Balear Adaları Özerk Topluluğu, İspanya'ya bağlı beş büyük ve onları çevreleyen birkaç küçük adadan oluşan bir özerk bölgedir. Tüm İspanya'nın resmî dili olan İspanyolca ile birlikte Katalanca da bu bölgede resmî dildir. Bölgeyi oluşturan adalardan büyük olan beş tanesi Mallorca, Minorka, İbiza, Cabrera ve Formentera'dır.

Tarih
Tarihi kaynaklara göre 2600 senedir insanların buralarda yaşadığı bilinmektedir. Tarihte muhtelif zamanlarda Balear Adaları Romalıların, Kartacalıların, Cezayir ve İspanyolların idaresinde kalmıştır. M.Ö. 122 senesinde adalar, Romalıların eline geçmiş, 466'da Vandallar hakim olmuştur. Vandallarla Doğu Roma İmparatorluğu arasında devam eden mücadeleden sonra, adalar Doğu Roma İmparatorluğuna dahil oldu. Sekizinci yüzyılda adalar, Arapların eline geçti. Balear Adaları 903'te yapılan antlaşmayla Emevi Devletine dahil oldu. 400 seneye yakın Müslümanların elinde kaldı. 1230'da Aragonların saldırısına uğrayarak istila edildi. İngilizler buraları her ne kadar elde etmeye çalıştıysa da başarılı olamadı. 1802'de yapılan son bir anlaşmayla İspanya'ya bağlı bir eyalet haline geldi. Hâlen de İspanya'nın bir eyaleti durumundadır. Ticaret ve stratejik yönden Batı Akdeniz'in son derece önemli takımadalarındandır.

Fiziki yapı

Balear Adaları, jeolojik yapı olarak Sierra Nevada Dağlarının devamıdır. Bu adalar önemli deniz çöküntüsüyle birbirinden ayrılıp su yüzüne çıkmış kısımlardır.

Balear Adalarının önemlileri; Minorka, Mallorca, Cabrera, İbiza ve Formentera'dır. Bu adaların etrafında küçük adalar vardır.

Genellikle yükseklikleri azdır. Sadece Mallorca Adasındaki dağların yüksekliği 1400 metreyi bulmaktadır. Mağaralar çoktur. Bilhassa Ejderha Mağaralar çok meşhurdur. Bunların içinde yazın konser verilen salonları bile vardır.

İklim ve bitki örtüsü
Balear Adalarında Akdeniz iklimi görülür. İklim oldukça yumuşaktır. Kışı yağmurlu, yazları ise oldukça sıcaktır. İklim bakımından adalar arasında farklılık vardır. Minorka'da koruyucu yüksek dağlar olmadığı için, kışın daha soğuk ve yağmurlu, yaz mevsiminde diğer adalardan daha fazla hissedilir sıcaklık vardır. Mallorca'ya ocak ve mart aylarında iki üç hafta kar yağar. Diğer adalara nadiren kar yağar. Adalarda en fazla sıcaklık temmuz ve ağustos aylarında olur.

Balear Adalarının düzlüklerinde az da olsa otlak sahalar vardır. Tepe olan yerler ziraata elverişli değildir. Minorka'nın açık kuzey sahaları bodur tipi ağaçlarla kaplıdır. Kapalı kalan güney dereleri, bazı çamlıklar ve yarı tropikal bitki örtüsüne sahiptir. Adaların kıyı kesimlerinde Akdeniz tipi ağaçlara rastlanır.

Tabii kaynaklar
Adaların en önemli madenleri; taşkömürü, mermer, demir, bakır, kalaydır. Madenlerin belirli bir kısmı işletilir, diğer kısmı ihraç edilir.

Nüfus ve sosyal hayat
Nüfusun % 80'den fazlası Mallorca'da yaşar. Bütün Balear Adalarının nüfusunun 1/3'ü ise başşehir Palma'da ikamet eder. Mallorca ve Minorka'da yaşayanların çoğu şehirlidir. İbiza ve Formentera'da yaşayan halkın 1/3'ü köylülerdir. Nüfus yoğunluğu bölge bölge değişir. Bazı yerlerde metrekareye 38 kişi düşer. Adalarda hemen hemen her milletten azınlıklar mevcuttur.

İdare: Bütün adaların başşehri Palma'dır ve İspanya'nın bir eyaleti durumundadır. Palma aynı zamanda askeri ve dini merkezdir. Mallorca toplumu üç bölgeye ayrılmıştır. Mahalli idare komünler vasıtasıyla yürütülür. Mallorca 52, Minorka 7, İbiza ise 6 yardımcı bölgeye ayrılır.

Ekonomi
Mallorca ve İbiza adalarında ağaç ve fidan, Minorka'da en kaliteli portakal türleri yetiştirilir. Hububatlardan baklagiller ve hayvan yemleri, badem, fasulye, incir, zeytin ve şeftali yetiştiriciliği ile bağcılık ileri bir seviyededir.

Bütün adalarda beslenen hayvanların en önemlisi koyun ve keçidir. Ürünlerin ve hayvanların pazarlama yeri İbiza'dır. Badem, incir, şeftali, portakal, balık ihraç edilir. Tavukçuluk yeteri kadar yapılır. İbiza'da çok eskiden beri deniz tuzu elde edilir. Senede 70.000 ton işlenerek ihraç edilir.

Balear Adalarında iklimin çok iyi olmasından, İngiltere ve Avrupa ülkelerinden fazla miktarda turist gelir. Özellikle tatillerini burada geçirirler.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Mallorca
 Minorka
 İbiza
 Formentera
1113-1115 Balear Adaları Seferi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
Balear Adaları Özerk Topluluğu hükûmeti resmî sitesi

İspanya'daki özerk bölgeler

Balear Adaları


Trois mouvements de Petrouchka ("Drei Sätze aus Petruschka") ist der Titel eines Arrangements für Klavier solo des Balletts "Pétrouchka" des russischen Komponisten Igor Strawinsky.

Entstehung
Strawinsky berichtet in seiner Schrift "Erinnerungen" (1936): "Bei dieser Arbeit [zu "Pétrouchka"] hatte ich die hartnäckige Vorstellung einer Marionette, die plötzlich Leben gewinnt und durch das teuflische Arpeggio ihrer Sprünge die Geduld des Orchesters so sehr erschöpft, dass es sie mit Fanfaren bedroht. Daraus entwickelt sich ein schrecklicher Wirrwarr, der auf seinem Höhepunkt mit dem schmerzlich-klagenden Zusammenbruch des armen Hampelmannes endet." Ursprünglich als konzertantes Stück für Klavier und Orchester konzipiert, wurde Strawinski vom Leiter der "Ballets Russes", Sergei Djagilew überzeugt, aus diesem Werk das Ballett "Pétrouchka" zu machen. Dabei blieben für das Klavier nur Episoden als Orchester-Solo-Instrument übrig.

Der Pianist Arthur Rubinstein beschreibt in seinen Memoiren seine Diskussionen mit Strawinski bezüglich der Möglichkeiten des Klaviers, das der Komponist ausschließlich für ein Schlaginstrument hielt. "Ich ging zum Flügel und spielte Teile aus 'Pétrouchka', vor allem die Musik in Pétrouchkas Zimmer. Stravinsky vergaß auf der Stelle alles, was vorangegangen war und wurde ganz professionell. 'Wie bringen sie es fertig, dass ihre Bässe so klingen? Haben sie eine spezielle Pedaltechnik?' 'Ja selbstverständlich. Ich halte mit dem Fuß die noch vibrierenden Bässe und kann deshalb im Diskant die Harmonien wechseln. 'Und' fuhr ich spaßhaft fort, 'das von ihnen so gehasste Klavier kann noch viel mehr.' Igor war nun ganz versöhnt. 'Ich schreibe Ihnen eine Sonate auf Motive aus 'Pétrouchka'."

Die "Trois mouvements de Pétrouchka" für Klavier von Igor Strawinsky sind eines der schwierigsten und virtuosesten Werke der Klavierliteratur. Stravinsky komponierte die Klaviertranskription im Jahre 1921 und widmete sie Arthur Rubinstein. Im zweiten Satz "Chez Pétrouchka" lässt sich Strawinskys Vorstellung vom Tasteninstrument deutlich erkennen: C-Dur gegen Fis-Dur, weiße gegen schwarze Tasten. Der dritte Satz "La semaine grasse" stellt an den Spieler vor allem hohe Ansprüche an seine Sprung- und Schlagtechnik. Für die Notierung des letzten Satzes verwendet Strawinsky fast immer drei, teilweise aber auch vier Systeme.

Interpreten
Aufgrund der enormen Schwierigkeiten des Werks hat es bislang nur wenige Interpreten gefunden. Zu ihnen gehören Alfred Brendel, Emil Gilels, Wladimir Horowitz, Maurizio Pollini, Alexis Weissenberg, Daniil Trifonow, Christopher Park, Elena Kuschnerova, die jungen Pianistinnen Yuja Wang aus China und Chatia Buniatischwili aus Georgien.

Weblinks
 Alexis Weissenberg spricht über "Pétrouchka" (französisch mit englischen Untertiteln)
 Alexis Weissenberg spielt "Trois mouvements Pétrouchka" (1965)
 Pianist Fletzberger spielt "Trois mouvements de Pétrouchka" (Live - 2011)
 Elena Kuschnerova spielt "Trois mouvements de Pétrouchka" (Live - 2003)
 Elena Kuschnerova spielt "Trois mouvements de Pétrouchka: La semaine grasse" (Aus der Strawinsky-CD)

Einzelnachweise und Fußnoten

Klaviermusik
Werk von Igor Strawinsky

Trois mouvements de Petrouchka


RFA Blue Ranger (A157) was a Ranger-class fleet support tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. She was launched by Harland & Wolff from their Govan yard on 29 January 1941 and served until June 1966 when she was laid up in reserve at Devonport. In January 1972 she was sold commercially and renamed Korytsa. The ship was scrapped at Aliaga in September 1987.

References

Ranger-class tankers
1941 ships
Ships built by Harland and Wolff

RFA Blue Ranger


Das Hotel Goldener Hirsch ist ein Fünf-Sterne-Hotel in der Getreidegasse in der Altstadt von Salzburg. Das Haus  und gehört zum UNESCO-Welterbe Historisches Zentrum der Stadt Salzburg.

Gebäude
Das Hotel umfasst die Häuser Getreidegasse 37 und 35; eine Dependance ist im  Kupferschmiedhaus in der Getreidegasse Nr. 46 eingerichtet.

Geschichte

Die Geschichte des Hauses lässt sich bis in das Jahr 1407 zurückverfolgen, wo als Besitzer ein Heinrich des Hulczein weber, seine Ehefrau Kathrey, Liebhart von Hall, Peter Erner von Mattsee und der Goldschmied Alexius Zeiringer genannt werden. Durch den nächsten Besitzer, den Schlosser Bartlmä Falk, wurde das Haus 1463 gegen den Fron- oder Frauengarten vergrößert.  Nach vielen weiteren Besitzerwechseln wird 1596 als erster Gastgeb Caspar Veichtner erwähnt. In der Stadtchronik von 1671 taucht zum ersten Mal die Bezeichnung Wirtshaus zum Güldenen Hirschen auf, später auch als Hirschlwirt bezeichnet. 1857 eröffnete Wolfgang Dekert ein Lokal auf der Seite des Herbert-von-Karajan Platzes, das auch heute noch unter dem Namen Restaurant s´Herzl existiert. Ludwig Ritter von Maffei besaß den Goldenen Hirschen ab 1873.

Nach weiteren Besitzerwechseln wurde der Betrieb 1939 an Emanuel und Harriet Walderdorff verkauft. Pächter waren von 1940 bis nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg Franz und Anna Bernauer. 1947 wurde das Gebäude unter Leitung von der Baumeisterin Hilda Crozzoli stilvoll modernisiert. Ab 1948 leitete Harriet Walderdorff (Tochter des Malers John Quincy Adams) das Hotel. 1970 wurde es an Carl Adolf Vogel verkauft. Dieser erwarb auch das Stockhamerbräu im angrenzenden Haus Getreidegasse Nr. 35, wodurch die Übernachtungskapazität verdoppelt wurde.

Das Stockhamerbräu kann ebenfalls auf eine lange Geschichte zurückblicken. 1407 erscheint ein Peter Haffter als erster namentlich festzumachender Besitzer. 1536 ist hier erstmals ein Bierbrauer, nämlich Martin Steuber, erwähnt. 1569 wird das Haus erstmals als Bräuhaus bezeichnet. Längere Zeit war es im Besitz der Familie Stockhamer, unter der das Stockhamerbräu 1680 zur drittgrößten Brauerei Salzburgs wurde. 1865 war es mit der Brauerei zu Ende, es folgten hier eine Kleiderreinigung und Färberei, ein Riemergewerbe und ein Zuckerbäcker. Am 25. April 1945 wurde das Haus durch einen Bombenangriff beschädigt. Nach dem Verkauf an Carl Adolf Vogel wurde es dem Goldenen Hirschen einverleibt.

Neben dem Ankauf des Stockhamerbräus kam es mit der Anmietung von Räumen im Kupferschmiedhaus in der Nummer 46 zu einer zusätzlichen Vergrößerung des Betriebs. Nach 1976 übernahmen verschiedene internationale Hotelkonsortien die traditionsreiche Herberge. Derzeit wird das Unternehmen von den US-amerikanischen Starwood Hotels & Resorts unter der konzerneigenen Luxusmarke Luxury Collection vermarktet. Im August 2016 wurde das Gebäude um 20 Millionen Euro an den Schweizer Hans-Peter Wild verkauft, der Verkauf musste gemäß Grundverkehrsgesetz vom Land Salzburg genehmigt werden.

Besucherklientel
Dem Standort in der Altstadt und der Kategorie entsprechend kann das Fünf-Sterne-Hotel auf eine Reihe bekannter Gäste zurückblicken, so auf Arnold Schwarzenegger, Königin Sophia von Spanien oder Ernst August von Hannover; Bundespräsident Heinz Fischer und Salzburgs Landeshauptfrau Gabi Burgstaller trafen hier auf den chinesischen Außenminister Yang Jiechi; als Festspielgäste gastierten hier Prinz Charles, Großbritanniens Premierministerin Margaret Thatcher, aber auch Größen der Film- und Unterhaltungsbranche wie Yul Brynner, Hildegard Knef, Romy Schneider, Luciano Pavarotti, Plácido Domingo oder auch Thomas Gottschalk.

Weblinks

 Website des Hotels Goldener Hirsch

Nachweise
 Gerhard Ammerer; Jutta Baumgartner: Die Getreidegasse. Salzburgs berühmteste Straße, ihre Häuser, Geschäfte und Menschen. Colorama Verlagsgesellschaft, Salzburg 2011, ISBN 978-3-902692-21-4, S. o.A.

Goldener Hirsch
Goldener Hirsch
Gotisches Bauwerk im Land Salzburg
Erbaut im 14. oder 15. Jahrhundert
Historistisch überarbeitetes Bauwerk
Goldener Hirsch
Unbewegliches Denkmal unter Denkmalschutz im Land Salzburg
Ehemalige Brauerei (Österreich)
Goldener Hirsch
Starwood Hotels & Resorts
Essen und Trinken (Österreich)

Hotel Goldener Hirsch (Salzburg)


Les élections à l'Assemblée d'Estrémadure de  () se tiennent le dimanche , afin d'élire les  de la  de l'Assemblée d'Estrémadure pour un mandat de quatre ans.

Contexte

Mode de scrutin
L'Assemblée d'Estrémadure () est une assemblée parlementaire monocamérale constituée de  (), élus pour une législature de quatre ans au suffrage universel direct selon les règles du scrutin proportionnel d'Hondt par l'ensemble des personnes résidant dans la communauté autonome où résidant momentanément à l'extérieur de celle-ci, si elles en font la demande.

Convocation du scrutin
Conformément à l'article 16 du statut d'autonomie de l'Estrémadure, l'Assemblée est élue pour un mandat de quatre ans. L'article 22 de la loi électorale estrémègne du  précise que les élections sont convoquées par le président d'Estrémadure au moyen d'un décret publié le cinquante-quatrième jour précédant la date retenue pour les élections.

Nombre de députés par circonscription
Puisque l'article 17 du statut d'autonomie prévoit que  et que , l'article 18 de la loi électorale dispose que le nombre de parlementaires est fixé à 65 et attribue à chaque circonscription , les  restant étant distribués en fonction de la population provinciale.

Le décret de convocation des élections, publié le , dispose que la circonscription de Badajoz se voit attribuer  et la circonscription de Cáceres .

Présentation des candidatures
Peuvent présenter des candidatures :
 les partis et fédérations de partis inscrits auprès des autorités ;
 les coalitions de partis et/ou fédérations inscrites auprès de la commission électorale au plus tard dix jours après la convocation du scrutin ;
 et les électeurs de la circonscription, s'ils représentent au moins 2 % des inscrits.

Répartition des sièges
Seules les listes ayant recueilli au moins 5 % des suffrages valides  dans une circonscription peuvent participer à la répartition des sièges à pourvoir dans cette circonscription, qui s'organise en suivant différentes étapes :
 les listes sont classées en une colonne par ordre décroissant du nombre de suffrages obtenus ;
 les suffrages de chaque liste sont divisés par 1, 2, 3... jusqu'au nombre de députés à élire afin de former un tableau ;
 les mandats sont attribués selon l'ordre décroissant des quotients ainsi obtenus.

Campagne

Principales forces politiques

Résultat

Participation

Voix et sièges

Total régional

Par circonscription

Analyse

Suites

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Junte d'Estrémadure
 Assemblée d'Estrémadure

2023
Estrémadure

Élections à l'Assemblée d'Estrémadure de 2023


Monte-Carlo Masters 2016 var en tennisturnering, der blev spillet udendørs på grusbaner i Monte-Carlo Country Club i Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, Frankrig i perioden 9. - 17. april 2016. Det var den 110. udgave af Monte-Carlo Masters og sæsonens tredje turnering i kategorien ATP World Tour Masters 1000 på mændenes ATP World Tour 2016.

Herresingleturneringen blev vundet af Rafael Nadal, der vandt ATP-titlen i Monte Carlo for niende gang i alt. Han havde tidligere vundet titlen otte år i træk i perioden 2005-12. Sejren var på flere måder historisk, idet spanieren i den forbindelse satte flere rekorder:
 Sejren var Rafael Nadals 28. ATP World Tour Masters 1000-titel i karrieren, og han tangerede dermed Novak Djokovic' rekord for flest vundne Masters 1000-titler i karrieren, som serberen tidligere på året havde overtaget fra netop Nadal ved at vinde Masters 1000-turneringerne i Indian Wells og Miami.
 Han blev den første spiller, der havde vundet Monte-Carlo Masters ni gange.
 Han blev den første spiller, der havde vundet to forskellige professionelle turneringer ni gange.
Sejren var endvidere Nadals første triumf på ATP World Tour, siden finalesejren ved German Open 2015 i august 2015. Og han vandt hermed den 68. titel på ATP World Tour-niveau i sin 100. finale.

I finalen vandt Rafael Nadal med 7–5, 5–7, 6–0 over Gaël Monfils, som var i sin tredje ATP World Tour Masters 1000-finale i karrieren, og som tabte i finalen for tredje gang.

I herredoublerækken gik sejren til franskmændene Pierre-Hugues Herbert og Nicolas Mahut, som besejrede Jamie Murray og Bruno Soares i finalen med 4−6, 6−0, [10−6], og som dermed vandt den tredje ATP World Tour Masters 1000-titel i træk, idet det franske par tidligere på sæsonen havde vundet både BNP Paribas Open og Miami Open. Det var deres femte titel i alt som par.

Præmier

Den samlede præmiesum for Monte-Carlo Masters 2016 androg € 3.748.925 ekskl. per diem.

Resultater

Herresingle

I hovedturneringen deltog 56 spillere. Feltet bestod af 45 spillere, der havde kvalificeret sig i kraft af deres verdensranglisteplacering, fire spillere havde modtaget et wildcard, mens de sidste syv spillere havde spillet sig igennem kvalifikationsturneringen. Efterfølgende meldte David Ferrer afbud, hvilket gav plads i hovedturneringen til Marcel Granollers som lucky loser.

Herredouble

Turneringen havde deltagelse af 24 par, hvoraf de 22 havde kvalificeret sig til turneringen i kraft af deres verdensranglisteplacering, mens de sidste to par havde modtaget et wildcard.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Monte-Carlo Masters
 Pro Tennis Live - 2016 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters - Main draw singles
 Pro Tennis Live - 2016 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters - Main draw doubles

Noter

2016
ATP World Tour 2016

Monte-Carlo Masters 2016


La Real Sociedad de Nueva Gales del Sud (en inglés Royal Society of New South Wales es una sociedad científica con sede en Sídney, Australia. Se estableció como Sociedad Filosófica de Australasia el . Es la más antigua sociedad científica en Australia, y una de las más antiguas sociedades científicas en el hemisferio sur.

Después de un período de inactividad, el título fue cambiado a Sociedad Filosófica australiana (el 19 de enero de 1850). Y el título actual de la sociedad fue dado con asentimiento real, el .

La afiliación está abierta a cualquier persona interesada en la promoción de estudios de Ciencia, Arte, Literatura, Filosofía.

La sociedad publica el Journal and Proceedings of The Royal Society of New South Wales. Reuniones mensuales se llevan a cabo en Sídney, y la sucursal en Southern Highlands es muy activa. El Gobernador General de Australia y el de Nueva Gales del Sur son patrocinantes comunes de la sociedad.

 Miembros notables
 Edward Wollstonecraft: miembro fundador de la original Philosophical Society of Australasia
 William Branwhite Clarke: geólogo y durante mucho tiempo vicepresidente
 Philip Sídney Jones: cirujano, miembro durante 51 años
 James Charles Cox, conquiólogo
 William Scott: astrónomo, clérigo
 Robert Hamilton Mathews: antropólogo, topógrafo

 Presidentes
 Thomas Brisbane, 1821
 George Handley Knibbs, 1881
 Archibald Liversidge, 1885, 1889, 1900
 Charles Smith Wilkinson, 1887
 William Henry Warren, 1892, 1902
 Henry Chamberlain Russell (cuatro veces)
 Frederick Bickell Guthrie, 1903
 Richard Hind Cambage, 1912, 1923
 Henry George Smith, 1913
 Ernest Clayton Andrews, 1921
 Carl Süssmilch, 1922
 Sir Tannatt William Edgeworth David (dos veces)
 James Douglas Stewart, 1927–1928
 William Rowan Browne, 1932-33
 Arthur Bache Walkom, 1943
 Sir Ronald Sídney Nyholm, 1954
 Howard McKern c.1970?
 Professor Peter A. Williams, 2001
 Prof. J.C Kelly Lista incompleta''

Referencias
 Historia de la Sociedad

Enlaces externos
 Society web page
]

Sociedades científicas de Australia
Organizaciones fundadas en 1821
Australia en 1821
Sídney
Nueva Gales del Sur

Real Sociedad de Nueva Gales del Sur


Wingles () is a commune of the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.

Geography
An ex-coalmining area, now a farming and light industrial town, Wingles lies  north of Lens, at the junction of the N47, D39 and the D165 roads.

Population

Places of interest
 The church of St. Leger, rebuilt along with the rest of the town, after World War I.

Notable people
 Émilienne Moreau-Evrard, French resistance heroine, was born at Wingles in 1898.

See also
Communes of the Pas-de-Calais department

References

External links

 Official town website
 Website of the intercommunality

Communes of Pas-de-Calais
Artois

Wingles


الابتكار      أو  التطوير الابتكاري ،   المبتكر هو الشخص الذي يبتكر شيئا جديدا أو يسجل اختراعا . الابتكار   يعني التطوير الخلاق. أي تطوير منتج جديد أو خدمة  جديدة للمستهلك من خلال حلول تتجاوب مع متطلبات جديدة لامستهلك أو للزبون ؛  أو تقديم  متطلبات قديمة للمستهلك أو للسوق ولكن  بطريقة جديدة. و يُنْجَز ذلك من خلال تفعيل منتجات ابتكار عبر نوع متخصص من المشاريع يدعى مشروع ابتكاري أو عملية انتاجية جديدة، أو خدمات إنوفاتية أو تكنولوجيا إنوفاتية . كذلك يمكن أن يكون الابتكار  فكرة متاحة بسهولة في السوق، أو خدمة حكومية ميسرة، أو خدمة مبتكرة للمجتمع بفعالية أعلى. وأغلب الابتكارات تكون فردية ، شخص مفكر يخترع منتجا جديدا أو يقوم بخدمة جيدة للناس ويكتسب منها رزقه . ويتيح الأنترنت الفرصة لكثيرين من الناس يقومون ببيع منتج جديد عن طريق الإنترنت.

الشركات والمصانع الكبرى تحفز هي أيضا العاملين فيها على الابتكار ، وسواء فرديا أو كموجموعات ؛ بغرض تحسين منتجاتها؛  يتم عن طريق العمل الجماعي  منهجيات التطوير الإبتكاري.

المعنى
ذكر في كتاب مقاييس اللغة أن: . لذا يمكن رد كلمة ابتكار إلى أصلها بكَر والتي تعني حدوث الشئ باكرا. ويمكن ان نستدل أن الابتكار هو اكتشاف باكرا.

الترجمة من الإنكليزية
كلمة Innovation الإنكليزية مشتقة من الجذر «إينوفير» (innovare) اللاتيننية والتي تعني التجديد أو التغيير.

تترجم كلمة Innovation الإنكليزية إلى أي من الكلمات العربية التالية: إبْداع، اِبْتِدَاع، اِبْتِكَار، اِخْتِرَاع، اِسْتِحْداث، بَدْعَ، تَجْدِي، حَدَث، مُبْتَدَع، مُبْتَكَر، مُخْتَرَع. مُسْتَحْدَث.

الفرق بين الابتكار والاختراع
يختلف الابتكار عن الاختراع في أن الابتكار يشير إلى استخدام فكرة أو أسلوب متداولين بطريقة أفضل مما هو معتاد، بينما الاختراع يعني خلق فكرة أو أسلوب جديدين لم يكونا معروفين من قبل.

الفرق بين الابتكار والتحسين
يختلف الابتكار عن التحسين في أن الابتكار يشير إلى فكرة القيام بشيء مختلف بدلا من تطوير فعل الشيء نفسه على نحو أفضل.

تاريخها
في فترة النهضة الصناعية والتكنولوجية كانت الانوفاتية تعتبر جزءاً لا يتجزأ من عملية التطوير المستمر ولم تكن لها معالم واضحة. مع انخفاض المردود الاقتصادي والتأثير النوعي من ممارسة منهجيات التطوير المستمر كالستة سيغما والالتصنيع الرشيق، بدأت تشق طريقها منهجيات وطرق التطوير الابتكاري.

انظر أيضًا
 حالة العمل
اختراع
استثمار
مشروع تجاري
فتح متجر

مراجع

ابتكارات
إدارة
إدارة المنتجات
تصميم
دراسات العلوم والتقانة
علم الاقتصاد
مبتكرون

ابتكار


Japonya millî futbol takımı, Japonya'yı uluslararası organizasyonlarda temsil eden futbol takımıdır. FIFA Dünya Sıralaması'na göre Asya'nın en güçlü futbol takımıdır.

Tarihçe
1954 yılından bu yana eleme maçlarına katılan Japonya, Dünya Kupası'nda ilk kez 1998'de boy gösterdi. Japonya, bu turnuvada Jamaika, Arjantin ve Hırvatistan ile oynadığı her üç maçta da sahadan yenilgiyle ayrıldı. 2002 FIFA Dünya Kupası'nda, turnuvayı Güney Kore ile ortaklaşa düzenlerek otomatikman katılımcı olan Japonya, Belçika ile berabere kalıp Rusyave Tunus maçlarını kazanarak gruptan çıktı. 2. Turda karşılaştığı Türkiye'ye Ümit Davala'nın golüyle 1-0 yenilerek elendi. 2006 FIFA Dünya Kupası elemelerinde ilk turda Umman, Hindistan ve Singapur ile eşleşen Japonya, tüm maçlarını kazanarak final gruplarına kaldı. İran, Bahreyn ve Kuzey Kore ile eşleşen Japonya, İran'a deplasmanda kaybedip diğer maçlarını kazanınca grup lideri olarak Dünya Kupası vizesi elde etti. Teknik direktör Zico yönetimindeki Japonya, Avustralya ve Brezilya'ya kaybederek ilk turda elenirken gruptaki tek puanını Hırvatistan'dan aldı. Kupanın ardından takımın başına getirilen Bosna Hersekli teknik direktör Ivica Osim'in geçirdiği rahatsızlık sonucu görevden ayrılmasının ardından, 1998 FIFA Dünya Kupası'nda da Japonya'yı çalıştıran Takeshi Okada, 2007 yılının sonunda yeniden millî takım teknik direktörlüğüne getirildi.

Okada yönetimindeki Japonya, 2010 FIFA Dünya Kupası elemelerinde grubunda oynadığı ilk 6 maçta alınan 4 galibiyet ve 2 beraberlikle üst üste 4. kez Dünya Kupası'na katılma hakkını elde etti. Geriye kalan 2 karşılaşmada ise Katar karşısında alınan 1-1'lik beraberliğin ardından Avustralya'ya 2-1 mağlup olan Japonya, grubu 8 maçta topladığı 15 puanla Avustralya'nın ardından 2. sırada tamamladı. 2010 FIFA Dünya Kupası'nda 2 galibiyet sonucu 6 puan toplayarak gruptan çıkan Japonya, 0-0 tamamlanan Paraguay maçını penaltılarda 5-3 kaybederek kupadan elendi.

Turnuva tarihi

FIFA Dünya Kupası tarihi

FIFA Konfederasyonlar Kupası

Asya Kupası tarihi
 1956 - 1964 arası - Katılmadı
 1968 - Elemeleri geçemedi
 1968 - Katılmadı
 1976 - Elemeleri geçemedi
 1980 - 1984 arası - Katılmadı
 1988 - Grup aşaması
 1992 - Şampiyon
 1996 - Çeyrek final
 2000 - Şampiyon
 2004 - Şampiyon
 2007 - Dördüncü
 2011 - Şampiyon
 2015 - Çeyrek final

Güncel kadro
Takımın sırasıyla 9 ve 12 Eylül 2023 tarihlerinde Almanya ve Türkiye'ye karşı oynadığı hazırlık maçı ve Kirin Challenge Kupası için aşağıdaki oyuncular çağrıldı.

Notlar

Kaynakça

Japonya millî futbol takımı


"The Jean Genie" is a song by English singer-songwriter David Bowie, originally released in November 1972 as the lead single to his 1973 album Aladdin Sane. Co-produced by Ken Scott, Bowie recorded it with his backing band the Spiders from Mars − comprising Mick Ronson, Trevor Bolder and Mick Woodmansey. According to Bowie, it was "a smorgasbord of imagined Americana", with a protagonist inspired by Iggy Pop, and the title being an allusion to author Jean Genet. One of Bowie's most famous tracks, it was promoted with a film clip featuring Andy Warhol associate Cyrinda Foxe and peaked at No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart.

Background and recording
"The Jean Genie" originated on the Ziggy Stardust Tour as an impromptu jam, titled "Bussin'", on the tour bus between the first two concerts in Cleveland and Memphis, when Mick Ronson began playing the Bo Diddley-inspired guitar riff on his new Les Paul. It subsequently became the first song Bowie composed for Aladdin Sane, in autumn 1972 during his 1972 US tour, completing the song in New York City, where he spent time with the Warhol set's Cyrinda Foxe. Bowie later asserted, "I wrote it for her amusement in her apartment. Sexy girl." Bowie later in the 1990s described the song as "a smorgasbord of imagined America" and "my first New York song."

The recording took place at New York's RCA Studios on 6 October 1972. "I had a really great conversation with [bassist] Trevor Bolder," recalled Def Leppard's Joe Elliott. "I said, 'You remember when you were doing The Jean Genie?' He said, 'No. We did it in an hour and a half.'"

Mixing occurred the following week at RCA Studio B in Nashville, Tennessee; the original single mix is in narrow stereo, while the stereo soundscape is wider in the album mix.

Music and lyrics
The song's chugging R&B riff is often compared to the Yardbirds, especially their cover of Bo Diddley's "I'm a Man", but was most probably inspired by French singer Jacques Dutronc's La Fille du Père Noël (1966), while the lyrics have been likened to the "stylised sleaze" of the Velvet Underground. The subject matter was inspired in part by Bowie's friend Iggy Pop or, in Bowie's own words, "an Iggy-type character... it wasn't actually Iggy." The line "He's so simple minded, he can't drive his module" later gave the band Simple Minds their name.

The title has long been taken as an allusion to the author Jean Genet. Bowie was once quoted as saying that this was "subconscious... but it's probably there, yes". In his 2005 book Moonage Daydream, he stated this less equivocally: "Starting out as a lightweight riff thing I had written one evening in NY for Cyrinda's enjoyment, I developed the lyric to the otherwise wordless pumper and it ultimately turned into a bit of a smorgasbord of imagined Americana ... based on an Iggy-type persona ... The title, of course, was a clumsy pun upon Jean Genet".

Music video

Mick Rock directed a film clip to promote the song, in October 1972 in San Francisco, mixing concert and studio footage of Bowie performing with the Spiders from Mars, along with location shots of the singer posing at the Mars Hotel with Cyrinda Foxe. Bowie wanted the video to depict "Ziggy as a kind of Hollywood street-rat" with a "consort of the Marilyn brand". This led to Foxe's casting, and she flew from New York to San Francisco especially for the shoot.

Bowie also recorded "The Jean Genie" for BBC's Top of the Pops, the performance being broadcast on 4 January 1973. Unusually for the era, the four-piece band performed live, and included an extended guitar solo by Ronson. Tapes of this edition of Top of the Pops were subsequently wiped, but a copy was made by BBC cameraman John Henshall, who had utilised the then new fisheye lens camera techniques for the performance. Henshall was contacted to share his historic material, and was surprised to find he was the only one with a surviving copy. The film has since been preserved and was shown at the British Film Institute in December 2011. The BBC re-broadcast the clip in its Top of the Pops 2 Christmas Special on 21 December 2011, for the first time since the original broadcast in January 1973.

Release and reception
"The Jean Genie" was released on 24 November 1972 by RCA Records (as RCA 2302) as the lead single to Bowie's 1973 album Aladdin Sane, with the 1972 song "Ziggy Stardust" as the B-side. On the album, it appears as the ninth and penultimate track. It spent 13 weeks on the UK Singles Chart, peaking at No. 2, making it Bowie's biggest hit until that time; it was kept off the top spot by Little Jimmy Osmond's "Long Haired Lover from Liverpool". In the US, it reached No. 71 on the Billboard Hot 100. While biographer David Buckley has described it as "derivative, plodding, if undeniably catchy", it remains one of Bowie's signature tunes and was often played at his concerts.

Upon release of the single in the U.S., Record World found the song "disappointing", saying that "Bowie, usually a master of melody and dynamics, has used an ancient riff on this more rhythmic number."

Some controversy arose in the UK when fellow RCA act the Sweet issued the song "Block Buster!", utilising a riff very similar to "The Jean Genie". The Sweet's single, written by Mike Chapman and Nicky Chinn, and recorded and released slightly later than Bowie's song, made No. 1 in the UK charts and No. 73 on the US charts while "The Jean Genie" was still in the UK Top 10. All parties maintained that the similarity was, in Nicky Chinn's words, "absolute coincidence". Chinn described a meeting with Bowie at which the latter "looked at me completely deadpan and said 'Cunt!' And then he got up and gave me a hug and said, 'Congratulations...'"

"The Jean Genie" has appeared on lists ranking Bowie's best songs by Uncut (11), The Guardian (19), NME (33), Mojo (64) and Consequence of Sound (67).

Live versions and subsequent releases
With 1974's "Rebel Rebel", "The Jean Genie" was one of Bowie's most performed songs, featuring during all of his solo tours except for the 1999 Hours Tour and 2002 Heathen Tour. A live version recorded at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium on 20 October 1972 appeared on the bootleg album Santa Monica '72 (1994), which received an official release as Live Santa Monica '72 in 2008. This live take was also included on the bonus disc of Aladdin Sane in 2003. The song was often used for experimentation by the musicians, incorporating other rock songs into the guitar breaks. One such version, recorded at the Hammersmith Odeon, London, on 3 July 1973, featured Jeff Beck on guitar and incorporated "Love Me Do" by the Beatles and "Over Under Sideways Down" by the Yardbirds. During the Diamond Dogs Tour, "The Jean Genie" was rearranged as a slow cabaret number, sometimes incorporating "Love Me Do" during the later shows; performances from this tour have featured on David Live (1974), Cracked Actor (Live Los Angeles '74) (2017) and I'm Only Dancing (The Soul Tour 74) (2020).

During the 1976 Isolar Tour, the song was used as the final encore, extending into lengthy guitar jams, false endings and ad-libbed vocals. A live take recorded on 23 March 1976 was included on Live Nassau Coliseum '76, released as part of the 2010 reissues of Station to Station, in the 2016 box set Who Can I Be Now? (1974–1976), and as a stand–alone album in 2017. Further performances from the 1978 Isolar II tour were included on the 2017 edition of Stage (1978) and Welcome to the Blackout in 2018. The song again appeared during the 1983 Serious Moonlight Tour into the same cabaret style as the 1974 tour. For the 1987 Glass Spider Tour, guitarists Peter Frampton and Carlos Alomar used the song for duets, incorporating the Rolling Stones' "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction"; one performance appeared in the concert video Glass Spider (1988/2007). A variety of standards were incorporated into performances of "The Jean Genie" during the 1990 Sound+Vision Tour, most prominently Them's "Gloria". For the October 1996 Bridge School benefit concert, Bowie debuted a slower, acoustic version of the song, while Billy Corgan of the Smashing Pumpkins joined him for a more conventional rendition during Bowie's fiftieth birthday concert in 1997. A live version from the Earthling Tour the same year was released on Look at the Moon! (Live Phoenix Festival 97) in 2021.

"The Jean Genie" has appeared on the compilation albums Changesonebowie (1976), The Best of Bowie (1980), ChangesBowie (1990), The Singles Collection (1993), The Best of David Bowie 1969/1974 (1997), Best of Bowie (2002), and The Platinum Collection (2006), The single mix has also appeared on Nothing Has Changed (2014) and Legacy (The Very Best of David Bowie) (2016). This mix was also released on the bonus disc of Aladdin Sane in 2003, and on Re:Call 1, part of the Five Years (1969–1973) boxed set, in 2015.

Track listing
All songs written by David Bowie.
 "The Jean Genie" – 4:02
 "Ziggy Stardust" – 3:13

The US release had "Hang On to Yourself" as the B-side, while the B-side of the Japanese release was "John, I'm Only Dancing".

Personnel
According to Chris O'Leary:
 David Bowie – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, harmonica
 Mick Ronson – lead guitar, backing vocals
 Trevor Bolder – bass
 Mick "Woody" Woodmansey – drums, tambourine

Production
 Ken Scott
 David Bowie

Charts

Certifications

Appearances in popular culture
 The song is featured in the BBC television series Life on Mars (named after a David Bowie song) and is mentioned by DCI Gene "the Gene Genie" Hunt, who periodically refers to himself as 'The Gene Genie'. In the episode "A Conflict of Interests" it is playing as they enter the club; in a later scene, while they escort Stephen Warren from his club, Sweet's "Block Buster!", with its comparable riff, is played.  Hunt refers to himself as the Gene Genie more frequently in the sequel series, Ashes to Ashes (also named for a Bowie song) and his individual theme music on the latter programme is an instrumental version of "The Jean Genie" (retitled "Gene Genie"), created by series composer Edmund Butt.
 The song appears in Anton Corbijn's 2007 Ian Curtis biopic Control. In the film a young Curtis sings along to the song as it plays on a record player in his bedroom; the song continues to play as the scene changes to Curtis and Debbie going to a Bowie concert.

References

Sources

1972 singles
1972 songs
David Bowie songs
RCA Records singles
Song recordings produced by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by Ken Scott
Songs written by David Bowie
British blues rock songs
British hard rock songs

The Jean Genie


Højtemperatur-superledere (forkortet høj-Tc eller HTS) er betegnelsen for materialer, der virker som superledere ved usædvanligt høje temperaturer. Den første høj-Tc-superleder blev opfundet i 1986 af IBM-forskerne Georg Bednorz og Karl Alexander Müller,, som blev tildelt nobelprisen i fysik i 1987 "for deres vigtige gennembrud i opdagelsen af superledning i keramiske materialer". Det usædvanlige var superledning højere end 90 K eller −183°C i 1986, da det ifølge de daværende teorier ikke kunne lade sig gøre for konventionelle superledere.

Flydende nitrogen koger ved 77 K, og superledning ved højere temperaturer end dette, muliggør mange eksperimenter og anvendelser som er mindre praktiske ved lavere temperaturer.

Medens "almindelige" eller metalliske superledere normalt har overgangstemperaturer (temperaturen under hvilken de virker superledende) under 30 K (−243,2 °C), er der blevet opfundet højtemperatur-superledere med overgangstemperaturer på op til 138 K (−135 °C). Før 2008 var det kun visse forbindelser af kobber og oxygen (såkaldte "cuprater"), som mentes at have HTS-egenskaber, og betegnelserne "højtemperatur-superleder" og "cuprat-superleder" blev brugt i flæng om forbindelser som bismuth-strontium-calcium-kobberoxid (BSCCO) og yttrium-barium-kobberoxid (YBCO). Imidlertid kendes der nu talrige jernbaserede højtemperatur-superledere.

Verdenspremiere 2001: Superledere i testdrift på Amager
Den 28. maj 2001 kl. 11.45 blev højtemperatur-superledere kølet af flydende kvælstof sat i testdrift i elnettet i Danmark på Amager. Højtemperatur-superlederne havde en længde på 30 meter og var beregnet til vekselstrømsdrift. Testdriften var en succes og var et samarbejde mellem sektorforskning, universiteter og industri; (NKT Research, DTU, Risø, DEFU, NST, Eltra og Elkraft) og varede i 2 år.

Referencer

Superledere
Uløste problemer indenfor fysik

Højtemperatur-superleder


An Crepidium fontinale in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni David Lloyd Jones ngan Mark Alwin Clements. An Crepidium fontinale in nahilalakip ha genus nga Crepidium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Northern Territory. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Crepidium

Crepidium fontinale


Un directeur de l'information (en ), ou parfois directeur des nouvelles ou directeur de la rédaction, est, dans une chaîne de télévision ou un journal, le responsable du service des actualités.

Selon la taille de la structure, il est généralement responsable de l'ensemble du personnel de presse, y compris les journalistes, les présentateurs des journaux, les photographes, les rédacteurs, les producteurs de télévision et d'autres membres du personnel technique.

Notes et références

Métier du journalisme
Métier de l'audiovisuel
Métier du management

Directeur de l'information


Krzemionki ili Krzemionki Opatowskie je mjesto u Poljskoj koje je najpoznatije kao neolitički i rani brončani (3900. – 1600. pr. Kr.) kompleks rudnika kremena iz gornjih slojeva Jurskih naslaga prugastog kremena. Nalazi se oko 8 km sjeveroistočno od poljskog grada Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski i poljski je povijesni spomenik kulture od 16. listopada 1994. godine.
On je od 2019. godine upisan na UNESCO-ov popis mjesta svjetske baštine u Europi jer "svojim podzemnim rudarskim strukturama, kremenim radionicama i oko 4.000 prolaza i jama, Krzemionki ima jednu od najopsežnijih prapovijesnih podzemnih sustava za vađenje i preradu kremena, otkrivenu do danas. Mjesto pruža informacije o životu i radu u prapovijesnim naseljima i svjedoči o izumrloj kulturnoj tradiciji. To je izvanredno svjedočanstvo o važnosti prapovijesnog razdoblja i rudarstva kremena za proizvodnju alata u ljudskoj povijesti.".

Tijekom neolitika ovim rudnicima su se služili ljudi kulture ljevkastih vrčeva koji su širili područje iskopavanja kremena do 300 km. Kultura vrpčaste keramike se koristila ovim jamama još intenzivnije, povećavajući područje istraživanja na oko 500 km. Rudarsko područje je dugo 4,5 km, a široko 25-180 m, pokrivajući 78,5 ha. Na tom području je otkriveno preko 4.000 rudarskih okana do 9 m dubine s jamama promjera do 12 m. Na nekim zidovima rudarskih prolaza stijena oslikane su neolitičke slikarije.

Ljudi su tu tražili komade kremena (do 2 m duljine) kopajući pijucima od jelenjskih rogova. Komadi su potom klesani odbijanjem rubova kako bi se dobili oblici sjekira, i na kraju polirani do krajnjeg oblika. Često se trgovalo neobrađenim kremenom, a on se polirao na krajnjem odredištu. Sjekirama iz Krzemionkija se trgovalo do krajeva udaljenih do 660 km.

Poslije pada proizvodnje od 1800. – 1600. pr. Kr. rudnici su samo sporadično posjećivani. Selo Krzemionki se spominje tek 1509. god. kao posjed Jakuba iz Szydłowieca. Rudnike je otkrio 1922. god. geolog Jan Samsonowicz, a sljedeće godine je arheološka istraživanja proveo Stefan Krukowski; što je upotpunio Tadeusz Żurowski od 1958. – 1961. god. Od 1950-ih rudnike je posjetio mali broj ljudi, ali je 1985. otvorena tzv. "Turistička staza br. 1", a 1992. otvoren je i Arheološki muzej na otvorenom. Podzemna staza je danas duga 465 m i na najdubljem mjestu je duboka 11,5 m.

Izvori

Poveznice
 Spiennes, sličan lokalitet u Belgiji i također UNESCO-ova svjetska baština

Vanjske poveznice

Muzej Krzemionki

Svjetska baština u Poljskoj
Prapovijesni arheološki lokaliteti u Europi
Neolitik
Brončano doba
Rudnici
Povijest Poljske

Krzemionki


Euphémie Vauthier ou sous son nom d'épouse Euphémie Garcin, est une écrivaine, journaliste et institutrice française. Elle est née à Montignac le  et morte à Antony le .

Euphémie Vauthier est la première femme à être poursuivie pour un délit politique commis par la voie de la presse.

Biographie

Contexte familial
Euphémie Marie Félicia Vauthier est née à Montignac dans le département de la Dordogne, le . Son grand-père, Pierre Vauthier (1742-1814) originaire de Montmorency-Beaufort, est bonapartiste. Il est successivement négociant, agent communal puis maire de Boulogne-sur-Seine pendant la Révolution et l'Empire. Pierre Vauthier se serait suicidé à l'entrée des Cosaques dans sa ville de Boulogne le  avril 1814.

Elle est la fille cadette de Pierre Vauthier (Boulogne, 15 octobre 1784 - Roanne, 29 novembre 1847), polytechnicien en 1801 et ingénieur des ponts et chaussées après être admis dans cette institution le 6 brumaire an 12 (29 octobre 1803). Il se marie à Bergerac le 10 juin 1811 avec Magdeleine Adèle Lauraine (1786-1855), native de Bordeaux mais de parents propriétaires dans le Périgord. Le 20 septembre 1815, il achète une maison au 3 rue des Fontaines à Bergerac. Sa carrière est ralentie en 1816 sous la Restauration, du fait de son militantisme républicain et il fait l'objet d'une mutation d'ordre politique dans le département du Finistère. Il revient dans celui de la Dordogne en 1825, conçoit et réalise le canal de dérivation de Lalinde en 1838. Pierre Vauthier effectue de nombreuses missions dont celles au pont d'Austerlitz et au quai Bonaparte à Paris, au port de Brest et au port de Cherbourg, au canal latéral à la Loire puis à l'emmagasinement des eaux dans la partie supérieure du bassin de la Loire à Roanne. Il est l'auteur de la formule du Mouvement des eaux courantes, publiée en 1836 dans les Annales des ponts et chaussées et reçoit à cet effet, la première médaille d'or décernée par cette revue. À partir de ces recherches, une autre brochure mais cosignée avec son fils Louis Léger Vauthier, est éditée en 1847 à Roanne, sous le titre Indications sommaire des résultats d'expériences faites à Roanne pour l'étude de quelques conséquences de la formule du mouvement permanent des eaux. Une seconde publication est réimprimée dans un ouvrage en 1848 à Paris, intitulée Hydraulique des cours d'eau. Pierre Vauthier est membre de l'Académie des sciences de Turin depuis le 29 janvier 1837.

La fratrie issue de Pierre Vauthier et Magdeleine Adèle Lauraine, compte dix enfants  dont l'ingénieur et homme politique Louis Vauthier (1815-1901), condamné à la déportation le 15 novembre 1849 par la Haute Cour de justice de Versailles à la suite de sa participation à la journée du 13 juin 1849 à Paris. Un autre frère d'Euphémie, Eugène Vauthier (1820-1867), employé aux chemins de fer d'Orléans, est impliqué dans le complot dit de « l'Opéra-Comique » sous le Second Empire mais seulement cité comme témoin dans le procès du 7 novembre 1853 qui se déroule devant la cour d'assises de la Seine à Paris. Enfin, Octave Vauthier (1824-1870), qui prend le chemin de l'exil avec sa compagne Claire Kobierscky, vers la Belgique puis l'Espagne après la condamnation de son frère Louis. Il est le coauteur avec Ernest Cœurderoy d'une monographie politique défendant la Révolution, La barrière du combat ou dernier grand assaut, en 1852.

Jeunesse
Benjamine de cette famille nombreuse, Euphémie grandit comme une jeune sauvageonne et ne fréquente même pas l'école. Ballottée de ville en ville au gré des affectations de son père, elle s'instruit toute seule à sa guise. À treize ans, son imagination l'amène à écrire des historiettes, qu'un journal local publie en feuilleton. L'adolescente signe par trois étoiles  ce qui lui vaut en retour, le courrier d'un universitaire : . Ce compliment l'amuse beaucoup mais n'entame en rien sa modestie et sa nature rêveuse.

Le 29 novembre 1847, son père Pierre Vauthier meurt à son domicile de Roanne au  rue des Minimes à l'âge de . Les deux dernières filles du couple, Joséphine et Euphémie, ont respectivement 21 et . Les quatre autres aînées, Élisabeth, Émilie, Henriette, Sophie, ne sont pas mariées et restent à charge. Trois des quatre fils, Pierre-Félix, Eugène et Octave, occupent des emplois modiques et incertains.

Louis Vauthier, qui revient du Brésil en 1846 avec son épouse Élisa Joubert, devient le chef de l'ample famille et se préoccupe des moyens de l'entretenir. Trois de ses sœurs tentent la rude carrière de l'enseignement. Euphémie dans la nécessité de gagner sa vie, obtient son brevet d'institutrice. Elle se consacre à son tour, à cette noble mission d'enseigner. Ensemble, les quatre filles Vauthier ouvrent à Paris une institution de jeunes filles.

Enseignante

Euphémie Vauthier est l'une des directrices de l'institution et pension de jeunes filles au 54 rue Blanche à Paris avec ses sœurs, Élisa (diminutif d'Élisabeth), Émilie, Sophie et Henriette Vauthier, toutes institutrices. Elle épouse Eugène Garcin, alors surveillant-professeur dans ce même pensionnat, le , dans le  de Paris. Les témoins au mariage sont : Émile Allard (1818-1892), ingénieur des ponts et chaussées et fouriériste, Georges Vauzy, avocat, journaliste et homme politique, Charles Fauvety, philosophe et fouriériste, Albert Castelnau, écrivain et homme politique.

Le couple fonde une autre institution après la vente de la précédente, dans une rue parallèle, au 6 rue Pigalle.

Ils sont parents de deux enfants nés dans le  arrondissement de Paris : Frédéric André Louis, le  et Jean Saint-Ange Charles, le . L'écrivain Frédéric Mistral est le parrain de l'aîné. Un autre intime proche du cercle familial, Saint-Ange Allard (1832-1888), ingénieur des ponts et chaussées et frère d'Émile Allard, donne l'un de ses prénoms au cadet.

L'une de ses belles-sœurs, Claire Kobierscky (1821-1863), est également institutrice à Paris mais rien ne permet de confirmer ou infirmer l'hypothèse de son emploi au sein de l'institution familiale. Claire Kobierscky est la compagne d'Octave Vauthier (1824-1870), qu'elle suit dans son exil en Belgique et en Espagne.

Maîtresse de pension dans la capitale jusqu'à la guerre franco-allemande de 1870, Euphémie Vauthier est nommée, en 1881, professeure d'histoire dans la première École supérieure de jeunes filles fondée par la Ville de Paris et dirigée par Julie Favre. Son frère, Louis Vauthier, qui siège au conseil municipal de Paris et au conseil général de la Seine, lui a donné l'assurance de sa prochaine nomination. Euphémie entre effectivement en fonction au mois d'octobre 1881 et occupe ce poste pendant huit ans.

Rencontre avec Lamartine
Enseignante, Euphémie Vauthier rédige une fois par an une allocution  prononcée devant ses élèves au moment de la distribution des prix. Présent dans la salle au moment de cet événement scolaire, un de ses amis ne manque pas de remarquer ses figures de style. Il encourage la jeune institutrice à se rendre chez Alphonse de Lamartine et d'aller lire son dernier discours dont certains sont rassemblés dans un recueil en 1858, Conseils aux jeunes filles.

Euphémie, confuse, n'ose pas se présenter devant le célèbre poète et se fait accompagner par l'une de ses sœurs aînées, Henriette Vauthier. Cette rencontre a lieu au cours de l'hiver 1858-1859 et pour les deux femmes, joie et émotion sont étroitement mêlées. Elles sont non seulement intimidées, mais aussi surprises par la posture de l'écrivain, qui les reçoit à son domicile. Lamartine a en effet les deux pieds posés sur le chambranle de la cheminée. L'homme de lettres écoute attentivement et la lecture achevée, se tourne vers ses deux invitées. Il s'adresse à Euphémie : .

L'auteur des Méditations poétiques va tenir sa parole et apporter ses corrections au nouvel ouvrage en cours d'élaboration, Léonie. Il ajoute notamment le sous-titre  et le livre débute par une lettre d'encouragement du dramaturge, écrite en 1860 lors de la parution.

Henriette ne verra pas l'achèvement de l'œuvre. Elle meurt prématurément à l'âge de quarante ans le 18 mai 1859 à Paris. Sa sœur Euphémie lui rend un vibrant hommage dans les premières pages du roman.

Frédéric Mistral
Euphémie Vauthier est reconnaissante envers Lamartine et plaide pour une souscription en faveur de celui-ci. Elle argumente en ce sens dans un article titré « Dernier appel ! » et publié le 10 janvier 1860 dans Le Courrier du Gard, grâce à l'entremise de Frédéric Mistral.

Ce dernier avait félicité Euphémie le 22 octobre 1859 par un courrier, où il indique : . Une nouvelle correspondance entre Mistral et Euphémie le 24 juin 1860 se poursuit ainsi : .

Ami commun d'Euphémie Vauthier et Eugène Garcin, parrain de leur fils aîné, Frédéric Mistral prend ses distances avec le couple en 1864 pour une obscure raison. Une lettre d'Eugène Garcin serait à l'origine d'un désaccord avec Mistral. Dans un échange de courrier avec  Garcin le , Mistral s'en explique : .

En 1868, avec la publication de son livre, Les Français du nord et du midi, Eugène Garcin accuse ses amis félibres de séparatisme. La discorde entre les deux hommes atteint son paroxysme. La réconciliation entre Garcin et Mistral se fera quelques années plus tard.

Écrivaine

Euphémie Vauthier se consacre à l'écriture et publie des ouvrages sur l'instruction des filles, ainsi que des romans inspirés de ce thème. Elle commence par des discours de distribution de prix qui sont réunis en un volume sous le titre, Conseils aux jeunes filles, en 1858. Cette première réalisation littéraire est bien accueillie par la critique. Fort de ce succès, elle écrit en 1860, Léonie, un essai d'éducation par le roman avec l'appui du poète Alphonse de Lamartine, qui lui préface son livre. Plusieurs œuvres suivent : Charlotte, Une expiation, Nora ainsi que des romans historiques comme Madame Roland, Jacques Cœur et Étienne Marcel.

Elle intègre la Société des gens de lettres le , en même temps que son époux.

Euphémie Vauthier est la collaboratrice du journal La Vie littéraire, dont le rédacteur en chef est Albert Collignon (1839-1922). Elle publie dans ce périodique plusieurs études ainsi que des articles, comme la série La femme de lettres pauvre au  siècle en huit chapitres, du 22 novembre 1877 au 3 janvier 1878.

Féministe
Elle devient membre titulaire de la Société mutuelle de protection des femmes en septembre 1865. Présente également dès la fondation du Droit des Femmes en juin 1868 avec son amie André Léo (Victoire Léodile Béra), elle publie dans leur revue à partir de juillet 1869.

Elle est membre du Comité du Denier et du comité directeur de l'Association pour le droit des femmes. Le , elle adhère à la « Revendication des droits civils refusés à une moitié de la nation ».

Combat politique
Féministe, elle est également engagée politiquement. Euphémie Vauthier prend la défense des victimes de la répression versaillaise lors de la Commune de Paris. Elle est poursuivie pour un article inséré dans le journal L'Avenir à Auch, publié le  sur l'exécution de Louis Rossel le 28 novembre à Satory et qui débute ainsi : .

Traduite devant la cour d'assises du Gers en audience publique le 8 avril 1872 pour , elle est acquittée par son président Théophile Audidier et après avoir bénéficié du soutien de Victor Hugo. À l'issue de ce procès, le procureur de la République  conclut : .

Euphémie Vauthier est la première femme à être poursuivie pour un délit politique commis par la voie de la presse.

Drame
Euphémie Vauthier est profondément éprouvée par la disparition tragique de son fils cadet Jean, lieutenant de marine à bord d'un navire de commerce, le brick Saint-Pierre, et mort en mer aux Antilles le , à l'âge de .

Elle donne sa démission de l'École supérieure et se retire à la campagne dans les environs de Paris, d'abord en  à Bures dans le département de la Seine-et-Oise au  du hameau Le Petit-Menil, puis en  à Antony dans le département de la Seine au  Villa La Providence.

Fin de vie
Sa faiblesse physique ne lui permet pas d'assister aux funérailles de son amie, l'écrivaine Julie Rodde, l'épouse du poète François Fertiault, le  novembre 1900. La dernière correspondance d'Euphémie Vauthier, en date du 2 novembre suivant, est pour cet auteur proche.

Elle meurt un mois plus tard à Antony, le 4 décembre 1900. François Fertiault, dans une lettre adressée à l'attention d'Eugène Garcin, écrit : .

Œuvres

Bibliographie

Articles

Ouvrages

Voir aussi

Articles de l'encyclopédie
 Commune de Paris

Liens externes

Base de données

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Naissance en mai 1829
Naissance à Montignac-Lascaux
Décès en décembre 1900
Décès à Antony
Décès dans le département de la Seine
Décès à 71 ans
Membre de la Société des gens de lettres
Écrivain français du XIXe siècle
Écrivain dont l'œuvre est dans le domaine public
Romancière française du XIXe siècle
Nouvelliste française du XIXe siècle
Féministe française

Euphémie Vauthier


Hünyadi Yanoş ya da Yanoş Hunyadi (, 1407 civarı – 11 Ağustos 1456), Orta Çağ Macar ordu komutanıdır. Hunyadi soyadı, János adıdır, Macar geleneğine göre önce soyadı, sonra adı yazılır, Türkçeye de bu şekilde geçmiştir.

Erdel (Transilvanya) bölgesinden, büyük olasılıkla Macar-Sekel kökenli bir aile olan Hünyadi'ler (Macar-Sekel kökenli olduklarına dair pek çok kanıt olduğu gibi, Hünyadi Yanoş'un I. Kosova Savaşı'nda ölen aynı isimli yeğeni Sekel Yanoş-János Székely olarak anılır.) 1409 yılında Kutsal Roma Germen İmparatoru ve Macaristan Kralı Sigismund'dan Hünyad kalesinin derebeylik haklarını aldılar.

Hünyadi Yanoş gençliğinde Kral Sigismund'un askeri hizmetine girdi. Bulgarlara, sonra Osmanlılara karşı savaşlarda yararlılıklar gösterdi. 1440'ta II. Murad'in yaptığı Belgrad kuşatmasında şehrin komutanı olarak direniş gösterdi ve şehir Osmanlılar eline düşmedi. Macaristan Kralı olarak seçilen I. Ladislas (Lehistan kralı III. Wladyslaw) tarafından 1441'de Erdel (Transilvanya) voyvodalığına atandı. Macar Kralı I. Ladislas iki komutanını, Hünyadi Yanoş ve Nicholas Ujlaki'yi Osmanlı tehdidi altındaki sınırları korumakla görevlendirdi. Bunlardan Hünyadi Yanoş Belgrad'daki karargahından Osmanlı topraklarına karşı taarruzlar yapmaya başladı.

1441'de Erdel'i işgal eden ve Sibin'i kuşatan akıncı ordusunu bozguna uğratıp komutanı Mezid Beyi öldürdü. Kaçış yolları kapatılan Mezid Bey'in Osmanlı akıncı birlikleri tamamen imha edildi.

1442 yılının Eylül ayında Mezid Bey'in intikamını almak isteyen Şahabeddin Paşa da Vazag Muharebesi'nde aynı akıbete uğrayıp yenildi ve büyük kayıplar vererek geri çekilmek zorunda kaldı.

Hünyadi Yanoş 1444'te ordusu ile Balkanlardan inip gönderilen Osmanlı eyalet askeri ordularına karşı galip gelip Balkan Dağları üzerindeki İzladi Geçidi'ne kadar geldi. Bu geçitte savunmaya geçen II. Murad komutasındaki Osmanlı ordusuna karşı yaptığı İzaldi Muharebesi'nde mağlup oldu, ama Erdel'e geri kaçmayı başardı. Bu muharebede mağlup Macar ordusu da galip Osmanlı ordusu da büyük zayiat verdiler.

II. Murad, Macarlarla 1444 yılında yeminli Segedin Barışı'nı imzaladı. İki hükümdar kutsal kitaplarına el basarak yemin ettiler. II. Murad Osmanlı tahtından çekilip yerine genç oğlu II. Mehmed padişahlığa geçti. Haçlı Seferi organize etmek isteyen Papa IV. Eugene'nin ve Macar kralına temsilcisi Kardinal Giuliano Cesarini'nin teşviki ile barış bozuldu. Macar Kralı I. Ladislas ve Hünyadi Yanoş'un komutasında bir büyük Haçlı ordusu Balkanlardan ilerledi Niş'te bir savaş kazandı. Doğu'ya ilerleyerek Sofya'yı işgal etti; Karadeniz kıyısında bulunan, Varna'yı kuşattı. Varna Muharebesinde Haçlılar müthiş bir bozguna uğradılar. Yemin bozan Macar Kralı I. Ladislas ve papalık temsilcisi Kardinal Cesarini bu muharebede öldürüldüler. Hünyadi Yanoş zor olarak küçük bir birlikte kaçtı. Savaşta ölen Kral I. Ladislas'nıın yerine Macar Kralı seçilen V. László'nun çocuk yaşta olmasından dolayı, Hünyadi Yanoş "taht naibi" sıfatı ile Macaristan'a hakim oldu. Bu görevini 1446 ve 1453 yılları arasında sürdürdü.

1447'de II. Murad'da bağlılık sunmak isteyen Eflak Voyvodası Vlad Drakul Erdel Voyvodası olan Hünyadi Yanoş tarafından öldürtüldü. Ayni yıl Hünyadi Yanoş kendi seçtirdiği yeni Eflak Voyvodası'nın ordusu ile Bohemyalı ve Almanyalı birliklerle takviyeli yeni bir Macar ordusu ile birlikte yeni bir Balkan seferine girişti. Once Sırbistan'a hücum edip Sırp Despotu Brankoviç'in desteğini sağlamaya çalıştı. Sırbistan başkenti olan Semendire kalesi önünde Kovin'de bir ay kaldı ama Sırp despotunun desteğini almakta başarısız kaldı. Sonra ordusu ile Sırbistan'ı yağma ederek Kosova'ya yöneldi. II. Murad komutasındaki Osmanlı ordusu ile yaptığı II. Kosova Muharebesi'ni tekrar büyük bir zayiatla kaybetti.

Hünyadi Yanoş'un II. Mehmed'in 1456 Belgrad Kuşatması sırasında Osmanlı kuvvetlerinin yenilmesinde oynadığı rol, daha sonraki yüzyıllarda Macar ulusal kahramanı olarak benimsenmesini sağladı. Hünyadi, 1456 kuşatması sırasında ordusunda yayılan veba salgını yüzünden öldü. Oğullarından Mátyás, I. Mátyás adıyla Macaristan kralı olarak hüküm sürdü. (Matthias Corvinus, Hunların bakiyesi olan Sekellerden geldiğini belirtmek için kendisini 2. Attila olarak adlandırmıştır.) (1458–1490).

Kaynakça
 Xenopol, Alexandru D., Histoire des Roumains, i, Paris, 1896
 Milton G. Lehrer and David Martin,Transylvania: History and Reality, Bartleby Press; 1986
 Ion Grumeza, Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe, Hamilton Books, 2009
 Constantin C Giurescu,Transylvania in the history of Romania: An historical outline,Garnstone P; 1969
 Stefan Pascu, A History of Transylvania,  Wayne State Univ Pr, 1983

1407 doğumlular
1456 yılında ölenler
Yanos
Macar askerler
Macar Roma Katolikleri
Banlar
Macaristan tarihi
Macaristan Krallığı'nda Erdel

János Hunyadi


NGC 6731 je zvjezdana skupina u zviježđu Liri.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 6731
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 6731 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
   DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 6700 - 6749

6731

NGC 6731


Le  district congressionnel de l'Arizona est un district du Congrès des États-Unis situé dans l'État américain de l'Arizona. Il est actuellement représenté par le Républicain Paul Gosar, qui vit à l'extérieur du district, à Flagstaff. Il s'étend de la périphérie de Phoenix pour contenir une grande partie de la partie rurale de l'ouest et du nord-ouest de l'État. Avec un indice Cook Partisan Voting de R+22, c'est la circonscription la plus républicaine de l'Arizona.

L'actuel  district a été créée après le recensement de 2010 à partir de parties des anciens ,  et  district. C'est le seul district qui n'est pas le successeur géographique ou démographique de l'une des circonscriptions de la carte 2003-2013. Avant 2013, l'ancien  district était un district à majorité latino situé entièrement dans le Comté de Maricopa ; la majeure partie de cette zone est maintenant le  district.

Histoire
L'Arizona a obtenu pour la première fois un  district après le recensement de 1970. Elle couvrait toute la partie nord-est de l'État, du nord de Phoenix jusqu'à la frontière du Nouveau-Mexique. Toutefois, la grande majorité des voix étaient exprimées dans le nord de Phoenix, qui était fortement Républicain.

Avec la croissance spectaculaire de la vallée au cours des deux décennies suivantes, la circonscription a été rendue beaucoup plus compacte lors du recensement de 1990, perdant tout son territoire en dehors de la région de Phoenix. Comme son prédécesseur, la circonscription était fidèlement Républicaine.

Après le recensement de 2000, l'ancien  district est devenue essentiellement le  district. Un nouveau  district a été créée dans les parties fortement latinisées du centre de Phoenix. Cette circonscription était la seule circonscription Démocrate sûre de la région de Phoenix et est restée aux mains des Démocrates pendant toute son existence dans cette configuration.

Après le recensement de 2010, cette circonscription est devenue essentiellement le  district, tandis qu'un nouveau  district a été créée dans la partie ouest et nord-ouest de l'État, essentiellement rurale. Alors que l'ancienne  district était facilement la plus Démocrate de l'Arizona, le nouveau  est de loin la plus républicaine de l'Arizona et l'une des plus républicaines de l'Ouest. Dans toutes les élections présidentielles disputées depuis la création de l'actuel  district, elle a donné au candidat Républicain à la présidence sa plus grande marge dans l'État.

Zone couverte
L'actuel  district couvre la totalité des comtés suivants :

 Comté de La Paz

Le district couvre la majorité de :

 Comté de Mohave
 Comté de Yavapai
 Comté de Yuma

Des petites parties des comtés suivants sont également couvertes :

 Comté de Gila
 Comté de Maricopa
 Comté de Pinal

Historique des votes

Liste des Représentants du district
L'Arizona a commencé à envoyer un quatrième Représentant à la Chambre après le recensement de 1970.

Résultats des récentes élections
Voici les résultats des dix précédents cycles électoraux dans le  district.

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

2020

2022

L'Arizona a tenu ses Primaires le 2 août 2022, Greg Stanton (D) et Kelly Cooper (R) ont respectivement remportés les Primaires Décmorates et Républicaines, ils s'affronteront donc lors de l'Élection Générale du 8 novembre 2022.

Notes
En raison du redécoupage, les numéros des districts congressionnel en Arizona ont changé pour le cycle électoral de 2022. Dans le cadre de ce processus, les numéros de district ont changé de la manière suivante :

 Le  district congressionnel de l'Arizona devient le  district congressionnel de l'Arizona.
 Le  district congressionnel de l'Arizona devient le  district congressionnel de l'Arizona.
 Le  district congressionnel de l'Arizona devient le  district congressionnel de l'Arizona.
 Le  district congressionnel de l'Arizona devient le  district congressionnel de l'Arizona.
 Le  district congressionnel de l'Arizona reste la  district congressionnel de l'Arizona.
 Le  district congressionnel de l'Arizona devient la  district congressionnel de l'Arizona.
 Le  district congressionnel de l'Arizona devient le  district congressionnel de l'Arizona.
 Le  district congressionnel de l'Arizona reste la  district congressionnel de l'Arizona.
 Le  district congressionnel de l'Arizona devient le  district congressionnel de l'Arizona.

Références

District congressionnel en Arizona

Quatrième district congressionnel d'Arizona


නවශිලා යනු ගොවිකර්මාන්තය, කුඹල් කර්මාන්තය සමග පැමිණ වඩා දියුණු පාෂාණ ආශ්‍රිත නිර්මාණ යන්ය. මෙම නව සොයා ගැනීම් නව ප්‍රජාවක්  (settlers)   විසින් සිදුකරන්නට ඇතැයි මුලදී සිතුවද මෙම කාලයට හා සබැදි විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් ආක්‍රමණයක් අයර්ලන්ත ඉතිහාසයේ තුළ දක්නට නොලැබේ. නවශිලා පරිවර්තනය සිදුවන යැයි සැලකීමට වඩාත්ම ඉඩකඩ ඇත්තේ එය යුරෝපා මහද්වීපයේ වඩාත් රටවල් එංගලන්තය ආදිය සමග තිබු සබදතාවල ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස සිදු වු බවට වන මතයයි.

කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ක්‍රි.පූ 4500 දී පමණ ආරම්භ වුනි එළුවන්, බැටළුවන් හා ධාන්‍ය නිරිත දිග යුරෝපියෙන් ගෙන ආ අතර ජනගහණය සීඝ්‍රලෙස ඉහල ගියේය. වියළි ගල් තාප්ප වලින් වෙන්කර ගත් cide වර්‍ගයේ කුඹුරු ක්‍රි.පූ 3500 සිට 3000 දක්වා සියවස් ගණනාවක් වගාකරන ලදි. තිරිගු හා බාර්ලි  ප්‍රධාන අස්වැන්න විය.

කුඹල් කර්මාන්තයේ ආරම්භයේ ද කෘෂිකර්මාන්ත යත් සමග සිද්ධවුනි. නවශිලා යුගයේ කැපීපෙනන ලක්ෂණය වනුයේ හදිසියේ ඉස්මතු වූ ශිලාමය ස්මාරක තැනීමයි. මෙසේ බිහි වූ විශාල සොහොන් ගැබ් එම ජනතාවගේ ආගමික ඇදහිලි සදහා බලපාන ලදි. මෙම සොහොන් කැණිමේ දී මිනිස් මෘතශරීර වල කොටස් අවමගුල්‍භාණ්ඩ, මැටි භාණ්ඩ, ඊතල හිස්, පොරෝ, ආදිය හමු වී තිබේ. මෙම ශිලාමය සොහොන් 1200 ක් පමණ සොයාගත ඇති අතර මේවා ප්‍රධාන භාණ්ඩ 4 කට වර්‍ග කල හැක.

නවශිලා යුගය (4500 ක්‍රි.පූ - 2500 ක්‍රි.පූ)


Isla Tongo  (en albanés: Ishulli i Tongohttp://mapcarta.com/13072120) es una isla en el Mar Jónico en la costa de Albania, cerca de Butrinto. Tongo se encuentra en el sur de Albania muy cerca de su último tramo de costa. Está muy cerca de Grecia y su tramo más septentrional costero continental. Se trata de un territorio a solo 270 m (886 pies) de la vecina Grecia.

La longitud máxima de esta isla se estima en 230 m (755 pies) y su anchura máxima en unos 180 m (591 pies). La isla cuenta con playas de fina arena en sus costas este y rocosas en el oeste y se gestiona principalmente en bosques densos.

La isla no tiene habitantes permanentes.

Véase también
Isla Ulva (Nueva Zelanda)
Isla Umm an Namil
Isla Urubuqueçaba
Isla Ush

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de Localización de la isla

Archipiélagos e islas de Albania
Condado de Vlorë

Isla Tongo


Metamorfoz I, M. C. Escher'in 1937 tarihli çalışması. Tahta kalıp baskısı olan bu eserin boyutu 7 5/8 x 35 3/4 inçtir ve iki sayfa üzerine basılmıştır.

Eserin konseptinde bir resim (karesel) mozaik bir modele dökülür ki bu farklı bir resmin hatlarını oluşturur. Soldan sağa doğru eser İtalyan Atrani kasabasının betimlemesi ile başlar.

M. C. Escher eserleri
Ksilografi
1937 tabloları

Metamorfoz I


Punk rock, kökenleri 1974 ve 1975 yıllarına, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Birleşik Krallık'a dayanan ve kendisini         Green Day, The Exploited, Ramones,The Damned ve The Clash gibi gruplarla kanıtlamış düzen karşıtı rock müzik hareketidir.

Punk terimi ise, punk rock'a dayalı alt kültür için kullanılmaktadır. Bu alt kültür agresif gençlik, kendine özgü giyim tarzı, Punk İdeolojisi ve D.I.Y. (Do It Yourself - Kendin Yap) etiğini kapsamaktadır.

Punk; kültür, politika ve estetiği ile kurumsallaşmış sanat teorileri ve bunu yaratan topluma, toplumsal sisteme karşı doğmuş bir reddediştir. Punk, sanatçıyı insan olarak görür, geleneksel ve kalıplaşmış davranış ve yaşam biçimine karşı yıkıcı bir tavır geliştirir. Bireyin kişisel gelişimini yönlendiren, yaşam biçimini şekillendiren toplumsal organizmayı her şeyin suçlusu olarak görür ve saldırmaktan çekinmez. Punk'a göre her şey altüst olmalıdır; aykırı, ayrıksı giyim tarzı, sanat ve gündelik yaşamda sınırların belirsizleştirilmesi, bilinçli kışkırtıcılık, kabul görmüş ve tekdüzeleşmiş yaşam biçiminin yeniden düzenlenmesi (ya da düzensizleştirilmesi) punk yaşam biçiminin devrimci taktikleridir.

Türkiye'de ve Avrupa'da Punk Rock

Türkiye'de punk rock yapan pek çok grup vardır ama günümüzde yerli gruplar genellikle ska, emo gibi tarzlara kaymaktadır. Bunların arasında ana akım bir grup olan Athena da vardır. Aynı zamanda Taksim punk sahnesi, Ankara punk sahnesi ve İzmir punk sahnesi hareketlidir. Türkiye'den Padme, Hedonistic Noise, Asperger, Cemiyette Pişiyorum, Kilink, Second, Zibidiler, Pandik, Monoton Kokteyli, Düz Mantık, Sokak Köpekleri ve Yancı gibi gruplar örnek gösterilebilinir.
The Restarts,GBH, The Exploited, Oi Polloi gibi bazı önemli punk rock grupları ise Türkiye'de konser vermiştir.

Türkiye'de Punk'ın Tarihi
Aktif olarak Punk müzik yapan ilk topluluk 1987 yılında kurulan Headbangers grubudur. Headbangers'ın 'Suratına İşemek İstiyorum' adlı şarkısı hayli saldırgan yapısıyla punkın Türkiye'ye geldiğinin sinyallerini vermiştir. Dönemin diğer önemli punk rock grupları  Noisy Mob, Hong Kong Virus, LSD, Dead Army Boots ve Tampon'dur. Türkiye'de Punk müzik, Punk'ın "kendin yap" etiğine uygun olarak evlerde çoğaltılan demo kasetlerle yayıldı. Punklar konserleri ve diğer bilgi paylaşımlarını kendi imkanları ile oluşturdukları fanzinler aracılığı ile elden ele dolaştırarak sağlıyorlardı.  1999 yılına gelindiğinde ise ilk yasal punk albümü olarak kabul edilen Rashit'in "Telaşa Mahal Yok" albümü piyasaya çıkmıştır.

Kaynakça
 Türkiye'de Punk ve Yeraltı Kaynaklarının Kesintili Tarihi 1978-1999
 Punk, Tricia Henry Young, Dost Yayınları
 Rock ve Şiddet, Taner Ay, Korsan Yayınları
 Roll Müzik dergisi
 İmlasız dergisi Kasım-Aralık 2003 sayısı Özgür Tekin imzalı yazısı

Punk rock


Kulturno umjetničko društvo "IVAN GORAN KOVAČIĆ" iz Ivankova organizira tradicijsku manifestaciju "SVE SE ČAJE OKUPIŠE" od 1999. godine koja se održava za Mladi Uskrs.

Osim čaja, u programu sudjeluju, kulturno-umjetnička društva, pjevačke skupine, tamburaški sastavi, svirači tradicijskih glazbala iz Hrvatske i inozemstva.

Čajo domaćin i inicijator osnivanja manifestacije je Paško Mali Barunčić.

Organizator dariva čaje i gostujuće KUD-ove prigodnim darovima, te priprema prigodni domjenak uz cjelovečernju zabavu, a priredba završava zajedničkim Šokačkim kolom na ivankovačkom središnjem trgu.

Popratne su priredbe prigodne izložbe tradicijskih obrta, rukotvorina i slavonskih delicija.

Događanja i običaji prikazani na manifestaciji ostaju svima u lijepom sjećanju a za buduće generacije ostaju zabilježeni u tiskanom obliku (brošure, plakati, fotografije, novinski članci) i videozapisima (DVD).

Manifestacija ima i svoj bećarac:

"Ivankovo volim te sve više, u tebi se čaje okupiše!".

Od osnutka do danas, manifestacija "Sve se čaje okupiše" revitalizirala je i sačuvala od nestajanja lik i ulogu čaje u svatovskim običajima, tradicijsko odijevanje i opremanje, čajin pozdravni govor na slavonskom dijalektu, te druge slavonske, svatovske običaje, tako da danas u Slavoniji gotovo da nema svatova bez čaje–čuvara i prenositelja tradicijskih, slavonskih, svatovskih običaja.

Vanjske poveznice

http://www.glas-slavonije.hr/360509/9/Sve-se-caje-okupise

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=naoPmgBEgGY 17. manifestacija Sve se čaje okupiše Ivankovo  - Etno portal

http://www.tz-vinkovci.hr/hr/aktualnosti/dogadanja/sve-se-caje-okupise,571.html
http://www.vusz.hr/novosti-najave-i-sluzbene-obavijesti/u-ivankovu-19-manifestacija-sve-se-caje-okupise

http://vktv.tv/2018/04/09/sve-se-caje-okupise-u-ivankovu-po-jubilarni-20-puta/

Manifestacije u Hrvatskoj

Manifestacija "Sve se čaje okupiše"


Uma roçadora ou roçadeira é uma máquina motorizada ou ferramenta agrícola usada para aparar ervas daninhas, arbustos e outras folhagens não acessíveis por um cortador de relva ou cortador rotativo. Várias lâminas ou cabeças de corte podem ser conectadas à máquina para aplicações específicas.

Consiste em:

 Uma unidade de energia mantida perto do corpo.
 Um pólo através do qual a energia é transmitida.
 Uma cabeça de corte rotativa na extremidade oposta do poste à unidade de potência.

Modos de alimentação
Existem três tipos principais de modos de alimentação:

 Motores de gasolina, de dois ou quatro tempos, são usados nas unidades mais potentes.
 Motores elétricos conectados à rede elétrica por um cabo de alimentação.
 Motores elétricos sem fio alimentados por baterias recarregáveis.

Eixo
 As unidades consumidoras básicas utilizam um eixo curvo, semelhante a um aparador de linha básico.
 Unidades mais profissionais usam um eixo reto com uma caixa de engrenagens na extremidade da cabeça de corte.
 As unidades top de linha utilizam um eixo reto "split" com um ponto de desconexão a meio caminho do eixo, permitindo que a cabeça de corte seja substituída por outros acessórios como podadoras, cultivadores, biseladoras e corta- sebes .

As alças variam em roçadoras dependendo do peso e tamanho da unidade. Serras maiores e mais potentes empregam alças de bicicleta (dois guidões em cada lado do eixo) e unidades menores usam uma alça em forma de D montada no eixo. Serras mais pesadas geralmente exigem arneses para segurança e redução da fadiga. O eixo em unidades que requerem um chicote tem várias ranhuras para o chicote prender para equilíbrio de toda a unidade.

Cabeça de corte

As cabeças de corte incluem lâminas de serra circular (dente de cinzel ou dente de raspador), facas de escova, lâminas de grama, etc. A maioria das roçadoras também permite que outras cabeças sejam montadas, incluindo cabeças de alimentação por impacto e cabeças de linha fixa, como as usadas em aparadores de linha ou lâminas de serra modificadas, como uma lâmina de castor que se assemelha a uma motosserra . Os defletores são fixados no lado de corte da máquina para evitar ferimentos ao operador devido a detritos lançados pelo cabeçote de corte.

Mangulhos de plástico ou metal podem ser usados para cortar hastes muito grandes para uma cabeça de linha, mas que não exigem uma lâmina. Após um incidente no Reino Unido em que, quando um elo de corrente de metal lançado de um mangual de pós-venda matou um espectador, todas as cabeças de mangual agora são proibidas na UE.

Ferramentas de corte

Roçadeira


Gisèle Ruiz Goldstein (Nova Orleães, ) é uma matemática estadunidense, conhecida por sua pesquisa em equações diferenciais parciais, teoria dos operadores e aplicações da matemática à física e às finanças. Goldstein ganhou vários prêmios; em particular, um de seus artigos recebeu o Editors' Choice Award dos editores do Mathematische Nachrichten em 2010, e foi catedrática da Universidade de Memphis de 2011 a 2014. Em dezembro de 2020 a Discrete and Dynamical Systems - Series S criou uma edição especial em homenagem aos 60 anos de Goldstein.

Formação
Goldstein obteve um PhD da Universidade Tulane em 1986, com a tese Mathematical Contributions to Thomas-Fermi Theory, orientada por Jerome Goldstein.

Professores da Universidade de Memphis
Matemáticas dos Estados Unidos
Matemáticas do século XX
Matemáticas do século XXI
Alunos da Universidade Tulane
Naturais de Nova Orleans
Pessoas vivas

Gisèle Ruiz Goldstein


Oliver Joseph St. John Gogarty (17 August 1878 – 22 September 1957) was an Irish poet, author, otolaryngologist, athlete, politician, and well-known conversationalist. He served as the inspiration for Buck Mulligan in James Joyce's novel Ulysses.

Life

Early life
Gogarty was born 17 August 1878 in Rutland Square, Dublin, the eldest child of Henry Gogarty, a well-to-do Dublin physician, and Margaret Gogarty (née Oliver), the daughter of a Galway mill owner. Three siblings (Henry, Mary, and Richard) were born later. Gogarty's father, himself the son of a medical doctor, had been educated at Trinity College and owned two fashionable homes in Dublin, which set the Gogartys apart from other Irish Catholic families at that time and allowed them access to the same social circles as the Protestant Ascendancy.

Gogarty was sent by his father to the Christian Brothers' O'Connell School (North Richmond Street, Dublin), which he happily attended, 1890–92. When his father died suddenly in 1891, his family then sent him to Mungret College, a boarding school near Limerick. He was unhappy in his new school, and the following year he transferred to Stonyhurst College in Lancashire, England, which he liked a little better, later referring to it as "a religious jail".

Gogarty returned to Ireland in 1896 and boarded at Clongowes Wood College while studying for examinations with the Royal University of Ireland. He was a talented athlete; in England, he had briefly played for the Preston North End FC Reserve, and while at Clongowes he played for the Bohemian FC. He also played on Clongowes's soccer and cricket elevens. His extracurricular interests, which also included cycling and drinking, prevented him from being an attentive student, and in 1898 he switched to the medical school at Trinity College, having failed eight of his ten examinations at the Royal.

University days
As one of Dublin's "medicos", Gogarty was known to be fond of public pranks and midnight carousing in "the Kips", Dublin's red-light district. He had a talent for humorous and bawdy verse, which quickly made the rounds through the city, and sometimes composed mnemonic lyrics to aid his medical studies. He also enjoyed a highly successful cycling career before being banned from the tracks in 1901 for bad language, . Between 1898 and 1901 he rescued at least four people from drowning. He became interested in Irish nationalism after meeting Arthur Griffith in 1899, and contributed propaganda pieces to The United Irishman over subsequent years.

A serious interest in poetry and literature also began to manifest itself during his years at Trinity. His witty conversation made him a favourite with the dons, particularly John Pentland Mahaffy (formerly the tutor of Oscar Wilde) and Robert Yelverton Tyrrell, and between 1901 and 1903 he won three successive Vice-Chancellor's prizes for verse. In 1900 he made the acquaintance of W. B. Yeats (of whom his mother highly approved) and of George Moore (of whom she did not) and began to frequent Dublin literary circles. He also formed close friendships with other up-and-coming young poets, such as Seamus O'Sullivan and James Joyce. In 1904 he spent two terms at Oxford to compete for the Newdigate Prize, but lost to G.K.A. Bell, the future Bishop of Chichester, who became a friend and frequent correspondent over the next few years.

Upon returning to Dublin in the summer of 1904, Gogarty made arrangements to rent the Martello Tower in Sandycove. The primary goal of this scheme, as described by Gogarty in a letter to G.K.A. Bell, was to "house the Bard" (i.e. James Joyce), who was without money and required "a year in which to finish his novel". The two friends quarrelled in August, however, and Joyce either failed to move in or left shortly after doing so. Joyce briefly took up residence in the Tower the following month, together with Gogarty and his Oxford friend Samuel Chenevix Trench (a setup which later provided inspiration for the opening chapter of Ulysses) but left again after only six days. Forty years later in America, Gogarty attributed Joyce's abrupt departure to his and S.C. Trench's midnight antics with a loaded revolver. Joyce and Gogarty corresponded intermittently during the early years of Joyce's continental exile and occasionally planned meetings, but contemporaneous letters from Joyce to his brother reveal deep distrust of Gogarty's motives, and their friendship was never fully renewed. Gogarty made use of the Martello Tower during the following year as a writing retreat and party venue, and officially held the lease until 1925.

In 1904 and 1905 Gogarty published several short poems in the London publication The Venture and in John Eglinton's journal Dana. His name also appeared in print as the renegade priest Fr. Oliver Gogarty in George Moore's 1905 novel The Lake, an occurrence which upset Gogarty's devout mother. In 1905 Gogarty became one of the founding members of Arthur Griffith's Sinn Féin, a non-violent political movement with a plan for Irish autonomy modelled after the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy.

Medical career and family

In August 1906, Gogarty married Martha Duane, a girl from a landowning Connemara family. Eager to establish himself with a profession, he passed his final medical examinations in June 1907, several months after the death of his mother. In July 1907 his first son, Oliver Duane Odysseus Gogarty (known as "Noll") was born, and in autumn of that year, Gogarty left for Vienna to finish the practical phase of his medical training. Owing in part to the influence of his mentor, Sir Robert Woods, Gogarty had decided to specialise in otolaryngology, and in Vienna, he studied under Ottokar Chiari, Markus Hajek, and Robert Bárány.

Returning to Dublin in 1908, Gogarty secured a post at Richmond Hospital, and shortly afterwards purchased a house in Ely Place opposite George Moore. Three years later, he joined the staff of the Meath Hospital and remained there for the remainder of his medical career. He became known for flamboyant theatrics in the operating room, including off-the-cuff witticisms and the flinging of recently removed larynxes at the viewing gallery. He also maintained ENT consulting rooms in Ely Place, attracting a number of wealthy clients and attending to less well-off patients for free.

Gogarty and his wife had two more children, Dermot (born 1908) and Brenda (born 1911), and in 1917 Gogarty purchased Renvyle House, a large country house in Renvyle, Connemara, from Caroline Blake. He became a keen motorist during this time, purchasing a succession of automobiles that culminated with a buttercup-coloured Rolls-Royce. During the following decade he was also interested in aviation, earning a pilot's licence and helping to found the Irish Aero Club.

Free State Senator
As a Sinn Féiner during the Irish War of Independence, Gogarty participated in a variety of anti-Black and Tan schemes, allowing his home to be used as a safe house and transporting disguised IRA volunteers in his car. Following the ratification of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, Gogarty sided with the pro-Treaty government (headed by his close friend Arthur Griffith) and was made a Free State Senator. When Griffith fell ill during the summer of 1922, Gogarty frequently attended his bedside. His death on 12 August 1922 had a profound effect on Gogarty; W.T. Cosgrave later observed that "he was almost mortally wounded when Griffith died, he was so very, very much attached to him." Gogarty carried out Griffith's official autopsy and embalmment and went on to perform the same offices for Michael Collins, another close friend whom Gogarty had often sheltered in his Ely Place home prior to his assassination. It was rumoured that Griffith had been planning to make Gogarty the new Governor-General of the Irish Free State, but in his absence, the post went to Tim Healy.

In November 1922, anti-Treaty IRA commander Liam Lynch issued a general order to his forces to shoot Free State senators. Two months later, Gogarty was kidnapped by a group of anti-Treaty militants, who lured him out of his house and into a waiting car under the pretext of bringing him to visit a sick patient. Gogarty was driven to an empty house near Chapelizod and held under armed guard. Aware that he might be in imminent danger of execution, Gogarty contrived to have himself led out into the garden (purportedly by claiming to be suffering from diarrhoea), where he broke free from his captors and flung himself into the River Liffey; he then swam to shore and delivered himself to the protection of the police barracks in Phoenix Park. In February of that same year, Renvyle was burnt to the ground by anti-Treaty forces. Following these incidents, Gogarty relocated his family and practice to London, where he resided until February 1924. Upon returning to Ireland, he famously released two swans into the Liffey in gratitude for his life.

Gogarty remained a senator until the abolition of the Seanad in 1936, during which time he identified with none of the existing political parties and voted according to his own whims.  He believed that Ireland should retain its dominion status in the British Commonwealth so as to "keep with nations who understand that the first principle of freedom is a freedom that does not permit interference with the personal liberties of the citizen". He supported rural electrification schemes, road improvement, reforestation and conservation, prevention of livestock cruelty, and educational reform.  His views on controversial issues such as censorship and birth control were ambiguous; after expressing initial support for the Censorship Bill, he eventually went on to denounce it in scathing terms ("I think it is high time the men of this country found some other way of loving God than by hating women"), and while generally professing to oppose the sale of prophylactics, he voiced support for their usage in certain cases.  He was most passionate on the subject of sanitation in schools and in urban and rural housing, about which he spoke frequently. His speeches frequently contained puns, wordplays, and extended poetic quotations, and were sometimes given in favour of facetious schemes, such as his attempt to have the phoenix statue in Phoenix Park included in the 1929 Wild Birds Protection Bill. He was notoriously scornful of the government's attempts to reinstate the Irish language (which he referred to as "Woolworth's Irish"), proposing that funding be used instead for housing and school health services, and remained perpetually suspicious of Éamon de Valera, against whose economic policies, character, and personal appearance he often hurled invectives during Seanad proceedings. De Valera eventually dissolved the Seanad when it persisted in obstructing Government proposals, effectively ending Gogarty's political career.

Literary endeavours
Gogarty maintained close friendships with W. B. Yeats, AE, George Moore, Lord Dunsany, James Stephens, Seamus O'Sullivan, and other Dublin literati, and continued to write poetry in the midst of his political and professional duties. Three small books of poetry (Hyperthuleana, Secret Springs of Dublin Song, and The Ship and Other Poems) were published between 1916 and 1918. Gogarty also tried his hand at playwriting, producing a slum drama (Blight) in 1917 under the pseudonym "Alpha and Omega", and two comedies (A Serious Thing and The Enchanted Trousers) in 1919 under the pseudonym "Gideon Ouseley", all three of which were performed at the Abbey Theatre.

Gogarty devoted less energy to his medical practice and more to his writing during the twenties and thirties. His 1924 book of poetry An Offering of Swans won the Gold Medal for poetry at the revived Tailteann Games, for which he also wrote the 1924 Olympic bronze medal-winning Tailteann Ode (which he was later to describe as "rather tripe"). In 1929 another book of verse, Wild Apples, was published, and was followed in 1933 by Selected Poems. Gogarty was also a member of Yeats's Irish Academy of Letters and frequently assisted in arranging its social functions. 1936 saw the publication of Yeats's Oxford Book of Modern Verse, which contained seventeen of Gogarty's poems and an introduction proclaiming him "one of the great lyric poets of our age." The over-representation given to Gogarty outraged many poets and perplexed Gogarty himself, who remarked, "What right have I to figure so bulkily?  None from a poetical point of view... Sappho herself could not have made a more subjective anthology."

In 1935 Gogarty published his first prose work, As I Was Going Down Sackville Street (subtitled "A Phantasy in Fact"), a semi-fictional novel-memoir that tells, in reverse chronological order, the story of Gogarty's Dublin through a series of interconnected anecdotes and lively characters sketches. Shortly after its publication, it became the subject of a lawsuit by a Jewish art dealer, Harry Sinclair, who claimed that he and his recently deceased twin brother, William Sinclair, had been libeled by the publication. The two men did not appear as named characters in the book, but some derogatory lines of verse beginning "Two Jews grew in Sackville Street", written by Gogarty's friend George Redding and included in a scene in the novel, were widely known to refer to the Sinclair siblings. Harry Sinclair further recognised a reference to his grandfather, described in the text as one who "enticed little girls into his office", an offence of which his grandfather had in fact been convicted. Gogarty responded to the charges by claiming that the unnamed Jews were parodies or composite characters rather than deliberate evocations of living persons. The case attracted a great deal of public attention, with one commentator observing that "only The Pickwick Papers, rewritten by James Joyce, could really capture the mood of this trial." Among the witnesses for the plaintiff was William Sinclair's nephew-by-marriage, Samuel Beckett, then a little-known writer, who was humiliatingly denounced as a "bawd and blasphemer" by Gogarty's counsel. Gogarty ultimately lost the lawsuit and was ordered to pay £900 in damages, plus court costs. This outcome deeply embittered Gogarty, who had already suffered financial setbacks after the stock market crash of 1929 and felt that the verdict had been politically motivated.

In spite of the Sackville Street imbroglio, Gogarty's output over the next two years was prolific. In 1938 he published I Follow St. Patrick, a historical and geographic portrait of Ireland as told through Gogarty's rambling visits to various sites traditionally associated with St. Patrick; in 1939 he published Tumbling in the Hay, a semi-autobiographical comic novel about medical students in turn-of-the-century Dublin, and Elbow Room, another collection of poetry. In 1938 he relocated to London for a second time and brought forth his own libel suit against the young poet Patrick Kavanagh, whose autobiography The Green Fool said of Kavanagh's first visit to Gogarty's home: "I mistook Gogarty's white-robed maid for his wife or his mistress; I expected every poet to have a spare wife." Gogarty, who had taken offence at the close coupling of the words "wife" and "mistress", was awarded £100 in damages.

American years
With the onset of World War II, Gogarty, who was an enthusiastic and talented amateur aviator, attempted to enlist in the RAF and the RAMC as a doctor. He was denied on grounds of age. He then departed in September 1939 for an extended lecture tour in the United States, leaving his wife to manage Renvyle House, which had since been rebuilt as a hotel. When his return to Ireland was delayed by the war, Gogarty applied for American citizenship and eventually decided to reside permanently in the United States. Though he regularly sent letters, funds, and care packages to his family and returned home for occasional holiday visits, he never again lived in Ireland for any extended length of time. His primary American residence was in New York, where he was known to frequent bars. He also spent time in Vermont and in Wyckoff, New Jersey.

Feeling that he was too old to sit for the medical examinations that would have qualified him as a practitioner in the United States, Gogarty instead chose to support himself entirely by his writing. In addition to various essays and short stories, his prose output included Going Native, a satire on English social mores, Mad Grandeur and Mr. Petunia, two period narratives composed with an eye to having them optioned as Hollywood films, and Rolling Down the Lea and It Isn't This Time of Year at All!, two loosely constructed memoirs. He also published two books of poems, Perennial and Unselected Poems; a collection of bawdy verse, The Merry Muses of Hibernia, was planned but never completed. Gogarty's literary output during the forties and fifties is generally considered to be inferior to his earlier writings.

Gogarty suffered from heart complaints during the last few years of his life, and in September 1957 he collapsed in the street on his way to dinner. He died on 22 September 1957; his body was flown home to Ireland and buried in Cartron Church, Moyard, near Renvyle.

Literary portrayal

A highly visible and distinctive Dublin character during his lifetime, Gogarty appears in a number of memoirs penned by his contemporaries, notably George Moore's Hail and Farewell, where he goes both by his own name and by the pseudonym "Conan". His most famous literary incarnation, however, is as Buck Mulligan, the irrepressible roommate of Stephen Dedalus in James Joyce's Ulysses. Mulligan quotes a number of songs and poems known to have been written by Gogarty, the most famous of which, "The Song of the Cheerful (But Slightly Sarcastic) Jesus", was originally sent to Joyce as a belated Christmas peace offering after their quarrels of 1904. Other details, such as Mulligan's Hellenism, his status as a medical student, his history of saving men from drowning, his friendship with George Moore, and the metrical arrangement of his full name (Malachi Roland St. John Mulligan) parallel Gogarty's biography. Due to his influence on Joyce (he is also sometimes cited as an inspiration for Dubliners character Ignatius Gallaher and Exiles antagonist Robert Hand), Gogarty's name often comes up in Joyce scholarship, though Gogarty's own editors and biographers have complained that these references are frequently inaccurate, owing to Gogarty-related errata in Richard Ellmann's James Joyce and a tendency to conflate the real-life Gogarty with the fictional character of Buck Mulligan.

It has also been suggested that the speaker of W. B. Yeats's poem High Talk, "Malachi Stilt-Jack", is intended to be a representation of Gogarty.

Legacy
A pub in the Temple Bar district of Dublin is named after him, and an annual Oliver St. John Gogarty Literary Festival is held in the author's family home, now the Renvyle House Hotel in Connemara. A surgical ward in the descendant hospital of his workplace, the Tallaght University Hospital, now also bears his name.

William Dawson wrote The Lay of Oliver Gogarty about his kidnap and escape.

A documentary on Gogarty, Oliver St. John Gogarty: Silence Would Never Do was produced in 1987.

Books
Hyperthuleana (1916)
Blight: The Tragedy of Dublin (1917)
Secret Springs of Dublin Song (1918)
The Ship and Other Poems (1918)
A Serious Thing (1919)
The Enchanted Trousers (1919)
An Offering of Swans (1923)
An Offering of Swans and Other Poems (1924)
Wild Apples (three versions: 1928, 1929, 1930)
Selected Poems (1933)
As I Was Going Down Sackville Street (1937)
Others to Adorn (1938)
I Follow St. Patrick (1938)
Elbow Room (two versions: 1939, 1942)
Tumbling in the Hay (1939)
Going Native (1940)
Mad Grandeur (1941)
Perennial (two versions: 1944, 1946)
Mr. Petunia (1946)
Mourning Became Mrs. Spendlove (1948)
Rolling Down the Lea (1949)
Intimations (1950)
Collected Poems (1951)
Unselected Poems (1954)
It Isn't This Time of Year At All!: An Unpremeditated Autobiography (1954)
Start From Somewhere Else (1955)
A Weekend in the Middle of the Week (1958)
The Poems & Plays of Oliver St. John Gogarty (containing rare and unpublished material, 2001)

Arms

Sources

Biography

J. B. Lyons, Oliver St. John Gogarty (1976, 1980)

External links

Robot Wisdom's Joyce Page
'Perfection of the Life, Perfection of the Art' Irish literary critic Val Nolan writing on the St. John Gogarty Literary Festival for Poetry Ireland News
Gogarty as sportsman

1878 births
1957 deaths
Alumni of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
Alumni of the Royal University of Ireland
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Bohemian F.C. players
20th-century Irish memoirists
20th-century Irish poets
Members of the 1922 Seanad
Members of the 1925 Seanad
Members of the 1928 Seanad
Members of the 1931 Seanad
Members of the 1934 Seanad
Writers from Dublin (city)
Olympic bronze medalists in art competitions
Olympic artists for Ireland
Olympic bronze medalists for Ireland
Irish association footballers (before 1923)
People educated at Stonyhurst College
People educated at Clongowes Wood College
People of the Irish Civil War (Pro-Treaty side)
Ulysses (novel)
Medalists at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Irish medical writers
Cumann na nGaedheal senators
Fine Gael senators
Men's association football players not categorized by position
Olympic competitors in art competitions
Conversationalists
Medical doctors from Dublin (city)

Oliver St. John Gogarty