turbine was limited, and large scale electric steam generators were dominated by designs using the alternative compound steam turbine approach of Charles Parsons.

Using high pressure steam in a turbine that had oil-fed bearings meant that some of the steam contaminated the lube-oil, and as a result, perfecting commercial steam-turbines required that he also develop an effective oil/water separator. After trying several methods, he concluded that a centrifugal separator was the most affordable and effective method. He developed several types, and their success established the centrifugal separator as a useful device in a variety of applications.

De Laval cream separators and Alfa Laval
De Laval also made important contributions to the dairy industry, including the first centrifugal milk-cream separator and early milking machine, the first of which he patented in 1894. It was not until after his death, however, that the company he founded marketed the first commercially practical milking machine, in 1918. Together with Oscar Lamm, de Laval founded the company Alfa Laval in 1883, which was known as AB Separator until 1963 when the present name was introduced.

DeLaval
In 1991, Alfa Laval Agri, a company producing dairy and farming machinery was split from Alfa Laval when it was bought by the Tetra Pak Group. When Alfa Laval was sold, Alfa Laval Agri remained a part of the Tetra Pak group and was renamed DeLaval, after the company's founder.

Tributes

On 9 May 2013, Google celebrated Gustaf de Laval's 168th birthday with a doodle.

Image gallery Gustaf de Laval

He is interred at Norra begravningsplatsen in Stockholm, Sweden.

See also
History of the internal combustion engine

References

External links

Alfa Laval -  Official site
DeLaval - Official site
DeLaval - Unofficial site

1845 births
1913 deaths
19th-century Swedish inventors
Swedish people of French descent
Swedish mechanical engineers
Uppsala University alumni
KTH Royal Institute of Technology alumni
Fluid dynamicists
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Swedish company founders
Members of the Första kammaren
Members of the Andra kammaren
Burials at Norra begravningsplatsen
19th-century Swedish businesspeople

Gustaf de Laval


Andrea Eyland (f. 24. október 1980) er  kvikmyndagerðarkona í Reykjavík.

Heimild

 Tók á móti Eddu ólétt að fimmta barni  (Visir 26. febrúar 2019)

 Er til eitthvað fallegra (Ljósmæðrablaðið bls 22. tölublað 2 árgangur 96 desember 2019)
 Vefsíða Eddunnar 2019
 Vefsíða bókarinnar Kviknar um getnað, meðgöngu, fæðingu og sængurlegu
 Með kúluna út í loftið að kynna bókina (Ruv.is 2. desember 2017)
 Ljónynjan rymur, fæðingarsaga (mbl.is 24. maí 2018)
 Hlaðvarp Kviknar (Vísir 17. febrúar 2020)
 Tilnefning til Eddunnar (27. febrúar 2019)

Íslenskir kvikmyndagerðarmenn

Andrea Eyland


Depressants, or central depressants, are drugs that lower neurotransmission levels, or depress or reduce arousal or stimulation in various areas of the brain. Depressants are also colloquially referred to as "downers" as they lower the level of arousal when taken. Depressants do not change the mood or mental state of others. Stimulants, or "uppers," increase mental or physical function, hence the opposite drug class from depressants are stimulants, not antidepressants.

Depressants are widely used throughout the world as prescription medicines and illicit substances. Alcohol is a very prominent depressant. When depressants are used, effects often include ataxia, anxiolysis, pain relief, sedation or somnolence, cognitive or memory impairment, as well as, in some instances, euphoria, dissociation, muscle relaxation, lowered blood pressure or heart rate, respiratory depression, and anticonvulsant effects. Depressants also act to produce anesthesia. Cannabis may sometimes be considered a depressant due to one of its components, cannabidiol. The latter is known to treat insomnia, anxiety, and muscle spasms, similar to other depressive drugs. However, while tetrahydrocannabinol, another component, may slow brain function to a small degree while reducing reaction to stimuli, it is generally considered a stimulant and main psychoactive agent that can sometimes cause anxiety, panic, and psychosis instead. Other depressants can include drugs like Xanax (a benzodiazepine) and a number of opioids. Gabapentinoids like gabapentin and baclofen are depressants and have anticonvulsant, and anxiolytic effects. Most anticonvulsants like Lamotrigine and Phenytoin are depressants. Carbamates are depressants that are similar to barbiturates.

Depressants exert their effects through a number of different pharmacological mechanisms, the most prominent of which include facilitation of GABA and inhibition of glutamatergic or monoaminergic activity. Other examples are chemicals that modify the electrical signaling inside the body, the most prominent of which are bromides and channel blockers.

Indications
Depressants are used medicinally to relieve the following symptoms:
 Anxiety disorders such as:
 Generalized anxiety
 Social anxiety
 Panic attacks
 Insomnia
 Obsessive–compulsive disorder
 Seizures
 Convulsions
 Depression
 Pain

Types

Alcohol

An alcoholic beverage is a drink that contains alcohol (known formally as ethanol), an anesthetic that has been used as a psychoactive drug for several millennia. Ethanol is the oldest recreational drug still used by humans. Ethanol can cause alcohol intoxication when consumed. Alcoholic beverages are divided into three general classes for taxation and regulation of production: beers, wines, and spirits (distilled beverages). They are legally consumed in most countries around the world. More than 100 countries have laws regulating their production, sale, and consumption.

The most common way to measure intoxication for legal or medical purposes is through blood alcohol content (also called blood alcohol concentration or blood alcohol level). It is usually expressed as a percentage of alcohol in the blood in units of mass of alcohol per volume of blood, or mass of alcohol per mass of blood, depending on the country. For instance, in North America a blood alcohol content of 0.10 g/dL means that there are 0.10 g of alcohol for every dL of blood (i.e., mass per volume is used there).

Barbiturates

Barbiturates are effective in relieving the conditions that they are designed to address (insomnia, seizures). They are also commonly used for unapproved purposes, are physically addictive, and have serious potential for overdose. By the late 1950s, concerns over the mounting social costs associated with barbiturates, which were beginning to overshadow their perceived medical benefits, prompted a concerted effort to find alternative medications. Most people still using barbiturates today do so in the prevention of seizures or in mild form for relief from the symptoms of migraines.

Benzodiazepines

A benzodiazepine (sometimes colloquially "benzo"; often abbreviated "BZD") is a drug whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring. The first such drug, chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955 and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann–La Roche, who has also marketed the benzodiazepine diazepam (Valium) since 1963.

Benzodiazepines enhance the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at the GABAA receptor, resulting in sedative, hypnotic (sleep-inducing), anxiolytic (anti-anxiety), anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties; also seen in the applied pharmacology of high doses of many shorter-acting benzodiazepines are amnesic-dissociative actions. These properties make benzodiazepines useful in treating anxiety, insomnia, agitation, seizures, muscle spasms, alcohol withdrawal, and as a premedication for medical or dental procedures. Benzodiazepines are categorized as either short-, intermediate-, or long-acting. Short- and intermediate-acting benzodiazepines are preferred for the treatment of insomnia; longer-acting benzodiazepines are recommended for the treatment of anxiety.

In general, benzodiazepines are safe and effective in the short term, although cognitive impairments and paradoxical effects such as aggression or behavioral disinhibition occasionally occur. A minority react reverse and contrary to what would normally be expected. For example, a state of panic may worsen considerably following intake of a benzodiazepine. Long-term use is controversial due to adverse psychological and physical effects, decreasing effectiveness, physical dependence, and benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, following withdrawal after long-term use. Due to adverse effects associated with the long-term use of benzodiazepines, withdrawal from benzodiazepines generally leads to improved physical and mental health. The elderly are at an increased risk of experiencing both short- and long-term adverse effects.

There is controversy concerning the safety of benzodiazepines in pregnancy. While they are not major teratogens, uncertainty remains as to whether they cause cleft palate in a small number of babies and whether neurobehavioral effects occur as a result of prenatal exposure; they are known to cause withdrawal symptoms in the newborn. Benzodiazepines can be taken in overdoses and can cause dangerous deep unconsciousness. However, they are much less toxic than their predecessors, barbiturates, and death rarely results when a benzodiazepine is the only drug taken; however, when combined with other central nervous system depressants such as alcohol and opiates, the potential for toxicity and fatal overdose increases. Benzodiazepines are commonly misused and taken in combination with other addictive drugs. In addition, all benzodiazepines are listed in Beers List, which is significant in clinical practice.

Cannabis

Cannabis is often considered either in its own unique category or as a mild psychedelic. The chemical compound tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is found in cannabis, has many depressant effects such as muscle relaxation, sedation, decreased alertness, and tiredness. Contrary to the previous statement, activation of the CB1 receptor by cannabinoids causes an inhibition of GABA, the exact opposite of what central nervous system depressants do.

Carbamates

Carbamates are a class of depressants or "tranquilizers" that are synthesized from urea. Carbamates have anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, antihypertensive, and analgesic effects. They have other uses like muscle tremors, agitation, and alcohol withdrawal. Their muscle relaxant effects are useful for strains, sprains, and muscle injuries combined with rest, physical therapy, and other measures. The effects, synthesis, and mechanism of action of Carbamates are very similar to barbiturates. There are many different types of Carbamates: some only produce anxiolytic and hypnotic effects while some only have anticonvulsant effects.

Side effects of Carbamates include drowsiness, dizziness, headache, diarrhea, nausea, flatulence, liver failure, poor coordination, nystagmus, abuse, dizziness, weakness, nervousness, euphoria, overstimulation, and dependence. Uncommon but potentially severe adverse reactions include hyper sensitivity reactions such as Stevens Johnson syndrome, embryo-fetal toxicity, stupor, and coma. Carbamates are fatal in overdose, which is why many have been replaced with benzodiazepines. It is not recommended to use most Carbamates like Carisoprodol for a long time as physical and psychological dependence does occur.

Meprobamate, which metabolizes to Carisoprodol, was launched in 1955. It quickly become the first blockbuster psychotropic drug in America, becoming popular in Hollywood and gaining fame for its seemingly miraculous effects. It has since been marketed under more than 100 trade names, including Amepromat, Quivet, and Zirpon. Carisoprodol, which is still used mainly for its muscle relaxant effects, can potentially abuse. Its mechanism of action is very similar to barbiturates, alcohol, methaqualone, and benzodiazepines. Carisoprodol allosterically modulates and directly activates the human α1β2γ2 GABAAR (GABAA) in the central nervous system, similar to barbiturates. This causes chloride channels to open, allowing chloride to flood into the neuron. This slows down communication between neurons and  the nervous system. Unlike benzodiazepines, which increase the frequency of the chloride channel opening, Carisoprodol increases the duration of channel opening when GABA is bound. GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system, which causes its depressant effects.

Carbamates are fatal in overdose. Symptoms are similar to a barbiturate overdose and typically include difficulty thinking, poor coordination, decreased level of consciousness, and a decreased effort to breathe (respiratory depression). An overdose is more likely to be fatal when mixed with another depressant that suppresses breathing.

Physical and psychological dependence does happen with long term use of Carbamates; particularly Carisoprodol. Today Carisoprodol is only used in the short-term for muscle pain, particularly back pain. Discontinuation after long-term use could be very intense and even possibly fatal. Withdrawal can resemble barbiturate, alcohol, or benzodiazepine withdrawal, as they all have a similar mechanism of action. Discontinuation symptoms include confusion, disorientation, delirium, hallucinations (auditory & visual), insomnia, decreased appetite, anxiety, psychomotor agitation, pressured speech, tremor, tachycardia, and seizures, which could be fatal.

Carbamates gained widespread use in the 1950s, alongside barbiturates. While their popularity has gradually waned due to concerns over overdose and dependence potential, newer derivatives of carbamates continue to be developed. Among these is Felbamate, an anticonvulsant that was approved in 1993 and is commonly used today. It is a GABAA positive allosteric modulator and blocks the NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor. Other carbamates block sodium channels. Phenprobamate was used as an anxiolytic and is still sometimes used in Europe for general anesthesia and for treating muscle cramps and spasticity. Methocarbamol is a popular drug that is commonly known as Robaxin and is over-the-counter in some countries. It is a carbamate with muscle relaxant effects. Tetrabamate is a controversial drug that is a combination of febarbamate, difebarbamate, and phenobarbital. It is marketed in Europe and has been largely but not completely discontinued. On April 4, 1997, after over 30 years of use due to reports of hepatitis and acute liver failure, the use of the drug was restricted. Carisoprodol, known as "Soma", is still commonly used today for its muscle relaxant effects. It is also very commonly abused around the world. It is a Schedule IV substance in the United States. Famous martial artist and actor Bruce Lee died due to an allergic reaction to meprobamate.

Approved
 Carisoprodol/Meprobamate/Tybamate (Soma/Miltown, Solacen) (muscle relaxant, anxiolytic, tranquilizer)
 Difebarbamate (Atrium, Sevrium) (tranquilizer)
 Emylcamate (Striatran) (anxiolytic and muscle relaxant)
 Ethinamate (Valamin, Valmid) (sedative-hypnotic)
 Febarbamate/Phenobamate (Solium, Tymium) (anxiolytic and tranquilizer)
 Felbamate (Felbatol) (anticonvulsant)
 Hexapropymate (Merinax)  (hypnotic-sedative)
 Mebutamate (Capla, Dormate) (anxiolytic, sedative, antihypertensive)
 Phenprobamate (Gamaquil, Isotonil) (muscle relaxant, sedative, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, anesthesia)
 Procymate (Equipax) (sedative, anxiolytic)
 Styramate (Sinaxamol) (muscle relaxant, anticonvulsant)
 Tetrabamate (febarbamate, difebarbamate, phenobarbital) (Atrium, G Tril, Sevrium) (anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, muscle tremors, agitation, depression)

Although a drug may be approved, that does not necessarily mean it is still being used today.

Not approved

 Carisbamate (anticonvulsant)
 Clocental (hypnotic)
 Cyclarbamate (muscle relaxant and tranquilizer)
 Lorbamate (muscle relaxant and tranquilizer)
 Nisobamate (tranquilizer)
 Pentabamate (tranquilizer)

Gabapentinoids

Gabapentinoids are a unique and relatively novel class of depressants that selectively bind to the auxiliary α2δ subunit (CACNA2D1 and CACNA2D2) site of certain VDCCs, and thereby act as inhibitors of α2δ subunit-containing Voltage-gated calcium channels. α2δ is nicknamed the "Gabapentin receptor".  At physiologic or resting membrane potential, VDCCs are normally closed. They are activated (opened) at depolarized membrane potentials, which is the source of the "voltage-gated" epithet. Gabapentinoids bind to the α1 and α2 sites of the α2δ subunit family. Gabapentin is the prototypical gabapentinoid. The α2δ is found on L-type calcium channels, N-type calcium channels, P/Q-type calcium channels, and R-type calcium channels throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. α2δ is located on presynaptic neurons and affects calcium channel trafficking and kinetics, initiates extracellular signaling cascades, gene expression, and promotes excitatory synaptogenesis through thrombospondin 1 . Gabapentinoids are not direct channel blockers; rather, they disrupt the regulatory function of α2δ and its interactions with other proteins. Most of the effects of gabapentinoids are mediated by the high voltage activated N and P/Q-type calcium channels. P/Q-type calcium channels are mainly found in the cerebellum (Purkinje neurons) which may be responsible for the ataxic adverse effect of gabapentinoids, while N-type calcium channels are located throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. N-type calcium channels are mainly responsible for the analgesic effects of gabapentinoids. Ziconotide, a non-gabapentinoid ω-conotoxin peptide, binds to the N-type calcium channels and has analgesic effects 1000 times stronger than morphine. Gabapentinoids are selective for the α2δ site, but non-selective when they bind to the calcium channels complex. They act on the α2δ site to lower the release of many excitatory and pro-nociceptive neurochemicals including glutamate, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and more.

Gabapentinoids are absorbed from the intestines mainly by the Large neutral amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1, SLC7A5) and the Excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3). They are one of the few drugs that use these amino acid transporters. Gabapentinoids are structurally similar to the Branched-chained amino acids L-leucine and L-isoleucine, both of which also bind to the α2δ site. Branched-chained amino acids like l-leucine, l-isoleucine, and l-valine have many functions in the central nervous system. They modify large neutral amino acid (LNAA) transport at the blood–brain barrier and reduce the synthesis neurotransmitter of neurotransmitters derived from aromatic-amino acids, notably serotonin from tryptophan and catecholamines from tyrosine and phenylalanine. This may be relevant to the pharmacology of gabapentinoids.

Gabapentin was designed by researchers at Parke-Davis to be an analogue of the neurotransmitter GABA that could more easily cross the blood–brain barrier and was first described in 1975 by Satzinger and Hartenstein. Gabapentin was first approved for epilepsy, mainly as an add-on treatment to partial seizures. Gabapentinoids are GABA analogues, but they do not bind to the GABA receptors, convert into GABA or another GABA receptor agonist in vivo, or directly modulate GABA transport or metabolism. Phenibut and baclofen, two structurally related compounds, are exceptions, as they mainly act on the GABA B receptor. Gabapentin, but not pregabalin, has been found to activate voltage-gated potassium channel (KCNQ), which might potentiate its depressant qualities. Despite this, gabapentinoids mimic GABA activity by inhibiting neurotransmission. Gabapentinoids prevent delivery of the calcium channels to the cell membrane and disrupt interactions of α2δ with NMDA receptors, AMPA receptors, neurexins, and thrombospondins. Some calcium channel blockers of the dihydropyridine class are used for hypertension weakly block α2δ.

Gabapentinoids have anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, antiallodynic, antinociceptive and possibly muscle relaxant properties. Pregabalin and gabapentin are used in epilepsy, mainly partial seizures (focal). Gabapentinoids are not effective for generalized seizures. They are also used for postherpetic neuralgia, neuropathic pain associated with diabetic neuropathy, fibromyalgia, generalized anxiety disorder, and restless legs syndrome. Pregabalin and gabapentin have many off-label uses including insomnia, alcohol and opioid withdrawal, smoking cessation, social anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, chronic pain, hot flashes, tinnutus, migraines, and more. Baclofen is primarily used for the treatment of spastic movement disorders, especially in instances of spinal cord injury, cerebral palsy, and multiple sclerosis. Phenibut is used in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Latvia to treat anxiety and to improve sleep, as in the treatment of insomnia. It is also used for various other indications, including the treatment of asthenia, depression, alcoholism, alcohol withdrawal syndrome, post-traumatic stress disorder, stuttering, tics, vestibular disorders, Ménière's disease, dizziness, for the prevention of motion sickness, and for the prevention of anxiety before or after surgical procedures or painful diagnostic tests. Phenibut, like other GABA B agonists, is also sometimes used by body builders to increase the human growth hormone.

Reuters reported on 25 March 2010 that "Pfizer Inc violated a United States racketeering law by improperly promoting the epilepsy drug Neurontin (gabapentin). Under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, the penalty is automatically tripled, so the finding will cost Pfizer $141 million." The case stems from a claim from Kaiser Foundation Health Plan Inc. that "it was misled into believing Neurontin was effective for off-label treatment of migraines, bipolar disorder and other conditions. Pfizer argued that Kaiser physicians "still recommend the drug for those uses", and that "the insurer's website also still lists Neurontin as a drug for neuropathic pain."

In some cases, gabapentinoids are abused and provide similar effects to alcohol, benzodiazepines and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB). The FDA placed a black box warning on Neurontin (gabapentin), and Lyrica (pregabalin), for serious breathing problems. Mixing gabapentinoids with opioids, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, GHB, alcohol, or any other depressant is potentially deadly.

Common side effects of gabapentinoids include drowsiness, dizziness, weakness, increased appetite, urinary retention, shortness of breath, involuntary eye movements (nystagmus), memory issues, uncontrollable jerking motions, auditory hallucinations, erectile dysfunction, and myoclonic seizures.

An overdose of gabapentinoids usually consists of severe drowsiness, severe ataxia, blurred vision, slurred speech, severe uncontrollable jerking motions, and anxiety. Like most anticonvulsants, pregabalin and gabapentin have an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Gabapentinoids, like all calcium channel blockers, are known to cause angioedema. Taking them with an ACE inhibitor can increase the toxic effects of gabapentinoids. They may also enhance the fluid-retaining effect of certain anti-diabetic agents (thiazolidinediones). It is not known if they cause gingival enlargement like other calcium channel blockers. Gabapentinoids are excreted by the kidney mostly in their original form. Gabapentinoids can build up in the body when someone has renal failure. This usually presents itself as myoclonus and an altered mental state. It is unclear if it is safe to use gabapentinoids during pregnancy, with some studies showing potential harm.

Physical or physiological dependence does occur during long-term use of gabapentinoids. Following abrupt or rapid discontinuation of pregabalin and gabapentin people report withdrawal symptoms like insomnia, headache, nausea, diarrhea, flu-like symptoms, anxiety, depression, pain, hyperhidrosis, seizures, psychomotor agitation, confusion, disorientation, and gastrointestinal complaints. Acute withdrawal from baclofen and phenibut may also cause auditory and visual hallucinations, as well as acute psychosis. Baclofen withdrawal can be more intense if it is administered intrathecally or for long periods of time. If baclofen or phenibut is used for long periods of time it can resemble intense benzodiazepine, GHB or alcohol withdrawal. To minimize withdrawal symptoms, baclofen or phenibut should be tapered down slowly. Abrupt withdrawal from phenibut or baclofen could possibly be life-threatening because of its mechanism of action. Abrupt withdrawal can cause rebound seizures and severe agitation.

 Gabapentin (Neurontin)
 Gabapentin Enacarbil (Horizant, Regnite)
 Gabapentin Extended-Release (Gralise)
 Pregabalin (Lyrica)
 Phenibut (Anvifen, Fenibut, Noofen)
 Baclofen (Lioresal)
 Mirogabalin (Tarlige) (Japan Only)
Not approved:

Imagabalin
 Tolibut
 4-Flurophenibut
 HSK16149
 Trans-4 and cis-4-[18F] fluorogabapentin (α2δ PET Imaging)
 4-Methylpregabalin
 PD-217,014
 Atagabalin
 Arbaclofen
 Saclofen
Endogenous (not Gabapentinoids), endogenous BCAA amino acids that bind to α2δ):

 Calcium
 Isoleucine
 Leucine
 Valine
 Aspartate

Other α2δ ligands:

 Phenylalanine
 NP-118809
 Gababutin
 Ziconotide (Approved for pain)
 Ethanol
 Dextrothyroxine (Agonist of α2δ instead of inhibiting it)
 Ethioninie
 Suloctidil
 Terodiline
 Bepridil

Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid

Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid or "GHB" is a GABA analogue that is a natural occurring neurotransmitter and depressant drug. It is also naturally found in small amounts some alcoholic beverages alongside ethanol. GHB is the prototypical substance among a couple of GHB receptor modulators.

GHB has been used as a general anesthetic and as a treatment for cataplexy, narcolepsy, and alcoholism. The sodium salt of GHB, sodium oxybate, is commonly used today for narcolepsy, sudden muscle weakness, and excessive daytime sleepiness. It is sold under the brand name Xyrem.

As a depressant, GHB would worsen narcolepsy and muscle weakness. But in low doses GHB mainly affects the GHB receptor, an excitatory receptor that releases dopamine and glutamate giving GHB stimulant effects, the opposite of a depressant. But in large doses GHB activates the GABAB receptor, an inhibitory receptor in the central nervous system, which overpowers the excitatory effects, thus causing central nervous system depression. Some antipsychotics are agonists of the GHB receptor.

GHB can usually be found in either as sodium, potassium, magnesium, or calcium salts. Xywav is a medication that is a mixture of all GHB salts and is used to treat the same conditions as Xyrem. Both Xywav and Xyrem are Schedule III and have a black box warning for central nervous system depressant effects (hypoventilation & bradycardia) and for their very high potential for abuse. Overdose on GHB is fatal with or without mixing other CNS depressants. Death from GHB overdose is usually caused by respiratory depression, seizures, or coma.

GHB is used illegally as an intoxicant, an aphrodisiac, and as an athletic-performance enhancer. It is a popular club drug in some parts of the world due to its powerful aphrodisiac and euphoric effects. Similarly to phenibut and baclofen, it is used by body-builders to increase the human growth hormone due to GABAB activation. It has also been reportedly used as a date-rape drug. This caused it to be a Schedule I substance in the United States and Canada and other countries. Xyrem, which is GHB in its sodium form, is Schedule III in the United States, Canada and other countries.

In low doses, GHB mainly binds to the GHB receptor and weakly binds to the GABAB receptor. The GHB receptor is an excitatory G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Its endogenous ligand is GHB, since GHB is also a neurotransmitter. It is also a transporter for vitamin B2. The existence of a specific GHB receptor was predicted by observing the action of GHB and related compounds that primarily act on the GABAB receptor, but also exhibit a range of effects which were found not to be produced by GABAB activity, and so were suspected of being produced by a novel and at the time unidentified receptor target. At higher doses seizures are very common. This is thought to be mediated through increased Na+/K+ current and increased release of dopamine and glutamate. GHB can also causes absence seizures; the mechanism is currently not known but it is believed to be due to interactions with the GABAB receptor. It is being investigated if endogenous GHB is responsible for non-convulsive seizures in humans.

GHB withdrawal is very intense. Physical dependence develops quickly. It is also highly psychologically addictive. It shares some similarities with the withdrawal of gabapentinoids phenibut and baclofen due to the activation of the GABAB receptor. It features a typical depressant withdrawal syndrome that mimics alcohol withdrawal. Symptoms include delirium, tremor, anxiety, tachycardia, insomnia, hypertension, confusion, sweating, severe agitation which may require restraint, auditory and visual hallucinations and possibly death from tonic-clonic seizures.

Baclofen and phenibut are very effective for withdrawal and are preferred by patients over benzodiazepines for treatment of withdrawal.

GHB receptor modulators:

GHB receptor agonists:
 Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) (Xyrem)

- Calcium Oxybate, Magnesium Oxybate, Sodium Oxybate (Xyrem), Potassium Oxybate. Xywav is a mixture of all these salts.

 3-hydroxycyclopent-1-enecarboxylic acid (HOCPCA)
 γ-hydroxycrotonic acid, trans-4-Hydroxycrotonic acid (GHC, T-HCA)
 Amisulpride, Levosulpiride, Sulpiride, Sultopride Antipsychotic GHB receptor ligands
 3-Chloropropanoic acid (UMB66)
 3-phenylpropyloxybutyric acid (UMB72)
 4-benzyloxybutyric acid (UMB73)
 4-hydroxy-4-napthylbutanoic acid (UMB86)
 5-Hydroxypentanoate (UMB58)
 gamma-(4-methoxybenzyl)-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (NCS-435)
 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-2-butanoic acid (NCS-356)
 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (3-HPA)
 Catechin, Monastrol Positive allosteric modulators
Prodrugs that metabolize into GHB:
 γ-Hydroxyvaleric acid (GHV)

- gamma-Valerolactone, γ-Valerolactone (GVL) prodrug to GHV

 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BD)
 1,4-Butanediol acetate (DABD)
 Ethyl acetoxy butanoate (EAB)
 Aceburic acid (GHB acetate)
 gamma-Butyrolactone, γ-Butyrolactone (GBL)
 2-Furanone, γ-crotonolactone (GCL)
 Gamma-Hydroxybutyraldehyde, γ-Hydroxybutyraldehyde (GHBAL)
 Gamma-Hydroxyvaleric acid, γ-Hydroxyvaleric acid (GHV)

GHB receptor antagonists:

 NCS-382
 Gabazine

Some GHB receptors modulators only bind to the GHB receptor, while others bind to both the GHB and GABAB receptors

Nonbenzodiazepines

Nonbenzodiazepines, sometimes referred to as Z-drugs, are a class of hypnotic depressants that are mainly used to treat insomnia and sometimes anxiety. They are structurally related do benzodiazepines. They positively modulate the benzodiazepine site of the GABAA receptor, the chief inhibitory receptor of the central nervous system just like benzodiazepines, but a molecular level, they are structurally unrelated.

Nonbenzodiazepines bind to the benzodiazepine of the GABAA receptor site to keep the chloride channel open. This causes chloride in the intercellular area to flood into the neuron. Since chloride has a negative charge it causes the neuron to rest and cease firing. This results in a relaxing and depressant effect in the central nervous system.

Common nonbenzodiazepines like Zolpidem and Zopiclone are extremely effective for insomnia but carry many risks and side effects. Sleeping pills, including zopiclone, have been associated with an increased risk of death.

Adverse reactions as follows: "taste disturbance (some report a metallic like taste); less commonly nausea, vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, headache; rarely amnesia, confusion, depression, hallucinations, nightmares; very rarely light headedness, incoordination, paradoxical effects, and sleep-walking also reported". Some users of nonbenzodiazepines have sleep-walked and committed murders or have been involved in motor vehicle accidents. Unlike benzodiazepines, nonbenzodiazepines have a risk of hallucinations and sleep-walking. Like benzodiazepines, they can cause anterograde amnesia.

Nonbenzodiazepines should not be discontinued abruptly if taken for more than a few weeks due to the risk of rebound withdrawal effects and acute withdrawal reactions, which may resemble those seen during benzodiazepine withdrawal. Treatment usually entails gradually reducing the dosage over a period of weeks or several months depending on the individual, dosage, and length of time the drug has been taken. If this approach fails, a crossover to a benzodiazepine equivalent dose of a long-acting benzodiazepine (such as chlordiazepoxide or more preferably diazepam) can be tried followed by a gradual reduction in dosage. In extreme cases and, in particular, where severe addiction and/or abuse is manifested, an inpatient detoxification may be required, with flumazenil as a possible detoxification tool.

Opioids/Opiates

Opioids are substances that act on opioid receptors to reduce pain. Medically they are primarily used for pain relief, including anesthesia. Opioids also cause euphoria and are highly abused.

Opioids and Opiates are not the same. Opiates refer to natural opioids such as morphine and codeine. Opioids refer to all natural, semisynthetic, and synthetic opioids, like heroin and oxycodone.

Contrary to popular misconception, opioids are not depressants in the classical sense. They do produce central nervous system depression, but they also excite certain areas of the central nervous system. To remain true to the term 'depressant' – opioids cannot be classified as such. For opioid agonists and opium derivatives, these are classified differently. analgesic or narcotic correctly identifies these drugs. However, they do have depressant actions nonetheless.

There are three principal classes of opioid receptors, μ, κ, δ (mu, kappa, and delta), although up to seventeen have been reported, and include the ε, ι, λ, and ζ (Epsilon, Iota, Lambda and Zeta) receptors. Conversely, σ (Sigma) receptors are no longer considered to be opioid receptors because their activation is not reversed by the opioid inverse-agonist naloxone.The nociception opioid peptide receptor (NOP) (ORL1) is an opioid receptor which is involved in pain responses, anxiety, movement, reward, hunger, memory, and much more. It plays a major role in the development of tolerance to μ-opioid agonists.

When "pain" occurs, a signal gets sent from the site of possible injury. This signal goes up the spinal cord into the brain where it is perceived as a negative emotion known as nociception or "hurt". In the central nervous system, the spine is connected to the brain by a structure called the brain stem. The brain stem is the first part of the brain that develops in a mammal out of the neural crest. It is also the oldest part of the brain and controls many automatic functions such as consciousness, breathing, heart rate,  digestion, and many more. Opioid receptors are specialized pain blocking receptors. They bind a wide range of hormones, peptides, and much more. Although they are found everywhere in the central nervous system, they are highly concentrated in the brain stem. Depending on the receptor, activation of them has the ability to stop pain from making its way to the brain and being perceived as pain. Hence opioids do not actually "stop" pain; they simply stop you from knowing you are in pain. Pain and the ability to modify it based on an organism's environment is an evolutionary advantage, and it has been shown that it can help an organism escape and survive certain situations where they may otherwise be immobilized due to pain and injury. The midbrain nuclei of the brain stem, with structures like the periaqueductal gray, reticular formation, and rostromedial tegmental nucleus, are responsible for the majority of the physical and psychological effects of endogenous and exogenous opioids.

The μ-opioid receptor is the responsible for the analgesic, euphoric, and adverse effects of opioids. The μ-opioid receptor is a G-protein coupled receptor. When the μ-opioid receptor is activated, it causes pain relief, euphoria, constipation, constricted pupils, itching, and nausea. The μ-opioid is located in the gastrointestinal tract, which controls peristalsis. This causes constipation, which can be extremely problematic and distressing. Activation of this receptor also causes relaxation of voluntary and involuntary muscles which can cause side effects like trouble urinating and swallowing. The μ-opioid receptor can also reduce androgens, thus decreasing libido and sexual function. The receptor is also known to cause "musical anhedonia".

The receptor plays a critical role in feeding. The palatability of food is determined by opioid receptor-related processes in the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum. The opioid processes involve mu opioid receptors and are present in the rostromedial shell of the nucleus accumbens on its spiny neurons. This area has been called the "opioid eating site".

The μ-opioid receptor has many endogenous ligands including endorphin.

The Kappa receptor (KOR) is a G protein-coupled receptor located in the central nervous system. KOR is also a G-protein coupled receptor. Humans and some other primates have a higher density of kappa receptors than most other animals. KOR is responsible for nociception, consciousness, motor control, and mood. Dysregulation of this receptor system has been implicated in alcohol and drug addiction. The endogenous ligand for KOR is dynorphin. Activation of KOR usually causes dysphoria; hence the name dynorphin. The intoxicating plant, Salvia divinorum contains salvinorin A, an alkaloid that is a potent and selective κ-opioid (kappa-opioid) receptor agonist. This causes powerful hallucinations. Antagonizing the κ-opioid (kappa-opioid) receptor may be able to treat depression, anxiety, stress, addiction and alcoholism.

The third receptor is the δ-opioid receptor (DOR). The delta receptor is the least studied out of the 3 main opioid receptors. It is a G-protein coupled receptor, and its endogenous ligand is deltorphin. Activation of δ-opioid receptor (DOR) may have antidepressant effects. δ-opioid agonists can produce respiratory depression at very high doses; at lower doses, they have the opposite effect. High doses of an δ-opioid agonist can cause seizures, although not all delta agonists produce this effect. Activation of the delta receptor is usually stimulating instead of sedating like most opioids.

The nociception receptor is involved in the regulation of numerous brain activities, particularly instinctive emotional behaviors and pain. (NOP) is a G-protein coupled receptor. The nociception receptor controls a wide range of biological functions including nociception, food intake, memory processes, cardiovascular and renal functions, spontaneous locomotor activity, gastrointestinal motility, anxiety, and the control of neurotransmitter release at peripheral and central sites.

An opioid overdose is fatal. A person overdosing on opioids/opiates is presented with respiratory depression, a lethal condition that can cause hypoxia from slow and shallow breathing. Mixing opioids with another depressant such as benzodiazepines or alcohol increases the chance of an overdose and respiratory depression. Opioid overdose causes a decreased level of consciousness, pinpoint pupils and respiratory depression. Other symptoms include seizures and muscle spasms. Opioids activate μ-opioid receptors in specific regions of the central nervous system associated with respiratory regulation. They activate μ-opioid receptors in the medulla and pons. They are located in the brain stem connecting to the spine. This area has a high density of μ-opioid receptors as they block pain going up from spine into the brain. These areas are the oldest and most primitive parts of the brain. They control automatic functions such as breathing and digestion. Opioids stop this process and cause respiratory depression and constipation. The brain stem no longer detects carbon dioxide in the blood, so it does not initiate the inhalation reflex, usually resulting in hypoxia. Some overdose victims, however, die from cardiovascular failure, or asphyxiation from choking on their vomit.

Naloxone is a μ-opioid receptor antagonist,  meaning instead of activating the μ-opioid receptor it disrupts the functioning of the receptor. Since Naloxone is powerful and highly selective for the μ-opioid receptor it can knock off powerful opioids like fentanyl off the receptor and block another ligand from binding to the receptor, thus stopping an overdose. A person dependent on opioids may go into precipitated withdrawal when Naloxone is used. Since naloxone blocks any endogenous or exogenous opioids from binding to the μ-opioid receptor. This may cause a person to immediately go into withdrawal after naloxone is used. This can cause withdrawal symptoms like cold sweats and diarrhea.

Opioids activate μ-opioid receptors in the rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg). The Rostromedial tegmental nucleus is a GABAergic nucleus which functions as a "master brake" for the midbrain dopamine system. The RMTg possesses robust functional and structural links to the dopamine pathways. Opioids decrease the release of GABA, thus disinhibiting the GABAergic brake on dopamine networks. GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, meaning it either blocks or decreases the potential of a neuron firing. This causes large amounts of dopamine to be released, as it is no longer blocked by GABA. Disinhibition of GABA may be responsible for causing seizures, an uncommon adverse effect of opioids. The GABAergic disinhibition is also  why Opioids are not considered true "depressants". This exciting of dopaminergic pathways causes the euphoria of opioids. This causes major positive reinforcing effects in the brain, instructing it to do it again. The RMTg is also responsible for development of tolerance and addiction. Psychostimulants also excite this pathway.

Fentanyl is very commonly cut into other substances sold on the street. Fentanyl is used to increase the potency of substances, thus making the user spend more money on the laced substance. Codeine is a weaker natural opiate that is usually used for bronchitis, diarrhea, and post-operative pain. It is very easy to overdose on these substances, especially if you have no tolerance. It is recommended to get your drugs tested, and to carry Naloxone.

Natural Opiates (Papaver somniferum, Opium)
 Morphine (MS Contin)
 Codeine (Tylenol No. 3)
 Papaverine (Pavabid)
 Noscapine (Narcotine)
 Thebaine
 Oripavine
 Narceine

Semi-synthetic Morphinan Opioids:
 Oxycodone (OxyContin)
 Heroin (Diamorphine)
 Hydrocodone (Vicodin)
 Oxymorphone (Opana)
 Hydromorphone (Dilaudid)
 Buprenorphine (Suboxone)
 Naloxone (Narcan)
Semi-synthetic Opioids are derived from the natural alkaloid thebaine.

Fully synthetic Opioids:
 Fentanyl (Duragesic)
 Tramadol (Ultram)
 Methadone (Dolophine)
 Pethidine (Demerol)
 Ketobemidone (Ketogan)
 Pentazocine (Talwin)
 Carfentanil (Wildnil)
 Loperamide (Imodium)
 Dextropropoxyphene (Darvocet)
 Tapentadol (Nucynta)
 Dextropropoxyphene (Darvocet)
Others:

Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom) Indole alkaloid

Piperidinediones

Piperidinediones are a class of depressants that are not used anymore. There are Piperidinediones that are used for other purposes like breast cancer. . The Piperidinedione class is very structurally similar to barbiturates. Some Piperidinediones include Glutethimide, Methyprylon, Pyrithyldione, Glutarimide, and Aminoglutethimide. The first 3 (Glutethimide, Methyprylon, and Pyrithyldione) are central nervous depressants. The Piperidinedione depressants, specifically Glutethimide, are positive modulators of the GABAA anion channel. The drug increases inhibitory GABAergic tone and causes neuro-inhibition of the cortical and limbic systems, observed clinically as a sedative-hypnotic effect. Glutethimide is also a potent inhibitor of the CYP 2D6 enzyme in the liver. This enzyme is responsible for converting many drugs from beta blockers to antidepressants to opioids and opiates. Due to its effects on the conversion of opioids, it was highly abused and mixed with opioids like codeine. Codeine must be metabolized to morphine in the liver to have its psychoactive and analgesic effects. Mixing codeine with the Piperidinedione Glutethimide allowed more codeine to be converted into morphine in the body; thus increasing its effect. These were known as "hits", "cibas and codeine", and "dors and 4s". Glutethimide was believed to be safer than barbiturates, but many people died from the drug. Demand was high in the United States at one point. Production of glutethimide was discontinued in the US in 1993 and in several eastern European countries, most notably Hungary, in 2006.

Glutethimide withdrawal is intense and resembles barbiturate withdrawal. It features hallucinations and delirium typical of a depressant withdrawal. In the 1970s, there were reports of neonatal withdrawal from glutethimide. Infants born to mothers addicted to glutethimide responded well initially, then had recurrence of symptoms about 5 days later, including overactivity, restlessness, tremors, hyperreflexia, hypotonus, vasomotor instability, incessant crying, and general irritability.

Glutethimide withdrawal featured severe agitation, tremor, and seizures which could be fatal.

Overdose causes stupor or coma and respiratory depression.

 Methyprylon (Dimerin, Methyprylone, Noctan, Noludar)
 Pyrithyldione (Presidon, Pyridion, Pyridione, Pyrithyldion, Pyrithyldione)
 Piperidione (Ascron, Dihyprylon, Dihyprylone, Sedulon, Tusseval) (Withdrawan before approval)
 Glutethimide (Doriden)

Quinazolinone

Quinazolinones are a class of depressants that are rarely used anymore. Quinazolinones have powerful sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytic effects. Quinazolinone's structure is very similar to some antibiotics. Quinazolinone's main mechanism of action is binding to the GABAA receptor. It does not bind to the ethanol, barbiturate, neurosteroid, or benzodiazepine site. Instead, it binds on a site directly between the GABRB2 (β2) and (α1) GABRA1 proteins on the GABAA receptor. The anesthetic etomidate and Anticonvulsant loreclezole may also bind to this site.

Overdosing on quinazolinone sometimes causes effects that are the opposite of quinazolinone-like sedation. The overdose consists of hyperreflexia, vomiting, kidney failure, delirium, hypertonia, coma, myoclonic twitches, somnolence, euphoria, muscular hyperactivity, agitated delirium, tachycardia, and tonic-clonic seizures. In 1982, 2,764 people visited US emergency rooms from overdosing on quinazolinones, specifically Methaqualone. Mixing quinazolines with another depressant is possibly fatal. Death from a quinazolinone overdose is usually caused by death through cardiac or respiratory arrest. Overdose resembles barbiturate/carbamate overdose.

Quinazolinone withdrawal occurs when someone who has become dependent on a quinazolinone ceases usage. Quinazolinone withdrawal resembles ethanol, barbiturate, benzodiazepine, and carbamate withdrawal. It usually consists of restlessness, nausea and vomiting, decreased appetite, tachycardia, insomnia, tremor, hallucinations, delirium, confusion, and seizures; and, which are possibly fatal: EEG photoparoxysmal response, myoclonic twitches, fever, muscle spasms, and irritability.

Methaqualone hydrochloride, quinazolinone anxiolytics and hypnotics are referred to as "quaaludes", "ludes", and "disco biscuits". Methaqualone was very commonly abused in the western world during the 1960s and 1970s. Methaqualone was mainly prescribed for insomnia, as it was thought to be safer than barbiturates and carbamates. Methaqualone became highly abused by many, including celebrities, after its introduction in 1965. Methaqualone was first synthesized in India in 1951 by Indra Kishore Kacker and Syed Husain Zaheer, who were conducting research on finding new antimalarial medications. The drug name "Quaalude" (Methaqualone) is a portmanteau, combining the words "quiet interlude". Methaqualone was discontinued in the United States in 1985, mainly due to its psychological addictiveness, widespread abuse, and illegal recreational use. Nonbenzodiazepines, and benzodiazepines are now used to treat insomnia instead. Methaqualone is now a Schedule I substance. Some quinazolinone analogues are still sold online. They come with the risk of seizure.

Large doses of Methaqualone can cause euphoria, disinhibition, increased sexuality, sociability, muscle relaxation, anxiolysis, and sedation. Today, Methaqualone is widely abused in South Africa. Many celebrities have used quinazolinone, most notably Methaqualone. Bill Cosby admitted to casual sex involving recreational use of Methaqualone (Quaaludes). 18 year old actor Anissa Jones died at 18 from an overdose of cocaine, PCP, Methaqualone, and the barbiturate Seconal. Billy Murcia, a drummer for the rock band New York Dolls, died at 21 when he drowned in a bathtub while overdosing on heroin and Methaqualone.

Cloroqualone was a quinazolinone that bound to the GABAA and sigma-1 receptor. It had useful cough suppressant effects and weaker sedative effects than Methaqualone, but was ultimately withdrawn due to its potential for abuse and overdose.

Diproqualone is a quinazolinone that is still used today. Diproqualone has sedative, anxiolytic, antihistamine and analgesic properties, resulting from its agonist activity at the β subtype of the GABAa receptor, antagonist activity at all histamine receptors, inhibition of the cyclooxygenase-1 enzyme, and possibly its agonist activity at both the Sigma-1 receptor and Sigma-2 receptor. Diproqualone is used primarily for the treatment of inflammatory pain associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis; it is used more rarely for treating insomnia, anxiety and neuralgia. Diproqualone is the only analogue of methaqualone that is still in widespread clinical use due to its useful anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects along with the sedative and anxiolytic actions common to other drugs of this class. There are still some concerns about the potential of diproqualone for abuse and overdose; it is sold not as a pure drug but as the camphosulfonate salt in combination mixtures with other medicines such as ethenzamide.

Etaqualone is a quinazolinone-class depressant. It has sedative, hypnotic, muscle relaxant and central nervous system depressant properties. It was highly abused, and had high risk for overdose. Users would snort or smoke the free base Etaqualone hydrochloride salt.

Methylmethaqualone is an analogue of Methaqualone with similar hypnotic and sedative effects. Methylmethaqualone differs from methaqualone by 4-methylation on the phenyl ring. It produces convulsions at only slightly above the effective sedative dose. It would appear that this compound was sold on the black market in Germany as a designer drug analogue of methaqualone.

Nitromethaqualone is a quinazolinone depressant with ten times more hypnotic and sedative effects than Methaqualone.

Quinazolinones:

 Alfoqualone (Arofuto)
 Cloroqualone
 Diproqualone
 Etaqualone (Aolan, Athinazone, Ethinazone)
 Mebroqualone (MBQ)
 Mecloqualone (Nubarene, Casfen)
 Methaqualone (Quaalude, Sopor, Mandrax)
 Methylmethaqualone
 Nitromethaqualone
 SL-164 (Dicloqualone, DCQ)

Miscellaneous
 Alpha and beta blockers (carvedilol, propranolol, atenolol, etc.)
 Anticholinergics (atropine, hyoscyamine, scopolamine, etc.)
 Anticonvulsants (topiramate, carbamazepine, lamotrigine, etc.)
 Antihistamines (diphenhydramine, doxylamine, promethazine, etc.)
 Antipsychotics (haloperidol, chlorpromazine, clozapine, etc.)
 Hypnotics (zolpidem, zopiclone, chloral hydrate, eszopiclone, etc.)
 Muscle relaxants (baclofen, phenibut, carisoprodol, cyclobenzaprine, etc.)
 Sedatives (gamma-hydroxybutyrate, etc.)

Methods of intake
Combining multiple depressants can be very dangerous because the central nervous system's depressive properties have been proposed to increase exponentially instead of linearly. This characteristic makes depressants a common choice for deliberate overdoses in the case of suicide. The use of alcohol or benzodiazepines along with the usual dose of heroin is often the cause of overdose deaths in opiate addicts.

See also
 Central nervous system depression
 Inhalant

References

External links
 Painfully Obvious – A Community Resource
 Fact sheets and Harm Reduction Strategies About Depressants and Other Recreational Drugs
 U.S. Department of Human and Health Services: Drug Categories for Substances of Abuse
 About Psychotropic Medications: Quick Reference to Medications Used in Mental Health
 National Institute on Drug Abuse: "NIDA for Teens: Prescription Depressant Medications".

Psychoactive drugs
Drugs acting on the nervous system
Health effects of alcohol

Depressant


زاوية التلامس أو زاوية التماس هي الزاوية التي يمس عندها سائل سطح صلب. تعرف زاوية التماس من أجل أي نظام معين، وهي تعتمد على التفاعل بين الوسائط الثلاثة (سائل، سطح صلب، هواء). تقرب هذه الزاوية إلى الأذهان عن طريق قطرة صغيرة متوضعة على سطح أفقي معدني. حيث يتم تحديد شكل القطرة بواسطة علاقة يونغ.

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تلاكؤ
زوايا
علم السطوح
فيزياء المواد المكثفة
ميكانيكا الموائع

زاوية تلامس


Tsuguoki (Aki) Fujinuma ist ein japanischer Wirtschaftswissenschaftler und Wirtschaftsprüfer.

Leben
Er studierte bis 1968 Wirtschaftswissenschaften an der Chūō-Universität in Tokio. Er war Chairman und Präsident des Japanese Institute of Certified Public Accountants. Von 1998 bis 2000 war er stellvertretender Präsident und von 2000 bis 2002 war er Präsident der International Federation of Accountants (IFAC). Darüber hinaus war er im Gründungskomitee des International Accounting Standards Committee. Bis 2007 war er zudem Partner bei Ernst & Young ShinNihon und Mitglied im Aufsichtsrat bei Showa Ota. Seit 2007 ist er im Vorstand der Tokioter Börse. Im Jahr 2008 wurde er Professor an der Chūō-Universität in Tokio.

Einzelnachweise

Hochschullehrer (Chūō-Universität)
Geboren im 20. Jahrhundert
Japaner
Mann
Wirtschaftsprüfer

Tsuguoki Fujinuma


Amazônia-1 est le premier satellite d'observation de la Terre brésilien  de fabrication nationale. Il est placé sur une orbite héliosynchrone en février 2021. Il vient compléter le parc des satellites CBERS fabriqués avec l'aide la Chine et lancés entre  1999 et 2016. Amazônia-1 emporte une caméra grand angle observant dans le domaine visible et en proche infrarouge (4 canaux) avec une résolution spatiale de 60 mètres. Il a été réalisé par l'INPE. Le satellite doit permettre d'observer le territoire national en particulier l'Amazonie.

Historique

Caractéristiques techniques

Le satellite Amazônia-1 a une masse au lancement de . Il est constitué de deux modules de forme cubique placés l'un au-dessus de l'autre : la plateforme et la charge utile. Il utilise une plate-forme stabilisée sur 3 axes NMP  (Plataforma Multi-Missão - Multimission Platform) déjà employée par son constructeur INPE pour plusieurs satellites brésiliens (LATTES, MAPSAR et GEOMET). Le satellite est alimenté en énergie solaire par deux panneaux solaires déployés en orbite et utilise des batteries lithium-ion. La durée de vie du satellite est d'au moins 4 ans. Le système de régulation thermique est à la fois actif et passif.

Charge utile

Amazonia-1 emporte un instrument unique AWFI (Advanced Wide Field Imager) qui fournit des images dans quatre longueurs d'onde : bleu (0.45-0.52), vert (
0.52-0.59), rouge (0.63-0.69) et proche infrarouge (0.77-0.89). Sa résolution spatiale est de 60 mètres et sa fauchée est de 850 kilomètres. L'intervalle entre deux visites est de 5 jours.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Programme spatial brésilien
 CBERS
 Satellite d'observation de la Terre

Liens externes

Programme spatial brésilien
Satellite d'observation de la Terre
Satellite artificiel lancé en 2021

Amazônia-1


Sporting Limburg, nizozemski profesionalni nogometni klub, postojao samo na papiru. Posljedica je da je 8. travnja 2009. poništen je projekt spajanja.

Trebao je nastati spajanjem Fortune Sittard i Rode i sjedište bi bilo u Sittardu i Kerkradeu. Za domaće je utakmice klub trebao služiti se Rodinim stadionom Parkstad Limburg Stadion.
Sve je zastalo jer vlasti nisu htjele otpisati dugove Fortuni.

Još od 1992. uprava Rode razgovarala je sa susjedom Fortunom Sittard, te MVV-om i VVV-om o spajanju radi stvaranja novog kluba, imena FC Limburg. Pismo namjere objavili su Roda i Fortuna studenoga 2008. i rane 2009. našlo se financijsku poleđinu za šemu, ali je stvar propala.

Pokrajina Limburg loše je krenula u novo tisućljeće s nogometom. Fortuna Sittard zadnji put je bila u najvišem razredu Eredivisie 2002. a vremenom si je nakupila pet milijuna eura duga. Roda JC je potnula u začarani krug loših rezultata i bila je u opasnosti od ispadanja iz lige. VVV Venlo je bio drugoligaš koji nije bio prijetnja velikima. MVV Maastricht od 2000. nije vidio viših dosega.

Limburg i nizozemski nogometni savez su odlučili nešto napraviti. Guverner pokrajine Limburga Léon Frissen je siječnja 2008. je iznio malo vjerojatno rješenje problema: spajanje triju klubova iz pokrajine. Fortuna, MVV i Roda bi po tom planu postali jedan klub pod imenom Sporting Limburg. Novi bi klub ušao 2009./10. u Eredivisie a cilj bi bio ostati u ligi. Pokrajinski poduzetnici bili su spremni poduprijeti spajanje.  Financijska kriza činila je svoje. Iz ponosne pokrajine Limburga, kolijevke profesionalnog nogometa u Nizozemskoj, koja je dala prvi profesionalni nogometni klub u Nizozemskoj - Fortunu, ljudi su selili u veće gradove za zapadu, što je povećavalo praznine u klupskim proračunima. Uz to je Grad Maastricht spasio MVV od bankrota koji je visio. Uprave Rode, Fortune i MVV-a poduzele su akciju za moguće spajanje u FC Limburg, nakon što su odbili takve prijedloge od subjekata izvan njihova kruga 1996. godine te su potajice pregovarale. Nešto slično poduzeli su sjeverniji klubovi Heerenveen i FC Groningen. Naposljetku su limburški klubovi napustili plan, premda je po nekim anketama skoro 80% Limburžana glasovala za to. Dagblad de Limburger  bio je sproveo anketu i 65% južnolimburških ljubitelja nogometa bilo je za FC Limburg. Jedna anketa među vlasnicima sezonskih ulaznica Roda JC davala je da 77% onih koji su bili protiv fuzije.

Jedna je prepreka bila nepremostiva. Svi klubovi koji bi se po tom planu trebali spojiti bili su ljuti takmaci, navijači tih klubova međusobno su se mrzili. Fortunini navijači bojali su se da će ih moćnija Roda progutati. Roda nije željela rastočiti sve što je stekla. Spajanje s omraženim protivnicima nisu mogli ni htjeli zamisliti. Slučaj je postao tema nizozemskog tiska. Kad je Fortuna dosegnula financijsko dno, Frissenov prijedlog postao je nešto što se moglo progutati. Uprava MVV Maastrichta protivila se bilo kakvom spajanju. Budući da VVV Venlo nije ni bio baš zamišljenim dijelom projekta, sve je ostalo na Fortuni i Rodi.  Predsjednik Nizozemskog nogometnog saveza Henk Kesler pretpostavio je da će se MVV prirodno pridružiti tom fuzijskom klubu poslije.  Politika je htjela spajanje, navijači ne. Navijačka reakcija bila je borbena. Nasilne su činove napravili nad imovinom uprava i policija je morala štititi uprave od prijetnja. Studenoga 2008. uprave Rode i Fortune dogovorile su početak spajanja, a navijačka reakcija bilo je snažno nasilje na objema međusobnim utakmicama tih klubova. Fortuna je bila financijski očajna. Nadzorno tijelo nizozemskog nogometnog saveza odlučilo je do sredine tog mjeseca otkazati profesionalnu licenciju Fortuni. Klub je izjavio da im je jedina šansa opstanka ako se spoje s Rodom u novoj sezoni. Glavna nogometna upravna skupina u Limburgu, komisija uspostavljena radi ispitivanja budućnosti nogometa u pokrajini ratificirala je spajanje veljače 2009. godine. Općinska uprava Sittard-Geleen izjavila je da neće poništiti nikoji Fortunin dug. Nasuprot njima, općinska uprava Kerkrade bila je voljna pomoći Rodi. Sve je to proturječilo strogim uvjetima spajanja dvaju klubova, a to je bilo da u potpunosti otplate svoje dugove. Pokrajina je tako uvjetovala. Novi je klub zaživio 2. travnja, kad su se dogovorile uprave Fortune i Rode. Sljedećeg dana objavljen je godišnji proračun kluba od 14 milijuna eura, od čega bi 3 milijuna eura potpore stiglo iz javne uprave, ukupno 6,5 milijuna eura kroz četiri godine.
Poslovnim planom bilo je predviđeno da proračun naraste do 20 milijuna eura 2013. godine. Sastavi koji su se tvrdo držali izvan spajanja ili nisu bili uračunati, MVV i VVV odjednom su se osjetili zaknuti i uputili su pritužbu pokrajinskim vlastima. I kandidati MVV i VVV su htjeli novac od lokalne uprave, ali one su imale svoje mišljenje. Ishod svega bio je da je službeno opozvana licencija klubu i Fortuna Sittard morala se povući iz profesionalnog nogometa do 30. lipnja 2009. godine. Športska pozornica išla je drugim tijekom. Pregovori o spajanju su uznapredovali i opoziv profesionalnog statusa samo je privremeno gurnulo proces korak nazad. Prožimanje dvaju klubova u novi se ubrzavalo. Uzelo se ime Sporting Limburg koje je bilo najmanje omraženo od svih prijedloga. Odlučeno je da novi klub ima potpuno žute dresove za domaće utakmice, jer i Roda i Fortuna imaju žute majice i zato što je to boja na limburškoj zastavi. Za utakmice u gostima predvidili su potpuno plave dresove.

Nakon pritužbe MVV-a i VVV-a, 7. travnja pokrajina je izglasovala da financiranje novog kluba proturječi uvjetima spajanja jer Fortuna nije zadovoljila te uvjete. Dva dana potom Skupština Limburga službeno je opozvala spajanje. Za Rodu je tu priča završila, ali ne i za Fortunu, jer ime je prijetilo gašenje. Na to su se njeni navijači organizirali radi prikupljanja novca za spasiti klub. Skupili su 5 milijuna eura prije nove sezone te je ostalo samo 600.000 eura duga. Utakmica protiv Bayerna iz Münchena riješila je ostatak i Fortuna je spašena. No komisija za licencije bila je tvrda. Sve je ovo ostavilo posljedice. Profesionalno osoblje iz kluba je otišlo i ostali su samo amateri i mladi igrači kojima je još trajao ugovor. Fortuna je ipak uspjela, i nakon intervencije KVVB-a dobila je novu licenciju.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
(niz.) L1 Geen enquête in dossier Sporting Limburg
(niz.) [action=showItem&nieuws[itemID]=9660&reactie[action]=listItem&reactie[itemOffset]=30& Roda JC Fans] L1: Fusie Fortuna en Roda tot Sporting Limburg gaat door, 2. travnja 2009.

Nizozemski nogometni klubovi

Sporting Limburg


Triphoreae, tribus orhideja, dio potporodice Epidendroideae. Postoje dva podtribusa; tipični rod je Triphora Nutt. s 23 vrste iz Sjeverne i Južne Amerike.

Podtribusi
 Tribus Triphoreae Dressler
 Subtribus Diceratostelinae (Dressler) Szlach.
 Diceratostele Summerh. (1 sp.)
 Subtribus Triphorinae (Dressler) Szlach.
 Triphora Nutt. (23 spp.)
 Monophyllorchis Schltr. (4 spp.)
 Pogoniopsis Rchb. fil. (2 spp.)
 Psilochilus Barb. Rodr. (19 spp.)

Izvori

Epidendroideae

Triphoreae


State space search is a process used in the field of computer science, including artificial intelligence (AI), in which successive configurations or states of an instance are considered, with the intention of finding a goal state with the desired property.

Problems are often modelled as a state space, a set of states that a problem can be in. The set of states forms a graph where two states are connected if there is an operation that can be performed to transform the first state into the second.

State space search often differs from traditional computer science search methods because the state space is implicit: the typical state space graph is much too large to generate and store in memory.  Instead, nodes are generated as they are explored, and typically discarded thereafter.  A solution to a combinatorial search instance may consist of the goal state itself, or of a path from some initial state to the goal state.

Representation
In state space search, a state space is formally represented as a tuple , in which:
 is the set of all possible states;
 is the set of possible actions, not related to a particular state but regarding all the state space;
 is the function that establish which action is possible to perform in a certain state;
 is the function that returns the state reached performing action  in state
 is the cost of performing an action  in state . In many state spaces a is a constant, but this is not always true.

Examples of state-space search algorithms

Uninformed search
According to Poole and Mackworth, the following are uninformed state-space search methods, meaning that they do not have any prior information about the goal's location.
 Traditional depth-first search
 Breadth-first search
 Iterative deepening
 Lowest-cost-first search / Uniform-cost search (UCS)

Informed search
These methods take the goal's location in the form of a heuristic function. Poole and Mackworth cite the following examples as informed search algorithms:
 Informed/Heuristic depth-first search
Greedy best-first search
 A* search

See also
 State space
 State space planning
 Branch and bound - a method for making state-space search more efficient by pruning subsets of it.

References

 Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig (1995). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. Prentice Hall.

Search algorithms

State space search


Hora, monotipski rod rakova jednakonožaca. Terestrijalna vrsta iz Južnoafričke Republike.

Izvori

Jednakonošci

Hora


Camille Seri, née le  mai 1999 à Suresnes, est une athlète française.

Biographie
Camille Séri est vice-championne de France du 400 mètres haies aux championnats de France d'athlétisme 2021 à Angers.

Elle est médaillée d'argent du relais 4 x 400 mètres aux Championnats d'Europe espoirs d'athlétisme 2021 à Tallinn.

Elle remporte la finale du 400 mètres aux championnats de France d'athlétisme en salle 2022 à Miramas.

Elle est médaillée d'argent du 400 mètres haies aux Jeux méditerranéens de 2022 à Oran.

Fin juillet 2023, elle termine deuxième de la finale du 400 mètres haies des championnats de France à Albi.

Palmarès

International

National
Championnats de France d'athlétisme :
400 m haies : vainqueur en 2022,  en 2021 et 2023,  en 2019
Championnats de France d'athlétisme en salle :
400 m : vainqueur en 2022 et 2023

Notes et références

Liens externes

Hurdleuse française
Sprinteuse française
Naissance en mai 1999
Naissance à Suresnes
Coureuse de 400 mètres haies
Coureuse de 400 mètres

Camille Séri


The Declaration of Pillnitz was a statement of five sentences issued on 27 August 1791 at Pillnitz Castle near Dresden (Saxony) by Frederick William II of Prussia and the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II who was Marie Antoinette's brother. It declared the joint support of the Holy Roman Empire and of Prussia for King Louis XVI of France against the French Revolution.

Background
Since the French Revolution of 1789, Leopold had become increasingly concerned about the safety of his sister, Marie Antoinette, and her family but felt that any intervention in French affairs would only increase their danger. At the same time, many French aristocrats were fleeing France and taking up residence in neighbouring countries, spreading fear of the Revolution and agitating for foreign support to Louis XVI. After Louis and his family had fled Paris in the hopes of inciting a counter-revolution, known as the Flight to Varennes in June 1791, Louis had been apprehended and was returned to Paris and kept under armed guard. On 6 July 1791, Leopold issued the Padua Circular, calling on the sovereigns of Europe to join him in demanding Louis' freedom.

Purpose
Calling on European powers to intervene if Louis was threatened, the declaration was intended to serve as a warning to the French revolutionaries to stop infringing on the king's prerogatives and to permit his resumption of power.

The declaration stated that Austria would go to war if and only if all the other major European powers also went to war with France. Leopold chose this wording so that he would not be forced to go to war; he knew the British prime minister, William Pitt, did not support war with France. Leopold issued the declaration only to satisfy the French émigrés who had taken refuge in his country and were calling for foreign interference in their homeland.

(The Pillnitz Conference itself dealt mainly with the Polish Question and the war of Austria against the Ottoman Empire.)

Text of the Declaration
"His Majesty the Emperor and His Majesty the King of Prussia (…) declare together that they regard the actual situation of His Majesty the King of France as a matter of communal interest for all sovereigns of Europe. They hope that that interest will be recognized by the powers whose assistance is called in, and that they won't refuse, together with aforementioned Majesties, the most efficacious means for enabling the French king to strengthen, in utmost liberty, the foundations of a monarchical government suiting to the rights of the sovereigns and favourable to the well-being of the French. In that case, aforementioned Majesties are determined to act promptly and unanimously, with the forces necessary for realizing the proposed and communal goal. In expectation, they will give the suitable orders to their troops so that they will be ready to commence activity."

Consequences
The National Assembly of France interpreted the declaration to mean that Austria and Prussia were threatening the revolution, which had the result of radicalising the French revolutionaries and increasing tensions. The National Assembly voted for the French annexation of the Comtat Venaissin including Avignon from the Papal States in September 1791. Austria and Prussia concluded a defensive alliance in February 1792. Radical Frenchmen who called for war, such as Jacques Pierre Brissot, used the Declaration of Pillnitz as a pretext to gain influence and declare war on 20 April 1792, leading to the campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars.

Notes

External links

 Pillnitzer Punktation auf EPOCHE NAPOLEON in German.
  Declaration of Pillnitz audio episode at Warsofcoalition.com

1791 events of the French Revolution
1791 in the Holy Roman Empire
1791 in Prussia
1791 documents
Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor
Louis XVI
Frederick William II of Prussia

Declaration of Pillnitz


Jeanne Hopkins Lucas (December 25, 1935 - March 9, 2007) was the first African-American woman elected to serve in North Carolina's state Senate.

Lucas was born in Durham, North Carolina to Robert Hopkins and Bertha Holman Hopkins.  She attended East End Elementary School, Whitted Junior High School, and Hillside High School, where she graduated in 1953.  She completed a Bachelor of Arts in Foreign Languages at North Carolina Central University, where she was a member of the Delta Sigma Theta sorority. Lucas returned to Hillside to teach French and Spanish between 1957 and 1975. From 1975 to 1976 she served as President of the North Carolina Association of Classroom Teachers. She gained her Master of Arts in School Administration from NCCU in 1977, and until 1993 worked in administrative positions for Durham Public Schools.

In 1993, Lucas was appointed to the state's twentieth Senatorial district to complete the term of former Senator Ralph Hunt, and was subsequently re-elected six times. Lucas, known as "Queen Jeanne" by some of her fellow Senators, served on various Senate committees including in a number of leadership positions such as Majority Whip and Senior Chair of the Appropriations on Education/Higher Education Committee, Cochair of the Education/Higher Education Committee, and Vice-Chair of Agriculture/Environment/Natural Resources Committee.

She was a member and Trustee of Mount Gilead Baptist Church, and was active in a variety of other civic groups in Durham including the local branch of the NAACP.

In 2003, she was diagnosed with a breast cancer tumor and underwent vigorous treatment to remove it.  On her death the son of late civil rights leader Floyd McKissick, Floyd McKissick, Jr., was appointed to fill the remainder of her term in the North Carolina Senate.

References

External links
Description of an oral history interview with Lucas regarding Hillside High School during school desegregation

External links

|-

2007 deaths
Democratic Party North Carolina state senators
Politicians from Durham, North Carolina
Women state legislators in North Carolina
1935 births
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American women politicians
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
Hillside High School (Durham, North Carolina) alumni

Jeanne Hopkins Lucas


نيكول سابا (26 يونيو 1974 -)، مغنية وممثلة لبنانية، من أبرز أعمالها فيلم التجربة الدنماركية وأغنية "أنا طبعي كدة".

حياتها
ولدت في الحدث بيروت، قضاء بعبدا خريجة كلية الآداب قسم علم النفس من الجامعة اللبنانية. لديها أخت وحيدة إسمها نادين

حياتها الأسرية

أشيع خبر خطبتها من الممثل المصري ياسر جلال في مارس 2011 لكنها كانت مجرد لقطات من مسلسل نور مريم.
ارتبطت بعلاقة حب مع الممثل اللبناني يوسف الخال لكنهما انفصلا بسبب مشاركتها بفيلم التجربة الدنماركية، والتي كانت أحد اسباب انفصالهما ست سنوات من 2002 إلى 2008، ولكنه لم يكن السبب الوحيد في الانفصال. لكن علاقة ارتباطهما كانت توقفت تماما إلى أن عادا من جديد وقررا الارتباط الرسمي والزواج الكنسي بعد علاقة استمرت عشرة سنوات.
تزوجا في 2011 ورزقا
بإبنتهما الأولى «نيكول» عام 2013.

مشوارها المهني

بدأت مشوارها في مجال عرض الأزياء هي وشقيقتها نادين لأكثر من عشر سنوات في القاهرة. في عام 1997 شاركت كموديل في فيديو كليب  عيني للفنانين هشام عباس وحميد الشاعري

إنضمامها لفرقة فوركاتس

في العام 1998 اختارها غسان الرحباني لتكون عضو في فرقة فور كاتس بعد انسحاب رولا بهنام حيث كان يبحث عن فتاة جميلة تجيد الغناء والرقص، قدمت معهم ألبومين تيك تيك سنة 1998 والبوم ليل نهار سنة 2000. إضافة للعديد من الأغاني المصورة والحفلات في لبنان والعالم العربي
في عام 2004 بدأت مشوارها الفني المنفرد بإصدار البوم إنتاج شركة عالم الفنمحسن جابر في نفس السنة فازت بأفضل مغنية من مجلة سيدتي.

دخولها مجال التمثيل

دخلت مجال التمثيل صدفة عندما جاءتها فرصة العمل مع النجم عادل إمام بعد ان شاهد صورتها على غلاف إحدى المجلات لانه عندما شاهد صورتها شعر أن ملامحها تناسب الشخصية حيث لعبت فتاة دنماركية وهو ما يتطلب في الممثلة التي تقوم بها ان تكون ملامحها اجنبية قد طلبوا مني الحضور إلى مصر واجراء اختبار كاميرا لمعرفة هل ستكون مقبولة على الشاشة أم لا فنجحت باجتيازه حيث ظهرت في الفيلم كفتاة دنماركية تأتي لمصر، وتعيش بمنزل عادل امام وابنائه وكل منهم معجب بها خاصة وأنها فتاة أوروبية أبهرتهم بشكلها الخارجي وتحررها وملابسها واسلوبها الجريء.

أعمالها

ألبومات

فيديو كليبات

أغاني منفردة

 انا طبعي كده
 براحتي
 عامل عمله
 فارس أحلامي
 كنت بحالي
 هفضل أحلم
 أنا بهواك
 مفيش مستحيل ديو كع عبد الباسط حمودة
 ما بقى تدقلي
 قررت
 مش وقت كلام
 الجو

أفلام

 2015: حياتي مبهدلة
 2013: هاتولي راجل
 2013: سمير أبو النيل
 2012: بابا
 2009: السفاح
 2007: ليلة البيبي دول
 2007: عمليات خاصة
 2006: 1/8 دستة أشرار
 2006: قصة الحي الشعبي
 2003: التجربة الدنماركية

من المسلسلات

 الحب الممنوع (2009)
 عصابة بابا وماما (عام 2009 مع هاني رمزي).
 نور مريم (عام 2011 مع يوسف الشريف).
 الكبير أوي (2013)
 فرق توقيت (2014)
 ألف ليلة وليلة (2015).
 نصيبي وقسمتك (2016)
 مذكرات عشيقة سابقة (2017)
 ولاد تسعة (2017)
 قلب العدالة (2017)
 الهيبة العودة (2018)
 واكلينها والعة-سبع صنايع (2018)
 نقل عام (2023)

برامج تلفزيونية

 عالم الكمبيوتر،2002،تلفزيون الكويت
 دوري النجوم،2011 قناة الحياة
 التفاحة، دريم 1، رمضان 1433ه/2012م

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أرمن من أصل لبناني
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أعضاء نقابة الفنانين المحترفين في لبنان
خريجو الجامعة اللبنانية
عضوات فور كاتس
لبنانيون من أصل أرمني
مسيحيون أرمن
مسيحيون لبنانيون
مغنون باللهجة المصرية
مغنيات لبنانيات في القرن 20
مغنيات لبنانيات في القرن 21
ممثلات أفلام لبنانيات
ممثلات تلفزيون لبنانيات
ممثلات لبنانيات في القرن 21
ممثلات من بيروت
موارنة لبنانيون
مواليد 1394 هـ
مواليد 1974
مواليد في بيروت
موسيقيون من بيروت

نيكول سابا


Offishal est une chanson parodique sortie en 2021, interprétée par le groupe Ambiance Skandal (Maskey, Le Motif, S2keyz et Toldya). Elle parodie toutes les caractéristiques des hits des années 2000, de la mélodie, aux paroles, en passant par le clip.

Cette chanson est créée dans le cadre d'un défi, imaginé par le rappeur Maskey et le vidéaste Squeezie, au cours duquel deux trios s'affrontent pour concevoir le meilleur hit des années 2000 en seulement trois jours.

Le single est publié sur les plateformes de téléchargement, mais aussi en une version physique (CD 2 titres), dont tous les bénéfices liés aux ventes sont reversés au Secours populaire français.

Genèse
Deux ans après avoir cherché à réaliser le meilleur hit de l'été en trois jours, défi qui avait conduit à la sortie et au succès de deux singles : Bye Bye et Mirador, le vidéaste Squeezie se lance dans un nouveau défi.

Dans une vidéo durant un peu plus d'une heure, intitulée , publiée le  sur sa chaîne YouTube, Squeezie se donne le défi, avec Myd, KronoMusic, Maskey, Le Motif et S2keyz de créer deux hit des années 2000 en trois jours.

Pour l'occasion, deux trios sont constitués : Squeezie, Myd et KronoMusic d'une part et Maskey, Le Motif et S2keyz de l'autre. La vidéo permet ainsi de voir l'avancement des deux projets, du point de vue de chaque binôme, puisque ce n'est qu'au terme des trois jours qu'ils découvrent la composition de l'autre. De cette vidéo naissent deux titres : Time Time de  (Squeezie, Myd et KronoMusic) et Offishal dAmbiance Skandal (Maskey, Le Motif, S2keyz et Toldya). Elles reprennent tous les clichés des hits des années 2000, tant au niveau du rythme que des paroles.

Analyse
Offishal est un titre aux sonorités RnB et hip-hop. Le trio initial a choisi de convier la chanteuse Toldya pour ajouter une voix féminine au titre. Le quatuor Ambiance Skandal s'est inspiré du groupe 113, notamment composé de Rim'K.

Version physique
Contrairement au précédent défi (créer le meilleur hit de l'été), où le gagnant avait été départagé selon le nombre de vues du clip, publié sur YouTube, cette fois-ci, c'est selon le nombre de ventes physiques du single que le gagnant du duel est départagé.

Ainsi, les deux singles sortent dans une version CD 2 titres, avec le morceau et une version instrumentale, lequel est glissé dans une pochette cartonnée.

Ces derniers sont en vente, pendant  (entre le ,  et le , ) sur le site hits2000.fr, spécialement créé pour l'occasion, qui permet d'ailleurs de voir en temps réel le nombre de ventes de chaque single. Grâce à un partenariat avec l'enseigne Lidl, ils sont aussi en vente (aux mêmes dates), dans tous les magasins de France.

L'ensemble des bénéfices liés à la vente des CD est reversé au Secours populaire français.

Accueil

Publié le  sur YouTube, en , le titre dépasse  de vues. Une semaine plus tard, ce chiffre monte à plus de .

Au lendemain de l'ouverture des ventes physiques, Offishal cumule  sur le site hits2000.fr. Au bout de cinq jours, ce chiffre grimpe à .

Clip vidéo

Dans le clip vidéo, Ambiance Skandal caricature le clip des tubes hip-hop des années 2000, tant par les vêtements, les pas de danse, que les décors de boîte de nuit.

Celui-ci est réalisé par Théodore Bonnet.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Squeezie - Myd
 Time Time
 Bye Bye - Mirador

Liens externes
 hits2000.fr (site créé pour l'achat des singles).
 .
 .
 .

Single musical sorti en 2021
Chanson en français
Parodie musicale

Offishal


L' ou  est un type de beignet salé typique de la région d'Aragon (en particulier dans des villes comme Albarracín, Caspe ou Daroca), du sud de la province d'Alicante et de Murcie. Son nom vient de l'arabe almuyábbana qui signifie « mélangé avec du fromage ».

Il existe également un beignet portant le même nom, au mélange duquel on ajoute du fromage frais. Il est typique des îles Canaries, plus précisément de l'île de La Gomera.

Histoire
L'histoire de l' a été décrite en Espagne en 1525 par Rupert de Nola qui a écrit dans son livre de cuisine (en catalan) la recette () de tranches de fromage frais. Il apparaît également dans un livre de recettes du . Il est donc également mentionné comme une recette typique dans certaines villes du sud de la province d'Alicante comme Orihuela, Redován, Callosa de Segura, Cox, Bigastro ou Abanilla.

Caractéristiques
Dans toute la Vega Baja del Segura, c'est l'un des plats typiques les plus descriptifs. Ils sont également très typiques à Elche. Ces douceurs sont cuisinées à des moments très particuliers : la San José (19 mars), la Toussaint ( novembre), Noël, par exemple, et il y a quelques années, elles étaient le plat vedette des mariages, baptêmes et communions. Les différents types sont trempés dans une solution de miel et d'eau et saupoudrés de sucre ou remplis de crème pâtissière ou de crème. Les premiers sont ronds et en forme de beignets et leur taille est celle d'un plat. Les seconds, ceux qui sont fourrés à la crème, sont allongés et mesurent environ  de long, comme un sandwich.

Notes et références

Pâtisserie espagnole
Beignet

Almojabana (plat espagnol)


Drømme med deadlines - en genfortælling er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2003, der er instrueret af Dola Bonfils efter eget manuskript.

Handling
I foråret 2000 åbnede Novo Nordisk for første gang dørene for et udefra kommende filmhold. I to år havde de fri adgang til at filme og fik dermed et sjældent indblik i hverdagen i et miljø af kreative forskere, læger, marketingfolk og ledere, som dagligt står over for dilemmaer og etiske og moralske konflikter i udviklingen af fremtidens lægemidler og sygdomsbehandling. Filmen fokuserer på to projekter: Det ene er et forskningsprojekt, der udnytter de mest avancerede bioteknologiske metoder til udvikling af et nyt lægemiddel. Det andet er et udviklingsprojekt, der afprøver en ny langtidsvirkende insulin, der er nået til de vigtige stadier med afprøvning på sukkersygepatienter og lanceringsforberedelser til et marked med hård konkurrence og milliarder af kroner på spil.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2003
Novo Nordisk

Drømme med deadlines - en genfortælling


المعهد العالي للبيوتكنولوجيا بسيدي ثابت هي إحدى مؤسسات التعليم العالي التونسية ويتبع جامعة منوبة. وقد بعث بمقتضى الأمر عدد 1391 لعام 2004 المؤرخ في 22 جوان 2004. ويقع بالقطب التكنولوجي بسيدي ثابت بضواحي تونس العاصمة.

أهدافه
يهدف المعهد إلى إعطاء الطلبة تكوينا متعدد الاختصاصات في ميداني الميكروبيولوجيا الصناعية ومراقـبة الجودة.

إحصائيات
طبقا إحصائيات السنة الدراسية 2007-2008 يبلغ عدد طلبة المعهد 579 أغلبهم من الفتيات حيث بلغ عددهن 467 طالبة.

وصلة خارجية
 موقع المعهد العالي للبيوتكنولوجيا بسيدي ثابت.

مراجع

التعليم في تونس
تعليم عال
جامعة منوبة
معاهد علمية

المعهد العالي للبيوتكنولوجيا بسيدي ثابت


إرنو سوليموسي  ، من مواليد 21 يونيو 1940 ، لاعب كرة قدم هنغاري سابق.

لعب مع منتخب هنغاريا لكرة القدم.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مجريون
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
حائزون على ميداليات في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1960
حاصلون على ميداليات أولمبية في كرة القدم
فائزون بميداليات برونزية أولمبية من المجر
لاعبو أويبست
لاعبو كأس أمم أوروبا 1964
لاعبو كأس العالم 1962
لاعبو كرة قدم في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1960
لاعبو كرة قدم مجريون
لاعبو كرة قدم مجريون أولمبيون
لاعبو منتخب المجر لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي ديوسجوري
مواليد 1940
وفيات 2011

إرنو سوليموسي


Brødrene Dahl-Filmen er en virksomhedsfilm instrueret af Karl Roos efter manuskript af H. Bygbjerg.

Handling
Firmaet Brødrene Dahl præsenteres, hvordan det kom til verden og hvem der var dets grundlæggere. Dernæst vises hverdagen i en "moderne" virksomhed. Dagen starten med at kontorene gøres rene og posten sorteres. Medarbejderne ankommer med sporvogn eller på cykel. Direktionen holder møde om de vigtigste retningslinjer, indkøbsafdelingen sørger for indkøb og kontrol af nye varer. Der er scener fra Brødrene Dahl's lagerbygning, hvor varer leveres med lastbil, palrør kommer med jernbanen, fittings sorteres og man ser, hvordan varene tælles og indpakkes forsvarligt i avispapir. Dernæst følger scener fra salgsafdelingen, hvor ordremodtagelse, ekspedition af kunder m.v. foregår. Lageret har til huse i Vermlandsgade. Arbejdspladsen er moderne med højttaleranlæg og fjernskriver. Pakning af diverse varer, f.eks. toiletter i halm på ladet af en lastbil. Dernæst vises deres forskellige filialer og afdelinger. Billeder fra udstillingsbygningen på Nørre Alle (åbnet 1935), Århus filialen, Odense filialen (åbnes i 1937 og ledes af V. Th. Larsen), Nykøbing Falster (åbnet i 1928). Dagligliv, forsendelse og lagerarbejde fra de forskellige steder. Efterfølgende vises billeder fra datterselskaberne i Oslo, Bergen (M.C.D. løber på ski), Stockholm og Göteborg. Afslutningsvis beskrives, at firmaets medarbejdere også forenes i sport, og BD pokalen indstiftes med formålet af støtte og opmuntre til "den rette sportsånd".

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1942
Virksomhedsfilm fra Danmark

Brødrene Dahl-Filmen


Nicolas "Nico" van Kerckhoven (Lier, Bélgica, 14 de diciembre de 1970) es un exfutbolista belga que se desempeñaba en casi cualquier posición de la defensa y centro del campo.

Selección nacional

Fue internacional con la selección de fútbol de Bélgica, jugó 42 partidos internacionales y anotó 3 goles.

Participaciones en Copas del Mundo

Participaciones Internacionales

Clubes

Palmarés

Campeonatos nacionales

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Futbolistas del Lierse SK
Futbolistas del FC Schalke 04 en los años 1990
Futbolistas del FC Schalke 04 en los años 2000
Futbolistas del Borussia Mönchengladbach en los años 2000
Futbolistas del KVC Westerlo
Futbolistas de Bélgica en la Copa Mundial de 1998
Futbolistas de Bélgica en la Eurocopa 2000
Futbolistas de Bélgica en la Copa Mundial de 2002
Nacidos en Lier

Nico van Kerckhoven


අටමහ නරකවලින් දෙවෙනි නරකය යි. මෙහි උපන් නිරිසතාගේ ද සිරුර ගව්දෙගව් පමණ උස් වෙයි. සියුම් ආයුධ වලින් යමපල්ලෝ නිරිසතාගේ ඇඟ මස් ලියති. ගිනිගෙන දිලිසෙන යපොළොවෙහි හොවා ඇඟමස් සසිති. ඉරති. කර්මවේගය තිබෙනතාක් නොමැරී දුක් විඳිමින් ජීවත් වන නිරිසතා මහ දුකින් හඬ හඬා ඈත මෑත දුව පැන ඇවිදී.  ගිනියම් වූ යම පොළොවේ පෙරළා, දැලිනූල් ගසා සහින්නා වූ බැවින් කාලසුත්‍ර නරකය නම් වේ. මාපියන්ට හා මිතුරන්ට ද ගුණවත් මහණ බමුණන්ට ද අපරාධ කළවුන් එහි දුක් විඳින්නා හ.තාවතිංසයේ සම්පූර්ණ ආයුෂ මෙහි එක දවසකි. මිනිස් ලෝ ගණනින් අවරුදු තුන්කෝටි සැට ලක්ෂයක් මේ අපායට එක් දිනකි. එබඳු මාස වර්ෂ ආදියෙන් මෙහි පරමායු වර්ෂ දහසකි. මිනිස් වර්ෂ ගණනින් පරමායු අවුරුදු දොළොස් ලක්ෂ අනූදහස් අට කෝටියක් වේ. මිනිස් ලෝ උපන් කල දාගැබ් බින්දෝ ද, දා කරඬු මැකුවෝ ද, ධාතු සහිත පෙති පිළිම සිඳ බිඳ දැමුවෝ ද, සිල්වත් ගුණවතුන් මැරුවෝ ද පූජනීය වස්තු විනාශ කරන, පූජනීය ස්ථාන කෙලෙසන, ගරු කළ යුතු අයට හිරිහැර කරන අයත්, පස්පව් දස අකුසල් සිදු කරන අයත් මේ නිරයට වැටේ. මේ අපායෙහි ඉපිද කර්මය ගෙවෙනතාක් මහ දුක් විඳිමින් කල් යවති. කර්මය ගෙවුන දා චුත වෙති.

කාළසුත්තය


D flip-flop, 1 bitlik hafıza. Tetikleme darbesi ile tutuğu değeri bırakır ve yeni gelen değeri tutmaya başlar.

Durum Tablosu

D tipi Flip Flop'lar, giriş verisinin saat darbesiyle kabul edilmesi açısından farklılık gösterirler. Bu farklılık Flip Flop'un tetiklenme yapısından kaynaklanır. Kenar (edge) tetiklemeli Flip Flop'lar, D girişindeki lojik değeri saat darbesinin bir lojik değerden diğerine geçişinde çıkışa yani Q'ya iletirler. D Flip Flop'un bu özelliği blok gösteriminde (pozitif kenar tetiklemeli) clock girişindeki " > "işareti ile belli edilir. Eğer Flip Flop 0'dan 1'e geçişte clock alıyorsa, D girişindeki bilgiyi çıkışa iletiyorsa pozitif kenar tetiklemeli, 1'den 0'a geçişte tetik alıyorsa negatif kenar tetiklemelidir.

Dış bağlantılar
 http://www.play-hookey.com/digital/sequential/d_nand_flip-flop.html

Mantıksal kapılar

D flip-flop


Malásia participou dos Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno de 2022, realizados em Pequim, na China.

Foi a segunda aparição do país em Olimpíadas de Inverno. Foi representado por dois atletas: Aruwin Salehhuddin e Jeffrey Webb, ambos no esqui alpino. Salehhuddin foi, nesta edição, a primeira atleta a participar das Olimpíadas de Inverno pelo país.

Competidores
Esta foi a participação por modalidade nesta edição:

Desempenho

Masculino

Feminino

Ligações externas

Malasia
2022
Desporto na Malásia em 2022

Malásia nos Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno de 2022


An Aristida triticoides in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Johannes Jan Theodoor Henrard. An Aristida triticoides in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aristida, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Somalia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Aristida

Aristida triticoides


Alexssander Medeiros de Azeredo (født 21. august 1990 i São Gonçalo), kendt som Alex, er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller, der har spillet i en række forskellige klubber, blandt andet i Silkeborg IF fra sommeren 2017. Han spiller angriber. Det blev dog kun til fem kampe for midtjyderne, idet han var skadet en stor del af tiden.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien
Fodboldspillere fra Silkeborg IF

Alexssander Medeiros de Azeredo


تاريا هالونن (Tarja Halonen؛ هلسنكي، 24 ديسمبر 1943)، رئيسة جمهورية فنلندا الحادية عشر (2000-2012). وهي أول امرأة تشغل منصب الرئيس في فنلندا، ووزيرة الخارجية (1995-2000) ووزيرة العدل (1990-1991) ,وكانت قبل توليها الرئاسة في 1 مارس 2000 نائب في برلمان فنلندا بين عامي 1979 و 2000. وبجانب مسيرتها السياسة فلها أيضا سجل حافل في الاتحادات التجارية والعديد من المنظمات المدنية.

تخرجت من جامعة هيلسنكي حيث درست القانون بين عامي 1963 و 1968. وكانت ناشطة سياسية أثناء فترة الدراسة الجامعية. انضمت في عام 1971 إلى الحزب الاشتراكي الديمقراطي الفنلندي، وعملت محامية في المنظمة الرئيسية للاتحادات التجارية الفنلندية، إلى أن انتخبت في البرلمان في عام 1979.

وفترة الرئاسة حازت شعبية كبيرة بين الفنلنديين حتى بلغت نسبة شعبيتها 88 % في عام 2003.

انظر أيضًا
 قائمة رؤساء فنلندا

مراجع

روابط خارجية

الصلبان العظمى لوسام الصليب الجنوبي
الصلبان العظمى لوسام نجمة رومانيا
الصلبان الكبرى لوسام الصليب الحرية
القرن 21 رئيسات في أوروبا
المثلية ولوثرية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أعضاء برلمان في فنلندا (1979–83)
أعضاء برلمان في فنلندا (1983–87)
أعضاء برلمان في فنلندا (1987–91)
أعضاء برلمان في فنلندا (1991–95)
أعضاء برلمان في فنلندا (1995–99)
أعضاء برلمان في فنلندا (1999–2003)
حاصلون على الدكتوراه الفخرية من جامعة كنت
حاصلون على الدكتوراه الفخرية من جامعة يريفان الحكومية
حاصلون على الصليب الأكبر من وسام جوقة الشرف
حاصلون على ميدالية بوشكين
حاصلون على نيشان الأمير هنري
حاصلون على وسام أسد في فنلندا
حاصلون على وسام إيزابيلا الأولى ملكة قشتالة
حاصلون على وسام صقر
حاصلون على وسام صليب الجنوب
حاصلون على وسام فيتوتاس العظيم
حاصلون على وسام كروس في ليبيرتي
حاصلون على وسام منزل في أورانج
حائزون على النجم الأكبر لوسام الخدمات لجمهورية النمسا
حائزون على وسام استحقاق الجمهورية الإيطالية
حائزون على وسام الأسد الذهبي لبيت ناساو
حائزون على وسام الخدمات لجمهورية النمسا
حائزون على وسام الملك توميسلاف
حائزون على وسام الملك عبد العزيز
حائزون على وسام نجمة رومانيا
حائزون على وشاح الملك عبد العزيز
خريجو جامعة هلسنكي
دبلوماسيات فنلنديات
رؤساء فنلندا
رئيسات دول
سياسيات فنلنديات في القرن 21
سياسيون اشتراكيون ديمقراطيون فنلنديون
سياسيون من هلسنكي
عضوات برلمان فنلندا
فرسان وسام الأسد الذهبي لبيت ناساو
لوثريون فنلنديون
محامون فنلنديون
محامون فنلنديون في القرن 20
محاميات فنلنديات
مرشحو رئاسة فنلندا
مواليد 1943
ناشطات فنلنديات
ناشطو إل جي بي تي
ناشطو إل جي بي تي من فنلندا
نساء رئيسات
وزراء خارجية فنلندا
وزراء عدل في فنلندا
وزيرات خارجية
وزيرات فنلندا
وشاح الملك عبد العزيز
رئيسات في أوروبا

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