Sano Shōichi (佐野 昌一, December 26, 1897 - May 17, 1949), know by his pen name , was a Japanese novelist who was the founding father of Japanese science fiction.

Biography
Unno was born on December 26, 1897, in Tokushima, Tokushima Prefecture, to a family of medical doctors. He studied at the Waseda University.

In 1928 he debuted as a writer with the novel The case of the mysterious death in the electric bath (Denkifuro no kaishijiken).

During the Pacific War he wrote a great number of science-fiction novels, remaining in Tokyo throughout the air raids. Japan's defeat in World War II was for him a hard blow, and Unno spent the last years in his life in a state of deep depression.

His scientific work was influenced by that of Nikola Tesla.

Unno died on May 17, 1949, aged 51.

Legacy
Captain Jūzō Okita of Space Battleship Yamato was named as a tribute to Unno.

Works

 Aru Uchū-jin no Himitsu (ある宇宙塵の秘密)
 Angō Onban Jiken (暗号音盤事件)
 Ikiteiru Chō (生きている腸)
 Uchū Joshū Dai Ichi-gō (宇宙女囚第一号)
 Uchū Sentai (宇宙戦隊)
 Uchū Senpei (宇宙尖兵)
 Uchū no Maigo (宇宙の迷子)
 Unno Jūza Haisen Nikki (海野十三敗戦日記)
 Ei Hondo Jōriku Sakusen no Zen'ya (英本土上陸作戦の前夜)
 Osoroshiki Tsuya (恐しき通夜)
 Gaikotsukan (骸骨館)
 Kaisei Gan (怪星ガン)
 Kaitei Toshi (海底都市)
 Kagi kara Nukedashita Onna (鍵から抜け出した女)
 Kaban Rashikunai Kaban (鞄らしくない鞄)
 Kayakusen (火薬船)
 Kifutsudō Jiken (鬼仏洞事件)
 Kyōryū-tei no Bōken (恐竜艇の冒険)
 Kyōryū-tō (恐竜島)
 Kinzoku Ningen (金属人間)
 Kūchū Hyōryū Isshūkan (空中漂流一週間)
 Gun'yōzame (軍用鮫)
 Kōun no Kuroko (幸運の黒子)
 Kokusai Satsujin-dan no Hōkai (国際殺人団の崩壊)
 Sankakkei no Kyōfu (三角形の恐怖)
 Sanju-nen Go no Sekai (三十年後の世界)
 Sannin no Sōseiji (三人の双生児)
 Jigoku Kaidō (地獄街道)
 Jūhachi-ji no Ongaku-yoku (十八時の音楽浴)
 Shōnen Tanteichō (少年探偵長)
 Jinzō Ningen Efu-shi (人造人間エフ氏)
 Sekigaisen Otoko (赤外線男)
 Sen-nen Go no Sekai (千年後の世界)
 Dai Uchū Enseitai (大宇宙遠征隊)
 Dai Go Hyōgaki (第五氷河期)
 Chikyū Yōsai (地球要塞)
 Chikyū wo Nerau Mono (地球を狙う者)
 Chichūma (地中魔)
 Chō-Ningen X-go (超人間X号)
 Tōmei Neko (透明猫)
 Tokkyo Tawan Ningen Hōshiki (特許多腕人間方式)
 2000 nen Sensō (二、〇〇〇年戦争)
 Nō no Naka no Reijin (脳の中の麗人)
 Hitotsubokan (一坪館)
 Hyōgaki no Kaijin (氷河期の怪人)
 Fushigikoku Tanken (ふしぎ国探検)
 Fushū (俘囚)
 Hōsō Sareta Yuigon (放送された遺言)
 Maruamru Jū (○○獣)
 Miezaru Teki (見えざる敵)
 Yūsei Shokumin Setsu (遊星植民説)
 Yūrei-sen no Himitsu (幽霊船の秘密)
 Yohōshō Kokuji (予報省告示)
 Reikon Dai Jū-gō no Himitsu (霊魂第十号の秘密)
 Jinzō Ningen Satsugai Jiken (人造人間殺害事件)

Utei Tenku Series
Utei Tenku Series (烏啼天駆シリーズ):
 Kizoku wa Shiharau (奇賊は支払う)
 Shinzō Tōnan (心臓盗難)
 Kizoku Higan (奇賊悲願)
 Angō no Yakuwari (暗号の役割)
 Surikae Kaiga (すり替え怪画)

Under alias of Oka Kyūjūrō
 Yukima (雪魔)
 Chikyū Hakkyō Jiken (地球発狂事件)

English Translations
 Fast Forward Japan: Stories by the Founding Father of Japanese Science Fiction [includes: Eighteen O'Clock Music Bath (十八時の音楽浴), The Theory of Planetary Colonization, The World in One Thousand Years, Four-Dimensional Man, Mysterious Spatial Rift, The Living Intestine, Crematoria, The Last Broadcast, Adventures of the Dinosaur-Craft] ()
 The Secret of the Cosmic Dust (ある宇宙塵の秘密). Translated by Till Weingärtner. The Irish Journal of Asian Studies Vol.7, 2021 ().

References

External links
E-texts of Unno's works at Aozora Bunko
Entry in The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction
Full text of an English translation of Unno Juza's story "Mysterious Spacial Rift" (不思議なる空間断層) on Historyradio.org.

1897 births
1949 deaths
Japanese fantasy writers
Japanese science fiction writers
Japanese mystery writers
Waseda University alumni
People from Tokushima Prefecture
Writers from Tokushima Prefecture
20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Tuberculosis deaths in Japan

Unno Juza


La Femme qui habitait en face de la fille à la fenêtre () est une mini-série américaine créée par Rachel Ramras, Hugh Davidson et Larry Dorf et diffusée depuis le  sur Netflix.

Le titre, comme le sujet, rappelle le film La Femme à la fenêtre (), sorti un an plus tôt.

Synopsis
Anna (Kristen Bell) une artiste peintre vit seule depuis que sa vie familiale a été détruite par un drame trois ans plus tôt. Elle passe ses journées à boire du vin et à prendre des médicaments, assise devant sa fenêtre à espionner les autres. Et notamment Neil, un séduisant veuf qui vient d'emménager en face de chez elle avec sa petite fille.
Jusqu'au jour où elle assiste à un meurtre depuis sa fenêtre. Enfin c'est ce qu'elle pense avoir vu.

Distribution
 Kristen Bell  : Anna
 Tom Riley  : Neil Coleman
 Mary Holland  : Sloane
 Shelley Hennig  : Lisa/Chasteté
 Christina Anthony  : l'inspectrice Lane
 Samsara Yett  : Emma
 Cameron Britton  : Buell
 Brenda Koo  : Carol
 Benjamin Levy Aguilar  : Rex
 Michael Ealy  : Douglas
 Glenn Close  : la femme du siège 2A
 Janina Gavankar : Meredith Coleman

Production

Développement
En , Netflix annonce la production d'une mini-série de  intitulée , créée par Rachel Ramras, Hugh Davidson et Larry Dorf, produite par Kristen Bell , Will Ferrell, Jessica Elbaum et Brittney Segal.

En , il est annoncé que la mini-série sera disponible sur Netflix à partir du  sous le titre .

Attribution des rôles
En , Tom Riley est annoncé dans l'un des rôles principaux. En , Mary Holland, Shelley Hennig, Christina Anthony, Samsara Yett, Cameron Britton ou encore Benjamin Levy Aguilar sont annoncés. En , Michael Ealy est confirmé dans un rôle majeur.

Tournage
Le tournage débute le , à Los Angeles.

Fiche technique

 Titre original :
 Titre français : La Femme qui habitait en face de la fille à la fenêtre
 Création : Hugh Davidson, Larry Dorf et Rachel Ramras
 Réalisation : Michael Lehmann
 Scénario : Hugh Davidson, Larry Dorf et Rachel Ramras
 Musique : Nami Melumad
 Direction artistique : Zak Faust
 Décors : Melanie Jones
 Costumes : n/a
 Photographie : n/a
 Montage : Jennifer Van Goethem, Tara Timpone et Stephanie Willis
 Casting : R.J. Castro et Wendy O'Brien
 Production : Danielle Weinstock
 Production déléguée : Kristen Bell, Jessica Elbaum, Will Ferrell et Brittney Segal
 Société de production : Gloria Sanchez Productions
 Société de distribution : Netflix
 Pays de production :
 Langue originale : anglais
 Format : couleur
 Genre : comédie noire, comédie policière, énigme
 Nombre de saisons : 1
 Nombre d'épisodes : 8
 Durée : 204 minutes (entre 22 et 29 minutes par épisode)
 Date de première diffusion : Monde :  sur Netflix

Épisodes
Les huit épisodes ne contiennent pas de titres.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Mini-série américaine
Série télévisée d'humour noir
Série télévisée satirique
Série télévisée humoristique de Netflix
Parodie
Série télévisée américaine des années 2020
Série télévisée tournée à Los Angeles


Ensembles

Ensemble Kloster Wettenhausen

Das Ensemble umfasst das um 1130 gegründete Chorherrenstift Wettenhausen mit der ehemaligen Stifts-, jetzigen Pfarrkirche des 16./17. Jahrhunderts, mit dem im Kern romanischen Kreuzgang und den weiteren, meist dem 17. Jahrhundert entstammenden Konvents- und Wirtschaftsbauten sowie der Bebauung der Dorfstraße in dem Bereich, der die Westseite des Klosterbezirks tangiert.

Von schlossartigem Äußeren, beherrscht die Stiftsanlage den Ort und die Umgebung; in dem repräsentativen Charakter manifestiert sich der 1566 erlangte Status der Reichsunmittelbarkeit des Stifts, das 60 Jahre nach der Säkularisation, 1865, als Dominikanerinnenkloster wiederbelebt wurde. Längs der Straße ordnen sich Giebelhäuser in offener Bebauung dem Stiftsbezirk zu; es handelt sich meist um Anlagen des 17./18. Jahrhunderts, die der weltlichen Verwaltung des Klosterterritoriums dienten, wie die Vogtei (Schulstraße 2) und das Amtshaus (Dossenbergerstraße 55), darüber hinaus um Gasthöfe.

Aktennummer: E-7-74-145-1

Baudenkmäler nach Ortsteilen

Behlingen

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Egenhofen

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Ettenbeuren

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Goldbach

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Hammerstetten

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Hartberg

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Keuschlingen

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Kleinbeuren

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Reifertsweiler

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Ried

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Unterrohr

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Wettenhausen

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Siehe auch
 Liste der Bodendenkmäler in Kammeltal

Anmerkungen

Literatur

Weblinks

 In dieser [ Kartenansicht] sind Baudenkmäler ohne Koordinaten mit einem roten bzw. orangen Marker dargestellt und können in der Karte gesetzt werden. Baudenkmäler ohne Bild sind mit einem blauen bzw. roten Marker gekennzeichnet, Baudenkmäler mit Bild mit einem grünen bzw. orangen Marker.

Kammeltal
!

Liste der Baudenkmäler in Kammeltal


Der Flugplatz Shakawe () ist der Flugplatz der Ortschaft Shakawe im North West District, Botswana. Über ihn werden Lodges und Camps im Norden des Okavangodeltas bedient.

Der Flugplatz kann im Charterbetrieb direkt angeflogen werden. In dem Passagierterminal finden nach Voranmeldung Zoll- und Grenzkontrollen statt.

Weblinks

Shakawe
Shakawe
North West District

Flugplatz Shakawe


Parque Luis Méndez Piana Uruguay'ın başkenti Montevideo'da çok amaçlı olarak inşa edilen bir stadyum

Stadyumda çoğunlukla futbol müsabakaları yapılmaktadır. Uruguay'ın Miramar Misiones takımının maçlarını yaptığı stadyum, 4.000 seyirci kapasitelidir.

Uruguay'daki stadyumlar

Luis Méndez Piana Park Stadyumu


රුසියානු ෆෙඩරේෂනයෙහි සමන්විතයන්  ( සුබෙක්ති රසිස්කොයි ෆෙදරාත්සි) ලෙසින් හෝ සරල ලෙසින් ෆෙඩරේෂනයෙහි සමන්විතයන්  ( සුබෙක්ති ෆෙදරාත්සි ) ලෙසින්ද හැඳින්වෙන, රුසියාවේ ෆෙඩරල් සමන්විතයන් යනු, රුසියාවේ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම  ස්ථිතීන් වන අතර , රුසියාවේ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව ප්‍රකාර උසස්තම-මට්ටමේ දේශපාලන කොට්ඨාශ වෙති.  2008 මාර්තු 1 දින පටන්, රුසියානු ෆෙඩරේෂණය, ෆෙඩරල් සමන්විතයන් අසූ-තුනකින් සමන්විත වෙයි.

1992දී, රුසියානු ප්‍රදේශ විසින්, ෆෙඩරේෂන ගිවිසුම අත්සන් කල අතර, ( ෆෙදරාතිවුනි දගවෝර්), මෙය මගින් රුසියාවේ වර්තමාන අභ්‍යන්තර සංයුතිය පිහිටුවා නියාමනය කරන ලද්දේ, රුසියානු රාජ්‍ය සමූහනයන් සහ සංයෝගී ස්ථිතීන්හි රාජ්‍ය සමූහනයන් අතර අධිකාරීන් හා බලයන් බෙදාහැරීම පදනම් කර ගෙනය. මෙම ෆෙඩරේෂන ගිවිසුම,   RSFSRහී 1978 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවෙහි  පෙළට අඩංගු කරන ලදි. 1993 දී, වර්තමාන රුසියානු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව සම්මත කරගන්නා විට, ෆෙඩරල් සමන්විතයන් 89 ක් ලැයිස්තුගත කර තිබුණි. 2008 වන විට, ෆෙඩරල් සමන්විතයන් ගණන 83 දක්වා අඩුවුනේ, විවිධ ඒකාබද්ධවීම් නිසාය. ෆෙඩරල් වැදගත්කමක් සහිත රුසියානු නගර 2 ක් සතුව නගර තත්ත්වය සහ වෙන්වූ ෆෙඩරල් සමන්විත තත්ත්වය යන දෙකම සතු වෙයි.

ආශ්‍රිත

රුසියාවේ ෆෙඩරල් සමන්විතයන්


Bari Sardo (sardinski: Barì) je grad i općina (comune) u pokrajini Nuoru u regiji Sardiniji, Italija. Nalazi se na nadmorskoj visini od 51 metar i ima 3 979 stanovnika. Prostire se na 37,43 km2. Gustoća naseljenosti je 106 st/km2.Susjedne općine su: Cardedu, Ilbono, Lanusei, Loceri i Tortolì.

Izvori

Gradovi na Sardiniji

Bari Sardo


Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Paşa, (d. 1637, Vezirköprü - ö. 19 Ağustos 1691, Salankamen), II. Süleyman saltanatında, 25 Ekim 1689 - 19 Ağustos 1691 tarihleri arasında bir yıl dokuz ay yirmi beş gün sadrazamlık yapmış Osmanlı devlet adamıdır.

Hayatı
Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Paşa, 1637 yılında Vezirköprü'de doğdu. Köprülü Mehmed Paşa'nın ikinci oğlu, Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Paşa'nın küçük kardeşidir. 4 yaşında İstanbul'a getirildi. Uzun müddet çok iyi bir medrese eğitimi gördü. Babasının sadrazam olduğu dönemde 1659'da "dergah-ı ali" (padişah) mütefferikaları arasına girdi ve kendisine bu görev dolayısıyla Kocaeli'nde icmallı zemaat verildi. Bununla beraber ulema ile birlikte ilmi çalışmalarını aksatmadı. Ağabeyi Fazıl Ahmet Paşa'nın sadrazamlık döneminde de yüksek ulema olarak görev yaptı ve ulema olarak kendine verilen zemaatle geçindi.

Fazıl Mustafa'ya 29 Haziran 1680'de kayınbiraderi Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa sadrazamlığı döneminde vezirlik görevi verildi. Padişah tarafından kabul edilip kürk hilat giydirilerek kubbealtıda devlet idaresi görevine başladı.

1683'te Niğbolu Sancakbeyliği ile birlikte Silistre'de merkezi olan Özi Eyaleti Valiliği'ne atandı ve Babadağı'da Lehistan serdarı oldu.

İkinci Viyana Kuşatması'ndan sonra Belgrad'a çekilen Osmanlı ordusunun komutanı kayınbiraderi Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa saray entrikaları sonucu 15 Aralık 1683'te sadrazamlıktan azledip Belgrad'da idam edilince 1684 başında Fazıl Mustafa Paşa da Özi valiliğinden ve Lehistan serdarlığından azil edildi. Kendisine Azaz ve Kilis Sancakbeylikleri arpalık olarak verilerek emekliye ayrıldı. 1684 sonunda ise Sakız Muhafızı olarak görev verildi. Mart 1686'da "Boğaz Muhafızı" olarak tayin edildi.

5 Eylül 1687'de Avusturya cephesinde bulunan ordu Sadrazam ve serdar-ı ekrem Sarı Süleyman Paşa'ya karşı ayaklandı ve ordu bir keşmekeş içinde cepheden ayrılıp kapıkulu birlikleri İstanbul'a dönmeye başladı. Serdar-ı ekrem de cepheden kaçıp gizlice İstanbul'a geldi ve orada saklanmaya çalıştı. İstanbul Sedaret Kaymakamı olan Recep Paşa olacaklardan korkup kaçmıştı. İstanbul'da saklandığı yerde yakalandı; boğdurularak idam edildi ve kesilen başı cepheden dönen isyancı ordunun Edirne'ye gelmekte olan elebaşılarına gönderildi. Halep Valisi olarak orduya katılmış olan Köprülü Damadı Abaza Siyavuş Paşa kendini isyan eden ocaklılara kabul ettirmiş ve onlar tarafından sadrazam ilan edilmişti. IV. Mehmed bu emrivakiyi kabul edip Abaza Siyavuş Paşa'yı sadrazam tayin etti ve mühr-i hümayun ona ordu artıkları ile geldiği Niş'te yetiştirildi. Keşmekeş ordunun birlikleri Edirne'ye doğru gelmeye devam etti.

Ordu içinde IV. Mehmet'in hali için bir harekât bulunmaktaydı ve bu IV. Mehmet'i büyük bir telaşa düşürmüştü. Boğaz Muhafızı olan Fazıl Mustafa Paşa ise İstanbul'a davet edildi ve İstanbul'da Sadrazam Kaymakamı olarak görevlendirildi. Ordu içinde IV. Mehmet'in hal edilip tahttan indirilmesi için bir akımı karşılamak üzere IV. Mehmet orduya gönderdiği bir hatt-ı hümayunda kendisi hal edilirse yerine oğlu Şehzade Mustafa'nın geçirilmesini istedi.

Deniz yoluyla gelen Fazıl Mustafa Paşa'yı IV. Mehmet ikram olarak Sarayburnu'na at gönderip onu Alay Köşkünde kabul etti. Padişah ondan daha önce yaptığı hakaretlerden dolayı özür diledi ve ona Sadrazam Kaymakamlığı kürkünü giydirdi. Yine de Fazıl Ahmed Paşa padişaha gücenikti.

Ordu birlikleri Edirne'den çıkıp İstanbul'a yöneldiler. Yeni sadrazam olan Köprülü Damadı Abaza Siyavuş Paşa fevkalede cesur silahşor ve vakar sahibi olmakla beraber safdil olduğu bilinmekteydi ve Orduyu idare etme gücünden yoksundu. Ordu Silivri'ye geldiği Abaza Sivayuş Paşa İstanbul Kaymakamı olan kayın biraderi Fazıl Mustafa Paşa'ya askerlerin IV. Mehmed'in hal edilmesini istediklerini bildirdi ve bu koçak ağalarının imzalarını taşıyan bu konuyu içeren bir mazharı ona gönderdi. Fazıl Mustafa Paşa 8 Kasım 1687 sabahı Ayasofya'da vezirleri yüksek rütbeli ulemayı topladı; durumu onlara açıkladı. IV. Mehmed'in tahttan indirilip yerine Şehzade Süleyman'ın tahta geçirilmesinin gereğini açıkladı. Topkapı Sarayı önünde önlemler alınmıştı. Çavuşbaşı ve Kapılarağası Enderun halkını güçsüz hale getirmek için Babusaade önünde ayak divanı olacak gerekçesiyle cülus tahtını oraya çıkarttılar. Ayasofya'da toplanan Devlet Ricali ve ulema grubu Topkapı Sarayı'na geçti. Kızlar Ağası Şehzade Süleyman'ın göz hapsinde bulunduğu Şimşirlik Kasrına gidip öldürülmeye götürülmekten korkan şehzadeyi yeni padişah olduğuna zorla inandırıp Sofa Köşkü'ne getirdi. Sofa Köşkü'nde havuz başında saray mensupları tarafından iç biat yapıldı ve dış biat için Babusaade'ye kurulan cülus tahtına geçirildi. Burada Ayasofya toplantısından gelen Devlet Ricali ve ulemalar biat ederek cülus töreni tamamlandı. Halledilen IV. Mehmet Şimşirlik Kasrına kapatıldı.

II. Süleyman tahta geçtikten sonra isyancı ordunun birlikleri İstanbul'a geldiler.

Avusturyalıların Serasker Recep Paşa'yı Belgrad önlerinde yenilgiye uğratmasından sonra, Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Paşa devletin her açıdan zor durumda olduğu bir ortamda, 1689 yılında sadrazamlığa atanmıştır.

Sadrazam olur olmaz iç karışıklıkları bastırmakla işe başlayan Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Paşa, halkı ezen gereksiz vergileri ortadan kaldırmış, saraydaki değerli eşyaları darphanede paraya çevirerek maliyeyi düzeltmiş ve ordudaki asker sayısını azaltarak orduyu yenilemiştir.

Avusturyalıların üzerine yürüyerek Niş, Semendire ve Belgrad'ı geri almış,  19 Ağustos 1691 tarihinde Salankamen Muharebesi'nde şehit düşmüştür.

Kaynakça

Dış kaynaklar
 Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı, (1954) Osmanlı Tarihi III. Cilt, 2. Kısım, XVI. Yüzyıl Ortalarından XVII. Yüzyıl Sonuna kadar), Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Altıncı Baskı 2011 ISBN 978-975-16-0010) say.431-434.
 Danişmend, İsmail Hâmi (1971),Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, İstanbul: Türkiye Yayınevi.

Dış bağlantılar
 Kültür Bakanlığı web sitesi, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Kronolojisi, Erişim tarihi:12.12.2011
 Özcan, Abdülkadir (2002) "Köprülüzãde Fazıl Mustafa Paşa", Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi  Cilt:26, Sayfa:263-265, İstanbul:TDV Yayınları. Online:

1637 doğumlular
1691 yılında ölenler
Fazıl Mustafa Paşa
17. yüzyılda Osmanlılar
Osmanlı sadrazamları
Osmanlı-Kutsal İttifak Savaşları'ndaki kişiler
Çatışmada ölen Osmanlılar
Vezirköprü doğumlular
Sırbistan'da ateşli silahtan ölenler

Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Paşa


Francis William Rice,  baron Dynevor ( - ) est un ecclésiastique et pair britannique.

Biographie
Il est le deuxième fils du révérend Edward Rice, doyen de Gloucester lui-même deuxième fils de Cecil de Cardonnel (2e baronne Dynevor). L'épouse du doyen, la mère de Rice, Charlotte Lascelles bien que fille illégitime du général Francis Lascelles et , une chanteuse, est une nièce d'Edward Lascelles,  comte de Harewood.

Rice fait ses études à la Westminster School et s'inscrit à Christ Church, Oxford le 18 octobre 1822. Il obtient un baccalauréat en 1826 et une maîtrise en 1847. De 1827 à 1878 Rice est le vicaire de Fairford, Gloucestershire.

Il se marie deux fois. Sa première épouse est Harriett Ives Barker, fille de Daniel Raymond Barker, qu'il épouse le 3 février 1830. Leur premier enfant Ellen Joyce est une pionnière de l'émigration  et le second Arthur de Cardonnel FitzUryan Rice, devient  baron Dynevor. Francis Rice devient veuf le 22 juillet 1854.

Il se remarie à Eliza Amelia Knox, première fille du révérend Henry Carnegie Knox, recteur de Lechlade, Gloucestershire, le 18 novembre 1856.

En 1869, à la mort de son cousin, George Rice-Trevor (4e baron Dynevor), il hérite du titre de baron Dynevor car son cousin n'a que des sœurs et des filles . Il décède le 3 août 1878 à l'âge de 74 ans.

Références

Liens externes

Étudiant de Christ Church (Oxford)
Élève de la Westminster School (Londres)
Baron de la pairie du Royaume-Uni
Décès en août 1878
Naissance en mai 1804
Décès à 74 ans

Francis Rice (5e baron Dynevor)


NGC 5682 est une galaxie spirale barrée située dans la constellation du Bouvier. Sa vitesse par rapport au fond diffus cosmologique est de , ce qui correspond à une distance de Hubble de . NGC 5682 a été découverte par le physicien irlandais George Stoney en 1850.

La classe de luminosité de NGC 5682 est II et elle présente une large raie HI. C'est une galaxie active de type Seyfert 1.

Avec une brillance de surface égale à , on peut qualifier NGC 5682 de galaxie à faible brillance de surface (LSB en anglais pour ). Les galaxies LSB sont des galaxies diffuses (D) avec une brillance de surface inférieure de moins d'une magnitude à celle du ciel nocturne ambiant.

À ce jour, huit mesures non basées sur le décalage vers le rouge (redshift) donnent une distance de , ce qui est à l'extérieur des valeurs de la distance de Hubble. Notons que c'est avec la valeur moyenne des mesures indépendantes, lorsqu'elles existent, que la base de données NASA/IPAC calcule le diamètre d'une galaxie et qu'en conséquence le diamètre de NGC 5682 pourrait être d' si on utilisait la distance de Hubble pour le calculer.

Sur la sphère céleste, NGC 5682 est voisine de la galaxie NGC 5683, mais elle est presque cinq fois plus près de la Voie lactée que cette dernière. Ces deux galaxies forment donc une paire purement optique.

Supernova
La supernova SN 2005ci a été découverte dans NGC 5682 le  par D. R. Madison et W. Li dans le cadre du programme conjoint LOSS/KAIT (Lick Observatory Supernova Search de l'observatoire Lick et The Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope de l'université de Californie à Berkeley. Cette supernova était de type II.

Groupe d'IC 1029
Selon A. M. Garcia, NGC 5682 fait partie du groupe d'IC 1029. Ce groupe de galaxies compte au moins 11 membres. Les autres galaxies du groupe sont NGC 5602, NGC 5660, NGC 5673, NGC 5676, NGC 5689, NGC 5693, NGC 5707, IC 1029 et UGC 9426. La onzième galaxie mentionnée par Garcia est NGC 5624, mais son appartenance à ce groupe est incertaine.

Abraham Mahtessian mentionne aussi ce groupe, mais sa liste ne comprend que six galaxies : NGC 5660, NGC 5673, NGC 5676, NGC 5689, NGC 5693 et IC 1029.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des objets du New General Catalogue

Liens externes

 NGC 5682 sur le site du professeur C. Seligman

5682
Constellation du Bouvier
Galaxie spirale
Galaxie spirale barrée
Galaxie à faible brillance de surface
Galaxie active
Galaxie de Seyfert
Objet céleste découvert en 1850
Objet céleste découvert par George Stoney

NGC 5682


Die Burg Fiľakovo (; , ) ist die Ruine einer Höhenburg in der Südslowakei. Sie erstreckt sich auf einem vulkanischen Hügel fast im Herzen der Stadt Fiľakovo.

Geschichte

Bereits im 12. Jahrhundert stand wohl auf dem Burgberg eine Burgstätte oder steinerne Burg. Zum ersten Mal erscheint die Burg 1242 in einer Urkunde, in der über das Überstehen der Burg während des Mongoleneinfalls 1241 berichtet wird. Die Burg hatte mehrere Besitzer, dazu gehörte anfangs das Geschlecht Kacsics sowie im frühen 14. Jahrhundert der Oligarch Matthäus Csák, der die Burg in den Jahren 1311–21 besaß. Danach war Burg Fileck für lange Zeit im Besitz der ungarischen Krone, bevor sie 1435 an das Geschlecht Perényi verpfändet wurde. 1483 wurde die Burg durch ein Heer unter Matthias Corvinus erobert. 1490 kommt sie in den Besitz des Kastellans Ráksai, dessen Tochter heiratet Ferenc Bebek, der als Mitgift die Burg erhielt.

Wegen der Nähe der türkischen Truppen nach der Schlacht bei Mohács ließen die Bebeks die Burg in eine Renaissance-Festung ausbauen. Beauftragt wurde der Italiener Alessandro de Vedano. Trotz dieses Ausbaus konnten die Türken die Burg 1554 leicht für sich einnehmen. Danach wurde sie zum Sitz des Sandschaks Filek, der sich über weite Teile der heutigen Südslowakei erstreckte. Erst 1593 konnte eine kaiserliche Armee die Burg zurückerobern. Im Zuge der anti-habsburgischen Aufstände und Türkenkriege ließ man die Burg oft erneuern (1602, 1604, 1608, 1609, 1613 und 1619). Dennoch konnten die Aufständischen von Stephan Bocskay nach den ersten zwei Erneuerungen die Burg erobern, und 1615 brannte sie zusammen mit der Stadt aus. Danach musste man mit dem Aufstand von Gabriel Bethlen in den Jahren 1621–1623 rechnen.

Nach dem Aufstand von Georg I. Rákóczi marschierte die kaiserliche Armee in die Burg ein und legte eine Garnison an. Zu den bedeutenden Kommandanten gehörten István Koháry sowie István Koháry II., die erblich diese Funktionen ausübten. Der letztgenannte ließ 1672 die Mauern reparieren. Nachdem der erste Versuch der Aufständischen von Emmerich Thököly im Jahr 1678 scheiterte, kam 1682 ein türkisches Heer zur Hilfe, das nach einer monatelangen Belagerung die Burg eroberte, die mit der Stadt in Mitleidenschaft gezogen wurde. Nach der vollständigen Zerstörung durch einen Brand erhob sich seither nur eine Ruine über der Stadt.

Seit 1972 wurde die Burganlage saniert. In der wiederhergestellten Bebek-Bastion ist eine Ausstellung der Stadt Fiľakovo untergebracht.

Weblinks
 Beschreibung der Burg auf hrady.sk (slowakisch) Beschreibung der Burg auf zamky.sk (slowakisch)
Burgmuseum der Stadt Fiľakovo (englisch)
Geschichte auf der Seite der Stadt Fiľakovo (englisch)

Burgruine in der Slowakei
Fiľakovo
Filakovo

Burg Fiľakovo


La Cour de répression des infractions économiques et financières (CRIEF) est une cour de justice pénale de république de Guinée, au premier et au deuxième degré. Elle a été créée en décembre 2021 pour examiner des infractions économiques et financières d'au moins d'un milliard de francs guinéen.

Historique
Créée le 2 décembre 2021, la cour a été officiellement installée le 21 janvier 2022.

Composition
La Cour de répression des infractions économiques et financières est composée de 19 membres, qui ont été installés le vendredi 21 janvier 2022 dans leurs fonction :

 Président : Noël Kolomou

 Président de la chambre d'instruction : Sékou Ibrahima Soumah

 Membres de la chambre d'instruction :
 Mohamed Ama Camara
 Ibrahima Bayo
 Madame Aïssatou Sacko
 Almamy Sékou Camara

 Président de la chambre spéciale de contrôle de l'instruction :  Morlaye Soumah

 Chambre des jugements :
 Ousmane Sylla
 Mohamed Diawara
 Lamine Konaté
 Alhassane Mabinty Camara

 Président de la chambre des appels :
 Souleymane Bah

 Conseillers ou assesseurs :
 Amadou Seykou Barry
 Mamoudou Camara
 Abdourahamane Diallo
 Mohamed Kaba

 Parquet:
 Procureur spécial : Aly Touré
 Substitut du procureur spécial : Madame Josephine Loli Tinguiano et Lazard Mamadi Borè

Mission
La cour de répression des infractions économiques et financières a pour mission de poursuite des détournement supérieure ou égale à un milliard de francs

Liste des présidents
 Noël Kolomou depuis le 29 décembre 2021.

Notes et références

Droit en Guinée
Organisme fondé en 2021


Kosmos 2285, ruski satelit iz programa Kosmos. Vrste je Obzor br. 1.
Lansiran je 2. kolovoza 1994. godine u 20:00 s kozmodroma Pljesecka u Rusiji. Lansiran je u nisku orbitu oko planeta Zemlje raketom nosačem Kosmos-3M 11K65M. Orbita mu je 974 km u perigeju i 1012 km u apogeju. Orbitna inklinacija mu je 74,03°. Spacetrackov kataloški broj je 23189. COSPARova oznaka je 1994-045-A. Zemlju obilazi u 104,96 minuta. Pri lansiranju bio je mase 825 kg.

Izvori
Heavens-above (engl.)
NASA (engl.)
Planet4589.org Tablični prikaz podataka o satelitima (engl.)

Vanjske poveznice
N2YO.com Search Satellite Database
Celes Trak SATCAT Format Documentation (engl.)
Kunstman  Satellites in Orbit (engl.)

Sateliti Kosmos

Kosmos 2285


Gliceraldehida (denumită și gliceral sau aldehidă glicerică) este o monozaharidă, din categoria triozelor, cu formula C3H6O3.  Este un solid cristalin, incolor și cu gust dulce, fiind un compus intermediar al metabolismului glucidic. Denumirea provine de la cuvintele glicerol și aldehidă, deoarece gliceraldehida este aldehida glicerolului obținută prin oxidarea blândă a unei grupe hidroxil primare.

Structură
Gliceraldehida conține un centru de chiralitate și de aceea pot exista doi enantiomeri (izomeri optici) diferiți:
 R din latinescul rectus însemnând "dreapta", sau
 S din latinescul sinister însemnând "stânga"

Gliceraldehida este importantă, întrucât examinarea structurii acesteia ajută la observarea structurilor monozaharidelor.

Referințe

Vezi și
Stereoizomerie
Glicoliză
Trioză

Dioli
Aldehide
Monozaharide

Gliceraldehidă


Agrilus ningpoensis é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Obenberger, em 1927.

Referências

ningpoensis

Agrilus ningpoensis


يوسيميتي سام  هو شخصية رسوم متحركة في لووني تونز وميري ميلوديز من إنتاج وارنر براذرز. تصور الشخصية رجلا قصير القامة خارج عن القانون ذو أصول غربية (وسترن) له طبيعة متذمرة وكارهة للأرانب، وخصوصا باغز باني. في الكارتون الخالي من عروض الوسترن يستخدم سام أسماء مستعارة مثل «تشيلكوت سام» (على غرار «تشيلكوت ترايل»، حيث ينطقها سام «تشيلي-كوت») في فيلم 14 كاروت رابيت (في نفس الفيلم دعى نفسه اسما آخر هو «سكوير-ديل سام»). استخدم سام أيضا اسم «ريف راف سام» في ساهارا هاير. اسم «سام شولز» في بيغ هاوس باني. اسم «سيغوين سام» في باكانير باني. اسم «شانغهاي سام» في ميوتني أون ذا باني. واسم «سام فون سكام ذا هيسيان» في بانكر هيل باني، إلى جانب أسماء أخرى.

الظهور
الرسام فريز فريلينغ قدم الشخصية في هاير تريغر (1945)، بطبعه الهائج العصبي، قامته القصيرة (اضطر لامتطاء الحصان بتسلق سلم في هاير تريغر)، وشعره الأحمر الناري الشكل. هذا الشكل استوحاه فريلينغ بنفسه، كما أن تشاك جونز في كتابه تشاك أماك قال أن أحد أعمام فريلينغ من تكساس زار المخرج وكان حارس تجوال متقاعد قصير القامة وشعره أحمر اللون وله شوارب كبيرة.

ظهرت عدة شخصيات مشابهة لسام في سوبر-رابيت (1943)، ستيج دور كارتون (1944)، ألونغ كيم دافي (1947)، بانشوس هايدأواي (1964)، وميسسبي هاير (1949).

ابتكر فريلينغ شخصية سام لتكون أكثر عدائية لباغز باني، فبينما كان إلمر فاد العدو الرئيس لباغز والذي يتصف بقلة التفكير واللطف المصطنع ما جعل فريلينغ يعتقد أن باغز كان مستأسدا عليه بحيله، لهذا جعل سام على النقيض شديد العنف والعداء ليس خصما ضعيفا مثل فاد.

على مدى 19 سنة (باستثناء كارتون هاير-أيبيان نايت في 1959) كانت وحدة فريلينغ لها حق الاستخدام الحصري لشخصية سام في استوديو وارنر، ورغم كونه في الأصل كاوبوي، ألبس فريلينغ الشخصية ألبسة مختلفة في كل فيلم: فارس، جندي فيلق روماني، قرصان، طباخ ملك، حارس سجن، دوق، جندي متحالف، متسلق جبال، وحتى كائن فضاء. الدعابة الأساسية كانت في إسناد تلك الأدوار بشكل خاطئ إلى كاوبوي هائج.

رغم نوايا فريلينغ لا يبدو سام أذكى من إلمر في مجابهته باغز باني، فرغم التهديد والحيل التي يقوم بها يقف سام مواجها للأرنب المغتر هادئ الطباع. يبقى سام أقوى وأكثر شراسة من إلمر عند تحدي باغز، كما يبقى أسرع في التعلم من أخطائه ولا يقع في الفخ مرتين، إلا أن إصراره على التحدي وعدم رفضه له هو ما قد يؤذيه، كما حدث عندما تحدى باغز أن يتخطى سام الخط المرسوم على الأرض، فيتخطاه ويعيد باغز الحيلة حتى يتخطى سام الخط ويقع من الجرف.

الظهور في أماكن أخرى
ظهر سام في العديد من عروض التلفزيون الخاصة في السبعينات والثمانينات وفي ثلاثة أفلام لووني تونز التجميعية.

ظهر سام كأحد أعضاء منشأة أكمي لوونيفرستي في برنامج التسعينات الكارتوني تايني توون أدفنشر. حيث قدم حصصا تعليمية في استخدام الأسلحة وعلم السقوط من السنادين (دعابة متكررة في سلسلة لووني تونز)، كما ظهر بدور المدير (رغم ظهور باغز في نفس الدور في حلقة واحدة على الأقل، في حين كان وايل إي. كايوتي عميد المنشأة). وكبقية شخصيات لووني تونز، كان لسام تلميذه مونتانا ماكس.

ظهر سام مع باغز باني في إعلانات ترويج مشروب ميرندا في التسعينات، في تنافس مباشر لمشروب فانتا الذي استخدم شخصيات ديزني في إعلاناته.

في فيلم لووني تونز: باك إن أكشن (2003) أدى سام دور الصياد مقابل المكافآت لمصلحة أكمي كوربوريشن، وذلك للتخلص من أبطال الفيلم.

ظهر سام في دور بسيط في فيلم هو فريمد روجر رابيت، كما ظهر في فيلم سبيس جام كعضو في فريق كرة السلة، أحد المشاهد البارزة عندما أطلق النار هو وإلمر فاد على أسنان أحد الوحوش من الفريق المقابل. كما ظهر أيضا في أفلام وألعاب كمبيوتر أخرى.

الصوت
أدى صوت يوسيميتي سام ممثل الأصوات الأول لدى وارنر براذرز ميل بلانك، في كتاب سيرته الذاتية، ذكر بلانك أنه عانى وقتا لابتكار صوت سام، فجرب إعطاؤه صوتا صغيرا لكن لم ير ذلك مناسبا له، في يوم ما قرر أن يصيح بأعلى ما في رئتيه فرآه مناسبا للشخصية الهائجة. كان دائما ما يختتم جلسة التسجيل بسطور أدوار سام حتى لا يضطر لتمثيل أصوات شخصيات أخرى حادة. في سنواته الأخيرة لم يستطع أداء الدور لصعوبته فوافق على أن يقوم به غيره (جو ألاسكي في هو فريمد روجر رابيت مثلا بينما أدى بلانك شخصيات لووني تونز الأخرى)، هذا الأمر جعل من سام أحد الشخصيات القليلة التي قام بأداء أصواتها أشخاص آخرون فترة وجود بلانك.

استخدم بلانك صوتا مشابها لصوت سام في تمثيل مستر سبيسلي في ذا جتسونز.

الظهور في فنون شعبية

في التلفزيون
 ظهر في حلقة من برنامج دراون توغيذر مع هالك، مارفن ذا مارشن، وسكيليتور.
 في حلقة من هاو آي ميت يور ماذر، تيد ومارشال ألبسا ساندي مقدم الأخبار قبعة وشوارب عند تقديمه الأخبار ليصبح «يوسيميتي ساندي».
 في حلقة من نايت كورت، اضطر دان لانتحال شخصية يوسيميتي سام بسبب مواعدة امرأة مضطربة التفكير.
 في حلقة من تو آند أ هاف من، تشارلي يتذكر رجلا كانت له علاقة مع أمه يشبه يوسيميتي سام، ومنذ ذلك أصبح يشعر بالانزعاج كلما شاهد يوسيميتي سام على التلفزيون، في نهاية الحلقة كان جايك يتابع يوسيميتي سام على التلفزيون.
 يوسيميتي سام أحد شخصيات جوي المفضلة في فل هاوس.
 في حلقة من هاوس، كان هاوس يصف امرأة تعاني من خلل هرموني يجعل شعر وجهها ينمو سريعا قائلا «... مالم تستيقظي وأنت تشبهين يوسيميتي سام».
 في حلقة من ذا سمبسونز، مارج يطلب من اخته باتي أن تزيل بالشمع الشعر الذي ينمو فوق شفتها بسبب «أنك لن تريدي للذهاب في أول موعد لك وأنت تبدين مثل يوسيميتي سام».
 في حلقة من فريجر، عندما يصبح رجل من تكساس مديرا جديدا للمحطة، يقول فريجر «إني أتملق إلى يوسيميتي سام!».

في الأفلام
 في ترمنايتور سالفايشن، سام يظهر على شاحنة في مشهد مطاردة.

في الموسيقى
ذكرت سيرة يوسيميتي سام بالاسم في عدة أغان منها:
 «ليدي كاب درايفر». أداء برنس في ألبوم 1999 (1982).
 «ذا كوليشن تو بان كوليشنس» من هانك ويليامز جونيور.
 «إيغ مان» من ذا بيستي بويز في ألبوم بولز بوتيك.
 «رووتينغ فور ذا باد غاي» من ذا وايلدهارتس (2007).

روابط خارجية

مراجع

خارجون عن القانون خياليون
رعاة بقر خياليون
شخصيات خيالية ظهرت في 1945
شخصيات خيالية عقدت اتفاقيات مع الشياطين
شخصيات ذكور في الرسوم المتحركة
شخصيات لوني تونز
عمال مناجم خياليون
يهود أمريكيون خياليون

يوسيميتي سام


Vöðvarauði (Myoglobin, Mb) er sameind sem tekur við súrefni frá blóðrauða og bindur það við vöðvanna.

Sameindir

Vöðvarauði


Olaylar
 1147 - Dorileon Muharebesi: Selçuklu ordusu, III. Konrad komutasındaki II. Haçlı ordusunu Eskişehir yakınlarında bozguna uğrattı.
 1760 - III. George Büyük Britanya Kralı oldu.
 1854 - Kırım Savaşı sırasında Ruslar ile Kırım'ın Akyar kentini kuşatan Türk-İngiliz-Fransız ittifak kuvvetleri arasında Balaklava Savaşı yapıldı. (İngiliz şair Alfred Tennyson'un "Hafif Süvari Alayının Hücumu" şiirine ilham veren savaş)
 1875 - Peter İlyiç Çaykovski'nin 1 No'lu Piyano Konçertosu ilk defa Boston, Massachusetts'te icra edildi. Solist Hans von Bülow'du.
 1917 - Lenin önderliğindeki Bolşevikler, Rusya'da yönetimi tamamen ele geçirdi (Julian Takvimi ile 25 Ekim, Gregoryen Takvimi ile 7 Kasım)
 1935 - Haiti'de kasırga: 2000'den fazla kişi öldü.
 1936 - Adolf Hitler ve Benito Mussolini, Roma-Berlin güç eksenini oluşturdu.
 1937 - Başbakan İsmet İnönü istifa etti. Aynı gün Celâl Bayar'ın kurduğu Hükûmet açıklandı.
 1946 - Serbest Güreş Millî Takımı, İsveç'te Avrupa Şampiyonu oldu.
 1955 - Evlerde kullanılan mikrodalga fırınların ilk örneği Tappan şirketi tarafından satışa çıkarıldı.
 1957 - Tatbiki Güzel Sanatlar Yüksek Okulu İstanbul'da açıldı.
 1960 - Küba, tüm Amerikan iş yerlerini devletleştirdi.
 1962 - ABD Büyükelçisi Adlai E. Stevenson, Küba'daki Sovyet üslerinin fotoğraflarını, kanıt olarak BM Güvenlik Konseyi'ne sundu.
 1970 - Nüfus sayımı yapıldı: Türkiye'nin nüfusu 35.605.176
 1971 - Çin, Birleşmiş Milletler'e alındı.
 1980 - 13 Temmuz 1979'da Mısır'ın Ankara Büyükelçiliğini basan 4 Filistinli gerilla ölüm cezasına çarptırıldı.
 1980 - 12 Eylül Darbesi'nin 3. idamı: 14 Eylül 1980'de fraksiyon ayrılığından dolayı sol görüşlü Erdoğan Polat'ı öldüren ve kaçmaya çalışırken Tank Yüzbaşı Bülent Angın'ın da içinde bulunduğu güvenlik güçleriyle çatışan (Yüzbaşı Angın öldürüldü.) sol görüşlü militan Serdar Soyergin, idam edildi.
 1981 - Türkiye'nin Roma Büyükelçiliğinde görevli ikinci kâtip Gökberk Ergenekon, ASALA militanlarının saldırısına uğradı; 3 kurşun yarası aldı.
 1984 - Hepatit virüsü bulundu.
 1984 - Türkiye'de son kez bir ölüm cezası infaz edildi. İzmir'de bir soygun sırasında 3 kişiyi öldürmekten idama mahkûm Hıdır Aslan, Burdur Kapalı Cezaevi'nde asıldı.
 1986 - PKK'ya bağlı milis gücü Kürdistan Halk Kurtuluş Ordusu kuruldu.
 1998 - Cumhuriyetin 75. yıl dönümü kutlamaları çerçevesinde 80 il ve 700 ilçede, 75. Yıl Cumhuriyet Yürüyüşü yapıldı. Yürüyüşlere milyonlarca vatandaş katıldı.
 2001 - Microsoft, Windows XP işletim sistemini piyasaya sürdü.
 2003 - Sedir Yangını: Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde Güney Kaliforniya'daki yangın.
 2003 - Rektörler, öğretim üyeleri, sivil toplum örgütlerinin temsilcileri ve öğrenciler, Ankara'da Cumhuriyete Saygı yürüyüşü yaptı, Anıtkabir'e giderek saygı duruşunda bulundu.
 2004 - Küba devlet başkanı Fidel Castro, 8 Kasım'dan geçerli olmak üzere ABD doları ile yapılacak alış veriş işlemlerinin yasaklandığını açıkladı.
 2005 - Anadolu'da Vakit gazetesinin Almanya sınırları içinde basılması ve dağıtılması yasaklandı.
 2017 - İYİ Parti, Meral Akşener tarafından kuruldu.

Doğumlar
 1589 - Jan Stanisław Sapieha, 1621'den itibaren ölümüne kadar Büyük Litvanya Mareşali (ö. 1635)
 1755 - François Joseph Lefebvre, Napolyon tarafından tayin edilen Fransa mareşali (ö. 1820)
 1767 - Benjamin Constant, İsviçre asıllı Fransız liberal yazar (ö. 1830)
 1789 - Carlos María de Alvear, Arjantinli asker, politikacı ve diplomat (ö. 1852)
 1806 - Max Stirner, Alman düşünür (ö. 1856)
 1807 - Sadık Rıfat Paşa, Osmanlı Hariciye Nazırı (ö. 1857)
 1811 - Évariste Galois, Fransız matematikçi (ö. 1832)
 1821 - Antonio Ciseri, İsviçreli sanatçı (ö. 1891)
 1825 - Johann Strauss, Avusturyalı besteci (ö. 1899)
 1838 - Georges Bizet, Fransız besteci ve "Carmen" operasının yaratıcısı (ö. 1875)
 1879 - Fritz Haarmann, Alman seri katil (ö. 1925)
 1881 - Pablo Picasso, İspanyol ressam ve heykeltıraş (ö. 1973)
 1886 - Karl Polanyi, Macar düşünür (ö. 1964)
 1888 - Richard E. Byrd, Amerikalı amiral ve kâşif (ö. 1957)
 1889 - Abel Gance, Fransız yönetmen (ö. 1981)
 1894 - Johan Wilhelm Rangell, 1941-1943 yılları arasında Finlandiya Başbakanı olarak görev yaptı (ö. 1982)
 1894 - Aşık Veysel Şatıroğlu, Türk halk ozanı (ö. 1973)
 1895 - Levi Eşkol, İsrail'in 4. Başbakanı (ö. 1969)
 1897 - Erwin von Lahousen, 13 Mart 1943 ve 20 Temmuz 1944 tarihinde Adolf Hitler'e yapılan suikast girişimlerinde önemli oyuncu (ö. 1955)
 1900 - Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, Nijerya'da kadın hakları için öncülük eden avukat, öğretmen ve politika lideri (ö. 1978)
 1904 - Cemal Reşit Rey, Türk besteci, piyanist ve opera şefi (ö. 1985)
 1911 - Celil Kiyekbayev, Sovyet Başkurt bilim insanı, Türkolog ve filolog (ö. 1968)
 1913 - Klaus Barbie, Alman SS subayı (Lyon Kasabı olarak bilinen Nazi savaş suçlusu) (ö. 1991)
 1921 - Mihai, Romanya Kralı (ö. 2017)
 1926 - Jimmy Heath, Amerikalı caz saksofoncusu, besteci, aranjör ve müzik grubu kurucusu (ö. 2020)
 1926 - Galina Vishnevskaya, Rus soprano (ö. 2012)
 1927 - Jorge Batlle, Uruguaylı devlet ve siyaset adamı, avukat ve gazeteci (ö. 2016)
 1927 - Barbara Cook, Amerikalı şarkıcı ve oyuncu (ö. 2017)
 1927 - Lawrence Kohlberg, Amerikalı psikolog ve akademisyen (ö. 1987)
 1928 - Jeanne Cooper, Amerikalı oyuncu (ö. 2013)
 1928 - Peter Naur, Daninmarkalı bilişim uzmanı (ö. 2016)
 1928 - Paulo Mendes da Rocha, Brezilyalı mimar (ö. 2021)
 1928 - Marion Ross, Amerikalı aktris ve ses sanatçısı
 1931 - Annie Girardot, Fransız oyuncu (ö. 2011)
 1932 - Vitold Fokin, Kasım 1991'de Ukrayna'nın ilk başbakan yardımcısı seçildi
 1936 - Martin Gilbert, İngiliz tarihçi (ö. 2015)
 1940 - Bob Knight, Emekli Amerikalı basketbol antrenörü
 1941 - Helen Reddy, Avustralyalı müzisyen, aktivist, aktris ve söz yazarı (ö. 2020)
 1941 - Anne Tyler, Amerikalı romancı
 1943 - Hasan Nail Canat, Türk yazar (ö. 2004)
 1946 - Elías Figueroa, Şilili eski millî futbolcu
 1948 - Dave Cowens, Amerikalı eski profesyonel basketbolcu ve koçu
 1950 - Chris Norman, İngiliz yorumcu
 1951 - Anne Alvaro, Fransız oyuncu
 1953 - Memduh Büyükkılıç, Türk hekim ve siyasetçi
 1953 - Casim Yakub, Kuveytli millî futbolcu
 1955 - Glynis Barber, Güney Afrikalı aktris
 1955 - Mahmut Hekimoğlu, Türk oyuncu ve yapımcı (ö. 2016)
 1955 - Gale Anne Hurd, Amerikalı film ve televizyon yapımcısı
 1956 - Matthias Jabs, Alman gitarist ve şarkı yazarı
 1957 - Nancy Cartwright, Amerikalı film ve televizyon oyuncusu, komedyen ve seslendirme sanatçısı
 1957 - Robbie McIntosh, İngiliz gitarist
 1960 - Hong Sang-soo, Güney Koreli film yönetmeni ve senarist
 1961 - Chad Smith, Amerikalı müzisyen ve aktör
 1963 - Tracy Nelson, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1964 - Nicole Hohloch, Alman şarkıcı
 1964 - Kevin Michael Richardson, İngiliz komedyen ve oyuncu
 1965 - Valdir Benedito, Brezilyalı millî futbolcu
 1968 - Oğuz Yılmaz, Türk şarkıcı (ö. 2021)
 1969 - İbrahim Hasanbeyov, Azeri futbolcu (ö. 1999)
 1969 - Oleg Salenko, Rusya ve Ukrayna eski millî futbol takımlarında forma giymiş golcü
 1970 - Adam Goldberg, Amerikalı oyuncu, yönetmen ve yapımcı
 1970 - Damir Mrsic, Bosna-Hersek ulusal takımının basketbolcusu
 1970 - Rafa, İspanyol futbolcu
 1971 - Elif Şafak, Türk yazar
 1973 - Fırat Aydınus, Türk futbol hakemi
 1973 - Lamont Bentley, Amerikalı oyuncu (ö. 2005)
 1974 - Agustín Julio, Kolombiyalı millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1975 - Eirik Glambek Bøe, Norveçli müzisyen, vokalist ve söz yazarı
 1975 - Onur Şenay, Türk sinema ve tiyatro oyuncusu
 1975 - Zadie Smith, İngiliz roman, hikâye ve deneme yazarı
 1975 - Antony Starr, Yeni Zelandalı oyuncu
 1976 - Ahmed Dokhi, Suudi Arabistanlı futbolcu
 1977 - The Alchemist, Amerikalı prodüktör, DJ ve rapçi
 1977 - Birgit Prinz, Alman eski futbolcu
 1978 - Zachary Knighton, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1978 - Robert Mambo Mumba, Kenyalı millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1979 - Bat for Lashes, İngiliz şarkıcı, şarkı yazarı ve müzisyen
 1979 - Luciano Sabrosa, Brezilyalı-Hint futbolcu
 1979 - Milena Leticia Roucka, Kanadalı profesyonel bayan güreşçi
 1981 - Josh Henderson, Amerikalı oyuncu model ve şarkıcı
 1981 - Shaun Wright-Phillips, İngiliz eski futbolcu
 1984 - Federico Higuaín, Arjantinli futbolcu
 1984 - Katy Perry, Amerikalı şarkıcı ve söz yazarı
 1984 - Iván Ramis, İspanyol eski futbolcu
 1984 - Karolina Šprem, Hırvat tenis oyuncusu
 1985 - Ciara, Amerikalı şarkıcı, müzik yapımcısı, dansçı, oyuncu, manken, söz yazarı ve video klip yönetmeni
 1985 - Günel, Azerbaycan Türkü şarkıcı
 1985 - Daniele Padelli, İtalyan futbolcu
 1986 - Roger Espinoza, Honduraslı millî futbolcu
 1987 - Darron Gibson, İrlandalı millî futbolcu
 1988 - Chandler Parsons, Amerikalı profesyonel basketbolcu
 1990 - Mattia Cattaneo, İtalyan profesyonel yol bisikleti yarışçısı
 1990 - Sara Chafak, Fin güzellik kraliçesi
 1990 - Milena Rašić, Sırp voleybol oyuncusu
 1993 - Ediz Yıldırımer, Türk yüzücü
 1994 - Gor Minasyan, Ermeni halterci
 1997 - Federico Chiesa, İtalyan millî futbolcu
 1998 - Lee Know,Koreli şarkıcı
 2001 - Elisabeth, Belçika tahtının varisi

Ölümler
 1154 - Stephen, İngiltere Kralı (d. 1096)
 1180 - John of Salisbury, İngiliz din adamı, yazar, eğitimci ve diplomat (d. 1120)
 1400 - Geoffrey Chaucer, İngiltere'nin ve İngilizce edebiyatın ilk büyük şairi (d. 1340)
 1495 - II. João, Portekiz'in onüçüncü kralı (d. 1455)
 1647 - Evangelista Torricelli, İtalyan fizik ve matematik bilgini (d. 1608)
 1760 - II. George, 1706-1727 arasında Cambridge Markisi ve Dükü, 1727-1760 arasında Büyük Britanya kralı ve Hannover elektörü (d. 1683)
 1833 - Abbas Mirza, İran'da hüküm süren Kaçar Hanedanı'nın veliahtı (d. 1789)
 1861 - Friedrich Carl von Savigny, Alman hukukçu (d. 1779)
 1882 - Emma Stebbins, Amerikalı heykeltıraş (d. 1815)
 1910 - Willie Anderson, İskoç asıllı Amerikalı golfçü (d. 1879)
 1920 - I. Aleksandros, Yunanistan Kralı (d. 1893)
 1924 - Ziya Gökalp, Türk yazar ve siyasetçi (d. 1876)
 1935 - Henri Pirenne, Belçikalı tarihçi (d. 1862)
 1938 - Alfonsina Storni, Arjantinli yazar (d. 1892)
 1945 - Robert Ley, Nazi Almanyası'nda politikacı (d. 1890)
 1950 - Yi Kwang-su, Koreli romancı, yazar, şair ve gazeteci (d. 1892)
 1953 - Mehmed Baha Pars, Türk besteci (d. 1877)
 1953 - Holger Pedersen, Danimarkalı dilbilimci (d. 1867)
 1956 - Risto Ryti, Finlandiyalı politikacı (d. 1889)
 1957 - Edward John Moreton Drax Plunkett, İrlanda asıllı Britanyalı yazar, tiyatrocu ve öykücüdür (d. 1878)
 1957 - Naile Sultan, II. Abdülhamid'in kızı (d. 1884)
 1960 - Walther Krause, Alman general (d. 1890)
 1963 - Björn Þórðarson, İzlanda Başbakanı (d. 1879)
 1973 - Abebe Bikila, Etiyopyalı maratoncu (Olimpiyatlarda iki kez maraton şampiyonu) (d. 1932)
 1974 - Fahrettin Altay, Türk asker ve siyasetçi (Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı komutanlarından) (d. 1880)
 1976 - Raymond Queneau, Fransız yazar ve şair (d. 1903)
 1977 - Félix Gouin, Fransız siyasetçi ve eski başbakan (d. 1884)
 1984 - Hıdır Aslan, Türk komünist (d. 1958)
 1993 - Vincent Price, Amerikalı aktör (d. 1911)
 1994 - Mildred Natwick, Amerikalı aktris (d. 1905)
 1999 - Payne Stewart, Amerikalı golfçü (d. 1957)
 2000 - Nejat Saydam, Türk sinema yönetmeni, senarist ve oyuncu (d. 1929)
 2001 - Süreyya İsfendiyari Bahtiyari, İran Kraliçesi (d. 1932)
 2002 - Richard Harris, İrlandalı sinema oyuncusu (d. 1930)
 2003 - Behram Kurşunoğlu, Türk fizikçi (d. 1922)
 2008 - Müslüm Magomayev, Azeri opera şarkıcısı (d. 1942)
 2010 - Lisa Blount, Amerikalı oyuncu ve yapımcı (d. 1957)
 2012 - Jacques Barzun, Fransız kökenli Amerikalı fikir ve kültür tarihçisi (d. 1907)
 2013 - Arthur Danto, Amerikalı sanat eleştirmeni, profesör ve filozof (d. 1924)
 2013 - Bill Sharman, Amerikalı eski profesyonel basketbolcu ve koç (d. 1926)
 2013 - Marcia Wallace, Amerikalı karakter oyuncusu, komedyen ve bilgi yarışması sunucusu (d. 1942)
 2014 - Jack Bruce, İskoç basçı, şarkıcı-söz yazarı, müzisyen ve besteci (d. 1943)
 2014 - Reyhane Cebbari, İran'da Murteza Abdulali Serbendi'yi öldürdüğü iddiasıyla suçlu bulunup idam edilen kadın (d. 1988)
 2015 - Fehmi Demir, Türk siyasetçi ve Hak ve Özgürlükler Partisi Genel Başkanı (d. 1957)
 2015 - Lisa Jardine, Britanyalı tarihçi, yazar ve akademisyen (d. 1944)
 2015 - Flip Saunders, Eski basketbol oyuncusu (d. 1955)
 2016 - Margit Bara, Macar sinema oyuncusu (d. 1928)
 2016 - Carlos Alberto Torres, Brezilyalı eski millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör (d. 1944)
 2017 - Jack Bannon, Amerikalı sinema ve dizi oyuncusu (d. 1940)
 2017 - Vilnis Edvīns Bresis, Leton siyasetçi (d. 1938)
 2017 - Ronald Breslow, Amerikalı kimyager, profesör, eğitimci ve akademisyen (d. 1931)
 2018 - Sara Anzanello, İtalyan voleybolcu (d. 1980)
 2019 - Salvador Freixedo, İspanyol Roma Katolik papaz, ufolog, parapsikolog ve yazar (d. 1923)
 2019 - Rafael Ninyoles i Monllor, İspanyol sosyolog ve dilbilimci (d. 1943)
 2020 - Masatoshi Abe, Japon siyasetçi (d.1942)
 2020 - Dolores Abril, İspanyl şarkıcı ve aktris (d. 1939)
 2020 - Ernesto Contreras, Arjantinli bisikletçi (d. 1937)
 2020 - Diane di Prima, Amerikalı şair, devrimci anarşist, yayıncı, editör, oyun yazarı ve eğitimci (d. 1934)
 2020 - İzzet İbrahim ed-Duri, Iraklı eski politikacı ve askeri komutan (d. 1942)
 2020 - Lee Kun-hee, Samsung'un Yönetim Kurulu Başkanı olan Güney Koreli iş insanı (d. 1942)
 2020 - Johnny Leeze, İngiliz tiyatro, sinema ve dizi oyuncu (d. 1941)
 2020 - Kazimierz Wardak, Polonyalı atlet (d. 1947)
 2021 - Fofi Gennimata, Yunan politikacı (d. 1964)
 2021 - Aleksandır Şalamanov, voleybol, alp disiplini kayak ve futbol alanlarında aktif olan Bulgar eski sporcudur (d. 1941)
 2022 - Husnija Arapović, Bosnalı profesyonel futbolcu ve teknik direktör (d. 1944)
 2022 - Leonie Forbes, Ağırlıklı tiyatro, radyo ve televizyonda aktif olan Jamaikalı aktris, yayıncı ve yapımcı (d. 1937)
 2022 - Halit Kıvanç, Türk sunucu (d. 1925)
 2022 - Franco Stradella, İtalyan siyasetçi ve iş adamı (d. 1941)

Tatiller ve özel günler

1025
25

25 Ekim


Šiljorep  (djevojka, limodorum, lat. Limodorum), rod trajnica iz porodice kaćunovki (orhideja), dio je tribusa Neottieae. Priznate su tri vrste raširena od istočne Europe preko Sredozemlja do Kavkaza.

Tipična je vrsta L. abortivum (L.) Sw. (1799), koja raste i u Hrvatskoj.

Vrste
 Limodorum abortivum (L.) Sw.
 Limodorum rubriflorum Bartolo & Pulv.
 Limodorum trabutianum Batt.

Sinonimi
 Centrosis Sw.
 Jonorchis Beck
 Lequeetia Bubani
 Limodoron St.-Lag.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Neottieae

Šiljorep


Bar-Ilan University (BIU, , Universitat Bar-Ilan) is a public research university in the Tel Aviv District city of Ramat Gan, Israel. Established in 1955, Bar Ilan is Israel's second-largest academic institution. It has about 20,000 students and 1,350 faculty members.

Bar-Ilan's mission is to "blend Jewish tradition with modern technologies and scholarship and the university endeavors to ... teach the Jewish heritage to all its students while providing [an] academic education."

History

Bar-Ilan University has Jewish-American roots: It was conceived in Atlanta in a meeting of the American Mizrahi organization in 1950, and was founded by Professor Pinkhos Churgin, an American Orthodox rabbi and educator, who was president from 1955 to 1957 where he was succeeded by Joseph H. Lookstein who was president from 1957 to 1967. When it was opened in 1955, it was described by The New York Times "as Cultural Link Between the [Israeli] Republic and America". Presidents who followed were Max Jammer (1967–77), Emanuel Rackman (1977–86), Michael Albeck (1986–89), Ernest Krausz (1989), Zvi Arad (1989–92), and Shlomo Eckstein (1992–96).

The university was named for Rabbi Meir Bar-Ilan (originally Meir Berlin), a Religious Zionist leader who served as the inspiration for its establishment. Although he was trained in Orthodox seminaries in Berlin, he believed there was a need for an institution providing a dual curriculum of secular academic studies and religious Torah studies.

BIU's student population is diverse and includes both Jewish and non-Jewish students.

At least ten courses in Jewish studies are required for graduation. These are available as academic Jewish studies courses, as well as through more traditional Torah study, offered primarily by the Machon HaGavoah LeTorah, established in the 1970s. The "Machon" operates a kollel / bet midrash for men, and a midrasha for women. The kollel offers traditional yeshiva studies with an emphasis on Talmud and Halakha (Jewish law), while the midrasha offers courses in Tanakh, practical Halakha, and Machshavah (Jewish philosophy). The midrasha is the largest in Israel. These programs are open to all students free of charge.

Yitzhak Rabin's convicted assassin, Yigal Amir, was a student of law and computer science at Bar-Ilan, prompting charges that the university had become a hotbed of political extremism. One of the steps taken by the university following the 1995 assassination was to encourage dialogue between left-wing and right-wing students.

Under university president Moshe Kaveh (1996–2013), Bar-Ilan underwent a major expansion, with new buildings added on the northern side of the campus. New science programs have been introduced, including a multidisciplinary brain research center  and a center for nanotechnology. The university has placed archaeology as one of its priorities, and this includes excavations such as the Tell es-Safi/Gath archaeological excavations and the recently opened Bar-Ilan University/Weizmann Institute of Science joint program in Archaeological Sciences.

Bar-Ilan's Faculty of Law made headlines in 2008 by achieving the highest average Israeli bar exam grade of 81.9 by its graduates. Daniel Hershkowitz was university president from 2013 to 2017.

Arie Zaban became the president of the university in 2017.

Academics
Bar-Ilan University has nine faculties: Exact Sciences, Life Sciences, Social Sciences, Education, Humanities, Jewish Studies, Medicine, Engineering, and Law. There is also a special Unit of Interdisciplinary Studies. At the undergraduate level, as mentioned, ten courses in Jewish studies related subjects are required from all students.

Bar-Ilan offers several special programs, including its international B.A. program, taught entirely in English, and is the first university in Israel to offer a full undergraduate program taught entirely in English. Currently students can choose between a B.A. degree in interdisciplinary social sciences, where students can choose between a macro track in economics, political sciences, and sociology, or the Micro Track in Criminology, Psychology, and Sociology, or a major in communications, with a minor in either English literature or political science. The degrees are internationally recognized and are open to students from all over the world.

In addition, Bar-Ilan offers a preparatory program that readies new immigrants for Israeli colleges. The university also runs a one-year overseas program called Tochnit Torah Im Derech Eretz, which combines traditional kollel Torah studies in the morning, separate for men and women, as well as co-ed general university studies and Jewish history classes in the afternoon. Many American students enrolled in regular programs of study in the university also take these Jewish history classes to fulfill their Jewish studies requirements.

Bar-Ilan also houses several research institutions such as the above-mentioned Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, focused on neuroscience, which may have their own requirements.

Awards and recognition
The Bar Ilan Responsa Project was awarded the Israel Prize in 2007. The university's Bible project, in danger of being eliminated by continued budget cuts, was saved at the last minute by an anonymous donor.

In its capacity as a business school, Bar-Ilan was placed as the fourth best business school in Africa and the Middle East in the 2010 QS Global 200 Business Schools Report.

Notable alumni

 Zvi Arad (1942–2018) – mathematician, acting president of Bar-Ilan University, president of Netanya Academic College
 Ami Ayalon – former head of the Shin Bet and member of the Knesset for the Labor Party.
 Michael Ben-Ari – Israeli politician and formerly a member of the Knesset for the National Union Party.
 Kotel Da-Don – Croatian Orthodox rabbi of the Bet Israel community in Zagreb.
 Avi Dichter – former minister of home front defence. Former Shin Bet director.
 Yuval Diskin – 12th director of the Israeli Internal Security Service Shin Bet.
 Esther Farbstein – Holocaust scholar
 Baruch Fischer - Professor Emeritus in the Andrew and Erna Viterbi Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Technion
 Tzipi Hotovely – Israeli diplomat and former politician who serves as the current ambassador of Israel to the United Kingdom. Formerly deputy minister of foreign affairs, minister of diaspora affairs, minister of settlement affairs, and as a member of the Knesset for the Likud Party
 Gila Gamliel – Israeli politician for the Likud Party. Formerly minister for social equality, and minister of environmental protection
 Anat Guetta – chair of the Israel Securities Authority (ISA) since 2018
 Michael Harris – named the best Israeli in the field of academics, as one of "The 10 Most Successful Israelis in 10 Different Fields in the World" by Maariv in April 2012.
 Joseph Klafter – chemical physics professor, the eighth president of Tel Aviv University
 Joshua Kulp – Talmudic scholar
 Norman Lebrecht (born 1948) – British commentator on music and cultural affairs, and novelist
 Tzipi Livni – Israeli lawyer and politician, head of the Opposition from 2009 to 2012. Formerly minister of justice, and in charge of negotiations with the Palestinians
 Gadeer Mreeh (born 1984) – first woman of Druze descent to become a member of the Knesset
 Orit Peleg – professor of biophysics at the University of Colorado

Notable faculty

 Doron Aurbach
 Nathan Aviezer
 Moshe Bar
 Avi Bell
Pinkhos Churgin
 Cyril Domb
 Shlomo Eckstein
 Avraham Faust
 Adam Ferziger
 Jonathan Fox
 Hillel Furstenberg
 Ruth Halperin-Kaddari
 Oren Harman
 Shlomo Havlin
 Arye L. Hillman
 Max Jammer
 Efraim Karsh
 Mordechai Kedar
 Sarit Kraus
 Ernest Krausz
 Baruch Kurzweil
 Aren Maeir
 Nina Pinto-Abecasis
 Arie Reich
 Tamar Ross
 Mary Schaps
 Daniel Sperber
 Avraham Trahtman
 Eli Vakil
 Zeev Zalevsky

Gallery

See also
 List of universities in Israel
 Ashkelon Academic College
 Kinneret College

References

External links

 BIU History
 Bar-Ilan University – Study Programs for Olim/Foreign Students
 Bar Ilan details in WHED (World Higher Education Database) Website (IAU-001455)
Bar-Ilan responsa website
 Bar-Ilan Faculty of Medicine
 Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA)
 Bar-Ilan Faculty of Law
  Bar-Ilan Students Union
  Amigos Latinoamericanos de la Universidad de Bar Ilan

Universities and colleges established in 1955
Orthodox Jewish universities and colleges
Buildings and structures in Ramat Gan
Religious Zionism
Research institutes in Israel
Universities in Israel
Education in Tel Aviv District
1955 establishments in Israel
Law schools in Israel

Bar-Ilan University


فلوريان مارانغ  (3 مارس 1986 في بروغ) لاعب كرة قدم فرنسي يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى بوردو الفرنسي في مركز الظهير الأيسر . .

المسيرة الرياضية
بدأ مارانغ مسيرته الرياضية ناشئا في نادي بوردو سنة 2002 . في سنة 2004 تم تصعيده إلى الفريق الأول . في 20 نوفمبر 2005 شارك في أول مباراة ببطولة الدوري في مواجهة نادي باريس سان جيرمان . تمت الموافقة على إعارته للنصف الثاني من موسم 2008/2009 إلى نادي لوهافر المكافح من أجل عدم الهبوط . يعود سبب موافقته إلى أن مدرب نادي بوردو لوران بلان جعله الخيار الثالث له في مركز الظهير الأيسر من بعد الأرجنتيني دييغو بلاسينتي ومواطنه بينوا تريموليناس .

الإنجازات
 كأس الدوري الفرنسي : 2006/2007
 كأس الأبطال الفرنسي : 2008/2009

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم من جرندة (إقليم فرنسي)
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو باستيا
لاعبو بوردو
لاعبو سوشو
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو لوهافر
لاعبو منتخب فرنسا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب فرنسا لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو نادي كريستال بالاس
لاعبو نانسي
مواليد 1986
رياضيون من جيروند
أشخاص من تلانس
لاعبو كرة قدم من آكيتين الجديدة

فلوريان مارانغ


The City of Greater Dandenong is a local government area in Victoria, Australia in the southeastern suburbs of Melbourne. It has an area of just under 130 square kilometres (50 sq mi) and 166,094 residents in 2018. 29% of its land area forms part of the South East Green Wedge. It was formed in 1994 by the merger of parts of the former City of Dandenong and City of Springvale.

The Bunurong/Boon Wurrung and Wurundjeri peoples are the traditional owners and custodians of the land on which Greater Dandenong is now located.

History
In 1994, the state government restructured local government in Victoria. The reforms dissolved 210 councils and created 78 new councils through amalgamations. As part of the reforms City of Springvale and City of Dandenong were merged to create City of Greater Dandenong.

Council
Greater Dandenong City Council comprises 11 councillors, elected from single member wards. Prior to 2020, councillors were elected from four wards: Lightwood, Paperbark, Red Gum and Silverleaf. Councillors are elected to fixed-four year terms in a proportional manner using the STV voting system, with each ward electing Councillors based on their respective population.

Elections are held every four years, in accordance with the Local Government Act 1989, with voting being compulsory. Voter turnout figures by the Victorian Electoral Commission show that 81.7% of eligible voters voted at the last council election in 2020.

Mayor
The mayor is the head of the municipality, leading and coordinating the council's work. The position of mayor is a mostly ceremonial one, expected to represent the City and act as its public spokesperson. The mayor is not entirely a figurehead, however, instead being tasked with chairing council meetings and being involved with a greater number of community events such as citizenship ceremonies.

A mayor is elected among the councillors for a term of one year, meaning that each period between two local government elections usually sees four mayorships. Clare O'Neil became the youngest female mayor in Australian history when she served as Mayor of Greater Dandenong from 2003 to 2004.

Current composition

The composition of Greater Dandenong City Council is one of the most Labor-dominated in the state, demonstrated by its high percentage of councillors who are members of the party and its below-average number of independent councillors. This political membership is reflected through the local federal and state MPs, both of whom are ALP-affiliated. The most recent elections were held on 24 October 2020 and produced the following results:

Places of interest
 Dandenong Market
 Drum Theatre
 Heritage Hill Museum and Historic Gardens
 City of Greater Dandenong Libraries

Townships and localities
The 2021 census, the city had a population of 158,208 up from 152,050 in the 2016 census

^ - Territory divided with another LGA

Sport
Dandenong Rangers play home games at the Dandenong Basketball Stadium and compete in the WNBL. Two championships have been won in the 2003–04 and 2004–05 seasons In the 2005-2006 and the 2016-2017 seasons, the team reached the Grand Final only to lose to the Canberra Capitals and Sydney Uni Flames respectively.

Dandenong Thunder compete in the Victorian Premier League, playing at George Andrews Reserve. In 2012, the team claimed the famous treble of the Victorian Premier League championship, the Victorian Premier League Minor Premiership, and the Football Federation Victoria State Knockout Cup.

The Greater Dandenong Warriors Hockey Club is based at the Bill Toon Playing fields on Cleeland Road, Dandenong North. The club currently fields four men's teams, one women's team, five junior teams and three master teams.

Community groups

Greater Dandenong has many active community groups.

Service clubs include the Lions Club of Greater Dandenong, the Lions Club of Dandenong, the Lions Club of Dandenong (Supper), the Rotary Club of Dandenong, the Rotary Club of Noble Park and the Rotary Club of Springvale.

Schools
The City of Greater Dandenong has a sister city relationship with Xuzhou, a city in China. Due to this connection the following schools in Greater Dandenong have established relationships with schools in Xuzhou:

 Wallarano Primary School and Minzulu
 Coomoora Secondary College & Xuzhou No. 3 Middle School
 Springvale Primary School & Xuzhou Arts School
 Maralinga Primary School & Jinshinqaun
 Noble Park English Language School & Xinyi Middle School
 Springvale Secondary College & Xuzhou No.1 Middle School

Public Libraries
 Greater Dandenong Public Library Service provides library service through two branch libraries: Springvale and Dandenong.

See also
 List of places on the Victorian Heritage Register in the City of Greater Dandenong

References

External links

Official website
Metlink local public transport map
Link to Land Victoria interactive maps
Local Government & Municipal Knowledge Base
Victorian Electoral Commission – Greater Dandenong City Council profile

Local government areas in Melbourne

City of Greater Dandenong


Liviu Rozorea () este un actor român.

Biografie
A emigrat în Germania în 1980 cu soția sa, Elisabeta Jar, de care a divorțat ulterior.
Este unul dintre creatorii primului teatru independent din München, Teatrul in Cub. Este actor de teatru la Stuttgart.

Teatru
Teatrul de Stat Oradea

1975 - Eminescu la Viena de Stelian Vasilescu, regia Ion Mâinea, ca Interpret
1978- Vicleniile lui Scapin de Molière, ca Scapin
1978 - Astă seară se improvizează de Luigi Pirandello, ca regizorul Hinkfuss
1979 - Rhesos regele trac de Euripide, ca Rhesos
1979 - Vorbește-mi ca ploaia și lasă-mă să te-ascult. de Tennessee Williams, regie artistică și ca  Interpret
1979 - Inima de Mircea Bradu, ca Vasile Lucaciu
1979 - Fantoma cu bretele de Mircea Bereș, ca Ducele de Chesire, regia Mircea Cornișteanu
1979 - Mobilă și durere de Teodor Mazilu, ca Sile
1979 - Madame Sans-Gene de Victorien Sardou și Émile Moreau, ca Napoleon, regia Szombati Gille Otto
1979 - O scrisoare pierdută de Caragiale, ca Nae Cațavencu, regia Alexandru Colpacci
1980 - Picnic pe câmpul de luptă de Fernando Arrabal și Cerșetorul sau câinele mort de Bertolt Brecht, ca Cerșetorul și Domnul Tepan, regia Magda Bordeianu
1980 - Rechizitoriul de Yıldırım Keskin, ca Bărbatul, regia Sergiu Savin
1980 - Diogene câinele de Dumitru Solomon, ca Aristodem, regia Alexandru Colpacci
1981 - Țarul Ivan își schimbă profesia de Mihail Bulgakov, ca Timofeev, regia Alexandru Colpacci

Filmografie
 Prea mic pentru un război atît de mare (1970) - neamțul
 Duhul aurului (1974)
 Comoara din Carpați (1975)
 Aurel Vlaicu (1978) - Octavian Goga
 Înainte de tăcere (1978) - Stavrache
 Clipa (1979)
 Stop cadru la masă (1980) - Nestorescu

Note

Legături externe
 https://www.cinemagia.ro/actori/liviu-rozorea-4760/
 http://www.cinemarx.ro/persoane/Liviu-Rozorea-164476.html

Nașteri în 1941
Sibieni
Actori români

Liviu Rozorea


دوارات محورية  هي مروحية بها دواران اثنان يدوران باتجاهين متعاكسين، ولكنها مثبتان على سارية واحدة، واحد فوق الآخر. هذا التشكيل هو سمة من سمات المروحيات التي تصنعها شركة كاموف الروسية لصناعة المروحيات.

الاعتبارات النظرية والعملية

عزم زاوي
أحد المشاكل التي تعترض المروحية ذات الدوار الرئيسي المفرد هو قابلية جسم المروحية للف بالإتجاه المعاكس لحركة الدوار لحظة إقلاعها. وهذا بسبب أساسيات المحافظة على العزم الزاوي، فممارسة عزم الدوران على ريش الدوار فإن محرك المروحية سيعطي كمية كبيرة من عزم زاوي لولبي للريش. فغياب أي قوة خارجية متصلة بالأرض، فإن العزم الزاوي للريش يجب أن يتوازن بواسطة تغيير العزم الزاوي للهيكل للمحافظة على العزم الزاوي الإجمالي. فعندما تدور الريش فإنها تطبق عزم دوران معادل ومعاكس للهيكل، مما يجعل الهيكل ينتج عزم زاوي للإتجاه الآخر. وهذا يفسر قابلية الهيكل باللف بالاتجاه المعاكس.

لذلك تم وضع دوار خلفي للمروحية لمعاكسة دوران جسم المروحية، فالدوار الخلفي يعطي عزم زاوي ثابت للهيكل (ومعاكس لما ينتجه الدوار الرئيسي) فيبقي المروحية ثابتة بالجو ومستوى طيران متزن. تغيير عزم الدوران المبذول من الدوار الخلفي لهيكل المروحية (ومن ثم تغيير كمية الزخم الزاوي الداخل) يسهل التحكم بالالتفاف. وهذا يعطي المروحية خاصية المناورة القصوى من أن تحوم وتدور حول محور الدوار الرئيسي. التحكم بحركة الدوران بتصميمات ليس بها دوار خلفي يكون بالحصول على مجموعتين من ريش دوارة تدور باتجاه معاكس لبعضها البعض، فحركتهما تلغي العزم الزاوي للآخر. فالدوارات المحورية حلت مشكلة العزم الزاوي وذلك بدوران كل دوار بالاتجاه المعاكس للدوار الآخر مما ينتج عزم دوران متعادل ومتعاكس لبعضهما فيبقي جسم المروحية ثابتا.

الرفع غير المتجانس
عندما تسير المروحية ذات الدوار المفرد للأمام، الظاهرة الأخرى التي تظهر نفسها هي ما تسمى رفع غير متجانس، والتي لها القدرة على تشويش توازن الطيران على سرعة معينة. فهذا الرفع يفرض السرعة القصوى على مروحية الدوار المفرد، بتأثير الواقع أن خلال الدورة الواحدة للطبق الدوار، فإن الريش بالأطراف وفي حدود الأداء بتصميم الطائرات تواجه حالتين متناقضتين وغير مستقرتين. بالجهة المتقدمة من طبق الدوار، فإن الشفرات تتحرك من خلال الهواء بسرعة كافية تجعل دفق الهواء خلالهم كسرعة تحت الصوت أو فوق الصوت مما يسبب بتغييرات أساسية لدفق الهواء خلال الريش. بينما الشفرات العائدة بالجهة الأخرى من طبق الدوار تكون سرعتها قليلة بحيث قد تدخل حالة الانهيار للريشة مما لا يمكنها من إنتاج قوة الرفع. فكلا الحالتين الايروديناميكة قد تسبب بطيران غير مستقر.

نظام الدوارات المحورية حلت معضلة الرفع غير المتجانس بحيث يكون وضع الدوار مخفض الرفع ملغي بواسطة زيادة الرفع بالدوار الآخر عند نفس المكان، كذلك العكس صحيح بالإتجاه الآخر، مما يمكن المروحية من الاستمرار بالطيران أسرع من المروحية ذات الدوار المفرد والقطع القاصية تكون أكثر ثباتا خلال الطيران. وبإمكان هذا النوع من المروحيات التحكم التام بالسرعة، ولكن تحصل إشكالية عند دخول طرف الجناح خلال الدوران نطاق السرعة فوق الصوتية، لذلك تظل سرعة الدوار المحوري محدودة عند الطيران تحت أي سرعة وذلك لمنع وصول طرف الريشة لسرعة فوق صوتية تعادل 0.8 رقم ماخ.

المميزات الأخرى
ميزة أخرى تنشأ من تصميم المحوري هو إضافة حمولة المحرك فدوار الذيل يأخذ بعض من تلك الطاقة والتي يمكن أن يخصص للرفع والدفع، بينما في التصميم المحوري فإن جميع الطاقة الناشئة من المحرك تحول إلى الرفع والدفع. الميزة الأخرى لهذا الشكل هو تقليل الضوضاء، فالمروحية التقليدية تصدر الضوضاء من تفاعل التيارات الهوائية الناشئة من الدوار الرئيسي مع الدوار الخلفي. بالإضافة إلى أن تلك المروحيات بالإمكان تصغير مساحتها فتصبح أصغر حجما مما يجعلها تأخذ مساحة أصغر من غيرها من المروحيات، مما يمكنها بالعمل بالسفن بدلا من حاملات الطائرات، وهذا موجود بالسفن الروسية حيث تحمل مروحيات Ka-25 ذات الدوار المحوري.

المساوئ
المعوق الأساسي لنظام الدوار المحوري هو زيادة التعقيدات الميكانيكية عند محور الدوار، فالتوصيلات والقرص المتراوح لكلا الطبقان الدواران يجب أن تكون مجتمعة حول عمود الدوار، والذي بدوره ذو تركيبة معقدة بسبب الحاجة لإدارة طبقين دوارين بإتجاهين متعاكسين. فالإحساس الهندسي ينظر إلى نظام الدوار المحوري بأنه أسرع للإخفاق والوهن من الأنظمة الأخرى بسبب كثرة القطع المتحركة والتعقيدات التي بها، على الرغم من مجال الاحتمال في هندسة الطيران يكون دقيقا بما فيه الكفاية لتخفيف هذا الإخفاق. بالإضافة إلى أن مقدرة المناورة لهذا النظام هو أقوى من المروحيات التقليدية، لتحقيق هذه الممارسة يتطلب الكثير من البراعة بالطيران.

مخاطر الطيران بالمروحية
أصدرت وزارة النقل الأمريكية كتيبا بعنوان «كتيب أساسيات المروحية»، أحد الفصول معنون ب«بعض المخاطر خلال طيران المروحية». بها لائحة بعشر أشكال من المخاطر تم وضعها، تصميم الدوار المحوري إما يقلل أو يمنع بالكامل تلك المخاطر:

 انهيار الريش الراجعة - تقليل.
 فرط الطاقة - تقليل.
 اهتزاز التردد المتوسط - تقليل.
 اهتزاز التردد العالي - لايوجد.
 انهيار نظام منع اللي بالسرعة الأمامية - ايقاف.
 انهيار نظام منع اللي خلال التحليق - ايقاف.

تقليل أو منع تلك المخاطر كانت هي النقاط القوية في سلامة تصميم الدوار المحوري.

انظر أيضًا

 دوار المروحية
 دوارات مترادفة
 دوارات متشابكة

المصادر

الديناميكا الهوائية للمروحيات
ديناميكا هوائية
طائرات عمودية
مروحيات دوارة محورية
مكونات المروحيات

دوارات محورية


Die Lithuanian International 2000 im Badminton fanden Mitte August 2000 statt.

Sieger und Platzierte

Weblinks
 http://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=A6233F48-7C53-4D99-914B-B7C1DC840DED

2000
Badminton 2000

Lithuanian International 2000


Buckden Towers, tidligere Buckden Palace, er en befæstet herregård på hovedgaden i Buckden i Cambridgeshire i England.

Bygningen blev opført i 1400-tallet, hvor der i 1100-tallet lå en træbygning. Optegnelser viser, at biskoppen af Lincoln brugte det. Træbygningen blev erstattet af kraftigere bygninger i sten, og der blev tilføjet et højt murstenstårn i 1475, der blev beskyttet af mure og en voldgrav, som blev omgivet af en ydre borggård. Dele af komplekset blev nedrevet i 1832 på ordre fra Ecclesiastical Commissioners. Det victorianske hus på stedet blev opført i 1872.

Se også
 Liste over borge og slotte i England

Eksterne henvisninger

 The Claret Centre
 Friends of Buckden Towers
 Gatehouse Gazetteer record for Buckden Towers, containing a comprehensive bibliography.
 Buckden Village
 Detailed historic record for Buckden Towers
 The RC Parish of St Hugh of Lincoln Buckden and St Joseph in St Neots
 The Palace of Buckden, Cambridge Military History Website

Slotte i Cambridgeshire

Buckden Towers


2019 අප්‍රේල් 21, පාස්කු ඉරිදා දිනයේ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ක්‍රිස්තියානි පල්ලි තුනක් සහ, රටේ වාණිජ අග නගරය වන කොළඹ පිහිටි සුඛෝපභෝගී හෝටල් තුනක් ඉලක්ක කර ඉස්ලාමීය ත්‍රස්තවාදී මරාගෙන මැරෙන බෝම්බ ප්‍රහාර මාලාවක් සිදු විය. එම දිනයේම, දෙමටගොඩ පිහිටි නිවාස සංකීර්ණයකද, දෙහිවල පිහිටි ලැගුම්හලකද සුළු පිපිරීම් වාර්ථා විය. අඩුම තරමේ විදේශිකයන් 45 ක්, පොලිස් නිළධාරීන් 3 ක් සහ බෝම්බකරුවන් 8 දෙනාද ඇතුළුව පුද්ගලයින් 277 දෙනෙකු මෙහිදී මරණයට පත් වූ අතර 500 කට අධික ප්‍රමාණයක් තුවාළ ලැබීය. මීගමුව, මඩකලපුව සහ කොළඹ පිහිටි පල්ලිවලට එල්ල කරන ලද ප්‍රහාර සිදු කර ඇත්තේ පාස්කු ඉරිදා දේවමෙහෙයන් අතර තුරය. ෂැන්ග්‍රි-ලා, සිනමන් ග්‍රෑන්ඩ්, කින්ග්ස්බරි සහ ට්‍රොපිකල් ඉන් යනු ප්‍රහාරයට ලක් වූ හෝටල් ය. රාජ්‍ය බුද්ධි සේවයට අනුව දෙවන ප්‍රහාර මාලාවක්ද සැලසුම් කර තිබී ඇති නමුත් රජය විසින් සිදු කළ වැටලීම් වල ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ඒවා සාර්ථකව නවත්වනු ලැබීය.

ශ්‍රී ලංකානු රජයේ නිළදාරීන්ට අනුව, බෝම්බකරුවන් 8 දෙනාම ශ්‍රී ලාංකික පුරවැසියන් වූ අතර, ඔවුන් ජාතික තව්හීත් ජමාත් නම් සංවිධානයෙහි ආශ්‍රිතයන් විය. තව්හීත් ජමාත් යනු විදේශීය සම්බන්ධතා ඇතැයි සැකකෙරෙන, දේශීය යුද්ධකාමී ඉස්ලාමීය කල්ලියක් වන අතර, ඔවුන් මීට පෙර බෞද්ධයන් සහ සුෆී මුස්ලිම්වරුන් ඉලක්ක කර ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කර ඇත. ආරක්ෂක රාජ්‍ය අමාත්‍ය රුවන් විජේවර්ධන අප්‍රේල් 23 වැනිදා පාර්ලිමේතුවේ දී ප්‍රකාශ කළේ මෙම ප්‍රහාරය 2019 මාර්තු 15 සිදුවූ ක්‍රයිස්ට්චර්ච් ප්‍රහාරයට ප්‍රතිප්‍රහාරයක් ලෙස සිදු කෙරුනු බව රජය විශ්වාස කරන බවයි. නමුත් තව්හීත් ජමාත් සංවිධානය 2019 ජනවාරියේ සිටම පුපුරණ ද්‍රව්‍ය එක්රැස් කොට ඇත.

2019 අප්‍රේල් 23 වැනිදා, අමක් ප්‍රවෘත්ති ඒජන්සිය (Amaq News Agency) ලෙසින් හැඳින්වෙන ඉරාකයේ සහ ලෙවන්තයේ ඉස්ලාමීය රාජ්‍යයෙහි (ISIL) ප්‍රචාරක කටයුතු සිදු කරන ආයතනය ප්‍රකාශ කරේ "ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ක්‍රිස්තියානුවන් සහ [ISIL විරෝධී] සන්ධානයෙහි පුරවැසියන් ඉලක්ක කර එල්ල කළ ප්‍රහාරය සිදු කළේ ඉස්ලාමීය රාජ්‍යයේ සටන්කරුවන්" වන බවයි. එහෙත් ශ්‍රී ලංකාව ISIL විරෝධී සංධානයට අයත් නොවූ අතර ප්‍රහාරයෙන් මියගිය අති බහුතරය ශ්‍රී ලාංකික පුරවැසියන් වූහ. මේ අතර ISIL නායක අබු බකර් අල්-බග්දාදි මිනිත්තු 18 ක වීඩියෝවක් නිකුත් කරමින් ප්‍රහාරකයින්ට ප්‍රශංසා කළේය. කෙසේ නමුත් අපරාධ විමර්ෂණ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව ප්‍රකාශ කළේ ප්‍රහාරයට ISIL ඍජුව සම්බන්ධ බවට සාක්ෂි නොමැති බවයි.

මූලාශ්‍ර

ශ්‍රි ලංකාවේ පාස්කු දින ත්‍රස්තවාදී ප්‍රහාරය (2019)


Montezuma I., poznati i kao Motecuhzoma Ilhuicamina (nahuatl. Motēuczōma Ilhuicamīna = "ljuti gospodar" i "nebeski strijelac"; španj. Moctezuma) (Tenochtitlán, o. 1390. – ?, 1468.), peti astečki car, tlatoani Tenochtitlána (1440. – 1468.). Postavio je temelje snažnog Astečkog Carstva i pridonio brzom razvitku države Asteka.

Životopis

Bio je sin cara Huitzilihuitla i kraljice Miahuaxihuitl. Bio je brat Chimalpopoca († 1427.) koji je preuzeo vlast 1416. godine, nakon smrti njihova oca. Bio je jedan od ključnih suradnika i vojnih zapovjednika (tlacateccal ili tlacochcalcatl) svoga strica i bratova nasljednika, tlatoanija Itzcoatla (1427. – 1440.), kojemu je pomogao obračunati se se s regionalnim silama i proširiti područje Carstva.

Tijekom Itzcoatlove vladavine, Tenochtitlán je ostvario tripatitni savez s rivalskim gradovima Texcoco i Tlacopan, nakon čega su 1428. godine zajedno osvojili Atzcapotzalco. Godine 1440. Montezuma je izabran za nasljednika i novoga vladara, nakon čega je poveo vojnu ekspediciju protiv grada Chalco, kojeg je osvojio i proširio astečki teritorij. Pod njegovom vlašću, Carstvo se proširilo izvan meksičke doline i obuhvatilo znatan dio današnjeg središnjeg Meksika. Za vrijeme vojnih kampanja, pokorio meksičke starosjedilačke narode Huasteka i Totonaka.

Montezuma je uveo novost u vladanju, tako što je izabrao svog brata Tlacaeleltzina za glavnog savjetnika, gotovo suvladara s naslovom cihuacoatl, koji je u ime vladara organizirao vojne pohode, sudio i zamjenjivao vladara u odsutnosti.

Godine 1455. dovršio je izgradnju velikog hrama posvećenog bogu Huitzilopochtliju u kojem su ubijene ljudske žrtve, nakon pobjede nad Huastecima. Svake godine žrtvovalo bi se oko 20.000 zarobljenika raznim astečkim bogovima. Stabilnost Carstva osigurao je ravnomjernom raspodjelom ratnog plijena, na način da je Tlacopan dobivao 1/5 prihoda, a ostatak se raspoređivao između Tenochtitlána i Texcoca.

Montezuma II. umro je oko 1468. godine, a naslijedio ga je njegov nećak Axayacatl, unuk astečkog cara Itzcoatla.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Montezuma I. - Hrvatska enciklopedija
 Montezuma I - tenochtitlanfacts.com
 Montezuma I - biography.yourdictionary.com

Vladari Tenochtitlana

Montezuma I.


The Bobo doll experiment (or experiments) is the collective name for a series of experiments performed by psychologist Albert Bandura to test his social learning theory. Between 1961 and 1963, he studied children's behaviour after watching an adult model act aggressively towards a Bobo doll. The most notable variation of the experiment measured the children's behaviour after seeing the adult model rewarded,  punished, or experience no consequence for physically abusing the Bobo doll.

The social learning theory proposes that people learn largely through observation, imitation, and modelling. It demonstrates that people learn not only by being rewarded or punished but they can also learn from watching someone else being rewarded or punished. These studies have practical implications, such as providing evidence of how children can be influenced by watching violent media.

Experiment of 1960

Method

The participants in these experiments consisted of 72 children from the Stanford University nursery school between the ages of 37 months and 69 months. For the experiments, a third of the children were exposed to an aggressive model. Another third were exposed to a non-aggressive model. The rest of the participants formed the control group.

For the experiment, each child was exposed to the scenario individually to avoid being influenced or distracted by classmates. The first part of the experiment involved bringing a child and an adult model into a playroom. In the playroom, the child was seated in one corner filled with appealing activities such as stickers and stamps. The adult model was sitting in another corner with a toy set, a mallet, and an inflatable Bobo doll. Before leaving the room, the experimenter explained to the child that the toys in the adult corner were only for the adult to play with.

During the aggressive model scenario, the adult would begin to play with the Bobo doll and then start to show aggressive behaviour towards the doll. Examples of this aggressive behaviour include hitting or punching the Bobo doll and using the toy mallet to hit the Bobo doll in the face. The aggressive model would also verbally assault the Bobo doll yelling, "Sock him," "Hit him down," "Kick him," "Throw him in the air," or "Pow." After about 10 minutes, the experimenter returned to the room, dismissed the adult model, and took the child into another playroom. The non-aggressive adult model simply played with other toys for the entire 10-minute period. In this situation, the model ignored the Bobo doll entirely; the child was taken out of the room.

The following experiment stage was performed with the child and experimenter in another room filled with interesting toys such as trucks, dolls, and a spinning top. The child was invited to play with them. After 2 minutes of playtime, the child was told they were no longer allowed to play with the toys because they were reserved for other children. This was done to build frustration. They were told they could instead play with the toys in the experimental room (the aggressive and non-aggressive toys). The child was allowed to play for 20 minutes in the experimental room while an experimenter evaluated the child's play.

The first measure recorded was based on physical aggression such as punching, kicking, sitting on the Bobo doll, hitting it with a mallet, and tossing it around the room. The second measure recorded was verbal aggression. The judges counted each time the children imitated the aggressive adult model and recorded their results. The third measure was the number of times the mallet was used to display other forms of aggression than hitting the doll. The final measure included modes of aggression shown by the child that were not directly imitating the role model's behaviour.

Results
Bandura found that the children exposed to the aggressive model were more likely to pursue physically aggressive behaviour than those who were not exposed to the aggressive model. The results concerning gender differences strongly satisfied Bandura's prediction that same-sex models have more influence over children. Results also showed that boys exhibited more aggression when exposed to aggressive male models than aggressive female models. While the results for the girls show similar findings, they were less drastic.

Bandura also found that the children exposed to the aggressive model were more likely to act in verbally aggressive ways than those who were not exposed to the aggressive model. The number of imitative verbal aggressions exhibited by the boys was much more than by the girls. Additionally, the results indicated that the boys and girls who observed the non-aggressive model exhibited much less non-imitative aggression than those in the control group, which did not have a model. Lastly, the evidence demonstrates that males tend to be more aggressive than females. When all instances of aggression were tallied, males exhibited 270 aggressive instances compared to 128 aggressive instances exhibited by females.

Experiment of 1963: Live vs. Filmed Models

Introduction
For his 1963 study, Albert Bandura wanted to vary his original 1961 study by seeing if there were any differences in imitated aggressive behaviour after witnessing a filmed or cartoon model compared to a live model. He also wished to see if children watching aggressive behaviour from a filmed or cartoon model would experience a cathartic effect, or in other words, if they would experience a release of aggressive emotions from seeing a model carrying out aggressive behaviours.

Method
For the experiment, 96 children, 48 girls, and 48 boys, from the Stanford University nursery were divided into three groups. The first group watched a live model become aggressive towards a Bobo doll. The second group watched a movie version of the human model becoming aggressive toward a Bobo doll, and the third group watched a cartoon version of a cat becoming aggressive towards a Bobo doll. Each child watched the aggressive acts individually to control for group biases. Data from the original 1961 study was used for the control group where children did not view a model. After being exposed to their respective models, all three groups of children were then placed individually in a room with an experimenter. They were exposed to a mildly frustrating situation to elicit aggression. Next, the children were allowed to play freely in an adjoining room full of toys, including the Bobo doll and the "weapons" that the models used. The researchers observed the children and noted any interaction with the Bobo doll.

Results
The study results show that compared to the control group, all three groups showed similar increases in aggressive behaviour. From this, Bandura concluded that children would imitate aggressive behaviour they witness from a model regardless of who or how it is presented. He also found that watching aggressive behaviour does not cause a cathartic effect. The results of this study are of particular significance because of their contributions to the controversial topic of whether or not violent media can influence children to become more aggressive.

Experiment of 1965: Reinforcement and Punishment

Introduction
For his 1965 study, Albert Bandura wanted to see if children's learned behaviour would be influenced by vicarious reinforcement, or the act of imitating a behaviour observed in another person after witnessing that person be reinforced for said behaviour.

Method
In the experiment, 66 children, 33 boys and 33 girls were divided into one of three groups. The first group would witness a model display aggressive behaviours toward a Bobo doll, followed by a researcher praising the model for his behaviour and rewarding him with candy. The second group would witness the same scripted scenario of aggressive behaviours, but the model was instead reprimanded for his actions and hit with a rolled wooden golf club. The third group served as the control group, and the model was neither rewarded nor punished after his displayed behaviour. The children would watch individually to control for group biases. Afterwards, each child would be placed individually in a room structured similarly to the one they saw for 10 minutes. Experimenters would score children based on the number and variation of aggressive behaviours they acted in. The experiment would be repeated a second time, and this time the children would be incentivized with various rewards including candy, juice, and stickers to mimic the behaviour they just witnessed.

Results
The study showed little difference between the reward and control groups; however, the punishment group displayed much less aggressive behavior, especially girls. In all three groups, personal incentives substantially increased aggressive behavior for both boys and girls. An analysis of the study shows that reinforcement and punishment do not influence learned aggressive behavior, only the outward expression of it.

Social Learning Theory

The findings of these experiments support the principles of social learning theory proposed by Bandura. His research found that behavior is influenced by observing the behavior of others and imitating it. Central to this theory is the idea that the inclination to imitate behavior increases with the presence of an admirable model. Models are a crucial component to the learning of new behaviors and achieving change across different institutions. Unlike behaviorism, in which learning is directly influenced by reinforcement and punishment, social learning theory suggests that watching others be rewarded and punished can indirectly influence behavior. This is known as vicarious reinforcement. If a model receives validation for exhibiting certain behaviors, someone who looks up to the model will be likelier to imitate those behaviors to receive the same validation. The role of vicarious reinforcement is shown through the Bobo Doll Experiment, which demonstrates how the behavior of adults easily influences children. During the experiment, adults received praise for their aggressive behavior, and as a result, the likelihood of the children striking the doll increased. However, when adults were punished for behaving aggressively towards the doll, the children stopped hitting the doll.

Criticism of the experiments
Laboratory studies of imitation often have low ecological validity, meaning key contextual features are absent; in a Bobo doll experiment, the child and the model do not have a prior relationship and do not interact with each other, even in the in-person environment. However, studies have found its approach to be well applied to aggression in institutions and the workplace, which implies that the larger study may have external validity and illustrates its relevance to real-world aggression.
 When the Bobo doll experiment was repeated in 1990, findings showed that children who had not previously been exposed to a Bobo doll were up to five times more likely to imitate aggressive behavior compared to children who had been. Researchers proposed that the sheer novelty of the Bobo doll alone could be a potential third variable that increases the probability that a child imitates the adult.
 The experiment was based upon the principles of social learning theory, which focuses on environmental influences and eliminates the possibility of any biological or evolutionary drives that may underpin aggressive behavior. Biological theorists argue that social learning theory ignores a person's biological state, particularly the uniqueness of an individual's DNA, brain development, and learning differences.
 Some psychologists claim the study would not be in line with modern ethics standards, including those held by the APA and Stanford. Arguments generally fall into four categories:
 Informed consent: children could not give valid consent to participate in the study. It is assumed that their parents consented for them.
 Long-term wellbeing of participants: participants may model aggressive behavior and learn to act in ways that might be detrimental to their long-term wellbeing.
 Right to withdraw: there was no opportunity for the children to withdraw from the study.
 Right to a debriefing: at no point were the participants provided with a debriefing in which the experimenter explained the study, or in particular, the reason for the aggression displayed by the adults.
  described the frontal lobe of children under eight as underdeveloped, which contributes to an inability to separate reality from fantasy.
An analysis of the 1961 study noted that children's imitations of aggressive behavior occur almost immediately after observing the model. Due to such a short period between observation and imitation, conclusions cannot be made regarding the long-term effects of exposure to violence.

See also

 Behaviorism
 Developmental psychology
 Imitation
 Observational learning
 Role model
 Social learning theory

Further reading
 A. Bandura & R.H. Walters (1959). Adolescent Aggression, New York, New York, US:Ronald Press.
 A. Bandura, (1962) Social Learning through Imitation, Lincoln, Nebraska, US:University of Nebraska Press.
 Bandura, A., & Walters, R. (1963). Social learning and personality development. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston
 A. Bandura (1975) Social Learning & Personality Development, New York :Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
 A. Bandura (1976) Social Learning Theory. New Jersey, US: Prentice-Hall.
 A. Bandura (1986) Social Foundations of Thought and Action.

References

 Personal website of Prof. emeritus C.G. Boeree, Shippensburg University.

 Note, per the CV of Prof. Kritsonis, Prairie View A&M University (see ), this journal is a forum for publishing mentored doctoral student research.

 Apparently from the discontinued website of Prof. M.D. Isom, formerly of the College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University, original dead link,  .

 See also , both accessed 15 July 2015.

 A paper presented by University of Florida doctoral student B.L. Yates to the Open Paper Competition of this regional Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication conference; faculty advisor unknown.

 McGloin, Farrar & Fishlock (2015). "Triple whammy! Violent games and violent controllers". Journal of Communication.

Psychology experiments
Influence of mass media
Violence

Bobo doll experiment


Smeerenburg was a whaling settlement on Amsterdam Island in northwest Svalbard. It was founded by the Danish and Dutch in 1619 as one of Europe's northernmost outposts.  With the local bowhead whale population soon decimated and whaling developed into a pelagic industry, Smeerenburg was abandoned around 1660.

History

During the first intensive phase of the Spitsbergen whale fishery, Smeerenburg served as the centre of operations in the north. The name Smeerenburg is a Dutch word literally meaning "blubber town". The whalers were taking the "Greenland right whale", now known as the bowhead whale, which were then prevalent in Fram Strait. At that time, oil was rendered from whale blubber using try pots on shore, rather than on ships at sea, so the whalers needed a shore station for the try works.  The image at right shows the concretised remnants of whale oil that built up around the large (ca. 2-3m diameter) copper kettles in which the blubber was rendered. Leftover blubber was used as fuel for the fires.

The site of Smeerenburg was first occupied by the Dutch in 1614, when ships from the Amsterdam chamber of the Noordsche Compagnie (Northern Company) established a temporary whaling station here with tents made of canvas and crude, temporary ovens. In 1615, 1616, and 1618 the Dutch again occupied the site. In 1619, a 500-ton ship with timber and other materials was sent to Spitsbergen. The tents and temporary ovens were replaced with wooden structures and copper kettles "set in a permanent fashion on a brick foundation, with a brick fireplace beneath and a chimney for the smoke."

In its first year only Amsterdam and the Danes occupied Smeerenburg, the former to the east and the latter to the west. In 1619 and 1620 the Danish ships that went to Smeerenburg were sent by merchants from Copenhagen, while those that went there in 1621 and 1622 were sent by a royal undertaking. In 1623 two Basque ships employed by the Danes arrived at Smeerenburg and began taking whaling gear from the Danish huts before they were driven away by the Dutch. In 1625, when the Danish-employed Basque ships arrived at their place in Smeerenburg they found that their station had been damaged, the work of the Dutch and English in the previous season. After 1625 the Danes were expelled by the Dutch, their place being occupied by the Hoorn, Enkhuizen, and Vlissingen chambers. By 1626 there were five big "huts" at Smeerenburg, and by 1633 all the chambers of the Northern Company were represented at the settlement.

In its heyday (1630s), Smeerenburg was made up of 16–17 buildings, including a fort at its centre, built in or before 1631 to ward off the Danish and other interlopers. The alleys between the buildings were cobbled with drainage gullies, allowing the men to walk dry-shod. There were seven double (and one single) ovens situated in front of the buildings. Amsterdam had three of the buildings and two of the double ovens, while to the west were the stations of the Middelburg, Veere, Vlissingen, Enkhuizen, Delft, and Hoorn chambers. During this time there were as many as 200 men working ashore, boiling blubber into oil, flensing whales, and coopering casks to pour the oil into.

Following the destruction of a Dutch station in Jan Mayen by Danish-employed Basque ships in 1632, the Dutch sent seven men, led by Jacob Segerszoon van der Brugge, to over-winter at Smeerenburg in 1633–34. All seven men survived, prompting another wintering by another group of seven sailors in 1634–35. All of them died, and the experiment was abandoned.

Smeerenburg's decline began in the early to mid-1640s, as whales became scarce in the bays and sounds off Spitsbergen. We hear of it still in use by the Hoorn chamber as late as 1657. Around 1660, with the transition to processing blubber into oil on return to port and expansion into pelagic whaling, the settlement was finally abandoned.

In 1973 the ruins of Smeerenburg became part of Norway's North-West Spitsbergen National Park.

Myth
The size of Smeerenburg has been greatly exaggerated by many authors. William Scoresby (1820) claimed 200 to 300 ships and 12,000 to 18,000 men visited Smeerenburg during the short summer season. The Norwegian explorer Fridtjof Nansen (1920) made similar claims, stating that hundreds of ships anchored along the flat of Smeerenburg where ten thousand people visited a complete town with stalls and streets. Besides the tryworks, smithies and workshops, there were shops, churches, fortifications, gambling dens and even brothels.

Such claims have no basis in reality, as noted above. No more than fifteen ships and 400 men would have visited Smeerenburg during its peak in the 1630s. There were no shops, churches or brothels, though there was a single fort with two guns. Despite the results of archaeological excavations that took place in the period 1979–81, modern authors still sometimes repeat the fabulous legends told of Smeerenburg.

The 2019 animated film Klaus takes place in the town of "Smeerensburg", on a distant northern Scandinavian island, an intentional misspelling, according to producer Sergio Pablos.

Notes

References

Prestvold, Kristin. 2001. Smeerenburg Gravneset: Europe's First Oil Adventure. Translated by Richard Wooley. [pamphlet]. Longyearbyen, NO: Governor of Svalbard, Environmental Section. (24 pp., no ISBN, available from the gift shop of the Svalbard Museum, Longyearbyen, NO.)

External links
Whaling in the Arctic - Svalbard Museum, Longyearbyen, Svalbard

Former Dutch colonies
Whaling stations in Norway
Whaling in Denmark
Whaling in the Dutch Republic
Populated places established in 1619
1660 disestablishments
Former populated places in Svalbard
1619 establishments in Europe
Economic history of the Dutch Republic
1610s establishments in the Dutch Empire
Maritime history of the Dutch Republic
Amsterdamøya

Smeerenburg


Spectre er flere sikkerhedssårbarheder i mange almindelige mikroprocessorer, der anvender teknikkerne spekulativ eksekvering og branch prediction. Ved at udnytte at processorerne foretager gæt ved programforgreninger (vilkårlige hop) for at udføre programmer så hurtigt som muligt, kan et program få processoren til at afsløre hvad der findes i hukommelse som den egentlig ikke har rettigheder til at kunne læse. Det kan anvendes af ondsindede programmer.

Spectre menes at påvirke de fleste processorer af x86- og x64-typen fra Intel og AMD, samt mange af ARM-typen, og den kan derfor ramme både pc og Macintosh  samt  mobiltelefoner og tablets. Hullet anses for vanskeligt at udnytte, men svært at beskytte sig imod. Det skulle kunne anvendes i virtuelle maskiner til at læse hukommelse fra andre maskiner og er derfor en trussel mod cloud-tjenester.

Spectre blev opdaget på Googles sikkerhedslaboratorium Project Zero, og sideløbende på Technische Universität Graz. Hullet blev kendt for offentligheden 3. januar 2018, på samme tid som Meltdown (omtales også som variant 3, eller CVE-2017-5754).

Spectre findes i flere varianter - nogle af dem nævnes her:
 Variant 1, CVE-2017-5753 (bounds check bypass). Blandt andet har JIT-motorer, der anvendes til JavaScript vist sig at være sårbare. Et script der er gemt på en webside skulle kunne være i stand til at læse data til et andet websted, der er gemt i browserens hukommelse, såsom sessioncookies. Problemet i browseren, kan reduceres ved at ændre indstillingerne i browseren, så den isolerer hvert websted i sin egen JIT-motor. Problemet kan normalt afhjælpes med en opdatering af operativsystem-kernen. Test af ydeevne for Linux Red Hat for Intel opdatering for variant 1 viste ingen målbar effekt.
 Variant 2, CVE-2017-5715 (branch target injektion). Sikkerhedshullet gør det muligt for en virtuel maskine at læse hukommelse fra host systemet. AMD hævder at deres processorer er immune over for denne form for angreb. På Intel-processorer kræver denne sårbarhed en opdateret mikrokode i processoren, og/eller opdateringer til både gæst- og værts-virtualiseringsprogram med en metode, der kaldes Retpoline.
 Variant 3, CVE-2017-5754 - Meltdown - Rogue Data Cache Load (RDCL).
 Spectre-NG, Variant 3a, CVE-2018-3640 - Rogue System Register Read (RSRR).
 Spectre-NG, Variant 4, CVE-2018-3639 - Speculative Store Bypass (SSB).
 Spectre-NG, CVE-2018-3665 - Lazy FP State Restore.
 Spectre-NG, Variant 1.1, CVE-2018-3693 - Bounds Check Bypass Store (BCBS).
 CVE-2019-1125
 Variant 1.2, Read-only protection bypass (RPB)
 SpectreRSB, CVE-2018-15572, Return Mispredict.
 2021, micro-op cache exploit.

Referencer

Se også
 Meltdown (it-sikkerhedssårbarhed)

Eksterne henvisninger

 Google Project Zero opsummering

Udnyttelse af it-sikkerhedssårbarheder

Spectre (it-sikkerhedssårbarhed)