The Jaguar E-Type, or the Jaguar XK-E for the North American market, is a British sports car that was manufactured by Jaguar Cars Ltd between 1961 and 1974. Its combination of aesthetics, high performance, and competitive pricing established the model as an icon of the motoring world. The E-Type's claimed  top speed, sub-7-second 0 to 60 mph (97 km/h) acceleration, unitary construction, disc brakes, rack-and-pinion steering, and independent front and rear suspension distinguished the car and spurred industry-wide changes.

The E-Type was based on Jaguar's D-Type racing car, which had won the 24 Hours of Le Mans for three consecutive years beginning in 1955.

The E-Type employed what was, for the early 1960s, a novel design principle, with a front subframe carrying the engine, front suspension and front bodywork bolted directly to the body tub. No ladder frame chassis, as was common at the time, was needed and as such the first cars weighed only .

It is rumored that, on its debut on 15 March 1961, Enzo Ferrari called it "the most beautiful car ever made", but this statement is not fully confirmed. In 2004, Sports Car International magazine placed the E-Type at number one on their list of Top Sports Cars of the 1960s. In March 2008, the Jaguar E-Type ranked first in The Daily Telegraphs online list of the world's "100 most beautiful cars" of all time. Outside automotive circles, the E-type has featured in the Diabolik comic series, the Austin Powers films and the television series Mad Men.

Overview

The E-Type was introduced as a rear-wheel drive grand tourer in two-seater coupé form (FHC or Fixed Head Coupé) and as a two-seater convertible "roadster" (OTS or Open Two Seater). A "2+2" four-seater version of the coupé, with a lengthened wheelbase, was released in 1966.

Later model updates of the E-Type were officially designated "Series 2" and "Series 3", and over time the earlier cars have come to be referred to as "Series 1." As with other partly hand made cars of the time, changes were incremental and ongoing, which has led to confusion over exactly what a Series 1 car is. This is of more than academic interest, as Series 1 E-Types—and particularly Series 1 roadsters—often have values in excess of Series 2 and 3 models.

The Series 1 cars essentially fall into two categories: Those made between 1961 and 1964, which had 3.8-litre engines and (on all but the very last cars) partial synchromesh transmissions; and those made between 1965 and 1967, which increased engine size and torque by around 10% to 4.2 litres, and also provided new reclining seats, an alternator in place of the dynamo, an electrical system switched to negative earth, a more reliable brake servo, and other modern amenities. Styling was unchanged.

As a result, the 4.2-litre Type 1 generally became the most valuable form of the car. However, as of the end of 2014, the most expensive regular production Jaguar E-Types sold at auction included a 4.2-litre Series 1 roadster, with matching numbers, original paint and interior, under 80,000 original miles, and a history of being in the original buyer's family for 45 years, for $467,000 in 2013, and a 3.8-litre 1961 "flat floor" Series 1, for $528,000 in 2014. Special run racing lightweights go for far more still. For example, a 1963 E-type Lightweight Competition advertised as very original and with much patina (wearing the "factory installed interior and bodywork showing the patina of decades of use," although it was re-painted and has a non-matching numbers - albeit factory provided - engine), one of just twelve that were built, sold for $7,370,000 at the 2017 Scottsdale, Arizona auctions.

Being a British-made car of the 1960s, there are some rather rare sub-types of Series 1 E-Types, particularly at the beginning and end of the Series 1 production. For example, the first 500 Series 1 cars had flat floors and external bonnet latches. At the close of the Series 1 production run, there were a small number of cars produced that are identical in every respect to other Series 1 units (including triple SU carbs, button actuated starter, toggle switches, etc.), except that the headlight covers were removed for better illumination. It is not known exactly how many of these Series 1 cars (sometimes referred to as for convenience sake as "Series 1.25," but per Jaguar, Series 1) were produced, but given that 1,508 Series 1 roadsters were produced worldwide for 1967, combined with the fact that these examples were made in just the last several months of Series 1 production, means that these, like the flat floor examples that began the Series 1 production run, are the lowest volume Series 1 variant, save of course for the special lightweights.

Including both left and right hand drive examples, a total of 7,828 3.8-litre Series 1 roadsters were built, with 6,749 of the later 4.2-litre Series 1 roadsters having been manufactured.

While the 1968 Series 1.5 cars maintained the essential design of the Series 1 models, US emission regulations saw its triple SU carburettors replaced there with twin Zenith-Stromberg units, resulting in a drop in claimed horsepower from 265 to 246 and torque from 283 to 263.

Of the "Series 1" cars, Jaguar manufactured some limited-edition variants, inspired by motor racing:

The "'Lightweight' E-Type" initiated and designed for competition was intended as a racing follow-up to the D-Type. Jaguar planned to produce 18 units but ultimately only a dozen were reportedly built. Of those, two have been converted to low drag form and two others are known to have been crashed and deemed to be beyond repair, although one has now been rebuilt. These are exceedingly rare and sought after by collectors. *The "Low Drag Coupé" was a one-off technical exercise which was ultimately sold to a Jaguar racing driver. It is presently believed to be part of the private collection of the current Viscount Cowdray. In 2014, Jaguar announced its intention to build the remaining six lightweights, at a cost of approximately £1 million each.

Safety and emissions regulations in the North American market resulted in Series 2 and 3 E-Types being fitted with a larger grille, wider wheel arches, and bigger bumpers. And they were also fitted with a bigger radiator and cooling system because the Series 1 were notorious for overheating

The New York City Museum of Modern Art recognised the significance of the E-Type's design in 1996 by adding a blue roadster to its permanent design collection, one of only six automobiles to receive the distinction.
The MoMA XKE is a Series 1 roadster.

Concept versions

E1A (1957)
After the company's success at the Le Mans 24 hr through the 1950s, Jaguar's racing department was given the brief to use D-Type style construction to build a road-going sports car, replacing the XK150.

The first prototype (E1A), featured a monocoque design designed in 1957 by William Heynes Technical Director and Chief Engineer, Jaguar's fully independent rear suspension and the well proven "XK" engine.
The car was used solely for factory testing and was never formally released to the public. The car was eventually scrapped by the factory.

E2A (1960)
Jaguar's second E-Type concept was E2A which, unlike the E1A, was constructed from a steel chassis with an aluminium body. This car was completed as a racing car as it was thought by Jaguar at the time it would provide a better testing ground. E2A used a 3-litre version of the XK engine with a Lucas fuel injection system.

After retiring from the Le Mans 24 hr the car was shipped to America to be used for racing by Jaguar privateer Briggs Cunningham. In 1961, the car returned to Jaguar in England to be used as a test vehicle. Ownership of E2A passed in 1970 to Roger Woodley (Jaguar's customer competition car manager) who took possession on the basis the car not be used for racing. E2A had been possibly scheduled to be scrapped. Roger's wife owned E2A until 2008 when it was offered for sale at Bonham's Quail Auction, where it sold for US$4,957,000.

E-Type Concept Zero (2017)
Jaguar unveiled a modern revival of the 1968 E-Type series 1.5 roadster with an all-electric, zero-emission powertrain in September 2017. The vehicle has a 40kWh battery-powered electric motor and can accelerate to 60mph in 5.5 seconds. On a full charge, the vehicle has a range of . The battery pack is designed to fit in the space occupied by the original six-cylinder motor without any modifications, and will fit in any model Jaguar using the same motor. The electric motor replaces the original transmission.

In August 2018, Jaguar confirmed it will offer all-electric E-Types for sale starting in summer 2020.. However, this plan was halted in 2019.

Production versions

Series 1 (1961–68)
{{Infobox automobile |sp=uk
| name           = Series 1
| aka            = Jaguar XK-E
| image          = SeriesoneJag.jpg
| production     = March 1961–68
| body_style     = 2-door fastback coupé2-door 2+2 fastback coupé2-door roadster
| engine         = 3.8 L XK I64.2 L XK I6'| transmission = 4-speed manual; 3-speed automatic (automatic available 1966-onward, 2+2 model only)
| length =  (FHC / OTS)   (2+2)
| width =  (all)
| height =  (FHC)   (2+2)   (OTS)
| weight =  (FHC)   (OTS)   (2+2)
| wheelbase =   (FHC / OTS)   (2+2)
}}

The Series 1 was introduced, initially for export only, in March 1961. The domestic market launch came four months later in July 1961. The cars at this time used the triple SU carburetted 3.8-litre six-cylinder Jaguar XK6 engine from the XK150S. Earlier built cars utilised external bonnet latches which required a tool to open and had a flat floor design. These cars are rare and more valuable. After that, the floors were dished to provide more leg room and the twin bonnet latches moved to inside the car. The 3.8-litre engine was increased to  in October 1964.

The 4.2-litre engine produced the same power as the 3.8-litre () and same top speed (), but increased torque 18% from . Acceleration remained pretty much the same and  times were around 6.4 seconds for both engines, but maximum power was now reached at 5,400 rpm instead of 5,500 rpm on the 3.8-litre. That all meant better throttle response for drivers that did not want to shift down gears. The 4.2-litre's block was completely redesigned, made longer to accommodate  larger bores, and the crankshaft modified to use newer bearings. Other engine upgrades included a new alternator/generator and an electric cooling fan for the radiator.Autocar road tested a UK spec E-Type 4.2 fixed head coupé in May 1965. The maximum speed was , the  time was 7.6 seconds and the  from a standing start took 15.1 seconds. They summarised it as "In its 4.2 guise the E-Type is a fast car (the fastest we have ever tested) and offers just about the easiest way to travel quickly by road.".Motor magazine road tested a UK spec E-Type 4.2 fixed head coupé in Oct 1964. The maximum speed was , the 0- time was 7 seconds and the  time was 14.9 seconds. They summarised it as "The new 4.2 supersedes the early 3.8 as the fastest car Motor has tested. The absurd ease which  can be exceeded in a  never failed to astonish.  of testing confirms that this is still one of the world's outstanding cars".

All E-Types featured independent coil spring rear suspension designed and developed by R J Knight with torsion bar front ends, and four wheel disc brakes, in-board at the rear, all were power-assisted. The Coventry engineers spared nothing with regards to high automotive technology in braking. Like several British car builders of the middle and late 1950s, the four-wheel disc brakes were also used in that era by Austin-Healey and MG, putting the British far ahead of Ferrari, Maserati, Alfa Romeo, Porsche, and Mercedes-Benz. Even Lanchester tried an abortive attempt to use copper disc brakes in 1902. Jaguar was one of the first vehicle manufacturers to equip production cars with 4 wheel disc brakes as standard from the XK150 in 1958. The Series 1 (except for late 1967 models) can be recognised by glass-covered headlights (up to 1967), small "mouth" opening at the front, signal lights and tail-lights above bumpers and exhaust tips under the number plate in the rear.

3.8-litre cars have leather-upholstered bucket seats, an aluminium-trimmed centre instrument panel and console (changed to vinyl and leather in 1963), and a Moss four-speed gearbox that lacks synchromesh for first gear ("Moss box") on all except very last cars. 4.2-litre cars have more comfortable seats, improved brakes and electrical systems, and, obviously, an all-synchromesh Jaguar designed four-speed gearbox. 4.2-litre cars also have a badge on the boot proclaiming "Jaguar 4.2 Litre E-Type" (3.8 cars have a simple "Jaguar" badge). Optional extras included chrome spoked wheels and a detachable hard top for the OTS. When leaving the factory the car was originally fitted with Dunlop 6.40 × 15-inch RS5 tyres on 15 × 5K wire wheels (with the rear fitting 15 × 5K½ wheels supplied with 6.50 X15 Dunlop Racing R5 tyres in mind of competition). Later Series One cars were fitted with Dunlop 185 - 15 SP41 or 185 VR 15 Pirelli Cinturato as radial ply tyres.

A 2+2 version of the fastback coupé was added in 1966. The 2+2 offered the option of an automatic transmission. The body is  longer and the roof angles are different. The roadster and the non 2+2 FHC (Fixed Head Coupé) remained as two-seaters.

Less widely known, right at the end of Series 1 production, but prior to the transitional "Series 1½" referred to below, a small number of Series 1 cars were produced with open headlights. These Series 1 cars had their headlights modified by removing the covers and altering the scoops they sit in, but these Series 1 headlights differ in several respects from those later used in the Series 1½ (or 1.5), the main being they are shorter at 143 mm from the Series 1½ at 160 mm.See Jaguar Clubs of North America concourse information at:  and more specifically the actual Series 1½ concourse guide at  Production dates on these machines vary but in right-hand drive form production has been verified as late as July 1968. They are not "rare" in the sense of the build of the twelve lightweights, but they are certainly uncommon; they were not produced until January 1967 and given the foregoing information that they were produced as late as July 1968, it appears that there must have been an overlap with the Series 1.5 production, which began in August 1967 as model year 1968 models. These calendar year/model year Series 1 E-Types are identical to other 4.2-litre Series 1 examples in every respect except for the open headlights; all other component areas, including the exterior, the interior, and the engine compartment are the same, with the same three SU carburettors, polished aluminium cam covers, centre dash toggle switches, etc.

Following the Series 1 there was a transitional series of cars built in 1967–68 as model year 1968 cars, unofficially called "Series 1½." Due to American pressure the new features were not just open headlights, but also different switches (black rocker switches as opposed to the Series 1 toggle switches), de-tuning for emissions (using two Zenith-Stromberg carburettors instead of the original three SUs) for US models, ribbed cam covers painted black except for the top brushed aluminium ribbing, bonnet frames on the OTS that have two bows, and other changes. Series 1½ cars also have twin cooling fans and adjustable seat backs. The biggest change between 1961 and 1967 Series 1 E-Types and the 1968 Series 1.5 was the reduction in the number of carburettors from 3 to just 2 (North America), resulting in a loss in horsepower.

Series 2 features were gradually introduced into the Series 1, creating the unofficial Series 1½ cars, but always with the Series 1 body style. A United States federal safety law affecting 1968 model year cars sold in the US was the reason for the lack of headlight covers and change in dash switch design in the "Series 1.5" of 1968. An often overlooked change, one that is often "modified back" to the older style, is the wheel knock-off "nut." US safety law for 1968 models also forbade the winged-spinner knockoff, and any 1968 model year sold in the US (or earlier German delivery cars) should have a hexagonal knockoff nut, to be hammered on and off with the assistance of a special "socket" included with the car from the factory. This hexagonal nut carried on into the later Series 2 and 3. The engine configuration of the US Series 1.5s was the same as is found in the Series 2.

An open 3.8-litre car, actually the first such production car to be completed, was tested by the British magazine  Motor in 1961 and had a top speed of  and could accelerate from  in 7.1 seconds. A fuel consumption of  was recorded. The test car cost £2,097 including taxes.

The cars submitted for road test by the motoring journals of the time (1961) such as Motor, Autocar and Autosport'' magazines were prepared by the Jaguar works. This work entailed engine balancing and subtle tuning work such as gas-flowing checking the cylinder heads but otherwise production built engines.

Both of the well-known 1961 road test cars: the E-Type coupé Reg. No. 9600 HP and E-Type Convertible Reg. No. 77 RW, were fitted with Dunlop Racing Tyres on test, which had a larger rolling diameter and lower drag coefficient. This goes some way to explaining the  maximum speeds that were obtained under ideal test conditions. The maximum safe rev limit for standard 6-cylinder 3.8-litre E-Type engines is 5,500 rpm. The later 4.2-Litre units had a red marking on the rev counter from just 5,000 rpm. Both 3.8 test cars may have approached 6,000 rpm in top gear when on road test, depending on final drive ratio.

Production numbers from Robson:
 15,490 3.8s
 17,320 4.2s
 10,930 2+2s

Production numbers:

Series 2 (1968–71)

The Series 2 introduced a number of design changes, largely due to U.S. National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration mandates. The most distinctive exterior feature is the absence of the glass headlight covers, which affected several other imported cars, such as the Citroën DS, as well. Unlike other cars, this step was applied worldwide for the E-Type.

Other hallmarks of Series 2 cars are a wrap-around rear bumper, larger front indicators and tail lights re-positioned below the bumpers, and an enlarged grille and twin electric fans to aid cooling.

Additional U.S.-inspired changes included a steering lock which moved the ignition switch to the steering column, replacing the dashboard mounted ignition and push button starter, the symmetrical array of metal toggle switches replaced with plastic rockers, and a collapsible steering column to absorb impact in the event of an accident. New seats allowed the fitment of head restraints, as required by U.S. law beginning in 1969.

The engine is easily identified visually by the change from smooth polished cam covers to a more industrial "ribbed" appearance. It was de-tuned in the US with twin two-barrel Strombergs replacing three SUs. Combined with larger valve clearances horsepower was reduced from 265 to 246 and torque from 283 to 263.

Air conditioning and power steering were available as factory options.

Production according to Robson is 13,490 of all types.

Series 2 production numbers:

Official delivery numbers by market and year are listed in Porter but no summary totals are given.

Series 3 (1971–74)

The E-Type Series 3 was introduced in 1971, with a new 5.3 L Jaguar V12 engine, uprated brakes and standard power steering. An automatic transmission, wire wheels and air conditioning were available options. The V12 was equipped with four Zenith carburettors, and as introduced produced a claimed , more torque, and a 0–60 mph acceleration of less than seven seconds. The short wheelbase FHC body style was discontinued, with the Series 3 available only as a convertible and 2+2 coupé. Fifty Series 3 E-Types were constructed as end of model commemorative cars. They featured black exteriors, cinnamon upholstery and commemorative plaques on the glove box (apart from a single green car that Jaguar painted for a long-standing customer). The final production E-Type OTS Roadster was built in June 1974.

The new longer wheelbase offered significantly more room in all directions. The Series 3 is easily identifiable by the large cross-slatted front grille, flared wheel arches, wider tyres, four exhaust tips and a badge on the rear that proclaims it to be a V12. The first published road test of the series 3 was in Jaguar Driver, the club magazine of the Jaguar Drivers' Club, the only owners club to be officially sanctioned by Sir William Lyons and Jaguar themselves. The road test of a car provided by Jaguar was published ahead of all the national and international magazines.

Cars for the US market were fitted with large projecting rubber bumper over-riders (in 1973 these were on front, in 1974 both front and rear) to meet local  impact regulations, but those on European models were considerably smaller. US models also have side indicator repeats on the front wings. There were also a very limited number of six-cylinder Series 3 E-Types built. These were featured in the initial sales procedure but the lack of demand stopped their production. The V12 Open Two Seater and V12 2+2 were factory fitted with Dunlop E70VR − 15-inch tyres on 15 × 6K wire or solid wheels.

Robson lists production at 15,290.

Series 3 production numbers:

Limited editions
Two limited production E-Type variants were made as test beds, the low drag coupé and lightweight E-Type, both of which were raced:

Low Drag Coupé (1962)
Shortly after the introduction of the E-Type, Jaguar wanted to investigate the possibility of building a car more in the spirit of the D-Type racer from which elements of the E-Type's styling and design were derived. One car was built to test the concept designed as a coupé. Unlike the steel production E-Types, the LDC used lightweight aluminium. Malcolm Sayer retained the original tub with lighter outer panels riveted and glued to it. The front steel sub frame remained intact, the windshield was given a more pronounced slope, and the rear hatch was welded shut. Rear brake cooling ducts appeared next to the rear windows, and the interior trim was discarded, with only insulation around the transmission tunnel. With the exception of the windscreen, all cockpit glass was Perspex. A tuned version of Jaguar's 3.8-litre engine with a wide-angle cylinder head design tested on the D-Type racers was used.

The only test bed car was completed in summer of 1962 but was sold a year later to Jaguar racing driver Dick Protheroe. Since then it has passed through the hands of several collectors on both sides of the Atlantic and is now believed to reside in the private collection of the current Viscount Cowdray.

Peter Lindner, the Jaguar distributor in Germany, had his Lightweight modified by competition department to include the low drag roof and rear panels as part of an effort to win the GT class at Le Mans. Lindner's car was more than a match for the Ferrari 250 GTO but mechanical problems forced it out of the race. Lindner was later killed in a racing accident that demolished his car, which has recently been restored.

Jaguar waited too long before committing to a racing program in earnest and what could have been a world champion in 1962 was not competitive by 1965.

Lightweight E-Type (1963–64, 2014–present)
Twelve cars plus two spare bodies were made by Jaguar.

In some ways, this was an evolution of the low drag coupé. It made extensive use of aluminium alloy metal, in the body panels and other components. However, with at least one exception, it remained an open-top car in the spirit of the D-Type to which this car is a more direct successor than the production E-Type which is more of a GT than a sports car. The cars used an aluminium block tuned version of the production 3.8-litre Jaguar engine with  output rather than the  produced by the "ordinary" version. Factory-built lightweights were homologated by Jaguar with three 45DCOE Weber carburettors in addition to a Lucas mechanical fuel injection system. Early cars were fitted with a close-ratio version of the four speed E-Type gearbox, with some later cars being fitted with a ZF five speed gearbox.

The cars were entered in various races but, unlike the C-Type and D-Type racing cars, they did not win at Le Mans or Sebring but were reasonably successful in private hands and in smaller races.

One lightweight was modified by Jaguar competition department into a low drag coupé (the Lindner/Nöcker car).

 Another lightweight was modified into a unique low drag design (the Lumsden/Sargent car), by Dr Samir Klat of Imperial College.

Many were fitted with more powerful engines as developments occurred.

On 14 May 2014, Jaguar's Heritage Business announced it would be building the six 'remaining' lightweights. The original run of lightweights was meant to be 18 vehicles; however only 12 were built. The new cars, using the unused chassis codes, will be hand built to exactly the same specification as the originals. Availability was prioritised for established collectors of Jaguars, with a focus on those who have an interest in historic race cars.

William Towns also produced 2 special bodied V12s badged as the Guyson E12

Motorsport

Bob Jane won the 1963 Australian GT Championship at the wheel of a "lightweight" E-Type.

The Jaguar E-Type was very successful in SCCA Production sports car racing with Group 44 and Bob Tullius taking the B-Production championship with a Series-3 V12 racer in 1975. A few years later, Gran-Turismo Jaguar from Cleveland Ohio campaigned a 4.2-litre six-cylinder FHC racer in SCCA production series, and in 1980 won the National Championship in the SCCA C-Production Class, defeating a fully funded factory Nissan Z-car team with Paul Newman.

Commemoration
In 2013, the Jaguar E-Type featured on a "British Auto Legends" postage stamp issued by the Royal Mail.

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

 On-line Registry with 12,000+ car records and 89,000+ photos of the E-Type
 Jaguar International
 Jaguar USA
 Jaguar MENA

E-Type
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Sports cars
Cars introduced in 1961
1970s cars
2+2 coupés
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Jaguar E-Type


Pedro de Alvarado y Contreras (født ca. 1485, død 4. juli 1541) var en spansk conquistador, der deltog i erobring af aztekerne i Mexico i 1519 og førte erobring af Maya i 1523. Blev kaldt "Tonatiuh" eller "Sol Gud" af aztekerne

Kilder

Opdagelsesrejsende fra Spanien
Personer fra Badajoz
Omkomne ved rideulykker

Pedro de Alvarado


Niklaus Purtschert, auch Nikolaus Purtscher oder Butschert (* 3. Oktober 1750 in Pfaffnau; † 3. Februar 1815 in Luzern) war ein Schweizer Baumeister und Politiker. Bekannt geworden ist er durch mehrere Kirchenbauten in der Zentralschweiz.

Biografie
Sein Vater Johann Jakob Purtschert stammte aus St. Gerold im Grossen Walsertal (Vorarlberg) und liess sich im luzernischen Pfaffnau nieder. Niklaus Purtschert erhielt seine Ausbildung zum Baumeister bei seinem Vater sowie in Paris. Nachdem er Hintersasse der Stadt Luzern geworden war, erhielt er 1776 als ersten Auftrag den Neubau der Pfarrkirche in Entlebuch zugesprochen.

Purtschert liess sich von dem in Luzern tätigen Tiroler Baumeister Jakob Singer inspirieren und entwickelte dessen spätbarocken Kirchentyp klassizistisch weiter. Im Laufe der Jahre kamen weitere Kirchen in Wollerau, Ruswil, Beckenried, Richenthal, Buochs, Schüpfheim und Wohlen hinzu. Zu den profanen Bauten Purtscherts gehören die Orangerie des Klosters St. Urban und das Rathaus von Altdorf.

Ab 1797 war Purtschert neben seiner Tätigkeit als Baumeister auch Steinwerkmeister der Stadt Luzern. 1803 erhielt er das Luzerner Bürgerrecht und wurde im selben Jahr in den Grossen Rat des Kantons Luzern gewählt, dem er bis zu seinem Tod angehörte.

Bauten
 Pfarrkirche Entlebuch (1776–1781)
 Pfarrkirche Wollerau (1780–1785)
 Pfarrkirche Ruswil (1783–1792)
 Pfarrkirche Beckenried (1790–1807)
 Orangerie des Klosters St. Urban (1777–1780)
 Pfarrkirche Richenthal (1803–1807)
 Pfarrkirche Buochs (1802–1808)
 Pfarrkirche Reiden (1803–1807)
 Pfarrkirche Schüpfheim (1804–1808)
 Pfarrkirche Wohlen (1804–1808)
 Rathaus Altdorf (1805–1806)

Literatur

 Niklaus Flüeler (Hrsg.): Kulturführer Schweiz. Ex Libris Verlag, Zürich 1982.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Baumeister
Politiker (Schweiz vor 1848)
Schweizer
Geboren 1750
Gestorben 1815
Mann

Niklaus Purtschert


Högsdorf Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Plön iline bağlı belediye. 10,92 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Aralık 2015 itibarıyla yaklaşık 410 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Kilometrekare başına yaklaşık 38 kişilik bir nüfus yoğunluğuna sahiptir. Belediye Başkanlığı Klaus-Peter Klasen tarafından yürütülmektedir.

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 www.amt-luetjenburg.de

Kaynakça

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Högsdorf


Arthur Rackham  (19 September 1867 – 6 September 1939) was an English book illustrator. He is recognised as one of the leading figures during the Golden Age of British book illustration. His work is noted for its robust pen and ink drawings, which were combined with the use of watercolour, a technique he developed due to his background as a journalistic illustrator.

Rackham's 51 colour pieces for the early American tale Rip Van Winkle became a turning point in the production of books since – through colour-separated printing – it featured the accurate reproduction of colour artwork.  His best-known works also include the illustrations for Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens, and Fairy Tales of the Brothers Grimm.

Biography
Rackham was born at 210 South Lambeth Road, Vauxhall, London as one of 12 children. In 1884, at the age of 17, he was sent on an ocean voyage to Australia to improve his fragile health, accompanied by two aunts.  At the age of 18, he worked as an insurance clerk at the Westminster Fire Office and began studying part-time at the Lambeth School of Art.

In 1892, he left his job and started working for the Westminster Budget as a reporter and illustrator. His first book illustrations were published in 1893 in To the Other Side by Thomas Rhodes, but his first serious commission was in 1894 for The Dolly Dialogues, the collected sketches of Anthony Hope, who later went on to write The Prisoner of Zenda. Book illustrating then became Rackham's career for the rest of his life.

By the turn of the century, Rackham had developed a reputation for pen and ink fantasy illustration with richly illustrated gift books such as The Ingoldsby Legends (1898), Gulliver's Travels and Fairy Tales of the Brothers Grimm (both 1900). This was developed further through the austere years of the Boer War with regular contributions to children's periodicals such as Little Folks and Cassell's Magazine. In 1901 he moved to Wychcombe Studios near Haverstock Hill, and in 1903 married his neighbour Edyth Starkie. Edyth suffered a miscarriage in 1904, but the couple had one daughter, Barbara, in 1908. Although acknowledged as an accomplished black-and-white book illustrator for some years, it was the publication of his full-colour plates to Washington Irving's Rip Van Winkle by Heinemann in 1905 that particularly brought him into public attention, his reputation being confirmed the following year with J.M.Barrie's Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens, published by Hodder & Stoughton. Income from the books was greatly augmented by annual exhibitions of the artwork at the Leicester Galleries. Rackham won a gold medal at the Milan International Exhibition in 1906 and another one at the Barcelona International Exposition in 1912. His works were included in numerous exhibitions, including one at the Louvre in Paris in 1914. Rackham was a member of the Art Workers' Guild and was elected its Master in 1919.

From 1906 the family lived in Chalcot Gardens, near Haverstock Hill, until moving from London to Houghton, West Sussex in 1920. In 1929, the family settled into a newly built property in Limpsfield, Surrey. Ten years later, Arthur Rackham died at home of cancer.

Significance

Arthur Rackham is widely regarded as one of the leading illustrators from the 'Golden Age' of British book illustration which roughly encompassed the years from 1890 until the end of the First World War. During that period, there was a strong market for high quality illustrated books which typically were given as Christmas gifts. Many of Rackham's books were produced in a de luxe limited edition, often vellum bound and usually signed, as well as a smaller, less ornately bound quarto 'trade' edition. This was sometimes followed by a more modestly presented octavo edition in subsequent years for particularly popular books. The onset of the war in 1914 curtailed the market for such quality books, and the public's taste for fantasy and fairies also declined in the 1920s.

Sutherland, referring to Rackham's work in the 20th century, states: "Rackham was, without doubt, one of the finest illustrators of the century." In his survey of British Book Illustration, Salaman stated: "Mr. Rackham stands apart from all the other illustrators of the day; his genius is so thoroughly original. Scores of others have depicted fairyland and wonderland, but who else has given us so absolutely individual and persuasively suggestive a vision of their marvels and allurements? Whose elves are so elfish, whose witches and gnomes are so convincingly of their kind, as Mr. Rackham's?"

Carpenter and Prichard noted that "For all the virtuosity of his work in colour, Rackham remained an artist in line, his mastery having its roots in his early work for periodicals, then breaking free to create the swirling intricate pictures of his prime, and finally reaching the economy and impressionism of his last work." They also remarked on his decline: "Rackham made his name in a heyday of fairy literature and other fantasy which the First World War brought to an end." House stated that Rackham "concentrated on the illustration of books and particularly those of a mystical, magic or legendary background. He very soon established himself as one of the foremost Edwardian illustrators and was triumphant in the early 1900s when colour printing first enabled him to use subtle tints and muted tones to represent age and timelessness. Rackham's imaginative eye saw all forms with the eyes of childhood and created a world that was half reassuring and half frightening."

Hamilton summarised his article on Rackham in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography thus: "Rackham brought a renewed sense of excitement to book illustration that coincided with the rapid developments in printing technology in the early twentieth century. Working with subtle colour and wiry line, he exploited the growing strengths of commercial printing to create imagery and characterizations that reinvigorated children's literature, electrified young readers, and dominated the art of book illustration at the start of a new century."

Arthur Rackham's works have become very popular since his death, both in North America and Britain. His images have been widely used by the greeting card industry and many of his books are still in print or have been recently available in both paperback and hardback editions. His original drawings and paintings are keenly sought at the major international art auction houses.

Technique

Rackham's illustrations were chiefly based on robust pen and India ink drawings. Rackham gradually perfected his own uniquely expressive line from his background in journalistic illustration, paired with subtle use of watercolour, a technique which he was able to exploit due to technological developments in photographic reproduction. With this development, Rackham's illustrations no longer needed an engraver (lacking Rackham's talent) to cut clean lines on a wood or metal plate for printing because the artist merely had his works photographed and mechanically reproduced.

Rackham would first lightly block in shapes and details of the drawing with a soft pencil, for the more elaborate colour plates often utilising one of a small selection of compositional devices. Over this, he would then carefully work in lines of pen and India ink, removing the pencil traces after the drawing had begun to take form. For colour pictures, Rackham preferred the 3-colour process or trichromatic printing, which reproduced the delicate half-tones of photography through letterpress printing. He would begin painting by building up multiple thin washes of watercolour creating translucent tints. One of the disadvantages of the 3-colour (later 4-colour) printing process in the early years was that definition could be lost in the final print. Rackham would sometimes compensate for this by over-inking his drawings once more after painting. He would also go on to expand the use of silhouette cuts in illustration work, particularly in the period after the First World War, as exemplified by his Sleeping Beauty and Cinderella.

Typically, Rackham contributed both colour and monotone illustrations towards the works incorporating his images – and in the case of Hawthorne's Wonder Book, he also provided a number of part-coloured block images similar in style to Meiji era Japanese woodblocks.

Rackham's work is often described as a fusion of a northern European 'Nordic' style strongly influenced by the Japanese woodblock tradition of the early 19th century.

Notable works

 Sunrise-Land by Berlyn Annie (Jarrold, 1894)
 The Sketch Book by Washington Irving (Putnam, 1895)
 The Zankiwank and the Bletherwitch by Shafto Justin Adair Fitzgerald (40 line, 1896)
 Two Old Ladies, Two Foolish Fairies, and a Tom Cat by Maggie Browne (pseudonym of Margaret Hamer) (4 colour plates, 19 line, Cassel, London, 1897)
 Evelina by Fanny Burney (Newnes, London, 1898)
 Feats on the Fjord by Harriet Martineau (f/p colour, 11 line, 1899)
 The Greek Heroes by Barthold Georg Niebuhr (4 colour plates, 8 line, 1903)
 Rip Van Winkle by Washington Irving (51 colour plates, 3 line, William Heinemann, London, 1905)
 Puck of Pook's Hill by Rudyard Kipling (4 colour plates; 1906, Doubleday, Page & Co. (one US ed.))
 Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens by J.M. Barrie (49 colour plates, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1906)
 Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll (13 colour plates, 15 line, William Heinemann, London, 1907)
 The Ingoldsby Legends by Thomas Ingoldsby (12 colour, 80 line 1898; reworked edition 23 colour plates, 73 line, J.M. Dent, London, 1907)
 A Midsummer Night's Dream by William Shakespeare (40 colour plates, 34 line, William Heinemann, London, 1908)
 Tales from Shakespeare by Charles and Mary Lamb (colour F/P, 11 line 1899, reworked edition 12 colour plates, 37 line, 1909)
 Fairy Tales of the Brothers Grimm by the Brothers Grimm (95 line, 1900, reworked edition 40 colour plates, 62 line, 1909)
 Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift (Colour F/P, 11 line 1900, reworked edition 12 colour plates, 34 line, 1909)
 Undine by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué (15 colour plates, 41 line, William Heinemann, London, 1909)
 The Rhinegold and The Valkyrie by Richard Wagner (34 colour plates, 8 line, William Heinemann, London, 1910)
 Siegfried and Twilight of the Gods by Richard Wagner (32 colour plates, 8 line, William Heinemann, London, 1911)
 Aesop's Fables by Aesop (13 colour plates, 82 line, William Heinemann, London, 1912)
 Arthur Rackham's Book of Pictures (44 colour plates, William Heinemann, London, 1913)
 Mother Goose: The Old Nursery Rhymes by Charles Perrault (13 colour plates, mostly reprinted from the US monthly St. Nicholas Magazine, 78 line, 1913)
 A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens (12 colour plates, William Heinemann, London, 1915)
 The Allies' Fairy Book with an introduction by Edmund Gosse (12 colour plates, 23 line, William Heinemann, London, 1916)
 Little Brother and Little Sister and Other Tales by the Brothers Grimm (13 colour plates, 45 line, 1917)
 The Romance of King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table by Alfred W. Pollard (23 colour and monotone plates, 16 line, 1917)
 English Fairy Tales by Flora Annie Steel (16 colour plates, 43 line, 1918)
 The Springtide of Life: Poems of Childhood by Algernon Charles Swinburne (8 colour plates, William Heinemann, London, 1918)
 Some British Ballads (16 colour plates, 23 line, 1918)
 Cinderella by Charles Perrault, ed. Charles S. Evans (1 colour plate, 60 silhouettes, William Heinemann, London, 1919)
 The Sleeping Beauty by Charles Perrault and the Brothers Grimm, ed. Charles S. Evans (1 colour plate, 65 silhouettes, William Heinemann, London, 1920)
 Irish Fairy Tales by James Stephens (16 colour plates, 20 line, 1920)
 Snowdrop and Other Tales by the Brothers Grimm (20 colour plates, 29 line, 1920)
 Comus by John Milton (22 colour plates, 35 line, 1921)
 A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys by Nathaniel Hawthorne (16 colour plates, 21 line, 1922)
 Poor Cecco by Margery Williams (7 colour plates, 12 line, 1925)
 The Tempest by William Shakespeare (20 colour plates, 20 line, William Heinemann, London, 1926)
 The Legend of Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving (8 colour plates, 32 line, 1928)
 The Vicar of Wakefield by Oliver Goldsmith (12 colour plates, 23 line, 1929)
 The Compleat Angler by Izaak Walton (12 colour plates, 22 line, 1931)
 The King of the Golden River by John Ruskin (4 colour plates, 13 line, T/P 2 colour, 1932)
 Fairy Tales by Hans Christian Andersen (12 colour plates, 43 line, 9 silhouettes, 1932)
 The Arthur Rackham Fairy Book (8 colour plates, 39 line, 13 silhouettes, 1933)
 Goblin Market by Christina Rossetti (4 colour plates, 19 line, E/P, 1933)
 The Pied Piper of Hamelin by Robert Browning (4 colour plates, 15 line, 1 silhouette, E/P, 1934)
 Tales of Mystery & Imagination by Edgar Allan Poe (12 colour plates, 28 line, 1935)
 Peer Gynt by Henrik Ibsen (12 colour plates, 38 line, 1936)
 The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame (16 colour plates; posthumous, 1940 US, 1950 UK)

Gallery

Influence

Rackham's work influenced a number of artists. These include Gustaf Tenggren, Brian Froud, William Stout, Tony DiTerlizzi, and Abigail Larson. Froud cites the early influence of Rackham, "in particular, [Rackham's] drawings of trees that had faces", as sparking his interest in illustrating fairy tales, and describes having had a love of nature from childhood that has informed his style.

According to Arthur Rankin, the visual style of the 1977 film The Hobbit was based on early illustrations by Rackham.

In one of the featurettes on the DVD of Pan's Labyrinth, and in the commentary track for Hellboy, director Guillermo del Toro cites Rackham as an influence on the design of "The Faun" of Pan's Labyrinth. He liked the dark tone of Rackham's gritty realistic drawings and had decided to incorporate that into the film. In Hellboy, the design of the tree growing out of the altar in the ruined abbey off the coast of Scotland where Hellboy was brought over, is actually referred to as a "Rackham tree" by the director.

References

External links

 Little brother & little sister and other tales by the Brothers Grimm illustrated by Arthur Rackham, 1917
 Arthur Rackham's illustrations for Fairy Tales, Myths and Legends
 Innovated Life Art Gallery: Select illustrations by Arthur Rackham, biography and contemporary reviews
 Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, illustrated by Arthur Rackham
 Arthur Rackham art at Art Passions (free online gallery)
 SurLaLune Fairy Tale Pages: Fairy Tale Illustrations of Arthur Rackham
 Arthur Rackham artwork at American Art Archives web site
 Complete Arthur Rackham Collection for 'The Ring of the Nibelung'
 Information about Arthur Rackham and his art
 Large Archive of Arthur Rackham's Artwork at The Golden Age Children's Book Illustrations Gallery
 Arthur Rackham Papers at the Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University, New York, NY

1867 births
1939 deaths
19th-century English artists
20th-century English artists
20th-century illustrators of fairy tales
Alumni of the City and Guilds of London Art School
Artists from London
British children's book illustrators
British speculative fiction artists
Deaths from cancer in England
English children's book illustrators
English illustrators
Fantasy artists
People educated at the City of London School
People from Lewisham
People of the Victorian era
Masters of the Art Worker's Guild

Arthur Rackham


ගජනායක ආරච්චිගේ සමුදිත ධනංජය සිරිවර්ධන හෙවත් ධනංජය සිරිවර්ධන, යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකා සිනමාවේ, වේදිකාවේ සහ රූපවාහිනියේ නළුවෙකි. කලාකරුවන්ගේ පවුලකින් පැවත එන ධනංජය රූපවාහිනී නිවේදකයෙක් ද වේ.

පෞද්ගලික ජීවිතය
ඔහුගේ පියා සුනිල් සිරිවර්ධන සංගීතඥයෙක් සහ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ කීර්තිමත් ගී පද රචකයෙක් වන අතර මව සුසිරි සිරිවර්ධන ද ගීත රචකයෙකි. ඔහුගේ වැඩිමහල් සහෝදරයා මධුමාධව අරවින්ද ද ජනප්‍රිය ගායකයෙක්, නළුවෙක් මෙන්ම දේශපාලනඥයෙක්.

ධනංජය විවාහ වී සිටින්නේ ශෂිනි සමඟයි. ඇය ඩුබායි හි ගුවන් සේවිකාවකි. ධනංජයට ශෂිනිව මුලින්ම මුණගැසෙන්නේ 2005 වසරේ ඉන්දික මල්ලවාරච්චිගේ ඡායාරූප රූගත කිරීමකදී. මෙම යුවළට එක් දියණියක් සිටින අතර ඇය 2020 ජූලි 1 වන දින උපත ලැබුවාය.

ධනංජයගේ සීයා වන පීටර් සිරිවර්ධන දක්‍ෂ සංගීතඥයෙක් සහ රංගන ශිල්පියෙක්. ඔහු පොල්ගොල්ල රජයේ කාන්තා අභ්‍යාස විද්‍යාලයේ සංගීතය පිළිබඳ කථිකාචාර්යවරයකු ලෙස සේවය කළේය. ධනංජයගේ මිත්තණිය ශ්‍රීමතී කරුණා දේවි සංගීත ගුරුවරියක් මෙන්ම නිළියක් ද වූවාය. ධනංජයගේ නැන්දා වන චන්ද්‍රිකා සිරිවර්ධන ද ජනප්‍රිය ගායිකාවක් සහ පසුබිම් ගායිකාවක්. ඇය විවාහ වී සිටියේ මාධ්‍යවේදියෙකු මෙන්ම ගීත රචකයෙකු වූ ඇන්ටන් අල්විස් සමඟයි. ඇන්ටන් 2018 මාර්තු 26 වන දින වයස අවුරුදු 64 දී මිය ගියේය. චන්ද්‍රිකාගේ මිනිබිරිය දුල්ෂාරා දසන්ති ද ගායිකාවකි.

වෘත්තීය ජීවිතය
2004 දී, ධනංජය අශෝක හඳගම විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද සහ YA TV විසින් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද මේ පාරෙන් එන්න හි ප්‍රධාන ධාරාවේ නළුවෙකු ලෙස තම රූපවාහිනී ගමන ඇරඹීය. මෙම නාට්‍යයේ ඔහුගේ රංගනය වෙනුවෙන් 2005 වසරේ සමාරම්භක රයිගම් ටෙලීස් උළෙලේදී හොඳම නළුවා ලෙස සම්මානයට පාත්‍ර විය. ඔහුගේ මංගල සිනමා රංගනය පැමිණියේ කේ.ඒ විජේරත්න අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කළ කුමාර කන්‍යාවි හරහාය.

ඔහු ''ප්‍රාණ'' නමින් රංග කලා පන්ති පවත්වයි.2008 දී ඔහු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රථම ඩිජිටල් චිත්‍රපටය වන හෙටවත් මට ආදරය කරන්න හි රඟපෑවේය. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය ඩයලොග් ටෙලිවිෂන්හි Citi Hitz චන්ද්‍රිකා චිත්‍රපට නාලිකාව හරහා 2008 පෙබරවාරි 14 වන දින වැලන්ටයින් දිනයේ විකාශය විය.

චිත්‍රපටකරණය

සම්මාන සහ නාමයෝජනා

References

External links

ලබන අවුරුද්ද මගේ අවුරුද්ද - ධනංජය අලුත් බලාපොරොත්තුවක
"සමහරුන්ට අපේ පවුල් කඩනකම් විසුමක් නෑ"

ශ්‍රී ලාංකික නළුවෝ
සිංහල ජනයා

ධනංජය සිරිවර්ධන


Işık Okulları, Feyziye Mektepleri Vakfı çatısı altında hizmet veren İstanbul'daki eğitim kurumları.

Feyziye Mektepleri Vakfı, 14 Aralık 1885 yılında Selanik'te yaşayan Türk ailelerinin, çocuklarını eğitecek, onlara gelişme ve yetişme olanağı sağlayacak bir okul arayışıyla 50 öğrenci ile kurulmuş ve 17 Aralık 1934 tarihinde Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'ün onayıyla 49. yıldönümünde "Işık" adını almıştır.

Tarihçe

Işık Okulları'nın kuruluşu, Osmanlı Devleti'nin ilk sivil toplum hareketlerinden kabul edilir.  İlk Işık Okulu, Mısırlızadelerden Mümeyyiz Tevfik Efendi önderliğinde bir heyetin girişimiyle,  13 Aralık 1885'te Selanik'in Kâtip Muslihiddin mahallesinde Feyz-i Sıbyan adıyla eğitime başlamıştır.

Selanik'te  Şemsi Efendi tarafından 1872 yılında kurulan ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin kurucusu Atatürk'ün. de ilköğrenim gördüğü Şemsi Efendi Mektebi'nde 'Usul-u Cedid' (Yeni Usul) de denilen yeni bir eğitim metodu uygulanmaya başlanmıştı. Balkanlarda yaşayan varlıklı Türk ailelerinin ilgisini çeken bu sistem, kurumsallaşmış ve böylece Mümeyyiz Tevfik Efendi önderliğinde bir heyet Feyz-i Sıbyan Mektebi'ni kurmuştur.

1900 yılında iyice genişleyen eğitim kapasitesiyle okul Feyziye adını aldı ve bu yıllarda okulun mezunları önemli mevkilere geldi. Selanik kökenli birçok İttihat ve Terakki mensubu bu okulda  eğitim hayatına başladığı ya da öğretmenlik yaptı. Fevziye Mektebi'nin altıncı müdürü olarak 1902-1908 arasında okulu  yöneten Cavid Bey, Osmanlı Devleti'nde meşrutiyetin ilanından sonra bu görevinden ayrıldı ve  Selanik milletvekili olarak siyasete atıldı.

Balkan Savaşı'nın patlak vermesiyle okul bir süre İstanbul'dan idare edildi. I. Dünya Savaşı başladıktan sonra Selanik'ten İstanbul'a göç eden ailelerin sayısı artması ve  Rumeli göçmenlerinin çocukların gittikleri okullarda uyum sorunları yaşaması üzerine ailelerin yoğun talebi sonucu yeni bir Feyziye Mektebi açılması gündeme geldi. İstanbul'da 1915'te açılmış ılan ve eğitimci Satı Bey'in müdürlüğünü yaptığı Yeni Mektep adlı okul, yürüttüğü modern eğitim programları nedeniyle göçmen aileler arasında ilgi görmekteydi.  İstanbul Beyazıt'taki okul, 1917'de Feyziye Mektebi adını aldı. I. Dünya Savaşı'nın ve Mütareke döneminin olumsuz koşullarına rağmen uyguladığı disiplinli eğitim anlayışı sayesinde tüm ülkede tanındı.

1923 yılında Selanik'teki okulun öğrencileri de Türkiye'ye geld. Bu nedenle Beyazıt binası yetersiz kaldı ve okul Teşvikiye'de Naciye Sultan Yalısı'na taşındı. Okul üstünde bulunduğu araziyi bir süre sonra satın aldı ve 1934'te okulun ellinci yıl kutlamasında adı Işık Lisesi olarak değiştirildi. 1956 yılında vakıflaşma tamamlandı ve Nişantaşı'ndaki araziye ek binalar yapıldı. 1986'da Ayazağa Kampüsü'nün, 1996'da Işık Üniversitesinin ve son olarak 2000'de Erenköy'de ilköğretim kampüsünün açılmasıyla Işık Okulları, bugün 130 yıllık geçmişini arkasına alarak anaokulundan üniversiteye eğitim veren okullarında yedi bine yakın öğrenci ile Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin en köklü eğitim ve öğretim kurumlarından biri haline gelmiştir.

Dış bağlantılar
 FID - Feyziyeliler Işıklılar Derneği
 Feyziye Mektepleri Vakfı Ana Sayfası

Kaynakça

Işık Lisesi


Margareta Bavarska (1321. – 1374.), bavarska princeza i hrvatska herceginja iz dinastije Wittelsbach, supruga hrvatskog hercega Stjepana iz dinastije Anžuvinaca, najmlađeg sina hrvatsko-ugarskog kralja Karla I. (1301. – 1342.) i Elizabete Poljske.

Bila je kći bavarskog vojvode i rimsko-njemačkog cara Ludovika I. (1328. – 1347.) i Margarete II. Hainautske. Udala se 1351. godine za hercega Stjepana, s kojim je imala sina Ivana. Poslije suprugove prerane smrti 1354. godine, preuzela je hercešku upravu nad Hrvatskom, Dalmacijom i Slavonijom u ime maloljetnog sina Ivana. Godine 1356. preudala se za Gerlacha von Hohenlohea, ali je zadržala herceštvo nad Hrvatskom. Iste godine izbio je ratni sukob između Ugarske i Mletačke Republike, nakon čega je Margareti bio oduzet naslov herceginje, koji je bio prenjet na njenog sina Ivana, koji je bio i prijestolonasljednik, budući da kralj Ludovik I. (1342. – 1382.) nije imao djece. Godine 1360. umro je njen sin Ivan.

Hrvatski hercezi
Anžuvinci
Wittelsbach

Margareta Bavarska, hrvatska herceginja


Skenkelsø er en tidligere landsby i Jørlunde Sogn (tidligere Jørlunde Herred, Frederiksborg Amt).

Historie
Skenkelsø landsby bestod i 1682 af 14 gårde. Det samlede dyrkede areal udgjorde 497,6 tønder land skyldsat til 127,53 tønder hartkorn. Dyrkningsformen var trevangsbrug.

Da jernbanen til Frederikssund blev anlagt i 1879, blev Ølstykke Station placeret i Udlejre ejerlavs nordøstligste hjørne, lige udenfor Skenkelsø ejerlavs sydøstlige rand. Tidligt begyndte en stationsby at vokse frem, og denne bredte sig også nordpå langs landevejen.

Uden forbindelse med stationsbyen blev i 1960-erne udstykket et mindre villakvarter i Skenkelsø.

Noter

Litteratur
 Karl-Erik Frandsen: Vang og tægt. Studier over dyrkningssystemer og agrarstrukturer i Danmarks landsbyer 1682-83 (Bygd 1983),
 Henrik Pedersen: De danske Landbrug fremstillet paa Grundlag af Forarbejderne til Christian V.s Matrikel 1688. Udgivet efter hans Død paa Bekostning af Carlsbergfondet (København MCMXXVIII; Reprotryk for Landbohistorisk Selskab, København 1975),
 J.P. Trap: Kongeriget Danmark, 3. Udgave 2. Bind: Frederiksborg, Kjøbenhavns, Holbæk, Sorø og Præstø Amter; Kjøbenhavn 1898; s. 155

Byer i Egedal Kommune

Skenkelsø


Rafael Navarro Leal, mais conhecido como Rafael Navarro (Cabo Frio, 14 de abril de 2000), é um futebolista brasileiro que atua como centroavante. Atualmente joga pelo Colorado Rapids, emprestado pelo .

Carreira

Antecedentes
Nascido em Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro, Rafael Navarro começou sua carreira nas escolinhas da sua cidade-natal. Aos 12 anos, foi transferido para as categorias de base do Fluminense. Durante a sua passagem pelo Tricolor, Rafael Navarro também já passou pela Seleção Brasileira Sub-15 no ano de 2015.

Rafael Navarro chegou ao Atlético Goianiense em 2018 para integrar o time sub-20 e também fez parte da equipe que, naquele ano, disputou o Campeonato Brasileiro de Aspirantes. Em 2019, Rafael Navarro fez 17 jogos nas categorias de base do Atlético Goianiense e marcou 18 gols, chegando a ser cotado para ser aproveitado no time profissional, mas não teve oportunidades no elenco que conquistou o acesso para a Série A de 2020.

Sem espaço no Atlético Goianiense, foi contratado pelo Botafogo, mas com o Atlético Goianiense mantendo 50% dos seus direitos econômicos. Nas categorias de base, se destacou nas competições de base marcando oito gols em 28 partidas na categoria sub-20.

Botafogo

2020
Sua estreia profissional aconteceu em 18 de janeiro de 2020, entrando como substituto em uma derrota fora de casa para o Volta Redonda por 1 a 0, pelo Campeonato Carioca de 2020. Inicialmente, Rafael Navarro começou o ano na equipe profissional do Botafogo, mas foi para a equipe sub-20 com o término do Campeonato Carioca, aonde fez 28 jogos e marcou 8 gols.

Após o fim do calendário da categoria sub-20 da equipe em 2020, Rafael Navarro voltou a ser relacionado na equipe profissional do Botafogo. Sua reestreia na equipe profissional aconteceu em 24 de janeiro de 2021, entrando como substituto de José Welison em uma derrota no Clássico Vovô fora de casa por 2 a 0 para o Fluminense, pela Série A de 2020. Seu primeiro gol como jogador profissional aconteceu em 2 de fevereiro, em um empate fora de casa por 1 a 1 com o Palmeiras.

Na temporada de 2020 pelo Botafogo, apesar do rebaixamento na Série A de 2020, fez 15 partidas e marcou 2 gols.

2021
Seu primeiro jogo na temporada aconteceu em 3 de março, entrando como substituto de Matheus Babi em um empate em casa por 0 a 0 com o Boavista, pelo Campeonato Carioca de 2021. Seu primeiro gol na temporada aconteceu em 10 de abril, em um empate fora de casa por 2 a 2 com o Volta Redonda. Ficou conhecido também por ter marcado o gol da virada em uma vitória em casa por 2 a 1 sobre o Operário Ferroviário, que levou o Botafogo ser promovido para a Série A de 2022.

Rafael Navarro terminou o ano como artilheiro do Botafogo na temporada, foi o jogador da Série B de 2021 com mais participações diretas em gols. Na terceira posição da artilharia do campeonato, Rafael Navarro fez 15 gols e deu nove assistências, somando 24 ações que resultaram em gols em 37 jogos. No total, fez 48 partidas e marcou 16 gols.

Palmeiras
Após uma boa temporada no Botafogo em 2021, Rafael Navarro chamou a atenção de diversos clubes do Brasil e do mundo. O Minnesota United, dos Estados Unidos, tentou contratá-lo, mas o jogador preferiu recusar a oferta. Em 16 de dezembro, após optar em não renovar seu contrato com o Botafogo, o Palmeiras encaminhou a sua contratação.

Colorado Rapids
Em 7 de julho de 2023, o Palmeiras fechou o empréstimo de Navarro ao , dos Estados Unidos, até 30 de junho de 2024. O clube estadunidense tem a opção de compra no final do período por US$ 5 milhões (R$ 24,33 milhões, na época) por 80% dos direitos.

Estatísticas
Atualizado até 4 de abril de 2023.

Clubes

 a. Jogos da Copa do Brasil
 b. Jogos da Recopa Sul-Americana e da Copa Libertadores da América
 c. Jogos do Campeonato Carioca, Campeonato Paulista, da Copa do Mundo de Clubes da FIFA e da Supercopa do Brasil

Títulos
 Botafogo
 Campeonato Brasileiro - Série B: 2021

 Palmeiras
 Recopa Sul-Americana: 2022
 Campeonato Paulista: 2022, 2023
 Campeonato Brasileiro: 2022
 Supercopa do Brasil: 2023

Ligações externas

Naturais de Cabo Frio
Futebolistas do estado do Rio de Janeiro
Futebolistas do Atlético Clube Goianiense
Futebolistas do Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas
Futebolistas da Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras
Futebolistas do Colorado Rapids
Futebolistas brasileiros expatriados
Brasileiros expatriados nos Estados Unidos
Jogadores da Seleção Brasileira de Futebol Sub-15

Rafael Navarro


Aventurin eller aventurinkvarts er en varietet af kvarts, der benyttes som smykkesten. Mineralet er mikrokrystalinsk med indlejrede flager af glimmer, hæmatit eller fuchsit. Aventurinkvarts er specielt derved, at det er navngivet efter en særlig form for glas, aventuringlas, der skal være blevet opfundet ved et tilfælde (per avventura) af en glasmager på Murano, glasmagerøen som er en del af Venedig. Smeltet glas blev blandet med kobberfilspåner, hvilket gav et glas med en smuk glimmereffekt.

Forekomst
Aventurinkvarts findes mange steder: i Europa, Kina, Indien, Brasilien, Ural, Sibirien, Tibet (i en gul form blandet med sandsten) og Californien.

Anvendelse og overtro
Stenen slibes til smykkesten, enten som perler eller som cabochons. Den kan også slibes til figurer og signeter.

Aventurinkvarts har fået sit navn sent og har ikke påkaldt sig nogen særlig opmærksomhed. Der er derfor ikke knyttet nogen speciel overtro til stenen.

Litteratur
 Ædelstene i farver. – København 1972 / Ove Dragsted. (Side 260)

Eksterne henvisninger

Smykkesten
Kvartsvarianter

Aventurin


Angostura alipes, es una especie de árbol perteneciente a la familia de las rutáceas. Es un endemismo de  Ecuador.

Descripción
Es un árbol endémico de las tierras bajas amazónicas de Ecuador. Conocida a partir de dos muestras obtenidas recientemente en el camino construido de Petro-Canada, en la Vía Auca, a unos 115 km al sur de Coca, cerca del río Tigüino. Ambas están dentro de la Reserva Étnica Huaorani. Probablemente se produce en un área más grande de la Amazonía ecuatoriana, pero los inventarios botánicos intensivos en el cercano Parque nacional Yasuní no ha detectado alguna hasta la fecha. Aparte de la destrucción del hábitat, no le se conocen amenazas concretas.

Taxonomía
Angostura alipes fue descrita por Kallunki y publicado en Kew Bulletin 53(2): 261–263, f. 1G–J, en el año 1998.

Referencias

Angostura

Angostura alipes


Qamishli is a city in northeastern Syria on the Syria–Turkey border, adjoining the city of Nusaybin in Turkey. The Jaghjagh River flows through the city. With a 2004 census population of 184,231, it is the ninth most-populous city in Syria and the second-largest in Al-Hasakah Governorate after Al-Hasakah. Qamishli has traditionally been a Christian Assyrian majority city, but is now predominantly populated by Kurds with large numbers of Arabs and Assyrians and a smaller number of Armenians. It is  northeast of Damascus.

The city is the administrative capital of the Qamishli District in Al-Hasakah Governorate, and the administrative center of Qamishli Subdistrict, consisting of 92 localities with a combined population of 232,095 in 2004. Qamishli was the de facto capital of the AANES, until it was moved to Ayn Issa.

Etymology
The city was initially a small village inhabited by Assyrians called  (Bēṯ Zālīn) meaning "House of Reeds". The modern name is the Turkish translation of this name. Kamış means "reed" and -lı suffix denotes "place with" in Turkish.

History

The city dates back to the 1920s, when a sizable amount of Assyrians, escaping the Assyrian genocide carried out by the Ottoman Empire, fled from northwestern Iran and southern Turkey and built a small town, under the French Mandate authorities, which they initially called Bet-Zalin. The city itself was officially founded as Qamishli in 1926 as a railway station on the Taurus railway. One of the most important funders of the early development projects in the city was Masoud Asfar, an Assyrian who survived the Massacres of Diyarbakır (1895) as a young child. Masoud, along with stepbrother, whose last name was Najjar, established the Asfar & Najjar Corporation, a company that produced wheat in Qamishli. Throughout the 1920s–1940s, the Asfar & Najjar Corporation funded hospitals, Assyrian schools, and churches throughout the city.  At the same time, many Armenians and Assyrians, fleeing persecution in Iraq and Turkey, moved into the region. This was followed by the emigration of Kurds from Turkey, most of whom settled in the countryside and then began to move to the city. However, in the 1960s and until the late 1970s, when Assyrians still constituted two-thirds of the city's population, the government of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region actively confiscated Assyrian farms, lands, and areas, causing an Assyrian exodus.

Qamishli is considered a center for both the Kurdish and the Assyrian ethnic groups in Syria. It was heavily settled by refugees from the Assyrian genocide. Assyrians were the majority in the city until the 1970s, when Kurds from the surrounding countryside moved into the city in numbers. Qamishli is renowned for its large Christmas parade, and Newroz and Kha b-Nisan festivals.

21st century

In March 2004, during a chaotic soccer match, the Qamishli riots began when visiting Arab fans from Deir ez-Zor started praising Saddam Hussein to taunt the Kurdish home fans. The riot expanded out of the stadium and weapons were used against people of Kurdish background. In the aftermath, at least 30 Kurds were killed as the Syrian security services took over the city.

In June 2005, thousands of Kurds demonstrated in Qamishli to protest the assassination of Sheikh Khaznawi, a Kurdish cleric in Syria, resulting in the death of one policeman and injury to four Kurdish civilians.

In March 2008, according to Human Rights Watch, three more Kurds were killed when Syrian security forces opened fire on people celebrating the spring festival of Newroz.

Civil war

With the  civil war and the Rojava conflict from 2011, the city grew into a major political role, being the de facto capital of the AANES. Part of the city, as well as an area to the south which includes Qamishli Airport, remain under the administration of the Syrian government. Unlike many Syrian cities, Qamishli has not seen large-scale fighting during the war, although it has been attacked by unknown perpetrators in 2015 and by Islamic State in 2016, as well as brief skirmishes between AANES and Syrian forces in 2016 and 2018. Qamishli is home to Chirkin prison, which houses detained Islamic State militants.

On 17 August 2020, Syrian forces reportedly clashed with US troops near Qamishli, which resulted in the death of one Syrian. Two other Syrian soldiers were said to have been injured during the clash, state media added.

In 2022, the Syrian government remains in control of a large part of the city centre as well as a substantial rural area to the south, including the airport, the border crossing, various government buildings, and many residential neighborhoods. The government still organises the production and the distribution of the harvest in the southern countryside, and organizes flights between Qamishli and other Syrian cities, as well as Beirut. However, most of the city is under the administration of the AANES.

Climate
The Köppen climate classification subtype for this climate is "Csa" (Mediterranean climate; dry-summer subtropical climate). The summers tend to be dry and warm, with July being the hottest month of the year, while the winters are usually cold and wet, with January being the coldest month and having an average of 11 days of rain. In total, around 53 days of rain occur every year.

Demographics

In 1939, French mandate authorities reported the following population numbers for different ethnic/religious groups in Qamishli city centre.

Qamishli is an ethnically mixed city. Kurds make up a majority of the city's population, which also has many Arabs, Assyrians, and Armenians.

Religion

Muslims
More than 80% of Qamishli's inhabitants are Sunni Muslims. They are mainly Kurds, followed by Arabs.

Christians
The city is considered to be a Christian center in Syria, and was a Christian-majority city for much of its history.

In the 1930s it is estimated that out of the town's population of 23,000 individuals, 20,000 of those were Christians.

Before the civil war, the Christian population of Qamishli was about 40,000, of whom 25,000 belonged to the Syriac Orthodox Church, the biggest church in the city. As of 2014 it was believed that half of all Christians had left the city.

Once a Christian-majority city, the rural migration to Qamishli has increased the Kurdish population of the city. In addition, since the PYD militia took control of the city in 2012 they carried out a Kurdification process touching all aspects of life, starting by changing the name of the city to Qamishlo, to forcing a Kurdish-language curriculum on non-Kurdish citizens, to cultural and social aspects of the city. The Christian and Arab population in the city were fiercely opposed to the PYD rule. Half the Christian population left by 2017 although no fighting happened in the city.

Churches in the city
 Syriac Orthodox Church of Saint Jacob of Nisibis (كنيسة القديس مار يعقوب النصيبيني للسريان الأرثوذكس)
 Syriac Orthodox Church of Our Lady (كنيسة السيده العذراء للسريان الأرثوذكس)
 Syriac Orthodox Church of Saint Ephrem the Syrian (كنيسة مار افرام السرياني للسريان الأرثوذكس)
 Syriac Orthodox Church of Saint Quriaqos (كنيسة مار قرياقوس للسريان الأرثوذكس)
 Syriac Catholic Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul (كنيسة القديسين مار بطرس وبولس للسريان الكاثوليك)
 Assyrian Church of Saint George (كنيسة مار جرجس للآشوريين)
 Assyrian Church of Saint Ephrem (كنيسة مار أفرام للآشوريين)
 Chaldean Catholic Church of Saint Jacob of Nisibis (كنيسة القديس مار يعقوب النصيبيني للكلدان الكاثوليك)
 Armenian Orthodox Church of Saint Hagop (كنيسة القديس هاكوب الأرمن الأورثوذكس)
 Armenian Catholic Church of Saint Joseph (كنيسة مار يوسف الأرمن الكاثوليك)
 National Evangelical Presbyterian Church (الكنيسة الأنجيلية المشيخية الوطنية)

Jews
Historically, Qamishli was also home to a significant Jewish community. The origin of the Jews of Qamishli (unlike the Jews of Damascus and Aleppo who are a mixture of Sephardi Jews and Musta'arabi Jews) is the adjoining city of Nusaybin, on the other side of the Turkish-Syrian border. As after the foundation of Turkey in 1923, the major economic hubs were allocated to Turkey, the French Mandate authorities deemed it necessary to encourage the settlement or foundation of new villages and towns in the region. The current town was founded in 1926 by the French Mandate, which following encouraged the settlement of the population in Nusaybin, which is located just across the border. Within a few years, Qamishli was more populous than Nusaybin. The major part of the Christian, and also of the Jewish population from Nusaybin moved to Qamsihli. In the 1930s the Jewish population of Qamishli numbered 3,000. After the escalation of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in 1947, the situation of the Jews of Qamishli deteriorated. The exodus of Jews from Syria peaked due to violence, such as the 1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo. By 1963, the community had dwindled to 800, and after the Six-Day War it went down further to 150, of whom no one remain today.

Neighborhoods

Qamishli is divided into several districts, which are further divided into neighborhoods.

This is a list of the neighborhoods of Qamishli.

 Al-Zahra (Al-Wusta)
 Al-Qusour
 Al-Muwazafin
 Qudour Bek
 Al-Gharbiyah
 Corniche
 Al-Arbawiyah
 Al-Ashouriyin (Assyrian)
 Al-Siryan (Syriac)
 Al-Bashiriyah
 Tay
 Al-Thawra
 Al-Golan (Berkila)
 Qanat al-Suways
 Al-Antariyah
 Maysaloun
 Al-Hilaliyah
 Jurnak
 Alaiya (Hattin)
 Mahmakiyah
 Jumaayah
 Halko

Transportation
Qamishli Airport was closed to civilians in October 2015, but later reopened. Syrian airline companies including Cham Wings Airlines, FlyDamas and Syrian Air provide flights between Qamishli and Damascus, Latakia, and Beirut.

Media and education
The Kurdish-language newspaper Nu Dem has its headquarters in Qamishli.

While prior to the Rojava conflict, there had been no institution of higher education in northeastern Syria, in September 2014 the Mesopotamian Social Sciences Academy started teaching. Following the University of Afrin, in July 2016 the Jazira Canton's Board of Education officially established the second Syrian Kurdish university in Qamishli. The University of Rojava initially comprised four faculties: Medicine, Engineering, Sciences, and Arts and Humanities. Programs taught include health, oil, computer and agricultural engineering, physics, chemistry, history, psychology, geography, mathematics, primary school teaching, and Kurdish literature.

Sports

Al-Jihad SC is the largest football club in the city and plays at 7 April Stadium.

Notable people
 Aram Tigran, singer
 Viyan Antar, Kurdish (YPJ) fighter
 Ciwan Haco, singer
 Sanharib Malki, footballer
 Gregorius Yohanna Ibrahim, Syriac Orthodox Archbishop of Aleppo
 Ignatius Aphrem II, Patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church
 Gabriel Asaad, Assyrian Musician
 Salim Barakat, novelist and poet
 Agop Donabidian, football coach and former player

See also
 Armenian Catholic Eparchy of Qamishli
 Assyrians in Syria
 Kurds in Syria

Explanatory notes

References

External links

 "From Qamishli to Qamishlo: A Trip to Rojava's New Capital", Fabrice Balanche, Fikra Forum of The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 13 April 2017
 "Amnesty Raises Kurd Issue", on Kurds in Qamishli, 2005

Assyrian communities in Syria
Armenian communities in Syria
Christian communities in Syria
Cities in Syria
Jazira Region
Kurdish communities in Syria
Populated places in Qamishli District
Upper Mesopotamia

Qamishli


Soya Fujiwara (født 9. september 1995) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Giravanz Kitakyushu.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Soya Fujiwara


Marotia es una isla y una ciudad en la bahía de Baly, en el Distrito de Soalala, Provincia de Mahajanga en el norte del país africano de Madagascar. Uno de los primeros lugares donde suelen desembarcar inmigrantes árabes.

Véase también
 Geografía de Madagascar
 Geografía de África

Referencias

Archipiélagos e islas de Madagascar

Marotia


An Festuca staroplaninica in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Velchev. An Festuca staroplaninica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Festuca, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Bulgaria. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Festuca

Festuca staroplaninica


Kərimov ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Aslan Kərimov (* 1973), aserbaidschanischer Fußballspieler
 İnam Kərimov (* 1977), aserbaidschanischer Politiker
 Məcid Kərimov (* 1958), aserbaidschanischer Politiker, Professor und Wissenschaftler

Kərimov


Hamdara (auch: Hambara) ist eine Landgemeinde im Departement Mirriah in Niger.

Geographie
Hamdara liegt in der Sahelzone. Die Nachbargemeinden sind Zermou im Nordwesten, Guidimouni im Nordosten, Wacha im Süden und Mirriah im Westen. Bei den Siedlungen im Gemeindegebiet handelt es sich um 37 Dörfer und 75 Weiler. Der Hauptort der Landgemeinde ist das Dorf Hamdara. Es liegt auf einer Höhe von .

Die Forêt classée de Kissambana beim Dorf Kissambana Yérima ist ein 1880 Hektar großes unter Naturschutz stehendes Waldgebiet im Gemeindegebiet von Hamdara. Die Unterschutzstellung erfolgte 1950.

Geschichte
Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts boten die Märkte von Hamdara und weiteren Dörfern in der Region dem in der Stadt Zinder ansässigen bedeutenden Händler Malan Yaroh jene Handwerksprodukte, Pelze, Tierhäute und Henna, die er für den Transsaharahandel benötigte.

Die Landgemeinde Hamdara ging 2002 im Zuge einer landesweiten Verwaltungsreform aus dem Gebiet des Kantons Kissambana/Hamdara hervor. Massive Niederschläge am 16. und 17. Juli 2022 verursachten in der Region Zinder schwere Überschwemmungen mit Todesopfern und Sachschäden. In Hamdara wurde mit einer Niederschlagshöhe von 252 mm ein neuer Rekord gemessen. Weitere stark betroffene Orte waren unter anderem Gaffati, Gouré, Guidimouni, Mirriah, Rimi Rimi, Yagagi und das Stadtzentrum von Zinder.

Bevölkerung
Bei der Volkszählung 2012 hatte die Landgemeinde 39.574 Einwohner, die in 6680 Haushalten lebten. Bei der Volkszählung 2001 betrug die Einwohnerzahl 22.824 in 4011 Haushalten.

Im Hauptort lebten bei der Volkszählung 2012 1449 Einwohner in 231 Haushalten, bei der Volkszählung 2001 1375 in 237 Haushalten und bei der Volkszählung 1988 1326 in 243 Haushalten.

In ethnischer Hinsicht ist die Gemeinde ein Siedlungsgebiet von Damagarawa und Sossébaki.

Politik
Der Gemeinderat (conseil municipal) hat 14 gewählte Mitglieder. Mit den Kommunalwahlen 2020 sind die Sitze im Gemeinderat wie folgt verteilt: 7 PNDS-Tarayya, 3 ARD-Adaltchi Mutunchi, 3 RDR-Tchanji und 1 RPP-Farilla.

Jeweils ein traditioneller Ortsvorsteher (chef traditionnel) steht an der Spitze von 32 Dörfern in der Gemeinde, darunter dem Hauptort.

Wirtschaft und Infrastruktur
Die Gemeinde liegt in einer Zone, in der Regenfeldbau betrieben wird. Gesundheitszentren des Typs Centre de Santé Intégré (CSI) sind im Hauptort und in der Siedlung Kissambana Yérima vorhanden. Der CEG Hamdara ist eine allgemein bildende Schule der Sekundarstufe des Typs Collège d'Enseignement Général (CEG). Beim Centre de Formation aux Métiers de Hamdara (CFM Hamdara) handelt es sich um ein Berufsausbildungszentrum.

Die asphaltierte Nationalstraße 1, die längste Fernstraße Nigers, führt durch den Hauptort und das Dorf Kissambana Yérima.

Literatur

Weblinks
 Observations for location Near Hamdara. In: West African Bird DataBase (englisch).

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Niger
Zinder (Region)
Ort in Afrika

Hamdara


Xiaomi je najveći kineska tehnološka tvrtka osnovana 2010. godine koja se bavi proizvodnjom širokog spektra pametnih uređaja i potrošačke elektronike. Na burzu je izašla 2018. godine. Xiaomi proizvode još dva podbrenda mobilnih uređaja, a to su POCO i Redmi. Prva Xiaomi trgovina u Hrvatskoj otvorena je 2018. godine u Arena Centru u Zagrebu.

Proizvodi

 Mobilni uređaji
 Televizori
 Tableti
 Bežične slušalice
 Bežični punjači
 Pojačivači Wi-Fi signala
 Pametne narukvice
 Električni romobili
 Projektori
 Ventilatori
 Sigurnosni senzori i videonadzor
 Usisači

Vanjske poveznice
O Xiaomiu
Prihodi
Osnovne informacije
Lista proizvoda

Izvori

Xiaomi


An Psychilis rubeniana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Donald Dungan Dod ngan Ruben Primitivo Sauleda. An Psychilis rubeniana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Psychilis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Psychilis

Psychilis rubeniana


Belgesel, şu anlamlara gelebilir:

 Belgesel film
 Belgesel fotoğrafçılık
 Belgesel hipotez
 Belgesel radyoculuk
 Belgesel kanıt

Belgesel


قلادة العلوم الوطنية  هي وسام أمريكي يمنحه رئيس الولايات المتحدة لمن أسهموا من العلماء والمهندسين بإسهامات بارزة في تطور المعرفة في مجالات العلوم السلوكية والاجتماعية وعلوم الأحياء والكيمياء والهندسة والرياضيات والفيزياء. تقوم باختيار المرشحين للجائزة لجنة رئاسية من إثني عشر عضواً تديرها مؤسسة العلوم الوطنية. وقد بلغ عدد الحاصلين على القلادة حتى نهاية عام 2011 468 عالماً.

يعد مصطفى السيد -الذي حصل على القلادة سنة 2007- أول عالم عربي يحصل على هذا الوسام في الولايات المتحدة وذلك يأتي تقديراً لإسهاماته في التعرف على وفهم الخصائص الإلكترونية والبصرية للمواد النانوية وتطبيقها في التحفيز النانوي والطب النانوي ولجهوده الإنسانية للتبادل بين الدول ولدوره في تطوير قيادات علوم المستقبل.

انظر أيضًا
 قائمة الحاصلين على قلادة العلوم الوطنية الأمريكية
 زمالة الجمعية الأمريكية لتقدم العلوم

روابط خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي للجائزة

المراجع

جوائز أسست في 1959
جوائز علمية
جوائز علوم وتقنية أمريكية
جوائز وأوسمة مدنية في الولايات المتحدة

قلادة العلوم الوطنية


فسيولوجيا التغذية هو فرع من العلوم يختص بدراسة أنواع مختلفة من الأغذية وبحث تأثيرها على عملية الاستقلاب في الجسم. وأهم المواضيع التي يهتم بها هذا المبحث هو الفيتامينات في الغذاء وحساب السعرات الحرارية لكل يوم وأيضا ما هو نوع الطعام الذي ينبغي اكله لحفظ مستوى صحي جيد للجسم.

اقرأ أيضًا
 فيزيولوجيا
 نهام عصبي
 تقييد السعرات الحرارية
 سوء التغذية
 ثالوث الأنثى الرياضية
 اضطراب التشوه الجسمي
 اضطراب الأكل

مراجع

علم وظائف الأعضاء
تغذية

فسيولوجيا التغذية


شعار العراق هو الشعار الذي يرمز إلى سيادة جمهورية العراق. الشعار الحالي تم وسمه عام 2008 وهو مشابهه للشعارات السابقة في فترة حُكم صدام حسين وماقبلها. الرمز هو طائر العُقاب مضموم الجناحين، ودرع بداخله العلم العراقي، وعبارة «جُمهورية العِراق»، صَمَمه سُعاد سليم.

بدأ استخدام شعار عقاب صلاح الدين أول الأمر في مصر في عصر الدولة الأيوبية، ثم تطوّر شكله واستخدم مرة أخرى بعد إعلان الجمهورية في مصر ثم تطور تدريجياً واستخدم في العراق وعدد من الدول العربية.

نبذة تاريخية
يعود أول شعار لدولة العراق إلى عام 1921 عند تأسيس المملكة العراقية وتعيين الملك فيصل ملكًا على البلاد، حيث يتشابه شعار تلك الفترة بشكل كبير مع شعار كل من المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية والمملكة المصرية، مع وجود اختلافات بسيطة. استمر هذا الشعار حتى 1958 بعد ثورة عبد الكريم قاسم على الملكية في البلاد، حيث تم وضع شعار جديد يعبر عن ثورة 14 تموز وفيه إشاره كبيرة للأكراد.

أما بالنسبة للشعار الحالي نسر صلاح الدين؛ فيرمز إلى حقبة الجمهوريات العربية التي بدأت تتحول من المَلَكية إلى الجمهورية في خمسينيات وستينيات القرن الفائت. وكان ذلك تحديدا في فترة عبد السلام عارف الذي إنقلب على قادة ثورة 14 تموز التي أطاحت بالملكية سابقا وأسست الجمهورية في البلاد. وظل هذا الشعار يعبر عن العراق حتى قام صدام حسين بعد حرب الخليج الثانية بإضافة عبارة «الله أكبر» إلى العلم العراقي، والموجود في الشعار أيضا، وتغيير ترتيب ألوان العلم من الوضع العمودي إلى الأفقي، وتم استبدال عبارة «الجمهورية العراقية» بعبارة «جمهورية العراق». لم يتغير الشعار طيلة تلك الفترة سوى إزالة الثلاث نجوم من العلم السابق، وكان هذا عام 2008.

شعار العراق خلال فترات مختلفة

والشعار الجديد في أعلى هذه الصفحة

شعارات تتشابه مع شعار العراق الحالي

انظر أيضاً
 نسر صلاح الدين
 شعار فلسطين
 شعار الأردن
 شعار مصر

مصادر

سياسة العراق
عراق

شعار العراق


Milan Hejduk (; born February 14, 1976) is a Czech–American former professional ice hockey forward. Nicknamed "the Duke", he spent his entire 14-year National Hockey League (NHL) career with the Colorado Avalanche and retired holding the record for most career games as an Avalanche player with 1,020. In 2003, he won the Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophy as the NHL's leading goal scorer. He is a member of Czech Ice Hockey Hall of Fame.

Playing career
The 6-foot-tall, 190-pound Hejduk was drafted 87th overall by the Quebec Nordiques in the fourth round of the 1994 NHL Entry Draft, after a year with HC Pardubice in the Czech Extraliga, after winning Czech Rookie of the Year with 11 goals in 32 games. He stayed with Pardubice until 1998, scoring 14, 13, 27 and 26 goals in his next four seasons respectively before transferring to the NHL after the 1997–98 season.

Hejduk won the Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophy as the NHL's top goalscorer when he scored 50 goals for the Avalanche in the 2002–03 season, narrowly surpassing Markus Näslund of the Vancouver Canucks, who had been leading for most of the season. Hejduk scored a goal against the Calgary Flames in a 3–0 win for the Avalanche on March 12, 2006, tying him with Peter Forsberg in sixth place on the all-time Avalanche franchise goalscoring list with 216 goals. He won the Stanley Cup in the 2000–01 season with the Avalanche.

During the 2004–05 NHL lockout, Hejduk returned to HC Pardubice, scoring 25 goals in 48 Czech Extraliga games. He won the Extraliga title with Pardubice.

In the 2008–09 season, Hejduk scored his 300th career NHL goal alongside Ryan Smyth on January 18, 2009, against the Calgary Flames in a 6–2 victory at the Pepsi Center. He dressed for all 82 games that year for the Avalanche and ended what was, at that point, their most unsuccessful season in history tied with Smyth as the Avs' top scorer with 59 points. Milan also led the Avalanche for the fifth time in his career with 27 goals.

Prior to the 2009–10 season, on September 24, 2009, Hejduk signed a new one-year contract with Colorado effective for the 2010–11 season. Alongside long-time teammate and team captain Adam Foote, Hejduk provided veteran leadership to a re-invigorated, youth-laden Avalanche side to start the year. After initially persisting with a knee and back injuries through the first half of the season, on January 19, 2010, Milan opted to undergo arthroscopic knee surgery and forgo participating in the 2010 Winter Olympics with the Czech Republic to recoup. After over one month on the sidelines, Hejduk scored two goals against the St. Louis Blues to mark his return on March 7. In helping Colorado return to the Stanley Cup playoffs, he completed the year to place third on the team with 23 goals despite playing in a career-low 56 games. He scored just one goal in the 2010 playoffs before he succumbed to a head injury after a collision with line-mate Paul Stastny in Game 3 of the Western Conference Quarterfinals series defeat against the San Jose Sharks.

On May 11, 2011, Hejduk signed another one-year contract with the Avalanche effective for the 2011–12 season. On November 14, he was named the third captain in Avalanche history after a brief vacancy was left by Adam Foote's retirement. Hejduk saw a decline in his offensive production for his first season as captain. Scoring 14 goals and 37 points in 81 games, this ended his impressive career streak of 12-straight 20-plus-goal seasons. Shortly after the 2011–12 season, after the Avs would miss the playoffs for the second time in two years, Hejduk expressed his consideration to retire from the NHL. Despite these statements, on May 18, 2012, he signed a one-year contract with the Avalanche for the 2012–13 season worth $2 million. In September 2012, he relinquished his captaincy due to his role in the organization changing. He admitted to being happy to have given up his captaincy to a player who he thinks is going to be a franchise player for a long time.

In the lockout-shortened 2012–13 season, Hejduk became the last player drafted by the Quebec Nordiques still active in the NHL, after goaltender Tim Thomas opted for a year on hiatus. On February 4, 2013, in a 3–2 defeat to the Dallas Stars, Hejduk scored a goal in his 1,000th career NHL game. He became the first Avalanche player in history to appear in 1,000 games for the club and the 30th in NHL history to do so at a single franchise. On his 37th birthday, Hejduk scored a goal and a shoot-out goal in a 4–3 victory over the Minnesota Wild on February 14, 2013. The goal marked his 800th point in the NHL, becoming just the third Czech-born player in NHL history to reach the feat, behind only Jaromír Jágr and Patrik Eliáš. Despite the shortened season, Hejduk saw his scoring role reduced by head coach Joe Sacco. With injury and bouts of healthy scratches, he contributed from the checking lines with a career-low 4 goals and 11 points in only 29 games played.

Despite harbouring ambition to continue playing, Hejduk was not offered a new contract by the Avalanche upon the expiry of his contract. He finished his tenure ranked second in Quebec/Colorado franchise history in games played (1,020), fourth in goals (375) and points (805) and fifth in assists (430), while also the all-time franchise leader in overtime goals (9) and second in game-winning goals (59).

Reports surfaced on November 13, 2013, that Hejduk was ending his hockey career, which were confirmed after the 2014 Olympic break. At the time of his retirement, he was the last player to leave the Avalanche that had played on their 2001 Stanley Cup-winning team.

On September 13, 2017, it was announced that the Avalanche would retire Hejduk's number 23 jersey during the 2017–18 season, and it was officially retired on January 6, 2018.

NHL All-Star Games
Hejduk has been selected to play in three NHL All-Star Games. In the 2000 All-Star Game, he played on the World team in a 9–4 win over North America. He earned a primary assist on Pavol Demitra's third period goal. For the 2001 All-Star Game, he was chosen to replace an injured Jaromír Jágr in the starting line-up, one of the six Avalanche players selected as starters. However, he did not record a point in a 14–12 loss to North America. In 2009, he was selected as the only Av in the All-Star lineup for the year's Game. He recorded one goal and two assists in a 12–11 shootout loss to the Eastern Conference.

Personal life
Hejduk is married to Zlatuse and has twin sons named Marek and David, born January 3, 2004. In 2016, Hejduk became an American citizen. Marek began playing for Harvard in the fall of 2022. David is committed to join the program the following year.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards and honours

References

External links

1976 births
Living people
Colorado Avalanche players
Czech expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Czech ice hockey right wingers
HC Dynamo Pardubice players
Ice hockey players at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
National Hockey League All-Stars
National Hockey League players with retired numbers
Olympic bronze medalists for the Czech Republic
Olympic gold medalists for the Czech Republic
Olympic ice hockey players for the Czech Republic
Olympic medalists in ice hockey
Ice hockey people from Ústí nad Labem
Quebec Nordiques draft picks
Rocket Richard Trophy winners
Stanley Cup champions

Milan Hejduk


Quirinus, Roma mitolojisindeki büyük tanrılardan biri. Durumu biraz mistiktir.

İsminin etimolojisi ve konumu

İsmi co-viri yani "birlik(te) adamlar"dan türemiştir; burada kast edilen onun Roma halkının, devletinin, askeri ve ekonomik gücünün tecessümü, kişileşmiş hali olduğudur. Nitekim Quirinus başlarda sadece Roma devletinin tanrısı olarak bir tür devlet tanrısı olarak gözükmüş daha sonra Roma'nın kurucusu ve ilk kralı Romulus ile karışmış olsa da Roma devletini sembolize eden bir tanrı olarak kalmıştır.
Ayrıca Quirinus curia yani "senato (binası)" ve comitia curiata yani "kabile meclisi"ni korurdu. Zaten bu yerlerin isimleri de, görüldüğü gibi, Quirinus'un ismiyle akrabadır.

Kökeni

Kökeni Sabinlere dayanır; Quirinus aslında bir Sabin tanrısıdır. Hatta Quirinus'a bir tapınak diktikleri bir bölgeyi Collis Quirinalis yani "Quirinel Tepe" diye anmışlardır. Bu alan daha sonra Roma'nın yedi tepesinden biri olarak sayılmıştır. Romalıların yükselişiyle, Roma'nın ilk kralı ve kurucusu Romulus'un tanrılaştırılmış hali olarak, Roma mitolojisinde önemli bir yer edinmiştir. Her ne kadar Roma mitolojisinde diğer iki önemli eril tanrı olan Jüpiter ve Mars ile önemli bir yere sahip olsa da, bu iki tanrıya oranla Quirinus hakkında pek az şey bilinir. Quirinus'un eşi Hora'ydı.

Bazı kaynaklar Quirinus'un tanrılaştırılmış Aeneas olduğunu iddia etmişlerdir. Aeneas'ın Romalıların atası olduğuna inanılırdı ve Quirinus'a tapınma ata-tapımı ile yakından ilişkilidir.

Kültür

Quirinus'a adanmış olan festival (bayram) 17 Şubat'ta kutlanan Quirinalia, rahibi ise Flamen Quirinalis idi. Roma vatandaşları bazen Quirinus'un isminden türemiş bir isimle, Quirites (tekili: quiris) olarak anılırlardı. Bu unvan bir onur sayılırdı (Livius).

Sanatsal açıdan Quirinus genellikle sakallı bir adam olarak, dini veya askeri resmi kıyafetler içinde tasvir edilmiştir.

Roma tanrıları
MÖ 8. yüzyılda Roma Krallığı

Quirinus


Hıdırlı, Sinop ilinin Gerze ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1487 yılı kayıtlarında Hızırlı olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Sinop il merkezine 74 km, Gerze ilçe merkezine 46 km uzaklıktadır. Elma Çukuru Höyüğü ve Keçi Türbesi Höyüğü köy sınırlarında bulunur.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Gerze belde ve köyleri

Hıdırlı, Gerze


Dragan Dimić (født 14. oktober 1981) er en serbisk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Serbien

Dragan Dimić


Eine Erziehungsnorm ist ein überindividuelles Wertprinzip bzw. eine soziale Norm, die festlegt, wie die Erziehung von Kindern und Jugendlichen erfolgen soll. Erziehungsnormen orientieren Erziehungsmethoden und Erziehungsmittel und bilden die Grundlage der erzieherischen Beurteilung des Kindesverhaltens. Sie sind an individuelle Erziehungskonzepte geknüpft und unterliegen gemeinsam mit diesen dem historischen Wandel.

Die Ausdrücke pädagogische Norm, Erziehungs- bzw. pädagogisches Leitbild und Erziehungs- bzw. pädagogischer Grundsatz werden meist im selben Sinne wie Erziehungsnorm gebraucht.

Begriffsbestimmung
Obwohl der Begriff von Pädagogen häufig verwendet wird und zu den Definitionselementen des Begriffes "Erziehung" zählt, ist von pädagogischer Seite aus kaum je der Versuch unternommen worden, ihn genau zu bestimmen. Selbst in einigen pädagogischen Reallexika fehlt das Lemma ganz. Auch Hans Bokelmann z. B. bestimmt Erziehungsnormen nur vage als "gewisse Lebensvorstellungen", die einer Erziehung zugrunde liegen. Eine genauere Betrachtung hatte Oswald Kahnt, ein Pionier der wissenschaftlichen Pädagogik, aber schon 1902 vorgenommen, als er beschrieb, wie aus übergeordneten, allgemeinen Erziehungsnormen (Erziehungszielen) mit Hilfe der Psychologie untergeordnete, spezielle Erziehungsnormen abgeleitet werden können, die die Erziehung im Detail orientieren.

Einzelnachweise

Allgemeine Pädagogik
Soziale Norm

Erziehungsnorm


Portuñol ili Portuhol mješani je je ne standardiziran/ne kodificiran jezik kojim govore u govornici u graničnim području usko povezanog Španjolskog i Porugalskog, a u Južnoj Americi osobito u sjevernim područjima Urugvaja i južnog Brazila.

S obzirom na to da su portugalski i španjolski jezik bliski romanski jezici, dijalozi se mogu voditi relativno slobodno.

Primjer

Oče naš na Portuñol

Povezani članci
Castrapo
Svorsk
Trasjanka
Suržik

Miješani jezici

Portuñol


Escobaria dasyacantha ist eine Pflanzenart in der Gattung Escobaria aus der Familie der Kakteengewächse (Cactaceae). Das Artepitheton dasyacantha leitet sich von den griechischen Worten dasys für 'dicht', 'rau', 'struppig' und akantha für 'Dorn' ab. Ein englischer Trivialnamen ist "Cob Cactus".

Beschreibung
Escobaria dasyacantha wächst einzeln und sprosst gelegentlich. Die niedergedrückt kugelförmigen bis kurz zylindrischen Triebe erreichen Wuchshöhen von bis zu 20 Zentimeter und Durchmesser von 4 bis 7 Zentimeter. Die Triebe sind von der dichten weißen Bedornung verdeckt. Von den bis zu 10 Millimeter langen Warzen sind die älteren an der Basis der Triebe häufig verkorkt und dornenlos. Die sieben bis 17 kräftigen, weißen Mitteldornen besitzen eine Länge von 2,5 Zentimeter. Die 25 bis 50 oder mehr Randdornen sind kräftig, weiß und 0,6 bis 2,5 Zentimeter lang.

Die Blüten sind mehr oder weniger rosafarben bis bräunlich oder gelegentlich auch grünlich. Sie sind bis zu 2 Zentimeter lang und erreichen Durchmesser von 1,5 bis 2 Zentimeter. Die Blüten öffnen sich auf Grund der dichten steifen Bedornung nur selten ganz. Die roten, keulenförmigen Früchte weisen Längen von bis zu 10 Millimeter auf.

Verbreitung, Systematik und Gefährdung
Escobaria dasyacantha ist in den Vereinigten Staaten in den Bundesstaaten New Mexico und Texas sowie den mexikanischen Bundesstaaten Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León und Zacatecas verbreitet.

Die Erstbeschreibung als Mammillaria dasyacantha durch George Engelmann wurde 1856 veröffentlicht. Nathaniel Lord Britton und Joseph Nelson Rose stellten die Art 1923 in die Gattung Escobaria. Weitere nomenklatorische Synonyme sind Cactus dasyacanthus  (1891), Coryphantha dasyacantha  (1922), Escobesseya dasyacantha  (1945) und Neobesseya dasyacantha  (2013).

Es werden folgende Unterarten unterschieden:
 Escobaria dasyacantha subsp. dasyacantha
 Escobaria dasyacantha subsp. chaffeyi

In der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN wird die Art als "", d. h. als nicht gefährdet geführt.

Nachweise

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Escobaria (Kakteen)
Dasyacantha

Escobaria dasyacantha


Balıfakı, Sinop ilinin Erfelek ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1928 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır.

Coğrafya
Köy, Sinop il merkezine 33 km, Erfelek ilçe merkezine 15 km uzaklıktadır. Köy yakınlarındaki Kurtkuyusu mevkiiinde bir tümülüs bulunur.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Erfelek belde ve köyleri

Balıfakı


Emil Rengle ()  un compozitor, coregraf, dansator, regizor și solist din România. Este câștigătorul celui de-al optulea sezon al Românii au talent și primul dansator din istoria emisiunii care câștigă marele premiu.

Carieră
În anul 2015, Emil a fondat proiectul muzical numit RENGLE, la care a lansat discurile single, "Click Click", "Say Cheese", "Lost You in Hong Kong" și "China" prin intermediul casei de discuri Roton. Emil a fost invitat să facă parte din echipa artistica a galei muzicale MTV Europe Music Awards al anului 2015. În anul 2017, Emil a participat la emisiunea de dans Uite cine dansează! împreună cu Dana Budeanu, la scurt timp cei doi s-au retras din competiție din cauza unui accident al Danei în timpul repetițiilor. Emil este de asemenea cunoscut pentru munca sa în calitate de coregraf cu artiști precum Alex Velea, Antonia, Loredana Groza, DJ Andi, Fly Project, Anda Adam, Corina, Alexandra Stan, Inna și regretata artistă Anca Pop. Emil de asemenea a participat pentru evenimente precum Coca Cola (Taste the Feeling), Media Music Awards 2012, Dubai XL Club, Untold Festival, și este coregraful principal al emisiunii Vocea României.

Emil Rengle a câștigat premiul de originalitate in valoare de 10.000 de euro și marele premiu in valoare 120.000 de euro la emisiunea-concurs Românii au talent.

Viață personală
Într-un clip postat pe canalul său de YouTube, Emil Rengle a recunoscut că este bisexual.

Discografie

Single-uri

Videoclipuri

Referințe

Legături externe
 Biografia EMIL RENGLE cel mai celebru dansator coregraf, viata in ritm de dans de la ORADEA via LOS ANGELES,NEW YORK si DUBAI vedeteblog.com
 Interviu Emil Rengle: Sper ca, in timp, oamenii sa invete ca nu exista un mod corect sau gresit de a-ti trai viata bestmusic.ro

Nașteri în 1990
Nașteri pe 1 septembrie
Câștigători la Românii au talent
Compozitori români
Coregrafi români
Dansatori români
Oameni în viață
Orădeni
Persoane LGBT din România
Regizori români

Emil Rengle