Rosângela Lula da Silva GCIH  (União da Vitória, 27 de agosto de 1966), popularmente conhecida como Janja, é uma socióloga brasileira filiada ao Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT). É a atual primeira-dama do país, como a terceira esposa do 39.º presidente do Brasil, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.

Em novembro de 2022, através da Revista Noticias (periódico argentino), foi comparada à ex-primeira-dama da Argentina Evita Perón, pelo protagonismo e influência exercidos durante a campanha do marido.

Biografia
Rosângela da Silva nasceu em 27 de agosto de 1966, em União da Vitória, no Paraná. É filha do comerciante aposentado José Clóvis da Silva e da dona de casa Vani Terezinha da Silva ― conhecida como "Têre", sendo a mais nova de dois irmãos. Mudou-se para Curitiba ainda na infância. Filiou-se ao Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT) em 1983, quando tinha 17 anos.

Formação e carreira
Em 1990, ingressou no curso de Ciências Sociais na Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) e especializou-se em História na mesma instituição. Além disso, Rosângela possui MBA em Gestão Social e Sustentabilidade.

Entre 1995 e 1996, Rosângela atuou como docente colaboradora do Departamento de Serviço Social da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa (UEPG).

Rosângela também trabalhou como parte da liderança do PT na Assembleia Legislativa do Paraná (ALEP).

No dia 1.º de janeiro de 2005, aos 38 anos, Rosângela ingressou na Itaipu Binacional. Na época, não havia concurso público para o seu cargo administrativo, de maneira que ela foi selecionada por meio de análise de currículo e entrevista. Na hidrelétrica, atuou como assistente do diretor-geral e coordenadora de programas voltados ao desenvolvimento sustentável. Entre 2012 e 2016, ela atuou como assessora de comunicação e relações institucionais da Eletrobrás, no Rio de Janeiro. Voltou a trabalhar em Itaipu em 2016 e deixou oficialmente a hidrelétrica em 1.º de janeiro de 2020 .

Vida pessoal

Janja e seu marido Lula, que se conhecem desde a década de 1990, começaram seu relacionamento em abril de 2018, quando o ex-presidente já se havia tornado viúvo de Marisa Letícia Lula da Silva, sua segunda esposa, falecida em fevereiro de 2017.

Após a prisão de Lula, ela o visitava com frequência na sede da Polícia Federal (PF) em Curitiba, tendo a primeira visita ocorrido no Dia dos Namorados de 2018.

No dia 17 de maio de 2022, foi anunciado que Lula e Janja iriam casar-se no dia seguinte, o que ocorreu em uma casa de festas de São Paulo. O casal estabeleceu residência em um sobrado de  alugado no bairro Alto de Pinheiros, na capital paulista.

Primeira-dama do Brasil

Em 1 de janeiro de 2023, se tornou a trigésima oitava primeira-dama do Brasil com o terceiro governo do presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. A primeira-dama esteve à frente da organização da posse e o chamado "Festival do Futuro". Ao todo, quarenta e duas atrações foram confirmadas para a festa, que se apresentaram nos palcos batizados Elza Soares e Gal Costa, cantoras que faleceram em 2022. O evento, na Esplanada dos Ministérios foi programado para começar às 12h. O público acompanhou o desfile de Lula em carro aberto e, pelos telões, puderam assistir ao ato que oficializava a posse, no Congresso Nacional, o pronunciamento do presidente e a transmissão da faixa presidencial. A primeira-dama disse que foi ela quem deu a ideia de o 'povo' entregar a faixa a Lula. Oito pessoas foram escolhidas para representarem a sociedade civil subindo a rampa do Palácio do Planalto ao lado do Presidente Lula e, incluindo, Resistência, a cadelinha do casal. A faixa presidencial passou de mão em mão entre cada um deles até chegar em Aline Sousa, a quem colocou a faixa no presidente."(Disse a Lula:) 'Acho que o povo brasileiro tem que passar a faixa para você.' Acho que será simbólico". afirmou a primeira-dama, em entrevista à jornalista Natuza Nery, pela GloboNews.Durante a cerimônia, apareceu usando um terno dourado, sendo a primeira primeira-dama brasileira a usar tal peça numa solenidade de posse. Feminista declarada, ela dispõe de um gabinete para atuar nas áreas de segurança alimentar e do setor cultural, além de fomentar os movimentos e ideologias que visam estabelecer a igualdade de gênero, de cunho identitário.

A primeira-dama recebeu, na tarde do dia 8 de fevereiro de 2023, no Palácio do Planalto, influenciadores digitais que fizeram campanha para o presidente Lula durante o segundo turno da corrida presidencial. Como pauta de encontro, estava a articulação dos influenciadores pela democracia e o combate à desinformação. Além de Janja, participaram do encontro a diretora da Empresa Brasil de Comunicação (EBC), Antonia Pellegrino, e influenciadores digitais como Rainha Matos, Raul Santiago, Vítor diCastro, Ana Hikari, Rafa Brunelli, Gleici Damasceno, Rene Silva, Fernanda Rocha Catania, Ivan Baron (que subiu a rampa com Lula), entre outros. A conversa aconteceu um mês após os ataques às sedes dos Três Poderes. Após o encontro, os influenciadores, acompanhados de Janja e Lula, visitaram o Museu Nacional da República, em Brasília. A ministra da Cultura, Margareth Menezes, também participou.

No dia 1 de março, a primeira-dama Janja, as 11 ministras mulheres do governo Lula, e as presidentes do Banco do Brasil e da Caixa Econômica Federal participaram, de um café da manhã no Palácio do Planalto para abrir as atividades referentes ao Dia Internacional da Mulher, comemorado no dia 8 de março. O evento foi promovido pela ministra das Mulheres, Cida Gonçalves, e teve pronunciamentos sobre a importância da data no contexto do novo governo, de representatividade e investimentos voltados às políticas públicas para a população feminina. Também foi apresentada a marca da campanha do governo federal em referência à celebração. Na mesma ocasião, inclusive, o presidente Lula prometeu que seu governo apresentará ao Congresso no dia 8 um projeto de lei que equipara os salários de homens e mulheres que exerçam a mesma função no mercado de trabalho.

No dia 19 de abril, Janja participou da abertura da 313ª Assembleia do Conanda, o Conselho Nacional dos Direitos da Infância e da Adolescência. O conselho debateu com a primeira-dama outros assuntos ligados aos direitos das crianças e adolescentes, como os casos de violência nas escolas. O ministério da Educação expôs o plano contra crimes em ambientes escolar e técnicos do Ipea apresentaram dados sobre crianças em situação de rua e, durante a mesma ocasião, a primeira-dama foi agraciada com o Título de Conselheira de Honra.

Rede de Inclusão e Combate à Desigualdade da OEI no Brasil
A primeira-dama Janja, anunciou no dia 24 de abril que assumirá a coordenação da Rede de Inclusão e Combate à Desigualdade da Organização dos Estados Ibero-americano no Brasil, o convite foi aceito durante viagem da comitiva presidencial à Espanha. A Organização dos Estados Ibero-americanos para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura é um organismo de cooperação multilateral, e tem como objetivo fomentar a cooperação entre países membros no campo da educação, ciência e cultura, com foco em desenvolvimento sustentável.

Viagens como futura primeira-dama (antes da posse)

Egito
Como futura primeira-dama, junto do recém presidente eleito Lula, tiveram a sua primeira viagem antes da posse entre 15 a 17 de novembro de 2022. O casal participou da Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre as Mudanças Climáticas ― a COP27 ― onde destacou o papel do Brasil no combate ao aquecimento global. Visitou o estande de ONGs brasileiras no evento. Ela se encontrou com a cantora Fafá de Belém e com Fátima Bezerra, governadora do Rio Grande do Norte.

Portugal
Após a viagem ao Egito, Lula e Janja se encontraram com o presidente Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa e com o primeiro-ministro português António Costa em Portugal, de 17 a 18 de novembro de 2022. Ambos conversaram sobre vários temas, entre eles, as relações entre Brasil e Portugal e o acordo de Associação Mercosul-União Europeia.

Viagens oficiais como primeira-dama

Argentina

A sua primeira viagem oficial foi para a Argentina, no dia 22 de janeiro, acompanhando o presidente Lula. No país vizinho, em que o líder brasileiro e o presidente argentino Alberto Fernández firmaram acordos bilaterais. Janja e a primeira-dama Fabiola Yáñez também foram destaques na mídia. Na Argentina, Lula e Janja se encontraram com as Mães da Praça de Maio, grupo de mulheres formado para cobrar a descoberta de seus filhos e desaparecidos durante o Processo de Reorganização Nacional (1976–1983).

No Twitter, a primeira-dama expressou "admiração por essas mulheres que lutam por dignidade e reparação de direitos" e que "tiveram seus filhos e netos assassinados ou desaparecidos durante a ditadura militar".

Uruguai

Depois da viagem a Argentina, a primeira-dama acompanhou o presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva ao Uruguai e se encontram com o presidente Luis Lacalle Pou para discutir assuntos bilaterais entre os dois países, incluindo o possível tratado de livre comércio entre o Uruguai e a China, criticado fortemente pelo Mercosul, o qual o Brasil faz parte. Participou de uma condecoração pública na prefeitura de Montevidéu, onde Lula recebeu uma medalha pelos esforços em defesa do meio ambiente, entregue pela prefeita da capital uruguaia, Carolina Cosse. Após a cerimônia, Lula discursou para apoiadores que o aguardavam do lado de fora do local.

Posteriormente, se encontram também com o ex-presidente do país José Mujica, em sua chácara na zona rural de Montevidéu.

Estados Unidos
Janja e Lula viajaram para os Estados Unidos no dia 9 de fevereiro e se encontraram com o presidente Joe Biden. Ambos os presidentes trataram de assuntos bilaterais – como o comércio do Brasil - Estados Unidos – e globais, entre eles o aquecimento global, o desmatamento da Floresta Amazônica e a Guerra Russo-Ucraniana. Junto com a Ministra da Igualdade Racial do Brasil Anielle Franco, a primeira-dama visitou o National Museum of African American History and Culture com o objetivo de trocar tecnologias e metodologias para a criação de museus semelhantes no Brasil. Janja teria um encontro privado com a primeira-dama dos Estados Unidos, Jill Biden, mas devido a um mal-estar da mesma o encontro agendado que aconteceria na Casa Branca foi cancelado.

China

A primeira-dama Janja, junto com o presidente Lula viajaram para a China entre os dias 11 e 14 de abril para uma visita de Estado. Em Xangai, o casal, participou da cerimônia de posse da ex-presidente do Brasil Dilma Rousseff como presidente do Banco dos BRICS. Posteriormente visitaram o Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento da Huawei de Xangai. Em Pequim, se encontraram com o presidente Xi Jinping. Janja teve um encontro privativo com a primeira-dama chinesa, Peng Liyuan. As primeiras-damas conversaram sobre as impressões de ambos os países Brasil e China.

Honras, Condecorações e Títulos honoríficos

Condecorações

Títulos honoríficos

 Foi homenageada com a Medalha Tiradentes na Assembleia Legislativa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.

 Em março de 2023 também recebeu do Senado Federal o Diploma Bertha Lutz, que agracia mulheres que tenham oferecido relevante contribuição na defesa dos direitos da mulher e questões do gênero no Brasil.

Ver também
Resistência (cadela)

Ligações externas

Sociólogos do Paraná
Membros do Partido dos Trabalhadores
Alunos da Universidade Federal do Paraná
Professores da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa
Naturais de União da Vitória
Esposas de políticos do Brasil
Família Lula da Silva
Feministas do Brasil
Pessoas da Itaipu Binacional
Primeiras-damas do Brasil
Agraciadas com o Diploma Bertha Lutz
Grã-Cruzes da Ordem do Infante D. Henrique

Rosângela Lula da Silva


Svijet

Natjecanja

Svjetska natjecanja

Kontinentska natjecanja

Europska natjecanja

Osnivanja
 Middlesbrough F.C., engleski nogometni klub

Rekordi

Nagrade

Ostali događaji

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Natjecanja

Timski športovi

Pojedinačni športovi

Osnivanja

Rekordi

Nagrade

Ostali događaji

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Šport u 1876.


Diese Liste enthält in Messina geborene Persönlichkeiten sowie solche, die in Messina gewirkt haben, dabei jedoch andernorts geboren wurden. Die Liste erhebt keinen Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit.

In Messina geborene Persönlichkeiten

Bis 1800

 Antonello da Messina (um 1430 – 1479), Maler
 Alfonso Franco (1466–1523), Maler und Silberschmied
 Antonello de Saliba (um 1467 – um 1535), Maler
 Girolamo Alibrandi (um 1470 – um 1524), Maler
 Antonio Giuffrè (1493–1543), Maler
 Franciscus Maurolicus (1494–1575), Universalgelehrter
 Mariano Riccio (1510–1593), Maler
 Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pascha (1545–1605), osmanischer Beamter, General und Admiral
 Antonio Catalano (1560–1630), Maler
 Natale Masuccio (1568–1619), Architekt
 Alonso Rodriguez (1578–1648), Maler
 Giovanni Simone Comandè (1580–1634), Maler
 Scipione Errico (1592–1670), Dichter
 Antonio Barbalonga (1600–1649), Maler
 Giovanni Battista Quagliata (1603–1673), Maler
 Giovanni Fulco (1605–1680), Maler
 Domenico Guargena (1610–1663), Kapuziner und Maler
 Domenico Maroli (1612–1676), Maler
 Andrea Suppa (1628–1671), Maler und Architekt
 Agostino Scilla (1629–1700), Maler, Paläontologe, Numismatiker und Geologe
 Bartolomeo Tricomi (um 1630 – 1709), Maler
 Filippo Tancredi (1655–1722), Maler
 Giovanni Tuccari (1667–1743), Maler
 Nicola van Houbraken (1668–nach 1724), Maler
 Antonio Filocamo (1669–1743), Maler
 Filippo Juvarra (1678–1736), Architekt
 Paolo Filocamo (1688–1743), Maler und Architekt
 Litterio Paladini (1691–1743), Maler und Kupferstecher
 Salvatore Monosilio (1715–1776), Maler
 Giuseppe Paladini (1721–1794), Maler
 Domenico Benedetto Balsamo (1759–1844), Ordensgeistlicher und römisch-katholischer Erzbischof von Monreale
 Giacomo Minutoli (1765–1827), Architekt
 Franz Xaver von Weber (1766–1843), Schweizer Politiker
 Pier Francesco Brunaccini (1772–1850), Ordensgeistlicher und römisch-katholischer Erzbischof von Monreale
 Letterio Subba (1787–1868), Architekt, Bildhauer und Maler

1801 bis 1900

 Michele Panebianco (1806–1873), Maler
 Tommaso Aloisio Juvara (1809–1875), Zeichner und Kupferstecher
 Giacomo Conti (1813–1888), Maler
 Giuseppe La Farina (1815–1863), Jurist, Journalist, Schriftsteller und Politiker
 Saro Zagari (1821–1897), Architekt und Bildhauer
 Giuseppe Prinzi (1825–1895), Bildhauer
 Giuseppe Sergi (1841–1936), positivistischer physischer Anthropologe, Evolutionist und Experimentalpsychologe
 Laura Gonzenbach (1842–1878), Märchensammlerin
 Giacomo Natoli (1846–1896), Politiker, Bürgermeister von Messina
 Annibale Maria Di Francia (1851–1927), Priester, Ordensgründer und Heiliger
 Helene Klostermann (1858–1935), Pädagogin
 Antonio Ruggeri (1859–1915), Rebzüchter
 Giovanni Alfredo Cesareo (1860–1937), Schriftsteller und Romanist
 Pietro Gori (1865–1911), Jurist, Journalist und Dichter
 Gaetano Martino (1900–1967), Politiker

1901 bis 1950

 Cayetano Puglisi (1902–1968), argentinischer Tangogeiger, Bandleader und Komponist
 Pietro Ferro (1903–1960), Komponist und Musikpädagoge
 Salvatore Todaro (1908–1942), Marineoffizier
 Gino Buzzanca (1912–1985), Schauspieler
 Enrico Fulchignoni (1913–1988), Dokumentarfilmer und Drehbuchautor
 Giovanni Corrieri (1920–2017), Radrennfahrer
 Mario Landi (1920–1992), Regisseur
 Adolfo Celi (1922–1986), Filmschauspieler und Regisseur
 Tano Cimarosa (1922–2008), Schauspieler und Filmregisseur
 Turi Vasile (1922–2009), Filmproduzent, Drehbuchautor und Filmregisseur
 Domenico Amoroso (1927–1997), römisch-katholischer Ordensgeistlicher und Bischof von Trapani
 Wladimiro Calarese (1930–2005), Fechter
 Antonino Giuffrè (1933–1997), Bauingenieur
 Nino Marino (* 1935), Schriftsteller, Drehbuchautor und Filmregisseur
 Ferdinando Salleo (* 1936), Diplomat
 Vittorio Luigi Mondello (* 1937), katholischer Geistlicher und emeritierter Erzbischof von Reggio Calabria-Bova
 Carlo Ausino (1938–2020), Filmschaffender
 Carlo Quartucci (1938–2019), Regisseur, Schauspieler und Bühnenbildner
 Rodolfo Bonifacio (1940–2016), Physiker
 Paolo Lombardo (* 1941), Filmschaffender
 Antonio Martino (1942–2022), Politiker
 Michele Parrinello (* 1945), Physiker
 Francesco Montenegro (* 1946), katholischer Geistlicher, Erzbischof von Agrigent und Kardinal
 Gianfranco Licandro (* 1947), Schauspieler
 Michele Giuttari (* 1950), Polizist und Schriftsteller

Ab 1951

Massimo Sigala (* 1951), Autorennfahrer
 Gaetano Saya (* 1956), Politiker
 Lucia Aliberti (* 1957), Opernsängerin
 Francesco Calogero (* 1957), Filmregisseur und Drehbuchautor
 Donatella Maiorca (* 1957), Schnittsekretärin und Regisseurin
 Alfredo Ormando (1958–1998), Theologe und Schriftsteller
 Giovanni Scalzo (* 1959), Fechter
 Luigi Brogna (1961–2008), Schriftsteller
 Ninni Bruschetta (* 1962), Schauspieler, Theaterregisseur und Drehbuchautor
 Anna Kanakis (* 1962), Filmschauspielerin und Politikerin
 Cesare Di Pietro (* 1964), katholischer Geistlicher, Weihbischof in Messina-Lipari-Santa Lucia del Mela
 Giovanni Mazzarino (* 1965), Jazzpianist und Bandleader
 Maria Grazia Cucinotta (* 1968), Schauspielerin, Filmproduzentin, Filmregisseurin und Model
 Sonia Alfano (* 1971), Antimafia-Aktivistin und Politikerin
 Daniela Schächter (* 1972), Jazzmusikerin
 Cettina Donato (* 1976), Jazzmusikerin
 Antonino Fogliani (* 1976), Dirigent
 Silvia Bosurgi (* 1979), Wasserballspielerin
 Vincenzo Nibali (* 1984), Radrennfahrer
 Giuseppe Sulfaro (* 1984), Schauspieler
 Elios Manzi (* 1996), Judoka

Bekannte Einwohner von Messina
 Brunilde Sismondo Ridgway (* 1929), US-amerikanische Klassische Archäologin
 Anna Giordano (* 1965), Ornithologin und Umweltaktivistin

Siehe auch
 Liste der Bischöfe von Messina
 Künstler in Messina
 ACR Messina: Ehemalige Spieler

Messina
!Personlichkeiten

Liste von Persönlichkeiten der Stadt Messina


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Hostišovce enthält die sechs nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Hostišovce im Okres Rimavská Sobota.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

!
Hostisovce


La apófisis coronoides del cúbito (o "processus coronoideus ulnae" en latín) es una eminencia triangular proyectada hacia delante desde la parte superior y frontal del cúbito.

Su base es continua con el cuerpo del hueso, y de considerable fuerza.

Su apex es afilado, ligeramente curvado hacia arriba y en flexión del antebrazo es recibido por la fosa coronoide del húmero.

Su superficie superior es suave, cóncava y forma la parte inferior de la incisura troclear o cavidad sigmoidea mayor.

Su superficie anteroinferior es cóncava y está marcada con una impresión rugosa por la inserción del músculo braquial. En la unión de esta superficie con la parte frontal del cuerpo del cúbito hay una eminencia rugosa, la tuberosidad del cúbito, que sirve de inserción para una parte del músculo braquial; en el borde lateral de esta tuberosidad se une el ligamento oblicuo.

Su superficie lateral presenta una estrecha y oblonga depresión articular, la incisura radial o cavidad sigmoidea menor.

Su superficie medial, con su libre y prominente margen, sirve de unión a parte del ligamento colateral ulnar. En la parte frontal de esta superficie hay una pequeña eminencia redondeada que sirve como origen a un extremo del Músculo flexor común profundo de los dedos de la mano; Detrás de esta eminencia hay una depresión para parte del origen del músculo flexor digital profundo; descendiendo desde esta eminencia se encuentra una cresta que da origen a un extremo del músculo pronador redondo.

Frecuentemente, el músculo flexor largo del pulgar surge desde la parte inferior de la apófisis coronoides mediante un haz de fibras musculares.

La apófisis coronoides del cúbito no debe ser confundida con la apófisis coracoides de la escápula, de similar pronunciación.

Imágenes adicionales

Enlaces externos
 lessons4bonesofantforearm at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University)
 radiographsul  at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University)
 X-ray  at uams.edu

Este artículo está basado originalmente en una entrada de una edición de dominio público de Anatomía de Gray. Por lo tanto, parte de la información contenida en él podría estar desactualizada.

Cúbito
Apófisis

Apófisis coronoides del cúbito


Le Strike Fighter Squadron 211 (STRKFITRON 211 ou VFA-211), est un escadron de chasseurs d'attaque de l'US Navy stationné à la Naval Air Station Oceana, en Virginie, aux États-Unis. L'escadron a été créé en 1945 et est surnommé "Fighting Checkmates". Le VFA-211 est équipé du F/A-18E/F Super Hornet et actuellement affecté au Carrier Air Wing One sur l' et sous le commandement du Strike Fighter Wing Atlantic.

Insigne et surnom
L'insigne de l'escadron représente un personnage connu sous le nom de "Brutus" tenant une fusée, du logo original du VB-74. Onze étoiles sont disposées en groupes de sept et quatre pour marquer la désignation numérique de l'escadron, "SEVEN FOUR". Le bouclier rappelle l'association de seize ans de l'escadron avec le F-8 Crusader. L'indicatif d'appel radio de l'escadron est «Nikel» et le marquage de queue est AB.

Origine

Trois escadrons de l'US Navy sont de la même lignée.
Le premier a été créé sous le nom de VB-74 en 1945 et supprimé en 1949.
Le deuxième a été créé en 1955 et plus tard renommé Fighter Squadron 24 () en mars 1959.
Le troisième, redésigné Fighter Squadron 211, est finalement devenu Strike Fighter Squadron 211 le

Le Bombing Squadron Seventy Four (VB-74) a été créé le  au NAAF Otis Field dans le Massachusetts. Leur premier avion était le SBW-4E Helldiver. L'escadron a rapidement déménagé à la base navale de Norfolk et s'est déployé sur l' le 31 octobre 1945. En 1946, l'escadron a été renommé Attack Squadron 1B (VA-1B). Equipé du AD-1 Skyraider, deux ans plus tard, l'escadron a été renommé Attack Squadron Twenty Four (VA-24) le . Plus tard, il est passé au F4U Corsair, six semaines a
vant le déploiement avec l'. Après ce déploiement, l'escadron a déménagé au Naval Air Station Oceana et le , le VA-24 a été renommé Fighter Squadron Twenty Four (VF-24).

Ce n'est qu'en 2004, qu'équipé du FA-18F Super Hornet au NAS Oceana, qu'il prendra le nom de Strike Fighter Squadron 211 (VFA-211).

Service

Galerie

Voir aussi

Notes et références

Liens internes
 Strike Fighter Wing Atlantic
 Histoire de l'United States Navy

Liens externes
 VFA-211 - Site GlobaleSecurity.org
  VFA-211 - Site Seaforces.org
  VFA-211 - Site US Navy (AIRLANT)

Strike Fighter Squadron de l'United States Navy
Carrier Air Wing One

VFA-211


Udruženje građana Urbani Šokci – Sombor
 Međunarodni okrugli stol Urbani Šokci u organizaciji Udruženja građana Urbani Šokci - Sombor

Urbani Šokci


Koliella est un genre d'algues vertes d'eau douce de la famille des Koliellaceae, dont il est le genre type.

Habitat et répartition
Le genre Koliella est largement distribué en eau douce ; il est planctonique ou périphytique dans les eaux stagnantes, ou épilithique sur les pierres inondées, ou cryobiontique dans la neige et sur la glace.

Description
Les cellules sont normalement solitaires, fusiformes, filiformes ou (fortement) allongées, droites ou incurvées, avec des extrémités obtuses ou rotondes ou s'effilant progressivement en pointes (très) longues ressemblant à des soies. Après la division, les cellules se détachent normalement immédiatement, mais restent parfois unies dans une configuration courte et faiblement filamenteuse, ce qui permet à chaque cellule d'atteindre (progressivement) une forme spécifique élargie, ce qui se produit également lorsque les cellules possèdent des pôles fortement pointus. La membrane cellulaire est fine et hyaline, sans mucilage. Le chloroplaste est simple et pariétal, laminé ou en forme de ceinture, droit ou en spirale, avec ou sans pyrénoïde. Il contient des gouttelettes lipidiques.

Biologie
La multiplication asexuée se fait par zoospores biflagellées. La multiplication des cellules a lieu par division cellulaire végétative. Lors de la reproduction, la fécondation est supposée oogame, mais des conditions défavorables induiraient la formation d'akinètes à parois épaisses.

Systématique
Ce genre est décrit en 1963 par le phycologue slovaque . L'espèce type est Koliella spiculiformis (Vischer) Hindák. Le nom est un hommage à la phycologue et universitaire hongroise Erzsébet Kol.

Sur la base de la division cellulaire végétative et de la formation occasionnelle de rangées (pseudo)filamenteuses réduites, en particulier dans les cultures, Koliella a été assigné aux Klebsormidiales proches du genre Raphidonema. Les cellules de Koliella, cependant, conservent la forme de base des cellules (y compris les extrémités, parfois fortement, effilées) lorsqu'elles sont réunies en rangées, alors que dans les filaments de Raphidonema, les cellules polaires pointues sont morphologiquement différentes des cellules inter-adjacentes, fondamentalement cylindriques. Le polymorphisme en culture suggère que Kolliella devrait être fusionné avec Raphidonema.

Une étude de 2001 place ce genre dans l'ordre des Prasiolales.

Liste des espèces
Selon  (C=nom correct ; S=synonyme ; P=entrée préliminaire dans AlgaeBase qui n'a fait l'objet d'aucune vérification) :

Notes et références

Liens externes

Koliellaceae
Genre de Chlorophytes (nom scientifique)

Koliella


Eliott Erwitt (n. 26 iulie 1928, Paris, Franța) este un fotograf documentar cunoscut pentru fotografiile lui alb-negru, în care surprinde momente ironice și absurde din viața de zi cu zi a oamenilor.

Erwitt s-a născut în Paris din părinți evrei, emigranți din Rusia. În 1939, când avea 10 ani, familia lui a emigrat în Statele Unite ale Americii. Eliott a studiat fotografia și cinematografia la colegiul din Los Angeles, terminându-și studiile în 1950. Erwitt a fost asistent de forograf în 1950 al armatei Statelor Unite, in timp ce au staționat în Franța și Germania, unde a cunoscut fotografi celebri precum Edward Steichen, Robert Capa și  Roy Stryker. Stryker, actualul director al Departamentului de fotografie din cadrul Administrației Farm, îl angajează pe Erwitt să lucreze la un proiect de fotografie. Apoi a început o carieră ca fotograf liber profesionist, lucrând pentru Collier's, Look, Life and Holiday. S-a alăturat Agenției Magnum Photos în 1953, permițându-i astfel să facă fotografii în întreaga lume.

Unul dintre subiectele pe care Erwitt le-a fotografiat cel mai frecvent în cariera lui au fost câinii, subiectul principal a patru din cărțile sale: Son of Bitch (1974), Dog Dogs (1998), Woof (2005) și Elliott Erwitt's Dogs (2008). Erwitt a fost premiat cu medalia  The Royal Photographic Society's în 2002, în semn de recunoaștere pentru contibuția semnificativă în arta fotografică, și premiul Infinity oferit International Center for Photography pentru întreaga sa carieră, în 2011. Începând cu anii 1970, și-a dedicat o mare parte din energie spre filme. Printre filmele sale artistice, reclame de televiziune și filme documentare se numără: "Arthur Penn: The Director" (1970), Beauty knows no pain (1971), Red, white and bluegrass (1973), Afganistan (1977).

Note

Fotografi francezi
Fotografi americani
Nașteri în 1928
Nașteri pe 26 iulie
Evrei francezi
Fotojurnaliști
Emigranți
Oameni în viață

Elliott Erwitt


Alexander Keith's is a brewery in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. It is part of Anheuser-Busch InBev, a holdings company based in Leuven, Belgium, which owns over 400 beer brands globally.

The brewery was founded in 1820 by Alexander Keith who had immigrated from Scotland three years previously. In 1928, the business was sold to Oland Brewery, which was in turn sold to the Labatt Brewing Company. Following a number of mergers and acquisitions, Labatt's is now part of Anheuser-Busch InBev.

Since 1928, parent companies kept the brand alive, and by the 1990s Alexander Keith's India Pale Ale (IPA) was the most popular beer in Nova Scotia. A number of other styles is also marketed. Although Alexander Keith products were originally produced in the Halifax brewery only for sale in the Maritimes, they are now produced at Anheuser-Busch InBev plants across Canada and America.

Archived recipes for beer made by the Alexander Keith's Brewery in the early 1900s show high levels of hopping, with large all-malt mash ingredients and no use of corn, typical for beers of that time. In contrast, the modern beer marketed as Alexander Keith's IPA is only 5% alcohol by volume and lightly hopped, which does not meet the accepted criteria for an India pale ale. At the 2016 Canadian Brewing Awards, Alexander Keith's IPA won third place, not in the IPA category, but in the "North American Style Blonde or Golden Ale" category.

Gallery

See also
 List of breweries in Canada

References

Beer brewing companies based in Nova Scotia
Labatt Brewing Company
Companies based in Halifax, Nova Scotia
Companies based in Nova Scotia
Food and drink companies established in 1820
Canadian subsidiaries of foreign companies
Canadian beer brands
1820 establishments in Nova Scotia

Alexander Keith's Brewery


Le lac de Consaterre petit est un lac pyrénéen français situé administrativement dans la commune de Saint-Lary-Soulan dans le département des Hautes-Pyrénées en région Occitanie.

C'est un lac naturel qui a une superficie de  pour une altitude de .

Toponymie

Géographie
Le lac est situé en vallée d'Aure dans la vallée du Rioumajou, dans le sud-est du département français des Hautes-Pyrénées.

Topographie

Hydrologie
Le lac a pour émissaire le ruisseau de Bisourte affluent droit de la Neste de Rioumajou.

Climat

Protection environnementale

Le lac fait partie d'une zone naturelle protégée, classée ZNIEFF de type 1 : Haute vallée d'Aure en rive droite, de Barroude au col d'Azet

Voies d'accès
Pour atteindre le lac versant est, au départ du Pont Tisné, il faut passer par un chemin en longeant le ruisseau de Hitte Longue par la cabane de Consaterre.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des lacs des Hautes-Pyrénées
 Liste des lacs des Pyrénées
 Lac de Consaterre grand

Liens externes
 Lac de Consaterre

Consaterre
Consaterre
Massif de Suelza

Lac de Consaterre petit


Um simulacro de incêndio, ou exercício de simulação de incêndio, consiste num exercício que pretende refletir um plano possível de evacuação em caso de incêndio ou outras emergências . Geralmente, a simulação começa com a ativação do sistema de alarme de incêndio que alerta as pessoas sobre um incêndio ou outras situações de emergência. Os procedimentos do simulacro de incêndio têm o objetivo de facilitar que as pessoas evacuem do lugar por meio da saída mais próxima disponível sem se exporem a situações de perigo. Embora os procedimentos possam variar dependendo do tipo de edifício, como hospitais ou edifícios altos, onde os ocupantes podem ser realocados dentro do edifício em vez de evacuar o edifício, a evacuação geralmente é cronometrada para garantir que seja suficientemente rápida, e quaisquer problemas com o sistema de emergência ou procedimentos de evacuação são identificados para serem remediados.

Além das simulações de incêndio, a maioria dos edifícios verificam os sistemas de alarme de incêndio regularmente para garantir que o sistema funcione adequadamente. Os testes de alarme de incêndio ocorrem frequentemente fora do horário normal de trabalho para minimizar a interrupção das funções do edifício. Nas escolas, os testes ocorrem geralmente quando os alunos e funcionários não estão por perto ou durante as férias, onde engenheiros especializados em alarmes de incêndio testam os alarmes no prédio para reparos, se necessário.

História de exercícios de incêndio

O objetivo dos exercícios de simulações de incêndio é garantir que todos saibam como sair com segurança o mais rápido possível em caso de incêndio, fumaça, monóxido de carbono ou outra emergência e familiarizar os ocupantes do edifício com o som do alarme de incêndio.

Antes que os exercícios regulares de incêndio fossem instituídos, um incêndio infame eclodiu na escola católica particular Nossa Senhora dos Anjos em 1958, em Chicago. As crianças ficaram presas no segundo andar, sem que professores nem alunos soubessem como sair do prédio com segurança. Muitas crianças pularam das janelas e muitas foram mortas por não conseguirem chegar a uma saída. Embora a escola tivesse passado por uma inspeção de incêndio com o número de saídas de incêndio e extintores de incêndio exigidos na época dois meses antes, faltava detectores de fumaça ou alarmes de incêndio adequados e estava superlotada.

A necessidade de simulacros de incêndio foi reconhecida; simulacros mensais de incêndio foram realizados após o incêndio de Nossa Senhora dos Anjos. Descobriu-se em um estudo posterior que a educação sobre o fogo também ajudou a preveni-lo: as pessoas começaram a aprender mais sobre o que iniciava os incêndios e o que fazer no caso de um incêndio. As pessoas também tomavam consciência dos perigos que permitem que um incêndio comece. Dentro de um ano do incêndio, muitas das condições perigosas encontradas em Nossa Senhora dos Anjos foram eliminadas em milhares de escolas nos Estados Unidos.

Outras melhorias na segurança contra incêndio
Após o incêndio em Nossa Senhora dos Anjos, os regulamentos estaduais em Illinois exigiam que houvesse caixas de alarme de incêndio nas ruas a não mais de trinta metros da frente do prédio. A Assembléia Geral de Illinois também aprovou códigos de segurança de vida em resposta ao incêndio em Nossa Senhora dos Anjos. Mais controle sobre o descarte de resíduos, armazenamento adequado de materiais combustíveis e simulacros de incêndio e inspeções mais frequentes foram implementados. Outras reformas do incêndio incluem a cidade de Chicago modificando o Código Municipal de Construção de Chicago, afetando a segurança contra incêndio de escolas e outros edifícios com dois ou mais andares. Para evitar incêndios e mortes causadas por incêndios, as escolas devem ter um plano de evacuação em vigor, certificando-se de que todos os alarmes e avisos de incêndio adequados funcionem. Os professores e administradores devem assumir o controle da situação e estar atentos às causas dos incêndios, para tentar impedir que aconteçam.

Regulamentos de simulacros de incêndio
Muitas jurisdições exigem que os simulacros de incêndio sejam realizados em determinados intervalos. Este é o caso em instituições de ensino, e também em outros locais de trabalho e edifícios. A frequência desses exercícios e o que deve ser feito durante eles podem ser estabelecidos em estatutos.

Estados Unidos
Nos Estados Unidos, os regulamentos de simulacros de incêndio escolares são estabelecidos por estados individuais.

Reino Unido
A União Nacional de Professores exige que todas as escolas, faculdades e universidades e qualquer outro estabelecimento de ensino realizem um exercício de evacuação de incêndio a cada semestre. É necessário que a maioria das escolas realize um simulacro de incêndio no início do ano letivo. De acordo com os regulamentos de incêndio do Reino Unido, quaisquer novos edifícios que foram construídos após a mudança dos regulamentos de segurança contra incêndio em 2005, cada quarto deve ter pelo menos um dispositivo de alarme de incêndio, como uma campainha, uma sirene ou alarme de fumaça/calor instalado em todos os quartos . Verificações de segurança regulares, como testar alarmes de incêndio ou alarmes de fumaça e extintores de incêndio, devem ser realizadas semanalmente e não exigem a evacuação do prédio. De acordo com o Despacho de Reforma Regulamentar (Segurança contra Incêndios) de 2005, todos os locais de trabalho devem ter um plano de emergência especificando as ações do pessoal, planos de evacuação e providências para entrar em contato com a brigada de incêndio .

Nova Zelândia
O Serviço de Bombeiros da Nova Zelândia exige que todas as escolas e instalações educacionais realizem um simulacro de incêndio (denominada evacuação de teste ) pelo menos uma vez a cada seis meses, a menos que um período mais curto seja especificado no esquema de evacuação aprovado da escola. As escolas precisam notificar o Corpo de Bombeiros com 7 a 10 dias úteis de antecedência antes que um simulacro de incêndio seja planejado e devem enviar um relatório ao Corpo de Bombeiros dentro de 7 a 10 dias úteis após o treinamento; uma ativação de alarme não planejada não conta como uma simulação de incêndio.

Ver também

 Treinamento de atirador ativo
 Alarme de incêndio
 Bombeiro

Luta contra incêndios
!Predefinição Webarchive wayback links

Simulacro de incêndio


Dextroamphetamine is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and enantiomer of amphetamine that is prescribed for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. It is also used as an athletic performance and cognitive enhancer, and recreationally as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant.

The amphetamine molecule exists as two enantiomers, levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. Dextroamphetamine is the dextrorotatory, or 'right-handed', enantiomer and exhibits more pronounced effects on the central nervous system than levoamphetamine. Pharmaceutical dextroamphetamine sulfate is available as both a brand name and generic drug in a variety of dosage forms. Dextroamphetamine is sometimes prescribed as the inactive prodrug lisdexamfetamine dimesylate, which is converted into dextroamphetamine after absorption.

Dextroamphetamine, like other amphetamines, elicits its stimulating effects via several distinct actions: it inhibits or reverses the transporter proteins for the monoamine neurotransmitters (namely the serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine transporters) either via trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) or in a TAAR1 independent fashion when there are high cytosolic concentrations of the monoamine neurotransmitters and it releases these neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles via vesicular monoamine transporter 2. It also shares many chemical and pharmacological properties with human trace amines, particularly phenethylamine and , the latter being an isomer of amphetamine produced within the human body.

Uses

Medical

Dextroamphetamine is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy (a sleep disorder), and is sometimes prescribed  for depression and obesity.

Enhancing performance

Recreational
Dextroamphetamine is also used recreationally as a euphoriant and aphrodisiac, and like other amphetamines is used as a club drug for its energetic and euphoric high. Dextroamphetamine is considered to have a high potential for misuse in a recreational manner since individuals typically report feeling euphoric, more alert, and more energetic after taking the drug. Dextroamphetamine's dopaminergic (rewarding) properties affect the mesocorticolimbic circuit; a group of neural structures responsible for incentive salience (i.e., "wanting"; desire or craving for a reward and motivation), positive reinforcement and positively-valenced emotions, particularly ones involving pleasure.  Large recreational doses of dextroamphetamine may produce symptoms of dextroamphetamine overdose. Recreational users sometimes open dexedrine capsules and crush the contents in order to insufflate (snort) it or subsequently dissolve it in water and inject it. Immediate-release formulations have higher potential for abuse via insufflation (snorting) or intravenous injection due to a more favorable pharmacokinetic profile and easy crushability (especially tablets).

The reason for using crushed spansules for insufflation and injection methods is evidently due to the "instant-release" forms of the drug seen in tablet preparations often containing a sizable amount of inactive binders and fillers alongside the active d-amphetamine, such as dextrose. Injection into the bloodstream can be dangerous because insoluble fillers within the tablets can block small blood vessels. Chronic overuse of dextroamphetamine can lead to severe drug dependence, resulting in withdrawal symptoms when drug use stops.

Contraindications

Adverse effects

Overdose

Interactions
Many types of substances are known to interact with amphetamine, resulting in altered drug action or metabolism of amphetamine, the interacting substance, or both. Inhibitors of the enzymes that metabolize amphetamine (e.g., CYP2D6 and FMO3) will prolong its elimination half-life, meaning that its effects will last longer. Amphetamine also interacts with , particularly monoamine oxidase A inhibitors, since both MAOIs and amphetamine increase plasma catecholamines (i.e., norepinephrine and dopamine); therefore, concurrent use of both is dangerous. Amphetamine modulates the activity of most psychoactive drugs. In particular, amphetamine may decrease the effects of sedatives and depressants and increase the effects of stimulants and antidepressants. Amphetamine may also decrease the effects of antihypertensives and antipsychotics due to its effects on blood pressure and dopamine respectively. Zinc supplementation may reduce the minimum effective dose of amphetamine when it is used for the treatment of ADHD.

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

Amphetamine and its enantiomers have been identified as potent full agonists of trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1), a GPCR, discovered in 2001, that is important for regulation of monoaminergic systems in the brain. Activation of TAAR1 increases cAMP production via adenylyl cyclase activation and inhibits the function of the dopamine transporter, norepinephrine transporter, and serotonin transporter, as well as inducing the release of these monoamine neurotransmitters (effluxion). Amphetamine enantiomers are also substrates for a specific neuronal synaptic vesicle uptake transporter called VMAT2. When amphetamine is taken up by VMAT2, the vesicle releases (effluxes) dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, among other monoamines, into the cytosol in exchange.

Dextroamphetamine (the dextrorotary enantiomer) and levoamphetamine (the levorotary enantiomer) have identical pharmacodynamics, but their binding affinities to their biomolecular targets vary. Dextroamphetamine is a more potent agonist of TAAR1 than levoamphetamine. Consequently, dextroamphetamine produces roughly three to four times more central nervous system (CNS) stimulation than levoamphetamine; however, levoamphetamine has slightly greater cardiovascular and peripheral effects.

Related endogenous compounds

Pharmacokinetics

History, society, and culture

Racemic amphetamine was first synthesized under the chemical name "phenylisopropylamine" in Berlin, 1887 by the Romanian chemist Lazar Edeleanu. It was not widely marketed until 1932, when the pharmaceutical company Smith, Kline & French (now known as GlaxoSmithKline) introduced it in the form of the Benzedrine inhaler for use as a bronchodilator. Notably, the amphetamine contained in the Benzedrine inhaler was the liquid free-base, not a chloride or sulfate salt.

Three years later, in 1935, the medical community became aware of the stimulant properties of amphetamine, specifically the dextroamphetamine isomer, and in 1937 Smith, Kline, and French introduced tablets under the brand name Dexedrine. In the United States, Dexedrine was approved to treat narcolepsy and attention disorders. In Canada indications once included epilepsy and parkinsonism. Dextroamphetamine was marketed in various other forms in the following decades, primarily by Smith, Kline, and French, such as several combination medications including a mixture of dextroamphetamine and amobarbital (a barbiturate) sold under the tradename Dexamyl and, in the 1950s, an extended release capsule (the "Spansule"). Preparations containing dextroamphetamine were also used in World War II as a treatment against fatigue.

It quickly became apparent that dextroamphetamine and other amphetamines had a high potential for misuse, although they were not heavily controlled until 1970, when the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act was passed by the United States Congress. Dextroamphetamine, along with other sympathomimetics, was eventually classified as Schedule II, the most restrictive category possible for a drug with a government-sanctioned, recognized medical use. Internationally, it has been available under the names AmfeDyn (Italy), Curban (US), Obetrol (Switzerland), Simpamina (Italy), Dexedrine/GSK (US & Canada), Dexedrine/UCB (United Kingdom), Dextropa (Portugal), and Stild (Spain). It became popular on the mod scene in England in the early 1960s, and carried through to the Northern Soul scene in the north of England to the end of the 1970s.

In October 2010, GlaxoSmithKline sold the rights for Dexedrine Spansule to Amedra Pharmaceuticals (a subsidiary of CorePharma).

The U.S. Air Force uses dextroamphetamine as one of its "go pills", given to pilots on long missions to help them remain focused and alert. Conversely, "no-go pills" are used after the mission is completed, to combat the effects of the mission and "go-pills". The Tarnak Farm incident was linked by media reports to the use of this drug on long term fatigued pilots. The military did not accept this explanation, citing the lack of similar incidents. Newer stimulant medications or awakeness promoting agents with different side effect profiles, such as modafinil, are being investigated and sometimes issued for this reason.

Formulations

Transdermal Dextroamphetamine Patches
Dextroamphetamine is available as a transdermal patch containing dextroamphetamine base under the brand name Xelstrym.

Dextroamphetamine sulfate

In the United States, immediate release (IR) formulations of dextroamphetamine sulfate are available generically as 5 mg and 10 mg tablets, marketed by Barr (Teva Pharmaceutical Industries), Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Wilshire Pharmaceuticals, Aurobindo Pharmaceutical USA and CorePharma. Previous IR tablets sold under the brand names Dexedrine and Dextrostat have been discontinued but in 2015, IR tablets became available by the brand name Zenzedi, offered as 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg and 30 mg tablets. Dextroamphetamine sulfate is also available as a controlled-release (CR) capsule preparation in strengths of 5 mg, 10 mg, and 15 mg under the brand name Dexedrine Spansule, with generic versions marketed by Barr and Mallinckrodt. A bubblegum flavored oral solution is available under the brand name ProCentra, manufactured by FSC Pediatrics, which is designed to be an easier method of administration in children who have difficulty swallowing tablets, each 5 mL contains 5 mg dextroamphetamine. The conversion rate between dextroamphetamine sulfate to amphetamine free base is .728.

In Australia, dexamfetamine is available in bottles of 100 instant release 5 mg tablets as a generic drug or slow release dextroamphetamine preparations may be compounded by individual chemists. In the United Kingdom, it is available in 5 mg instant release sulfate tablets under the generic name dexamfetamine sulfate as well as 10 mg and 20 mg strength tablets under the brand name Amfexa. It is also available in generic dexamfetamine sulfate 5 mg/ml oral sugar-free syrup. The brand name Dexedrine was available in the United Kingdom prior to UCB Pharma disinvesting  the product to another pharmaceutical company (Auden Mckenzie).

Lisdexamfetamine

Dextroamphetamine is the active metabolite of the prodrug lisdexamfetamine (L-lysine-dextroamphetamine), available by the brand name Vyvanse (Elvanse in the European market) (Venvanse in the Brazil market) (lisdexamfetamine dimesylate). Dextroamphetamine is liberated from lisdexamfetamine enzymatically following contact with red blood cells. The conversion is rate-limited by the enzyme, which prevents high blood concentrations of dextroamphetamine and reduces lisdexamfetamine's drug liking and abuse potential at clinical doses. Vyvanse is marketed as once-a-day dosing as it provides a slow release of dextroamphetamine into the body. Vyvanse is available as capsules, and chewable tablets, and in seven strengths; 10 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg, 40 mg, 50 mg, 60 mg, and 70 mg. The conversion rate between lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (Vyvanse) to dextroamphetamine base is 29.5%.

Adderall

Another pharmaceutical that contains dextroamphetamine is commonly known by the brand name Adderall. It is available as immediate release (IR) tablets and extended release (XR) capsules. Adderall contains equal amounts of four amphetamine salts:

One-quarter racemic (d,l-)amphetamine aspartate monohydrate
One-quarter dextroamphetamine saccharate
One-quarter dextroamphetamine sulfate
One-quarter racemic (d,l-)amphetamine sulfate

Adderall has a total amphetamine base equivalence of 63%. While the enantiomer ratio by dextroamphetamine salts to levoamphetamine salts is 3:1, the amphetamine base content is 75.9% dextroamphetamine, 24.1% levoamphetamine.

Notes

Image legend

Reference notes

References

External links

Amphetamine
Anorectics
Aphrodisiacs
Drugs acting on the cardiovascular system
Drugs acting on the nervous system
Enantiopure drugs
Ergogenic aids
Euphoriants
Excitatory amino acid reuptake inhibitors
Nootropics
Norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents
Phenethylamines
Stimulants
Substituted amphetamines
TAAR1 agonists
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder management
VMAT inhibitors
World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited substances

Dextroamphetamine


A Estação de Saint-Rémy-lès-Chevreuse é uma estação ferroviária francesa na linha de Sceaux, localizada na comuna de Saint-Rémy-lès-Chevreuse (departamento de Yvelines).

É uma estação da Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens (RATP) que constitui o terminal sul da linha B do RER (ramal B4).

Situação
A estação está localizada a 700 m da prefeitura de Saint-Rémy-lès-Chevreuse, a 1500 m da prefeitura de Chevreuse (e a 400 m da fronteira entre as duas comunas). Uma ciclovia liga a estação ao colégio de Chevreuse. Está localizado em frente aos prados de Coubertin que se estendem ao longo do Rio Yvette.

História

A estação de Saint-Rémy-lès-Chevreuse foi posta em operação em 1867. Até , a linha (chamada de linha de Sceaux na época) continuou (em via única) para Limours, servindo duas paradas adicionais, Les Molières e Boullay-les-Troux.

As plataformas da estação foram renovadas em 2004, para melhorar a acessibilidade para pessoas com deficiência. Ao mesmo tempo, as catenárias foram renovadas e a antiga via para Limours completamente isolada da rede RER (até então, as vias e as catenárias se estendiam por algumas centenas de metros além da estação).

Em 2019, 899 484 passageiros entraram nesta estação, o que a coloca na 56a posição das estações de RER operadas pela RATP por sua frequência.

Serviço aos passageiros

Entrada
A travessia dos trilhos é feita por uma passagem subterrânea colocada em serviço em 29 de maio de 1979. Substitui uma antiga travessia em pranchas.

Ligação

A estação é servida pelos trens RER B, dos quais é o terminal mais ao sul.

Intermodalidade
A estação é servida pelas linhas 39.003, 39.02, 39.10, 39.103, 39.13, 39.17, 39.27, 39.303, 39.31, 39.35B, 39.403 e pelo serviço de transporte sob demanda da SAVAC, pelas linhas 451, 453 e 464 da rede de ônibus Sqbus pelas linhas 113, 114, 262, 263 da rede de ônibus Vélizy Vallées e, à noite, pela linha N122 da rede Noctilien.

Ver também
 Linha de Sceaux
 Linha B do RER
 Lista das estações do RER d'Île-de-France

Ligações externas
 La ligne de Sceaux oubliée: este site traça brevemente a história da linha de Sceaux, em sua parte principal e em sua parte "desativada", de Saint-Rémy-lès-Chevreuse a Limours.

Saint-Rémy-lès-Chevreuse

Estação de Saint-Rémy-lès-Chevreuse


Pave Clemens 4. (latin den milde) (født Gui Faucoi 23. november 1195 i Saint-Gilles-du-Gard ved Rhône, Frankrig, død 29. november 1268 i Viterbo, Italien) var pave fra 5. februar 1265 til sin død den 29. november 1268.

Eksterne henvisninger

Paver i middelalderen
Paver fra Frankrig

Pave Clemens 4.


Albert Bruckner (* 13. Juli 1904 in Basel; † 10. Dezember 1985 in Finkenberg, Tirol) war ein Schweizer Historiker Mediävist, Archivar und Paläograph.

Leben
Bruckner war der Sohn des gleichnamigen Pfarrers und Privatdozenten an der Universität Basel Albert Bruckner (1872–1912); seine Tante war die Archäologin Auguste Bruckner. Er studierte Geschichte in Basel, Lausanne, Berlin, Florenz und Münster. Nach der Promotion in Köln 1929 war er Assistent in Berlin. 1931 kehrte er nach Basel zurück. Von 1933 bis 1941 war er am Staatsarchiv Basel-Stadt tätig, das er von 1961 bis 1966 leitete.

Ab 1936 war Bruckner Privatdozent, ab 1948 ausserordentlicher und ab 1967 ordentlicher Professor für mittelalterliche Geschichte an der Universität Basel.

Ein besonderes Anliegen waren ihm seine Kurse für Paläographie, um die Studierenden das Lesen alter Schriften sowie das Datieren von Schriftzeugnissen zu lehren. Von 1966 bis 1974 war er Leiter der Helvetia Sacra. Die Chartae Latinae Antiquiores, eine Faksimilesammlung von Urkunden, die vor 800 geschrieben wurden, ein Parallelunternehmen zu den Codices Latini Antiquiores, gehen auf ihn zurück. Er war Verfasser, Anreger und Herausgeber wichtiger Nachschlagewerke zum Mittelalter, besonders auch als Mitglied des 1953 in Paris gegründeten Comité international de paléographie latine (CIPL). So begründete er unter Mitarbeit seiner Studierenden den Schweizer Teil des internationalen Unternehmens des Katalogs datierter Handschriften, in welchem alle mittelalterlichen Buchhandschriften verzeichnet werden, die Angaben zum Schreibort, zur Schreibzeit oder einen Schreibernamen enthalten.
Bruckner war auch leitender Redaktor von Riehen – Geschichte eines Dorfes, einer 1972 erschienenen umfassenden historischen Gesamtdarstellung dieser Gemeinde, zu der Bruckner selbst den Teil über das Mittelalter verfasste.

Schriften (Auswahl)
 Paläographische Studien zu den älteren St. Galler Urkunden. Chiantore: Turin 1933 ( – Leseprobe).
 Schweizer Fahnenbuch. 2 Bände, St. Gallen 1942.
 Schweizer Stempelschneider und Schriftgiesser. Geschichte des Stempelschnittes und Schriftgusses in Basel und der übrigen Schweiz von ihren Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart. Basel 1943.
 (mit Edgar Bonjour) Basel und die Eidgenossen. Geschichte ihrer Beziehungen zur Erinnerung an Basels Eintritt in den Schweizerbund 1501. Basel 1951.
 Die Zunft zu Brotbecken in Basel. Zur Siebenhundertjahrfeier ihrer Erwähnung. Basel 1956.
 Scriptoria medii aevi Helvetica = Denkmäler schweizerischer Schreibkunst des Mittelalters. Roto-Sadag: Genf 1935–1978; 14 Teile in 15 Bänden (verzeichnet die Schreibstätten des Mittelalters in der heutigen Schweiz, in der Reihenfolge der alten Bistümer: Chur (1), Konstanz (2–10), Lausanne (11), Basel (12), Sitten (13–13A), sowie Indices (14).
 Katalog der datierten Handschriften in der Schweiz in lateinischer Schrift vom Anfang des Mittelalters bis 1550 = Catalogue des manuscrits datés en Suisse en écriture latine du début du Moyen Age jusqu'en 1550. Begründet von Albert Bruckner, in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Comité International de Paléographie. Urs-Graf-Verlag, Dietikon-Zürich 1977–1991, 3 Teile in 6 Bänden (je Text- und Tafelband) nach Aufbewahrungsorten: Aarau, Appenzell, Basel (Band 1); Bern-Porrentruy (Band 2); St. Gallen-Zürich (Band 3).

Literatur
 Festgabe Albert Bruckner zum 70. Geburtstag am 13. Juli 1974. Überreicht von Freunden und Schülern, red. Andreas Staehelin. In: Basler Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Altertumskunde. 74, 1974, S. 1–310 (Digitalisat).
 Martin Steinmann: Zum Gedenken an Albert Bruckner. In: Scriptorium (Brüssel) 41, 1987, S. 130–133, .

Weblinks

 Veröffentlichungen von und über Albert Bruckner im Opac der Regesta Imperii

Einzelnachweise

Mittelalterhistoriker
Hochschullehrer (Universität Basel)
Archivar (Schweiz)
Paläograf
Kodikologe
Diplomatiker
Schweizer
Geboren 1904
Gestorben 1985
Mann

Albert Bruckner


بلدية باراكاس ، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة كاستيلون التي تقع في منطقة بلنسية، في شرق إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 192 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2006).

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في كاستيون
بلديات كاستيلون

باراكاس (كاستيلون)


La cuarta guerra anglo-neerlandesa fue un conflicto entre el Reino de Gran Bretaña y las Provincias Unidas de los Países Bajos que duró de 1780 al 20 de mayo de 1784. La guerra, tangencialmente relacionada con la de Independencia de los Estados Unidos, estalló por desacuerdos entre los británicos y los neerlandeses sobre la legalidad y conducción del comercio neerlandés con los enemigos de Gran Bretaña en esa guerra.

Aunque las Provincias Unidas de los Países Bajos no entró en una alianza formal con los Estados Unidos y sus aliados, el embajador estadounidense (y futuro presidente) John Adams logró establecer relaciones diplomáticas con las Provincias Unidas de los Países Bajos el segundo país europeo en reconocer al Congreso Continental en abril de 1782, después de Francia en 1778, España lo haría en febrero de 1783. En octubre de ese año, ambas partes firmaron un tratado de amistad y comercio.

La mayor parte de la guerra consistió en una serie de operaciones británicas muy exitosas contra los intereses económicos coloniales neerlandeses, aunque las fuerzas navales británicas y neerlandesas también se enfrentaron una vez en el Banco Dogger, en la costa neerlandesa. La guerra terminó en fracaso para los neerlandeses y expuso la debilidad de las bases políticas y económicas de la República.

Véase también

 Primera guerra anglo-neerlandesa
 Segunda guerra anglo-neerlandesa
 Tercera guerra anglo-neerlandesa

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos
 Neutral Rights and the War in the Narrow Seas, 1778-82 (n.d.)

Guerras de Gran Bretaña del siglo XVIII
Guerras de las Provincias Unidas
Guerras del siglo XVIII
Europa en el siglo XVIII
Política en los años 1780
Guerra de Independencia de Estados Unidos
Guerras de Francia del siglo XVIII
Conflictos en 1780
Conflictos en 1781
Conflictos en 1782
Conflictos en 1783
Conflictos en 1784

Cuarta guerra anglo-neerlandesa


Le Cordon Bleu (; French for "The Blue Ribbon"; abbreviated LCB) is an international network of hospitality and culinary schools teaching French haute cuisine. Its educational focuses are hospitality management, culinary arts, and gastronomy. The institution consists of 35 institutes in 20 countries and has over 20,000 students of many nationalities.

History

The origin of the school name derives, indirectly, from the French Royal and Catholic Order of the Holy Spirit. This was a select group of the French Nobility that had been knighted. The first creation of Royal Knights at the French Court was performed in 1578. The French Order of the Holy Spirit was for many centuries the highest distinction of the French Kingdom. Each member was awarded the Cross of the Holy Spirit, which hung from a blue silk ribbon.  According to one story, this group became known for its extravagant and luxurious banquets, known as "cordons bleus".
At the time of the French Revolution, the monarchy and the Order were abolished, but the name remained synonymous with excellent French cooking. By the nineteenth century the blue ribbon had become synonymous with excellence. The name was adopted by a French culinary magazine, La Cuisinière Cordon Bleu, founded by Marthe Distel in the late 19th century. The magazine began offering lessons by some of the best chefs in France.

The magazine developed into the original Le Cordon Bleu that Distel and Henri-Paul Pellaprat established in 1895 in Paris, France. In 1945, after the end of WWII, Madame Elisabeth Brassart purchased what remained of the struggling school from a Catholic orphanage which had inherited it after Distel died in the late 1930s. Brassart managed the school until 1984; at the age of 87 she retired and sold the school to André J. Cointreau, a direct descendant of the founding family of the Cointreau liqueur and Rémy Martin Cognac.

Other countries
In 1933, former student Dione Lucas helped to open a school under the Le Cordon Bleu name in London, England.

In the United States, 16 schools used to operate under the "Le Cordon Bleu North America" name through a licensing agreement with Career Education Corporation (CEC), a for-profit education company based in Chicago, Illinois. In 2009, the license was estimated to be worth $135 million. In 2014, Le Cordon Bleu North America generated $178.6 million in revenue and $70.6 million of operating losses. However, in light of the gainful employment rules implemented by the US Department of Education in 2015, CEC made the decision to sell the 16 campuses. When CEC failed to find a buyer it announced on 16 December 2015 that all 16 campuses in the United States would close by September 2017, giving enrolled students time to finish their programs.
The last new students were accepted in January 2016. In June 2016, the Securities and Exchange Commission requested documents and information regarding Career Education's fourth quarter 2014 classification of its Le Cordon Bleu campuses.

Le Cordon Bleu has continued to maintain a presence in the United States through its New York office, Le Cordon Bleu Inc., which places students in the locations abroad.

Cities with schools
Campuses in Europe
Paris, France
London, England
Madrid, Spain
Istanbul, Turkey

Campuses in the Americas
Brazil
Rio de Janeiro
São Paulo
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Mexico City, Mexico
Lima, Peru

Campuses in Oceania
Australia
Adelaide
Brisbane
Melbourne
Sydney
Wellington, New Zealand

Campuses in Asia
Shanghai, China
Beirut, Lebanon
Gurgaon, India
Tokyo, Japan
Seoul, Korea
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Bangkok, Thailand
Manila, Philippines

In books and films
Le Cordon Bleu played in central role in the 2009 American film Julie & Julia, which was partly based on Julia Child's  memoir My Life in France. In addition, central protagonists in other films attended or were graduates of Le Cordon Bleu such as Audrey Hepburn's character in the 1954 American film Sabrina, Huo Ting En in the 2017 Taiwanese television series The Perfect Match, Dev D in the 2017 Bengali film Maacher Jhol and Hervé Villechaize's character Nick Nack in the 1974 James Bond film The Man with the Golden Gun.

The school also plays a central role in publications by its students. For example, American writer Kathleen Flinn's 2007 book The Sharper Your Knife, the Less You Cry, is the first insider's account of attending the modern Paris flagship school. Flinn's best-selling memoir recounts the day-to-day trials of the contemporary program and provides a further history of the school. The book was translated into several languages.

Alumni

 Alumni of the Paris location include Julia Child, Csaba dalla Zorza, Giada De Laurentiis, Dame Mary Berry, Gastón Acurio, Teresa Ocampo, Renatta Moeloek, Jesselyn Lauwreen and Gabie Kook.
 Alumni of the Los Angeles location include David Burtka and Sicily Sewell.

See also

 French cuisine

References

External links

French cuisine
Cooking schools

Career Education Corporation
For-profit universities and colleges
Educational institutions established in the 1570s
1578 establishments in France
Cooking schools in France
15th arrondissement of Paris
For-profit universities and colleges in Europe
Cooking schools in the United Kingdom

Le Cordon Bleu


Entracte est un court métrage français réalisé par Yann Gonzalez et sorti en 2007.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Titre : Entracte
 Réalisation : Yann Gonzalez
 Scénario : Yann Gonzalez
 Photographie : Claire Mathon
 Costumes : Édouard Lafranque
 Son : Xavier Thieulin et Damien Boitel
 Montage : Thomas Marchand
 Musique : Lio et Purple Confusion
 Sociétés de production : Edna Films - Épicentre Films
 Pays d'origine :
 Durée :
 Date de sortie : France -

Distribution
 Pierre-Vincent Chapus
 Kate Moran
 Salvatore Viviano

Distinctions

Récompense
 Grand prix du court métrage au Festival du film de Belfort - Entrevues 2007

Sélections
 Festival de Cannes 2007 (sélection de la Quinzaine des réalisateurs)
 Festival international du court métrage de Clermont-Ferrand 2008
 Festival international du film de La Rochelle 2008
 Festival international de cinéma de Porto 2009

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 Stéphane Kahn, Bref Cinéma, 27 juin 2018

Liens externes

Film français sorti en 2007
Court métrage français

Entracte (film)


Walter Plinge is a pseudonym, used in British theatres since the 19th century on occasions when it is not possible or desirable to make an actor's real name known.

Name and usage
Walter Plinge is a pseudonym traditionally used in British theatres when a part has not been cast, an actor is playing two parts, or an actor does not want their name in the programme. The name has also been used in radio and television credits. Who's Who in the Theatre has this entry for the name:

In 1939 Alfred Wareing, a former member of Benson's company, wrote in The Stage that the real Walter Plinge had been the landlord of the public house in Wellington Street near the stage door of the Lyceum Theatre, London. Wareing recalled that Plinge was not entirely pleased at having his name used by Benson, particularly as the company already had other pseudonyms in use when needed. These included "R. Sherard" and "T. Ashman" – the latter used by among others Oscar Asche when doubling roles, although in Asche's case, according to Wareing, the false name "never deceived the knowing public". Another former Bensonian recalled the pseudonym "Hugh S. Hay" being used when the American actor Walter Hampden was in the company. The actor-manager Murray Carrington recalled that in the 1920s his company had featured not only Walter Plinge Jr. but also a female counterpart, Juliet Plinge.

The name Walter Plinge has been used occasionally in American theatre, where the more usual equivalent is "George Spelvin". Analogous pseudonyms – for writers rather than actors – are Alan Smithee in Hollywood and David Agnew at the BBC. From its earliest years the BBC has used "Walter Plinge" in its listings of acting roles, and "he" is the corporation's longest-serving broadcaster, having made his first broadcast in 1925, with subsequent appearances up to 2018.

Walter Plinge is also used as the name of a character in Terry Pratchett's novel Maskerade, which is a parody of opera and musical theatre. The character is an amalgam of two parts played by Michael Crawford: Frank Spencer and the Phantom of the Opera.

Notes, references and sources

Notes

References

Sources

Anonymity pseudonyms
Collective pseudonyms
English stage actors

Walter Plinge


Pisa, Kuzey İtalya'daki Toskana bölgesinde ayni ismi taşıyan Pisa ilinin merkezi  olan bir şehirdir.

Eğik Pisa Kulesi ve içinde Pisa Katedrali ve vaftizhanesi ile birlikte bulunduğu "Piazza del Duomo" bölgesi 1987'den itibaren UNESCO Dünya Mirasları listesi'ne alınmıştır.

Pisa 11. yüzyıl ile 14. yüzyıl arasında İtalya yarımadasının en güçlü 4 deniz cumhuriyetinden biri olarak (diğerleri Ceneviz Cumhuriyeti, Venedik Cumhuriyeti ve Amalfi) tarihe geçmiştir.  Ayrıca Pisa bilim insanı Galileo Galilei'nin yaşamış olduğu kenttir.

Tarihçe

Pisa şehrinin ne zaman ve kimler tarafından kurulduğu kesin olarak bilinmemektedir. MÖ 5. yüzyıldan kalma bazı arkeolojik bulgular bölgede Yunan ve Galyalılarla ticaret yapan bir şehrin varlığını ortaya koymuştur. MÖ 180 yılında Roma İmparatorluğunun bir kolonisi haline gelerek Portus Pisanus adını aldı. Zamanla Pisa Toskana bölgesinin Korsika, Sardinya ve Fransa ile İspanya'nın güney kıyılarıyla ticaret yapan ana limanı haline geldi.

Pisa önce Lombardların egemenliği altına girdi. Sonra Şarlman'ın Lombardları yenmesiyle Kutsal Roma Cermen İmparatorluğunun bir parçası oldu. 11. yüzyılda Pisa İtalyan Yarımadasının 4 büyük bağımsız deniz cumhuriyetinden biri haline geldi. Pisa'nın 1060 yılında Cenevizlilerle yaptığı ilk deniz savaşı zaferle sonuçlandı. 1088 yılında Kuzey Afrika'daki bir Müslüman şehri olan Mehdiye'yi talan etti. Pisa Kudüs şehrinin Fatımilerden ele geçirilmesiyle sonuçlanan I. Haçlı Seferinde önemli rol oynadı. Pisalılar Antakya, Yafa, Lübnan bölgelerinde koloniler kurdular ve Konstantinopolis, Kahire ve İskenderiye'de yerleşim bölgeleri kurdular.

Pisa 14. yüzyıldan itibaren zayıflamaya başladı. 1509 yılında Floransa'nın eline geçti.  II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Pisa şehri büyük zarar gördü.  Bombardımanlar sırasında Camposanto (Anıt Mezar)'daki freskler neredeyse tamamen yok oldular.

Görülecek yerler

 Pisa Kulesi, 1173-1372 yılları arasında aşamalı olarak inşa edilmiştir.  Mucizeler Meydanı (Campo dei Miracoli)'de yer alır.
 Mucizeler Meydanında yer alan Pisa Katedrali (Duomo di Pisa), Vaftizhane (Baptisterio) ve Anıt Mezar (Camposanto).
 Mimar Giorgio Vasari'nin inşa ettiği Şövalyeler Meydanı (Piazza dei Cavalieri)'nda yer alan Carovana Sarayı (Palazzo della Carovana)
 Vasari tarafından tasarlanan Santo Stefano dei Cavalieri
 Şu an Belediye Sarayı olarak kullanılan Palazzo Gambacorti
 Floransa'nın Medici ailesinden Lorenzo di Medici'nin yazlık olarak kullandığı Medici Sarayı.
 San Matteo Millî Müzesi (Museo Nazionale di S. Matteo)'nde 12. yüzyıl-15. yüzyıl döneminden kalma birçok heykel ve tablo sergilenmektedir.

Kardeş şehirler

Pisa şu kentlerle kardeş şehir bağlantısı kurmuştur:

Resimler

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
 Toskana
 Pisa (il)

Dış bağlantılar

 Pisa Resmî Turizm Sitesi

Pisa


Balıkçı kedi (Prionailurus viverrinus), kedigiller (Felidae) familyasından Güney Asya'da yaşayan bir yaban kedisi.  Yakın akrabası olan bengal kedisine çok benzese de ondan belirgin bir şekilde daha büyüktür.

Özellikleri

Gövde uzunluğu 80 cm olup buna ilaveten 30 cm uzunluğunda kuyruğu vardır. Kürkü yeşilimsi gri renktedir ve siyah beneklerle kaplıdır. Ayrıca başında da siyah şeritler vardır. Balıkçı kedi, pençe tırnaklarını tam olarak içeri çekemeyen az sayıdaki kedi cinslerinden biridir. Pençeleri, perdeli donanıma sahiptir.

Yaşam alanı

Balıkçı kedi Güneydoğu Asya'nın tropik ve subtropik bölgelerine yayılmıştır. Hindistan'ın doğu ve güneyinde, karasal Güneydoğu Asya'da, Sri Lanka, Sumatran ve Java'daki 1 milyon kilometrekareden fazla olan dağılım alanlarının tamamında rastlanabilir. Genelde ormanlarda bulunurlar ve sürekli olarak sulak alanlarda görülürler. Bataklıkları, gölleri ve yavaş akan nehirleri tercih ederler; kuvvetli akışı olan nehir ve dereleri tercih etmezler.

Yaşam tarzı
Çoğu kedinin aksine balıkçı kedi iyi yüzücüdür. Avlanırken kıyıda dikilip isabetli pençe darbeleriyle balıkları sudan çıkarmakla kalmaz, ayrıca sıklıkla sığ sularda bata çıka yürüyerek yengeç ve diğer su hayvanlarını ararlar. Yüzerek ve dalarak balıkları avlarken, kurbağa, yengeç ve su salyangozlarını da yerler. Zaman zaman karada da avlanarak, fareleri, kuşları, böcekleri yakalarlar. İstisnai olarak  kuzu büyüklüğündeki memeli büyük hayvanlar da avları arasındadır.

Dış bağlantılar
 https://web.archive.org/web/20061016154517/http://big-cats.de/fischkatze.htm

Prionailurus
Hindistan'daki memeliler

Balıkçı kedi


Commer was a British manufacturer of commercial and military vehicles from 1905 until 1979. Commer vehicles included car-derived vans, light vans, medium to heavy commercial trucks, and buses. The company also designed and built some of its own diesel engines for its heavy commercial vehicles.

History

This business belonged to Commercial Cars Limited, a company incorporated in September 1905 by directors H C B Underdown, barrister and director of Direct United States Cable Co with H G Hutchinson a director of Royal Exchange Assurance to manufacture: commercial cars, omnibuses, charabancs, fire engines and every kind of industrial vehicle.  In 1920, it was described as the first company to specialise in the manufacture of internal combustion industrial commercial vehicles. In order to go into volume production a site was bought in September 1905 at Biscot Road, Biscot, Luton. Construction of extensive new workshops began on the five-acre site which was mostly complete by late 1906. Commercial Cars became a member of the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders in August 1906. It was one of the first  manufacturers of commercial vehicles in the United Kingdom, its speciality being the Commer Car.

At Olympia's Commercial Motor Show in March 1907, Commer exhibited a motor-bus chassis with a 30–36 horsepower engine and a gearbox invented by Mr Linley, the works manager. Dog-clutches made the change rather than the spur wheels which remained in constant mesh. As well as the bus chassis Commer displayed a char-a-banc for thirty passengers and delivery vans being run by a substantial enterprise.

A new "large and powerful" lorry, E43, registration BM 787, took part in the Great Commercial Motor Trials in September 1907. It also had a constant mesh gearbox (Comer (sic) slogan—'dogs which bite with a click'). Unladen weight was (3.7 tonnes) 3 tons 13 cwt, the engine had four-cylinders, its output was 33 horsepower at 800 rpm. It had four forward speeds and was driven by side chains. Length 20 feet (6 metres), width just over (2.1 metres) seven feet and height (1.76 metres) two inches under six feet. The platform was (3.6 metres) twelve feet long. The newspaper noted that a Commercars "chassis" was transporting passengers at Widnes.

Production of the first truck, the 3-ton RC type started in 1907. This was later modernized into the SC and so on through the YC range, which was also known as the "Barnet" series of trucks. Their first bus was made in 1909. With the outbreak of the First World War the factory turned to the manufacture of military vehicles for the British Army, and by 1919 more than 3000 had been made.

Though obliged to undergo financial restructure in 1920 in the hope of avoiding creditors, the business was unable to avoid repayment of a debt of £75,000 due to the Treasury, raised in order to pay 60 per cent Excess Profits Duty on wartime activities. Eventually, after agreeing terms with the Receiver in 1925, Commer was bought in 1926 by Humber. In 1931 Humber became a 60-percent-owned subsidiary of the Rootes Group.

The Commer name was replaced by the Dodge name during the 1970s, following the takeover of Rootes by Chrysler Europe. After Peugeot purchased Chrysler Europe in 1978, the Commer factory was run in partnership with the truck division of Renault, Renault Trucks. For some time, it continued to produce the Dodge commercial truck range with Renault badges, and there was a small amount of product development. Eventually, Dodge production was cancelled in favour of mainstream Renault models, and there was a switch to the production of Renault truck and bus engines in the early 1990s.

Many Commer vans and lorries are notable for being fitted with the Rootes TS3 engine, a two-stroke diesel three-cylinder horizontally opposed piston engine, which came to be known as the "Commer Knocker" owing to the distinct noise it produced. Newer Commer vehicles had Perkins and Cummins diesel engines, and, less commonly, Mercedes diesel engines.

Trucks

Commer N- and LN-series

The N-series was introduced in 1935, and was also used by the British armed forces in World War II. Production was halted in 1939 and was not recommenced after the war. Cab-over and bonneted trucks were both available, fitted with petrol or diesel engines. The six-cylinder petrol engine was available in  or  versions. The Perkins Leopard diesel engine was also available.

The range included N as well as the lighter-duty LN range of trucks (numbered N1 through N6 depending on their approximate weight capacities in tons), as well as the PN-series of buses, commonly fitted with diesels. There was also the 4/5 ton PLNF5 introduced in 1938. The LN was officially capable of carrying weights similar to those of the corresponding N-series trucks, but had a lower overall max weight and was "definitely not intended to carry an overload" – a tacit recognition of British truckers' habitual overloading of their trucks. The LN-range was also designed to operate effectively within the 1930s 30 mph speed limit for heavier lorries. After the introduction of the 4/5-ton LN5, the -ton () N5 was discontinued. However, the market decreed otherwise and the N5's revival was announced in February 1938.

Commer Superpoise

The Commer Superpoise range (Q-series) was introduced in 1939, with both semi-forward and full-forward control options. These newer models were more streamlined and modern in appearance and adopted an American International-like front end. The line included trucks of  to six tons capacity powered by 6-cylinder petrol or diesel engines. A new Superpoise range (QX-series, although QX had also been used on some earlier Superpoises) with payloads of between two and five tons was introduced in 1955.

The truck proved fairly popular but did not provide fierce competition for products by more known brands such as Leyland and Bedford. Production ended in 1961.

Even though Commer was not purchased by Chrysler until 1967, the British Dodge 200 series (the successor to the Dodge 100 "Kew" trucks) which came out in 1958, had its cab styled by a company called Airflow Streamlines of Northampton after Chrysler contracted them. Airflow Streamlines was coincidentally the same company that styled the 1955 Superpoise, leading to both vehicles using almost the same cab design and having many parts interchangeable. For export markets, the 200 series was sold as a Fargo or DeSoto.

The Dodge would go on until 1963, before being modernized as the "Dodge 400 series", receiving the cab of the American Dodge D series medium-duty truck and a new range of engines by Perkins and Leyland Motors. This model was mostly produced for export but was also available to the United Kingdom. The model was not successful on its home market and production there would end by 1965. Due to the Dodge 400 series being almost identical to the original American truck, telling the 2 apart is almost impossible.

Interestingly, Dodge would re-use the method of mating an American truck with a European chassis on the Dodge 50 series of 1979, effectively using the Dodge B series van cab and a British designed medium-duty truck platform.

Buses

Commer produced buses and is recorded as delivering four to Widnes in 1909. The Commando was released after the Second World War, and the Avenger on 28 February 1948, fitted with the TS3 engine from 1954. The Commando was used as a Crew Bus by the Royal Air Force following the Second World War with a 1 1/2 Length Observation deck.

Light commercial vehicles

Commer Light Pick-up

The Commer Light Pick-Up was a pickup truck based on the Hillman Minx saloon and produced by Commer during the 1950s; a similar Hillman-badged model was also produced. The Mark III was powered by a  four-cylinder engine, the Mark VI by a  unit and the Mark VIII by a  engine. Production ended in about 1958.

Australian production circa 1950 included a coupé utility variant with an additional side window.

Commer Express Delivery Van

The Commer Express Delivery Van was a light commercial vehicle produced by Commer during the 1950s, competing in the  van range. It was based on the Hillman Minx saloon and evolved in parallel with that model, with designations ranging from Mark III to Mark VIIIB. The 1957 model, which featured a load space of  and a payload of approximately 9 cwt, was powered by a  four-cylinder Hillman engine and was fitted with a four-speed column-change gearbox. It had coil-sprung independent front suspension and drum brakes all round with twin-leading-shoe units at the front.

It was replaced by the Commer FC vans.

Commer Cob

The Commer Cob is a 7 cwt delivery van introduced in early 1956 based on the Hillman Husky, itself a derivative of the Hillman Minx Mark VIII. Although similar to the Express it was shorter overall with a smaller payload area and a more rounded design. In 1958 new Cob and Husky models were introduced, based on the "Audax" Hillman Minx.

Commer Imp Van

The Commer Imp Van was introduced in September 1965 and was based on the Hillman Imp saloon. It was renamed as the Hillman Imp Van in October 1968, with total production reaching 18,194 units prior to it being phased out in July 1970. The last generation of the Hillman Husky estate car, which was introduced in July 1967, was based on the Imp Van and used the same sheetmetal ahead of the B-pillar.

Commer BF

The Commer BF was a light/medium duty van produced by Commer from 1957, with a design similar to that of the present step-van. Many examples of these vans were coach-built as ice cream vans and ambulances. A number of chassis cab versions were also produced but most of these went for export to countries such as Hong Kong, where they were converted as pickup trucks and box trucks with local bodywork and some other modifications; It had an 1,5 ton payload and relatively powerful engines for its size and time. Production ended in 1966 after Commer had launched the newer Walk-Thru in 1961, leading to the BF being offered as a cheaper alternative to what eventually became its successor. More heavy-duty versions of the BF range were also offered with the same engine as the Superpoise trucks.

Due to the relation between Commer and Karrier at the time, a rebadged version of the BF was also built and sold by Karrier with somewhat more economical engines compared to its original counterpart.

Commer Walk-Thru

The Commer Walk-Thru was introduced in 1961 as a replacement for the Commer BF. The Walk-Thru was offered in -ton, 2-ton and 3-ton van and cab-chassis variants with a choice of diesel or petrol engines. This van was also built in Spain by Santana Motors, beginning in 1964.
Todd Motors in Petone, New Zealand, made a short run of these vehicles during 1970, however they were not a successful model. The body sides were flat steel, pop riveted to the steel sides. The Walk-Thru was later modernized and sold under the Dodge brand (parent company Renault / Chrysler) until the late 1970s when it was replaced by the 50 Series of commercial vehicles.

Commer FC/PA/PB/Spacevan

The Commer FC was introduced in 1960 with many body styles, including a  van. After engine and interior upgrades it was renamed the PB in 1967 and the SpaceVan in 1974. As noted above, it would be sold as a Dodge and Fargo model until 1976, when both Commer and Fargo names were dropped. These were rounded-front forward-control vans with narrow front track—a legacy of their Humber car-derived suspension. Utilising at first the Hillman-derived  4-cylinder engine in the PA series, then the larger , and from 1968 onwards the  unit in the PB, only the cast-iron-head version of this engine were used. A Perkins 4108 diesel was also available.

Reportedly, one condition of the government bailout of Chrysler's British operations in 1976 was a commitment to upgrade the Spacevan, which was praised for its brakes, cornering, and price, but criticized for its power, comforts, and top speed. A revised Spacevan was thus introduced in 1977, using the same mechanicals but with numerous cosmetic changes, conveniences, and a new interior. Although outdated by its demise in 1982, by which time Commer had been taken over by Peugeot, the Spacevan remained a familiar sight in the UK thanks to its role with Post Office Telecommunications—which was almost solely responsible for it remaining in production for so long.  These vans and outstanding orders were inherited by British Telecom on its formation in October 1981. By this time, there were three engines: two 1.7-litre petrol engines of 37 kW (with low compression) and 42 kW (with high compression), and a small diesel engine (31 kW), with a four-speed manual transmission and no automatic available. The last Spacevan was built in 1983.

Military vehicles

Commer made a range of military vehicles for use during the Second World War, with the range still in use in the 1980s. While serving in the army, British humourist Frank Muir reported a broken-down vehicle over his radio with the words "The Commer has come to a full stop."

Engines
Commer designed and manufactured its own diesel engines for its heavy commercial vehicles and buses.  They were low-profile units designed to be deployed under the floor of the cab.

TS3

The TS3 engine was a two-stroke diesel unit with three cylinders each containing a pair of pistons arranged with the combustion chamber formed between the crown of the piston pair and the cylinder walls. It was designed specifically for the Commer range of trucks. The TS3 and derivative TS4 were unique in using rockers to deliver power to the single crankshaft.

TS4
The TS4 engine ran 1.2 million miles as a pre-production prototype. It was a 4-cylinder version of the TS3.

Motorsport

The Scottish motor racing team Ecurie Ecosse, used a Commer-based double-deck transporter during the 1950s.

Karrier

Commer acquired the Karrier company in 1934 and Karrier joined the Rootes Group.  Special products in their catalogue included their Cob tractor, their "mechanical horse" originated by Karrier in 1930, and municipal motor appliances: refuse collectors, sweepers and trolley buses. The Cob had been supplied to the Southern, LNE and LM&S railway companies and repeat orders were in hand at the time Karrier was bought.

In the early 1960s production moved to Dunstable where Commer, Dodge (UK) and Karrier were all brought together.

The Karrier trademark is now owned by Peugeot.

Scale models and die-cast
 Lesney Products "Matchbox" Series; No. 47b, (production 1963 to 1969), Commer BF "Ice Cream Canteen", Lyons Maid livery, approximately 00 scale.
 Lesney Products "Matchbox" Series; No. 62b, (production 1963 to 1969), Commer BF "TV Service Van", 'Rentaset' livery, approximately 00 scale.
 Meccano Dinky Toys; No. 430 (production 1954–64), Commer Breakdown Vehicle (Superpoise), approximately O scale (1:44).
 Corgi produced several models based on Commer vehicles between 1956 and 1971, including liveried delivery vans, dropside lorries and a mobile camera van (with accessories) in approximately O scale (1:44).
 Oxford Diecast produce several models based on Commer vehicles in OO scale and N scale.

See also
 Dodge 50 series
 Dodge 500 trucks

Notes

References

External links

 Rootes-Chrysler resource site
 The location of the Commer factory - now Renault owned
 Oxford Diecast - Commer models

Rootes Group
Commer vehicles
Defunct truck manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Defunct bus manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1905
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1979
Vans
1905 establishments in England
1979 disestablishments in England

Commer


Malcolm II. (škot. Máel Coluim mac Cináeda) (?, oko 980. – dvorac Glamis, Angus, 25. studenog 1034.), škotski kralj od 1005. do 1034. godine; član dinastije Alpina. Prema kronici, bio je veliki kralj Albe, što je značilo da je na širem teritoriju današnje Škotske bilo više državica, kao i u tadašnjoj Irskoj, a Kraljevstvo Alba je bilo tek jedno od njih.

Bio je sin škotskog kralja Kennetha II. († 995.) i unuk kralja Malcolma I. († 954.). Naslijedio je prijestolje nakon što je ubio svog bratića, kralja Kennetha III. Vlast je osigurao time što je pobijedio northumbrijsku vojsku u bitci kod Carhama (o. 1016.). Budući da nije imao muškog nasljednika, nastojao je osigurati prijestolje kćerinom sinu, Duncanu, zbog čega je pokušao eliminirati sve potencijalne pretendente na kraljevsku krunu. Unatoč tome, preživio je Macbeth, koji je imao rodbinske veze s Kennethom II. i Kennethom III.

Bilješke

Vanjske poveznice

 Malcolm II. - Proleksis enciklopedija
 Malcolm II., kralj Škotske - Britannica Online

Škotski vladari
Alpini

Malcolm II.


Piotr Anatolievitch Kotchetkov  - en russe :  et en  - (né le  à Penza en Russie) est un joueur professionnel russe de hockey sur glace. Il évolue au poste de gardien de but.

Biographie

Carrière en club
Formé au Dizel Penza, il commence sa carrière en senior en 2016 dans la VHL. Lors du repêchage d'entrée dans la LNH 2019, il est choisi au deuxième tour, à la trente-sixième position au total par les Hurricanes de la Caroline. Il découvre la KHL avec le HK Sotchi en 2018.

Le , Kotchetkov signe un contrat d'entrée de deux ans avec les Hurricanes. En février 2022, il part en Amérique du Nord et est assigné aux Wolves de Chicago, club-école des Hurricanes dans la Ligue américaine de hockey. Le , il joue son premier match avec les Hurricanes dans la Ligue nationale de hockey face aux Devils du New Jersey. Après avoir disputé ses premiers matchs dans les séries éliminatoires de la Coupe Stanley avec les Hurricanes, il remporte la Coupe Calder 2022 avec les Wolves.

Le , le gardien russe signe un nouveau contrat de quatre saisons avec les Hurricanes d'une valeur de 2 millions de dollars par saison.

Carrière internationale
Il représente la Russie en sélections jeunes. Il est médaillé de bronze lors du Championnat du monde junior 2019.

Statistiques
Pour les significations des abréviations, voir statistiques du hockey sur glace.

|-
| 2018-2019 || HK Sotchi || KHL || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 117 || 5 || 2,57 || 91,1  || 0 || 0 || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| 2019-2020 || SKA Saint-Pétersbourg || KHL || 6 || 3 || 3 || 0 || 334 || 15 || 2,62 || 88,7  || 0 || 2 || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| 2019-2020 || HK Vitiaz || KHL || 8 || 1 || 5 || 0 || 330 || 17 || 3,09 || 91,7 || 0 || 0 || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| 2020-2021 || HK Vitiaz || KHL || 4 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 179 || 8 || 2,69 || 90,9  || 0 || 0 || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| 2020-2021 || Torpedo Nijni Novgorod || KHL || 6 || 2 || 2 || 1 || 342 || 15 || 2,63 || 93,1 || 1 || 4 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 97 || 4 || 2,48 || 93,2 || 0 || 0
|-
| 2021-2022 || Torpedo Nijni Novgorod || KHL || 23 || 10 || 10 || 2 ||  || 49 || 2,23 || 92,6 || 2 || 16 || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| 2021-2022 || Wolves de Chicago || LAH || 15 || 13 || 1 || 1 || 890 || 31 || 2,09 || 92,1 || 0 || 2 || 6 || 5 || 1 || 2 || 10 || 1,65 || 95,0 || 2 || 2
|-
| 2021-2022 || Hurricanes de la Caroline || LNH || 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 149 || 6 || 2,42 || 90,2 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 1 || 2 || 170 || 11 || 3,89 || 86,9 || 0 || 2
|-
| 2022-2023 || Wolves de Chicago || LAH || 26 || 17 || 6 || 3 ||  || 69 || 2,64 || 90,3 || 2 || 0 || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| 2022-2023 || Hurricanes de Caroline || LNH || 24 || 12 || 7 || 5 ||  || 57 || 2,44 || 90,9 || 4 || 54 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 39 || 4 || 6,14 || 81,8 || 0 || 0
|-
| 2023-2024 || Hurricanes de la Caroline || LNH ||  ||

Références

Naissance en juin 1999
Naissance à Penza
Gardien de but de hockey sur glace
Joueur russe de hockey sur glace
Choix de repêchage des Hurricanes de la Caroline
Champion de la Coupe Calder
Joueur du Dizel Penza
Joueur du HK Riazan
Joueur du HK Sotchi
Joueur du SKA Saint-Pétersbourg
Joueur du HK Vitiaz
Joueur du Torpedo Nijni Novgorod
Joueur des Wolves de Chicago (LAH)
Joueur des Hurricanes de la Caroline

Piotr Kotchetkov


An Asphodeline liburnica in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach. An Asphodeline liburnica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Asphodeline, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Asphodeline

Asphodeline liburnica