Bir edebi akım olarak kişiselcilik (personalizm), soyut düşüncülükle özdekçiliğin karşısına tinsel gerçekliği, sözü geçen iki bakış açısının da parçalara böldüğü birliği yeniden yaratacak sürekli çabayı koyar. Kişiselcilik, Descartes'ın "Düşünüyorum öyleyse varım" (Cogito ergo sum) geleneği içinde yer alır. Kişiselciliğin ana yapısı şöyle özetlenebilir: Kişilik, bilinç, kendi yargısını özgürce belirleme, amaçlara yönelme, zamanın akışına karşı öz kimliğini sürdürme ve değerlere bağlanma gibi temel özellikleri nedeniyle, bütün gerçekliğin dokusunu oluşturur.

Felsefi yönden Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz bu akımın kurucusu, George Berkeley de başlıca kaynaklarından biri olarak kabul edilir. Edebiyatta en önemli savunucusu Emmanuel Mounier'dir.

Edebi akımlar
Felsefi akımlar

Kişiselcilik


Bienebek im Kreis Rendsburg-Eckernförde bezeichnet folgendes:

 Bienebek (Gewässer), Nebenfluss der Schlei in Thumby
 Gut Bienebek, Gut in Thumby, Sitz der Herzogin zu Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg

Bienebek


Televiziunea digitală terestră (în engleză: Digital Video Broadcasting - Terrestrial 2, abreviat DVB-T2) este o nouă versiune a televiziunii digitale DVB-T, emisă de către consorțiul DVB și concepută pentru transmisia de televiziune digitală terestră.

Acest sistem transmite comprimat audio, video, și alte date digitale în eter, folosind modulare OFDM cu concatenate, Cod Corector de Erori și cu intercalări. Rata de biți transmisă, în comparație cu predecesorul DVB-T, este mult mai mare iar acest sistem poate fi adecvat pentru transmisia HDTV (deși mulți operatori de radiodifuziune încă utilizează DVB-T).

În 2014 DVB-T2 a fost testat de unele televiziuni din Marea Britanie (Freeview HD, opt canale în două multiplexuri, plus o suplimentare de canale în Irlanda de Nord, care transportă trei canale SD), Italia (Europa 7 HD, 12 canale), Finlanda (21 de canale, cinci în HD), Germania (șase HD (1080p50) canale, 40 de ani în planificare), Suedia (cinci canale), Thailanda (41 SD, 9 canale HD), Flandra (18 Canalele SD), Serbia (zece SD și HD versiune a operatorului public de radio, canal RTS), Ucraina (32 de canale SD și HD în patru multiplexuri la nivel national), Croația (două pay-TV multiplexuri), Danemarca (două ALS multiplexuri cu 5 canale SD și 5 canale HD și patru pay-TV, multiplexuri cu 14 canale), România (10 canale ale TVR) și alte câteva țări. În Republica Moldova a apărut pe 1 noiembrie 2016, mai multe detalii pe aici - DVB-T2 Moldova.

Istorie

Începuturi

În martie 2006 DVB a decis să studieze opțiunile pentru o actualizare a DVB-T-ului standard. În iunie 2006, un grup numit TM-T2 (Tehnic Module on Next Generation DVB-T) a fost instituit prin DVB Grup pentru a dezvolta un sistem avansat de modulare, sistem care ar putea fi adoptat ca a doua generație de televiziune digitală terestră standard.

În funcție de cerințele comerciale și de apel pentru tehnologii emise în aprilie 2007, prima fază a DVB-T2-ului a fost dedicată pentru a oferi o recepție optimă pentru receptoare staționare (fixe) și receptoare portabile (de exemplu, folosind antene existente, întrucât o a doua și a treia fază de studiu de a livra sarcini utile mai mari (cu noi antene). Noul sistem ar trebui să ofere o minimă creștere de 30% din transmisie, similar cu condițiile folosite deja pentru DVB-T.

Specificații

Proiectul standard DVB-T2 a fost ratificat de către directorul DVB pe 26 iunie 2008 și publicat pe pagina de start ca standard DVB-T2 BlueBook. A fost predat la Institutul European de Standarde în Telecomunicații (ETSI) prin DVB.org pe 20 iunie 2008. Procesul ETSI a dus la standardizarea DVB-T2, forma finală fiind adoptată pe 9 septembrie 2009.

Standard
Următoarele caracteristici au fost concepute pentru DVB-T2 standard:
 COFDM modulare cu QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM sau ramificații 256-QAM
 OFDM cu DFT 1k, 2k, 4k, 8k, 16k, 32k. Simbolul de lungime de 32k m este de aproximativ 4 ms.
 Garda de intervale sunt 1/128, 1/32, 1/16, 19/256, 1/8, 19/128, și 1/4. (Pentru 32k modul maxim este de 1/8.)
 FEC concatenate LDPC și BCH coduri (ca în DVB-S2 și DVB-C2), cu rate 1/2, 3/5, 2/3, 3/4, 4/5, și 5/6.
 Sunt mai puține canale, în 8 diferite canalo-modele, și de egalizare se poate baza, de asemenea, pe RAI CD3 sistem.
 În DFT 32k, o mare parte a standardului canalului de 8 MHz  poate fi folosit, adăugând aproximativ 2% capacitate suplimentară.
 DVB-T2 este specificat pentru 1.7, 5, 6, 7, 8, și 10 MHz canal de lățime de bandă.
 MISO (Multiple Input Single Output) pot fi utilizate (Alamouti schema) și MIMO inutilizabil.
 Semnal robust, codat.
 Gruparea de mai multe canale într-un super MUX (numit TFS) nu poate fi în varianta standard, dar se poate modifica.

România

Note

Vezi și
 IPTV
 Istoria televiziunii
 Televiziune digitală terestră
 Televiziunea digitală terestră în România
 Televiziunea digitală terestră în Republica Moldova
 Televiziune digitală
 Televiziune digitală prin cablu
 Televiziune prin cablu
 Televiziunea analogică terestră în România
 Televiziune pe internet
 Televiziune prin satelit
 Televiziune terestră
 Televiziune
 Televiziunea în România
 Televiziunea în Republica Moldova

Televiziune

Televiziune digitală terestră (DVB-T2)


La  du Trofeo Serra de Tramuntana a lieu le , sur un parcours de 158,9 kilomètres tracé dans les Îles Baléares en Espagne, avec un départ et une arrivée à Lloseta. La course est la troisième manche du Challenge de Majorque 2022 et fait partie du calendrier UCI Europe Tour 2022 en catégorie 1.1.

Équipes participantes
25 équipes participent à la course - 10 WorldTeams, 9 ProTeams et 6 équipes continentales :

Classement final

Classement UCI
La course attribue des points aux coureurs pour le Classement mondial UCI 2022 selon le barème suivant :

Notes et références

Liens externes

Challenge de Majorque 2022

Trofeo Serra de Tramuntana 2022


Das Amt Wustermark war ein 1992 gebildetes Amt in Brandenburg, in dem zunächst sechs Gemeinden im damaligen Kreis Nauen (heute Landkreis Havelland, Brandenburg) zu einer Verwaltungsgemeinschaft zusammengefasst waren. Amtssitz war in der Gemeinde Wustermark. Das Amt Wustermark wurde zu Ende des Jahres 2002 wieder aufgelöst.

Geographische Lage
Das Amt Wustermark grenzte im Norden an die Ämter Nauen-Land und Brieselang, im Osten an die Stadt Falkensee und die Gemeinde Dallgow-Döberitz, im Süden an das Amt Fahrland und im Westen an das Amt Ketzin. Das Amtsgebiet gehört heute zum Landkreis Havelland.

Geschichte
Am 7. September 1992 erteilte der Minister des Innern des Landes Brandenburg seine Zustimmung zur Bildung des Amtes Wustermark. Als Zeitpunkt des Zustandekommens des Amtes wurde der 15. September 1992 festgelegt. Das Amt hatte seinen Sitz in der Gemeinde Wustermark und bestand zunächst aus sechs Gemeinden im damaligen Kreis Nauen:
 Wernitz
 Priort
 Buchow-Karpzow
 Elstal
 Hoppenrade
 Wustermark

Außerdem wurde die Gemeinde Dallgow durch Ministerbeschluss dem Amt Wustermark zugeordnet. Die Zuordnung der Gemeinde Dallgow wurde zum 17. Dezember 1993 widerrufen. Allerdings war die Amtsfreiheit der Gemeinde Dallgow befristet bis zum 17. Dezember 1996. Diese Befristung der Amtsfreiheit wurde zum 17. Dezember 1997 aufgehoben. Zum 27. September 1997 wurde die Gemeinde Wernitz in die Gemeinde Wustermark eingegliedert. Zum 31. Dezember 2002 schlossen sich die Gemeinden Buchow-Karpzow, Elstal, Hoppenrade, Priort und Wustermark zur neuen Gemeinde Wustermark zusammen. Infolge des Zusammenschlusses wurde das Amt Wustermark zum 31. Dezember 2002 aufgelöst und die Gemeinde Wustermark wurde amtsfrei.

(* 1992 einschließlich Dallgow-Döberitz)

Amtsdirektor
Bis 2002 war Horst Pohl Amtsdirektor. Er wurde vom Amtsausschuss abgewählt. 2002 wurde Bernd Drees zum Amtsdirektor des Amtes Wustermark berufen. Er wurde 2003 zum Bürgermeister der Gemeinde Wustermark gewählt, ein Amt, das er bis 2010 innehatte.

Belege
Eingliederung der Gemeinde Wernitz in die Gemeinde Wustermark. Bekanntmachung des Ministeriums des Innern vom 15. Mai 1998. Amtsblatt für Brandenburg - Gemeinsames Ministerialblatt für das Land Brandenburg, 9. Jahrgang, Nummer 22, 11. Juni 1998, S. 506.

Wustermark
Wustermark

Amt Wustermark


The Valiant er en amerikansk dramafilm fra 1929, produceret og instrueret af William K. Howard. Filmen var Paul Muni debutfilm, og han
blev nomineret til en Oscar for bedste mandlige hovedrolle for sin rolle i filmen. Tom Barry blev nomineret til en Oscar for bedste filmatisering for filmens manuskript.
Selvom filmen beskrives af mindst en kilde som værende en stumfilm med talesekvenser, synkroniseret musik og lydeffekter men The Valiant har løbende dialog og er en fuld tonefilm uden en tilsvarende stumfilmsversion.

Referencer

Eksterne Henvisninger

Amerikanske film fra 1929
Sort-hvide film fra USA
Engelsksprogede film
Dramafilm fra USA

The Valiant (film fra 1929)


Džoker - igraća karta
 Joker - lik iz stripova, crtanih i igranih filmova
 Joker (Mahjong) - vrsta pločice u igri Mahjong;
 Joker (revija) - slovenski računalni časopis;
 Joker Split - trgovački centar u Splitu
 Džoker (list) - hrvatski zagonetački polumjesečnik
 Joker (film) - film iz 2019.

Joker (razdvojba)


William Parsons may refer to:

William Parsons (composer and copyist) (fl.1545–1563), English Renaissance composer and copyist from Wells

William Parsons (composer and musician) (1745/6–1817), Master of the King's Music
William Parsons (poet) (died 1828), English writer associated with the Della Cruscan movement
William Barclay Parsons (1859–1932), American civil engineer
William E. Parsons (1872–1939), American architect and city planner
William Sterling Parsons (1901–1953), American naval officer and atomic bomb weaponeer aboard Enola Gay
William W. Parsons (academic administrator) (1850–1925), president of Indiana State Normal School, later known as Ball State University
William W. Parsons (NASA), former director of the NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center, & Space Shuttle Program manager
William Henry Parsons (New York activist) (died 1935), headed the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice
William Henry Parsons (colonel) (1826–1907), American newspaper editor, legislator, and Confederate colonel
William Parsons (actor) (1736–1795), British actor and painter
William Parsons (silent film actor) (1878–1919), American silent comedy film actor often credited as "Smiling Bill Parsons"
Bill Parsons (born 1948), baseball player
Sir William Parsons, 1st Baronet of Langley (c.1636–c.1662), of the Parsons baronets
Sir William Parsons, 1st Baronet of Bellamont (died 1650), Surveyor General of Ireland and Member of Parliament
Sir William Parsons, 2nd Baronet of Bellamont (died 1658), Earl of Rosse
Sir William Parsons, 2nd Baronet of Birr Castle (died 1741), Earl of Rosse
Sir William Parsons, 4th Baronet of Birr Castle (1731–1791), Irish politician
William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse (1800–1867), Lord Rosse, Irish astronomer
William Parsons, 5th Earl of Rosse (1873–1918), Irish peer and British Army officer
William Parsons, 7th Earl of Rosse (born 1936), worked for the United Nations

William Parsons


The Mars Volta is an American progressive rock band from El Paso, Texas, formed in 2001. The band's only constant members are Omar Rodriguez-Lopez (guitar, producer, direction) and Cedric Bixler-Zavala (vocals, lyrics), whose partnership forms the core of the band. The band's current line-up also includes founding member Eva Gardner (bass), Omar's brother Marcel Rodriguez-Lopez (keyboards, synths, percussion), Leo Genovese (piano, keyboard) and Linda-Philomène Tsoungui (drums).

Known for their energetic live shows and concept albums, The Mars Volta formed following the break-up of Rodríguez-López and Bixler-Zavala's previous band, At the Drive-In. Seeking to experiment and expand their sound, Rodríguez-López and Bixler-Zavala recruited Gardner, Isaiah "Ikey" Owens (keyboards), Jon Theodore (drums) and Jeremy Ward (sound manipulation) to form The Mars Volta. The band released their debut EP, Tremulant, in 2002, with Gardner leaving the band prior to recording their debut album, De-Loused in the Comatorium. She was replaced by Red Hot Chili Peppers' bass guitarist Flea for the sessions. The Rick Rubin-produced album received widespread critical acclaim upon its release in 2003.

The band's second studio album, Frances the Mute (2005), was self-produced by Rodríguez-López and was the first to feature longterm members Juan Alderete (bass) and Marcel Rodríguez-López. The album debuted at #4 on the US Billboard 200 and became the band's biggest commercial success, selling over 500,000 copies in the US and achieving Gold certification from the RIAA. The band's third studio album, Amputechture, was released in 2006 and was the last album to feature Theodore. In 2008, the band released The Bedlam in Goliath, a concept album inspired by the band's turbulent experiences with a ouija-type talking board. The album's first single, "Wax Simulacra" was awarded a Grammy Award in 2009 for Best Hard Rock Performance. The band released its fifth album, Octahedron, in June 2009.

Following the release of their sixth album, Noctourniquet (2012), and a run of reunion shows with At the Drive-In, The Mars Volta entered a hiatus in September 2012. Rodríguez-López subsequently formed a new project, Bosnian Rainbows, and the band formally broke up after disagreements between Rodríguez-López and Bixler-Zavala. The duo repaired their friendship and reunited in 2014 for a new project, Antemasque, and further At the Drive-In tours and recording sessions.

Reuniting in secret in 2019, Rodríguez-López and Bixler-Zavala recorded a new studio album, The Mars Volta, with Gardner, Marcel Rodríguez-López and drummer Willy Rodriguez Quiñones. The band announced their reunion – after ten years of public inactivity – with an art installation called L'ytome Hodorxí Telesterion, in June 2022. For the band's live return, jazz pianist Leo Genovese and drummer Linda-Philomène Tsoungui were added to the line-up.

Band name
Cedric Bixler-Zavala stated in an interview:
The Volta is taken from a Federico Fellini book about his films, what he characterizes as a changing of scene, or a turnaround; a new scene to him is called Volta. Y'know, changing of time and the changeover. And Mars, we're just fascinated by science fiction so and it's something that ultimately looked as in anything I write, its meaning is always up to the listener. As the way we write songs and words, if it looks great on paper then to us it's like painting, so if it looks good meaning the second then people usually have a better interpretation than we ever would.

History

Formation and beginning (2001–2002)

The roots of The Mars Volta are found in the band At the Drive-In. ATDI imploded on the verge of a commercial breakthrough, partly due to boredom, partly to musical differences. Members Cedric Bixler-Zavala and Omar Rodríguez-López began to further explore their experimental, dub-influenced side project called De Facto, which featured Bixler-Zavala on drums, Rodríguez-López on bass, Isaiah "Ikey" Owens on keyboards, and Jeremy Ward on vocals, loops and sound effects.

During 2001 Eva Gardner joined the members of De Facto on bass, and they recorded two songs with drummer Blake Fleming and producer Alex Newport, which became the first demo by The Mars Volta. The lineup for their first public show at Chain Reaction in Anaheim, California was Rodríguez-López, Bixler-Zavala, Owens, Gardner, Ward, and drummer Jon Theodore. This lineup recorded three more tracks with Alex Newport, which became the EP Tremulant, released in early 2002 by Gold Standard Laboratories.

After the demise of At the Drive-In, Rodríguez-López and Bixler-Zavala found themselves once again starting from the ground up, touring and performing in smaller venues. In their early years The Mars Volta were characterized by chaotic live shows and heavy drug use.

De-Loused in the Comatorium (2003–2004)

Following Tremulant, The Mars Volta continued touring with a fluid line-up while preparing to record their debut full-length album De-Loused in the Comatorium, produced with Rick Rubin and released on June 24, 2003. Whereas Tremulant had no general theme (except the prophetic mentioning) De-Loused was a unified work of speculative fiction telling the first-person story of someone in a drug-induced coma, battling the evil side of his mind. Though lyrically obscure, The Mars Volta stated in interviews that the album's protagonist is based on their late friend Julio Venegas, or "Cerpin Taxt", an El Paso poet and artist who went into a coma for several years after a deliberate drug overdose, recovered and later committed suicide. He died jumping from the Mesa Street overpass onto Interstate-10 in El Paso during afternoon rush-hour traffic. (Venegas' death was also referenced in the At the Drive-In song "Embroglio" from their album Acrobatic Tenement.)

In an interview with The Aquarian Weekly in 2008, Bixler-Zavala said about working with Rubin, "Rick really over-simplified some of the parts that we thought were unique, and just made them very digestible. He's got this thing about representing the common man's ears—I'd rather jab the common man's ears. If we don't, we'll never get to a place where future music exists."

The Mars Volta had no official bassist during the recording session, but Flea (of the Red Hot Chili Peppers) played bass on nine of the album's ten songs, with Justin Meldal-Johnsen playing double bass on "Televators". Flea's bandmate John Frusciante also contributed additional guitar, synthesizer and backing vocals to "Cicatriz ESP". After several temporary replacements, a permanent bassist for the band was found in Juan Alderete (formerly of Racer X).

Despite limited promotion, De-Loused earned strong reviews, and appeared on several 'year-end best-of' lists. The album remains The Mars Volta's best-seller, with over 500,000 copies sold. Rolling Stone ranked a track from De-Loused, "Drunkship of Lanterns", the 91st Best Guitar Song Ever. The band later released a limited-edition storybook version of the album, available by download from the Gold Standard Laboratories website. The book speaks of Cerpin Taxt (Julio Venegas) and his suicide.

While on tour with the Red Hot Chili Peppers in support of the album, founding member Jeremy Ward died of a heroin overdose. The band had canceled the tour's second leg, and the first single from De-Loused was later dedicated to Ward. It was this event which finally convinced band leaders Rodríguez-López and Bixler-Zavala to purportedly quit using opioids. Bixler-Zavala recalled: "One day, we were all getting high, and Jeremy asked me if I could see he had worms in his head. I never touched the stuff again. His passing was the final nail in the coffin. We never went back."

Frances the Mute (2005)

As the band resumed touring to support De-Loused, they added Marcel Rodríguez-López (Omar's brother) on percussion. Work on their second album began in 2004. That year the band received the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers Vanguard Award.

In 2005, the band released Frances the Mute. The story given by the band on the album's concept concerns a diary that had been found in a repossessed car by late sound technician Jeremy Ward, while working as a repo-man. The author of the diary is unknown but appeared to be someone who was adopted and was searching for their birth parents, and who may have suffered from mental illness caused by the death of a loved one. The lyrics for each track on the album are loosely based on characters and life events described in this person's diary.

Frances the Mute started as a bigger commercial hit than De-Loused, moving 123,000 copies in its first week, and debuting at No. 4 on the Billboard album charts. Reviews of Frances were generally positive (with a 75 on Metacritic) if somewhat polarized; Rolling Stone called it "a feverish and baroque search for self that conjures up the same majesty and gravity as Led Zeppelin three decades before", and even the detractors of Frances the Mute generally praised the band's musical abilities. "L'Via L'Viaquez" was later released as the 12 minute B-side to "The Bible And The Breathalyzer" single, a song which did not appear on the album. Frances the Mute has sold nearly 465,000 copies in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan ratings.

Rodríguez-López wrote all of the instrumental parts as well as arranging and producing the recording sessions himself. He used a method that Miles Davis used to evoke great performances from bandmates: refusing to let the other members hear each other's parts, or the context of their own part, thereby forcing them to play each part as if it were a self-sufficient song. In order to accomplish this, the musicians recorded to the pulse of a metronome. While in the studio, Rodríguez-López recruited Adrián Terrazas-González to play saxophone, flute, and additional wind instruments for the album. Terrazas-González was added as a permanent member to The Mars Volta while touring in support of Frances the Mute.

Several songs written during the original recording sessions for the album never made the final cut. Notably, the self-titled 14-minute epic "Frances the Mute", which was originally to open the album and was ultimately supposed to decode the album's concept, was not included due to time constraints. Instead the track was featured as a b-side to the single release for "The Widow".

On May 21, 2005, instead of playing a traditional set at KROQ's Weenie Roast Festival, the band played a 50-minute improvisation jam that was jokingly named on-the-spot as "Abortion, The Other White Meat" by Rodríguez-López. In keeping with The Mars Volta's tradition of testing and developing new work live, parts of "Abortion" later appeared on "Population Council's Wet Dream" from Rodríguez-López's 2009 album Old Money.

Midway through their headlining U.S. tour, former At the Drive-In member Paul Hinojos left the band Sparta to join The Mars Volta, claiming, "My time with Sparta has run its course, and simply wasn't fun anymore." Hinojos joined as live rhythm guitarist and became the band's sound manipulator, the position previously held by the late Ward. Hinojos had previously toured with The Mars Volta in 2003 and 2004.

During mid-2005, the band toured in support of the album with System of a Down and curated the All Tomorrow's Parties festival at Camber Sands in England. In addition, a full-length live album named Scabdates was released on November 8, 2005.

Amputechture (2006–2007)

Upon finishing the majority of touring for Frances the Mute in fall 2005, Rodríguez-López traveled to Amsterdam and wrote what became Amputechture, which was released on September 8, 2006, in Europe, on September 9, 2006, in Australia and on September 12, 2006, in the U.S. Rodríguez-López spent much of his time in Amsterdam working on and performing various solo projects most notably under the name "Omar Rodriguez Quintet". During this time Rodríguez-López also composed the score to the film El Búfalo de la Noche, which was written and directed by Guillermo Arriaga and Jorge Hernandez Aldana respectively. The Mars Volta as a whole performed the score.

Amputechture was produced by Rodríguez-López and mixed by Rich Costey. Jeff Jordan provided the artwork, making it their first album not to feature the work of Storm Thorgerson. It was once again a concept album, but rather than telling a story, the album was a series of vignettes, with each song telling a different story. It became the last album with drummer Jon Theodore, whom Rodríguez-López fired before touring in support of the album. Rodríguez-López said in an interview with an Italian fan site that Theodore was the only member in the band who was not happy playing live and brought down the moods of the rest.

John Frusciante was featured on every track on Amputechture, except for "Asilos Magdalena". Rodríguez-López contributed the solos and riffs where the guitar work needed to be doubled. Bixler-Zavala said in an interview, "...he taught Frusciante all the new songs and Frusciante tracked guitars for us so Omar could sit back and listen to the songs objectively. It's great that he wants to help us and do that."

On July 28, 2006, the drummer's spot was filled by Blake Fleming, formerly of Laddio Bolocko, Dazzling Killmen, and the very first Mars Volta demos. A new song titled "Rapid Fire Tollbooth" was debuted live on September 22, 2006, in Chicago, Illinois, as reported by fans and attendees of the show who had received set lists from the stage. The song originally appears on Rodríguez-López's solo album Se Dice Bisonte, No Búfalo. The song eventually evolved into the track "Goliath" from the band's fourth studio album.

On September 25, 2006, The Mars Volta played a unique set on the opening night of a double-header in Toronto, Ontario. Cedric Bixler-Zavala fell ill and could not perform, so The Mars Volta played with John Frusciante on third guitar. The set consisted of over 47 minutes of instrumental material, including a lengthy cover of the Pink Floyd composition "Interstellar Overdrive". On October 17, 2006, while opening for the Red Hot Chili Peppers in East Rutherford, New Jersey, the band played with drummer Deantoni Parks as Rodríguez-López had fired Fleming because of complications within the band. Parks remained with the band only until the conclusion of the Japanese tour because of his prior commitments with other bands. On October 31, 2006, in Cleveland, Ohio, as Parks could not perform, The Mars Volta played an approximately 40-minute improvisation set as a rehearsal for another drummer, Thomas Pridgen.

On a 2006 episode of The Henry Rollins Show, The Mars Volta performed "Tetragrammaton" and "Day of the Baphomets" in a rare television performance. Afterwards, they did an interview with Rollins about the creation of Amputechture.

The Bedlam in Goliath (2008)

In 2007, Thomas Pridgen became the new permanent drummer for the band. Pridgen's first full-time appearance was at the March 12 show in New Zealand, where the band debuted the song "Idle Tooth" which was later renamed "Wax Simulacra" for the forthcoming album. After shows in New Zealand and Australia, The Mars Volta toured a few West Coast venues as the headliner, then entered the studio to record their fourth LP, The Bedlam in Goliath. One of these performances was captured in a live concert DVD (which remains unreleased) shot by director Jorge Hernandez Aldana.

Despite finding a permanent drummer and getting the band back on track, the recording and production of the album was reportedly plagued by difficulties related to a bad experience with a Ouija board purchased in a curio shop in Jerusalem. According to Rodríguez-López, their original engineer experienced a nervous breakdown, his studio flooded twice, and both he and mixer Rich Costey claimed that various tracks would disappear at random.

On November 5, 2007, The Mars Volta released a document by Jeremy Robert Johnson titled, "The Mars Volta's Descent into Bedlam: A Rhapsody in Three Parts". The document includes a history of the band and describes the obstacles and inspirations they encountered in the creation of The Bedlam in Goliath. On November 20, 2007 "Wax Simulacra", the first single from the forthcoming album, was released with a cover of "Pulled to Bits" by Siouxsie and the Banshees as the b-side.

The band kicked off their supporting tour with a December 29, 2007 "secret show" at the Echoplex in Los Angeles, California, followed by a special New Year's Eve performance at San Francisco's Bill Graham Civic Auditorium. That night they played their first ever acoustic set, which included six songs and a live performance of "Miranda, That Ghost Just Isn't Holy Anymore". The band then departed on a club tour of the U.S. east coast throughout January, with an album release show at San Diego's Soma, followed by another month's worth of European dates from mid-February to mid-March.

On January 2, 2008, The Mars Volta released an online game called "Goliath: The Soothsayer", based on a true story that inspired their forthcoming album The Bedlam In Goliath. The album chronicles the band's purported experience with the "Soothsayer", a Ouija board owned by vocalist Cedric Bixler-Zavala and its transition from a source of fun on tour to a psycho-spiritual force that almost tore the band apart. The game was available for a limited time exclusively via Amazon.com.

On January 17, 2008, the band made their U.S. network television debut, performing "Wax Simulacra" on the Late Show with David Letterman (Rodríguez-López, Bixler-Zavala and Hinojos had appeared on the show with At the Drive-In in 2000). On January 22, they made a surprise appearance at Toronto, Ontario, Canada's MTV Live studios, where they performed "Wax Simulacra" and an extended version of "Goliath". In late January, the new album debuted at a career-best No. 3 on the Billboard 200.

The song "Wax Simulacra" won the 2009 Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance. It was the band's first nomination and win. The band members thanked their families and Bixler urged people not to forget the memories of the recently departed Lux Interior and Ron Asheton.

Octahedron (2009–2010)

Omar Rodríguez-López had discussed the band's next album as early as January 2008, the month that The Bedlam in Goliath was released, claiming "I consider it to be our acoustic album." Cedric Bixler-Zavala had expressed an urge for the album to not be released on a major label. In February 2009, Rodríguez-López claimed "the next two Mars Volta records are already recorded and waiting for a release date."

On April 14, 2009, The Mars Volta announced their fifth studio album, entitled Octahedron. It was released June 23 in the United States and June 22 in the rest of the world. A vinyl version was released on July 21 in a limited edition of 500 LPs. In the spirit of distillation of the band's sound, Rodríguez-López asked woodwind player/percussionist Adrián Terrazas-González and live rhythm guitarist/sound manipulator Paul Hinojos to leave. Regarding their departure, percussionist Marcel Rodríguez-López noted that: "it's like we got a whole new band. It's two less members – we got to play differently."

The first single released in North America was "Since We've Been Wrong". The first European single was "Cotopaxi".

An excerpt from The Mars Volta's performance at the All Tomorrow's Parties, UK 2005 A Nightmare Before Christmas festival was featured in the All Tomorrow's Parties film, which was released in cinemas during October 2009.

During the Octahedron tour, the show on October 23 in Raleigh, NC was unexpectedly cancelled. It was supposed to be the final show of the North American leg of the tour, but was cancelled due to an argument between Bixler-Zavala and Thomas Pridgen, the drummer at the time, which ended with Pridgen abruptly leaving the venue. A month later, Pridgen confirmed his departure from The Mars Volta via Facebook stating he was "not in TMV anymore". In a February 2011 interview, Pridgen said he left the group "because the singer had a jealous ego trip. There's nothing more to elaborate on"; however, Juan Alderete stated in 2013 that "Thomas got really drunk, did some bad things and did some real damage to the trust we all had with him." The band later completed the tour with drummer Dave Elitch. They played throughout Europe and Australia until the end of January 2010.

In October 2010, The Mars Volta played two shows in Brazil and Chile. Long-time keyboardist, Ikey Owens, was absent during these dates due to touring commitments with his own project, Free Moral Agents.

Noctourniquet (2011–2012)

Shortly after Octahedron'''s release, Rodríguez-López claimed to have put the supposed follow-up "on hold" and was starting work on a completely new album. In an April 2010 interview with Rolling Stone, Rodríguez-López talked about trying to loosen his grip in the studio. He claimed to have finished writing the album, and was awaiting lyrics and vocals from Bixler-Zavala. Rodríguez-López spent most of 2010 focusing on his solo career, and little information regarding the sixth Mars Volta album was released. During this year drummer Deantoni Parks began touring with Rodríguez-López as well as appearing on several solo records, and Cathy Pellow of Sargent House Records confirmed that Parks was in talks to become the next drummer for The Mars Volta.

In 2011, Rodríguez-López spoke about the band's new album in several interviews, saying that it would feature thirteen songs which, "[are] a simplified version of what we've done before", and would be released "Whenever the record label decides to put it out". Bixler-Zavala took the opportunity to make a few remarks on the sound of the album, indicating a drastic change in sound for the band, referring to the new sound as "future punk".

On March 19, 2011, the Omar Rodriguez-Lopez Group performed at SXSW. Bixler-Zavala joined the group as a vocalist, performing entirely new material with the band, which led to speculations of the show being a secret Mars Volta show under the Omar Rodríguez-López Group moniker. The Group continued to tour throughout April with the same lineup of Bixler-Zavala, Omar and Marcel Rodríguez-López, Juan Alderete, Deantoni Parks and (previously offstage) keyboardist/sound manipulator Lars Stalfors. An official Mars Volta tour began in summer of 2011, consisting of them opening for Soundgarden on select dates. This was in addition to their opening slot for the Red Hot Chili Peppers in their one-off gig in Hong Kong on August 9, 2011. During these shows the band (featuring the same six members) continued to play the new material premiered during the Omar Rodríguez-López Group tour earlier in the year, with Bixler-Zavala telling the crowd at one show that he was "inviting them to a private rehearsal for their new album," confirming the material was off the band's upcoming album.

Keyboardist Ikey Owens, who had played with the band since its inception, was noticeably absent from all 2011 dates. When asked in an interview, Owens stated that he knew "Absolutely nothing [of the upcoming album]. I haven't heard one note of it; I haven't played on it. I don't know if I am going to play on it; I have no idea". Bassist Juan Alderete later revealed via his Twitter page that Owens was no longer playing with The Mars Volta as he was busy "producing bands". Marcel Rodríguez-López and Lars Stalfors took over keyboard and synth duties with the band in lieu of Owens.

On January 5, 2012, a new song titled "Zed and Two Naughts", a song revealed to be from the band's upcoming album, was confirmed to be included on the MLB 12: The Show Soundtrack.

On January 12, it was revealed that the upcoming album would be called Noctourniquet. Later that week, an official page went up confirming Noctourniquet as the album title along with unveiling the album art and a full track listing and announcing March 27, 2012 as the release date. The album's first single, "The Malkin Jewel," was first broadcast on February 13 and subsequently released on February 14.

Hiatus, breakup, and reunion rumors (2013–2021)
After the conclusion of the Noctourniquet tour, Omar Rodríguez-López decided to put The Mars Volta on hold to fully concentrate on his new project, Bosnian Rainbows, which also features Deantoni Parks. When asked in an interview if the band will reunite, he stated:

I don't know, and I'm not insecure enough to have to ask myself that. It's like, we've done that for ten years, eleven years. Now we're all doing different things, and everything that we're doing informs how we express ourselves, and so if that happens then it happens and if it doesn't it doesn't. It's not something to be worried about. It shouldn't occupy a space in the mind. There's way too many things that are much too important to occupy space in the mind.

On January 23, 2013, Cedric Bixler-Zavala revealed that he was no longer a part of The Mars Volta on Twitter and that the band had broken up.

Bixler-Zavala subsequently focused on his solo music and eventually formed a new band, Zavalaz, which also includes Juan Alderete. He stated shortly after that he was "currently not on speaking terms" with Rodríguez-López and that "the falling out had been four years in the making, so the final announcement on my part was really just to let the children know that Mom and Dad were splitting up".

Rodríguez-López, meanwhile, did not rule out the possibility of The Mars Volta reuniting in the future: "Because of all my anger and how I dealt with people, I spent so much of my life just closing doors left and right. At this point, I refuse to close any, only to open new ones. Whatever comes my way - as long as it's filled with joy and positivity - I want to give my talents to it. [...] I'm not interested in throwing tantrums any more." He elaborated further on an article with Billboard, acknowledging Bixler-Zavala's decision to depart TMV, effectively ending the over 20 year musical partnership between Rodríguez-López and Bixler-Zavala for the foreseeable future. Rodríguez-López stated, "I was making a film and heard about it hours later; people were like, 'Are you OK?' I understand where he's coming from; I've known the guy for 22 years. I'll always respect and support any decision he makes. If that's how he wants it, I totally get it and I support it."

In August 2013, a collection of unreleased songs, demos, alternate versions, and in-studio jams roughly spanning from 2005 until the Noctourniquet sessions was leaked online. The source of these recordings still remains unknown.

In February 2014, several posts on the Comatorium message board by sources close to the band revealed that Bixler-Zavala and Rodríguez-López had been meeting and speaking again, hinting at a possible Mars Volta reunion. The rumors were further fueled when Bixler-Zavala's wife Chrissie posted a picture on Instagram of her husband and Rodríguez-López holding Bixler's twin boys at a California beach. On April 9, a new project featuring Rodríguez-López and Bixler-Zavala, Antemasque was announced; Antemasque also featured Flea on bass and Dave Elitch on drums.

On October 14, 2014, founding member Isaiah "Ikey" Owens was found dead in his hotel room while on tour in Mexico with Jack White. According to a representative, Owens died of a heart attack.

In an interview with Rolling Stone on July 11, 2016, when asked about a potential return of The Mars Volta, Rodriguez-Lopez stated, "At some point, we'd love to do [Mars Volta] again too, you know what I mean? There's so much to do there as well." In February 2018, Bixler-Zavala confirmed on Twitter that The Mars Volta will "be back soon", but later clarified that At the Drive-In activity will take precedence for the immediate future. In May 2019, further tweeting from Bixler-Zavala suggested he and Rodríguez-López had been experimenting with new material.

On February 23, 2021, Hamburg based label Clouds Hill Group announced they had acquired rights to handle the band's discography, as well as Omar Rodriguez-Lopez' entire back catalogue, with official reissues of both discographies expected.

On March 4, 2021, Clouds Hill posted a video on Twitter titled 'Coming Soon', featuring audio from De-Loused in the Comatorium, as well as alternate artwork of the album cover. This was later confirmed as the 18-LP box set of the band's entire discography titled La Realidad de Los Sueños (The Reality of Dreams), including unreleased material from the De-Loused in the Comatorium sessions titled Landscape Tantrums. The set was released on April 23, 2021.

Reunion, The Mars Volta and Que Dios Te Maldiga Mi Corazón (2022–present)
On June 18, 2022, the band revealed the coordinates to a location in Los Angeles, California, where fans were allowed to preview new music from the band via an art installation called "L'ytome Hodorxí Telesterion". This was followed up by the release of the single "Blacklight Shine" and a tour announcement, marking both their first new music and first live shows in ten years.  The band released a follow-up single "Graveyard Love" on July 8. The band subsequently announced their first album in 10 years, The Mars Volta, which was released on September 16. On March 10, 2023, the band announced an acoustic version of their self-titled album titled Qué Dios Te Maldiga Mí Corazón, which released on April 21.

Musical style and influences
The band's music has been described as progressive rock, experimental rock and progressive metal.

The band's music includes elements from a wide variety of genres, including hardcore, psychedelic rock, and free jazz. Omar Rodríguez-López commented, "Progressive is not a dirty word for people to use about us. If you're not moving forward, you're stagnant. And that's no way to live." Almost the entire band's output was composed solely by Rodríguez-López, with lyrics and vocal melodies written by Cedric Bixler-Zavala. They cited artists/bands such as King Crimson, Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd, Can, Captain Beefheart, Frank Zappa, Larry Harlow, Miles Davis, Fela Kuti, Ennio Morricone, Throbbing Gristle, Talk Talk, Black Flag, Brainiac, Björk, Roni Size, Jaga Jazzist and Aphex Twin as their influences. According to Rodríguez-López, cinema also largely influences his songwriting: "Creating tension, creating flow, creating scenes, creating fast-paced scenes, creating minimal dialogue – it's one of our biggest influences".

 Legacy
Many artists and bands have cited The Mars Volta as an influence, including Mastodon, Lizzo, Protest the Hero, Nick Hipa of As I Lay Dying, The Fall of Troy, Danny Marino of The Agonist, Tor Oddmund Suhrke of Leprous, Jonathan Nido of The Ocean, Mutiny on the Bounty, The Old Dead Tree, Canvas Solaris and Syriak of Unexpect.

A number of other artists have been quoted expressing admiration for their work such as Neil Peart of Rush, Tool, Steven Wilson of Porcupine Tree, James Hetfield of Metallica, Holger Czukay of Can Mike Portnoy of Dream Theater,  and Kanye West.

In 2008, they were named Best Prog-Rock Band by Rolling Stone magazine.

 Band members
According to the liner notes for Amputechture, The Bedlam in Goliath, Octahedron, Noctourniquet and The Mars Volta: "The partnership between Omar Rodríguez-López & Cedric Bixler-Zavala is The Mars Volta. These compositions are then performed by The Mars Volta Group."

 Current line-up
{| class="wikitable" border="1" width="100%"
! width="75" |Image
! width="150" |Name
! width="160" |Years active
! width="170" |Instruments
!Release contributions
|-
|
|Omar Rodríguez-López
| rowspan="2" |
|
| rowspan="2" |all releases
|-
|
|Cedric Bixler-Zavala
|lead vocals
|-
|
|Eva Gardner
|
|
|
|-
|
|Marcel Rodríguez-López
|
|
|all releases from Frances the Mute (2005) onwards {{Small|(credit only on Noctourniquet)}}
|-
|
|Leo Genovese
| rowspan="2" |2022–present
|
|
|-
|
|Linda-Philomène Tsoungui
|drums
|none to date
|}

Touring members
 Josh Moreau - bass guitar (September–October 2022, 2023; filling in for Eva Gardner)

Former contributors

Timeline

Discography

 De-Loused in the Comatorium (2003)
 Frances the Mute (2005)
 Amputechture (2006)
 The Bedlam in Goliath (2008)
 Octahedron (2009)
 Noctourniquet (2012)
 The Mars Volta (2022)
 Qué Dios Te Maldiga Mí Corazón (2023)

References

External links

Official Band Website
Omar Rodríguez-López Official Website
The Mars Volta Live Concert Repository
The Mars Volta Italian fansite
Interview with Omar about The Bedlam in Goliath

2001 establishments in Texas
2013 disestablishments in Texas
Musical groups from El Paso, Texas
American musical quintets
American musical sextets
American progressive rock groups
American experimental rock groups
American progressive metal musical groups
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups disestablished in 2013
Musical groups established in 2001
Musical groups reestablished in 2022
Sibling musical groups
Rock music groups from Texas
Universal Music Group artists
Warner Records artists
Articles which contain graphical timelines
Alternative rock groups from Texas

The Mars Volta


Yoncalı kaplıcaları, Kütahya - Tavşanlı karayolunda, Kütahya'ya 16 km mesafede bulunmaktadır. Kaplıca suyunun tedavi özellikleri T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığınca belirlenmiş, ortopedik ve nörolojik sekellerin rehabilitasyonunda, kronik dönemdeki romatizmal hastalıkların rehabilitasyonunda kullanılabilir nitelikte olduğu saptanmıştır.

Dış bağlantılar
T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı

Türkiye'deki kaplıcalar
Kütahya coğrafyası

Yoncalı kaplıcaları


La Viste es el nombre que  recibe un asentamiento poblacional perteneciente al municipio Puerto Padre, provincia Las Tunas; en la Isla de Cuba.

Ubicación
Localizado a los 210 06' 12''  de latitud y  760 46' 25'' de longitud. Lo separa de su cabecera provincial una carretera de   26 km. Limita al norte, sureste y al oeste con la  UBPC cañera "La Viste", que se encuentra asociada al Complejo Agroindustrial Antonio Guiteras. Se extiende por 0.35 km² y posee una población de 960 habitantes. El área geográfica en la que se encuentra ubicada recibe el nombre de llanura del Centro de Camagüey-Las Tunas con una altura sobre el nivel del mar de 65.0 m.

Clima
Las temperaturas se comportan de la siguiente forma: la media máxima anual es de 26,4 grados Celsius mientras que la mínima es  de 17,7. Las precipitaciones se comportan de manera regular, registrándose altos valores en los meses de abril y mayo. El área enfrenta cada año, en el período de junio a noviembre, tormentas tropicales que causan devastadores daños a la economía local.

Datos fundacionales
Los registros históricos recogen que fue fundada en el año 1949  a partir de la vivienda de un poderoso terrateniente llamado "Pedro Labiste" quien procedente de La Clarita, Palma Soriano se estableció en la zona. El asentamiento que fue creciendo con la con la construcción de nuevas viviendas  para los trabajadores y sus familias, posteriormente, en honor al apellido del propietario, recibe el nombre de (La Viste). Que corregido por sus familiares el correcto apellido es (Labiste) descendiente de Francia  En esta área, como parte de las transformaciones realizadas por la Revolución Cubana después del 1 de enero de 1959, se crea una granja destinada a la producción de algodón.  Las ganancias provenientes de esta granja y la posterior electrificación del caserío en el año 1967, propiciaron el crecimiento demográfico. Las familias allí asentadas viven fundamentalmente en casas de mampostería con techos de cinc. El volumen de tierras que rodean el lugar se encuentran en producción agrícola; en manos de propietarios  particulares, una gran mayoría, y como parte de la Unidad Básica de Producción Cooperativa (UBPC) "La Viste", el resto.

Economía
Los habitantes del lugar desarrollan fundamentalmente la agricultura dedicada al cultivo de la caña, en su mayoría, aunque también se cultivan otros productos alimenticios. La crianza de ganado menor y ganado mayor a título familiar, también se desarrolla.

Referencias

Bibliografía
Departamento Asistencia Médica. Dirección Municipal de Salud en Puerto Padre.
Dirección de Educación. Estadísticas.
Censo de Población y Vivienda, 2002.
Ecured. Enciclopedia Colaborativa Cubana.

Localidades de la provincia de Las Tunas

La Viste


متصفح برمجيات-جافا  هو برنامج صغير في بيئة تطوير تكنولوجيا جافا حيث تم إصداره خصيصا لتطوير برمجيات-جافا.

متصفح برمجيات جافا أو ما يسمي بالابلت هو عبارة عن برنامج صغير ليس لها الدالة main تعمل
علي متصفحات الويب عند استدعاءها مع ملف HTML.

منصة برمجيات جافا

متصفح برمجيات جافا


France AEROTECH es el nombre de la red nacional francesa para las universidades aeronáuticas (llamado así grandes écoles en francés).

Ha sido creado en 2011 por los Arts et Métiers ParisTech, École Centrale de Lyon, École Centrale de Nantes, École nationale de l'aviation civile y la École nationale supérieure d'électronique, informatique, télécommunications, mathématiques et mécanique de Bordeaux.

Los objetivos de France AEROTECH son ofrecer cursos de francés por los extranjeros, el desarrollo de proyectos internacionales de investigación y cursos en ingeniería aeronáutica, y ayudar a los mercados emergentes.

Para lograr todos estos proyectos, las universidades han creado un programa de verano en sistemas embebidos y un maestría en el mantenimiento de la aeronavegabilidad.

Notas

Facultades y escuelas de ingeniería de Francia
Grandes escuelas de Francia fundadas en el siglo XXI
Formación aeronáutica
Escuelas de ingeniería aeroespacial
Instituciones educativas establecidas en 2011
Francia en 2011

France AEROTECH


Podsavezna liga Koprivnica, također i kao Prvenstvo Koprivničkog nogometnog podsaveza je bila liga petog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1963./64.
Sudjelovalo je 14 klubova, a prvak je bio "Graničar" iz Đurđevca.

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Unutarnje poveznice
 Međupodsavezna liga Zagreb 1963./64.
 Grupna liga Koprivnica 1963./64.
 Grupna liga Đurđevac 1963./64.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 Mladen Levak, Kristina Poljičak: Nogometni klub "Osvit" Đelekovec : 1923. – 2013. : 90 godina Nogometnog kluba "Osvit" i igranja nogometa u Đelekovcu , Đelekovec, 2014.,  (Vendi), str. 114-120
 library.foi.hr, "Glas Podravine"
 library.foi.hr, ''"Glas Podravine"', br. 30, god. XVI, izdano 15. kolovoza 1964., str. 7, preuzeto 31. ožujka 2021.

1963-64 0 Koprivnica
Koprivnica
1963-64 Koprivnica

Podsavezna nogometna liga Koprivnica 1963./64.


Clara Christiana Morgan Chapin (alcunha, Mom Chape e La Petite; pseudônimo, Clara English; Gloucestershire, 26 de dezembro de 1852 – Los Angeles, novembro de 1926) foi uma sufragista americana nascida na Grã-Bretanha, trabalhadora do movimento de temperança e editora.

Primeiros anos e educação
Clara Christiana Morgan nasceu em Gloucestershire, na Inglaterra, em 26 de dezembro de 1852. Seu pai era de origem galesa, e sua mãe vinha de uma antiga família rural, os Blagdons, proprietários da mansão de Boddington desde os tempos de Guilherme I de Inglaterra.

Ela foi alfabetizada no Clifton Ladies' College e passou no exame local de Cambridge, a única forma de privilégio universitário aberto na época para meninas. Ela veio para os Estados Unidos com seus pais e seus cinco filhos mais novos em 1870. A família foi criada no condado de Fillmore, em Nebraska.

No condado de Fillmore, Chapin dedicou-se ao ensino. Em setembro de 1872, ela se casou com Clarence C. Chapin, de Sheffield, Massachusetts, e logo depois, eles se mudaram para o Condado de Franklin, Nebraska, onde ambos tiveram um papel notável no desenvolvimento do novo Estado de Nebraska. O Sr. Chapin trabalhou como membro da Assembleia Legislativa do Estado de Nebraska, enquanto sua esposa, pelo uso de sua caneta e influência pessoal, ajudou a garantir a promulgação da lei de licença Slocum, na época considerada a panaceia em questões de temperança. Eles também ajudaram materialmente a garantir a temperança da lei educacional e científica para aquele Estado. Ela estava particularmente interessada em todos os movimentos para o avanço das mulheres e participou ativamente da campanha pelo sufrágio feminino de 1882. Ela era um membro notável da União de Temperança Cristã da Mulher e escreveu muito para a imprensa sobre a mulher e questões de temperança. Ela atuou como editora do The Union Signal, um órgão da Woman's Temperance Publishing Association, de 1874. Chapin usou o pseudônimo "Clara English".

Sendo uma mulher baixa, Chapin geralmente atendia pelo nome de "La Petite" entre seus colegas de trabalho em Nebraska. Embora seja de nascimento uma inglesa, o trabalho de toda a vida de Chapin foi nos Estados Unidos. Ela residia, com seu marido, filho e duas filhas, em uma das cidades suburbanas de Chicago, Illinois. Ela morreu em novembro de 1926 em Los Angeles, Califórnia.

Bibliografia

R. R. Bowker.

Ligações externas

 Obras de ou sobre Clara Christiana Morgan Chapin no Internet Archive (em inglês)

Sufragistas dos Estados Unidos
Mortos em 1926
Nascidos em 1852
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Wikiconcurso de edição)

Clara Christiana Morgan Chapin


Kanat, uçma veya hareket etme amacıyla kullanılan ve genellikle kuşlar, böcekler veya uçaklar gibi hayvanlar veya araçlar tarafından kullanılan bir yapıdır. Kanatlar, aerodinamik prensiplere dayalı olarak tasarlanmış ve şekillendirilmiştir, böylece hava akışını kontrol ederek uçuş veya hareket sağlayabilirler. Kanat belli bir evrimsel ve biyolojik süreç sonrası oluşabilmesinin yanı sıra beşeri olarak da modellenebilip uçmak, veya bir sıvı içerisinde hareket sağlamak için de özelleştirilebilmektedir.

Etimolojisi ve kullanımı
Kanat" kelimesinin kökeni Türkçedir ve eski Türkçede "kana+(d)" olarak kullanılıyordu. Bu kelime, Orta Asya'da (Moğol)  kullanılan Türk lehçelerinde de aynı şekilde kullanılıyordu.

"Kanat" kelimesi, Türkçeden diğer dillere de geçmiştir. Örneğin, Farsça'da "kanat" kelimesi aynı şekilde kullanılırken, Arapça'da "canaat" kelimesi olarak yer almaktadır.

Köken olarak "kanat" kelimesi, Türkçedeki "kan" kelimesinden türemiştir. "Kan" kelimesi, bir şeyin yanlarına eklenen uzantıları ifade etmek için kullanılan bir kelimeydi. Bu nedenle, "kanad" kelimesi, bir şeyin yanlarında bulunan uzantılar anlamında kullanılmıştır ve zamanla "kanat" şekline dönüşmüştür.

Günlük hayatta kanat;
Kanat, günlük hayatta farklı alanlarda kullanılan ve çeşitli anlamları olan bir kelime olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Örneğin, havacılıkta kanat, uçakların uçmasını sağlayan, yüzey alanı geniş ve genellikle aerodinamik olarak tasarlanmış yapılardır. Kanatlar, uçağın havalanmasını, havada kalmasını ve iniş yapmasını sağlayan önemli bir bileşendir.

Kanat ayrıca, hayvan anatomisinde kullanılan bir terimdir. Kuşlar, tavuklar, ördekler gibi kanatlı hayvanların uçmasını sağlayan ve hareketli parçalardan oluşan yapıya kanat denir. Ayrıca, kanatlı hayvanların etleri de gastronomi alanında yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır.

Otomobillerde de kullanılan kanat, arka kanat veya spoiler olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Bu yapılar, aracın hava direncini azaltarak performansını artırmak için tasarlanmıştır.

Son olarak, insan anatomisinde de kanat terimi kullanılmaktadır. Omuzların ve kolların altındaki bölgeye kanat denir. Bu bölge, bazı sporlarda veya fitness çalışmalarında özel bir öneme sahiptir.

Aerodinamik

Kelime iki Yunanca kelimeden gelir:  hava ile ilgili  "aerios" ve kuvvet anlamına gelen "dynamis" . Aerodinamik, kuvvetlerin ve bunun sonucunda nesnelerin havadaki hareketinin incelenmesidir.

Aerodinamik Kuvvetler;
İki katı cisim bir mekanik süreçte etkileştiğinde, kuvvetler temas noktasında iletilir veya uygulanır. Ancak bir katı cisim bir akışkanla etkileştiğinde, akışkan şeklini değiştirebildiği için açıklamak daha zordur. Bir akışkan içindeki katı bir cisim için "temas noktası", cismin yüzeyindeki her noktadır. Akışkan, cisim etrafında akabilir ve tüm noktalarda fiziksel teması sürdürebilir. Katı bir cisim ile akışkan arasındaki mekanik kuvvetlerin iletimi veya uygulanması, cismin yüzeyindeki her noktada gerçekleşir. Ve iletim, akışkan basıncı aracılığıyla gerçekleşir.

Aerodinamik kuvvetler, nesnelerin hareket ettiği ortamdaki gaz moleküllerinin hareketiyle ilişkilidir. Bu gaz molekülleri, nesneyle etkileşime girerek aerodinamik kuvvetler oluştururlar. Bu kuvvetler, nesnenin şekline, hızına ve hareket ettiği ortamın özelliklerine bağlı olarak değişir.

Aerodinamik kuvvetler, genellikle dört temel kuvvettir: kaldırma kuvveti, sürükleme kuvveti, yanlama kuvveti ve moment kuvveti.

 Kaldırma kuvveti: Bu kuvvet, nesnenin hareket ettiği ortamda oluşan basınç farklarından kaynaklanır. Hava akımı, nesnenin şekline göre değişen basınç dağılımlarına neden olur. Bu basınç farkları, nesnenin alt yüzeyinde daha yüksek basınç ve üst yüzeyinde daha düşük basınç oluşmasına sebep olur. Bu farklı basınçlar, nesneye yukarı doğru kaldırma kuvveti uygular.
 Sürükleme kuvveti (Sürtünme kuvveti): Bu kuvvet, nesnenin hareket ettiği ortamın direncinden kaynaklanır. Hava molekülleri, nesnenin yüzeyine çarptıkça, hızlarını kaybederler ve nesne üzerinde bir sürtünme kuvveti uygularlar. Bu kuvvet, nesnenin hareket yönüne zıt bir kuvvettir.
 Yanlama kuvveti: Bu kuvvet, nesnenin hareket ettiği ortamdaki hava akımının yönüne dik bir kuvvettir. Bu kuvvet, nesnenin şeklinden veya hareket yönünden kaynaklanan basınç farklarından kaynaklanır.
 Moment kuvveti: Bu kuvvet, nesnenin hareket yönüne dik bir kuvvetin etkisiyle nesnenin çevresinde bir dönme hareketi oluşturur. Bu kuvvet, nesnenin geometrisi, ağırlık merkezi konumu ve hareket yönü gibi faktörlere bağlıdır. Bu kuvvetlere ek olarak "Yerçekimi kuvveti" ve motor kaynaklı "İtme kuvveti" de eklenebilmektedir. Yerçekimi kuvveti, cismin ağırlığını belirler ve her zaman aşağı yönü gösterir. İtme ise motorlar tarafından uygulanır ve aracı ileri yönde hareket etmeye zorlar.

Kanatlar, aerodinamik kuvvetlerden bir bileşke gibi etkilenebilirler. Bir uçağın kanadı, hava akışına göre şekillendirilmiş bir yapıdır ve havanın kanadın üst ve alt tarafındaki farklı hızlarına göre farklı aerodinamik kuvvetler üretir.

Kanat üzerindeki en önemli aerodinamik kuvvetlerden biri kaldırma kuvvetidir. Kaldırma kuvveti, kanadın alt yüzeyindeki hava akışının hızlanması ve üst yüzeyindeki hava akışının yavaşlaması nedeniyle oluşan basınç farkı nedeniyle ortaya çıkar. Bu basınç farkı, kanadın alt tarafına doğru bir kuvvet oluştururken, kanadın üst tarafına doğru bir kuvvet üretir. Bu nedenle, kanat yukarı doğru itilir ve uçağın yükselmesine yardımcı olan bir kaldırma kuvveti üretilir.

Bir diğer önemli aerodinamik kuvvet de sürtünme kuvvetidir. Kanadın yüzeyi, havanın molekülleriyle sürtünerek, kanadın hareketine karşı bir sürtünme kuvveti üretir. Sürtünme kuvveti genellikle kanadın kaldırma kuvvetine karşı çalışır ve uçağın hızının artmasıyla artar.

Kanadın aerodinamik performansı, kanadın boyutu, şekli, açısı, yüzey özellikleri ve uçağın hızı gibi faktörlere bağlıdır. Bu nedenle, aerodinamik kuvvetlerin etkisi, uçak tasarımı ve uçuş performansı üzerinde büyük bir öneme sahiptir.

Biyomekanik & mekanik

Kuş uçuşunun biyomekaniği;
Kuşların uçuşu, kuşların vücut kütlesi ve kanatlarının genişliği, şekli, kanat kemiği ve kas yapısı, kanatçıkların dizilimi gibi yapısal özellikleri tarafından belirlenir. Bu yapısal özellikler, kuşların aerodinamik prensipleri kullanarak hava akımını nasıl kontrol edeceğini ve böylece havada kalacaklarını ve manevra yapacaklarını sağlar.

Kuşların kanatlarının hareketi, kuşların kasları tarafından kontrol edilir. Kanat hareketi, kuşların omuz, dirsek ve el bileği eklemleri arasındaki kompleks bir koordinasyonla gerçekleştirilir. Bu hareket, kanat kemiği ve kas yapısının belirli bir şekilde çalışmasını gerektirir. Kuşların birincil uçuş kasları olan pectoralis ve supracoracoideus, büyük gerilim (birim kesit alanına düşen kuvvet) ve gerilme (relatif uzunluk değişimi) ile çalışma ve güç çıkışı için tasarlanmıştır. U şeklindeki eğriler, mekanik güç çıkışının uçuş hızı ile nasıl değiştiğini tanımlar, ancak bu eğrilerin şekilleri ve karakteristik hızları, morfoloji ve uçuş tarzına göre farklılık gösterir.

Kuşların uçuş mekanizması, aerodinamik prensipleri kullanarak kanatların hava akımını nasıl kontrol edebileceğini ve böylece havada kalacaklarını ve manevra yapacaklarını sağlar. Bu prensipler arasında Bernoulli ilkesi, kanatların üst yüzeyindeki hava basıncının düşük olması nedeniyle oluşan kaldırma kuvveti gibi kuvvetler yer alır.

Kuşların uçuşunun biyomekaniği, kuşların anatomisi, kas ve sinir sistemleri, aerodinamik prensipleri ve fizyolojik süreçleri kapsar. Bu süreçler, kuşların uçuş hızı, yüksekliği, manevra kabiliyeti ve göç davranışları gibi önemli özelliklerinin anlaşılmasına yardımcı olur

Ayrıca bakınız

 Akışkanlar mekaniği
 Akışkanlar dinamiği
 Hidrostatik
 Aerodinamik
 Uçak mühendisliği

Kaynakça

Kuş uçuşu
Kuş anatomisi
Aerodinamik
Havacılık ve uzay mühendisliği
Uçak parçaları

Kanat


روبرت فنك (18 يوليو 1926 - 3 سبتمبر 2005) Robert W. Funk عالم كتاب أمريكي ومؤسس مشارك للحلقة الدراسية عن عيسى ولمؤسسة وستار غير الربحية في كاليفورنيا.
وهو أكاديمي حاول دعم التعليم والبحوث في المواضيع الكتابية، وتعمل بطريقة الناقد التاريخي مع التفسير وكان مشككا بالمعتقدات المسيحية التقليدية خاصة في تاريخية عيسى.
حصل على درجة جامعية في الإلهيات وماجستير من جامعة بتلر ودكتوراة من جامعة فاندربيلت.
قام بالتدريس في المدرسة الأمريكية للبحث الشرقي في القدس American School of Oriental Research

مؤلفاته
 A Greek Grammar of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature: A Translation and Revision of the ninth-tenth German edition incorporating supplementary notes of A. Debrunner (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961)
 Language, Hermeneutic, and Word of God (1966)
 A Beginning-Intermediate Grammar of Hellenistic Greek (1977).
 The Five Gospels: The Search for the Authentic Words of Jesus (1993)
 Honest to Jesus: Jesus for a New Millennium (1996)
 The Acts of Jesus: The Search for the Authentic Deeds (1998).
 A Credible Jesus (2002).
 Funk on Parables: Collected Essays (Polebridge Press, 2006).

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 Obituary in the Los Angeles Times 7 September 2005
 Robert Funk page at the Westar Institute
 Obituary in Boston Globe

متخصصون في علم التأويل
أشخاص من سانتا روسا (كاليفورنيا)
أعضاء ندوة يسوع
حائزون على زمالة غوغنهايم
حائزون على منحة فولبرايت
خريجو جامعة بتلر
خريجو جامعة فاندربيلت
علماء الكتاب المقدس أمريكيون
علماء الكتاب المقدس في القرن 20
علماء الكتاب المقدس في القرن 21
علماء طبيعة دينيون
كتاب وكاتبات أمريكيون في القرن 20
كتاب وكاتبات أمريكيون في القرن 21
لاهوتيون مسيحيون أمريكيون
مواليد 1926
مواليد في إيفانسفيل
وفيات 2005
وفيات بسبب الفشل التنفسي
وفيات في سانتا روسا (كاليفورنيا)

روبرت فنك


බයිසැන්ටයින් අධිරාජ්‍යය, කෙටියෙන් බයිසැන්ටියම, හා නැගෙනහිර රෝමානු අධිරාජ්‍යය යන නම් වලින් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ පුරාතන යුගයේ අවසාන භාගයේ සිට මධ්‍යතන යුගය දක්වා පැවතුනු රෝමානු අධිරාජ්‍යයේ නැගෙනහිර කොටස යි. ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ 5 වැනි සියවසේ දී බටහිර රෝමානු අධිරාජ්‍යය බිඳ වැටුන ද, බයිසැන්ටයින් අධිරාජ්‍යය තවත් වසර දහසක පමණ කාලයක් පැවතුනි. එහි අග නගරය වූයේ පෙරදී බයිසැන්ටියම ලෙස හැඳින්වූ කොන්ස්තන්තිනෝපලය විය. 1453 දී ඔටෝමාන් අධිරාජ්‍යය විසින් කොන්ස්තන්තිනෝපලය යටත් කර ගැනීමත් සමග බයිසැන්ටයින් අධිරාජ්‍යය බිඳ වැටුනි. බයිසැන්ටියම එකල මධ්‍යධරණී ප්‍රදේශයේ තිබූ ආර්ථික, සංස්කෘතික සහ යුධමය හැකියාවලින් බලවත්ම අධිරාජ්‍යය විය. "බයිසැන්ටයින් අධිරාජ්‍යය" සහ "නැගෙනහිර රෝමානු අධිරාජ්‍යය" යන යෙදුම් භාවිතයට ගැනීම ආරම්භ වූයේ එය බිඳ වැටීමෙන් පසුවයි. බටහිර රෝම අධිරාජ්‍යය බිඳ වැටීමෙන් පසුවද, බයිසැන්ටියමේ පුරවැසියන් එය හැඳින්වූයේ "රෝමානු අධිරාජ්‍යය" ලෙස වන අතර, ඔවුන් තමන් "රෝමන්වරු" ලෙස හඳුන්වා ගත්හ. එහෙත් නූතන ඉතිහාසඥයන්, බයිසැන්ටියම සහ ඊට පෙර පැවති රෝමානු අධිරාජ්‍යය වෙනම අධිරාජයයන් දෙකක් ලෙස සළකයි.

බයිසැන්ටයින් අධිරාජ්‍යය


Bombus sitkensis er tegund af humlum, útbreidd í vesturhluta N-Ameríku.

Tilvísanir

Hunangsflugur

Bombus sitkensis


Helmut Krausnick (né le  à Wenden et mort le  à Stuttgart) est un historien allemand. De 1959 à 1972, Krausnick dirige l'Institut d'histoire contemporaine de Munich, qui devient l'institut de recherche allemand le plus renommé sur l'histoire du national-socialisme au cours de cette période. De 1953 à 1972, Krausnick est rédacteur en chef de la Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte (VfZ), puis corédacteur.

Biographie
Helmut Krausnick grandit à Bad Harzburg. Son père y est médecin généraliste et sa mère dirige une école d'économie domestique pour filles. De 1914 à 1923, il étudie le . Il étudie ensuite l'histoire et les sciences politiques à l'Université de Breslau, d'où il passe à l'Université de Berlin en 1924 après un passage à l'Université de Heidelberg. Il y reçoit son doctorat en 1938 sous la direction de Fritz Hartung. Krausnick travaille ensuite pour le Bureau central de Berlin pour l'histoire d'après-guerre aux Archives du Reich, et en 1940, il rejoint la Commission des archives du ministère des Affaires étrangères. De septembre 1944 à mai 1945, il effectue son service militaire pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. En 1932, Krausnick devient membre du NSDAP (numéro de membre 866 684), mais n'est pas actif dans sa science en tant que propagandiste nazi.

De 1947 à 1951, Krausnick travaille à l'Institut international des manuels scolaires à Brunswick. En 1951, il commence à travailler à l'Institut d'histoire contemporaine dirigé par . Lorsque ce dernier meurt accidentellement en 1952, il poursuit son histoire allemande du passé récent, parue en 1956 et traduite en plusieurs langues. En 1959, Krausnick est nommé secrétaire général de l'Institut, succédant à , qu'il dirige jusqu'à sa retraite en 1972. En outre, Krausnick est rédacteur en chef du VfZ de 1953 à 1972 et est nommé professeur honoraire d'histoire contemporaine à l'Université de Munich en 1968.

En plus des monographies écrites ou éditées par lui, Krausnick publie régulièrement dans le VfZ et d'autres revues historiques contemporaines. Son domaine d'expertise initial est la période Bismarck, notamment la diplomatie secrète de Friedrich von Holstein. Dans son travail pour l'IfZ, il se tourne vers l'histoire de la résistance contre Adolf Hitler. En 1980, Krausnick reçoit la croix fédérale du mérite de 1re classe.

Œuvres (sélection)
 (Hrsg.): Neue Bismarck-Gespräche. Hanseatische Verlags-Anstalt, Hamburg 1940.
 Holsteins Geheimpolitik in der Ära Bismarck 1886–1890. Hanseatische Verlags-Anstalt, Hamburg 1942 (Dissertation).
 mit Hermann Mau: Deutsche Geschichte der jüngsten Vergangenheit 1933–45. Wunderlich, Tübingen 1956.
 Judenverfolgung. In: Anatomie des SS-Staates, Band 2. Olten, Freiburg i.Br. 1965.
 mit Harold C. Deutsch (Hrsg.): Helmuth Groscurth. Tagebücher eines Abwehroffiziers. Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, Stuttgart 1970.
 mit Hans-Heinrich Wilhelm: Die Truppe des Weltanschauungskrieges. Die Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD 1938–1942. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1981,  (Unter dem Titel Hitlers Einsatzgruppen. Die Truppen des Weltanschauungskrieges 1985 als Taschenbuch bei Fischer in Frankfurt. (Zuerst "die Truppen", die durchgesehene erste Auflage als "die Truppe"). Viele weitere Auflagen, zuletzt unverändert 2016  mit der .)

Bibliographie
 Wolfgang Benz: Zum Tod von Helmut Krausnick. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte. Jg. 38, Nr. 2 (April 1990), S. 349–351 (Online; PDF; 395 kB).
 Wolfgang Benz (Hrsg.): Miscellanea. Festschrift für Helmut Krausnick zum 75. Geburtstag. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1980, .
 : Der Holocaust und die westdeutschen Historiker. Erforschung und Erinnerung. Wallstein-Verlag, Göttingen 2003, .
 Horst Möller,  (Hrsg.): 50 Jahre Institut für Zeitgeschichte. Eine Bilanz. Oldenbourg, München 1999, .
 Krausnick, Helmut. In: Internationales Biographisches Archiv. Nr. 12/1990 vom 12. März 1990.

Références

Liens externes

Historien allemand
Personnalité du Parti national-socialiste des travailleurs allemands
Officier de l'ordre du Mérite de la République fédérale d'Allemagne
Naissance en février 1905
Naissance à Brunswick (Basse-Saxe)
Naissance dans le duché de Brunswick
Décès en janvier 1990
Décès à Stuttgart
Décès à 84 ans

Helmut Krausnick


În domeniul matematic al teoriei grafurilor, problema drumului hamiltonian și problema ciclului hamiltonian sunt problemele care cer să se determine dacă există un drum hamiltonian (un drum într-un graf orientat sau neorientat, care vizitează fiecare nod exact o dată) sau un ciclu hamiltonian într-un graf dat (indiferent dacă este orientat sau neorientat). Ambele probleme sunt NP-complete.

Problema ciclului hamiltonian este un caz special al problemei comis-voiajorului, obținut prin stabilirea distanței dintre două orașe la unu dacă sunt adiacente și doi altfel, și verificând că distanța totală parcursă este egală cu  (dacă da, atunci drumul este un ciclu Hamiltonian, iar dacă nu există un ciclu hamiltonian, atunci cel mai scurt drum va fi mai lung decât atât).

Reducerea între problema drumului și problema ciclului
Există o relație simplă între problemele drumului hamiltonian și ciclului hamiltonian:

 Într-o direcție, problema drumului hamiltonian pentru graful G este echivalentă cu problema ciclului hamiltonian într-un graf H obținut din G prin adăugarea unui nou nod x și prin conectarea lui x la toate nodurile lui G. Astfel, găsirea unui drum hamiltonian nu poate fi semnificativ mai lentă (în cel mai rău caz, ca funcție de numărul de noduri) decât găsirea unui ciclu hamiltonian.
 În cealaltă direcție, problema ciclului hamiltonian pentru un graf G este echivalentă cu problema drumului hamiltonian din graful H obținut prin copierea unui nod v al lui G, v', adică permițându-i lui v' să aibă aceeași vecinătate ca și v, și prin adăugarea a două noduri false de grad unu, și conectându-le cu v și, respectiv, v'.

Algoritmi
Există  secvențe diferite de noduri care ar putea fi drumuri hamiltoniene într-un graf dat cu  noduri (și, într-un graf complet, chiar sunt), astfel încât un algoritm de  care testează toate șirurile posibile ar fi foarte lent. Unul din primii algoritmi exacți pentru găsirea unui ciclu hamiltonian pe un graf orientat a fost algoritmul enumerator al lui Martello. O procedură de căutare a lui Frank Rubin împarte muchiile grafului în trei clase: cele care trebuie să fie în drum, cele care nu pot fi în drum și cele nedeterminate. Pe măsură ce căutarea avansează, un set de reguli de decizie clasifică muchiile nedeterminate și determină oprirea sau continuarea căutării.  Algoritmul împarte graful în componente care pot fi rezolvate separat. De asemenea, un algoritm de  al lui Bellman, Held și Karp poate fi folosit pentru a rezolva problema în timp O(n22n). În această metodă, se determină, pentru fiecare mulțime S de noduri și fiecare nod v din S, dacă există un drum care acoperă exact nodurile din S și se termină în v. Pentru fiecare alegere a S și v, există un drum pentru (S, v) dacă și numai dacă v are un vecin w astfel încât există un drum pentru (S − v, w), ceea ce se poate căuta din informațiile deja calculate în programul dinamic.

Andreas Björklund a oferit o abordare alternativă folosind  pentru a reduce problema numărării ciclurilor hamiltoniene la o problemă de numărare mai simplă, a numărării acoperirilor ciclurilor, problemă care poate fi rezolvată prin calcularea anumitor determinanți de matrice. Folosind această metodă, el a arătat cum se rezolvă problema ciclului hamiltonian în grafuri arbitrare cu  noduri printr-un  în timp O(1,657n); pentru grafuri bipartite acest algoritm poate fi îmbunătățit în continuare la timpul o(1,415n).

Pentru grafurile de grad maxim trei, o căutare atentă cu backtracking poate găsi un ciclu hamiltonian (dacă există) în timp O(1,251n).

Drumurile și ciclurile hamiltoniene pot fi găsite folosind un  .

Din cauza dificultății de rezolvare a problemelor drumului și ciclului hamiltonian pe calculatoarele convenționale, ele au fost studiate și pe modele neconvenționale de calcul. De exemplu, Leonard Adleman a arătat că problema drumului Hamiltonian poate fi rezolvată folosind un calculator cu ADN. Exploatând paralelismul inerent reacțiilor chimice, problema poate fi rezolvată folosind un număr de etape de reacție chimică liniară în numărul de noduri ale grafului; totuși, necesită un număr factorial de molecule ADN care să participe la reacție.

S-a propus și o soluție optică la problema hamiltoniană..  Ideea este de a crea o structură asemănătoare grafurilor, realizată din cabluri optice și separatoare de fascicule care sunt traversate de lumină pentru a construi o soluție pentru problemă. Punctul slab al acestei abordări este cantitatea necesară de energie care este exponențială în numărul de noduri.

Complexitate
Problema găsirii unui ciclu sau drum hamiltonian este în ;  analoge este de a testa dacă există un ciclu sau drum hamiltonian. Problemele ciclului hamiltonian pe grafuri orientate și neorientate au fost două dintre cele 21 de probleme NP-complete ale lui Karp.  Acestea rămân NP-complete chiar și pentru tipuri speciale de grafuri, cum ar fi:

 grafuri bipartite,
 grafuri planare neorientate cu grad maxim trei,
 grafuri planare orientate cu grad interior și exterior maxim doi,
 grafuri bipartite neorientate, planare, 3-regulate, fără punți
 grafuri bipartite 3-conectate 3-regulate,
 subgrafuri ale ,
 subgrafurile cubice ale grafului grilă pătrată.

Cu toate acestea, pentru unele clase speciale de grafuri, problema poate fi rezolvată în timp polinomial:

 Grafurile planare 4-conectate sunt întotdeauna hamiltoniene datorită unui rezultat datorat lui Tutte, iar sarcina computațională de a găsi un ciclu Hamiltonian în aceste grafuri poate fi efectuată în timp liniar prin calcularea unui așa-numite drum Tutte.
 Tutte a demonstrat acest rezultat arătând că orice graf planar 2-conectat conține un drum Tutte. Drumurile Tutte pot fi calculate la rândul lor în timp pătratic chiar și pentru grafuri planare 2-conectate, care pot fi folosite pentru a găsi cicluri hamiltoniene și cicluri lungi în generalizări ale grafurilor planare.

Dacă toate aceste condiții se îndeplinesc împreună, rămâne deschis dacă grafurile planare bipartite 3-conectate 3-regulate conțin întotdeauna un ciclu hamiltonian, caz în care problema limitată la acele grafuri nu ar putea fi NP-completă; vezi .

În grafuri în care toate nodurile au un grad impar, un argument referitor la  arată că numărul de cicluri hamiltoniene prin orice muchie fixă este întotdeauna par, deci dacă se dă un ciclu hamiltonian, atunci trebuie să existe și al doilea. Totuși, găsirea acestui al doilea ciclu nu pare să fie o sarcină computațională ușoară. Papadimitriou a definit clasa de complexitate  pentru a încapsula probleme ca aceasta.

Bibliografie

Probleme NP-complete
Pages with unreviewed translations

Problema drumului hamiltonian


MAME, arcade (Atari Salonu) oyunlarını PC'de çalıştıran bir öykünücüdür (taklit edici). Tarihi oyunların kaybolmaması ve yok olmaması için çaba göstermektedir. Açılımı Multiple Arcade Machine Emulator, Türkçe karşılığı ise Çoklu Arcade Makinası Öykünücüsüdür.

MAME birçok platform oyununu port etmiştir. X11 aracılığıyla Unix sistemlerine XMAME adlı programıyla, Mac OS X işletim sistemine ise MacMAME aracılığıyla port etmiştir.

Mame'nin resmî web sitesine göre, ilk çıkan Mame(0.1)  5 Şubat 1997 tarihinde Nicola Salmoria tarafından yapılmıştır. Sürekli ve sık bir şekilde güncellenmektedir. Yine de, MAME'de oyunların hepsi, oynanabilir değildir. Mame "opensource" yani açık kaynak kodlu bir yazılımdır. Çoğunlukla "C" dilinde yazılmıştır. Katılımcı yazılımcı kitlesi her geçen gün çoğalmaktadır. 1000'den fazla yeni ve tarih olmuş işlemci ve onbinden fazla değişik çipi taklt etmektedir ve bu sayı her geçen gün çoğalmaktadır.

Öykünmenin manası oyunların orijinal donanımlarındaki asıl çiplerinin çalışma kodlarını bilgisayarın anlayacağı günümüz işlemcilerinin çalışacağı kodlara çevirmek demektir. Bu yüzden öykünmede işlemci gücü en çok ön plana çıkan ögedir. Ekran kartını gerçek anlamda kullanmaz.
Örneğin 10 megahertzlik Motorola 68000 işlemcisini tam hızında öykünmek için 700 megahertz civarı bir işlemci gerekir.

Çalışma ilkesi
MAME, birkaç bileşen içerir: Birçok arcade makinasının CPU'sunu taklit edebilen CPU öykünücüsü Arcade düğmeleri, kontrol çubukları, PC klavyeleri için birer giriş ve basit bir ses kartı; Arcade oyunlar için bir emülatör görüntü ve ses donanımları gereklidir.

Dış bağlantılar

 MAMEworld MAME kaynak ve haber sitesi.

Oyun sistemi emülatörleri
Çapraz platform yazılımları

MAME


රතු වලි කුකුළා (ගල්ලුස් ගල්ලුස්) යනු, ෆේසියනඩායි පවුලෙහි නිවර්තන සාමාජිකයෙකි. ඌ ගෘහස්ථ කුකුළාගේ ප්‍රාථමික ප්‍රජනිකයා (ප්‍රවේණි සාක්ෂ්‍ය විසින්  අළුපැහැ වලි කුකුළා සමග යම් පැරණි මුහුම්කරණය පවා දැඩි ලෙසින් දක්වන නමුත්) වෙයි.  රතු වලි කුකුළා පළමුවෙන්  ආසියාවෙහිදී ගෘහාශ‍්‍රිත කිරීම සිදු කරන ලද්දේ අඩු වශයෙන් වසර පන්දහසකට පෙරදීය. ඌ ලොව පුරා පැතිර යන ලද බැවින්, ගෘහස්ථ වර්ගය ගෝලය පුරා මස් සහ බිත්තර සඳහා ඉමහත් ඵලදායී ආහාර මූලාශ්‍රයක් බවට පත් විය.

රතු වලි කුකුළා


Un bisulfit (numit și hidrogenosulfit) este un anion cu formula HSO3−. Sărurile care conțin ionul de HSO3− sunt denumite bisulfiți, cunoscute și sub numele de leșii sulfitice. De exemplu, bisulfitul de sodiu are formula chimică NaHSO3.

Structură

Unele dovezi sugerează că protonul din ionul bisulfit este situat pe stomul de sulf, dând naștere la o simetrie C3v. Cu toate acestea, există unele dovezi din spectroscopia 17O NMR care sugerezază că cele două forme tautomerice ale HSO3− coexistă în echilibru dinamic, unul în care un proton este atașat de sulf (HSO3−) și una care proton este atașat de oxigen (HOSO2−a). Structura cu simetria C3v este susținută de cristalografia cu raze X, iar în soluție apoasă, de către spectroscopia Raman (ν(S–H) = 2500 cm-1).

Reacții
Sărurile de bisulfit sunt de obicei preparate în urma tratamentului soluțiilor alcaline cu exces de dioxid de sulf:

 SO2  +  NaOH  →  NaHSO3

HSO3− este o bază conjugată al acidului sulfuros:

 H2SO3 ⇌ HSO3− + H+

Medicină
Sărurile de bisulfit sunt aditivi comuni pentru adrenalină, în scopul de a preveni oxidarea acesteia către adrenocrom, fapt care ar duce la inactivare. Uneori, bisulfiții pot provoca o reacție alergică. Acest lucru este diferit de alergiile la sulfamide comune. Cantitatea de bisulfit din antialgice, responsabilă de determinarea reacțiilor de hipersensibilitate de tip 1, a fost determinată de Fraser și Huang.

Vezi și

Referințe

Bisulfit


Joseph Groussard (* 2. März 1934 in La Chapelle-Janson) ist ein ehemaliger französischer Radrennfahrer.

Joseph Groussard war Profi-Radrennfahrer von 1954 bis 1968. Er startete bei zahlreichen kleineren Straßenradrennen und Kriterien, bei denen er oftmals vordere Plätze belegen konnte. 1958 siegte er im Saisonauftaktrennen Grand Prix de Saint-Raphaël. Das Rennen Circuit de l'Indre gewann er 1960. 1959 siegte er im Eintagesrennen Genua–Nizza. 1957 und 1960 gewann er Paris–Camembert, 1961 den Grand Prix Midi Libre und 1962 die Vier Tage von Dünkirchen. Zudem siegte er dreimal – 1958, 1961 und 1962 – bei den Boucles de la Seine, 1962 beim Critérium International und 1958 bei Genua-Nizza. 1962 siegte er im Eintagesrennen Grand Prix du Le Locle.

1963 gewann er den Klassiker Mailand–Sanremo im Zielspurt vor dem Deutschen Rolf Wolfshohl.

Neunmal startete Groussard bei der Tour de France. 1959 gewann er die letzte Etappe, 1960 trug er eine Etappe lang das Gelbe Trikot. 1965 war er als Letzter Träger der "Roten Laterne".

Joseph Groussard ist der ältere Bruder von Georges Groussard, sein Schwiegersohn ist Philippe Dalibard und sein Enkel Antoine Dalibard, allesamt Radrennfahrer.

Weblinks

 Video vom Zielsprint Mailand-Sanremo 1963

Radsportler (Frankreich)
Franzose
Geboren 1934
Mann

Joseph Groussard


Tehatta (en bengalí: তেহট্ট ) es una ciudad de la India, en el distrito de Nadia, estado de Bengala Occidental.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 18  a 150 km de la capital estatal, Calcuta, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2010 contaba con una población de 20 274 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio Oficial de Tehatta

Localidades de Bengala Occidental

Tehatta


Franz Schröter (* 1. Februar 1883 in Jastrow; † 28. Mai 1933 in Berlin) war ein deutscher Marineoffizier, zuletzt Konteradmiral der Reichsmarine.

Leben
Als Seekadett trat Schröter am 10. April 1899 in die Kaiserliche Marine ein und absolvierte die Grundausbildung auf dem Schulschiff Gneisenau. Als Fähnrich besuchte er 1900/01 die Marineschule, um danach als Leutnant und Oberleutnant zur See auf dem Linienschiff Kaiser Wilhelm II. eingesetzt zu werden. 1905 trat er die Ausreise nach Panama an und diente in der Folgezeit bis April 1907 als Wachoffizier auf dem im Stationsdienst eingesetzten Kleinen Kreuzer Falke. Nach seiner Rückkehr nach Deutschland wurde Schröter zur Verfügung gestellt und kurzzeitig beurlaubt. Vom 27. Mai 1907 bis 30. September 1908 diente er als Adjutant der Inspektion der Küstenartillerie und des Minenwesens. Anschließend wurde Schröter als Kompanieführer zur II. Matrosen-Division versetzt und am 27. Januar 1909 zum Kapitänleutnant befördert. Von seiner Tätigkeit dort wurde er am 9. November 1909 entbunden, zur Verfügung des Chefs der Hochseeflotte bzw. des Chefs der Marinestation der Nordsee gestellt und am 12. Februar 1910 aus dem Dienst verabschiedet.

Zum 28. Oktober 1911 reaktivierte man ihn und verwendete Schröter bis Ende September 1912 als Wachoffizier auf den Linienschiffen Thüringen und Posen sowie 1912/14 als Kompanieführer in der IV. Matrosen-Artillerie-Abteilung. Im Ersten Weltkrieg war er ab 1. August 1914 zugleich auch Kommandant des Forts Grimmershörn der Festung Cuxhaven und später Adjutant der Festungskommandantur Cuxhaven. Ab Juni 1916 wirkte er beim Marinekorps Flandern als Gruppenkommandeur in der Marineküstenfliegerabteilung. In dieser Stellung wurde Schröter am 15. Februar 1918 zum Korvettenkapitän befördert und erhielt für seine Leistungen während des Krieges beide Klassen des Eisernen Kreuzes sowie das Hanseatenkreuz der Stadt Hamburg.

Nach dem Waffenstillstand von Compiègne war Schröter Kommandeur erst der II., dann der IV. Matrosen-Artillerie-Abteilung, wurde am 23. Januar 1919 zur Verfügung des Chefs der Marinestation der Nordsee gestellt und am 22. November 1919 verabschiedet.

Er wurde daraufhin am 31. August 1920 ein weiteres Mal reaktiviert, in die Reichsmarine aufgenommen und zum Kommandeur der Küstenartillerieschule in Wilhelmshaven berufen. Nach Beförderung zum Fregattenkapitän (1924) und zum Kapitän zur See (1926) wurde er schließlich am 30. April 1930 unter Verleihung des Charakters als Konteradmiral aus dem aktiven Dienst verabschiedet.

Seine Grabstätte befindet sich auf dem Südwestkirchhof Stahnsdorf.

Literatur
 Dermot Bradley (Hrsg.), Hans H. Hildebrand, Ernest Henriot: Deutschlands Admirale 1849–1945. Die militärischen Werdegänge der See-, Ingenieur-, Sanitäts-, Waffen- und Verwaltungsoffiziere im Admiralsrang. Band 3: P–Z. Biblio Verlag. Osnabrück 1990. ISBN 3-7648-1700-3. S. 276–277.

Einzelnachweise

Korvettenkapitän (Kaiserliche Marine)
Befehlshaber im Ersten Weltkrieg (Deutsches Reich)
Konteradmiral, Charakter (Reichsmarine)
Deutscher
Geboren 1883
Gestorben 1933
Mann

Franz Schröter (Admiral)


Pelikula, Tek hücreli canlılarda hücre zarının altında organik liflerden oluşan çadırımsı yapılar.

Kök ayaklılarda bulunmaz. Canlıya şekil verir turgor patlamasına karşı korur. Kamçılı ve sillilerde destek görevini görür. Endositoz ve ekzositozu engeller. Canlı bir tabakadır. Sil ve kirpik adı verilen uzantıları bulunur. Bazen pelikulanın yapısına kalsiyum ve silisyum gibi minerallerin girmesi sonucu kabuk oluşur. Bir canlıda pelikulanın bulunması o canlının prokaryot olduğunu kanıtlamaz. Çünkü tek hücreli ökaryot canlılarda da vardır.

Ökaryot hücreler
Protista
Hücre biyolojisi
Algler

Pelikula


Orhaniye, Eskişehir ilinin Çifteler ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
http://orhaniyecifteler.blogspot.com/

Çifteler'in mahalleleri

Orhaniye, Çifteler


Ida Kramer Vium (født 2. februar 1996 i Lemvig) er en dansk håndboldspiller, der spiller for TTH Holstebro.

Hun har op til flere U-landsholdskampe på CV'et.

Eksterne henvisninger
 DHDb - Ida Vium
 EHF - Ida Vium

Håndboldspillere fra Team Tvis Holstebro
Håndboldspillere fra Danmark

Ida Vium


Linie 5 er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1999 instrueret af Flemming Arnholm.

Handling
Om sporvognslinie 5.
Fulgt af jazz musik kører linie 5 gennem 1960'ernes København.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1999

Linie 5 (dokumentarfilm fra 1999)