The National Museum of Australia, in the national capital Canberra, preserves and interprets Australia's social history, exploring the key issues, people and events that have shaped the nation. It was formally established by the National Museum of Australia Act 1980.

The museum did not have a permanent home until 11 March 2001, when a purpose-built museum building was officially opened.

The museum profiles 50,000 years of Indigenous heritage, settlement since 1788 and key events including Federation and the Sydney 2000 Olympics. The museum holds the world's largest collection of Aboriginal bark paintings and stone tools, the heart of champion racehorse Phar Lap and the Holden prototype No. 1 car.

The museum also develops and travels exhibitions on subjects ranging from bushrangers to surf lifesaving. The National Museum of Australia Press publishes a wide range of books, catalogues and journals. The museum's Research Centre takes a cross-disciplinary approach to history, ensuring the museum is a lively forum for ideas and debate about Australia's past, present and future.

The museum's innovative use of new technologies has been central to its growing international reputation in outreach programming, particularly with regional communities. From 2003 to 2008, the museum hosted Talkback Classroom, a student political forum.

The museum is located on Acton Peninsula in the suburb of Acton, next to the Australian National University. The peninsula on Lake Burley Griffin was previously the home of the Royal Canberra Hospital, which was demolished in tragic circumstances on 13 July 1997.

Architecture

As designed by architect Howard Raggatt (design architect and design director for the project), the museum building is based on a theme of knotted ropes, symbolically bringing together the stories of Australians. The architects stated: "We liked to think that the story of Australia was not one, but many tangled together. Not an authorized version but a puzzling confluence; not merely the resolution of difference but its wholehearted embrace." The building is meant to be the centre of a knot, with trailing ropes or strips extending from the building. The most obvious of these extensions forms a large loop before becoming a walkway which extends past the neighbouring AIATSIS building ending in a large curl, as if a huge ribbon has haphazardly unrolled itself along the ground. Known as the "Uluru Axis" because it aligns with the central Australian natural landmark, the ribbon symbolically integrates the site with the Canberra city plan by Walter Burley Griffin and the spiritual heart of indigenous Australia.

The shape of the main entrance hall continues this theme: it is as though the otherwise rectangular building has been built encasing a complex knot which does not quite fit inside the building, and then the knot taken away. The entirely non-symmetrical complex is designed to not look like a museum, with startling colours and angles, unusual spaces and unpredictable projections and textures.

Though hard to precisely categorise, the building can be seen as an example of Charles Jencks' "new paradigm". Some characteristics of Deconstructivism can also be identified.

The organising concept of the scheme using the idea of a "tangled vision" incorporates a variety of references including:
Bea Maddock's "Philosophy Tape"
Jackson Pollock's "Blue Poles"
boolean string, a knot, and Ariadne's thread
the Aboriginal Dreamtime story of the Rainbow Serpent making the land.

The building's architecture is thus meant to imply that the story of Australia is not one story, but many stories tangled together. The building also refers to or quotes other buildings:
a Burley-Griffin designed cloister at Newman College in Melbourne
the Sydney Opera Houseboth the parts designed by Jørn Utzon, and sections designed by the other architects
the shell curves of Félix Candela
the Hall is evocative of Eero Saarinen's terminal at the J F Kennedy Airport in New York
the arc is like a piece of work by Richard Serra
the Garden of Australian Dreams is meant to evoke a range of different cartographies
the walls use selected fragments of the word Eternityevoking the story of Arthur Stace who for thirty years chalked this single word on the pavements of Sydney
the most controversial quotation is a reference to the Daniel Libeskind's Jewish Museum Berlin, Germany which opened in 1999

The plan of the National Museum of Australia incorporates an exact copy of the lightning-flash zigzag that Libeskind created for the Berlin Museum by breaking a star of David. The Bulletin magazine first publicly raised allegations of plagiarism in June 2000. Libeskind was reported to be angry with the copying. Raggatt's defence against plagiarism was that the design was a quotation rather than a copy. The director of the museum, Dawn Casey, stated that she and her council were not aware of this symbolism when they approved the plan.

The exterior of the building is covered in anodised aluminium panels. Many of the panels include words written in braille and other decorative devices. Among the messages are "mate" and "she'll be right". Also included were such controversial words and phrases as "sorry" and "forgive us our genocide". These more controversial messages have been obscured with silver discs being attached to the surface making the braille illegible.

Among the phrases in braille are the words "Resurrection city". The phrase may refer to the clearing of the former Canberra Hospital to make way for the museum or it could be a reference to reconciliation between Indigenous Australians and European settlers. The phrase is used as a label in tiles on another of Raggett's buildings, the Storey Hall in Melbourne. Raggett says of that message: "I guess that tries to be some big sort of theme for this building as well and its sort of set of memories."

It was built by Bovis Lend Lease and completed in 2001.

Hail storm damage

A severe thunderstorm hit Canberra on the afternoon of 29 December 2006 and caused roof damage to the administration section of the museum. The ceiling collapsed under the weight of hail. The damage exposed power cables and left two centimetres of water on the floor.  The water also damaged several paintings by a Sydney artist which were associated with an exhibition about Australian lifesavers. However, the main part of the building was unaffected and nothing from the museum's collection was damaged. The building was re-opened to the public a day later. The damage was expected to cost at least A$500,000 to repair.

Building works 2012/13
In 2012, building works commenced on a new cafe and administration wing.

The new cafe opened in late 2012. It overlooks Lake Burley Griffin and offers both indoor and outdoor dining. The relocation of the museum's cafe freed up the vast entry Hall for the display of large objects from the museum's collection, including vehicles.

The new administration wing, which links the main building with the existing administration building, was completed in mid-2013. The new building is clad in brightly coloured tiles arranged in a QR code pattern.

Collection
The museum's collection, known as the National Historical Collection, includes over 210,000 objects. The collection focuses on three themes: the culture and history of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, Australian history and culture since European settlement in 1788, and interactions between people and the Australian environment. Notable objects (as identified by the museum on their website) include:
 Various items relating to the death of Azaria Chamberlain, including a Yellow Holden Torana ( Later sold to the museum by Dr Michael Chamberlain.)
 bicycles owned by Australian cyclist and 2011 winner of the Tour de France Cadel Evans
 navigational instruments used by Captain James Cook
 medical equipment used by Fred Hollows
 a Holey Dollar, the first currency minted in Australia
 netball memorabilia of Liz Ellis
 Olympic medals won by John Konrads at the 1960 Rome Olympics
 props from children's television show Play School
 an Australian flag found in the ruins of World Trade Center Three after the September 11 attacks
 the fleece of Chris the sheep

The museum also functions as a temporary repository for the repatriation of ancestral remains. It is involved in projects to return the remains of indigenous Australians, held in the collections of museums across the world, to their communities of origin. These projects have seen the return of over 1400 remains as at March 2019.

Past exhibitions
As a social history museum, National Museum of Australia exhibitions explore the land, nation and people of Australia.

Songlines: Tracking the Seven Sisters

On 15 September 2017, the exhibition Songlines: Tracking the Seven Sisters, referencing the creation story of the Seven Sisters that is common to many groups in the Western and Central Deserts, was launched at the NGA. It was instigated by anangu, and was  a collaboration with Aboriginal elders who are custodians of the Dreamtimestory. The exhibition included a huge painting called Yarrkalpa — Hunting Ground, which symbolically depicts the area around Parnngurr in Western Australia, showing the seasons, cultural burning practices and Indigenous management of the land and  natural resources. In June 2022, the work was projected onto the Sydney Opera House as part of the Vivid Sydney festival.

The exhibition ran until February 2018, and travelled to Berlin, Germany, in 2022 and is due to be shown in Paris, France, in 2023.

Other past exhibitions
Other past exhibitions include:

 Museum Workshop: examined the behind-the-scenes world of the conservators responsible for the physical care of objects in the museum's collection (October 2012 - January 2013).
 Off the Walls: Art from Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs Agencies 1967–2005: traced the history of artworks given to or acquired by federal Indigenous agencies - it included a collection of some 2000 works in the National Museum of Australia's National Historical Collection (October 2011 - June 2012)
 Inside: Life in Children's Homes and Institutions: featured the words, voices and objects of the Forgotten Australians, former child migrants and those who experienced institutional care as children (November 2011 - February 2012)
  Not Just Ned: A true history of the Irish in Australia: an exhibition about the history and extraordinary influence of the Irish in Australia, from the arrival of the First Fleet in 1788 to the present (March–July 2011)
  Behind the Lines: The Year's Best Cartoons 2010: celebrated the wit and artistry of Australia's established political cartoonists as well as recognising the talents of a new generation of cartoonists (December 2010 - October 2011)
  Exploration and Endeavour: The Royal Society of London and the South Seas: celebrated the 350th anniversary of the Royal Society of London and brought together unique treasures associated with voyages of scientific discovery to the South Seas (September 2010 - February 2011)
  Papunya Painting: Out of the Australian Desert: highlighted the museum's extraordinary collection of Indigenous Western Desert art (June–August 2010)
  Behind the Lines: The Year's Best Cartoons 2009: featured a selection of some of the best Australian political cartoons published in 2009 (December 2009 - January 2010)
  A Fine Yarn: Innovations in Australia's Wool Industry: examined the fine wool industry in Australia today, while recognising the importance of wool in Australia's social and economic history (July–November 2009)
  Behind the Lines: The Year's Best Cartoons 2008: featured a selection of the best Australian political cartoons published in 2008 (December 2008 - February 2009)
  Utopia: The Genius of Emily Kame Kngwarreye: told the story of Emily Kame Kngwarreye, one of Australia's greatest contemporary artists (August–October 2008)
  Behind the Lines: The Year's Best Cartoons 2007: exhibited the best of the museum's latest set of cartoon acquisitions from artists around Australia including Alan Moir, Bill Leak, Cathy Wilcox, Geoff Pryor, John Spooner and Mark Knight (December 2007 - February 2008)
  Papunya Painting: Out of the Desert: highlighted the museum's extraordinary collection of Indigenous Western Desert art – works that have rarely been seen in Australia (November 2007 - February 2008)
 Migration Memories: explored the migration stories of people from diverse backgrounds who now call the distinctively different regional centres of Lightning Ridge (an opal mining town in central north NSW) and Robinvale (a horticultural town on the Murray River in north western Victoria) home (September–November 2007)
 Australia at Expo 67 Montreal: forty years after Canada's Montreal welcomed more than 50 million visitors to Expo 67 over a period of six months, this exhibition explored the world of Australia at Expo 67 (September–October 2007)
 Great Railway Journeys of Australia: explored the development of Australia's rail network and featured some of the most famous railway journeys in the country such as the old and new Ghan, the Queenslander and the Indian Pacific (April–August 2007)
 Miss Australia: A Nation's Quest: traced the history of the Miss Australia quest from 1907 through to its final year in 2000 (March–June 2007)
 70% Urban: drew on the museum's collection to explore Indigenous culture in the city (March 2007 - March 2008)
 Collector Cam King: displayed a selection of Brian and Barbara Lynch's old grocery wares and toys following their win in the Collector Cam competition run by ABC Television's Collectors program (January–February 2007)
 Between the Flags: 100 Years of Surf Lifesaving: developed in conjunction with Surf Lifesaving Australia, this exhibition celebrated the centenary of surf lifesaving in Australia (December 2006 - March 2007)
 Behind the Lines: The Year's Best Cartoons 2006: featured the best of the museum's 2006 acquisitions of cartoons from cartoonists around Australia (December 2006 - March 2007)
 Dhari a Krar: Headdresses and Masks from the Torres Strait: developed in collaboration with the Cairns Regional Art Gallery, this exhibition brought together a diverse collection of masks, headdresses and dance objects from the Torres Strait (July 2006 - July 2011)
 Captivating and Curious: displayed the National Museum's rich and varied collection, with new acquisitions and old favourites from the National Historical Collection (December 2005 to March 2006)
 In Search of the Birdsville Track: An Artist in the Outback: featured sketches and writings donated to the museum's collection by Noelle Sandwith that capture the unique environment, characters and lifestyles of the Birdsville Track (June–October 2005)
 Behind the Lines: The Year's Best Cartoons 2004: a selection of the best works entered in the 2004 political cartooning competition (March–June 2005)
 Extremes: Survival in the Great Deserts of the Southern Hemisphere: explored some of the world's great southern deserts, tracing the history, culture and commonalities of Southern Africa's Namib and Kalahari deserts, South America's Atacama, and Australia's Red Centre (December 2004 - August 2005)
 Behind the Lines: The Year's Best Cartoons 2003: brought together a selection of the best works entered in the National Museum of Australia's 2003 Political Cartooning Competition (May–June 2004)
 Royal Romance: examined Australia's passionate response to Queen Elizabeth II's first visit to Australia in 1954, and whether the nation has fallen out of love since (February–October 2004)
 Paipa: explored Torres Strait Islander migration and the continuing strong cultural connections between mainland communities and the Torres Strait (July 2002 - July 2006)
 Nation: Symbols of Australia: from the Hills hoist clothes line to the legend of ANZAC, this exhibition approached Australian history through Australian symbols (March 2001 - January 2010)
 Horizons: The Peopling of Australia since 1788: traced stories of human relocation and looked at how migration has shaped Australia (March 2001 - October 2007)

Tourism awards
In the annual Australian Tourism Awards, the National Museum was named Australia's Major Tourist Attraction in both 2005 and 2006. The museum was named winner of the Canberra and Capital Region's Tourism Award for Major Tourist Attraction five years running from 2003 to 2007.

See also

 HMS Investigator (1798) Anchors
 , an 1878 paddle steamer owned and operated by the Museum

References

External links

 National Museum of Australia official website
 National Museum of Australia at Google Cultural Institute
 Official National Museum of Australia Flickr photostream
 Audio on demand at the National Museum of Australia Recordings of lectures, forums and symposiums held at the National Museum of Australia
 National Museum of Australia (1980–) National Library of Australia, Trove, People and Organisation record for National Museum of Australia
 Museum of Australia National Library of Australia, Trove, People and Organisation record for Museum of Australia

Museums in Canberra
National museums of Australia
History museums in Australia
1980 establishments in Australia
Museums established in 1980

National Museum of Australia


Regius Professorship of Greek, indstiftet omtrent 1541, er et af de ældste professorater ved universitetet i Oxford.

Professoratet blev indstiftet af Henrik VIII, som samtidigt instiftede yderligere fire stillinger som Regius Professor.

Indehavere
 John Harpsfield, omtrent 1541–1545
 George Etherege, 1547–1550
 Giles Lawrence, 1551–1553
 George Etherege, genindsat, 1553–1559
 Giles Lawrence, genindsat, 1559–1584 eller 1585
 John Harmar den ældre, 1585–1590
 Henry Cuffe, 1590–1597
 John Perin, 1597–1615
 John Hales, 1615–1619
 John Harrys, 1619–1622
 John South, 1622–1625
 Henry Stringer, 1625–1650
 John Harmar den yngre, 1650–1660
 Joseph Crowther, 1660–1665
 William Levinz, 1665–1698
 Humphrey Hody, 1698–1705
 Thomas Milles, 1705–1707
 Edward Thwaytes, 1707–1711
 Thomas Terry, 1712–1735
 John Fanshawe, 1735–1741
 Thomas Shaw, 1741–1751
 Samuel Dickens, 1751–1763
 William Sharp, 1763–1782
 John Randolph, 1782–1783
 William Jackson, 1783–1811
 Thomas Gaisford, 1811–1855
 Benjamin Jowett, 1855–1893
 Ingram Bywater, 1893–1908
 Gilbert Murray, 1908–1936
 Eric Robertson Dodds, 1936–1960
 Hugh Lloyd-Jones, 1960–1989
 Peter J. Parsons, 1989–2003
 Christopher Pelling, 2003–2015
 Gregory Hutchinson, 2015-

Professorater
University of Oxford

Regius Professor of Greek (Oxford)


Amerikan Staffordshire teriyeri, Buldog ve teriyer cinslerinden türemiş köpek ırkı.

Fiziksel Özellikleri
Geniş kafası, geniş yanak kasları, güçlü çenesi ve kalın boynuyla güçlü yapılı bir köpek olan Amerikan Staffordshire teriyerinin ön ayakları birbirinden uzak durur. Bu köpeklerin yüksekliği(omuzdan yere) erkeklerde ortalama 46–48 cm dişilerde ise  ortalama 43–46 cm  arasındadır, ağırlıkları ise  ortalama 15–20 kg arasında değişmektedir. Kısa, sert postu herhangi bir alışılmış köpek renginde olabilir. Kulakları diktir. Kısa kuyruğu alçakta durur.

Sağlık
Genel olarak bu köpeklerin de yatkın oldukları bazı hastalıklar vardır.
Alerji
Tiroid
Tümör
Ataksi

Galeri

Ayrıca bakınız

 Köpek ırkları listesi

Dış bağlantılar

Kaynakça

Köpek ırkları
Teriyerler
Köpekler
Köpek taslakları

Amerikan Staffordshire teriyeri


The 63rd Regiment of Foot was a British Army regiment raised in 1756. Under the Childers Reforms, it amalgamated with the 96th Regiment of Foot to form the Manchester Regiment in 1881.

History

Formation and service in the Seven Years' War
The formation of the regiment was prompted by the expansion of the army as a result of the commencement of the Seven Years' War.  On 25 August 1756 it was ordered that a number of existing regiments should raise a second battalion; among those chosen was the 8th Regiment of Foot. The 2nd Battalion of the 8th Regiment of Foot was formed on 10 December 1756 and renumbered as the 63rd Regiment of Foot on 21 April 1758. Later that year, the newly created 63rd, along with a number of other regiments and various other assets, set off for the West Indies. In January 1759 the regiment took part in the unsuccessful invasion of Martinique. Later that month the regiment took part in the invasion of Guadeloupe: after the Royal Navy bombarded Basse-Terre, the British troops landed on the west part of the island, near Fort Royal, a large citadel. By 24 January, British troops had entered the main town: the citadel there had been abandoned.

The regiment suffered a number of attacks while garrisoning the citadel, the rest of the force having moved to the more hospitable east of the island. During one attack, the regiment's commanding officer Lieutenant-Colonel Peter Desbrisay was killed. The regiment remained in the West Indies for a further five years.

American War of Independence

In 1764 the regiment reached Ireland. In 1775 the regiment arrived in America in response to a request for reinforcements due to the outbreak of the American War of Independence. The regiment took part in the Battle of Bunker Hill in June 1775, with a third attack, which ended in a bayonet charge, finally breaking the Americans. The regiment remained in Boston after the battle, the town becoming increasingly more uneasy to be in. Finally, in March 1776 the regiment, along with the rest of the forces in Boston, departed, heading for Halifax in Canada. The regiment took part in the Battle of Long Island in August 1776, a devastating blow against the Americans, though astonishingly, the American leader General George Washington, managed to reverse the blow that had been struck against much of the Continental Army's morale in this battle, soon after. Grenadier and Light companies of the regiment also took part in the Battle of Brandywine in September 1777 and the Battle of Germantown in October 1777. The main force of the regiment took part in the Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery in October 1777. The regiment then moved to Philadelphia and took part in the Battle of Monmouth in June 1778.

In 1780 the regiment became involved in the campaign in the Carolinas taking part in the siege and subsequent capture of Charleston. That year the mounted company of the regiment, augmented by a detachment from Tarleton's Legion under the command of the dashing, Banastre Tarleton, attacked and captured an American cavalry unit. The regiment also took part in number of battles as part of the forces commanded by Lord Cornwallis over the next two years, as well as taking part in another engagement near Camden in April 1781, as part of a force under the command of General Francis Rawdon. In 1782 the regiment was designated the 63rd (the West Suffolk) Regiment of Foot.

French Revolutionary War and Napoleonic Wars

In 1794 the regiment joined British forces already taking part in the Flanders Campaign. The regiment was involved in a number of actions before the British forces withdrew from the Netherlands in 1795. That same year, the regiment were part of a force designed to take a number of Caribbean islands under Dutch and French control. However, their transport ship sank, with the loss of two companies from the regiment, en route to the islands. The regiment took part in a variety of operations on the islands in the Caribbean, including helping to put down Fédon's rebellion in the Grenada in 1796. It remaining in the region until 1799, when they departed for home. In August 1799 the regiment took part in the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland, seeing action at the Battle of Alkmaar in October 1799. In November 1801 the regiment joined the garrison at Gibraltar and, in 1803, it was deployed to Ireland.

A second battalion was raised in 1804. In 1807 the 1st battalion was involved in an expedition to Madeira, a Portuguese-controlled territory, under the command of Major-General William Beresford. Once the expeditionary forces landed, the Portuguese Governor agreed to all demands made by the British forces. In February 1808 the 1st battalion was stationed in Barbados. It took part the expedition to Martinique, which the British force captured. On 9 April 1809, a detachment from the 1st battalion was serving on the Treasury store-ship Emma, and so shared in the prize money for the French brig Navigateur for which Emma was a joint captor with sundry other ships. The 1st battalion became the garrison for island, suffering heavily from diseases one would expect in such tropical weather at that time. In January 1810, part of the 1st battalion took part in the capture of Guadeloupe, a duty the regiment had participated in many years before. The 1st battalion returned to Martinique and finally departed the Caribbean in 1819.

Meanwhile, the 2nd battalion took part in the disastrous Walcheren Campaign in autumn 1809, suffering from terrible fever while assisting in the capture of a number of towns on the island.

The Victorian era

In 1820, the regiment were deployed to Ireland, a deployment that would last until 1826. The regiment was involved in an expedition to Portugal due to fears of impending insurrection in the country and landed there in January 1827. The rebel cause largely subsided, thanks largely in part due to the expedition made by the British forces.

In 1829, the regiment began providing escorts for convict ships traveling to New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania). The rest of the regiment became garrison troops in the latter colony. A detachment of the regiment was present at the foundation ceremony of Perth in 1829, and had arrived in Western Australia that same year, on the warship HMS Sulphur. The officer commanding the detachment of the regiment at the ceremony, Captain Frederick Chidley Irwin, would later twice serve as administrator of Western Australia. The regiment transferred from Australia to India in 1833. The regiment deployed to Mawlamyine in Burma in 1838, returned to India in 1842, and then embarked for England in 1847.

The Crimean War
The regiment landed in the Kalamita Bay in August 1854 as part of the 4th Division for service in the Crimean War. The regiment took part in the Battle of Inkerman in November 1854 and was engaged in extensive hand-to-hand fighting. At one point, both colour bearers fell: Ensign James Hulton Clutterbuck, carrying the Queen's Colour, and Ensign Heneage Twysden, who was mortally wounded carrying the Regimental Colour. The regiment also took part in the Siege of Sevastopol and was part of a force created to assault a part of the great fortress of Sevastopol on 8 September 1855, during the last day of the long siege, known as Battle of the Great Redan.

Amalgamation
After leaving the Crimea, the regiment sailed for Nova Scotia in 1856. Upon their arrival at the dockyard in Halifax, a large crowd of many thousands came out to greet the regiment, as if they were a modern-day football team. The regiment returned home in 1865 and then departed for India in 1870.

As part of the Cardwell Reforms of the 1870s, where single-battalion regiments were linked together to share a single depot and recruiting district in the United Kingdom, the 63rd was linked with the 96th Regiment of Foot, and assigned to district no. 16 at Wellington Barracks in Ashton-under-Lyne. On 1 July 1881 the Childers Reforms came into effect and the regiment amalgamated with the 96th Regiment of Foot to form the Manchester Regiment.

Battle honours
Battle honours won by the regiment were:

 War of the Second Coalition: Egmont-op-Zee
 Napoleonic Wars: Martinique 1809, Guadeloupe 1810
 Crimean War: Alma, Inkerman, Sevastopol
 Second Anglo-Afghan War: Afghanistan 1879-80

Colonels of the Regiment
Colonels of the Regiment were:

63rd Regiment of Foot

1758–1760: Maj-Gen. David Watson
1760–1764: Gen. Sir William Boothby, Bt.
1764–1765: Lt-Gen. Sir Richard Pierson, KB
1765–1768: Gen. Sir Charles Hotham, 8th Baronet, KB
1768–1782: Lt-Gen. Francis Grant

63rd (the West Suffolk) Regiment of Foot - (1782)

1782–1788: Lt-Gen. Hon Alexander Leslie
1788–1789: Col. George Waldegrave, 4th Earl Waldegrave
1789–1825: Gen. Alexander Lindsay, 6th Earl of Balcarres
1825–1847: Gen. William Dyott
1847–1850: Maj-Gen. Sir Henry Watson, CB
1850–1868: Gen. Sir Thomas Kenah, KCB
1868–1873: Lt-Gen. Arthur Cunliffe van Notten Pole
1873–1877: Gen. Thomas Maitland Wilson
1877–1881: Gen. Sir Richard Waddy, KCB

Notes

References

Sources

Infantry regiments of the British Army
Manchester Regiment
Military units and formations in Suffolk
Military units and formations established in 1756
Regiments of the British Army in the Crimean War
Regiments of the British Army in the American Revolutionary War
1756 establishments in Great Britain

63rd (West Suffolk) Regiment of Foot


Leverton Pierre, né le  à Tabarre, est un footballeur international haïtien, qui joue au poste de milieu défensif à l'Union sportive Avranches Mont-Saint-Michel.

Biographie

En club
Leverton Pierre débute le football à SODIPAL, puis joue pour le FC Tabarre et le Club Sportif Saint-Louis. En 2016, Leverton Pierre signe un contrat stagiaire-professionnel d'une saison en faveur du SC Bastia.  Après le dépôt de bilan du club bastiais en 2017, sans avoir joué un match avec l'équipe première, il rejoint l'AC Ajaccio. Il fait ses débuts en professionnel le  contre le Saint-Amand FC, en remplaçant Kévin Lejeune à la  minute de jeu. Il dispute son premier match en Ligue 2 contre Valenciennes le , entrant en jeu à la place de Moussa Maazou à la  minute. En fin de saison, Pierre rentre en jeu lors du barrage retour de promotion-relégation en Ligue 1 perdu face à Toulouse. Il ne joue aucun match avec Ajaccio lors de la saison 2018-2019, et rejoint le FC Metz le . Il ne joue aucun match avec le club messin, qui est sacré champion de Ligue 2 à l'issue de la saison.

Le , il est prêté à l'USL Dunkerque. Il dispute son premier match avec les Maritimes le  contre l'AS Lyon-Duchère. Leverton Pierre inscrit son premier but en professionnel le  contre le Stade lavallois (défaite 1-2). Après l'arrêt de la saison régulière de National en raison de la pandémie de Covid-19, l'USL Dunkerque est promu en Ligue 2. Le , Pierre rejoint définitivement le club dunkerquois. Il inscrit son premier but en Ligue 2 le  au cours d'une victoire 2-0 contre les Chamois niortais.

En sélection
Leverton Pierre fait partie de la sélection haïtienne des moins de 20 ans qui remporte le tournoi de qualification au championnat de la CONCACAF 2017. Durant cette campagne de qualification, il inscrit un but lors d'une victoire 8-0 contre Anguilla le .

En , Pierre fait partie de la liste préliminaire de 40 joueurs sélectionnés pour participer à la Gold Cup 2019, mais ne fait pas partie de la liste finale de 23 joueurs.

Après avoir manqué deux rassemblements en raison des restrictions sanitaires et d'un test positif au Covid-19, il honore finalement sa première sélection avec l'équipe d'Haïti le  face au Canada dans le cadre des qualifications à la Coupe du monde 2022. Au cours de ce match perdu 1-0, il rentre en jeu à la mi-temps à la place de Kevin Lafrance. Lors du match retour, Pierre est titularisé pour la première fois en sélection.

Lors de l'été 2021, Pierre dispute la Gold Cup 2021, et dispute l'intégralité des minutes de la phase de poules, à l'issue desquelles Haïti est éliminé.

Statistiques

En club

Listes des matches internationaux

* Note: Match non comptabilisé comme un match amical officiel.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur international haïtien
Joueur de l'AC Ajaccio
Joueur de l'USL Dunkerque
Joueur de l'US Avranches
Naissance en mars 1998
Naissance en Haïti

Leverton Pierre


An Eleocharis decumbens in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Charles Baron Clarke. An Eleocharis decumbens in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eleocharis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Eleocharis

Eleocharis decumbens


Oligodon huahin er en Kukri Slange art i slægten Oligodon (Fitzinger, 1826). Arten blev opdaget for første gang i december, 2016, den blev derefter beskrevet i en artikl, som blev publiceret den 13. juli 2017 og O. huahin blev accepteret som en egen art.

Fylogeni
Oligodon huahin er medlem af slægten Oligodon, en slægt som er almindelig over hele tropisk Asien. Slægten Oligodon inkluderer nu ca. 75 arter globalt, som bredt strækker sig gennem Asien. Den tilhører familien «Colubridae», en familie som har en art på hvert eneste kontinent bortset fra Antarktis.

Etymologi
Det specifikke videnskabelige tilnavn er et uforanderlig (dvs. et artsnavn givet kan ikke forandres, kun slægt/genera kan forandres, hvis det viser sig, at en art tilhører en anden slægt ved nyere forskning og den vil da overføres til den nye slægt, dvs. artsnavnet "huahin" er uforanderlig) substantiv til ære for det administrative distrikt, hvor typelokaliteten ligger og for dens hovedby, Hua Hin. De følgende lokale navne er foreslået: "Hua Hin Kukri Snake" (engelsk)], "Ngu Ngod Hua Hin" «งูคุดหัวหิน»/«งูงอดหัวหิน», "Ngu Peekeaw Hua Hin" «งูปี่แก้วหัวหิน» eller "Ngu Peekeaw Lai Hua Hin" «งูปี่แก้วลายหัวหิน» (thai), "Oligodon de Hua Hin" (fransk), "Hua Hin Kukrinatter" (tysk) og "Hua Hin Kukri Slange" (norsk).

Tilholdssted, opførsel og økologi
Tilholdsstedet, opførslen og økologien for denne art er lidt kendt, selv om alle eksemplarerne som blev brugt til artsbeskrivelsen, blev fundet i blandet skov, mest bambus, er arten mest sandsynlig også at finde i andre typer af skove og højder. Baseret på data fra andre medlemmer af slægten Oligodon, er O. huahin også trolig ovipari (en æglægger). Arten er aktiv i skumringstid og nat.

Beskrivelse
Den er karakteriseres efter den maksimale kendte «Snout-Vent-Length» (Længde fra snude til enden af analpladen) på 485,8 mm; 6 maxillaris tænder hvor de 2 bageste er forstørret; 17-17-15 eller 17-15-15 rygskælrader (antal rader med rygskæl som er talt op fra første skæl efter ventral underside til sidste skæl før ventral underside på modsatte side, 3 steder på slangekroppen: "én hovedlængde bag hovedet, rundt midt på kroppen og én hovedlængde foran analpladen" hoved-midtkrop-anal. 17-15-15 var antallet på kun et av de 7 eksemplarer, som blev studeret, 17-17-15 er det mest almindelige og 17-15-15 er også sjældent); 166–173 ventrale skæl og 35–41 haleskel i hanner; en singel analplade; dybt forgrenet hemipenes som mangler pigger og papiller, strækker sig in situ til det 14. haleskæl ; svag til nærmest utydelig ryghvirvelstribe, paravertebralstribe og sidelængs striber; ingen rygflækker, haleflækker eller krydsmærker; og en jævn elefenbensfarvet ventral, som mangler under-rektangulære or firkantede mærker.

UdbredelseOligodon huahin'' er kun kendt fra 7 levende eksemplarer fundet i typelokalitetet, indenfor et område på ca. 1000 m2, og derfor er artsdistribution lidt kendt. Det må nævnes, at et ferskt, dødt 8. eksemplar senere blev fundet ca. 12 km (luftlinje) fra typelokalitetet i anden type skov og højde. Dette eksemplaret var ca. 50 mm længere end det største brugte i artsbeskrivelsen. Holotypen og paratypene blev alle funnet i Hua Hin distriktet, Prachuap Khiri Khan provinsen, Thailand. Arten regnes nu som endemisk for Hua Hin distriktet, da arten kun er observeret der.

Bevaring
Det er ingen kendte trusler for denne art andet end skovbrug og rovdyr. Skovområdet, hvor disse eksemplarer blev fundet, er ikke under nogen kendt beskyttelse.
Arten er sat til "DD" «Data defcient» (Data mangler), men den er antagelig "LC" «Least concern» (Livskraftig) baseret på observationer og undersøgelser, jf. IUCNs rødliste for status.

Noter

Asiens fauna
Thailand
Dyr beskrevet i 2017
Snoge

Oligodon huahin


An Carex leptalea in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Göran Wahlenberg. An Carex leptalea in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 C. l. harperi
 C. l. leptalea
 C. l. pacifica

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Carex

Carex leptalea


An Malaxis melanotoessa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Victor Samuel Summerhayes. An Malaxis melanotoessa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Malaxis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Liberia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Malaxis

Malaxis melanotoessa


Museo del Tesoro di San Gennaro je muzej vjerskih relikvija u Napulju, u Kampaniji u južnoj Italiji.

Otvoren je u prosincu 2003. godine.

Zbirka uključuje veliki broj ex voto te srebrne i zlatne predmete, slike, brončana poprsja i pozlaćenu nosiljku iz osamnaestog stoljeća koja se nekada koristila za nošenje svečevog kipa u procesijama.

Izvori

Daljnje čitanje
 A. Bellucci - Memorie storiche e artistiche del Tesoro nella cattedrale dal sec. XVI al XVIII - Napoli, 1915
 F. Strazzullo - Guida del Tesoro di San Gennaro - Napoli, 1966
 F. Strazzullo - La Real Cappella del Tesoro di San Gennaro - Napoli, 1978
 P.Iorio - F.Recanatesi Museo del tesoro di San Gennaro - Gli Argenti - Napoli, 2003
 P.Iorio - F.Recanatesi Museo del tesoro di San Gennaro - I Gioielli - Napoli, 2007
 P.Iorio - F.Recanatesi Le 10 Meraviglie del Tesoro di San Gennaro - Roma, Poligrafico dello Stato 2010
 P. Jorio, C. Paolillo, Il tesoro di Napoli. Capolavori del Museo di San Gennaro, Skira ed. 2013

Muzeji i galerije u Napulju

Museo del Tesoro di San Gennaro


Gabriel Zucman (født 30. oktober 1986 i Paris) er en fransk økonom, der især er internationalt kendt for sin forskning i skatteunddragelse og skattely.

Zucman studerede ved det prestigefulde École normale supérieure de Cachan 2005-10. Han fik en master-grad i økonomi fra Paris School of Economics i 2008 og sin Ph.D.-grad sammesteds fra i 2013. For den sidstnævnte modtog han i 2014 den franske økonomsammenslutnings pris for årets bedste ph.d.-afhandling. Derefter var Zucman postdoc ved University of California, Berkeley, inden han blev adjunkt ved London School of Economics (LSE) i 2014-16 (med orlov fra 2015). Fra 2015 har han været adjunkt ved UC Berkeley. Samtidig har han siden 2015 været meddirektør for World Wealth and Income Database (WID), en database, som giver adgang til omfattende dataserier om den globale indkomst- og formuefordeling.

Zucman er ikke mindst kendt for sin bog fra 2015 "The Hidden Wealth of Nations: The Scourge of Tax Havens", såvel som for den reviderede udgave af samme bog fra 2017, som udkom i dansk oversættelse under titlen "Nationernes skjulte velstand" i 2019.

Blandt Zucmans medforfattere er Emmanuel Saez og Thomas Piketty. Zucman har også samarbejdet med flere danske økonomer om at finde data frem om omfanget af international skatteunddragelse. Det gælder bl.a. artiklen "The Missing Profits of Nations", som han skrev sammen med de to ph.d.-stipendiater ved Københavns Universitet Thomas Tørsløv og Ludvig Wier. artiklen "Who Owns the Wealth in Tax Havens?" skrevet sammen med lektor Niels Johannesen fra KU og den norske økonom Annette Alstadsæter, og artiklen "Wealth Taxation and Wealth Accumulation: Theory and Evidence from Denmark" om den danske formueskat, skrevet sammen med Henrik Kleven, Katrine Jakobsen og Kristian Jakobsen.

Hædersbevisninger

I 2018 modtog Zucman prisen som årets bedste unge økonom i Frankrig, i konkurrence med bl.a. Harvard-økonomen Stefanie Stantcheva, for hans forskning om skatteunddragelse og dennes økonomiske konsekvenser. I 2023 modtog han John Bates Clark-medaljen, som årligt uddeles af American Economic Association til en fremragende økonom i USA, der er under 40 år.

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

 Gabriel Zucmans hjemmeside

Økonomer fra Frankrig
Økonomer fra USA
Faglitterære forfattere fra Frankrig
Faglitterære forfattere fra USA

Gabriel Zucman


Galaktičko središte je središte mase Kumove slame. Nalazi se u zviježđu Strijelcu, gdje je najgušći vidljivi pojas Kumove slame. Galaktičko središte sadrži najbližu nam poznatu supermasivnu crnu jamu i pokazuje neuobičajene astronomske fenomene. Galaktički koordinatni sustav ovdje ima početnu točku za računanje galaktičke dužine (α = 17h 42,4min i δ = −28,92°). Položaj je odredio Međunarodni astronomski savez (IAU) 1958. Rektascenzija i deklinacija galaktičkoga središta za epohu J2000,0 su α = 17 h 45,6 min, δ = –28°56,3′ (u zviježđu Strijelcu). Postoje nepoklapanja zbog povijesnih razloga.

Promjer središta je oko 1000 parseka. Svojstva mu se oštro razlikuju od osobina drugih djelova galaktike. Slikovito govoreći, galaktičko je središte svemirski "laboratorij", u kojem se sad zbivaju zvjezdotvorni procesi u kojem se nalazi jezgra, u kojem je nekad davno počela kondenziranje našeg zvjezdanog sustava.

Sa Zemlje gledano prema galaktičkom središtu, u zviježđu Kočijašu nalazi se regija galaktičkog diska s najmanjom za promatrati zvjezdanom gustoćom - galaktičko protusredište.

Izvori

Literatura
 Sascha Trippe: Ten thousand stars and one black hole. A study of the galactic center in the near infrared. Harland Media, Lichtenberg 2008, . (Zugleich: Univ, Diss, München 2008).
 Fulvio Melia: The black hole at the center of our galaxy. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ u. a. 2003, .
 Fulvio Melia: The galactic supermassive black hole. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ u. a. 2007, .
 Roland Gredel: The Galactic Center. 4th ESO/CTIO workshop. La Serena, Chile, 10–15 March 1996. Astronomical Society of the Pacific, San Francisco CA 1996, . (Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series 102)
 Физическая энциклопедия / под ред. А. М. Прохорова, ст. «Галактический центр»
 Агекян Т. А. Звезды, галактики, метагалактика.
 Каплан С. А., Пикельнер С. Б. Физика межзвездной среды. — М. — 1979
 Кардашев Н. С. Феноменологическая модель ядра Галактики // в кн. Итоги науки и техники. Серия Астрономия, т. 24. — М. — 1983.
 Eckart A., Schödel R., Straubmeier C. The Black Hole at the Center of the Milky Way. — London: Imperial College Press. — 2005 (англ. )

Vanjske poveznice
 (rus.) Mrežni žurnal Астрономическая Картинка Дня Путешествие в центр Галактики
 (rus.) Mrežni žurnal Астрономическая Картинка Дня В центре Млечного Пути
 (rus.) Mrežni žurnal Астрономическая Картинка Дня Звездный пейзаж в центре Галактики

Mliječni put

Galaktičko središte


Perla de Leon, née en 1952 à New York, est une artiste et photographe américaine New Yorkaise. Son œuvre la plus connue est sa série de photos "South Bronx Spirit", qui documente sur le délabrement urbain du sud du Bronx, dû à son effondrement économique total au cours des années 1970.

Vie personnelle
New-Yorkaise d'origine portoricaine (nuyoricaine) ,Perla de Leon a grandi dans les quartiers noirs et latinos du sud du Bronx. Au cours de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle, l'exode des Blancs, les changements économiques et la construction de l'autoroute du Cross Bronx ont provoqué des tensions raciales et une hausse des taux de criminalité, entraînant une baisse de la valeur des propriétés et défavorisant davantage les classes ouvrières pauvres du sud du Bronx. De Leon était convaincue que les médias traditionnels ne décrivaient pas factuellement ce qui se passait dans le sud du Bronx, et ses habitants pendant son enfance. Ceci l'a donc amenée à photographier la vie quotidienne des enfants et des familles qui vivaient encore dans les quartiers en décomposition.

De Leon se considère également comme une militante. En 2018, elle s'est associée à LuminAid et aux étudiants de l'université de Porto Rico pour distribuer des lampes solaires dans les zones reculées de l'île, après le passage de l'ouragan Maria en 2017.

"South Bronx Spirit" - série de photos (1970 - 1980)
Tout au long des années 70 et 80, de Leon a utilisé des photographies pour documenter les communautés du sud du Bronx, principalement occupées par des Afros-Américains et des Latinx. Ces images sont devenues sa série photos "South Bronx Spirit", qui a fourni  un contre-récit aux stéréotypes négatifs concernant les habitants du quartier sud après le début de son effondrement économique. Elle montre à travers ses photos les dommages causés aux quartiers Afro-Américains et Latinx par la construction de l'autoroute "Cross Bronx", fragmentant ainsi leur communauté et leurs infrastructures, ainsi que la dévastation subséquente par des incendies étendus au cours des années 70. Elle a photographié des rues résidentielles qui étaient réduites en cendres au point où elles semblaient être des lieux d'explosion. Les photos montrent des enfants jouant dehors et s'aventurant avec de Leon parmi les ruines. La série se veut un document historique illustrant les conséquences de l'austérité aux Etats-Unis et mettant en lumière la politique américaine à l'égard des communautés noire et latino-américaines pauvres.

La série de photos "South Bronx Spirit" a fait l'objet d'expositions au 'El Museo del Barrio', 'Smithsonian American Art Museum' et au 'Los Angeles County Museum of Art'. En 2018, elle a participé à l'émission radio 'Constructive Forces' animée par Kate Yoland sur 'Resonance FM' pour discuter de la source du projet.

Expositions

"Down These Mean Streets: Community and Place in Urban Photography" (2017)
De Leon est l'une des dix photographes latino-américains à avoir été présentée dans l'exposition du 'Smithsonian American Art Museum' : Down These Mean Streets : Community and Place in Urban Photography. L'exposition était axée sur plusieurs villes qui ont subi des changements radicaux en termes de démographie et d'économie en raison de la fuite des blancs et de la construction de nouvelles autoroutes qui traversent des quartiers autrefois prospères. Les dix artistes ont représenté  la désintégration économique et sociale qui s'est surtout produite dans les communautés ouvrières afro-américaines et latino-américaines.

Son œuvre , "South Bronx Spirit" a été exposée. L'exposition a également été présentée au 'Museo del Barrio' de septembre 2018 à janvier 2019.

Home-So Different, So Appealing (2017)
La série photos "South Bronx Spirit" est apparue dans une exposition organisée par le Musée d'Art du comté de Los Angeles, en collaboration avec le Musée des Beaux-Arts de Houston. Home—So Different, So Appealing présente des artistes latino-américains et d'Amérique Latine de la fin des années 1950 à aujourd'hui. Selon le communiqué de presse du MACLA sur l'exposition, "les artistes utilisent de manière trompeuse la simple idée du 'foyer' comme une lentille puissante à travers laquelle on peut voir les profondes transformations socio-économiques et politiques dans l'hémisphère" . De Leon était l'une des 39 artistes qui ont contribué à un total de 100 œuvres que l'exposition a utilisé pour explorer les contrastes dans l'art liés aux politiques d'immigration ciblées et à la répression politique.

She Persists (2019)
Elle était également l'une des 44 artistes New Yorkaise à figurer dans la toute première exposition d'art féminine présentée au 'Gracie Mansion' . L'événement était organisé par le maire Bill de Blasio et géré par l'historienne d'art Jessica Bell Brown. L'exposition visait à refléter une représentation plus complète de l'histoire de New York en mettant en avant des femmes qui étaient largement sous-représentées pendant les 220 ans d'existence du Gracie Mansion.

Livres

Decades Under Fire: The Invisible Puerto Rican-American (2019-2020)
Decades Under Fire : The Invisible Puerto Rican-American est un livre de Perla de Leon qui cherche à comparer les effondrements économiques, les incendies et les politiques américaines dans le sud du Bronx, Vieques et Porto Rico.

Autres œuvres

The Afro Descendant Project – Puerto Rico (2017)
En reconnaissance des 500 ans de prospérité de Porto Rico depuis le début de la domination coloniale sous l'Espagne jusqu'à 1517, de Leon a commencé une nouvelle série de photos-portraits des citoyens de Porto Rico avec des racines afro-américaines. L'objectif était de documenter "les citoyens les plus vulnérables et invisibles de Porto Rico", dont les ancêtres ont été amenés par des navires négriers pour construire les fondations de l'économie de l'île.

Decade of Fire (2018)
La série de photos "South Bron Spirit" de De Leon a été utilisée dans le documentaire Decade of Fire, réalisé par Vivian Vazquez et Gretchen Hildebran en 2018.

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Perla de Leon sur 'Mutual Art'

Naissance en 1952
Naissance à New York
Photographe américaine

Perla de Leon


Mladen Mioč (1940. – 6. siječnja 2018.), hrvatski književnik, šibenski srednjoškolski profesor hrvatskoga jezika i književnost. Podrijetlom Metkovčanin.

Zaposlio se je u Ekonomskoj školi u kojoj je radio sve do odlaska u mirovinu. U brojne je naraštaje svojih učenika usadio ljubav prema hrvatskome jeziku i književnosti. Neke je svoje učenike toliko motivirao i prenio im strast za književnost da su nakon srednje upisali studij kroatistike i nastavili njegovim stopama. Poznat kao nastavnik "staroga kova".

Izvori

Hrvatski književnici
Životopisi, Šibenik
Odgoj i obrazovanje u Hrvatskoj

Mladen Mioč


Kıcılı (eski adıyla Ğıcılı), Çorum ilinin Alaca ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1925 yılı kayıtlarında Ğıcılı olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 62 km, Alaca ilçe merkezine 11 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Alaca belde ve köyleri

Kıcılı, Alaca


غاري سمور  سياسي أمريكي له علاقة في التفتيش النووي ومسؤول عن حظر انتشار السلاح النووي في البيت الأبيض.

المصادر

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
خريجو جامعة هارفارد
سياسيون أمريكيون
موظفو إدارة أوباما
أعضاء هيئة تدريس كلية كينيدي بجامعة هارفارد
موظفو إدارة كلينتون

غاري سمور


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Die Strassenbahn Schaffhausen war ein meterspuriges Strassenbahnnetz im Schweizer Kanton Schaffhausen. Es wurde von 1901 bis 1966 im Personenverkehr sowie von 1905 bis 1993 im Güterverkehr betrieben und sorgte für die Erschliessung der Stadt Schaffhausen und die Verbindung mit der Nachbargemeinde Neuhausen am Rheinfall. Im Personenverkehr löste der bis heute verkehrende Trolleybus Schaffhausen die Strassenbahn ab.

Für die Personenbeförderung zuständiges Verkehrsunternehmen war die Schaffhauser Strassenbahn (SchSt), diese Gesellschaft firmiert seit der Umstellung auf Trolleybus als Verkehrsbetriebe Schaffhausen (VBSH). Die Güterstraßenbahn – die ab 1911 normalspurige Güterwagen mittels Rollschemeln transportierte – wurde sowohl von der SchSt als auch vom Industrieunternehmen Georg Fischer AG (GF) betrieben. Ferner verkehrten zwischen 1905 und 1964 auch die Überland-Züge der Strassenbahn Schaffhausen–Schleitheim (StSS) in der Stadt, dieses Unternehmen betrieb darüber hinaus ebenfalls Güterverkehr auf dem Tramnetz.

Geschichte
Nachdem Schaffhausen und Neuhausen bereits seit 1857 durch die Rheinfallbahn miteinander verbunden waren, begannen am 3. November 1900 die Bauarbeiten für die Strassenbahn vom Bahnhof Schaffhausen ins Zentrum von Neuhausen. Sie verkehrte erstmals am 13. April 1901, die offizielle Eröffnungsfeier fand am 11. Mai 1901 statt. Bereits am 1. Juli 1901 gleichen Jahres folgte eine zweite Strecke vom Bahnhof zum Schützenhaus im höhergelegenen Quartier Breite, weitere zwei Wochen später die Aufnahme des planmässigen Fahrgastbetriebs auf dem Abschnitt Bahnhof–Depot. Letzteres befand sich auf dem Gelände des heutigen Feuerwehrzentrums.

Am 8. August 1905 ging dann gemeinsam mit der Überlandstrecke nach Oberwiesen-Stühlingen die 780 Meter lange Zweigstrecke zwischen der Haltestelle Neuhausen Scheidegg und dem Viadukt der Hochrheinbahn in Betrieb. Dieser Abschnitt war abweichend zum restlichen Tramnetz mit den auf der Überlandstrecke üblichen 900 Volt Gleichstrom elektrifiziert. Die Strecke zwischen Scheidegg und dem Viadukt der Hochrheinbahn wurde zwar erst 1908 von der SchSt an die StSS übergeben, dennoch diente sie von Beginn an ausschliesslich den Zügen der StSS. Anfangs befand sich die Eigentumsgrenze exakt beim Viadukt, dort begann auch die Kilometrierung der Überlandstrecke. Allerdings bedienten die Überlandzüge nicht alle Zwischenhaltestellen der städtischen Strassenbahn, gehalten wurde nur an den Stationen Schaffhausen Kreuz und Neuhausen Rheinhof. Mit der Eröffnung der Überlandstrecke begann auch der Güterverkehr auf dem Netz der Strassenbahn, die StSS beförderte ihre Güterwagen über den Schaffhauser Personenbahnhof hinaus, am SchSt-Depot vorbei, bis zum Güterbahnhof.

Am 3. April 1911 erfolgte die südliche Erweiterung zwischen Güterbahnhof und Waldfriedhof einerseits sowie ins Industriequartier Ebnat andererseits. Mit letzterem Streckenast begann auch der Rollschemelverkehr auf Tramgleisen, unter anderem wurde die Maschinenfabrik Rauschenbach bedient.

Nach dem Vorbild des Güterverkehrs ins Ebnat wollte auch die Georg Fischer AG ihr Stahlwerk (Werk IV) im Mühlental ans Schienennetz anschliessen lassen. Das Unternehmen ergriff hierzu selbst die Initiative und errichtete eine ebenfalls meterspurige und elektrifizierte Werksbahn, die mit eigenen Fahrzeugen bedient wurde. Diese knüpfte an der Haltestelle Adler beim Schwabentor ans Strassenbahnnetz an und stellte somit die Verbindung zum Güterbahnhof her. Die Werksbahn nahm ihren Betrieb am 10. Juni 1913 auf, acht Tage später folgte auf dieser bis ins Birch führenden Strecke auch die Aufnahme des regulären Personenverkehrs. Hier fuhren fortan SchSt-Fahrzeuge auf GF-Infrastruktur, die Stadt Schaffhausen war dadurch ohne nennenswerte Kosten in den Besitz und Genuss einer neuen Strassenbahnlinie gekommen, welche ohnehin früher oder später nötig wäre. Damit hatte die Strassenbahn Schaffhausen ihre größte Ausdehnung von 8,69 Kilometern erreicht. Die Breitelinie und die Mühlentallinie wurden zum 24. Oktober 1915 zu einer Durchmesserlinie verknüpft.

Zum 1. August 1928 stellte die SchSt den Abschnitt Obertor–Schützenhaus (Linie 3) auf Autobusbetrieb um. Die Bedienung der Breite übernahm fortan der Privatunternehmer Albert Rattin. Die nächste Umstellung auf Autobus betraf am 13. April 1957 den Abschnitt Adler–Birch (Linie 2), wenngleich der von der Georg Fischer AG in Eigenregie durchgeführte Güterverkehr ins Mühlental weiterhin aufrechterhalten wurde. Allerdings errichtete man hierzu eine neue Rollschemelanlage auf dem Areal des alten Kantonsspitals und des ehemaligen Restaurants Talrose, diese wurde fortan vom Personenbahnhof Schaffhausen aus bedient. Die GF-Werksbahn war somit fortan betrieblich vom VBSH-Schienennetz getrennt.

Am 1. Oktober 1964 stellte auch die StSS ihren Schienenverkehr ein, bevor mit der Aufnahme des Trolleybusverkehrs am 24. September 1966 auch der verbliebene Strassenbahn-Personenverkehr zwischen Neuhausen Zentrum und Waldfriedhof endete (Linie 1).

Am 6. März 1970 ersetzte man schliesslich den Rollschemelbetrieb zwischen Güterbahnhof und Industriequartier Ebnat durch einen normalspurigen Gleisanschluss für die Georg Fischer AG, die seit Übernahme der Maschinenfabrik Rauschenbach im Ebnat ebenfalls einen Produktionsstandort besitzt. Damit endete auch der Schienenverkehr der Verkehrsbetriebe Schaffhausen.

Der letzte Restabschnitt des Meterspurnetzes rund um Schaffhausen verschwand dann am 6. August 1993, als der verbliebene Werksbahnverkehr zwischen der 1957 eröffneten Rollschemelanlage Mühlental und der Stahlgiesserei aufgelassen wurde. Dessen Bedienung erfolgte bereits seit 1980 mit einer Diesellokomotive, welche die Georg Fischer AG zuvor von der Baugesellschaft des Arlberg-Straßentunnels gebraucht übernommen hatte.

Fahrzeuge

Für die Strassenbahn Schaffhausen beziehungsweise die Werksbahn der Georg Fischer AG wurden im Laufe der Jahre 20 Personentriebwagen, neun Beiwagen, vier Elektrolokomotiven, ein Gütertriebwagen sowie ein Arbeitswagen beschafft:

Weblinks
 Tram-Film Schaffhausen auf Youtube
 Stadtarchiv Schaffhausen: Historische Fotos
 Schaffhauser Strassenbahn auf www.bahndaten.ch, abgerufen am 25. Februar 2012

Einzelnachweise

Schaffhausen
Verkehr (Schaffhausen)

Strassenbahn Schaffhausen


Noémi Háfra (født 5. oktober 1998) er en ungarsk håndboldspiller, som spiller for danske Odense Håndbold i Damehåndboldligaen på en lejeaftale og Ungarns kvindehåndboldlandshold.

I september 2018 blev hun udnævnt af EHF, som en af de 20 mest lovende talenter i fremtiden, som er værd at holde øje med.

Hun annoncerede i juli 2022 at hun skiftede til danske Odense Håndbold på en lejeaftale, gældende en sæson frem. Hun har tidligere spillet for de to største klubber i Ungarn, Ferencváros TC og Győri Audi ETO KC.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Håndboldspillere fra Ungarn
Håndboldspillere fra Ferencváros TC (håndbold)

Noémi Háfra


Polyacrylamide (abbreviated as PAM or pAAM) is a polymer with the formula (-CH2CHCONH2-). It has a linear-chain structure.  PAM is highly water-absorbent, forming a soft gel when hydrated. In 2008, an estimated 750,000,000 kg were produced, mainly for water treatment and the paper and mineral industries.

Physicochemical properties
Polyacrylamide is a polyolefin.  It can be viewed as polyethylene with amide substituents on alternating carbons.  Unlike various nylons, polyacrylamide is not a polyamide because the amide groups are not in the polymer backbone. Owing to the presence of the amide (CONH2) groups, alternating carbon atoms in the backbone are stereogenic (colloquially: chiral).  For this reason, polyacrylamide exists in atactic, syndiotactic, and isotactic forms, although this aspect is rarely discussed.  The polymerization is initiated with radicals and is assumed to be stereorandom.

Copolymers and modified polymers
Linear polyacrylamide is a water-soluble polymer. Other polar solvents include DMSO and various alcohols. Cross-linking can be introduced using N,N-methylenebisacrylamide. Some crosslinked materials are swellable but not soluble, i.e., they are hydrogels.

Partial hydrolysis occurs at elevated temperatures in aqueous media, converting some amide substituents to carboxylates.  This hydrolysis thus makes the polymer particularly hydrophilic.  The polymer produced from N,N-dimethylacrylamide resists hydrolysis.

Copolymers of acrylamide include those derived from acrylic acid.

Uses

In the 1970s and 1980s, the proportionately largest use of these polymers was in water treatment.  The next major application by weight is additives for pulp processing and papermaking. About 30% of polyacrylamide is used in the oil and mineral industries.

Flocculation
One of the largest uses for polyacrylamide is to flocculate solids in a liquid. This process applies to water treatment, and processes like paper making and screen printing.  Polyacrylamide can be supplied in a powder or liquid form, with the liquid form being subcategorized as solution and emulsion polymer.

Even though these products are often called 'polyacrylamide', many are actually copolymers of acrylamide and one or more other species, such as an acrylic acid or a salt thereof. These copolymers have modified wetting and swellability.

The ionic forms of polyacrylamide has found an important role in the potable water treatment industry. Trivalent metal salts, like ferric chloride and aluminum chloride, are bridged by the long polymer chains of polyacrylamide. This results in significant enhancement of the flocculation rate.  This allows water treatment plants to greatly improve the removal of total organic content (TOC) from raw water.

Fossil fuel industry

In oil and gas industry polyacrylamide derivatives especially co-polymers have a substantial effect on production by enhanced oil recovery by viscosity enhancement. High viscosity aqueous solutions can be generated with low concentrations of polyacrylamide polymers, which are injected to improve the economics of conventional water-flooding.  In a separate application, hydraulic fracturing benefits from drag reduction resulting from injection of these solutions. These applications use large volumes of polymer solutions at concentration of 30–3000 mg/L.

Soil conditioning

The primary functions of polyacrylamide soil conditioners are to increase soil tilth, aeration, and porosity and reduce compaction, dustiness and water run-off.  Typical applications are 10 mg/L, which is still expensive for many applications. Secondary functions are to increase plant vigor, color, appearance, rooting depth, and emergence of seeds while decreasing water requirements, diseases, erosion and maintenance expenses.   FC 2712 is used for this purpose.

Molecular biology laboratories
Polyacrylamide is also often used in molecular biology applications as a medium for electrophoresis of proteins and nucleic acids in a technique known as PAGE. PAGE was first used in a laboratory setting in the early 1950s. In 1959, the groups of Davis and Ornstein and of Raymond and Weintraub independently published on the use of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to separate charged molecules. The technique is widely accepted today, and remains a common protocol in molecular biology labs.

Acrylamide has other uses in molecular biology laboratories, including the use of linear polyacrylamide (LPA) as a carrier, which aids in the precipitation of small amounts of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). Many laboratory supply companies sell LPA for this use. In addition, under certain conditions, it can be used to selectively precipitate only RNA species from a mixture of nucleic acids.

Mechanobiology
The elastic modulus of polyacrylamide can be changed by varying the ratio of monomer to cross-linker during the fabrication of polyacrylamide gel. This property makes polyacrylamide useful in the field of mechanobiology, as a number of cells respond to mechanical stimuli.

Niche uses
The polymer is also used to make Gro-Beast toys, which expand when placed in water, such as the Test Tube Aliens. Similarly, the absorbent properties of one of its copolymers can be utilized as an additive in body-powder.

It has been used in Botox as a subdermal filler for aesthetic facial surgery (see Aquamid).

It was also used in the synthesis of the first Boger fluid.

Environmental effects
Considering the volume of polyacrylamide produced, these materials have been heavily scrutinized with regards to environmental and health impacts.

Polyacrylamide is of low toxicity but its precursor acrylamide is a neurotoxin and carcinogen.  Thus, concerns naturally center on the possibility that polyacrylamide is contaminated with acrylamide. Considerable effort is made to scavenge traces of acrylamide from the polymer intended for use near food.

Additionally, there are concerns that polyacrylamide may de-polymerise to form acrylamide. Under conditions typical for cooking, polyacrylamide does not de-polymerise significantly. The single claim that polyacrylamide reverts to acrylamide has been widely challenged.

Polyacrylamide is most commonly partially biodegraded by the action of amidases, producing ammonia and polyacrylates. Polyacrylates are hard to biodegrade, but some soil microbe cultures have been shown to do so in aerobic condtions.

See also
 Aquamid
 Chitosan
 Rhoca-Gil
 Sodium polyacrylate, a similar material

References

Gels
Neurotoxins
Acrylate polymers
Polyelectrolytes
Acrylamides

Polyacrylamide


Haile-Selassie ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Maren Haile-Selassie (* 1999), Schweizer Fußballspieler
 Yohannes Haile-Selassie (* 1961), äthiopischer Paläoanthropologe

Siehe auch:
 Haile Selassie (1892–1975), Kaiser von Äthiopien

Haile-Selassie


Cette page concerne les évènements survenus en 2012 en Ukraine  :

Évènement
 Affaire des poursuites judiciaires contre les partisans de Ioulia Tymochenko (depuis 2010)
  : Adoption de la loi sur la politique linguistique en Ukraine
  :
  : Élections législatives
  : Gouvernement Azarov II

Sport
 Championnat d'Ukraine de football de deuxième division 2012-2013
 Championnat d'Ukraine de football 2011-2012
 Championnat d'Ukraine de football 2012-2013
 Coupe d'Ukraine de football 2011-2012
 Coupe d'Ukraine de football 2012-2013
 Supercoupe d'Ukraine de football 2012

Culture
 Participation de l'Ukraine au concours Eurovision de la chanson à Bakou.

Sortie de film
 Feathered Dreams
 L'Éternel Retour

Notes et références

2012 en Ukraine
Chronologie de l'Ukraine au XXIe siècle

2012 en Ukraine


The Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador is a political party in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The party is the provincial branch, and affiliate of the federal Liberal Party of Canada. It has served as the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador since December 14, 2015. The NL Liberals were re-elected to a majority government in the 2021 provincial election.

Origins
The party originated in 1948 as the Newfoundland Confederate Association. At this time, Newfoundland was being governed by a Commission of Government appointed by the Government of the United Kingdom. The NCA was an organization campaigning for Newfoundland to join Canadian confederation. Joey Smallwood was the NCA's chief organizer and spokesman, and led the winning side of the 1948 Newfoundland referendum on Confederation.

The Joey Smallwood era (1949–1972)

Following the referendum victory, the NCA reorganized itself as the new province's Liberal Party under Smallwood's leadership. It won the province's first post-Confederation election for the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly held on May 27, 1949.

The Liberals under Smallwood promoted the diversification of the province's economy through various megaprojects. The provincial government invested in the construction of factories, the pulp and paper industry, the oil industry, hydro-electricity projects, the construction of highways and schools, the relocation of rural villages into larger centres, and other projects. These projects were often very expensive, and yielded few results.

Smallwood led the province virtually unchallenged for two decades, during which he never faced more than eight opposition MHAs.  However, by the late 1960s, disaffection with Smallwood and his government mounted within the province.  He had always had a somewhat autocratic bent, a tendency that increased during the 1960s. He tended to treat his ministers as extensions of his authority rather than colleagues.

In hopes of stemming the tide, Smallwood brought several younger Liberals into government during this time, but this did little to rebuild his popularity.  He announced his retirement in 1969, only to run in the ensuing leadership contest. Smallwood defeated John Crosbie, one of the younger ministers, for the leadership. Crosbie along with many young Liberals defected to the opposition Progressive Conservatives. The Progressive Conservatives had previously found support largely in the business community, and in and around St. John's.

The Liberals narrowly lost the 1971 election, but Smallwood refused to resign as Premier until January 1972 as the support of the Labrador Party's lone MHA resulted in a 21–21 tie in the House of Assembly for Smallwood's government. Frank Moores' Conservatives attempted to form government but its shaky hold on power resulted in the 1972 general election. This time, Smallwood's Liberals were conclusively defeated, falling to only nine seats.

Smallwood was forced out of the party, and formed his own Newfoundland Reform Liberal Party, which ran in the 1975 general election against the Liberals and the Tories. Due in part to massive vote-splitting, the Tories won 30 seats against 20 for the two Liberal factions combined (14 for the Liberals and 6 for the Reform Liberals). The Liberals were badly split and demoralised, and remained on the opposition benches until 1989.

The party under Clyde Wells (1987–1996)
In the 1989 provincial election, the Liberals returned to power under Clyde Wells, winning 31 of the 52 seats in the House of Assembly. Despite their majority win the Progressive Conservatives narrowly won the popular vote, winning 47.6% of the vote compared to 47.2 for the Liberals.

Under Wells, the Liberal government eschewed the megaprojects and spending of the Smallwood, Moores and Peckford eras in favour of an economic development program laid out in the Strategic Economic Plan. During a severe economic recession, the Wells administration introduced spending controls and reduced the size of the public service while at the same time maintaining social program spending and working to diversify and develop the economy. Wells rose to national prominence in early 1990 for his opposition to the Meech Lake constitutional Accord. In September 1990, Wells signed a development agreement for the Hibernia project, thereby laying the foundation for the province's oil and gas industry and future economic prosperity. When Wells retired in 1996, he was replaced by former federal Liberal cabinet minister Brian Tobin.

Tobin Government (1996-2000)
In 1996, Tobin resigned from federal politics to succeed Clyde Wells as leader of the governing Liberal Party of Newfoundland and premier. The Liberal Party won a large majority government later that year. During his time as premier Tobin pursued tough negotiations with out-of-province companies seeking to export resources for refining and smelting elsewhere. He insisted that the resources will never be mined unless Newfoundlanders received secondary manufacturing and tertiary service spin-offs. A similar tough stance was taken in seeking to develop the Lower Churchill River, keeping in mind the contract his predecessor Joey Smallwood had negotiated. His Liberals won re-election in 1999.

It was also during this time in the lead-up to the millennium that Newfoundland undertook an aggressive tourism marketing campaign which focused on important anniversaries such as the 500th year since John Cabot's voyage of discovery (1997), as well as the 1000th year since Vikings, such as Leif Ericson, made landfall on the province's shores (2000).

Tobin returned to federal politics in 2000, after only four years as Premier.

2001 leadership convention
Less than two years into his second mandate Tobin announced his resignation as premier on October 16, 2000, to return to federal politics. Tobin's Deputy Premier Beaton Tulk was sworn in as his successor the same day and served as premier till a leadership convention could be held the new year. Minister of Health Roger Grimes, Fisheries Minister John Efford and Mines and Energy Minister Paul Dicks all announced their intentions to contest the February 2001 leadership race.

Grimes and Efford were the perceived frontrunners in the leadership race and were considered to be very different candidates with different strengths. Grimes was considered to be the candidate of the party establishment, he had a low-profile with a proven track record in several difficult portfolios. Efford on the other hand was a charismatic, populist politician whose outspokenness has caused some controversy. Efford's outspokenness alienated members of the establishment but won him the support of the party's grassroots.

After the first ballot at the convention no candidate won the 50 per cent required to be elected leader. Dicks was thus eliminated after finishing third and immediately threw his support behind Efford, hoping to defeat Grimes who had finished first on the ballot. Dicks' support was not enough and on the second ballot Grimes was elected leader; defeating Efford by 14 votes. The three-month race had included nasty and personal attacks between the candidates, and when Grimes was announced as the leader he received boos from Efford's supporters. Grimes was sworn in as Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador on February 13, 2001. While Efford had called for the party to unite behind Grimes at the leadership convention, Dicks left politics immediately while Efford turned down a cabinet post and resigned in May of that year to enter federal politics.

The party under Roger Grimes (2001–2005)

Grimes served as the province's eighth premier, from February 13, 2001 until November 6, 2003. The Liberals had been in power for 12 years when Grimes won the leadership; he attempted to reinvigorate the party by distancing himself from Tobin. A major priority for Grimes as premier was to re-open talks with the mining company Inco Ltd., who had proposed to build a nickel mine in northern Labrador. Talks had stalled under Tobin, who insisted the nickel from Labrador must be processed in the province. On June 11, 2002, Grimes' government reached a deal with Inco, six years after negotiations first began. Inco agreed to build a processing facility on Newfoundland, but the deal allowed for them to ship nickel to other facilities for processing before that facility was built.

In 2003, the federal government declared a moratorium on the last remaining cod fishery in Atlantic Canada in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. While Newfoundland and Labrador was again the most directly affected province by this decision, communities on Quebec's North Shore and in other parts of Atlantic Canada also faced difficulties.

Grimes called for a review of the Act of Union by which the province had become a part of Canada and on July 2, 2003, the findings of the Royal Commission on Renewing and Strengthening Our Place in Canada (which Grimes had created in 2002) were released. Critics called this inquiry the "Blame Canada Commission".

Grimes often clashed with the federal Liberal government of Jean Chrétien and became increasingly critical of his predecessor, Tobin. When Grimes accused the federal government of bias in the Gulf of St. Lawrence cod moratorium, many even in Newfoundland and Labrador saw him as stirring up unnecessary trouble for political gain. After the Royal Commission on Renewing and Strengthening Our Place in Canada, Grimes' popularity began to decline as his increasingly confrontational approach made it more difficult to win concessions from the federal government.

The party in Opposition

2003 general election
By 2003, the Liberals had spent fourteen years in power under four different leaders. Public disaffection had mounted resulting in their electoral defeat by Danny Williams and the Tories. Grimes stayed on as Liberal leader until his retirement on May 30, 2005, when he was replaced, initially on an interim basis, by Gerry Reid.

Lawyer Jim Bennett was acclaimed party leader on February 6, 2006, after no other candidate came forward for the post. Bennett's leadership started causing rifts within the Liberal caucus after controversial policies statements and his reported abrasive leadership style. In April of that year Bennett was criticized by Reid, who was still serving as Opposition Leader, over his proposal to create a two-tier minimum wage based on age. On May 8, 2006, Bennett resigned as Liberal leader, just three months after being acclaimed to the position. Reid then resumed the leadership, now on a permanent basis, and lead the party into the next election.

2007 general election
In the October 2007 provincial election, the Liberal Party's support fell to its lowest level since Confederation. The party won just three of the 48 seats in the House of Assembly. Reid resigned as leader after losing his seat, and Yvonne Jones was named interim leader.

Liberals under Yvonne Jones (2007–2011)

With only three members re-elected following the 2007 general election, the party decided that Jones would stand as the party's leader on an interim basis, and therefore as the Official Opposition Leader in the House of Assembly. Jones became the first woman to serve as the leader of the Liberals and only the second woman to serve as Official Opposition Leader.

Seven by-elections have been held since Jones took over the leadership of the Liberal Party, each one to replace a Tory MHA. Six of the by-elections were won by a Progressive Conservative candidate and the Liberals won one. The by-election they won was held on October 27, 2009 in the district of The Straits - White Bay North. The by-election was held to replace Minister of Transportation and Works, Trevor Taylor, who resigned on October 2, 2009. Liberal candidate Marshall Dean squeaked out a win taking 1,975 votes compared to 1,799 for PC candidate Rick Pelley. The by-election was mostly focused on Premier Williams' plan to make cuts to rural health care in this area. He announced days before the by-election he would not make cuts to the district's rural health care after protests from residents.

May 2011 leadership election

A leadership convention was scheduled for the spring of 2008, but due to lack of interest in the leadership the convention was delayed. The convention was rescheduled for November 2010 with nominations closing on July 30, 2010. On July 9, 2010, Yvonne Jones officially submitted nomination papers, and with the close of nominations at the end of the month she was the only candidate to file nomination papers and was acclaimed leader. Jones announced weeks later she had breast cancer and the leadership election was postponed till May 2011. On May 25, 2011, she was sworn in as the permanent leader of the party.

Liberals under Aylward (2011–2012)

On August 9, 2011, Jones resigned as leader due to her health. That night the executive of the party decided the process of choosing the next leader, nominations for the leadership opened on August 10, 2011, and Kevin Aylward was chosen by the executive on August 14, 2011. Aylward led the party during the October 11, 2011, election. The campaigned on a platform that advocated for the creation of a legacy fund for offshore oil revenues, a new deal to develop the Lower Churchill hydroelectric development, annual increase to retired public service pensions,  improve high-speed internet and cellphone service in rural areas, merge the Department of Business with the Department of Innovation, Trade, and Rural Development, establish a fisheries investment and diversification fund, creation of a fisheries loan board, initiate a judicial inquiry dealing with management of the fishery and operating a marine rescue subcentre in the province.

The party was unable to gain momentum under Aylward's leadership, after tying the NDP in opinion polls in May 2011, the Liberals fell to third place in polling during the election campaign. On election night the Progressive Conservatives won their third straight majority government. The Liberals placed third in the popular vote on election night, winning just 19.1 per cent of the vote. However, they managed to increase their number of seats to six and remain the Official Opposition. On October 26, 2011, Aylward announced his resignation as leader after failing to win the district of St. George's-Stephenville East in the election.

Liberals under Dwight Ball (2012–2020)

In December 2011, the party announced that Humber Valley MHA Dwight Ball would assume the role as Leader of the Official Opposition and interim leader of the Liberal Party on January 3, 2012.
 The Party announced in  May 2012, that their next leadership election will occur between November 15 and 17, 2013. On July 18, 2013 Bay of Islands MHA Eddie Joyce was named Leader of the Opposition replacing Dwight Ball who resigned to run for the leadership permanently in the 2013 convention.

Ball Government (2015–2020)
In the 2015 general election, the Tories lost their majority to the Liberals making their government the shortest in the province's history since joining Canada (it lasted from 2003 to 2015, 12 years). The party won every by-election in the years between the 2011 general election and the election in 2015 and some Tory MHAs crossed the floor to the Liberal Party including former cabinet minister Tom Osborne. In the months ahead of the election in 2015 the Liberals lead in the polls, often with support from the majority of respondents. The party won 31 of 40 seats in the election.

Since the election support for the Liberal Party has dropped significantly. This started in April 2016 when Finance Minister Cathy Bennett unveiled the government's budget. Due to the ongoing fall in oil prices and high public debt due to overspending by the Tories under Williams and Dunderdale, the province faced a massive deficit and thus, the Liberal government planned tax increases and cuts to government services including the closure of libraries and courthouses. Combined with the mismanagement of the Lower Churchill Project and Nalcor Energy, this led to Ball being one of Canada's least popular heads of government only seven months after being elected with a majority of votes.

On June 16, 2018 delegates at the Liberal Party Annual General Meeting vote to endorse the leadership of Dwight Ball with 79% voting against the party holding a leadership convention.

In the 2019 provincial election, despite consistent Progressive Conservative leads in polling through the debate, including a 9 point lead in the final poll, released a day before the election, the Liberal Party led by Ball won re-election, but nonetheless fell one seat short of retaining their majority after an unexpected loss to the New Democrats in Labrador West by 5 votes (later lowered to 2 votes). The Liberals won 20 out of 40 seats in the legislature.

Liberals under Andrew Furey (2020–present)
Andrew Furey was elected leader on August 3, 2020. He was appointed as Premier on August 19, 2020, following Ball's resignation. On August 19, 2020, Furey was formally sworn in as Premier, along with his provincial cabinet. On October 6, 2020, Furey won a by-election in Humber-Gros Morne; this gained him a seat in the legislature.

On January 15, 2021, Furey asked for consent from Lieutenant Governor Judy Foote to dissolve the House of Assembly to call for an election in order to obtain a stronger mandate in the form of a majority government. The election was originally scheduled for February 15, 2021 but a COVID-19 outbreak in St. John's forced Elections NL to switch to a mail-in election, cancelling in-person voting for all districts. The deadline was set on March 25, 2021 and the results were announced on March 27, 2021 with the Furey government winning a majority government.

On September 12, 2022, Premier Furey announced that Independent MHA Perry Trimper would be rejoining the Liberal caucus.

Electoral performance

History of leaders
Joseph Roberts Smallwood (1949–1972)
Edward Roberts (1972–1977)
Bill Rowe (1977–1979)
Don Jamieson (1979–1980)
Len Stirling (1980–1982)
Steve Neary (1982–1984) interim
Leo Barry (1984–1987)
Clyde Wells (1987–1996)
Brian Tobin (1996–2000)
Beaton Tulk (2000–2001) interim
Roger Grimes (2001–2005)
Gerry Reid (2005–2006) interim
Jim Bennett (2006)
Gerry Reid (2006–2007)
Yvonne Jones (2007–2011) interim 2007–2011
Kevin Aylward (2011–2012)
Dwight Ball (2012–2013) interim
Eddie Joyce (2013) interim
Dwight Ball (2013–2020)
Andrew Furey (2020–present)

Smallwood, Wells, Tobin, Tulk, Grimes, Ball, and Furey have been both leader and Premier.

See also
List of Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador leadership elections
List of Newfoundland and Labrador premiers
Leader of the Opposition (Newfoundland and Labrador)
List of political parties in Newfoundland and Labrador
Liberal parties in Newfoundland (pre-Confederation)

Notes

Provincial political parties in Newfoundland and Labrador
Liberal parties in Canada
1940s establishments in Newfoundland
1948 establishments in North America
1948 establishments in the British Empire
Centrist parties in Canada


Raymond Barre (; ) a fost un economist și un om politic francez. A fost vicepreședinte al Comisiei Europene din 1967 până în 1973, prim-ministrul Franței din 27 august 1976 până în 13 mai 1981 în cadrul președinției lui Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, și primarul orașului Lyon din 1995 până în 2001.

Referințe

Legături externe
  Biografie pe site-ul Guvernului Franței

Nașteri în 1924
Decese în 2007
Prim-miniștri ai Franței
Comisari europeni

Raymond Barre


بنغازي المدينة أو وسط البلاد في مدينة بنغازي، ليبيا. هو الحي التجاري والإداري الرئيسي في المدينة والذي كان يتوفر على بنية تحتية جيدة حتى عام 2014. تواجد به مقر مصرف ليبيا المركزي وقصر محكمة شمال بنغازي وعدد من دور الكتب ومكاتب الصحف والمجلات المحلية إضافة لدار الإذاعة الوطنية وعدد من المؤسسات الحكومية والوزارات فضلاَ عن عدد من الأسواق والمتاجر. ورقم السيارت الإشاري الخاص بالحي هو الرقم (1).

بعد 2011 أصبحت منطقة وسط البلاد مركزاً لعدد من التظاهرات والمسيرات إضافة لعدد من الأنشطة السياسية والثقافية التي شهدتها تحديدا ساحة الحرية (ساحة محكمة شمال بنغازي) فضلاً عن ميدان الشجرة وقصر المنار وغيرها.
في 2014 أعلن اللواء خليفة حفتر عملية الكرامة والتي كان الهدف منها القضاء على الميليشيات والجماعات المسلحة. العملية استمرت حتى نهاية ديسمبر 2017 لكنها خلفت دماراً هائلاً في البنية التحتية في عدد من المناطق التي كانت مسرحا للقتال العنيف والذي شمل استخدام الطائرات والدبابات ومختلف أنواع الأسلحة ماتسبب في دمار هائل في حي وسط المدينة شمل المعالم التاريخية والمنشآت العامة والعمارات ومنازل المواطنين فضلاً عن الطرق والجسور والأسواق ومساجد وكنائس تاريخية إضافة مخلفات الحرب والألغام وعدد كبير من النازحين.

مرافق رئيسية
حتى 2014 كانت توجد بالحي مجموعة من المباني العمومية التابعة للوزارات منها الخارجية والتعليم والمرافق والبريد والاتصالات والإعلام والثقافة والعدل والأمن العام وإدارة الجوازات والجنسية والمحكمة العليا والسياحة إضافة لقصر المنار.

يضم الحي كورنيش المدينة القديم وميناء بنغازي البحري، كذلك تضم مجموعة من البنوك الرئيسية مثل مصرف ليبيا المركزي - بنغازي، مصرف الوحدة «الرئيسي»، مصرف الوحدة «الميدان»، المصرف التجاري الوطنى الفرع الرئيسي وفرع ميدان البلدية،مصرف الجمهورية، مصرف الأمة، مصرف المتوسط، مصرف التجارة والتنمية، مصرف الصحاري، شركة ليبيا للتأمين، أيضا يوجد مجمع «الخدمة العامة» والذي يضم مؤسسات حكومية. كذلك يوجد مستشفي 7 أكتوبر، وهو من أقدم مستشفيات المدينة بالإضافة لمبنى المؤسسة الوطنية للنفط في المدينة، الشركة العامة للكهرباء، الاذاعة الليبية، شركة ميلكم ليبيا النفطية، شركة شحات البحرية، كذلك تضم فندق قصر الجزيرة وعمر الخيام، أيضا يوجد المسجد العتيق في ميدان البلدية ومبني كاتدرائية بنغازي أيضا المسرح الشعبي، «دار سينما برنيتشي» وهي أقدم وأكبر دار للسينما في المدينة، وكانت أم كلثوم قد أقامت بها حفلا غنائيا العام 1969 م.
كذلك يوجد بالقرب من الحي معرض بنغازي الصناعي أيضا يوجد مبنى جمعية الدعوة الإسلامية وهي عبارة عن مبني ضخم يضم مجموعة من أفرع الشركات والمؤسسات التجارية العاملة في المدينة إضافة لقاعة للمناسابات والمؤتمرات وفرووع للشركات كما ذكر...

شوارع الحي الحيوية
أيضا يوجد بطبيعة الحال عدد من الشوارع والميادين الحيوية والتجارية في الحي ومنها شارع قصر أحمد شارع جمال عبد الناصر - بنغازي وميدان الشجرة وشارع عمر المختار وميدان سوق الحوت وشارع فياتورينو وميدان الخالصة وشارع مصراتة وشارع رفيق المهدوي وشارع العقيب الذي يوجد به متحف مصنوعات تقليدية يعرف باسم (حوش الكيخيا)، هذا وتتخذ من منطقة وسط البلاد عدة قنصليات مقرا لها أشهرها مبنى القنصلية الإيطالية العامة في بنغازي في شارع عمر بن العاص وغيرها، فضلا عن ميدان البلدية العريق وهو من أقدم ميادين المدينة.

مواضيع ذات علاقة

 جليانة
 الصابري
 سيدي اخريبيش
 جامع عصمان
 منارة بنغازي
 قصر الحاكم

مراجع

أحياء بنغازي

وسط المدينة (بنغازي)


فيروسات خمرية  هي عائلة من الفيروسات تضم الأجناس التالية :
 جنس فيروس خمري؛ النوع النموذجي: فيروس السكيراء الجعوية L-A
 جنس فيروس الجياردية؛ النوع النموذجي: فيروس الجياردية اللمبلية
 جنس فيروس الليشمانيا؛ النوع النموذجي: فيروس الليشمانيا الرنوي 1-1

وصلات خارجية
 نطاق فيروسي فيروسات خمرية

فيروسات خمرية
عائلات فيروسية
فيروسات ثنائية سلسلة آر إن أيه

فيروسات خمرية


LIX (abbreviation of Swedish läsbarhetsindex, "readibility index") is a readability measure indicating the difficulty of reading a text developed by Swedish scholar Carl-Hugo Björnsson. It is computed as follows:

, where

 is the number of words,

 is the number of periods (defined by period, colon or capital first letter), and

 is the number of long words (more than 6 letters).

Scores usually range from 20 ("very easy") to 60 ("very difficult").

References

Further reading
 Björnsson, C. H. (1968). Läsbarhet. Stockholm: Liber.
 Björnsson, C. H. (1971). Læsbarhed. København: Gad.

External links
 Detailed LIX calculator (in Swedish)

Readability tests

Lix (readability test)