SS Mendi was a British  passenger steamship that was built in 1905 and, as a troopship, sank after collision with great loss of life in 1917.

Alexander Stephen and Sons of Linthouse in Glasgow, Scotland launched her on 18 June 1905 for the British and African Steam Navigation Company, which appointed group company Elder Dempster & Co to manage her on their Liverpool-West Africa trades. In 1916 during the First World War the UK Admiralty chartered her as a troopship. On 21 February 1917 a large cargo steamship, , collided with her in the English Channel south of the Isle of Wight. Mendi sank, killing 646 people, mostly black South African troops, as well as white Southern African officers and NCOs, and crew. The new port admin building at the Port of Ngqura, South Africa, has been named eMendi in commemoration of the SS Mendi.

Final voyage

Mendi had sailed from Cape Town carrying 823 men of the 5th Battalion the South African Native Labour Corps to serve in France. She called at Lagos in Nigeria, where a naval gun was mounted on her stern. She next called at Plymouth and then headed up the English Channel toward Le Havre in northern France, escorted by the  .

Mendis complement was a mixture characteristic of many UK merchant ships at the time. Officers, stewards, cooks, signallers and gunners were British; firemen and other crew were West Africans, most of them from Sierra Leone.

The South African Native Labour Corps men aboard her came from a range of social backgrounds, and from a number of different peoples spread over the South African provinces and neighbouring territories. (287 were from Transvaal, 139 from the Eastern Cape, 87 from Natal, 27 from Northern Cape, 26 from the Orange Free State, 26 from Basutoland, eight from Bechuanaland (Botswana), five from Western Cape, one from Rhodesia and one from South West Africa). Most had never seen the sea before this voyage, and very few could swim. The officers and NCOs were white Southern Africans.

Loss
At 5 am on 21 February 1917, in thick fog about  south of St. Catherine's Point on the Isle of Wight, the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company cargo ship Darro accidentally rammed Mendis starboard quarter, breaching her forward hold. Darro was an  ship, almost three times the size of the Mendi, sailing in ballast to Argentina to load meat. Darro survived the collision but Mendi sank, killing 616 Southern Africans, 607 of whom were black troops and nine of whom were white officers & NCOs, and 30 crew.

Some men were killed outright in the collision; others were trapped below decks. Many others gathered on Mendis deck as she listed and sank. Oral history records that the men met their fate with great dignity. An interpreter, Isaac Williams Wauchope (also known as Isaac Wauchope Dyobha), who had previously served as a Minister in the Congregational Native Church of Fort Beaufort and Blinkwater, is reported to have calmed the panicked men by raising his arms aloft and crying out in a loud voice:
"Be quiet and calm, my countrymen. What is happening now is what you came to do...you are going to die, but that is what you came to do. Brothers, we are drilling the death drill. I, a Xhosa, say you are my brothers...Swazis, Pondos, Basotho...so let us die like brothers. We are the sons of Africa. Raise your war-cries, brothers, for though they made us leave our assegais in the kraal, our voices are left with our bodies."

The damaged Darro did not stay to assist, but Brisk lowered her boats, whose crews then rescued survivors.

The investigation into the accident led to a formal hearing in summer 1917, held in Caxton Hall, Westminster. It opened on 24 July, sat for five days spread over the next fortnight, and concluded on 8 August. The court found Darros Master, Henry W Stump, guilty of "having travelled at a dangerously high speed in thick fog, and of having failed to ensure that his ship emitted the necessary fog sound signals." It suspended Stump's licence for a year.

The reason for Stump's decision not to help Mendis survivors has been a source of speculation. There is however no evidence of his state of mind or intention. Certainly Darro was vulnerable to attack by enemy submarines, both as a large merchant ship and having sustained damage that put her out of action for up to three months.

Wreck site

In 1945 Mendis wreck was known to be  off Saint Catherine's Light, but it was not positively identified until 1974. The ship rests upright on the sea floor. She has started to break up, exposing her boilers.

In 2006 the Commonwealth War Graves Commission launched an education resource called "Let us die like brothers" to highlight the role played by black Southern Africans during the First World War. In death they are afforded the same level of commemoration as all other Commonwealth war dead.

In December 2006 English Heritage commissioned Wessex Archaeology to make an initial desk-based appraisal of the wreck. The project will identify a range of areas for potential future research and serve as the basis for a possible unintrusive survey of the wreck itself in the near future. In 2017 the ship's bell was handed in anonymously to a BBC journalist. The Prime Minister, Theresa May returned the bell to South Africa while on an official visit there in August 2018.

Monuments
This event is commemorated by monuments in South Africa, Britain, France and the Netherlands, as well as in the name of the port admin building at the Port of Ngqura, the eMendi Admin Building and the names of two South African Navy ships:
 , a .
 , a .

Monuments, ceremonies and other commemorations, such as artworks, in which the loss of men of the Mendi has been commemorated include:

 Hollybrook Memorial in Southampton, bearing the names of the men of the Mendi who had no known graves.
 13 men are buried in cemeteries in England, one in France and five are buried in Noordwijk in the Netherlands.
 a memorial in the churchyard at Newtimber in West Sussex, England.
 Mendi Memorial in Avalon Cemetery in Soweto, unveiled by Queen Elizabeth II on 23 March 1995.
 Mendi Memorial in New Brighton, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
 Mendi memorial at the Gamothaga Resort in Atteridgeville, South Africa.

 SS Mendi Memorial on an embankment at the Mowbray campus of the University of Cape Town, at the site where men of the South African Native Labour Contingent were billeted before embarking on the Mendi. This is a sculpture by Cape Town artist Madi Phala that represents a ship's bow cast in heavy metal, sinking into the ground. In front of it are helmets, hats and discs, symbolising Mendis troops, officers and crew. A plaque simply reads "SS Mendi, S. African troopship, sank next to the Isle of Wight 1917 02 21". The wall was completed in 2014 with the names of all the men who were killed. The military had its first practice parade on 18 October 2014. In 2016 the South African Heritage Resources Agency declared the SS Mendi memorial as a national heritage site.
  Delville Wood South African National Memorial has a bronze relief and panel bearing the names of men lost in Mendi.
The Delville Memorial on the event of the 90th Anniversary of this tragedy held commemorative events there a Poem, a lament, written by the then South African High Commissioner to London Lindiwe Mabuza was read. Delville Memorial also has the SS Mendi Poem of S.E.K Mqhayi titles 'The Sinking of Mendi' which was originally written in isiXhosa.
 The bridge telegraph from the Mendi is at the Maritime Museum, Bembridge, on the Isle of Wight.
 The Order of Mendi for Bravery, bestowed by the President of South Africa on citizens who have performed extraordinary acts of bravery.
 A wreath laying ceremony was held on 23 August 2004 when the SAS Mendi and the Royal Navy Type 42 destroyer , met at the position where Mendi sank.
 In 2006 the Commonwealth War Graves Commission and History Channel released a 20-minute film, Let Us Die Like Brothers, about the Mendi sinking and the involvement of black Southern Africans in the European theatre of the First World War.
 On 21 July 2007 a ceremony was held at the Hollybrook Memorial in Southampton, followed by SAS Mendi laying a wreath at sea where the ship sank.
 In March 2009 the UK Ministry of Defence designated Mendis wreck site as a protected war grave, thanks to a campaign by retired British Army Major Ned Middleton.
 A painted triptych, The loss of the Mendi, by Hilary Graham, at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Art Museum, Port Elizabeth.
 An animated short film Off the record by Wendy Morris, 2008 Artist in Residence, In Flanders Fields Museum.
 BBC Radio 4 broadcast a radio documentary, The Lament of the SS Mendi, on 19 November 2008. Scots poet Jackie Kay studied the history of the sinking and recited her own memorial poem.
 Several websites including those of the British Council, the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, Wessex Archaeology and Delville Wood.
 A commemorative white life-belt labelled "SS Mendi 21-02-1917", on public display at Simonstown's quayside in South Africa, next to the popular "Just Nuisance" dog statue.
 A 23-minute film African Kinship Systems: Emotional Science – Case Study #2: The Fate of the SS Mendi by filmmaker and visual anthropologist Dr Shawn Sobers was shown at the Royal West Academy (RWA) from 10 to 31 August 2014. Sobers' exhibition included the film, an alcohol libation offering, and a screen-based text piece presenting names of all the 646 men who died on the Mendi. The work was exhibited as part of RWA's "Re-Membering" series presenting commissioned artists responses to the First World War.
 War memorial (next to Parliament of Botswana) in Gaborone, Botswana

100th anniversary commemorative events
A special memorial service marking the 100th Anniversary of the disaster was held in Portsmouth on Tuesday 21 February 2017.
A memorial service was held at the memorial in the churchyard at Newtimber near Brighton, where some of the dead are buried, on 19 February 2017.
On 20 February 2017, a memorial ceremony to mark the 100th anniversary was held at Hollybrook Cemetery in Southampton which was attended by The Princess Anne.
A poem titled Waters of Wars Unknown was penned by South African Catholic cleric, writer and poet Fr Lawrence Mduduzi Ndlovu to mark the 100th Anniversary. It was published in the Huffington Post South Africa on the 100th Anniversary of the Sinking of the SS Mendi.
From Friday 29 June - Saturday 14 July 2018, Nuffield Southampton Theatres, NST City presented the world première of the play SS Mendi, Dancing the Death Drill, based on a book by Fred Khumalo.
On 8 August 2017, to coincide with the 100-year anniversary, a commemorative granite plaque was placed at the wreck site by a team led by the chairman of the English branch of the Legion of South African military veterans, Claudio Chistè. The plaque contains a dedication.

See also

References

Sources and further reading

"We die like brothers": The sinking of the SS Mendi. History Extra

1905 ships
1917 in South Africa
Ships built on the River Clyde
Maritime history of South Africa
Maritime incidents in 1917
1917 disasters in the United Kingdom
Military history of South Africa during World War I
Ships sunk in collisions
World War I shipwrecks in the English Channel
Steamships of the United Kingdom
Troop ships of the United Kingdom
Wreck diving sites in the United Kingdom
World War I memorials in South Africa

SS Mendi


Tudor Sireteanu (n. 1943) este un matematician român, membru corespondent al Academiei Române din 2012.

Legături externe

 Membrii Academiei Române din 1866 până în prezent – S

Nașteri în 1943
Matematicieni români
Membri corespondenți ai Academiei Române

Tudor Sireteanu


72543 Simonemarchi este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
72543 Simonemarchi este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Cima Ekar în cadrul programului Asiago-DLR Asteroid Survey. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,58 ua, o excentricitate de 0,07 și o înclinație de 10,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 72001-73000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2001
Centura de asteroizi

72543 Simonemarchi


Aba aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir:

 Aba (kumaş), kumaş cinsi
 Aba (giysi), giysi cinsi
 Aba (Antik çağ), Kilikia Trakheia Tiranı Ksenophanes'in kızı
 Aba (Nijerya), Nijerya'nın güneyinde, Imo eyâletinde kent
 Aba güreşi, bir güreş türü

Aba


Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG) er et idrætsanlæg, beliggende i Melbourne, Victoria og er hjemsted for Melbourne Cricket Club.

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger
 Melbourne Cricket Ground

Idrætsanlæg i Australien
Cricket Ground

Melbourne Cricket Ground


Parque nacional de Minkébé (en francés: Parc national de Minkébé) es un parque nacional en el extremo noreste de Gabón. Cubre una superficie de 7570 kilómetros cuadrados. El Fondo Mundial para la Naturaleza lo reconoce como un área que necesita de protección desde 1989 y ha estado trabajando activamente en la protección de los bosques desde 1997. El parque fue establecido como una reserva provisional en 2000, pero el propio parque nacional Minkébé fue oficialmente reconocido y establecido por el gobierno de Gabón en agosto de 2002. Es reconocido como un sitio crítico para la conservación por la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza y ha sido propuesto como un Patrimonio de la Humanidad.

Véase también
Geografía de Gabón
Geografía de África

Referencias

Minkebe
Áreas protegidas establecidas en 2002

Parque nacional de Minkébé


Cladogenesis is an evolutionary splitting of a parent species into two distinct species, forming a clade.

This event usually occurs when a few organisms end up in new, often distant areas or when environmental changes cause several extinctions, opening up ecological niches for the survivors and causing population bottlenecks and founder effects changing allele frequencies of diverging populations compared to their ancestral population. The events that cause these species to originally separate from each other over distant areas may still allow both of the species to have equal chances of surviving, reproducing, and even evolving to better suit their environments while still being two distinct species due to subsequent natural selection, mutations and genetic drift.

Cladogenesis is in contrast to anagenesis, in which an ancestral species gradually accumulates change, and eventually, when enough is accumulated, the species is sufficiently distinct and different enough from its original starting form that it can be labeled as a new form - a new species. With anagenesis, the lineage in a phylogenetic tree does not split.

To determine whether a speciation event is cladogenesis or anagenesis, researchers may use simulation, evidence from fossils, molecular evidence from the DNA of different living species, or modelling. It has however been debated whether the distinction between cladogenesis and anagenesis is necessary at all in evolutionary theory.

See also

Anagenesis
Evolutionary biology
Speciation

References

Evolutionary biology concepts
Phylogenetics

Cladogenesis


මෘදුකාංග ක්‍රමලේඛන අතුරුමුහුනත(application programming interface-API) යනු පරිගණක ක්‍රමලේඛන වලට එකිනෙකා සමග තොරතුරු හුවමාරුවේදී භාවිතා කල හැකි රීති සමුදායකි.එය විවිධ ක්‍රමලේඛන එකිනෙකා සමග තොරතුරු හුවමාරුවේදීඅතුරු මුහුනතක් ලෙස ක්‍රියාකරයි. මෙය පරිගණක සමග වැඩකිරීමේදී , පරිශීලකයන්ට පරිගණකය හා තොරතුරු හුවමාරු කර ගැනීමට මෙහෙයුම් පද්ධතියේ  පරිශීලක අතුරුමුහුන්තේ ක්‍රියාකාරීත්වය සමග සැසදිය හැක.

පරිගණක විද්‍යාව

මෘදුකාංග ක්‍රමලේඛණ අතුරුමුහුනත


Draperstown () is a village in the Sperrin Mountains in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. It is situated in the civil parish of Ballinascreen and is part of Mid-Ulster district. It is also part of the Church of Ireland parish of Ballynascreen and the Catholic parish of Ballinascreen, and within the former barony of Loughinsholin.

The village lies at the intersection of the townlands of Moykeeran (), Moyheeland (), Cahore and Tonaght.

Name
Draperstown had its name bestowed upon it in 1818 by the Worshipful Company of Drapers, which had previously named Moneymore as Draperstown.

Prior to this however the settlement was originally known as "Borbury" (). It was then recorded as being called "The Cross" in 1813 and "Moyheelan" in 1821.

Despite the name given to it by the Drapers' Company, locals continued to commonly refer to the settlement with a variety of names:
The Cross, in reference to the crossroads where the market was held,
Moyheelan, after the townland of Moyheeland (), which it was founded in,
the Cross of Ballynascreen, after the fact that it was the main crossroads in the parish of Ballynascreen,
Ballinascreen (), after the Roman Catholic parish.
Draperstown-cross, after the crossroads that were the main feature of the settlement
Ballynacross, of which the Irish form Baile na Croise, meaning "townland of the crossroad", is used as the present Irish name for Draperstown.

The term "screen" in the popular Irish song The Verdant Braes of Screen apparently refers to Ballinascreen.

History
The village began to emerge around the crossroads in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Prior to that, the crossroads was the location for occasional fairs. In the 1600s, at the time of the Plantation of Ulster, the expropriated land in the Ballinacreen area was allocated to two London Livery Companies. It was divided between the Drapers Company who took possession of the land west of the crossroads (Straw, Sixtowns and Moneyneena) while the Skinners Company took possession of the land to the east.  Although settlers began to arrive, the livery companies did not develop the area until later.

In 1760, the original St. Columba's Church of Ireland Church was built near the crossroads.  In 1798, Laughlin McNamee, a publican from nearby Moneyneena, opened a public house at the crossroads where the local fair was held. He also built several houses.  A broad main street, now known as St. Patricks' Street, typical of Irish towns, began to develop along the road to Sixtowns. At this time this settlement became known by several names including the Cross of Ballinascreen, Moyheeland and Burboy. McNamee is buried at St. Columbas's Church in Straw. In 1812, the Drapers Company built a series of buildings including a courthouse at the other side of the crossroads from the main street. The company named it Draperstown, which was adopted by the Post Office as the official name of the village. The Presbyterian Church opened in 1843 and St. Columba's Catholic Church at Straw opened in 1853.

Governance
The town lies within the Moyola District Electoral Area of Mid-Ulster District Council which elects five councillors out of the 40 members of the council.  In the 2019 Mid Ulster District Council election, the five elected councillors included three members of Sinn Féin, one member of the Democratic Unionist Party and one member of the Ulster Unionist Party.

It is located within the Mid Ulster (Assembly constituency) in the Northern Ireland Assembly and the Mid Ulster (UK Parliament constituency). The current MP is Francie Molloy of Sinn Féin.

Economy
The town largely acts as a service centre for the surrounding farming communities. The main store in the town is the EuroSpar.  There are a range of other smaller shops.  There is also a livestock mart in the town for the sale of cattle, sheep and pigs.  The mart has weekly sales.

Churches and local landmarks

The Catholic Parish of Ballinascreen covers the town of Draperstown and surrounding district. The first church in the area dates back to at least the eighth century. It was a monastery church called Scrin Colimbkille (Columbcille's shrine) which is located in the townland of Moneyconey outside the town.  The parish gets its name from this shrine the ruins of which are still visible. There are four active churches in the parish.
 The new Church of the Holy Rosary located on the Derrynoid Road opened in 1979. This replaced St. Mary's Oratory which had opened in 1928.
 The older St. Columba's Church which is located on the Sixtowns Road at Straw opened in 1853.
 St. Patrick's Church in Sixtowns opened in 1854.
 St. Eugene's Church, Moneyneany opened in 1902.

There are two other churches both of which are listed buildings. These are:
 St. Columba's Church, Church of Ireland, Tobermore Road, built 1888.  The original church on this site was built in 1760, before the town itself.
 Presbyterian Meeting House, 47 High Street, built 1843.

The Courthouse, 20 High Street, built 1839 is also a listed building.  It is now used as a library.

In 1979, the core of the village was designated a Conservation Area.

Demography
Draperstown is classified as a village by the NI Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA). There were 1,638 people living in Draperstown in the 2001 Census. The village had a population of 1,777 people in the 2011 Census.
On Census Day 27th March 2011, in Draperstown Settlement, considering the resident population:
98.93% were from the white (including Irish Traveller) ethnic group
92.80% belong to or were brought up in the Catholic religion and 5.91% belong to or were brought up in a 'Protestant and Other Christian (including Christian related)' religion
10.47% indicated that they had a British national identity, 60.44% had an Irish national identity and 29.21% had a Northern Irish national identity*.
24.22% had some knowledge of Irish
3.25% had some knowledge of Ulster-Scots
4.19% did not have English as their first language

Transport
The town lies at the junction of the B40 (High Street and Derrynoid Roads), B41 (Tobermore Road) and B47 (St. Patrick's Street and Sixtowns Road). There is a regular bus service through the town. Ulsterbus routes 112 and 112a are from Magherafelt to Draperstown via the B40. Route 403 is from Magherafelt to Omagh passing through Draperstown via the B40 and B47.

Draperstown railway station opened on 20 July 1883, closed for passenger traffic on 1 October 1930 and finally closed altogether on 3 July 1950. The Draperstown branch ran from Magherafelt with an intermediate station at Desertmartin.

Irish language
Although the dominant language of the residents of Draperstown has been English for the past century, in the surrounding rural areas the Irish language was widely spoken up until the late nineteenth century.  Indeed, there is evidence that it was still spoken in some households in the 1930s and later. Although the most prominent native Irish speaker was Éilis Ní Dhonnghaile (1857–1935) of Labby, records of other Irish speakers included the Murray sisters in Moneyneena (1931), Peig James (1943) and Hannah James (1947); Matthew Regan, Draperstown (1942); and Mary Anne Doherty, Moneyneena and Antrim (1965).  There have been attempts to promote the speaking of Irish in the area with the opening of an Irish language nursery and primary school. Pupils from the primary school can proceed to the Irish language secondary school Gaelcholáiste Dhoire in Dungiven.

Education
Naíscoil na Speiríní, an Irish language medium pre-school, in which all subjects are taught in Irish.
Gaelscoil na Speiríní, an Irish language medium primary school, in which all subjects are taught in Irish.
St Mary's Primary School
St Colm's High School

Sport
St Colms's GAC Ballinascreen (CLG Naomh Colm Baile na Scrine) is the local Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) club. The club provides teams in Gaelic football, hurling, ladies football and camogie. Dean McGlinchey Park is the club's ground.
Draperstown Celtic FC is the local football team who play at Cahore playing fields.

Surnames
According to the Ulster Towns Directory, the following were the ten most common surnames in the town in 1910: Bradley, Connor, Donnelly, Henry, Kelly, Murray, McKenna, McNamee, O'Kane and O'Neill.

Notable people
 Robert Sands (1828-1872) - conductor of the Mormon Tabernacle Choir
 Charles McAnally (1836-1905) - American Civil War soldier originally from Glenviggan
 Sir Denis Henry (1864-1925) - lawyer and politician
 Jimmy McCabe (1918-1989) - footballer
 Christina McKenna (b. 1957) - author and novelist
 Orla Chennaoui  (b. 1978) - television journalist and athlete
 Michael McBride (b. 1982) - Gaelic footballer
 Dermot McBride (b. 1988) - Gaelic footballer
 Emma Sheerin (b. 1991) - politician

See also

Market Houses in Northern Ireland

References

Villages in County Londonderry
Mid-Ulster District

Draperstown


Les déportations des Finlandais ingriens sont une série de déportations massives de la population finlandaise ingrienne par les autorités soviétiques. Des déportations ont eu lieu de la fin des années 1920 à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

Elles font partie du génocide des Finnois d'Ingrie.

Contexte
Les Finlandais luthériens vivent en Ingrie depuis plus de 400 ans, depuis la période de domination suédoise. Ils immigrèrent de Finlande et de l'isthme de Carélie et commencèrent finalement à se désigner comme des Finlandais ingriens. En 1919, la population des Finlandais ingriens s'élèvent à  en Ingrie et  autres à Petrograd. Le traité de paix finno-soviétique de 1920 avait accordé aux Finlandais ingriens une certaine autonomie nationale. Un district national est formé en 1928 et le finnois est utilisé dans les écoles, la radio et l'administration.

Déportations
La répression soviétique des Finlandais ingriens débute en même temps que la collectivisation forcée en Union soviétique en 1928. Entre 1929 et 1931, les autorités soviétiques expulsent  des zones proches de la frontière finlandaise, représentant jusqu'à 16% de la population totale des Finnois ingriens. Tous les Finlandais restants dans quatre paroisses frontalières sont déportés en 1936 et remplacés par des Russes. En 1937, toutes les écoles de langue finnoise, les publications, les émissions et les églises luthériennes ingriennes sont fermées. Au cours de l'opération finlandaise du NKVD,  ingriens sont abattus et plus de  déportés dans des camps de détention. En 1939, la population finlandaise ingrienne avait diminué à environ , représentant une réduction d'environ 10% par rapport aux chiffres de la population de 1926. Le district national ingrien finnois fut également aboli.

À la suite de l'invasion allemande de l'Union soviétique et du début du blocus de Leningrad, au début de 1942, les  ingriens restant dans le territoire contrôlé par les Soviétiques sont déportés en Sibérie. La plupart des Finlandais ingriens avec les Votes et Izhorians vivant dans le territoire occupé par l'Allemagne sont évacués vers la Finlande en 1943-1944. Après la demande de paix de la Finlande, elle est forcée de renvoyer les évacués. Les autorités soviétiques interdisent la réinstallation en Ingrie des 55 733 personnes et les déportent vers les régions centrales de la Russie. Les principales régions de colonisation forcée des Finlandais ingriens étaient les régions intérieures de la Sibérie, de la Russie centrale et du Tadjikistan.

Conséquences
Les déportations conduisent à l'assimilation ethnique rapide des Finlandais ingriens. Après 1956, le retour en Ingrie est officiellement autorisé mais rendu irréalisable dans la pratique ; en conséquence, beaucoup s'installeront dans les régions finnoises voisines d'Estonie et de Carélie. En 1989,  peuplent l'Ingrie et Leningrad, et  dans tout l'URSS, avec seulement 34,7 % déclarant le finnois comme langue principale. Les Ingriens et les autres Finlandais ne seront pas différenciés dans le recensement officiel. Avec l'effondrement de l'Union soviétique, des tentatives commencèrent à faire revivre la vie culturelle finlandaise ingrienne en Ingrie, mais en même temps, beaucoup d'entre eux s'installèrent en Finlande.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Déportation des peuples en URSS
 Histoire militaire de la Finlande
 Histoire de la Finlande pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale
 Répression politique en Union soviétique
 Génocide des Finnois d'Ingrie

Bibliographie

Ingrie
Atteinte aux droits de l'homme
Droits de l'homme en Union soviétique
Déportation
Crime de guerre soviétique pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale

Déportations des Finlandais ingriens


Cet article présente les résultats détaillés du double dames de l'édition 2022 des Internationaux de France de tennis qui est disputé du  au .

Faits marquants

Pendant le tournoi
Les tenantes du titre et têtes de série 1 Barbora Krejčíková et Kateřina Siniaková déclarent forfait avant leur entrée en lice, la première d'entre elles ayant été testée positive à la Covid-19.

Lauréates
Les Françaises Caroline Garcia et Kristina Mladenovic s'imposent de nouveau ensemble à Roland Garros après leur sacre en 2016, en dominant en finale Coco Gauff et Jessica Pegula. Il s'agit de leur  titre ensemble et de leur  et  sacre respectif en double dames. Avec cette victoire, elles soulèvent leur  et  trophée en Grand Chelem.

Primes et points

Parcours

Résultats

Tableau final

Premiers tours

Première partie

Deuxième partie

Troisième partie

Quatrième partie

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Article connexe
 Palmarès du double dames des Internationaux de France

Lien externe
   Site officiel du tournoi

2022
France Double dames
Internationaux de France de tennis 2022

Double dames des Internationaux de France 2022


Mychonastaceae, porodica zelenih algi iz reda Sphaeropleales. Postoje 22 priznate vrste u dva roda, od kojih je jedan monotipičan.

Rodovi
 Mychonastes P.D.Simpson & S.D.Van Valkenburg, 21
 Pseudodictyosphaerium Hindák, 1

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Porodice Sphaeropleales

Mychonastaceae


Mouchamps ist eine französische Gemeinde mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) im Département Vendée in der Region Pays de la Loire; sie gehört zum Arrondissement La Roche-sur-Yon und zum Kanton Les Herbiers.

Nachbargemeinden
 Les Herbiers
 Saint-Paul-en-Pareds
 Le Boupère
 Rochetrejoux
 Saint-Prouant
 Saint-Germain-de-Prinçay
 Saint-Vincent-Sterlanges
 Sainte-Cécile
 L'Oie
 Vendrennes

Bevölkerungsentwicklung

Sehenswürdigkeiten
Siehe auch: Liste der Monuments historiques in Mouchamps
 Grab von Georges Clemenceau
 Schloss Le Parc Soubise (Ende 18. Jahrhundert, Monument historique)
 Schloss Masson
 Logis du Colombier, Besitz der Familie Clemenceau

Persönlichkeiten
 Gui L'Archevêque, Seigneur de Soubise, de Taillebourg et de Mouchamps 1327/63
 François Viète (Vieta, 1540–1603), Mathematiker, erstellte seine ersten Arbeiten in Mouchamps
 Catherine de Parthenay (1554–1631), Humanistin und Literatin, geboren und gestorben in Mouchamps
 Pierre-Paul Clemenceau (1749–1825), Bürgermeister von Mouchamps
 Georges Clemenceau (1841–1929), Staatspräsident, in Mouchamps bestattet
 René Guilbaud (1890–1928), Pilot, als Begleiter Roald Amundsens auf der Suche nach Umberto Nobile verschollen, geboren in Mouchamps
 André Ducasse (* 1894 in Mouchamps), Schriftsteller, Ritter der Ehrenlegion
 Antoine Dubreil (1897–1982), Autorennfahrer
 Frédéric Bourdin (* 1974), Krimineller ("Das Chamäleon"), in Mouchamps aufgewachsen

Literatur
 Le Patrimoine des Communes de la Vendée. Flohic Editions, Band 1, Paris 2001, ISBN 2-84234-118-X, S. 333–342.

Weblinks

Ort in Pays de la Loire

Mouchamps


William Carthorn (c. 1330) fue un filósofo inglés dominico, que desarrolló su carrera intelectual en Oxford, siguiendo la tradición intelectual de Guillermo de Ockham, trabajando para fortalecer sus obras filosóficas. Carthorn creó teorías únicas en la filosofía y psicología, así como en epistemología, centrándose en las demandas de los escépticos. Otras áreas de la filosofía de Carthorn, que no han sido ampliamente estudiadas, están revelando más sobre su vida y su obra.

Vida

Casi no hay nada seguro sobre la vida de Crathorn fuera de su posición como profesor en Oxford. Nació en Yorkshire y sirvió como hermano dominico, dando conferencias sobre un libro de Pedro Lombardo. Crathorn también es conocido por un sermón sobre la Biblia, durante su tiempo en la enseñanza. Su fecha de nacimiento y muerte se desconocen, el año en que él dio uno de sus sermones que se conoce solo por un eclipse mencionado en sus manuscritos que se sabe ocurrió en julio de 1330.

Epistemología
Su filosofía se centra principalmente en la epistemología y el problema del conocimiento. Sus pensamientos sobre este último se parecen mucho a los de Roger Bacon, quien sostuvo que el conocimiento del mundo exterior proviene del reconocimiento de las diferentes "especies" de los objetos. Las especies que se perciben es tanto una causa como una imagen en el ojo del observador. Crathorn afirma que no tenemos acceso directo a las cosas en el mundo exterior y que, inmediatamente percibimos sólo sus imágenes mentales o representaciones (las especies). Por lo que cree que, dado que los conceptos sólo pueden pertenecer a la categoría de calidad, deben ser las cualidades mentales que tienen la misma naturaleza que las no mentales, cualidades que debe existir en la mente subjetiva, es decir, que existen en alguna parte del cerebro. Para iluminar esta teoría, ofreció las teorías de la función cerebral.

Crathorn afirma que cada vez que uno está pensando en un determinado concepto, la mente de la persona cree que en realidad refleja el concepto. Él pensaba que los conceptos mentales no pueden parecerse a las sustancias, pero solo las cualidades de las sustancias porque las especies de fondo tendría que ser una sustancia en sí y nuestra mente se convertiría en una nueva sustancia, si pensamos en la misma. Asimismo, no puede ser una cantidad pura, porque en el pensamiento de las magnitudes infinitas, nuestras mentes se vuelven infinitas, y lo mismo es cierto para las otras categorías además de la calidad. Crathorn sostuvo que la capacidad para conceptualizar se limita a los conceptos naturales de las cualidades.

Crathorn también examinó los desafíos escépticos que anticipó en el problema del conocimiento. Para refutar las afirmaciones del escepticismo, dio la vuelta a lacogito argumento para demostrar que al menos podemos estar seguros de nuestra propia actividad mental, ya que si uno fuera a dudar de una proposición como «yo soy», se seguiría que existe, ya que el que no existe no duda.

Filosofía del Lenguaje

Durante su estancia en Inglaterra, Crathorn considera los aspectos lingüísticos de la ciencia. Se cree que Crathorn popularizó la idea de que ni el aspecto exterior o la proposición es el objeto propio de la ciencia, que la "importancia total" de la proposición es más importante.

También se refirió a la naturaleza del lenguaje mental, es decir si es convencional o natural. Sus predecesores habían argumentado que el pensamiento se produce en un lenguaje universal de los conceptos adquiridos a través de la experiencia causal, y que todos los lenguajes convencionales están subordinados a este lenguaje mental, que es compartida por todos de una forma a priori. Pero Crathorn no podía aceptar tal posición debido a su visión de que las cualidades sólo son signos naturales de sus significantes extra-mentales. Crathorn argumentó que a excepción de los signos naturales de las cualidades, el lenguaje mental es convencional, ya que se deriva del lenguaje convencional. Por lo tanto, el idioma que se habla en la cabeza se basa en que el lenguaje utilizado para la comunicación externa. Crathorn fue revolucionario en su tiempo de afirmar que las palabras son anteriores a las ideas y que las ideas están determinadas por las palabras.

Ontología

Crathorn difería de la versión estándar de Aristóteles de  Categorías. Pensó que todo el sistema debía ser revisado. La mente humana, naturalmente, sólo conoce las cualidades, y no se puede estar seguro de que aún existen sin apelar al principio de que Dios no puede engañarnos. El pensamiento y el razonamiento no son de ninguna ayuda, ya que son puramente convencionales. Por ejemplo, la categoría de sustancia se distingue de las otras categorías por el hecho de que no tiene contradicción, y sucesivamente puede adquirir cualidades contrarias. Por lo tanto, no hay no-sustancias, a pesar de una sustancia puede ser de color negro y blanco en la sucesión, o frío, y poco a poco caliente. Pero Crathorn afirma que cuando calentamos un objeto, no sólo el contenido sino también sus cualidades se calientan, de tal manera que sus cualidades cambian de un estado a su contrario, exactamente igual que una sustancia.

Véase también
 Guillermo de Ockham

Enlaces externos

 William Crathorn, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Epistemólogos del Reino Unido
Filósofos católicos
Filósofos del lenguaje
Filósofos de Inglaterra del siglo XIV

William Crathorn


Baur ist ein Ortsteil der Gemeinde Tannheim im Landkreis Biberach in Oberschwaben, rund 10 Kilometer nordwestlich von Memmingen.

Beschreibung
Baur liegt im Illertal in der Mitte zwischen Tannheim und Egelsee, an der L 300. Einen halben Kilometer südlich vom Baur befindet sich der Flugplatz Tannheim, nördlich der Ortsteil Melchior.

Baur besteht aus einem stattlichen Wohnhaus nebst Bildstock und mehreren landwirtschaftlichen Gebäuden. Zu dem Hof gehören ungefähr 80 ha landwirtschaftliche Fläche. Für die Bürger von Tannheim besteht die Möglichkeit, bei Baur ihr Grüngut kostenlos zu entsorgen.

Wirtschaft

Die Landwirtschaft ist der einzige Wirtschaftsbetrieb in Baur, der in Form einer Biogasanlage betrieben wird.

Literatur
 Landesarchivdirektion Baden-Württemberg (Hrsg.): Das Land Baden-Württemberg. Amtliche Beschreibung nach Kreisen und Gemeinden. Band 7: Regierungsbezirk Tübingen. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-17-004807-4.

Weblinks

 Internetpräsenz der Gemeinde Tannheim

Ort im Landkreis Biberach
Ort in Oberschwaben
Geographie (Tannheim, Württemberg)

Baur (Tannheim)


Le conseil de Mid-Coast () est une zone d'administration locale située dans l'État de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud en Australie, créée en 2016, dont le chef-lieu est Taree.

Géographie
La zone s'étend sur  dans la région de Mid North Coast à l'est de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud. Elle s'ouvre sur la mer de Tasman sur  entre les villes côtières de Hawks Nest et Tea Gardens au sud jusqu'au parc national de Crowdy Bay vers le nord. Elle comprend les lacs Myall et Wallis. Elle s'étend à l'intérieur des terres jusqu'au parc national de Barrington Tops à l'ouest de Gloucester.

Elle abrite les villes côtières de Crowdy Head, Forster, Harrington, Seal Rocks et Taree. Les autres localités importantes sont Bulahdelah, Gloucester et Wingham.

Zones limitrophes

Histoire
Le conseil est créé le  par la fusion du comté de Gloucester, du conseil des Grands Lacs et de la ville de Grand Taree.

Démographie
En 2016, la population s'élevait à .

Politique et administration
Le conseil comprend onze membres élus pour un mandat de quatre ans, qui à leur tour élisent le maire. À la suite des élections du , le conseil comprend sept indépendants, deux libéraux, un travailliste et un vert.

Liste des maires

Références

Lien externe

Zone d'administration locale en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud

Conseil de Mid-Coast


රාජිත සේනාරත්න (ඉංග්‍රීසි: Rajitha Senaratne) ගරු පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රී කළුතර දිස්‌ත්‍රික්‌කය, හිටපු සෞඛ්‍ය පෝෂණ හා දේශීය වෛද්‍ය අමාත්‍ය, හිටපු සෞඛ්‍ය හා දේශීය වෛද්‍ය අමාත්‍යතුමා, හිටපු ධීවර හා ජලජ සම්පත් සංවර්ධන අමාත්‍යතුමා.

ජීවන සටහන්
මෙතුමා  කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසුවෙකි.

ආශ්‍රිත

කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසු දේශපාලනඥයින්

 කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසු ව්‍යෛද්‍යවරුන්

 ආදි නාලන්දයීය ව්‍යෛද්‍යවරුන්ගේ සංගමය

චරිත කතා
ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයෝ
ආදි නාලන්දියයෝ
ලංකික දේශපාලනඥයෝ
බෞද්ධයෝ
ලාංකික සිංහලයෝ
1950 උපත්

රාජිත සේනාරත්න


غوشوغاوارا مدينة تقع ضمن محافظة  آوموري في اليابان، تأسست في 3/28/2005، بلغ عدد تعداد سكانها في 1 يناير – 2008 حوالي 60788 مساحتها الإجمالية حوالي 404.58 كم2 لتصبح كثافة سكانها 150 نسمة لكل كيلو متر مربع.

أعلام
 أوسامو دازاي

مصادر

مدن ساحلية في اليابان
مدن محافظة آوموري

غوشوغاوارا (آوموري)

غوشوغاوارا (آوموري)


Bođani su srpskopravoslavni samostan (manastir) (srp. Манастир Бођани) u Bačkoj, AP Vojvodina, Srbija. Nedaleko je od sela Bođana, općina Bač.  Osnovan je 1478. godine. Brojne freske u crkvi djelo su slikara iz 18. stoljeća Hristofora Žefarovića. 1990. godine proglašen je spomenikom kulture od izuzetnog značaja i pod zaštitom je Republike Srbije.

Vanjske poveznice
Bač Manastir (srp.)

Općina Bač
Bođani
Građevine u Vojvodini

Manastir Bođani


Firelight es considerado el primer trabajo audaz de Steven Spielberg, que llevó a cabo cuando tenía 17 años. Una «superproducción» familiar que presagiaba el futuro del galardonado director.

Argumento
La historia trata de un grupo de científicos -principalmente Tony Karcher (Robert Robyn) y Howard Richards (Lucky Lohr)- que investigan la presencia de extrañas luces de colores en el cielo y la posterior desaparición de personas, animales y objetos de la ficticia ciudad estadounidense de Freeport, Arizona. Entre los secuestrados por los extraterrestres se encuentran un perro, una unidad de soldados y una joven llamada Lisa (Nancy Spielberg), cuyo secuestro provoca un ataque al corazón en su madre (Carolyn Owen). Spielberg muestra aquí la madurez en su adolescencia, cuando presenta sub-tramas que son la discordia marital entre Tony Karcher y su esposa Debbie (Beth Weber), y la búsqueda obsesiva de Richards para convencer a la CIA de que la vida extraterrestre no existe. El giro se presenta cuando el Servicio de Extranjeros, representado por tres sombras, revelan su propósito en la Tierra: secuestrar humanos y llevarlos a su planeta para crear un zoológico humano.

Producción
Para llegar a realizar Firelight, Spielberg realizó diversos trabajos previos y pruebas de cámara. Las posibilidades creadores aumentaron cuando pudo sustituir la cámara cinematográfica familiar por un aparato más completo, de 16 milímetros, que ganó cuando tenía 15 años en un concurso de cine aficionado, el Canyon Film Festival, de Arizona. El problema surgió cuando se dio cuenta del alto costo del revelado en ese formato y cambió la máquina por una Bolex de 8 milímetros. Poco tiempo después, consiguió hacerse con otro modelo más perfeccionado, capaz de grabar sonido en una pista magnética incorporada, con la que era posible hacer nuevos trucos, rebobinando de la cinta impresionado, doble exposición, etc., que contribuyeron a mejorar su creatividad.

Spielberg escribió el argumento y el guion de su película, que fue producida por sus padres, Arnold y Leah Spielberg. En ella también participó su hermana, Nancy, en el papel de una de las chicas secuestradas. Spielberg reconoce que aquel ensayo estaba muy influido por la película británica The Quatermass Xperiment (1955). Rodó la película durante un año, utilizando todos los fines de semana.

Estreno
La película fue proyectada el 24 de marzo de 1964, en un local comercial llamado The Phoenix Little Theatre, en Phoenix, Arizona. Steven Spielberg logró vender, a través de la utilización de la publicidad por amigos y familiares, 500 entradas por un dólar cada una.

Más adelante, cuando buscaba trabajo en Los Ángeles (California), le dio a conocer los rollos de su película a un productor, pero unas semanas después la compañía productora fue a la quiebra y el productor que había conocido desapareció con sus rollos de película. Este film nos mostraba a un Steven Spielberg distinto en cuanto a la forma de filmar y dirigir, con una visual totalmente diferente de la que conocemos, es por eso que muchos piensan que es una pena que gran parte de ese material juvenil se haya perdido por completo.
Sin embargo, Firelight pasó a ser la piedra fundamental de la mundialmente conocida y premiada película Close Encounters of the Third Kind.

Elenco
Gran parte del elenco de la película proviene de la Secundaria Arcadia. La hermana de Spielberg tuvo un pequeño papel también.

 Clark Lohr (Howard Richards)
 Carolyn Owen (Madre de Lisa)
 Robert Robyn (Tony Karcher)
 Nancy Spielberg (Lisa)
 Beth Weber (Debbie)
 Margaret Peyou (Helen Richards)
 Warner Marshall (Soldado)
 Dede Pisani (Lover)
 Tina Lanser (Maid)
 Chuck Case (Adolescente)

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

Películas dirigidas por Steven Spielberg
Primer largometraje de un director
Filmación amateur

Firelight (película de 1964)


Luminița Voina Răuț () este o traducătoare română din limbile spaniolă și franceză.

A debutat în 1986 cu traducerea poeziei "Muzica grecească" de Jorge Luis Borges. A tradus cărți din literatura spaniolă și latinoamericană din autori precum: Julio Cortázar, Ernesto Sábato, Mario Vargas Llosa, Alfredo Bryce Echenique, Luis Buñuel, Pablo Neruda, Andrés Barba, Nuria Amat, Luis Leante, Agustín Sánchez Vidal, Wendy Guerra etc. A tradus peste 60 de piese de teatru din dramaturgia spaniolă, latinoamericană și franceză.

Ca scriitoare, a publicat Traducerile din poveste (Ed Vellant, 2010), având parte de o critică mai curând pozitivă. Este membră a Uniunii Scriitorilor din România din 1995.

Note

Traducători români
Membri ai Uniunii Scriitorilor din România

Luminița Voina Răuț


Cancer ya da Yengeç takımyıldızı (sembolü: ), zodyak kuşağı takımyıldızlarından biridir. Cancer, 506 metrekarelik bir alanı olan orta büyüklükteki bir takımyıldızdır ve yıldızları oldukça soluktur, en parlak yıldızı Beta Cancri 3.5 görünür bir büyüklüğe sahiptir.

Cancer (takımyıldız)


La statue-menhir de Guior-Haut est une statue-menhir appartenant au groupe rouergat découverte à Le Bez, dans le département du Tarn en France.

Description
Elle a été découverte en juillet 1998 par Jean Bonnet et Yvette Jeanjean à environ  d'altitude sur la même ligne de crête surplombant la vallée de l'Agout  que la statue-menhir de Montagnol distante d'environ . Elle est constituée d'une dalle de granite d'origine locale au sommet arrondi mesurant  de hauteur et  au plus large pour une épaisseur de . La statue est complète mais les gravures sont quasiment effacées. C'est une statue masculine. Le seul caractère anthropomorphe encore visible est une partie de la jambe droite. Le personnage porte une ceinture, un baudrier et « l'objet ».

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Sites mégalithiques du Tarn
 Liste des statues-menhirs de France

Liens externes

 Statue-menhir de Guior-Haut (construit par stéréophotogrammétrie)

Guior
Site mégalithique dans le Tarn

Statue-menhir de Guior-Haut


An Physoceras betsomangense in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jean Marie Bosser. An Physoceras betsomangense in nahilalakip ha genus nga Physoceras, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Physoceras

Physoceras betsomangense


The Attic calendar or Athenian calendar is the lunisolar calendar beginning in midsummer with the lunar month of Hekatombaion, in use in ancient Attica, the ancestral territory of the Athenian polis. It is sometimes called the Greek calendar because of Athens's cultural importance, but it is only one of many ancient Greek calendars.

Although relatively abundant, the evidence for the Attic calendar is still patchy and often contested. As it was well known in Athens and of little use outside Attica, no contemporary source set out to describe the system as a whole. Further, even during the well-sourced 5th and 4th centuries BC, the calendar underwent changes, not all perfectly understood. As such, any account given of it must be a tentative reconstruction.

Local focus
The Attic calendar was an exclusively local phenomenon, used to regulate the internal affairs of the Athenians, with little relevance to the outside world. For example, just across the border in Boeotia, the months had different names, and the year even began in midwinter. In Athens, the year began six months later, just after midsummer. Furthermore, while Greek months were supposed to begin with the first sighting of the new moon, it was determined locally and with a degree of variability. In many years, the months in the two communities would have more or less coincided, but there is no sign that they tried to keep the days of the month exactly aligned, as they would have seen no reason to do so.

The divide between these neighbouring calendars perhaps reflected the traditional hostility between the two communities. Had the Boeotians been speakers of an Ionic dialect, the one spoken in Athens, there would have been overlap in the names of months. An example is the island of Delos, where the calendar shared four out of twelve month-names with Athens, but not in the same places in the year. There, even though the island was under some degree of Athenian control from around 479 to 314 BC, the year started, as with the Boeotians, at midwinter.

More than one calendar
Athenians lived under a number of simultaneous calendars that were used to fix days for different purposes. How much each calendar meant to individuals probably depended on how they lived. They may be set out as follows:

 A lunisolar festival calendar of 12 months based on the cycle of the moon and accommodating the solar year
 A democratic state calendar of 10 arbitrary months
 An agricultural calendar of seasons using star risings to fix points in time

Festival calendar (lunisolar)

Intercalation
The year was meant to begin with the first sighting of the new moon after the summer solstice. Ideally, the solstice would occur toward the end of Skirophorion, the final month of the year.

The new year would then begin on the day after the first sliver of the new moon was seen (or presumed to be seen). However, because the relation of these two events, solstice and new moon, is variable, the date of the new year (in relation to a Gregorian date) could move by up to a month.

This linking of solar and lunar years defines the calendar as lunisolar. Because 12 lunar months are approximately 11 days shorter than a solar year, using a purely lunar calendar (such as the Islamic one) removes any relation between the months and the seasons, causing the months to creep backwards over the seasons. By tying the start of their year to the summer solstice Athenians forced the months to relate, with some elasticity, to the seasons.

In order to deal with the 11-day difference between 12 lunar months and 1 solar cycle, when it was judged that the months had slid back enough (roughly every three years), an extra month was inserted ("intercalated"), leading to a leap year with about 384 days in it. The extra month was achieved by repeating an existing month so that the same month name was used twice in a row. The sixth month, Poseideon, is most frequently mentioned as the month that was repeated; however months 1, 2, 7, and 8 (Hekatombaiōn, Metageitniōn, Gameliōn, and Anthesteriōn) are also attested as being doubled.

Various cycles were in existence for working out exactly which years needed to add a thirteenth month. A nineteen-year cycle, the Metonic cycle, was developed in Athens by the astronomers Meton and Euctemon (known to be active in 432 BC), could have been used to pattern the insertion of leap years to keep the lunar and solar years aligned with some accuracy. There is, however, no sign that any such system was in fact used in Athens, whose calendar seems to have been administered on an ad hoc basis.

Names of months
The first function of this calendar was to set the days for the religious festivals. In a county fair role, they encompassed a much broader range of activities than the word "religious" suggests and were central to the life of the city.

The Athenian months were named after gods and festivals. In this the calendar differed from the Mesopotamian models that lie behind all Greek lunar calendars. In the Sumerian and Babylonian prototypes, for instance, the months were named after the main agricultural activity practised in that month. Many Athenian festivals had links with different stages of the agricultural cycle, such as festivals of planting or harvest. It perhaps added to the need to keep lunar and solar calendars roughly aligned, though this was not always achieved. The farming year, however, was not the primary focus of the calendar.

At Athens month 6, Poseideon, took its name directly from the god Poseidon. More commonly, the god appears in the form of a cult title. (A cult title is the name or aspect under which a god was worshipped at a particular festival.) Examples are Maimakterion, named after Zeus ("the rager") and Metageitnion, after Apollo as helper of colonists.

Of all of the months, only the eighth, Anthesterion, was named directly after the major festival celebrated in its month, the Anthesteria. While the month-naming festivals of Pyanepsia, Thargelia and Skira were relatively important, some of the grandest celebrations in the life of the city are not recognised in the name of the month. Examples are the Great Dionysia held in Elaphebolion (month 9) and the Panathenaia are only indirectly recognised in Hekatombaion (month 1), named after the hekatombe, the sacrifice of a "hundred oxen" held on the final night of the Panathenaia. More often than not, the festival providing the month name is minor or obsolete. For instance, the second month, Metageitnion, is named after a cult title of the god Apollo, but there is no trace of a festival bearing the name. The same goes for months 5 and 6, Maimakterion and Poseideon.

The calendars of the Ionian cities of Asia Minor (along the western coastline of modern Turkey) often share month names with Athens. For instance, at Miletos four of the same month names were in use, namely Thargelion, Metageitnion, Boedromion and Pyanepsion, and the last of these even occupied the same position as month four in both communities. Traditionally, these Ionian cities were founded by colonists from Attica (perhaps around 1050 BC). It may be then that the Athenian month names refer to a festival schedule some hundreds of years out of date.

List of months
The correlation suggested here between the Athenian months and those of the modern (Gregorian) calendar is loose, and, in some years, it might have been off by over a month.

Days of the month
The months were 29 or 30 days in length, loosely in alternation, since the Moon orbits the Earth in roughly 29.5 days. However, rather than following a set scheme (such as the popular rhyme "Thirty days hath September..."), the duration of each month was declared just before month's end in an attempt to latch the first of the following month onto the upcoming new moon. The short months of 29 days were known as "hollow" and the ones with 30 days as "full".

Each month was divided into three phases of ten days associated with the waxing moon, the full moon and the waning moon. The naming of the days was complex. The first day of the month was simply noumenia or new moon, a name used in virtually every Greek calendar. From there the days were numbered up to the 20th day. For the final third of the month the numbering turned around to do a countdown from ten to the last day. Only the middle phase had numbers for the days running higher than 10 and even these were often phrased as "the third over ten" and so forth. In the wings of the month, the numbered days ran 2–10 and then 10–2. Days in these sections were distinguished from each other by adding the participle "waxing" and "waning" to the month name. In the centre of the month with its unambiguous numbering there was no need for this, though later the term "of the middling month" was used. The final day of the month was called henē kai nea, "the old and the new". Peculiar to Athens, this name presents the day as bridging the two moons or months. Elsewhere in Greece this day was usually called the 30th.

Athenian festivals were divided between the 80 or so annually recurring celebrations and a set of monthly holy days clustered around the beginning of each month. They were often the birthdays of gods, the Greeks thinking of birthdays as a monthly rather than a yearly recurrence. Every month, days 1–4 and 6–8 were all sacred to particular gods or divine entities, amounting to some 60 days a year:

Day 1: New Moon, Noumenia.
Day 2: Agathos Daimon
Day 3: Athena's Birthday
Day 4: Heracles, Hermes, Aphrodite and Eros
Day 6: Artemis' Birthday
Day 7: Apollo's Birthday
Day 8: Poseidon and Theseus

Monthly and annual festivals were not usually allowed to fall on the same days so every festival month had an opening phase with exactly recurrent practices and celebrations while in the body of each month was a unique schedule of festival days.

A parallel function of this calendar was the positioning of the perhaps 15 or so forbidden days on which business should not be transacted.

Rather than considering the month as a simple duration of thirty days, the three-part numbering scheme focuses on the Moon itself. In particular the waning days 10–2 and the waxing days 2–10 frame the crucial moment where the moon vanishes and then reappears.

A date under this scheme might be "the third (day) of Thargelion waning", meaning the 28th day of Thargelion.

To summarise the days with special names.
 The first day: noumenia, or new moon.
 The last day: henē kai nea,  the "old and the new".
 The 21st day: "the later tenth". The Attic month had three days named "tenth" (equivalent in a straight sequence to the 10th, 20th, and 21st days). These were distinguished as
10th: "the tenth (of the month) waxing"
20th: "the earlier tenth" (i.e. waning)
21st: "the later tenth" (i.e. waning)
This strange juxtapositioning of the two days called the tenth, the earlier and the later, further highlighted the shift into the moon's waning phase.

When a month was to last 29 instead of 30 days (a "hollow" month), the last day of the month ("the old and new") was pulled back by one day. That is to say, the "second day of the waning month" (the 29th in straight sequence) was renamed as month's end.

State calendar
As Ionians, the Athenians had always been divided into four tribes. Although the tribes were never abolished, one of the key reforms at the creation of democracy after 506 BC was to distribute citizens under a new system of ten tribes to try to ensure even participation across the whole community. From then on, ten became a kind of hallmark number for the democracy, as so much citizen activity was done through the ten tribes. (For instance, the 10 generals leading the 10 regiments, the 10 sets of public arbitrators, the 10 treasurers of the Delian league and so on.)

This decimal ordering extended to the creation of a supplementary calendar with ten months. Each year, each tribe contributed 50 members to the council of 500 (boule), which played an important role in the administration of the city. For one tenth of the year, each tribal fifty was on duty, with a third of them in the council chamber at all times as an executive committee for the state. Their period of office was known as a 'prytany' or state month.

In the 5th century, the calendar was solar-based by using a year of 365 or 366 days and paying no attention at all to the phases of the moon. One likely arrangement is that the ten prytanies were divided between six months of 37 days followed by four months of 36 days. That would be parallel to the arrangement in the 4th century explained below.

From several synchronized datings that survive, it is evident that the political and the festival years did not have to begin or end on the same days. The political new year is attested 15 days either way from the start of the festival year. The system is known from the 420s; whether it had been in place from the beginning of the ten-month system is not clear.

However, in 407 BC the two calendars were synchronized to start and end on the same days. Hereafter as described in the 4th century Constitution of the Athenians the civic year was arranged as follows:

 Months 1–4 lasted 36 days (39 in leap years?)
 Months 5–10 lasted 35 days (38 in leap years?)

In years with an extra month intercalated into the festival calendar, the political months were probably lengthened to 39 and 38 days, a method that would have maintained the balance between the tribes. Evidence, however, is lacking.

In the Macedonian period (307/306 – 224/223 BC), with twelve tribes (and the prytanies), evidence shows that the month and the prytany were not coterminous and that, in general, the six first prytanies had 30 days and the last six had 29 days and that in an intercalary year, the 384 days are equally subdivided. (Meritt, 1961: Ch.VI)

In the Thirteen Phylai period (224/223 – 201/200 BC), it would be expected that in an intercalary year prytanies and months must have been fairly evenly matched and that in an ordinary year, the conciliar year was made up of three prytanies of 28 days followed by ten prytanies of 27 days, but there is strong evidence that the first prytany had usually 27 days. (Meritt, 1961: Ch.VII)

The political months had no name but were numbered and given in conjunction with the name of the presiding tribe (which, as determined by lot at the expiry of their predecessors' term, gave no clue as to the time of year). The days were numbered with a straightforward sequence, running from 1 to the total number of days for that month.

One of the main roles of the civic calendar was to position the four assembly meetings to be held each prytany. If possible, assembly meetings were not held on festival days, including the monthly festival days clustered at the start of each month. As a result, the meetings were bunched slightly toward the end of the month and made to dodge especially the larger festivals.

A date under this calendar might run "the 33rd day in the 3rd prytany, that of the tribe Erechtheis", the style used in Athenian state documents (surviving only as inscriptions). Sometimes, however, a dating in terms of the festival calendar is added as well.

Manipulation
The Attic calendar was determined on the ground, month by month and year by year, in the light of immediate concerns, political or military. It was in the control of magistrates, who were not astronomers. How heavyhanded the interference was is controversial. Some scholars believe that if a festival date fell on a day needed for an assembly meeting, an extra day could be inserted by simply repeating the same day name.

There is clear evidence that it was done later. In Athens in 271 BC, just before the Great Dionysia, four days were inserted between Elaphebolion 9 and 10, putting the calendar on hold. Presumably, it was to gain extra rehearsal time for the festival with its performances of tragedy and comedy. A similar story comes from the 5th century BC but at Argos: the Argives, launching a punitive expedition in the shadow of the holy month of Karneios when fighting was banned,  decided to freeze the calendar to add some extra days of war. However, their allies rejected the rearrangement and went home.

Aristophanes' Clouds, a comedy from 423 BC, contains a speech whose complaint is brought from the Moon: the Athenians have been playing round with the months, "running them up and down" so that human activity and the divine order are completely out of kilter: "When you should be holding sacrifices, instead you are torturing and judging." A situation is known to have applied in the 2nd century BC, when the festival calendar was so out of sync with the actual cycles of the moon that the lunisolar date was sometimes given under two headings, one "according to the god", apparently the Moon, and the other "according to the archon", the festival calendar itself.

Seasonal calendar
A third calendar regulating Athenian lives was solar or seasonal. As such, it was fundamental for seasonal activities like farming and sailing. Within the broad divisions of the seasons, it relied on star risings and settings to mark more precise points in time. Star risings are the days when particular stars or constellations that have been below the horizon during hours of darkness first appear after sunset. Different star risings were keyed to various farm tasks, such as when to harvest: Hesiod in the Works and Days urges the farmer to harvest when the Pleiades rises (an event which elsewhere is set to mark the end of spring). Such a system was part of general Greek tradition, but fitted to local geography and conditions. Hesiod also uses the rising of Arcturus to mark the ending of winter and marks the start of Spring with the coming of the sparrows.

The seasons were not viewed by Greeks as dividing the year into four even blocks but rather spring and autumn were shorter tail sections of the overarching seasons, summer and winter. The divisions could be formalised by using star risings or settings in relation to the equinoxes: for instance, winter is defined in one medical text as the period between the setting of the Pleiades and the spring.

The older tradition as seen in Hesiod's Works and Days was extended by astronomical research to the creation of star calendars known as parapegmas. They were stone or wooden tablets listing a sequence of astronomical events, each with a peg hole beside it. Lines of bare peg holes were used to count the "empty days" between what were taken as the significant celestial events. Often set up in town squares (agoras), the tablets put the progression of the year on public display.

This system would have been fundamental to an individual's sense of the advancing year, but it barely intersected with the festival or state calendars. They were more civic in character and required managing to maintain their coherence with the year of the seasons.  The seasonal and sidereal calendar, on the other hand, was immune to interference so Thucydides could date by the rising of Arcturus without having to wade into the confusion of disconnected city-state calendars.

Dating events
The modern calendar, as well as regulating the immediate year, is part of a system of chronology that allows events to be dated far into the future and the past so a given date includes day, month and year.

By contrast, the Attic calendar had little interest in ordering the sequence of years. As in other Greek cities, the name of one of the yearly magistrates, at Athens known as the eponymous archon, was used to identify the year in relation to others. The sequence of years was matched to a list of names that could be consulted. Instead of citing a numbered year, one could locate a year in time by saying that some event occurred "when X. was archon". That allowed the years to be ordered back in time for a number of generations into the past, but there was no way of dating forward beyond ordinary human reckoning (as in expressions such as "ten years from now").

There was, for instance, no use of a century divided into decades. A four-year cycle was important, which must have helped structure a sense of the passing years: at Athens, the festival of the Panathenaia was celebrated on a grander scale every fourth year as the Great Panathenaia, but that was not used as the basis of a dating system.

As both narrowly local and cyclical in focus then, the calendar did not provide a means for dating events in a comprehensible way between cities. A dating system using the four-yearly Olympiads was devised by the Greek Sicilian historian Timaeus (born c. 350 BC) as a tool for historical research, but it was probably never important on a local level.

See also
 Ancient Greek astronomy
 Other ancient Greek calendars
 The Roman, Julian, and Byzantine calendars, which succeeded them
 Attic Calendar Date Converter

References

Sources
Burkert, W. Greek Religion. Oxford, 1985.
Dunn, F. M. Tampering with the Calendar (Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik), 1999, p. 123, 213–231.
Hannah, R. Greek and Roman Calendars: Constructions of Time in the Ancient World. London, 2005.
Meritt, B. D. The Athenian Year. Berkeley, 1961.
Mikalson, J. D. The Sacred and Civil Calendar of the Athenian Year. Princeton, 1975.
Planeaux, C.S. The Athenian Year Primer: Attic Time-Reckoning and the Julian Calendar. Washington D.C. 2021.
Pritchett, W. K. and O. Neugebauer. The Calendars of Athens. Athens, 1947.
Samuel, Alan E. Greek and Roman Chronology, Muenchen: Beck'sche, 1972
Oxford Classical Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1996: Calendar, Meton, Euctemon, Time reckoning, Birthday.

Obsolete calendars
Calendar
Lunisolar calendars

Attic calendar


Nestlé S.A. ya da Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., merkezi Vevey, İsviçre'de bulunan, dünyanın en büyük  yiyecek ve içecek üreticisidir. Nestlé'nin ürün gamı içme suyundan bebek mamasına, kahveden süt ürünleri, şişelenmiş su, kahvaltılık tahıllar, kahve ve çay, şekerleme, süt ürünleri, eczacılık ürünleri, dondurma, tıbbi gıda, dondurulmuş gıda, evcil hayvan maması ve atıştırmalıklarına kadar uzanmaktadır.

Tarihi

Şirket 1866 yılında alman eczacı ve şekerlemeci Henri Nestlé tarafından İsviçre'de kuruldu. Henri'nin kendi işini kurduğu zamanda 1866 yılda 2 Amerikalı kardeş Charles Page ve George Page, Avrupa'da ilk kez kondanse süt (yoğunlaştırılmış süt) üreten "Anglo-İsviçre şirket" fabrikasını kurdu. Eylül 1866 yılında Henri Nestlé Vevey süt, un ve şeker kombinasyonlarından oluşan ve anne sütü karışımı olmayan, bebeklerin suni beslenmesini sağlayan bebek maması üretti ve bu ürün "Farine Lactée Henri Nestlé" adını aldı. Birkaç yıl sonra ürün İsviçre ve birçok Avrupa ülkesinde satışa çıktı. Başka İsviçreli çikolata mucidi Daniel Peter çikolata üretimi için çaba sarf ediyordu, fakat süt ile suyu birbirinden ayırmada güçlük çekmiştir. Bu sorun Henri Nestlé'nin yardımıyla çözülmüş ve ürün 1875'te satışa sunulmuştur. Böylece onların işbirliği yarandı ve Nestlé çikolata üretimine başladı. Henri Nestlé, 1875 yılında emekli oldu ama şirket, yeni mülkiyet altında, Société Farine Lactée Henri Nestlé olarak onun adını korudu. Henri Nestlé, şirketine soyadı olan ve aynı zamanda Almanca'da "küçük kuş yuvası" anlamına gelen 'Nestlé' ismini verdi, logosunu "yuvada yavrularını besleyen kuş" görseliyle tamamladı.

1877 yılında, Anglo-İsviçre ürünlerine süt karışımlı bebek gıdaları eklendi, Nestlé Şirketi de buna cevap olarak kendi portföyüne yoğunlaştırılmış süt ekledi. Böylece, iki şirket arasında amansız ve şiddetli rekabet yaşandı. Her iki şirket kendi ürünlerinin çeşitlerini artırmak ve dış pazarlara çıkmak için mücadele ettiler. 1882 yılında, "Anglo-İsviçreli şirket" ABD pazarına çıktı, ama George Page'in ölümü şirketin tüm planları erteledi. Şirket ABD'deki işini bitirip Avrupa'ya döndü ve 1905 yılında rakibi Nestlé ile birleşerek "Nestlé ve Anglo-Swiss Milk Company" adını aldı.

1900'lü yılların başında Nestlé'nin ABD, Birleşik Krallık, Avustralya, Almanya ve İspanya'da fabrikaları açıldı ve dünyanın en büyük çikolata üreticisi haline geldi. 1904 yılında şirket "İsviçre Milli Çikolata Şirketi" ile bir anlaşmaya imzalayarak, çikolata üretmeye başladı. Ancak, üretim tesislerinin çoğu Avrupa'da bulunan şirkete Birinci Dünya Savaşı başlarda ciddi bir darbe oldu. Ancak, her şeye rağmen savaş nedeniyle hükûmet siparişlerinde büyük ölçüde artım oldu süt ve çikolata ürünleri için büyük bir talep başladı. Onlarla başa çıkmak için, Nestlé ABD'de birkaç fabrika daha satın aldı. Savaşın sonunda şirket 40 fabrika sahibiydi ve 1914 ile karşılaştırıldığında üretim hacmi neredeyse iki katına çıkmıştı. 1930 yılında Nestlé, Brezilya hükûmetinin çağrıları ile kahve araştırmasına girişti ve sekiz yıllık araştırma sonucunda kahve tozu keşif edildi. Hazır kahve markası gelişmeye başladı ve dünyada çok hızlı bir şekilde popülerlik kazanan yeni kahve ürünü Nescafé tanıtıldı. 1940'ların başında şirket Nestea çayın üretimine başladı.

İkinci Dünya Savaşı başlangıcında Nestlé'nin üretimi hızla düştü. Avrupa ve Asya'daki ürünlerin üretim sorununu aşmak için, şirket Latin Amerika'daki gelişmekte olan ülkelerde yeni fabrikalar açtı.

Nescafé, Avrupa ve Asya'da hizmet taşıyan Amerikan askerlerinin ve subaylarının ana içeceği haline geldi. Ayrıca savaş, Nescafé ürününün yayılmasını hızlandırmıştır. 1943'te Nescafé'nin üretim hacmi yılda bir milyon kutuya ulaştı. Birinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında olduğu gibi üretim ve satış seviyesi yükseldi, toplam ciro arttı. Buna ek olarak şirket, küresel kahve sektöründe lider konumunu aldı.

İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonu Nestlé için dinamik bir fazın başlangıcı oldu. Hızla büyüyen şirket çok sayıda şirketi satın alarak bünyesine kattı. 1947 yılında Nestlé, baharat ve kuru çorba üreticisi Maggi'yi, 1963 yılında Findus'u, 1971 yılında Libby'i, 1973 yılında Stouffer's'ı, 1977 yılında Alcon'u satın aldı. 1974 yılında Nestlé, kozmetik üretiminde dünya liderlerinden biri olan L'Oréal'in en büyük hissedarı oldu. 1984 yılında Carnation'u, 1988 yılında Kit Kat, Smarties ve Aero gibi markaları üreten Rowntree Mackintosh'u satın aldı. Satın almalar 1990 yılından sonra da devam etti. 1996 yılından bu yana şirket, San Pellegrino (1997), Spillers (1998), Ralston Purina, Dreyer's (2002), Gerber (2007) gibi çeşitli satın almalar yaptı. Şu an Nestlé dünyanın en büyük çikolata ve süt ürünleri üreten şirketi olup, dünyanın 190 ülkesinde 500'e yakın fabrika ve 330.000 çalışan sayısına sahiptir.

Eleştiriler
Nestlé'ye karşı yöneltilen en sıkı eleştiri 1970'li ve 1980'li yıllarda ortaya çıktı. Bu dönemde Nestlé'nin gelişen ülkelerdeki bebek maması kampanyası çok tenkit edildi. Anne sütü kullanımına karşı Nestlé bebek formülleri kullanımını tavsiye etti. Bu kampanya bağlamında Nestlé önce bedava bebek formülünü yaydı. Bebek formülü kullanımı artınca anneler bebeklerini emzirmeyi bıraktı ve zamanla anneler bu ürüne bağımlı hale geldi. Fakat bu ürünler gelişen ülkede yaşayan insanlar için çok pahalıydı, bu yüzden bazen bebek formülü kullanımı yetersiz kalıyordu. Ayrıca ürünü hazırlamak için sık sık kirli su kullanılıyordu. Bu nedenlerden dolayı birçok bebek hasta oldu ve hatta öldü.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Nestlé markaları listesi
 Kahve şirketleri listesi
 Ülkelere göre kişi başına düşen kahve tüketimi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Nestle Türkiye

1866'da kurulan şirketler
SIX Swiss Exchange'de listelenen şirketler
Londra Borsası'ndaki eski şirketler
Eski Tokyo Borsası'ndaki şirketler

İsviçre merkezli çok uluslu şirketler
İsviçre merkezli gıda şirketleri
İsviçre merkezli içecek şirketleri
Kahvaltılık hububat şirketleri
Çeşni şirketleri
İsviçre mutfağındaki şekerlemeler
Çok uluslu süt ürünleri şirketleri
Çok uluslu gıda şirketleri
Tıbbi gıda
Vevey
Birleşmeden oluşan şirketler
İsviçre markaları
Çikolata markaları
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බ්‍රැම්ටන් යනු කැනඩාවේ  ඔන්ටේරියෝහී,  මහා ටොරොන්ටෝ ප්‍රදේශයේ  (GTA)  තුන්වන-විශාලතම නගරය හා පීල් ප්‍රදේශයෙහි මන්ත්‍රී ආසනයයි. 2011 ජන සංගණනය අනුව, බ්‍රැම්ටන්හී ජනගහණය  523,911 වූ අතර, ඒ අනුව එය කැනඩාවේ  නවවන විශාලතම නගරය බවට සැලකෙයි.  මධ්‍යනය වයස අගයය 33.7 හී පැවතීම නිසා, මහා ටොරන්ටෝ ප්‍රදේශයේ ලාබාලම ප්‍රජාව මෙහි දිවි ගෙවති. කැනඩාවේ විශාලතම දකණු ආසියාතිකයන් සමූහනය බ්‍රැම්ටන්හී දක්නට ලැබෙන අතර එය බ්‍රැම්ටන්හී ජනගහණයෙන් 31.7% වෙයි.

ගම්මානයක් වශයෙන් බ්‍රැම්ටන් සංස්ථාපනය කෙරුණේ 1853දී වන අතර, එහිදී එංගලන්තයෙහි කම්බ්‍රියාහී,  ග්‍රාමීය නගරයක් වන  බ්‍රැම්ටන් වෙතින් එහි නම උපුටා ගන්නා ලදි. පෙර කලෙක  කැනඩාවේ මල් නගරය ලෙසින් බ්‍රැම්ටන් හැඳින්වුනු අතර,  මෙම අභිධානය එය විසින් උපයා ගන්නා ලද්දේ නගරයේ විශාල හරිතාගාර කර්මාන්තය නිසාය. අඩසිය වසකට කිට්ටු කාලයක් බොහෝ ජාත්‍යන්තර රෝස ත්‍යාග දිනූ සමාගමක් වන  ඩේල්ස් ෆ්ලවර්ස් ද මෙයට දායක වී ඇත. වර්තමානයෙහි, නගරයෙහි ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථීක අංශ අතර ප්‍රගත නිෂ්පාදනය, සිල්ලර පරිපාලනය සහ  කාර්ය සම්පාදනය, තොරතුරු සහ සන්නිවේදන තාක්ෂණ, ආහාර සහ පානීය බීම, ජීව විද්‍යාවන් සහ ව්‍යාපාර සේවාවන් වෙති.

සටහන්

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 පීල් ඩිස්ට්‍රික්ට් ස්කූල් බෝඩ්

1853 දී සංස්ථාපිත ජනාකීර්ණ ප්‍රදේශ

බ්‍රැම්ටන්


Der Wolziger See ist ein etwa 65 Hektar großer See auf dem Gebiet der Stadt Zossen im brandenburgischen Landkreis Teltow-Fläming in Deutschland.

Geographische

Lage
Der Wolziger See liegt im südlichen Teil des Gemeindegebietes der Stadt Zossen. Er gehört zum Ortsteil Lindenbrück. Am Ostufer des Sees  liegt der Gemeindeteil Funkenmühle des Ortsteils Lindenbrück, im Süden grenzt Lindenbrück an den See und im Westen liegt der Ortsteil Wünsdorf mit seinem Gemeindeteil Neuhof. Er ist kein Badesee.

Hydrographische Verhältnisse
Der Wolziger See ist maximal 1,5 Kilometer lang und an seiner breitesten Stelle knapp 600 Meter breit. Der nördliche Seeteil ist bereits vom Hauptteil durch einen Schilfgürtel abgeschnürt. Es hat einen kleinen Zufluss vom Kleinen Zeschsee sowie einen Abfluss zum Großen Wünsdorfer See. Der Seespiegel liegt durchschnittlich bei .

Siehe auch
Liste der Seen in Brandenburg

Einzelnachweise

See in Europa
Gewässer im Landkreis Teltow-Fläming
See in Brandenburg
SWolziger See
Geographie (Zossen)

Wolziger See (Zossen)


Teuchter () is a Lowland Scots word sometimes used to offensively describe a Scottish Highlander, in particular a Gaelic-speaking Highlander. It is offensive, equivalent to other cultural epithets used by more powerful groups to describe people they have oppressed, but is often seen as amusing by the speaker. The term is contemptuous, essentially describing someone seen to be uncouth and rural.

Derivation
The word also shows up as cheuchter, tschooktir, chuchter, teuchtar, chookter but has no universally accepted orthography. From relative obscurity, it gained currency around 1910.

There are three main theories on the etymology of the word:
 a purely Gaelic derivation from tuath  "peasantry, tenantry" or deoch  "drink" (borrowed into Scots as teuch) plus an agent-forming suffix -air or -adair
 a derivation from the Scots adjective teuch "physically or mentally strong, tough" plus a suffix
 a derivation from the Scots noun teuchit/teuchat "lapwing"

One folk etymology/urban myth is that during the First World War, many members of the Highland regiments were pipers. A book of sheet music for the pipes is called a "tutor", and when pronounced with the pre-aspiration of Gaelic accents when speaking English, this sounds like "teuchter".

Humour
Like other rural stereotypes, teuchters commonly feature in jokes (Billy Connolly has performed and recorded a sketch where a teuchter visiting the city marvels at a bus as "a hoose wi wheels") though such stories often end with the apparently naive teuchter triumphing through hidden wiliness.

The archetypal cartoon teuchter is the cartoon character Angus Og, created by Ewen Bain.

A teuchter is the hero of Scottish musician Bill Hill's The Portree Kid, which parodies the song Ghost Riders in the Sky as "The teuchter that cam frae Skye".

See also

 Culchie
 Gaels
 Russian stereotyping of rural people via Chukchi jokes
 Taig
 Yokel

References

Pejorative terms for European people
Scottish culture
Stereotypes of rural people

Teuchter


Kitulgala is a small town in the west of Sri Lanka. The Academy Award-winning The Bridge on the River Kwai was filmed on the Kelani River near Kitulgala, although nothing remains now except the concrete foundations for the bridge. Kitulgala is also a base for white-water rafting, which starts a few kilometres upstream and also popular as a location for adventure based training programs.

Features

The Kelani river is wide at Kitulgala, but it is shallow apart from a deep channel near the opposite bank, so in the drier months it provides a safe and attractive place to swim, wash and play.

The river can be crossed by walking out across the shallows and crossing the deep channel in a dugout canoe, which is stabilised with an outrigger.

Sri Lanka's most recently discovered bird, the Serendib scops owl was originally heard calling by Deepal Warakagoda in these forests.

The hills above the rubber plantations also have mountain hawk eagle, crested treeswift and Layard's parakeet.

Agriculture
The agriculture around Kitulgala is typical of the hilly wet zone. The solitary fishtail palm, Caryota urens, which is called kitul in Sri Lanka, gives rise to the town's name. Its sap is concentrated into a delicious syrup, not dissimilar to maple syrup, and crystallized as jaggery. It is also fermented to make palm wine. The pith is used to make sago, and the fibres to make rope.

Bananas of both red and yellow varieties are grown. The yellow bananas are only some 8 cm long, but are sweeter and tastier than the commercial strains available in the West. Rubber trees are also grown on the higher areas.

Many birders stay at Kitulgala. This area has most of the rainforest bird species that are found at the World Biosphere Reserve at Sinharaja, although in lower numbers. However, the secondary forest and cultivation at Kitulgala is more open than the pristine woodlands of Sinharaja, and elusive endemic species like Sri Lanka spurfowl, green-billed coucal and spot-winged thrush may be easier to see.

Scene creation of the movie The Bridge on the River Kwai

The Bridge on the River Kwai is a 1957 British World War II film by David Lean based on the novel The Bridge over the River Kwai by French writer Pierre Boulle. The film is a work of fiction but borrows the construction of the Burma Railway in 1942–43 for its historical setting. It stars William Holden, Alec Guinness, Jack Hawkins, and Sessue Hayakawa. The scene creation of the film was done in Sri Lanka and many of them were at Kitulgala area including the bridge explosion.

See also
 Broadlands Dam

References

Populated places in Sabaragamuwa Province

Kitulgala


Charles Thomas Close (5. srpnja 1940. - 19. kolovoza 2021.) bio je američki slikar i fotograf. Bio je poznat po svojim masivnim fotorealističnim i apstraktnim portretima i autoportretima. Također je stvarao fotografske portrete koristeći se kamerom velikog formata.

Imao je prozopagnoziju, iznimno rijetku bolest koja se očituje u poteškoći pamćenja lica. Ova ga je bolest podsvjesno potaknula na slikanje ogromnih portreta.

Životopis

Djetinjstvo
Chuck Close je bio rođen u Monroeu u Washingtonu kao sin Mildred, učiteljice klavira, i Leslieja Closea, vodoinstalatera i limarskog radnika koji je umro kada je Chuck imao 11 godina. Mildred, ostavljena sama da ga odgaja, podržavala je njegove umjetničke interese. Kasnije je dijagnosticirana s rakom dojke. Chuck je imao tešku disleksiju, što je dovelo do poteškoća u srednjoj školi, ali je procvjetao tijekom večernjih satova umjetnosti na Everett Junior Collegeu.

Studij i New York
Godine 1960. otišao je na Sveučilište u Washingtonu kako bi studirao umjetnost, te je magistrirao na Yaleu. Nakon Yael, upisuje drugi studij na Akademie der Bildenden Künste u Beču 1964. Uz Fulbrightovu stipendiju, Close se sljedeće godine vratio u SAD. Predavao je na Sveučilištu Massachusetts Amherst, gdje je imao svoju prvu samostalnu izložbu, prije nego što se preselio u New York 1967. godine. U New Yorku je predavao u školi vizualnih umjetnosti, gdje je upoznao svoju prvu suprugu Leslie, jednu od njegovih učenica. Noći je provodio na nastupima i zabavama u umjetničkim studijima ili u Max's Kansas Cityju, noćnom lokalu na Park Avenue.

Probijanje na scenu
Godine 1971. imao je svoju prvu veliku muzejsku izložbu u Muzeju umjetnosti okruga Los Angeles, uvodeći boju u svoje radove prvi put. Godine 1980. Walker Art Center u Minneapolisu priredio je Closeovu prvu retrospektivu, Close Portraits, koja je putovala od Muzeja umjetnosti St Louisa u Missouriju, do Muzeja suvremene umjetnosti u Chicagu, do Whitney muzeja u New Yorku, gdje je retrospektiva zatvorena. Tijekom tog je razdoblja eksperimentirao sa svojim načinom slikanja. 1988. doživio je napadaj zbog kojeg je ostao paraliziran. Ovaj je događaj značio prekretnicu u njegovu životu. Nakon oporavka mijenja svoj način slikanja. Još jedna retrospektiva otvorena je u MoMA-i, New York, 1998. Prelazila je po SAD-u i završila u galeriji Hayward u Londonu, sljedeće godine.

Close i Leslie razveli su se 2011., a on se oženio umjetnicom Siennom Shields 2013. Dvoje su se razdvojili dvije godine kasnije.

Kontroverze i smrt
2017. godine, Closea je nekoliko žena optužilo za verbalno seksualno zlostavljanje u različitim periodima između 2005. i 2013. Izjavile su kako ih je pozvao u svoj studio da poziraju, prije nego što ih je zamolio da se skinu za portret i davao vulgarne komentare. Nakon što je prvo zanijekao optužbe, Close se ispričao. Ipak, kontroverza je privela kraju njegovu izlagačku karijeru.

Close je 2013. godine dobio dijagnozu Alzheimerove bolesti, dvije godine kasnije izmijenjene na frontotemporalnu demenciju.

Nakon Closeove smrti 2021., njegov neurolog, Thomas M. Wisniewski, rekao je da se Closeovo neprikladno seksualno ponašanje može pripisati njegovoj dijagnozi frontotemporalne demencije. Wisniewski je rekao da je Close "bio vrlo dezinhibiran i radio je neprikladne stvari, koje su bile posljedica njegovog zdravstvenog stanja", te da ova vrsta demencije "uništava onaj dio mozga koji upravlja ponašanjem i inhibira osnovne instinkte", dodajući da su "seksualna neprikladnost i katastrofalne financijske odluke uobičajeni simptomi."

Stvaralaštvo

Umjetnost Chucka Closea se očituje u masovnim fotorealističnim portretima i autoportretima. Međutim, sebe nije smatrao umjetnikom fotorealizma, već "apstraktnim ekspresionistom trećeg vala". U jednom intervjuu, Close je opisao rani susret sa slikom Jacksona Pollocka: "Prvi put sam s majkom otišao u Muzej umjetnosti u Seattleu kada sam imao 14 godina. Vidio sam jednu prskanu sliku Jacksona Pollocka s aluminijskom bojom, katranom, šljunkom i svim tim stvarima. Bio sam apsolutno bijesan, uznemiren. To je bilo toliko udaljeno od onoga što sam mislio da je umjetnost. Međutim, unutar dva ili tri dana, kapao sam boju po svojim starim slikama. Na neki način od tada jurim za tim iskustvom."Close je rekao da je imao prozopagnoziju, također poznatu kao sljepoću lica, zbog koje je imao poteškoća u prepoznavanju novih lica. Slikajući portrete, bolje je prepoznavao i pamtio lica. Što se toga tiče, Close je rekao: "Nisam bio svjestan odluke da slikam portrete jer imam poteškoća s prepoznavanjem lica. To mi je palo na pamet dvadeset godina nakon činjenice kada sam pogledao zašto još uvijek slikam portrete, zašto mi je to još uvijek bilo hitno. Počeo sam shvaćati da me to tako dugo drži jer imam poteškoća u prepoznavanju lica."

Neki od njegovih subjekata su osobno bili: Philip Glass, Lou Reed, Robert De Niro, Oprah Winfrey, Helen Mirren, Julia Roberts, Scarlett Johansson, Bill Clinton, Hillary Clinton i drugi.

Način slikanja
Tijekom svoje karijere eksperimentirao je različitim tehnikama za slikanje svojih portreta. Koristio bi tintu, grafit, akvarel, masne bojice, slikanje prstima. U tehnikama printanja koristio je Mezzotintu, bakropis, linorez, sitotisak, papirni kolaž, Polaroid fotografije i sl. U početku je slikao samo crno-bijele slike, a početkom 70-ih upotrebljava boju.

Prekretnica u njegovom načinu slikanja dogodila se 7. prosinca 1988., kada je Close doživio napadaj koji ga je ostavio paraliziranim od vrata do dna tijela. Uzrok je bio kolaps spinalne arterije. Kao dijete je, također, patio od neuromuskularnih problema. Tu je situaciju Close nazivao "Događaj (The Event)" jer je ona bila prekretnica u njegovom načinu slikanja. Kako su prolazili mjeseci dok nije mogao kretati mišiće, nakon blažeg oporavka, nastavio je slikati s kistom privezanim za zglob ruke. Asistent bi mu na platnu povukao linije i tako načinio pravocrtnu mrežu kvadratića koju bi Close ispunjavao bojama. Takve kompozicije su iz daljine pokazivale cjelovitu sliku, no u pikseliziranoj formi. Nakon "Događaja", Close se okreće takvom apstraktnom načinu slikanja. Nekolicina njegovih pikseliziranih portreta repliciraju obris lica kroz ukrasno staklo, u kojima je dijelio kompoziciju na mnoštvo sitnih šarenih kvadratića. Ipak, njegova apstrakcija je uvijek ostala u odrazu fotorealizma.

Izvori

Američki slikari
Grafičari
Fotografi

Chuck Close


حجة الإسلام هو لقب في الحوزة العلمية الشيعية يعطى لمن بدأ في حضور دروس السطوح العالية. ويسبق هذا اللقب درجة حجة الإسلام والمسلمين، بينما حجة الإسلام هو لقب أطلقه علماء مسلمون سنة على أبو حامد محمد بن محمد الغزالي.

المراجع

الشيعة
أدوار قيادية دينية
ألقاب تشريفية إسلامية
مصطلحات إسلامية
مصطلحات عربية

حجة الإسلام


Gabriel Gustavo Perrone  (Buenos Aires, Argentina; 15 de abril de 1965) es un exfutbolista argentino y su último club como entrenador fue All Boys. Actualmente se desempeña como secretario técnico en el Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata.

Trayectoria

Como jugador
Jugó como defensa central y comenzó su carrera jugando para River Plate, donde jugó desde 1986 hasta 1988. Luego fue transferido a Ferrocarril Oeste, donde permaneció durante un par de temporadas. Su carrera como jugador terminó con una rotura de ligamento cruzado después de jugar en las ligas menores con Atlanta y CD FAS de El Salvador.

Como entrenador
Fue ayudante técnico por 10 años de Carlos Griguol en River Plate, Real Betis, Ferrocarril Oeste y Gimnasia y Esgrima de La Plata. Pasó a ser Entrenador en Ecuador con CD Olmedo y Deportivo Cuenca.Después de hacer buenas campañas en estos clubes, firma un contrato con el Club Sport Emelec en el 2009, que obtuvo el tercer lugar del Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de ese mismo año. Con eso, Emelec clasificó a la Copa Libertadores 2010.

Los equipos de Perrone suelen ser muy organizados y agresivos a la hora de atacar convirtiendo a sus delanteros en goleadores de torneos como Hernan Barcos o Juan Carlos Ferreyra, teniendo algunos riesgos en defensa y ser extremadamente efectivo en ataque. También es muy famoso en Ecuador, para tener una buena visión y la contratación de jugadores desconocidos, que terminan jugando bien.

Asumió el mando del club Rangers de Talca a mediados del 2011, cuando éste estaba en Primera B de Chile y su anterior director técnico Marcelo Peña, renunció indeclinablemente a la banca del club, debido a los resultados que hicieron que dejase el club, durante las últimas fechas del Torneo de Clausura. Por ese motivo, la sociedad del club  se contactó con Perrone, para mejorar los resultados y llevar al equipo a la Primera División.

Bajo su dirección se alcanzaría el cupo para la Final por el subcampeonato y 2º Ascenso a Primera División contra el Everton de Marco Antonio Figueroa, el cual saldría victorioso el equipo de Talca, tras igualar de local a 1 gol y de visita a 3 goles (según las reglas del torneo de la Primera B de Chile, el gol de visita vale más que el de local). Con esto logró así, el tan ansiado y anhelado ascenso al fútbol de honor, siendo subcampeón del certamen tras Deportes Antofagasta. Tras esto, el presidente del Club, Ricardo Pini declaraba que Gabriel Perrone, seguiría en el club hasta fines del 2012, pero en atención a los malos resultados, con el equipo rojinegro en la penúltima posición, renuncia a la banca rojinegra, el 2 de marzo de 2012.

En septiembre del año 2012, asume como entrenador de San Martín de San Juan, reemplazando a Facundo Sava quien tuvo una floja campaña dejando al equipo en puestos de descenso. Su objetivo fue mantener la categoría en el Torneo Inicial 2012, realizando una buenacampaña al principio pero luego de algunos dudosos arbitrajes durante los encuentros siguientes el equipo sanjuanino pierde mucha confianza y cae en la tabla de posiciones, causa por la cual Perrone es despedido del equipo.

A fines del año 2014  se convirtió en el nuevo entrenador del Club Atlético All Boys. Luego de pensar y analizar, los dirigentes del equipo de Floresta optaron y se volcaron por Perrone que firmó por un año su vínculo con el club. De esta manera, All Boys contó con el entrenador para afrontar parte de la temporada 2015 de la Primera B Nacional. En septiembre de 2015, dejó la banca del Albo debido a los malos resultados, dejando al equipo en puestos de descenso.

Estadísticas como entrenador

* Actualizado el 20 de abril de 2015 (Incluye Copa Argentina)

Vida personal

Perrone está casado con una de las hijas de Carlos Griguol, quien actuó como un profesor para la carrera de entrenador de él.

Referencias

Entrenadores del Deportivo Cuenca
Porteños
Entrenadores del Manta Fútbol Club
Entrenadores del Club Social de Deportes Rangers
Entrenadores del Club Sport Emelec
Entrenadores del Club Atlético All Boys
Futbolistas del Club Atlético River Plate en los años 1980
Entrenadores del Club Atlético San Martín (San Juan)
Entrenadores del Centro Deportivo Olmedo

Gabriel Perrone


Der Bleibach ist ein 23,9 km langer, rechter Nebenfluss des Rotbachs in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Deutschland.

Geographie
Der Bleibach entsteht heute durch den Zusammenfluss mehrerer kurzer Quellbäche unmittelbar an der Eifelbahn südlich von Scheven, einem Ortsteil von Kall. Der Ursprung liegt auf einer Höhe von . In überwiegend nordnordöstliche Richtungen laufend, durchfließt der Bach Scheven, Denrath und Roggendorf, bevor er vor Kommern zum Mühlensee angestaut wird. Der Bleischlamm, den der Bach aus dem Bleibergwerk mitbringt, in dem er entspringt, kann sich auf diese Weise unschädlich absetzen. Vorher überschwemmte der Bach im Frühjahr die Wiesen an seinen Ufern, weshalb regelmäßig Vieh am Bleigehalt des Grases erkrankte. Dieser Schutz ist jedoch nicht ausreichend. Nach Durchqueren von Kommern passiert der Bach die Ortschaften Schaven, Firmenich und Obergartzem. An der Tissenicher Mühle mündet linksseitig der Enzbach. Der weitere Weg führt den Bach durch Dürscheven, Irresheim, Frauenberg, Oberwichterich nach Wichterich. Hier mündet der Bleibach am nördlichen Ortsrand auf  von rechts in den Rotbach.

Bei einem Höhenunterschied von 245 m beträgt das mittlere Sohlgefälle 10 ‰. Sein 50,036 km² großes Einzugsgebiet entwässert der Bleibach über Rotbach, Erft und Rhein zur Nordsee.

Nebenflüsse
Bedeutendster Nebenfluss des Bleibachs ist der 5,6 km lange Enzbach. Mit einer Fläche von 8,559 km² hat sein Einzugsgebiet einen Anteil von 17 % an dem des Bleibachs. Im Folgenden werden die Nebenflüsse nach dem Gewässerverzeichnis NRW aufgeführt.

|-
| N.N.
| align="right" | 22,043
| links
| align="right" | 1,6
| align="right" |
| align="center" | 329
| 27448 112
|-
| Wallenthaler Graben
| align="right" | 20,736
| links
| align="right" | 1,9
| align="right" |
| align="center" | 311
| 27448 114
|-
| Kalenberger Bach
| align="right" | 19,824
| rechts
| align="right" | 2,6
| align="right" |
| align="center" | 303
| 27448 12
|-
| N.N.
| align="right" | 18,503
| rechts
| align="right" | 0,8
| align="right" |
| align="center" | 287
| 27448 132
|-
| Krebsbach
| align="right" | 16,867
| links
| align="right" | 1,4
| align="right" |
| align="center" | 272
| 27448 14
|-
| Wälschbach
| align="right" | 13,966
| rechts
| align="right" | 1,8
| align="right" |
| align="center" | 239
| 27448 16
|-
| N.N.
| align="right" | 13,677
| links
| align="right" | 1,5
| align="right" |
| align="center" | 236
| 27448 172
|-
| Gehlbach
| align="right" | 13,138
| rechts
| align="right" | 1,7
| align="right" |
| align="center" | 230
| 27448 18
|-
| N.N.
| align="right" | 9,313
| rechts
| align="right" | 1,1
| align="right" |
| align="center" | 195
| 27448 192
|-
| Enzbach
| align="right" | 7,206
| links
| align="right" | 5,6
| align="right" | 8,559
| align="center" | 178
| 27448 2
|-

Sonstiges
Auf Grunde der Lage in Nähe des Baches trägt die Kita in Firmenich den Namen "AWO Kindertagesstätte Bleibachzwerge".

Einzelnachweise

Literatur

Fluss in Europa
Fluss in Nordrhein-Westfalen
Gewässer im Kreis Euskirchen

Bleibach (Rotbach)


Laura Hippe (* 24. Dezember 1995) ist eine deutsche Volleyballspielerin.

Karriere
Laura Hippe ist die jüngere Schwester der Nationalspielerin Saskia Hippe. 2011 wurde die Zuspielerin in den erweiterten Kader der Bundesliga-Mannschaft des Köpenicker SC aufgenommen, in der früher auch ihre Schwester gespielt hatte. Laura Hippe war gleichzeitig für die zweite Mannschaft spielberechtigt. 2012 wechselte sie in die zweite Mannschaft in die Regionalliga Nordost, die aufstieg und ab 2013 in der Dritten Liga Nord spielte. In der Saison 2014/15 spielte sie zweimal in der Volleyball-Bundesliga für den Köpenicker SC. Seit 2015 spielt sie in der Dritten Liga Nord beim BBSC Berlin.

Weblinks
 Laura Hippe, de.scoresway.com
 Profil beim BBSC Berlin

Einzelnachweise

Volleyballspieler (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Geboren 1995
Frau

Laura Hippe


Nano (sembol: n), Yunanca 'cüce' demektir. Nano önekli ifadeler, herhangi bir ölçünün milyarda birini gösterir. Örneğin; nanometre, metrenin milyarda birini (1 nm = 1/1.000.000.000 m) 10−9 ifade etmektedir.

Bununla beraber bilgisayarlar günümüzdekilerden milyarlarca defa daha güçlü olacak ve yeni tıbbi cihazların özellikleri bugün iyileştirme yöntemlerini bildiğimiz hastalıklara karşı daha etkin ve iz bırakmadan, çabuk bir şekilde uygulamamızı sağlayacak, yeni tedavi yöntemleri bulma yönündeki umutlarımızı arttıracak, bu yeni ve çok titiz üretim metotları günümüzün kirleten üretim şekillerinin de ortadan kalkmasını sağlayacak. Moleküler üretim, isteneni çok çok daha etkin olarak verecek, ne fazla ne eksik, böylece kirletici maddeler oluşamayacak.

Fikir olarak 1960'lı yıllarda ortaya çıkmış ve 1990'li yıllarda daha fazla araştırma yapılmaya başlamıştır. Yeni enerji gereksinimi ve artan çevre kirliliği bu araştırmaları hızlandırmıştır. Kısa zamanda dünyada tüm mekanik üretim anlayışını ortadan kaldıracağı ve yep yeni mesleklerin doğmasına yol açacağı bilim dünyasında ortak kanıya dönüyor.

Günümüz teknolojisinde, kumaş, boya ve araba sanayinde, temizlik için ve yüzey kalitesini artırmak için zaten kullanılmakta olan bu teknoloji her gün yeni bir ürün sunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

Nanoteknoloji
Ön ekler

Nano-


Novibipalium est un genre de vers plats terrestres de la sous-famille des Bipaliinae (vers plats à tête en forme de marteau) dont l'espèce type est Bipalium trifuscostriatum Kaburaki, 1922.

Description
Les espèces de Novibipalium sont très similaires à celles du genre Bipalium mais en diffèrent par leur appareil copulateur qui ne dispose pas de papille pénienne fortement développée mais, à la place, d'un ensemble de plis qui se retroussent pendant l'accouplement créant un pénis temporaire.

Liste des espèces
Novibipalium alterifuscatum Kawakatsu, Ogren & Froehlich, 1998
Novibipalium falsifuscatum Kawakatsu, Ogren & Froehlich, 1998
Novibipalium miyukiae Kawakatsu, Sluys & Ogren, 2005
Novibipalium murayamai Kawakatsu, Sluys & Ogren, 2005
Novibipalium trifuscostriatum (Kaburaki, 1922)
Novibipalium venosum (Kaburaki, 1922)

Références

Liens externes

Geoplanidae
Genre de plathelminthes (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique d'Asie

Novibipalium


Network File System (NFS) mrežni je protokol za pohranu podataka na razini datoteka (za razliku od pohrane na razini bloka koju koriste sustav SAN) povezan s računalnom mrežom koji omogućuje pristup podacima heterogenoj skupini klijenata. NFS  prema načinu djelovanja radi kao sustav NAS.

NFS je protokol distribuiranog datotečnog sustava koji je izvorno razvila tvrtka Sun Microsystems (Sun) 1984. godine, omogućavajući korisniku na klijentskom računalu pristup datotekama preko računalne mreže slično kao što se pristupa sustavu za lokalnu pohranu podataka (lokalnom datotečnom sustavu). NFS, kao i mnogi drugi protokoli, temelji se na sustavu Open Network Computing Remote Procedure Call (ONC RPC).

NFS je otvoreni IETF standard definiran u zahtjevu za komentare (RFC), koji svakome omogućuje implementaciju ovog protokola.

Postoji više njegovih inačica i ekstenzija:

 NVSv2 – definiran u: RFC 1094
 NVSv3 – definiran u: RFC 1813
 NVSv4 – definiran u: RFC 3010, RFC 3530, RFC 7530
 NVSv.4.1 – definiran u: RFC 5661, RFC 8881
 NVSv.4.2 – definiran u: RFC 7862

Povezani članci

 Network Attached Storage (NAS)
 Storage Area Network (SAN)
 Proxmox Virtual Environment

Izvori

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