Fri idræt er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1953.

Handling
Optagelser fra Den Jyske Idrætsskole i Vejle. Instruktioner i disciplinerne løb, gymnastik, højdespring, længdespring, trespring, stangspring, kuglestød, diskoskast, spydkast, hammerkast og skovtræning. Et titelskilt introducerer hver disciplin.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1953

Fri idræt


المستشار الدكتورعلي محمد جريشة عالم وداعية إسلامي وأستاذ بكلية الشريعة بالجامعة الإسلامية بالمدينة المنورة وله العديد من المؤلفات.
 بدءًا من مولده في إحدى قرى ديرب نجم بالشرقية عام 1935م؛ حيث الأجواء الريفية التي تعرَّف خلالها على جوالة الإخوان المسلمين بعد أن بلغ العاشرة من عمره،
 بعدها ينتقل إلى القاهرة ليدرس الثانوية العامة نظام الـ5 سنوات،
 ثم يتخرَّج في كلية الحقوق ليعيَّن وكيلاً للنائب العام في السويس،
 ثم يعمل بمجلس الدولة لمدة 4 سنوات،
 ويتزوج وهو في الثامنة والعشرين بعدها أدخله الزمان إلى مرحلةٍ مغايرةٍ تمامًا؛
 حيث اعتُقل في السجن الحربي لمدة 8 سنوات ما بين 1965م، و1973م، وهي الفترة التي يُطلق عليها (البعثة)؛
 ليسافر بعدها إلى السعودية ليعمل أستاذا بالجامعة الإسلامية بالمدينة المنورة - كلية الشريعة
 حيث كانت السعودية محطة انطلاقٍ له ليجوب أكثر بلاد العالم،
 وعلى رأسها أمريكا التي له فيها ذكريات رمضانية،
 أبرزها إلقاؤه خطبةً باللغة الإنجليزية في أول جمعةٍ لشهر رمضان في مسجد الأمم المتحدة بنيويورك.

اعتقاله
 حكم عليه في قضية تنظيم 65 ب 12 سنة وكان عمره حيتها 30 سنة وكان يعمل نائب بمجلس الدولة

من مؤلفاته
 الإعلام والدعوة الإسلامية
 الإيمان الحق للتحميل
 المبادئ الخمسة
 الاتجاهات الفكرية المعاصرة للتحميل
 اساليب الغزو الفكر للعالم الإسلامي للتحميل
 منهج التفكير الإسلامي
 الأساليب التبشيرية في العصر الحديث
 عندما يحكم الطغاة

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 المستشار علي جريشة: أصعب شهر رمضان كان في السجن الحربي والأفضل لم يأتِ بعد - لقاء مع موقع اخوان اون لاين
 كتب المستشار علي جريشة، الشبكة الدعوية

وفاته
 توفي يوم 27 أبريل 2011

إخوان مسلمون مصريون
دعاة مصريون
علماء دين سنة مصريون
مواليد 1935
وفيات 1432 هـ
وفيات 2011

علي محمد جريشة


Bitka za utvrdu Eben Emael, jedna je od prvih oružanih operacija tijekom bitke za Belgiju, u sklopu vojnih djelovanja na zapadnom bojištu koje su uključivale njemačko pokoravanje zemalja Beneluxa i Francuske. Bitka se odvila između 10. i 11. svibnja 1940. godine.

Tijekom operacije osvajanja utvrde pripadnici njemačke vojske prvi su put upotrijebili zrakoplovne jedrilice za prijenos desantnih trupa. U operaciji je sudjelovalo 493 pripadnika Wehrmachta koji su nadjačali posadu od procijenjuje se 1200 belgijskih vojnika. Poginulih je na njemačkoj strani bilo 44, a 99 ih je ranjeno. S druge strane belgijanci su izgubili 60 vojnika, dok je ostatak zarobljen.

Utvrda Eben Emael

Utvrda Eben Emael, je belgijsko utvrđenje podignuto 1934. godine na ušću rijeke Meuse u Albertov kanal. Utvrda je imala 3 topnička kazamatska bunkera, 1 protuavionski, 2 za osiguravanje Albertovog kanala i posebna utvrđenja koja su štitila sami ulaz. Bunkeri su bili povezani podzemnim vojarnama, skladištima i električnom centralom. Zauzimali su površinu od 40 ha, a ukupna površina utvrđenja, zajedno s protutenkovskim i žičanim preprekama iznosila je 66 ha. U svibnju 1940. Eben Emael je branilo 1200 vojnika s 16 topova kalibra 75 mm, 12 topova 60 mm, 2 topa 120 mm te većim brojem strojnica, protutenkovskih i protuavionskih topova i reflektora. Glavna zadaća utvrde bila je obrana mostova preko rijeke Meuse i Albertovog kanala. Za obranu toga područja bila je zadužena 7. pješačka divizija.

Pripreme i plan njemačkog napadnog djelovanja
U okviru plana operacija na Zapadnom bojištu 1940., Nijemci su predvidjeli zauzimanje utvrde Eben Emael i mostova preko Albertovog kanala zračnim desantom, radi lakšeg proboja belgijskih položaja na tom dijelu bojišnice i brzog nadiranja jedinica njemačke 6. armije k Bruxellesu. Padobranci i inženjerci odabrani su iz 1. padobransko lovačke pukovnije, a jedriličari iz posebnog zapovjedništva.

Padobransko jurišnoj jedinci (Sturmabteilung Koch) za potrebe desanta stavljena su na raspolaganje 53 zrakoplova Junkers Ju 52 i preko 50 jedrilica DFS 230. Kao logistička potpora služila su tri zrakoplova Heinkel He 111. Jedinica je tijekom priprema dobivala snimke svih objekata Eben Emaela, planove mostova, podatke o rasporedu bunkera, borbeno rasporedu belgijskih snaga i dr. Padobranska je jedinica podijeljena na 4 jurišne skupine: Granit, Čelik, Beton i Željezo. Skupina Granit trebala je osvojiti samu utvrdu, dok su ostale tri bile zadužene za osvajanje mostova. Tako su uvježbavane do studenog 1939. godine na vojnom poligonu u Hildesheimu.

Napadno djelovanje
Sturmabteilung Koch poletjela je s aerodroma blizu Kölna 10. svibnja u 4 sata i 10 minuta s 42 zrakoplova Ju 52 te isto toliko jedrilica DFS 230. Iznad Aachena otkvačene su jedrilice u kojima su se nalazile 4 jurišne skupine, dok su transportni zrakoplovi nastavili ka zapadu kako bi u belgijsku pozadinu bacili lutke vojnika radi izazivanja pomutnje.

Jurišna grupa Granit s 11 jedrilica (od kojih je na cilj stiglo 9, s 55 vojnika i 2,5 tone eksploziva) spustila se neprimjetno na "krov" u 5:25. Kumulativnim punjenjem pioniri su brzo uništili kupole utvrde i onesposobili topnička oružja. Belgijska 7. pješačka divizija prevarena je bačenim lutkama u svoju pozadinu te od 6:45 izložena zračnim napadima, nije uspjela spriječiti djelovanje grupe Čelik. Ona je blokirala posadu utvrde i držala je pod opsadom sve dok oko podneva 11. svibnja nije došla 151. pješačka pukovnija i 51. pionirska bojna, kada se Eben Emael predao.

Druge dvije jurišne grupe Beton s 9 jedrilica (81 vojnik) i Čelik s 10 jedrilica (92 vojnika) spustile su se u 5:25 zapadno od mostova Vroenhoven i Veldwezelt. Napadom iz pozadine zauzele su belgijske bunkere, onesposobile eksplozivne naprave ispod mostova te napravile mostobran širok 300 metara. Oko 6:15 obje skupine pojačane su desantom voda mitraljezaca te su se uspjeli oduprijeti protunapadu Belgijanaca. Tokom dana na to su područje stigli dijelovi 4. oklopne divizije i organizirali protuzračnu obranu zauzetih mostova.

Jedino jurišna skupina Željezo s 10 jedrilica (90 vojnika) nije uspjela izvršiti svoju zadaću, zauzeti most Kanne. Jedinica je primjećena prilikom spuštanja, pa su Belgijanci uspjeli srušiti most. Kasnije su pripadnici inženjerije sagradili pontonski most.

Zaključak
U operaciji zauzimanja utvrde Eben Emael i okolnih mostova preko rijeke Meuse i Albertovog kanala prvi su put upotrijebljene jedrilice za prijevoz padobranaca. U uvjetima kada relativno male dimenzije pojedinih utvrda nisu jamčile da će se padobranci moći spustiti na krov utvrde jedrilice su odigrale ključnu ulogu. Za uspjeh operacije bila je od odlučujućeg značaja i solidno izvršena priprema i veoma dobro povezano djelovanje njemačkih padobranskih snaga, Luftwaffea i kopnene vojske. Važna je bio i faktor iznenađenja koje su doživjele belgijske snage izvedbom padobranskog desanta.

Literatura

 "Eben-Emal". U: Vojna enciklopedija, sv. 2. Beograd: Izdanje redakcije Vojne enciklopedije, 1970, str. 613.
 G. Schacht, Eben Emael'' - 10 Mai 1940, Wehrwissenschaftliche Rundschau, sv. 5, 1954.
 A. Merglen, La guerre de l'inattendu, Paris, 1966.

Njemačke bitke u Drugom svjetskom ratu
Belgijske bitke u Drugom svjetskom ratu

Bitka za utvrdu Eben Emael


Roweia est un genre d'holothuries (concombres de mer) de la famille des Cucumariidae.

Systématique
Le genre Roweia a été créé en 1985 par le zoologiste sud-africain  avec pour espèce type Cucumaria frauenfeldi Ludwig, 1882.

Liste des espèces
Selon  :
 Roweia frauenfeldi (Ludwig, 1882)
 Roweia stephensoni (John, 1939)

Publication originale

Références taxinomiques

Notes et références

Cucumariidae
Échinoderme (nom scientifique)
Holothuroidea

Roweia


Billboard er bandarískt tónlistartímarit sem var stofnað árið 1894. Það er best þekkt fyrir að gera lista yfir mest seldu stutt- og breiðskífurnar í Bandaríkjunum. Virtustu listarnir eru þeir Billboard Hot 100 (fyrir stuttskífur) og Billboard 200 (fyrir breiðskífur). Að auki gefur það út aðra lista sem tengjast nokkrum tónlistarstefnum, bæði fyrir lög og plötur, og lista yfir lögin sem hljóta mestu útvarpsspilun.

Saga
Fyrsta útgáfa tímaritsins var gefið út 1. nóvember 1894. Ritið var 8 blaðsíður og kostaði 10 bandarísk sent. Einnig var boðið upp á ársáskrift sem kostaði 90 sent. Höfuðstöðvarnar á þeim tíma voru við 11 W. Eight Street í Cincinnati, heimili William H. Donaldson og James H. Hennegan. Núverandi höfuðstöðvar eru í New York með skrifstofur í Boston, London, Los Angeles, Miami og Nashville. Þar að auki er tímaritið með ritstjórn í ýmsum stórborgum um allan heim.

Tenglar

 Heimasíða Billboard

Bandarísk tímarit

Billboard


Pe data de 22 februarie, în cadrul unui eveniment organizat de AMD la San Francisco, a fost lansată noua familie de procesoare AMD Ryzen.

Microprocesoare AMD Ryzen
Conform datelor neoficiale, AMD urmează să lanseze trei serii de microprocesoare:  Ryzen 3, Ryzen 5 și Ryzen 7.

Referințe

Legături externe
 AMD's New Horizon summit eveniment lansare microprocesoare Ryzen 7
Microprocesoare
AMD

AMD Ryzen


Duke of Suffolk is a title that has been created three times in the peerage of England.

The dukedom was first created for William de la Pole, who had already been elevated to the ranks of earl and marquess, and was a powerful figure under Henry VI.

The second creation was for Charles Brandon, a favourite of Henry VIII; his two sons successively inherited the title, but left no more heirs.

The third creation of the dukedom of Suffolk was for Henry Grey, 3rd Marquess of Dorset, in 1551. The duke also held the title Baron Ferrers of Groby (1300). These titles became forfeit when the duke was attainted in 1554.

Duke of Suffolk, first creation

Earl of Suffolk (1385)

Michael de la Pole, 1st Earl of Suffolk (1330–1389), Lord Chancellor under Richard II, was stripped of his titles by the Merciless Parliament in 1388
Michael de la Pole, 2nd Earl of Suffolk (1367–1415), son of the 1st Earl, obtained restoration to his father's title in 1398. They were again briefly forfeit in 1399, but almost immediately restored again in 1399
Michael de la Pole, 3rd Earl of Suffolk (1394–1415), eldest son of the 2nd Earl, died without sons
William de la Pole, 4th Earl of Suffolk (1396–1450), second son of the 2nd Earl, was created Marquess of Suffolk in 1444

Marquess of Suffolk (1444)
Subsidiary titles: Earl of Suffolk (1385), Earl of Pembroke (1447)
William de la Pole, 1st Marquess of Suffolk (1396–1450) was created Duke of Suffolk in 1448

Duke of Suffolk (1448)
Subsidiary titles: Marquess of Suffolk (1444), Earl of Suffolk (1385), Earl of Pembroke (1447)
William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk (1396–1450), arrested for his failures in France, his honours were forfeit in 1450
John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk (1442–1492), only son of the 1st Duke, was restored to his father's honours in 1463
John de la Pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln (1462/4–1487), eldest son of the 2nd Duke, predeceased his father without surviving issue
Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk (1472–1513), younger son of the 2nd Duke, was allowed to succeed as Duke in 1492, but had to surrender that title in 1493. His earldom was forfeit in 1504

Duke of Suffolk, second creation (1514)

Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk (1484–1545) was a favourite of Henry VIII
 Henry Brandon (1516–1522) died at the age of six. Eldest son of the above.
Henry Brandon, 1st Earl of Lincoln (1523–1534), second son of the 1st Duke, predeceased his father, without issue. Younger brother of the above.
Henry Brandon, 2nd Duke of Suffolk (1535–1551), third son of the 1st Duke, died in his youth of sweating sickness. Half-brother of the two Henrys above.
Charles Brandon, 3rd Duke of Suffolk (1537–1551), fourth son of the 1st Duke, died very shortly after his brother the 2nd Duke also of sweating sickness, and their father's titles became extinct.

Duke of Suffolk, third creation (1551)
Subsidiary titles: Marquess of Dorset (1475), Baron Ferrers of Groby (1300), Baron Harington (1324), Baron Bonville (1449)
Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk, 3rd Marquess of Dorset (1517–1554), married to a daughter of the Charles Brandon the previous first Duke of the second creation. He was notable as the father of Lady Jane Grey (de facto Queen of England for nine days). After his attempt to place his daughter on the throne failed, he was pardoned, but after his participation in Wyatt's Rebellion Mary I had him executed for treason in February 1554. His honours were forfeit although, in any case, he had no male issue who would have inherited.

Grey arms
Arms: Barry of six argent and azure, in chief three torteaux (roundels gules); a label of three points ermine.
Crest: A unicorn salient, ermine, in front of the sun in splendour.
Supporters: Dexter: a unicorn; sinister: a bull with a human face.

There were no further creations of the dukedom. The earldom of Suffolk was re-created in 1603 for a cadet branch of the Howard family.

See also
Earl of Suffolk

References

Extinct dukedoms in the Peerage of England
Forfeited dukedoms in the Peerage of England
Noble titles created in 1448
Noble titles created in 1514
Noble titles created in 1551

Duke of Suffolk


The Eyes of Tammy Faye  é um filme de drama biográfico estadunidense de 2021 dirigido por Michael Showalter e escrito por Abe Sylvia. O filme é baseado no documentário homônimo de Fenton Bailey e Randy Barbato e retrata a história polêmica dos televangelistas Tammy Faye Messner e Jim Bakker, interpretados por Jessica Chastain e Andrew Garfield, respectivamente.

Teve sua estreia mundial no Festival Internacional de Cinema de Toronto em setembro de 2021 e foi lançado em 24 de setembro de 2021 pela Searchlight Pictures. O filme arrecadou US$ 2,4 milhões e recebeu críticas mistas, que elogiou as atuações, mas criticou o roteiro.

Sinopse
Os Olhos de Tammy Faye é uma ficção que acompanha a ascensão e queda da televangelista norte-americana Tammy Faye Bakker (Jessica Chastain) e de seu marido, Jim Bakker (Andrew Garfield) nas décadas de 1970 e 1980, que vieram de origens humildes e conseguiram criar a maior rede de radiodifusão religiosa do mundo. Conseguindo reverência por sua mensagem de amor, aceitação e prosperidade, Tammy Faye era lendária por sua beleza, seus olhos de maquiagem bem marcada, seu canto e seu jeito com as pessoas. No entanto, os escândalos e seus rivais procuraram alguma forma de derrubar seu império - e ela tentará superar os ataques e retomar tudo o que construiu.

Elenco
Jessica Chastain como Tammy Faye Bakker
Chandler Head como Tammy Faye (jovem)
Andrew Garfield como Jim Bakker
Cherry Jones como Rachel LaValley
Vincent D'Onofrio como Jerry Falwell
Fredric Lehne como Fred Grover
Louis Cancelmi como Richard Fletcher
Sam Jaeger como Roe Messner
Gabriel Olds como Pat Robertson
Mark Wystrach como Gary Paxton
Jay Huguley como Jimmy Swaggart
Randy Havens como  Steve Pieters
Jess Weixler como Makeup Artist (voz)

Lançamento
O filme teve sua estreia mundial no Festival Internacional de Cinema de Toronto de 2021. Foi lançado nos cinemas em 24 de setembro de 2021.

Recepção
No Rotten Tomatoes, 66% de 182 críticas são positivas, com uma nota média de 6,5 de 10. O consenso dos críticos do site diz: "The Eyes Of Tammy Faye podem ter focado mais nitidamente na história do tema, mas a atuação de Jessica Chastain torna difícil desviar o olhar". O Metacritic atribuiu ao filme uma pontuação média ponderada de 55 de 100, com base em 42 avaliações, indicando "críticas mistas ou médias".

Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 2021
Filmes em língua inglesa
Filmes de drama da década de 2020
Filmes de drama biográfico dos Estados Unidos
Filmes dos Estados Unidos
Cinebiografias de cantores
Filmes sobre o cristianismo
Filmes com trilha sonora de Theodore Shapiro
Filmes ambientados em 1960
Filmes ambientados em 1964
Filmes sobre drogas e/ou narcotráfico
Filmes ambientados em 1970
Filmes ambientados em 1974
Filmes ambientados em 1975
Filmes ambientados em 1978
Filmes ambientados em 1989
Filmes ambientados em 1994
Filmes ambientados na década de 1980
Filmes ambientados na Califórnia
Filmes ambientados no Minnesota
Filmes ambientados na Carolina do Sul
Filmes gravados na Carolina do Norte
Filmes sobre HIV/AIDS
Filmes da Searchlight Pictures
Filmes da TSG Entertainment
Filmes premiados com o Oscar de melhor atriz
Filmes premiados com o Oscar de melhor maquiagem e penteados
Filmes com temática LGBT de 2021
Fraudes financeiras no cristianismo evangélico

Os Olhos de Tammy Faye


İştip (Makedonca: Штип Štip), Kuzey Makedonya'nın orta kesiminin doğusunda bulunan bir kentsel alandır.

Coğrafya
İştip, Kuzey Makedonya'nın doğu kesiminde, Doğu bölgesi sınırları içinde yer alır. Bu bölge içinde, İştip belediyesi sınırları dâhilinde 34 yerleşim yeri vardır. Belediyenin toplam nüfusu 47.796; İştip'in merkez nüfusu ise 42.625'dir. İştip'te 4 ilköğretim okulu, 2 bölgesel okul, 5 ortaöğretim okulu ve 1 üniversite (Gotse Delçev Üniversitesi) bulunur.

İştip'in merkezinden Otinya nehri akar ve şehri ikiye böler. Ayrıca, kasabanın bir havalimanı da vardır.

İklim
İştip Akdeniz iklimi alanındadır. Toprak kültürü açısından elverişli, oldukça sıcak yazlar ve hafif kışlar görülür. İştip'in bulunduğu bölge ormansızlaşma bölgesi olup bu durum, bölge iklimine etki etmiştir. Yazlar 32-40 °C ortalamaya sahip sıcak ve kurudur. Kışlar iki aydan kısa sürer. -10 ila -2 °C arasında bir ortalamaya sahip olan kışlar ılımandır. İlkbahar genellikle Şubat ayında başlar.

Tarih

Erken Tarih
İştip'e ilk yerleşenlerin Paeonia halkı olduğu düşünülür. Bu halk Vardar'ın batısında yaşamıştır. Bu dönemde şehrin Astibo olarak adlandırıldığı düşünülmektedir. 976-1014 tarihleri arasında İştip, Samoil Krallığı sınırlarında olmuştur. Samoil Krallığı sonrasında şehir sırasıyla Doğu Roma İmparatorluğu, Bulgar Devleti, Sırp İmparatorluğu egemenliklerine geçmiştir.

Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Dönemi

1382 yılında İştip, Osmanlı egemenliğine girmiştir. 1395 yılında da Türk egemenliği kesinleşmiştir. 1661 yılında ünlü Türk seyyah Evliya Çelebi İştip'i ziyaret etmiştir. 1683-1699 Osmanlı-Avusturya Savaşları sırasında Avusturya ordusu birlikleri, Balkanlar'daki Osmanlı İmparatorluğu topraklarına girmiştir. Bu saldırı sırasında 1689 yılında İştip, geçici olarak Avusturya-Macaristan İmparatorluğu kontrolüne girmiştir.

Rumeli Vilayeti'nin önemli şehirlerinden biri olmuştur. Nüfusun tamamına yakını Türk idi. 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica baskısı halkı için asil (nobel), ciddi (sober), disiplinli (order) Türk ırkının en güzel karakterlerini sergiler demektedir. Selçukluların asil ailelerinin yerleştirildiği yerdir. Hayırseverleri ve ulemalarıyla meşhurdur.

1912-1913 Balkan Savaşları, İştip'te Osmanlı egemenliği son bulmuştur. Bu tarihlerden sonra, çeşitli saldırılar ve yıldırma çalışmaları sebebiyle şehrin büyük nüfus oranına sahip Türk nüfusu içinden Türkiye yönünde gelişen büyük göç hareketleri yaşanmıştır.

Yugoslavya Krallığı Dönemi
Osmanlı İmparatorluğu dönemi sonrasında bölge, küçüklü büyüklü birçok muharebe sonrasında İştip'in de yer aldığı bölge, Sırp, Hırvat ve Sloven Krallığı egemenliğinde kalmıştır. Krallık, sonrasında Yugoslavya Krallığı olarak 1943 yılına dek egemen olmuştur.

Yugoslavya Dönemi
1943 yılı ile beraber Yugoslavya Krallığı ortadan kalkmış, yerine Yugoslavya Sosyalist Federal Cumhuriyeti kurulmuştur. Bu dönemde de İştip, devam eden idari yapı içinde yer almıştır.

Makedonya Cumhuriyeti Dönemi
1991 yılında Makedonya'nın Yugoslavya Sosyalist Federal Cumhuriyeti'nden bağımsızlığını ilan etmesiyle İştip, bağımsız Makedonya Cumhuriyeti içinde bugününe gelmiştir.

Ekonomi

Bugün İştip, tekstil ve moda sanayisi merkezidir. Küçüklü büyüklü birçok fabrikada çok sayıda işçi çalışmaktadır. Tekstil, İştip sanayisi için birincil olma özelliğini korumaktadır.

Nüfus
2002 sayımlarına göre İştip'in toplam nüfusu 47.796 kişidir. Bu nüfusun etnik dağılımı şu şekildedir: Makedonlar 41.670; Romanlar 2.195; Ulahlar 2.074; Türkler 1.272 ve diğerleri…

Bazı İştipliler
Sabahattin Zaim (1926-2007)
Yusuf Nalkesen (1923-2003)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

İştip


Tiger eye or goat eye is a gene causing diluted eye color in horses. There are two variants, Tiger-eye 1 (TE1) and Tiger-eye 2 (TE2), which are both recessive. Horses displaying tiger eye typically have a yellow, orange, or amber iris. Tiger eye has only been found in Puerto Rican Paso Fino horses. Horses of related breeds were tested (90 Colombian Pasos, 20 Mangalargas, 44 Lusitanos, and 42 Andalusian horses), and none were found to have either tiger eye allele. No obvious link between eye shade and coat color was seen, making this the first studied gene in horses to affect eye color but not coat color. Tiger eye does not appear to affect vision, and there were no signs of reduced pigment on the retina or retinal pigment epithelium.

Genotypes

 TE1/TE1 or TE1/TE2: Yellow, amber, or bright orange eyes.
 TE2/TE2: Blue eyes when in combination with cream. It is not known what this looks like without cream. Only one horse has been tested to carry this genotype.
 TE1/n, TE2/n, or n/n: Dark eyes.

Molecular genetics
The gene involved codes for SLC24A5, a solute carrier known to be involved in pigmentation in other species. SLC24A5 is found on equine chromosome 1 base pairs 141,657,837–141,678,329 and the protein is a potassium-dependent sodium–calcium ion exchanger involved in melanocyte maturation. The protein is believed to be located in the trans-golgi network of melanocytes. Tiger-eye 1 is a missense mutation (c.272A>T and p.Phe91Tyr) in which a single adenine is replaced with a thymine in exon 2, changing a phenylalanine to a tyrosine in the resulting protein. Tiger-eye 2 is a deletion (c.875-340_1081+82del) in which the entirety of exon 7, and a bit of the introns on either side, are removed, resulting in a protein that is 69 amino acids shorter. Both mutations are predicted to be deleterious to protein function.

In other species
SLC24A5 is involved in pigmentation in humans, mice, and zebrafish. In mice a targeted mutation was found which diluted the eye color without visibly affecting coat color, though  a closer examination found that the melanosomes were smaller and paler than the wild type. Unlike tiger eye in horses, the mice showed reduced pigment in the retinal pigment epithelium. In humans a widespread mutation to the homologous gene plays a large role in the light skin color of European humans, and another mutation can cause oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) type 6 (OCA6), which impairs vision. No vision impairment is seen in horses, and the coat color is not visibly affected.

References

External links

Eye color
Horse coat colors
Iris (anatomy)
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms

Tiger eye


El N13 es un motor turbocargado de 4 cilindros en línea producido por BMW, fue utilizado por primera vez en el 2011 para equipar las versiones 116i y 118i del BMW Serie 1. Este motor continua con la tecnología de punta BMW's EfficientDynamics, reemplazando el también cuatro cilindros en línea N43, comparte la tecnología utilizada por el también nuevo motor N20, como la tecnología BMW TwinTurbo con turbocompresor de doble entrada, inyección de alta precisión, control de válvulas completamente variables entre otros.

N13B16

 100 kW (136 CV) @ 4400
 (2011-?) 116i Hatchback 5 Puertas
 125 kW (170 CV) @ 4800
 (2011-?) 118i Hatchback 5 Puertas

Referencias

Motores de cuatro cilindros en línea
Motores de BMW

en:Prince engine#BMW N13

BMW N13


Guilherme Jandre Delaroli (Maricá, 01 de dezembro de 1975), é deputado estadual eleito pelo estado do Rio de Janeiro, é filiado ao Partido Liberal (PL).

Membros do Partido Liberal (2006)
Deputados estaduais do Rio de Janeiro
Naturais de Maricá

Guilherme Delaroli


Zgrada Osnovne škole, Magistratska 15 je objekt u gradu Krapina zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Ugrađena jednokatnica pravokutnog tlocrta, sagrađena početkom 19. st., orijentirana je istočnim pročeljem na Magistratsku ulicu. Ulično je pročelje raščlanjeno u jedanaest prozorskih osi s prozorima u ravnini zidnog plašta. Srednji je dio zgrade istaknut plitkim rizalitom. Kordonski vijenac u obliku glatke trake u žbuci dijeli zonu prizemlja od zone prvog kata. Dvije kolne veže vode u dvorište. Zgrada je građena opekom. Stropna konstrukcija je drveni grednik s ravnim podgledom. Podrum i prizemlje su svođeni češkim svodovima. Južna veža je svođena bačvastim svodom. Krovište je dvostrešno, pokriveno glinenim crijepom.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-5378 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro – pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "profana graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene stambene građevine u Krapinsko-zagorskoj županiji
Građevine u Krapini

Zgrada, Magistratska 15 (Krapina)


Carl Iver Hovland (Chicago, 12 de junho de 1912 — 16 de abril de 1961) foi um psicólogo que trabalhou principalmente na Universidade Yale e no Exército dos Estados Unidos durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, que estudou mudança de atitude e persuasão. Ele relatou pela primeira vez o efeito dorminhoco depois de estudar os efeitos do filme de propaganda de Frank Capra, Why We Fight, em soldados do Exército. Em estudos posteriores sobre este assunto, Hovland colaborou com Irving Janis, que mais tarde se tornaria famoso por sua teoria do pensamento de grupo. Hovland também desenvolveu a teoria do julgamento social de mudança de atitude. Carl Hovland pensava que a capacidade de alguém resistir à persuasão de um determinado grupo dependia do seu grau de pertencimento ao grupo.

Biografia
Carl Iver Hovland nasceu em Chicago em 12 de junho de 1912. Quando criança, ele tinha um profundo interesse pela música. Até a faculdade, quando a psicologia se tornou uma parte importante de sua vida, ele estava olhando para uma carreira musical. Em 1938, casou-se com Gertrude Raddatz.

Ele foi recrutado por Samuel Stouffer, um sociólogo que estava de licença da Universidade de Chicago. Hovland tinha a responsabilidade de liderar uma equipe de quinze pesquisadores.

Hovland estava envolvido em um estudo sobre as condições sob as quais as pessoas são mais propensas a mudar suas atitudes em resposta a mensagens persuasivas. O trabalho do Yale Group foi descrito pela primeira vez no livro de Hovland, Communication and Persuasion, publicado em 1953.

Seus principais interesses em seus últimos anos de vida foram com a formação de conceitos, que ele abordou com simulação computacional.

Contribuições
A pesquisa psicológica era a alegria intelectual de Hovland. Especialmente no início de sua carreira, suas investigações cobriram muitos tópicos. Seus artigos em revistas psicológicas incluíram um estudo de confiabilidade de teste, uma grande revisão da literatura sobre movimento aparente, bem como seus quatro artigos clássicos sobre generalização condicionada de sua tese de doutorado.

Hovland começou a enfatizar a análise em nível micro da propaganda e seus efeitos. Os experimentos do exército de Hovland foram o início dessa análise em nível micro de um indivíduo. A "variável conceitual central de Hovland era a atitude".

Hovland acreditava que se ele fosse capaz de reconhecer a atitude de um indivíduo em relação a um gatilho, ele seria capaz de prever o comportamento e as ações de um indivíduo ao longo do tempo. No entanto, houve muitos estudos que argumentaram o contrário e mostraram que "uma atitude em relação a uma pessoa ou objeto não prediz ou explica o comportamento manifesto de um indivíduo em relação a essa pessoa ou objeto". Essa revelação de baixa correlação não necessariamente tornou as descobertas inúteis, mas levou a mais pesquisas sobre como, sob certas circunstâncias, era possível mudar o comportamento de uma pessoa por meio de suas atitudes.

Enquanto Hovland se concentrava em um nível individual e não em grupo, ele começou a levar em consideração a comunicação interpessoal na forma de persuasão. Especificamente, Hovland foi responsável por realizar uma série de estudos que contribuíram para a "compreensão cumulativa do comportamento de persuasão que nunca foi igualado ou mesmo rivalizado".

Para testar e aplicar sua teorização, Hovland propôs o modelo SMCR. O modelo SMCR consiste em quatro componentes—variáveis de origem, variáveis de mensagem, variáveis de canal e variáveis de receptor. Ao manipular cada uma dessas variáveis, Hovland conseguiu avançar em sua "abordagem de aprendizado de mensagens para mudança de atitude". Houve problemas com sua abordagem particular, no entanto, ao focar em uma única dimensão do modelo SMCR, Hovland foi incapaz de fazer mais do que isolar um fator em vez de estudar a sinergia entre as diferentes variáveis.

Carl Hovland


Pedra filosofal pode se referir a:

 Pedra filosofal, um objetivo lendário dos alquimistas ocidentais
 Harry Potter e a Pedra Filosofal
 Harry Potter e a Pedra Filosofal (filme)
 Pedra Filosofal (poema)

Pedra filosofal (desambiguação)


Oxalis lasiandra er jurt af smæruættkvísl sem er upprunnin frá SV-Mexíkó.

Tilvísanir

Súrsmæruætt

Oxalis lasiandra


Saber Ben Khalou, né le  à Amsterdam (Pays-Bas), est un joueur international néerlandais de futsal.

Biographie

Saber Ben Khalou naît à Amsterdam et commence sa carrière à l'AFC Amsterdam.

Le 11 avril 2022, il reçoit sa première sélection en équipe des Pays-Bas face à la Géorgie à l'occasion d'un match amical (match nul, 1-1).

Notes et références

Liens externes
 Fiche sur OnsOranje

Joueur néerlandais de futsal
Personnalité néerlandaise née d'un parent marocain
Naissance en juillet 2001
Naissance à Amsterdam

Saber Ben Khalou


فاني ماي  وهو الاسم الشائع للرابطة الفدرالية الوطنية للرهن العقاري  وهي واحدة من أكبر مؤسسات الرهن العقاري العاملة في السوق الثانوية للرهن في الولايات المتحدة. تأسست عام 1932 بعد انهيار السوق العالمي وهي شركة مساهمة الا انها مضمونة من قبل الكونغرس الاميريكي بحسب نظام Government sponsored enterprise منذ العام 1968.

وخلافا للاعتقاد السائد، فأن فان ماي لا تقدم أي قروض للعامة، بل تقوم بتأمين السيولة للمقرضين في سوق الإقراض الأساسية. وتسيطر الشركة مع مؤسسة فريدي ماك على ما يقارب 50% من سوق الرهن العقاري الأمريكي أي ما يعادل 3 تريليون دولار.

وفي 7 أيلول 2008، أعلن جايمس لوكارت، مدير وكالة التمويل العقاري الفدرالي، وضع شركتي فاني ماي و فريدي ماك تحت الحماية مما يعتبر أكبر تدخل من قبل الحكومة في السوق المالية منذ عقود.

تاريخ الشركة

من الناحية التاريخية كانت معظم قروض الإسكان في أوائل القرن العشرين في الولايات المتحدة عبارة عن قروض عقارية قصيرة الأجل مع مدفوعات بالون (balloon payments). وقد تسبب الكساد الكبير في دمار سوق الإسكان في الولايات المتحدة حيث فقد الناس وظائفهم ولم يتمكنوا من سداد المدفوعات. وبحلول عام 1933 كان ما يقدر بنحو 20 إلى 25 ٪ من ديون الرهن العقاري القائمة في البلاد في حالة تخلف عن السداد. وأدى ذلك إلى حبس الرهن العقاري حيث فقد ما يقرب من 25٪ من مالكي المنازل في أمريكا منازلهم لصالح البنوك. لمعالجة هذا الأمر أنشأ الكونجرس الأمريكي فاني ماي في عام 1938 من خلال تعديلات على قانون الإسكان القومي كجزء من الصفقة الجديدة لفرانكلين ديلانو روزفلت. وكان الهدف الصريح للمنظمة التي كانت مستأجرةً في الأصل باسم الرابطة الوطنية للرهن العقاري في واشنطن، هو تزويد البنوك المحلية بأموال فيدرالية لتمويل قروض المنازل؛ في محاولة لرفع مستويات ملكية المنازل وتوافر السكن بأسعار معقولة. وأنشأت فاني ماي سوقًا للرهن العقاري الثانوي السائل، وبالتالي أتاحت للبنوك وغيرها من منشئي القروض إصدار المزيد من قروض الإسكان، في المقام الأول عن طريق شراء الرهون العقارية المؤمنة من إدارة الإسكان الفيدرالية (FHA). وقد احتكرت «فاني ماي» سوق الرهن العقاري الثانوي على مدار الثلاثين عامًا الأولى بعد إنشائها. وقد تكون اعتبارات أخرى قد حفزت تركيز الصفقة الجديدة على سوق الإسكان: كان حوالي ثلث العاطلين عن العمل في البلاد يعملون في تجارة البناء، وكان للحكومة مصلحة راسخة في إعادتهم إلى العمل من خلال منحهم منازل للبناء.

استحوذت وكالة الإسكان والتمويل العقاري على فاني ماي من وكالة القروض الفيدرالية كوحدة مكونة في عام 1950. وفي عام 1954 أدى تعديل يُعرف باسم قانون ميثاق الجمعية الوطنية للرهن العقاري إلى جعل فاني ماي «شركة ذات ملكية مختلطة»، مما يعني أن الحكومة الفيدرالية تحتفظ بالسهم المفضل بينما يمتلك المستثمرون الخاصون الأسهم العادية. في عام 1968 تحولت إلى شركة خاصة لإزالة نشاطها وديونها من الميزانية الفيدرالية. وفي تغيير عام 1968 الناشئ عن قانون الإسكان والتنمية الحضرية لعام 1968، تم تقسيم سلف فاني ماي (وتسمى أيضًا فاني ماي) إلى فاني ماي الحالية والجمعية الوطنية للرهن العقاري الحكومية («جيني ماي»).

جيني ماي التي ظلت منظمة حكومية تضمن قروض الرهن العقاري المؤمنة بقروض إدارة الإسكان الفدرالية وكذلك إدارة المحاربين القدامى (VA) وإدارة منازل المزارعين (FmHA) المؤمن عليها. وعلى هذا النحو فإن جيني ماي هي الوكالة الوحيدة للقروض السكنية المدعومة صراحةً بالإيمان الكامل والائتمان من حكومة الولايات المتحدة.

في عام 1970 أذنت الحكومة الفيدرالية لشركة فاني ماي بشراء القروض التقليدية، أي تلك غير المؤمنة من قبل FHA أو VA أو FmHA، وأنشأت المؤسسة الفيدرالية لقروض الرهن العقاري (FHLMC)، والمعروفة بالعامية باسم فريدي ماك، للتنافس مع فاني ماي وبالتالي تسهيل سوق رهن ثانوي أكثر قوة وكفاءة. في نفس العام ، أصبحت فاني ماي (FNMA) عامة في بورصة نيويورك والمحيط الهادئ.

في عام 1981 أصدرت فاني ماي أول ممر للرهن العقاري ووصفته بأنه ضمان مدعوم بالرهن العقاري. وضمنت جيني ماي أول ممر للرهن العقاري من خلال ضمان المقرض المعتمد في عام 1968 وفي عام 1971 أصدر فريدي ماك أول ممر للرهن العقاري ويسمى شهادة المشاركة، ويتألف أساسًا من قروض الرهن العقاري الخاصة.

التسعينيات
في عام 1992 وقع الرئيس جورج إتش. دبليو بوش على قانون الإسكان وتنمية المجتمع لعام 1992. وقد عدل القانون ميثاق فاني ماي وفريدي ماك ليعكس وجهة نظر الكونجرس الديمقراطي بأن المؤسسة برعاية الحكومة (GSEs) «عليها التزام إيجابي لتسهيل تمويل الإسكان الميسور للأسر ذات الدخل المنخفض والمتوسط بطريقة تتفق مع أغراضها العامة الشاملة، مع الحفاظ على وضع مالي قوي وعائد اقتصادي معقول». ولأول مرة طُلب من الكيانات الصناعية الكبرى تلبية «أهداف الإسكان الميسور التكلفة» التي تحددها سنويًا وزارة الإسكان والتنمية الحضرية (HUD) والتي وافق عليها الكونجرس. وكان الهدف السنوي الأولي لمشتريات الرهن العقاري لذوي الدخل المنخفض والمتوسط لكل GSE هو 30٪ من إجمالي عدد الوحدات السكنية الممولة عن طريق شراء الرهن العقاري وزاد إلى 55٪ بحلول عام 2007.

في عام 1999 تعرضت فاني ماي لضغوط من إدارة كلينتون لتوسيع قروض الرهن العقاري للمقترضين ذوي الدخل المنخفض والمتوسط عن طريق زيادة نسب محافظ قروضهم في مناطق المدينة الداخلية المتعثرة المحددة في قانون إعادة الاستثمار المجتمعي (CRA) لعام 1977. في عام 1999 ذكرت صحيفة نيويورك تايمز أنه مع تحرك الشركة نحو سوق الرهن العقاري: «فاني ماي تتعرض لمخاطر أكبر بشكل ملحوظ، والتي قد لا تشكل أي صعوبات خلال أوقات التدفق الاقتصادي. ولكن الشركة المدعومة من الحكومة قد تواجه متاعب في فترة الانكماش الاقتصادي، مما دفع الحكومة إلى الإنقاذ على غرار إنقاذ صناعة الادخار والقروض في الثمانينيات».

عقد الـ2000

في عام 2000 بسبب إعادة تقييم سوق الإسكان من قبل HUD، تم وضع قواعد إقراض مكافحة الافتراس التي تمنع القروض عالية التكلفة والمخاطرة من الاعتماد على أهداف الإسكان الميسرة. وفي عام 2004 تم إلغاء هذه القواعد وأعيد احتساب القروض عالية المخاطر ضمن أهداف الإسكان الميسور.

كان القصد من ذلك هو أن تطبيق فاني ماي لمعايير الاكتتاب التي حافظت عليها لقروض الرهن العقاري المطابقة القياسية سيوفر أيضًا وسائل آمنة ومستقرة لإقراض المشترين الذين ليس لديهم ائتمان أساسي. كما أدلى دانيال مود الرئيس والمدير التنفيذي لشركة فاني ماي بشهادته في عام 2007، فإن متطلبات الاكتتاب للوكالة دفعت الأعمال إلى أحضان صناعة الرهن العقاري الخاصة التي قامت بتسويق المنتجات العدوانية دون النظر إلى العواقب المستقبلية:

أفاد أليكس بيرينسون من صحيفة نيويورك تايمز في عام 2003 أن مخاطر فاني ماي كانت أكبر بكثير مما كان يُعتقد عمومًا. كتب نسيم طالب في كتابه البجعة السوداء: «يبدو أن مؤسسة فاني ماي التي ترعاها الحكومة عندما أنظر إلى مخاطرها تجلس على برميل من الديناميت، وعرضة لأدنى حد من الفواق. ولكن لا داعي للقلق: فطاقم العلماء الكبير التابع لهم يعتبرون هذه الأحداث»غير مرجحة"".

في 26 يناير 2005 تم تقديم قانون الإصلاح التنظيمي لمؤسسة الإسكان الفيدرالية لعام 2005 (S.190) لأول مرة في مجلس الشيوخ من قبل مجلس الشيوخ. تشاك هاجل كان تشريع مجلس الشيوخ بمثابة محاولة لإصلاح الهيكل التنظيمي الحالي لمجموعة الخدمات المالية في ضوء المشاكل المحاسبية الأخيرة وإجراءات الإدارة المشكوك فيها التي أدت إلى إعادة بيان الدخل من قبل الشركات الحكومية الدولية. بعد أن تم الإبلاغ بشكل إيجابي من قبل لجنة مجلس الشيوخ للبنوك والإسكان والشؤون الحضرية في يوليو 2005، لم يتم النظر في مشروع القانون من قبل مجلس الشيوخ للتصويت عليه. وكان قرار السناتور جون ماكين أن يصبح أحد رعاة S.190 بعد عام تقريبًا في عام 2006 هو الإجراء الأخير الذي تم اتخاذه بخصوص السناتور ومشروع قانون هاجل على الرغم من التطورات منذ إبراء ذمة لجنة مجلس الشيوخ. أشار السناتور ماكين إلى أن منظم فاني ماي أفاد بأن الأرباح كانت «أوهامًا تم إنشاؤها بشكل متعمد ومنهجي من قبل الإدارة العليا للشركة» في بيان الكلمة الذي قدمه لدعم S.190.

في الوقت نفسه أدخل مجلس النواب أيضًا تشريعات مماثلة، وهي القانون الفيدرالي لإصلاح تمويل الإسكان لعام 2005 (HR 1461)، في ربيع عام 2005. وقامت لجنة الخدمات المالية في مجلس النواب بصياغة تغييرات وأصدرت تقرير لجنة بحلول يوليو 2005 للتشريع. وقد أقره مجلس النواب في تشرين الأول (أكتوبر) على الرغم من بيان الرئيس بوش للسياسة المعارض لنسخة مجلس النواب، والتي نصت على أن «النظام التنظيمي الذي تصوره HR 1461 أضعف بكثير من ذلك الذي يحكم المؤسسات المالية الكبيرة والمعقدة الأخرى». وقد واجه التشريع معارضة من كل من الديمقراطيين والجمهوريين في تلك المرحلة ولم يوافق مجلس الشيوخ على إصدار مجلس النواب للنظر فيه بعد ذلك.

أزمة الرهن العقاري منذ أواخر عام 2007
بعد مهمتهم لتحقيق الأهداف الفيدرالية للإسكان والتنمية الحضرية (HUD) سعت مؤسسات برعاية الحكومة مثل فاني ماي وفريدي ماك والمصارف الفيدرالية لقروض الإسكان (FHLBanks) لتحسين ملكية المنازل للأسر ذات الدخل المنخفض والمتوسط والمناطق المحرومة، و بشكل عام من خلال طرق خاصة ميسورة التكلفة مثل «القدرة على الحصول على رهن عقاري ثابت لمدة 30 عامًا مع دفعة أولى منخفضة ... والتوافر المستمر لائتمان الرهن العقاري في ظل مجموعة واسعة من الظروف الاقتصادية». ثم في 2003-2004 بدأت أزمة الرهن العقاري. وتحول السوق بعيدًا عن مؤسسات GSE الخاضعة للتنظيم واتجه بشكل جذري نحو الأوراق المالية المدعومة بالرهن العقاري (MBS) الصادرة عن قنوات التوريق الخاصة غير المنظمة (PLS)، والتي تديرها عادةً البنوك الاستثمارية.

مع بدء منشئي القروض في توزيع المزيد والمزيد من قروضهم من خلال PLS ذات العلامات التجارية الخاصة، فقدت المؤسسات التي برعاية الحكومة القدرة على مراقبة منشئي القروض والسيطرة عليهم. وأدى التنافس بين شركات التأمينات العامة وشركات التأمين الخاصة للحصول على القروض إلى مزيد من التقويض لسلطة هذه الشركات وتعزيز منشئي الرهن العقاري. وقد ساهم ذلك في تراجع معايير الاكتتاب وكان سببا رئيسيا للأزمة المالية.

في 21 أكتوبر 2010 كشفت تقديرات FHFA أن إنقاذ فريدي ماك وفاني ماي من المرجح أن يكلف دافعي الضرائب 224-360 مليار دولار في المجموع، مع توفير أكثر من 150 مليار دولار بالفعل.

2008 - الأزمة والمحافظة
في 11 يوليو 2008 ذكرت صحيفة نيويورك تايمز أن مسؤولي الحكومة الأمريكية كانوا يفكرون في خطة للحكومة الأمريكية لتولي فاني ماي و/أو فريدي ماك إذا ساءت أوضاعهم المالية بسبب أزمة الإسكان في الولايات المتحدة. امتلكت فاني ماي وفريدي ماك الأصغر حجمًا أو ضمنتا نسبة كبيرة من جميع قروض المنازل في الولايات المتحدة، وبالتالي تضررتا بشدة من الركود. كما ذكر المسؤولون الحكوميون أن الحكومة نظرت أيضًا في الدعوة إلى ضمان حكومي صريح من خلال تشريع بقيمة 5 تريليونات دولار على الديون المملوكة أو المضمونة من قبل الشركتين.

2010 - الشطب
في 16 يونيو 2010 أعلنت فاني ماي وفريدي ماك أن أسهمهما ستشطب من بورصة نيويورك. وجهت وكالة تمويل الإسكان الفيدرالية الشطب بعد أن تداول سهم فاني بأقل من 1 دولار أمريكي للسهم لأكثر من 30 يومًا. منذ ذلك الحين واصلت الأسهم التداول على لوحة النشرات التي لا تستلزم وصفة.

2013 - توزيعات أرباح 59.39 مليار دولار
في مايو 2013 أعلنت فاني ماي أنها ستدفع أرباحًا بقيمة 59.4 مليار دولار لخزانة الولايات المتحدة.

2014 - توزيعات أرباح بقيمة 134.5 مليار دولار

 116 مليار دولار وردت من الخزانة
 134 مليار دولار دفعت للخزينة

مكّنت النتائج المالية لفاني ماي لعام 2014 من دفع 20.6 مليار دولار من أرباح الأسهم إلى الخزانة لهذا العام، مما أدى إلى إجمالي تراكمي قدره 134.5 مليار دولار من الأرباح حتى 31 ديسمبر 2014 - ما يقرب من 18 مليار دولار أكثر مما تلقته فاني ماي في الدعم. واعتبارًا من 31 مارس 2015، تتوقع فاني ماي أن تكون قد دفعت ما مجموعه 136.4 مليار دولار من المدفوعات إلى الخزانة.

انظر أيضًا
 فريدي ماك
 رأسمالية المحاسيب
جيني ماي

وصلات خرجية
 الموقع الرسمي للشركة

مراجع

الاقتصاد في 1938
تأسيسات سنة 1938 في الولايات المتحدة
شركات أدرجت سابقا في بورصة نيويورك
شركات أمريكية
شركات خدمات مالية
شركات خدمات مالية أمريكية
شركات خدمات مالية أسست في 1938
شركات مدرجة في بورصة نيويورك
شركات مقرها في واشنطن العاصمة
صناعة الرهن العقاري في الولايات المتحدة

فاني ماي


An Raycadenco ecuadorensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Dodson. An Raycadenco ecuadorensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Raycadenco, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Raycadenco

Raycadenco ecuadorensis


{{Filmski umjetnik
|ime             = John de Lancie
|slika           = John de Lancie Photo Op GalaxyCon Richmond 2019.jpg|mini|John de Lancie
|opis slike      = De Lancie 2019. godine
|rodno ime       = John Sherwood de Lancie, Jr.
|pseudonim       =
|rođenje         = 20. ožujka, 1948.
|mjesto rođenja  =  Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, SAD
|smrt            =
|mjesto smrti    =
|godine rada     =
|web             = http://www.johndelancie.com
|supruga         =
|suprug          =
|važnije uloge   =
|važniji filmovi =
|oscar           =
|emmy            =
|tony            =
|zlatni globus   =
|bafta           =
|cesar           =
|goya            =
|afi             =
|olivier         =
|saturn          =
|ostale_nagrade  =
}}John Sherwood de Lancie, Jr.' (Philadelphia, 20. ožujka 1948.) američki je glumac, pisac i producent.

Najpoznatiji je po ulogama lika Q u serijama franšize Zvjezdanih staza (1987. – danas), počevši od Nove generacije. Glumio je također sljedeće televizijske likove: Eugene Bradford u seriji Naši najbolji dani (1982. – 1986.; 1989. – 1990.), Frank Simmons u Zvjezdanim vratima SG-1 (2001. – 2002.), Donald Margolis u Na putu prema dolje (2009. – 2010.), Agent Allen Shapiro u Torchwood: Miracle Day (2011.), te je posudio glas Razdoru u animiranoj seriji Moj mali poni: Prijateljstvo je čarolija'' (2011. – 2019.).

Vanjske poveznice

Američki filmski umjetnici

John de Lancie


Podsavezna nogometna liga Ljubljana je bila liga četvrtog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1962./63.
Sudjelovalo je 14 klubova, a prvak je bio klub "Bratstvo" iz Hrastnika.

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Unutrašnje poveznice
 Slovenska zonska liga 1962./63.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 "Godišnjak FSJ 1962-63", Beograd, 1963., ISSN: 0351-2894, str. 257

1962-63 Ljubljana
SLO 2 Ljubljana
1962-63 2b Ljubljana
1962-63 2b Ljubljana

Podsavezna nogometna liga Ljubljana 1962./63.


A slapshot (also spelled as slap shot) in ice hockey is a powerful shot.  Its advantage is as a high-speed shot that can be taken from  long distance; the disadvantage is the time to set it up as well as its low accuracy.

It has four stages which are executed in one fluid motion to launch the puck toward the net:
 The player winds up his hockey stick to shoulder height or higher.
 The player violently "slaps" the ice slightly behind the puck and uses his weight to bend the stick, storing energy in it like a spring. This bending of the stick gives the slapshot its speed. Just like a bow and arrow, the stick's tendency to return to being straight is transferred to the puck, giving it much more speed than just hitting it alone could.
 When the face of the stick blade strikes the puck, the player rolls his wrists and shifts his weight so that the energy stored in the stick is released through the puck.
 Finally, the player follows through, ending up with the stick pointed towards the desired target.

The slapshot is a hard and fast shot, and difficult to make accurate.  It also takes longer to execute; a player usually cannot take a slapshot while under any significant pressure from an opposing player because the opponent could easily interfere during the windup. Offensive players wary of a defence player intervening may elect to take a shot that is speedier to set up, such as a wrist shot. The slapshot is most commonly used by a defenceman at the point, especially during a power play, although a forward will sometimes find an opportunity to use it.  Slapshots are iconic to hockey's image due to their capability to score as a surprise turning point, the loose equivalent of a home run in baseball or a Hail Mary in American football.

Origin, history, and usage
The invention of the slapshot is credited to Bernard "Boom Boom" Geoffrion (a nickname alluding to the thunderous clack of his slapshots) of the Montreal Canadiens. Black Canadian Eddie Martin, of the Coloured Hockey League's Halifax Eurekas, has also been credited with inventing the slapshot in the late 1800s. Dick Irvin, who was a star player in the WCHL and PCHA – and who later coached Geoffrion with the Habs – was also renowned for having a hard and accurate slap shot. Growing up in Winnipeg in the 1890s and 1900s, he would practice shooting against a doorknob in his attic during the winter months for accuracy. In the summertime, Irvin would draw a chalk outline of a net onto his family's sled garage, and practice one timers off a piece of wooden board embedded into the ground.

Starting in the 2010s, usage of the slap shot at the highest levels of professional play (such as the NHL) has declined, with the exception of the one-timer shot.  This is due to a number of reasons.  Defensively, players are much faster and more adept at blocking shooting lanes, punishing the comparatively slow setup time of a slap shot.  Better equipment has made players less fearful about blocking screamingly fast shots with their bodies.  Even if a defenceman doesn't close on the puck in time, goalies are better prepared and know that a slapshot is likely a direct shot to compensate for accuracy issues, and can quickly square up to block a slap shot with their body.  Offensively, modern composite ice hockey sticks are lighter and more flexible than classic 20th century wooden sticks, which has enabled accurate wrist shots from farther out than was feasible before.  With the accuracy flaw fixed, players have preferred the faster setup to take a wrist shot to better surprise defences.  Additionally, wrist shots allow more trickery and deception to confuse the goalie, with players able to set up surprising angles with how they pull the shot; slap shots tend to be straighter and have to get in via pure power and speed, which are better prepared for in modern hockey. The one-timer still sees use by letting the person taking the slap shot set up before they even have the puck, thus avoiding the slow wind-up time that gives the defence a chance to react.

Speed records
A puck can reach the speeds of  or more when struck, with a slapshot the traditional way to set up such blazingly fast shots.

The KHL record for fastest shot is held by Alexander Riazantsev, who slapped a puck at the KHL All-Star Game's Skill competition in Riga, Latvia, with a speed of 114.127 mph (183.67 km/h) on 21 January 2012.

The NHL record for fastest shot is held by Zdeno Chara, whose shot was measured at 108.8 mph (175.5 km/h) during the NHL All-Star Game's Skills Competition in Ottawa, Canada, on 29 January 2012.

The AHL record for fastest slapshot is held by Martin Frk, with a shot clocked at 109.2 mph (175.7 km/h) during the AHL All-Star Game's Skills Competition in Ontario, California, USA, on 26 January 2020.

NHL/AHL and KHL slapshot speed records are not directly comparable to each other, as the official regulations for the hardest shot vastly differs between the leagues.

See also
Shot (ice hockey)
Backhand slapshot
Wrist shot

External links
How to Take a Slapshot

References

Ice hockey terminology

Slapshot


The Free City of Danzig (; ) was a city-state under the protection and oversight of the League of Nations between 1920 and 1939, consisting of the Baltic Sea port of Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland) and nearly 200 other small localities in the surrounding areas. The polity was created on 15 November 1920 in accordance with the terms of Article 100 (Section XI of Part III) of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles after the end of World War I.

Although predominantly German-populated, the territory was bound by the imposed union with Poland covering foreign policy, defence, customs, railways and post, while remaining distinct from both the post-war German Republic and the newly independent Polish Republic. In addition, Poland was given certain rights pertaining to port facilities in the city.

In the 1920 Constituent Assembly election, the Polish Party received over 6% of the vote, but its percentage of votes later declined to about 3%. A large number of Danzig Poles voted for the Catholic Centre Party instead. In 1921, Poland began to develop the city of Gdynia, then a midsized fishing town. This completely new port north of Danzig was established on territory awarded in 1919, the so-called Polish Corridor. By 1933, the commerce passing through Gdynia exceeded that of Danzig. By 1936, the city's senate had a majority of local Nazis, and agitation to rejoin Germany was stepped up. Many Jews fled from German antisemitism, persecution, and oppression.

After the German invasion of Poland in 1939, the Nazis abolished the Free City and incorporated the area into the newly formed  of Danzig-West Prussia. The Nazis classified the Poles and Jews living in the city as subhumans, subjecting them to discrimination, forced labor, and extermination. Many were murdered at Nazi concentration camps, including nearby Stutthof (now Sztutowo, Poland). Upon the city's capture in the early months of 1945 by the Soviet and Polish troops, a significant number of German inhabitants perished during ill-prepared and over-delayed attempts of evacuation over the sea, while the remainder fled or were expelled.

The city was fully integrated into Poland as a result of the Potsdam Agreement, while members of the pre-war Polish ethnic minority started returning and new Polish settlers began to come. Gdańsk suffered severe underpopulation from these events and did not recover until the late 1950s.

Establishment

Periods of independence and autonomy
Danzig had an early history of independence. It was a leading player in the Prussian Confederation directed against the Teutonic Monastic State of Prussia. The Confederation stipulated with the Polish king, Casimir IV Jagiellon, that the Polish Crown would be invested with the role of head of state of western parts of Prussia (Royal Prussia). In contrast, Ducal Prussia remained a Polish fief. Danzig and other cities such as Elbing and Thorn financed most of the warfare and enjoyed a high level of city autonomy. Danzig used the title Royal Polish City of Danzig.

In 1569, when Royal Prussia's estates agreed to incorporate the region into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the city insisted on preserving its special status. It defended itself through the costly Siege of Danzig in 1577 in order to preserve special privileges, and subsequently insisted on negotiating by sending emissaries directly to the Polish king. Danzig's location as a deep-water port where the Vistula river met the Baltic Sea had made it into one of the wealthiest cities in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries as grain from Poland and Ukraine was shipped down the Vistula on barges to be loaded onto ships in Danzig, where it was shipped on to western Europe. As many of the merchants shipping the grain from Danzig were Dutch, who built Dutch-style houses for themselves, leading to other Danzigers imitating them, the city was thus given a distinctively Dutch appearance. Danzig become known as "the Amsterdam of the East", a wealthy seaport and trading crossroads that linked together the economics of western and eastern Europe, and whose location at where the Vistula flowed into the Baltic led to various powers competing to rule the city.

Although Danzig became part of the Kingdom of Prussia in the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, Prussia was conquered by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1806, and in September 1807 Napoleon declared Danzig a semi-independent client state of the French Empire, known as the Free City of Danzig. It lasted seven years, until it was re-incorporated into the Kingdom of Prussia in 1814, after Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Leipzig (Battle of Nations) by a coalition that included Russia, Austria, and Prussia. The city remained part of Prussia until 1920, becoming part of the Reich in 1871.

Point 13 of U.S. president Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points called for Polish independence to be restored and for Poland to have "secure access to the sea", a promise that implied that Danzig, which occupied a strategic location where the Vistula river flowed into the Baltic sea, should become part of Poland. At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, the Polish delegation led by Roman Dmowski asked for Wilson to honor point 13 of the Fourteen Points by transferring Danzig to Poland, arguing that Poland would not be economically viable without Danzig and that since the city had been part of Poland until 1793, it was rightfully part of Poland anyway. However, Wilson had promised that national self-determination would be the basis of the Treaty of Versailles. As 90% of the people in Danzig in this period were German, the Allied leaders at the Paris Peace Conference compromised by creating the Free City of Danzig, a city-state in which Poland had certain special rights. It was felt that including a city that was 90% German into Poland would be a violation of the principle of national self-determination, but at the same time the promise in the Fourteen Points of allowing Poland "secure access to the sea" gave Poland a claim on Danzig, hence the compromise of the Free City of Danzig.

The Free City of Danzig was largely the work of British diplomacy as both the French Premier Georges Clemenceau and U.S. President Woodrow Wilson supported the Polish claim to Danzig (Gdańsk), and it was only objections from the British Prime Minister David Lloyd George that prevented Danzig from going to Poland. Despite creating the Free City, the British did not really believe in the viability of the Free City of Danzig with Lloyd George writing at the time: "France would tomorrow fight for Alsace if her right to it were contested. But would we make war for Danzig?" The Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour wrote in the summer of 1918 that the Germans had such a ferocious contempt for Poles that it was unwise for Germany to lose any territory to Poland even if morally justified as the Germans would never accept losing land to the despised Poles and such a situation was bound to cause a war. During the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, the British consistently sought to minimize German territorial losses to Poland under the grounds that the Germans had such an utter contempt for the Poles together with the rest of the Slavic peoples that such losses were bound to deeply wound their feelings and cause a war. For all the bitterness of the French–German enmity, the Germans had a certain grudging respect for the French that did not extend to the Poles at all. During the Paris Peace Conference, a commission of inquiry chaired by a British historian, James Headlam-Morley, investigating where the borders between Germany and Poland should be, started to research Danzig's history. Upon discovering that Danzig had been a Free City in the past, Headlam-Morley came up with what he regarded as a brilliant compromise solution under which Danzig would become a Free City again that would belong to neither Germany nor Poland. As the British were opposed to Danzig becoming part of Poland and the French and the Americans to Danzig remaining part of Germany, Headlam-Morley's compromise of the Free City of Danzig was embraced.

The rural areas around Danzig were overwhelmingly Polish and the representatives of the Polish farmers around Danzig complained about being included in the Free City of Danzig, stating they wanted to join Poland. For their part, the representatives of the German population of Danzig complained about being severed from Germany, and constantly demanded that the Free City of Danzig be reincorporated into the Reich. The Canadian historian Margaret MacMillan wrote that a sense of Danzig national identity never emerged during the Free City's existence, and the German population of Danzig always regarded themselves as Germans who had been unjustly taken out of Germany. The loss of Danzig did indeed deeply hurt German national pride and in the interwar period, German nationalists spoke of the "open wound in the east" that was the Free City of Danzig. However, until the building of Gdynia, almost all of Poland's exports went through Danzig, and Polish public opinion was opposed to Germany having a "choke-hold" on the Polish economy.

Territory

The Free City of Danzig (1920–39) included the city of Danzig (Gdańsk), the towns of Zoppot (Sopot), Oliva (Oliwa), Tiegenhof (Nowy Dwór Gdański), Neuteich (Nowy Staw) and some 252 villages and 63 hamlets, covering a total area of 1,966 square kilometers (). The cities of Danzig (since 1818) and Zoppot (since 1920) formed independent cities (Stadtkreise), whereas all other towns and municipalities were part of one of the three rural districts (Landkreise), Danziger Höhe,  (both seated in Danzig city) and , seated in Tiegenhof.

In 1928, its territory covered 1,952 km2 including 58 square kilometers of freshwater surface. The border had a length of 290.5 km, of which the coastline accounted for 66.35 km.

Polish rights declared by Treaty of Versailles
The Free City was to be represented abroad by Poland and was to be in a customs union with it. The German railway line that connected the Free City with newly created Poland was to be administered by Poland, as were all rail lines in the territory of the Free City. On November 9, 1920, a convention that provided for the Presence of a Polish diplomatic representative in Danzig was signed between the Polish government and the Danzig authorities. In article 6, the Polish government undertook not to conclude any international agreements regarding Danzig without previous consultation with the Free City's government.

A separate Polish post office was established, besides the existing municipal one.

League of Nations High Commissioners

Unlike Mandatory territories, which were entrusted to member countries, the Free City of Danzig (like the Territory of the Saar Basin) remained directly under the authority of the League of Nations. Representatives of various countries took on the role of High Commissioner:

The League of Nations refused to let the city-state use the term of Hanseatic City as part of its official name; this referred to Danzig's long-lasting membership in the Hanseatic League.

State Constabulary

With the creation of the Free City in the aftermath of World War I a security police force was created on 19 August 1919. On 9 April 1920, a military style marching band, the Musikkorps, was formed. Led by composer Ernst Stieberitz, the police band became well known in the city and abroad. In 1921, Danzig's government reformed the entire institution and established the Schutzpolizei, or protection police. Helmut Froböss became President of the Police (i. e. Chief) on 1 April 1921. He served in this capacity until the German annexation of the city.

The police initially operated from 12 precincts and 7 registration points. In 1926 the number of precincts was reduced to 7.

After the Nazi takeover of the Senate, the police were increasingly used to suppress free speech and political dissent. In 1933, Froböss ordered the left-wing newspapers Danziger Volksstimme and Danziger Landeszeitung to suspend publications for 2 months and 8 days respectively.

By 1939, Polish-German relations had worsened and war seemed a likely possibility. The police began making plans to seize Polish installations within the city, in the event of conflict. Ultimately the Danzig police participated in the September Campaign, fighting alongside the local SS and the German Army at the city's Polish post office and at Westerplatte.

Even though the Free City was formally annexed by Nazi Germany in October 1939, the police force more or less continued to operate as a law enforcement agency. The Stutthof concentration camp, 35 km east of the city, was run by the President of the police as an internment camp from 1939 until November 1941. Administration was finally dissolved when the city was occupied by the Soviets in 1945.

Population

The population and demographics of the Free City are a matter of some dispute over the period of its existence.

The Free City's population rose from 357,000 (1919) to 408,000 in 1929; according to the official census, 95% were Germans, with the rest mainly either Kashubians or Poles. According to E. Cieślak, the population registers of the Free City show that in 1929 the Polish population numbered 35,000, or 10.7% of the population. Some estimates put the proportion of Danzig Poles between at between 10 and 13%. Henryk Stępniak estimates the 1929 Polish population as around 22,000, or around 6% of the population, increasing to around 13% in the 1930s.

In the 1920s and 1930s, the Polish population increased. According to some sources, in 1938, the Free City's population of 410,000 was 98% German, 1% Polish and 1% other. Other estimates suggest the proportion of Poles in the population of the Free City was around 20% in 1939.

Based on the estimated voting patterns (according to Stępniak many Poles voted for the Catholic Zentrumspartei instead of Polish parties), Stępniak estimates the number of Poles in the city to be 25–30% of Catholics living within it or about 30–36 thousand people. Including around 4,000 Polish nationals who were registered in the city, Stępniak estimated the Polish population as 9.4–11% of population.

In contrast, Stefan Samerski estimates about 10 percent of the 130,000 Catholics were Polish. Andrzej Drzycimski estimates that Polish population at the end of 30s reached 20% (including Poles who arrived after the war).

The Polish population increased disproportionately in the 1920s and 1930s and was estimated at 20% shortly before the start of World War II in 1939. The Catholic priest Franciszek Rogaczewski estimated that Poles made up about 20% of the population of the Free City of Danzig in 1936. The accuracy of demographic estimates is complicated by the discrepancy between the ethnic and linguistic identities of the Danzig population - while 95% of the inhabitants of the Free City of Danzig were German-speaking, many Poles were bilingual and also spoke German, and were included in such estimates. Another significant minority were the Kashubs, another West Slavic group who derived their language from Pomeranian and had their own independent identity. Additionally, as the result of Kulturkampf laws, German Catholics, who made up about 40% of the city's population, supported the Polish national movement and stood up for Polish interests. This was further exacerbated by anti-Catholic legislation introduced by NSDAP-dominated Danzig Senate, which involved arrests of Catholic clergy as well as the activists and members of the Catholic Centre Party. The Catholic Centre Party was friendly to the Danzig Poles, and many Poles voted for the Centre Party instead of Polish organisations. The German Catholic clergy in Danzig also strongly supported the Polish minority, and the Bishop of Danzig, Edward O'Rourke, actively fought for the interests of Danzig Poles.

In 1929, Tadeusz Kijański, a Polish citizen of Danzig, questioned the results of the official 1923 census, according to which only 3% to 1% of the Danzig population was Polish. Kijański pointed out that the census was conducted by the police, which was "a deviation from the usual and only sensible and proven way of conducting this type of census". The police officers in charge of conducting the census were mostly German citizens who were granted Danzig citizenship for the duration of their service, and there were several incidents in which they intimidated the local non-German population. The census also often relied on information provided by landlords or homeowners instead of asking each citizen directly; as a result, Kijański stated that "the results of the census show significant deviations from the actual proportions in terms of nationality data". According to Kijański, many Poles in Danzig did not reveal their nationality in the census as a result of this intimidation, as well as pressure from German employers. He estimated that Poles accounted for 14.5% of the Free City's permanent population, but noted that the actual number of Poles may have been higher, as Poles made up 60% of all foreigners in Danzig at the time.

The Treaty of Versailles required that the newly formed state have its own citizenship, based on residency. German inhabitants lost their German citizenship with the creation of the Free City, but were given the right to re-obtain it within the first two years of the state's existence. Anyone desiring German citizenship had to leave their property and make their residence outside the Free State of Danzig area in the remaining parts of Germany.

Notable people born in the Free City of Danzig

Eddi Arent (1925 in Danzig – 2013 in Munich) was a German actor, cabaret artist and comedian. He appeared in 104 films between 1956 and 2002.
Ike Aronowicz (1923 in Danzig – 2009 Israel) captain of the immigrant ship SS Exodus, which unsuccessfully tried to dock in Mandatory Palestine with Holocaust survivors on July 11, 1947.
Elisabeth Becker (1923 in Danzig – executed 1946 in Biskupia Górka) was a concentration camp guard in World War II.
Ingrid van Bergen (born 1931 in Danzig) is a German film actress. She has appeared in 100 films since 1954. Convicted of manslaughter in 1977.
Miltiades Caridis (1923 in Danzig – 1998 in Athens) was a German-Greek conductor, his family moved to Greece in 1938.
Zygmunt Chychła (1926 in Gdańsk – 2009 in Hamburg) was a Polish boxer. He won the Olympic gold medal for Poland at the 1952 Summer Olympics.
Anna M. Cienciala (1929 in Danzig – 2014 in Florida) was a Polish-American historian and author.
Holger Czukay (1938 in Danzig – 2017 in Weilerswist) was a German musician, co-founder of the krautrock group Can.
Horst Ehmke (1927 in Danzig – 2017 in Bonn) was a German lawyer, law professor and SPD politician, served as Federal Minister of Justice (1969).
Jörg-Peter Ewert (born 1938 in Danzig) is a German neurophysiologist and researcher into Neuroethology.
Günter Grass (1927 in Danzig – 2015 in Lübeck) was a German novelist, poet, playwright, illustrator, graphic artist, sculptor, and recipient of the 1999 Nobel Prize in Literature.
Ursula Happe (1926 in Danzig – 2021 in Dortmund) was a German swimmer and Olympic champion. She competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics and won the gold medal in 200 m breaststroke.
Hans Albert Hohnfeldt (1897 in Neufahrwasser – 1948) Nazi Party Gauleiter in Danzig.
Klaus Kinski (1926 in Zopot – 1991 in Lagunitas, California) was a controversial German actor.
Wanda Klaff (1922 in Danzig – executed 1946 in Biskupia Górka) was a Nazi camp overseer.
Heinz-Hermann Koelle (1925 in Danzig – 2011 in Berlin) was an aeronautical engineer, and made the preliminary designs for Saturn I.
Erhard Krack (1931 in Danzig – 2000 in Berlin) was an East German politician and mayor of East Berlin from 1974 to 1990.
Zdzisław Kuźniar (born 1931 in Gdańsk) is a Polish actor.
Hanna-Renate Laurien (1928 in Danzig – 2010 in Berlin) was a German CDU politician.
Jack Mandelbaum (born 1927 in Danzig) is a Holocaust survivor.
Rupert Neudeck (1939 in Danzig – 2016 in Siegburg) correspondent for Deutschlandfunk and founder of Cap Anamur, a humanitarian organisation.
Zygmunt Pawłowicz (1927 in Danzig – 2010 in Gdańsk) ordained a Catholic priest in 1952, was the Polish Auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gdańsk from 1985 until 2005.
Avi Pazner (born 1937 in Danzig) is a retired Israeli diplomat.
Richard Pratt (1934 in Danzig – 2009 in Kew, Victoria) was a prominent Australian businessman, chairman of Visy. His family moved to Australia in 1938.
Georg Preuß (1920 in Danzig – 1991 Clenze) was a mid-ranking commander in the Waffen-SS, a convicted war criminal.
Meta Preuß (1903–1981) one of seven members of the Communist Party (Free City of Danzig), elected to the Volkstag in 1930.
Henry Rosovsky (1927 in Danzig – 2022 in Cambridge, Massachusetts) was an economic historian, specializing in East Asia, born of Russian Jewish parents.
Hermann Salomon (1938 in Danzig – 2020 in Mainz) was a German javelin thrower who competed in the 1960, 1964, and 1968 Summer Olympics.
Meir Shamgar (1925 in Danzig – 2019 in Jerusalem) was President of the Israeli Supreme Court from 1983 to 1995.
Zalman Shoval (born 1930 in Danzig) is an Israeli politician and diplomat.
Wolfgang Völz (1930 in Danzig – 2018 in Berlin) was a German actor, known for his roles in theatre plays, TV shows, feature films and taped radio shows.
F. K. Waechter (1937 in Danzig – 2005 in Frankfurt) was a German cartoonist, author and playwright.
David Dushman (1923 in Danzig - 2021 in Munich) was Jewish-Soviet Red Army soldier, assisted in the liberation of the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp.

Religion
In 1924, 54.7% of the populace was Protestant (220,731 persons, mostly Lutherans within the united old-Prussian church), 34.5% was Roman Catholic (140,797 persons), and 2.4% Jewish (9,239 persons). Other Protestants included 5,604 Mennonites, 1,934 Calvinists (Reformed), 1,093 Baptists, 410 Free Religionists. The population also included 2,129 dissenters, 1,394 faithful of other religions and denominations, and 664 irreligionists.

The Jewish community grew from 2,717 in 1910 to 7,282 in 1923 and 10,448 in 1929, many of them immigrants from Poland and Russia.

Regional Synodal Federation of the Free City of Danzig

The mostly Lutheran and partially Reformed congregations situated in the territory of the Free City, which previously used to belong to the Ecclesiastical Province of West Prussia of the Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union (EKapU), were transformed into the Regional Synodal Federation of the Free City of Danzig after 1920. The executive body of that ecclesiastical province, the consistory (est. 1 November 1886), was seated in Danzig. After 1920 it was restricted in its responsibility to those congregations within the Free City's territory. First General Superintendent  (1920–1933) and then Bishop  (1933–1945) presided over the consistory.

Unlike the Second Polish Republic, which opposed the cooperation of the  with EKapU, Volkstag and the Senate of Danzig approved cross-border religious bodies. Danzig's Regional Synodal Federation — just as the regional synodal federation of the autonomous Memelland — retained the status of an ecclesiastical province within EKapU.

After the German annexation of the Free City in 1939, the EKapU merged the Danzig regional synodal federation in 1940 into the Ecclesiastical Region of Danzig-West Prussia. This included the Polish congregations of the United Evangelical Church in Poland in the homonymous Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia and the German congregations in the West Prussia governorate. Danzig's consistory functioned as an executive body for that region. With the flight and expulsion of most ethnically German Protestant parishioners from the area of the Free City of Danzig between 1945 and 1948, the congregations vanished.

In March 1945, the consistory had relocated to Lübeck and opened a refugee centre for Danzigers (Hilfsstelle beim evangelischen Konsistorium Danzig) led by Upper Consistorial Councillor . The Lutheran congregation of St. Mary's Church could relocate its valuable parament collection and the presbytery granted it on loan to St. Annen Museum in Lübeck after the war. Other Lutheran congregations of Danzig could reclaim their church bells, which the Wehrmacht had requisitioned as non-ferrous metal for war purposes since 1940, but which had survived, not yet melted down, in storage (e.g. ) in the British zone of occupation. The presbyteries granted them usually to Northwestern German Lutheran congregations which had lost bells due to the war.

Diocese of Danzig of the Roman Catholic Church

The 36 Catholic parishes in the territory of the Free City in 1922 used to belong in equal shares to the Diocese of Culm, which was mostly Polish, and the Diocese of Ermland, which was mostly German. While the Second Polish Republic wanted all the parishes within the Free City to form part of Polish Culm, Volkstag and Senate wanted them all to become subject to German Ermland. In 1922 the Holy See suspended the jurisdictions of both dioceses over their parishes in the Free State and established an exempt apostolic administration for the territory.

The first apostolic administrator was Edward O'Rourke (born in Minsk and of Irish ancestry) who became Bishop of Danzig on the occasion of the elevation of the administration to an exempt diocese in 1925. He was naturalised as Danziger on the same occasion. In 1938 he resigned after quarrels with the Nazi-dominated Senate of Danzig on appointments of parish priests of Polish ethnicity. The senate also instigated the denaturalisation of O'Rourke, who subsequently became a Polish citizen. O'Rourke was succeeded by Bishop Carl Maria Splett, a native from the Free City area.

Splett remained bishop after the German annexation of the Free City. In early 1941, he applied for admitting the Danzig diocese as member in Archbishop Adolf Bertram's Eastern German Ecclesiastical Province and thus at the Fulda Conference of Bishops; however, Bertram, also speaker of the Fulda conference, rejected the request. Any arguments that the Free City of Danzig had been annexed to Nazi Germany did not impress Bertram since Danzig's annexation lacked international recognition. Until the reorganization of the Catholic dioceses in Danzig and the formerly eastern territories of Germany the diocesan territory remained unaltered and the see exempt. However, with the replacement of Danzig's population between 1945 and 1948 by mostly Catholic Poles, the number of Catholic parishes increased and most formerly Protestant churches were taken over for Catholic services.

Jewish Danzigers

Since 1883 most of the Jewish congregations in the later territory of Free State had merged into the Synagogal Community of Danzig. Only the Jews of Tiegenhof ran their own congregation until 1938.

Danzig became a centre of Polish and Russian Jewish emigration to North America. Between 1920 and 1925 60,000 Jews emigrated via Danzig to the US and Canada. At the same time, between 1923 and 1929, Danzig's own Jewish population increased from roughly 7,000 to 10,500. Native Jews and newcomers established themselves in the city and contributed to its civic life, culture and economy. Danzig became a venue for international meetings of Jewish organisations, such as the convention of delegates from Jewish youth organisations of various nations, attended by David Ben-Gurion, which founded the World Union of Jewish Youth on 2 September 1924 in the Schützenhaus venue. On 21 March 1926 the Zionistische Organisation für Danzig convened delegates of Hechalutz from all over for the first conference in Danzig using Hebrew as common language, also attended by Ben Gurion.

With a Nazi majority in the Volkstag and Senate, anti-Semitic persecution and discrimination occurred unsanctioned by the authorities. In contrast to Germany, which exercised capital outflow control since 1931, emigration of Danzig's Jews was nonetheless somewhat easier, with capital transfers enabled by the Bank of Danzig. Moreover, the comparatively few Danzig Jews were offered easier refuge in safe countries because of favorable Free City migration quotas.

After the anti-Jewish riots of Kristallnacht of 9/10 November 1938 in Germany, similar riots took place on 12/13 November in Danzig. The Great Synagogue was taken over and demolished by the local authorities in 1939. Most Jews had already left the city, and the Jewish Community of Danzig decided to organize its own emigration in early 1939.

Politics

Government

The Free City was governed by the Senate of the Free City of Danzig, which was elected by the parliament (Volkstag) for a legislative period of four years. The official language was German, although the usage of Polish was guaranteed by law. The political parties in the Free City corresponded with the political parties in Weimar Germany; the most influential parties in the 1920s were the conservative German National People's Party, the Social Democratic Party of the Free City of Danzig and the Catholic Centre Party. A Communist Party was founded in 1921 with its origins in the Spartacus League and the Communist Party of East Prussia. Several liberal parties and Free Voter's Associations existed and ran in the elections with varying success. A Polish Party represented the Polish minority and received between 3% (1933) and 6% (1920) of the vote (in total, 4,358 votes in 1933 and 9,321 votes in 1920).

Initially, the Nazi Party had only a small amount of success (0.8% of the vote in 1927) and was even briefly dissolved. Its influence grew with the onset of difficult economic times and the increasing popularity of the Nazi Party in Germany proper. Albert Forster became the Gauleiter in October 1930. The Nazis won 50 percent of votes in the Volkstag elections of 28 May 1933, and took control of the Senate in June 1933, with Hermann Rauschning becoming President of the Senate of Danzig. In contrast to Germany, the Nazi Party was relatively weak in the Free City of Danzig, and remained unstable because of "furious factional struggles" which plagued the Nazi administration throughout its rule. The party membership was generally low, and the 1935 election in Danzig "amounted to an electoral defeat for the Nazis". The democratic opposition remained strong and was able to temporarily block the Nazi Gleichschaltung policies between 1935 and 1937. German Catholics were supportive of the Polish minority and most Danzig Poles voted for the Catholic Centre Party. Social Democrats were also willing to cooperate with Catholics and Poles, and the Catholic Church in Danzig was pro-Polish and opposed National Socialism.

Rauschning was removed from his position by Forster and replaced by Arthur Greiser in November 1934. He later appealed to the public not to vote for the Nazis in the 1935 elections. Political opposition to the Nazis was repressed with several politicians being imprisoned and murdered. The economic policy of Danzig's Nazi-led government, which increased the public expenditures for employment-creation programs and the retrenchment of financial aid from Germany led to a devaluation of more than 40% of the Danziger Gulden in 1935. The Gold reserves of the Bank of Danzig declined from 30 million Gulden in 1933 to 13 million in 1935 and the foreign asset reserve from 10 million to 250,000 Gulden. In 1935, Poland protested when Danzig's Senate reduced the value of the Gulden so that it would be the same as the Polish zloty.

As in Germany, the Nazis introduced laws mirroring the Enabling Act and Nuremberg laws (November 1938); existing parties and unions were gradually banned. The presence of the League of Nations however still guaranteed a minimum of legal certainty. In 1935, the opposition parties, except for the Polish Party, filed a lawsuit to the Danzig High Court in protest against the manipulation of the Volkstag elections. The opposition also protested to the League of Nations, as did the Jewish Community of Danzig. The number of members of the Nazi Party in Danzig increased from 21,861 in June 1934 to 48,345 in September 1938.

Foreign relations
Foreign relations were handled by Poland. In 1927, the Free City of Danzig sent a military advisory mission to Bolivia. The Bolivian government of Hernando Siles Reyes wanted to continue the pre-World War I German military mission but the Treaty of Versailles prohibited that. The German officers, including Ernst Röhm, were transferred to the Danzig police force and then sent to Bolivia. In 1929, after problems with the mission, the British embassy handled the return of the German officers.

German-Polish tensions

The rights of the Second Polish Republic within the territory of the Free City were stipulated in the Treaty of Paris of 9 November 1920 and the Treaty of Warsaw of 24 October 1921. The details of the Polish privileges soon became a permanent matter of disputes between the local populace and the Polish State. While the representatives of the Free City tried to uphold the city's autonomy and sovereignty, Poland sought to extend its privileges.

Throughout the Polish–Soviet War, local dockworkers went on strike and refused to unload ammunition supplies for the Polish Army. While the ammunition was finally unloaded by British troops, the incident led to the establishment of a permanent ammunition depot at the Westerplatte and the construction of a trade and naval port in Gdynia, whose total exports and imports surpassed those of Danzig in May 1932. In December 1925, the Council of the League of Nations agreed to the establishment of a Polish military guard of 88 men on the Westerplatte peninsula to protect the war material depot.

During the interwar period the Polish minority was heavily discriminated against by the German population, which openly attacked its members using racist slurs and harassment, and attacks against the Polish consulate by German students were praised by authorities. In June 1932, a crisis broke out when the Polish destroyer ORP Wicher was sent into Danzig harbour without the permission of the Senate to greet a visiting squadron of British destroyers. The crisis was resolved when the Free City granted more access rights to the Polish Navy in exchange for a promise to not take the Wicher back into Danzig harbour.

Several disputes between Danzig and Poland occurred in the sequel. The Free City protested against the Westerplatte depot, the placement of Polish letter boxes within the City and the presence of Polish war vessels at the harbour. The attempt of the Free City to join the International Labour Organization was rejected by the Permanent Court of International Justice at the League of Nations after protests of the Polish ILO delegate.

After Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany, the Polish military doubled the number of 88 troops at Westerplatte in order to test the reaction of the new chancellor. After protests the additional troops were withdrawn. Nazi propaganda used these events in the Volkstag elections of May 1933, in which Nazis won absolute majority.

Until June 1933, the High Commissioner decided in 66 cases of dispute between Danzig and Poland; in 54 cases one of the parties appealed to the Permanent Court of International Justice. Subsequent disputes were resolved in direct negotiations between the Senate and Poland after both had agreed to abstain from further appeals to the International Court in the summer of 1933 and bilateral agreements were concluded.

In the aftermath of the German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact of 1934, Danzig–Polish relations improved and Adolf Hitler instructed the local Nazi government to cease anti-Polish actions. In return, Poland did not support the actions of the anti-Nazi opposition in Danzig. The Polish Ambassador to Germany, Józef Lipski, stated in a meeting with Hermann Göring
"... that a National Socialist Senate in Danzig is also most desirable from our point of view, since it brought about a rapprochement between the Free City and Poland, I would like to remind him that we have always kept aloof from internal Danzig problems. In spite of approaches repeatedly made by the opposition parties, we rejected any attempt to draw us into action against the Senate. I mentioned quite confidentially that the Polish minority in Danzig was advised not to join forces with the opposition at the time of elections."
When Carl J. Burckhardt became High Commissioner in February 1937, both Poles and Germans openly welcomed his withdrawal, and Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs Józef Beck notified him not to "count on the support of the Polish State" in the case of difficulties with the Senate or the Nazi Party.

While the Senate appeared to respect the agreements with Poland, the "Nazification of Danzig proceeded relentlessly" and Danzig became a springboard for anti-Polish propaganda among the German and Ukrainian minority in Poland. The Catholic Bishop of Danzig, Edward O'Rourke, was forced to withdraw after he had tried to implement four additional Polish nationals as parish priests in October 1937.

Danzig crisis

The German policy openly changed immediately after the Munich Conference in October 1938, when German Minister of Foreign Affairs Joachim von Ribbentrop demanded the incorporation of the Free City into the Reich. The Polish ambassador to Germany, Jozef Lipski, declined Ribbentrop's offer, saying that Polish public opinion would not tolerate the Free City joining Germany and predicated that if Warsaw allowed that to happen, then the Sanation military dictatorship that had ruled Poland since 1926 would be overthrown. Ernst von Weizsäcker on 29 March 1939 told the Danzig government the Reich would carry out a policy to the Zermürbungspolitik (point of destruction) towards Poland, saying a compromise solution was not wanted, and on 5 April 1939 told Hans-Adolf von Moltke under no conditions was he to negotiate with the Poles.

All through the spring and summer of 1939 there was a massive media campaign in Germany demanding the immediate return of the Free City of Danzig to Germany under the slogan "Home to the Reich!". However, the Danzig crisis was just a pretext for war. Ribbentrop ordered Count Hans-Adolf von Moltke, the German ambassador to Poland, not to negotiate with the Poles over Danzig as it was always Ribbentrop's great fear that the Poles might actually agree to the Free City returning to Germany, thereby depriving the Reich of its pretext for attacking Poland.

In the middle of August, Beck offered a concession, saying that Poland was willing to give up its control of Danzig's customs, a proposal which caused fury in Berlin. However, the leaders of the Free City sent a message to Berlin on 19 August 1939 saying: "Gauleiter Forster intends to extend claims...Should the Poles yield again it is intended to increase the claims further in order to make accord impossible". The same day a telegram from Berlin expressed approval with the proviso: "Discussions will have to be conducted and pressure exerted against Poland in such a way that responsibility for failure to come to an agreement and the consequences rest with Poland". On 23 August 1939, Albert Forster, the Gauleiter of Danzig, called a meeting of the Senate that voted to have the Free City rejoin Germany, raising tensions to the breaking point. The same meeting appointed Forster the Danzig State President, through this was due to Forster's long-running rivalry with Arthur Greiser, a völkisch fanatic who regarded Forster as too soft on the Poles. Both the appointment of Forster as State President and the resolution calling for the Free City to rejoin the Reich were violations of the charter the League of Nations had given Danzig in 1920, and the matter should have been taken to the League of Nations's Security Council for discussion.

Since these violations of the Danzig charter would have resulted in the League deposing the Danzig's Nazi government, both the French and British prevented the matter from being referred to the Security Council. Instead the British and French applied strong pressure on the Poles not to send in a military force to depose the Danzig government, and appoint a mediator to resolve the crisis. By late August 1939, the crisis continued to escalate with the Senate confiscating on 27 August 1939 stocks of wheat, salt and petrol that belonged to the Polish businesses that were in the process of being exported or imported via the Free City, an action that led to sharp Polish complaints. The same day, 200 Polish workers at the Danzig shipyards were fired without severance pay and their identification papers revoked, meaning that they legally could not live in Danzig anymore. The Danzig government imposed food rationing, the Danzig newspapers took a militantly anti-Polish line, and almost every day there were "incidents" on the border with Poland. Ordinary people in Danzig were described as being highly worried in the last days of August 1939 as it become apparent that war was imminent. In the meantime, the German battleship Schleswig-Holstein had arrived in Danzig on 15 August. Originally, it was planned to send the light cruiser Königsberg to Danzig for what was described as a "friendship visit", but it was decided at the last minute that a ship with more firepower was needed, leading to the Schleswig-Holstein with its  guns being substituted. Upon anchoring in Danzig harbor, the Schleswig-Holstein ominously aimed its guns at the Polish Military Depot on the Westerplatte peninsula in a provocative gesture that further raised the tensions in the Free City.

At about 4:48am on 1 September 1939, the Schleswig-Holstein opened fire on the Westerplatte, firing the first shots of World War II.

Second World War and aftermath

On 1 September 1939, the day of the German invasion of the Free City of Danzig, Foster signed a law declaring the Free City to be incorporated into Germany. On the same day, Hitler signed a law declaring the law signed by Foster to be German law and the Free City of Danzig was officially incorporated into Germany.

The Polish military forces in the city held out until 7 September.

Up to 4,500 members of the Polish minority were arrested with many of them executed. In the city itself hundreds of Polish prisoners were subjected to cruel executions and experiments, which included castration of men and sterilization of women considered dangerous to the "purity of Nordic race" and beheading by guillotine. The judicial system was one of the main tools of extermination policy towards Poles led by Nazi Germany in the city and verdicts were motivated by statements that Poles were subhuman.
By the end of the Second World War, nearly all of the city had been reduced to ruins. On 30 March 1945, the city was taken by the Red Army.

At the Yalta Conference in February 1945, the Allies agreed that the city would become part of Poland. No formal treaty has ever altered the status of the Free City of Danzig, and its incorporation into Poland has rested upon the general acquiescence of the international community. Subsequently, several groups proclaimed they represented the Free City of Danzig Government in Exile, a continuation of the state.

The expulsion of the pre-war inhabitants started already before the decisions of the Potsdam conference of August 1945. From June to October an estimated number of 60,000 residents were expelled by Polish authorities, often units of the Polish Armed Forces, the Polish State Security and the Milicja Obywatelska encircled certain areas and forced the inhabitants to make room for newly arrived Polish settlers. About 20,000 Germans left on their own and by late 1945 between 10,000 and 15,000 pre-war inhabitants remained.
By 1950, around 285,000 fled and expelled citizens of the former Free City were living in Germany, and 13,424 citizens of the former Free City had been "verified" and granted Polish citizenship. By 1947, 126,472 Danzigers of German ethnicity were expelled to Germany from Gdańsk, and 101,873 Poles from Central Poland and 26,629 from Soviet-annexed Eastern Poland took their place (these figures refer to the city of Gdańsk itself, not to the whole area of pre-war Free City).

Origin of the post-war population

During the Polish post-war census of December 1950, data about the pre-war places of residence of the inhabitants as of August 1939 was collected. In case of children born between September 1939 and December 1950, their origin was reported based on the pre-war places of residence of their mothers. Thanks to this data it is possible to reconstruct the pre-war geographical origin of the post-war population. The same territory which corresponded to pre-war Free City of Danzig was inhabited in December 1950 by:

At least 85% of the population as of December 1950 were post-war newcomers, but over 10% of inhabitants were still pre-war Danzigers (most of them members of pre-war Polish and Kashubian minorities in the Free City of Danzig). Another 25% came from neighbouring areas of pre-war Polish Pomerania. Almost 20% were Poles from areas of former Eastern Poland annexed by the USSR (many from Wilno Voivodeship). Several percent came from the city of Warsaw, which had been largely destroyed in 1944.

See also
Administrations of Danzig before April 1945
Allgemeiner Arbeiterverband der Freien Stadt Danzig
Areas annexed by Nazi Germany
Danzig Corridor
Danzig Research Society
Alfons Flisykowski
History of Gdańsk

References

Further reading

Tadeusz Maciejewski and Maja Maciejewska-Szałas. 2019. "Constitutional Systems of Free European States (1918–1939)." in Modernisation, National Identity and Legal Instrumentalism. Brill.
 – Polish abstract title: "Tożsamości kulturowa gdańszczan w ujęciu etnolingwistycznym na przykładzie wybranych tekstów publicystycznych Wolnego Miasta Gdańska"
 – At Pomeranian Digital Library (, , )
Poland, Germany, and Danzig. (May 20, 1939). Bulletin of International News, Royal Institute of International Affairs; 16(10), 3–13.
Mr. Chamberlain's Review of the Danzig Question. (Jul. 15, 1939). Bulletin of International News, Royal Institute of International Affairs; 16(14), 11–12.
Danzig, Germany, and Poland. (Aug. 26, 1939). Bulletin of International News, Royal Institute of International Affairs; 16(17), 12–18.

External links

Extensive Prussian/ Danzig Historical Materials  (many in German)
Map of the Free City
Jewish community history
History of Gdańsk / Danzig
Danzig Online
Gdańsk history
Celebration of Gdańsk's centenary in 1997
History & Hallucination, Wanderlust, Salon.com, January 5, 1998.

1933 Danzig passport, from passportland.com.
First hand account of growing up in Danzig in the 1930s, a video interview.

States and territories established in 1920
League of Nations mandates
1920 establishments in Europe
1939 disestablishments in Europe
Holocaust locations in Poland
Former countries of the interwar period
States and territories disestablished in 1939
Former republics
City-states

Free City of Danzig


العذرا والعذر هي قرية لبنانية من قرى قضاء كسروان في محافظة جبل لبنان.
 تبعد البلدة 39 كم عن العاصمة بيروت، كما ترتفع 750 متر عن سطح البحر وتبلغ مساحتها 113 هكتار. معظم سكانها ينتمي إلى الكنيسة المارونية.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قضاء كسروان
أماكن مأهولة في لبنان
تجمعات مارونية في لبنان
مدن لبنان

عزر


Probele de scrimă la Jocurile Intercalate din 1906 s-au desfășurat în perioada 23 aprilie–1 mai în mai multe locații din Atena, în principal la Zappeion. 62 de trăgători din 12 de țări s-au prezentat la competiție. Nu a fost inclusă nicio probă feminină.

Clasament pe medalii

Evenimente

Masculin

Legături externe
 Statistice  pe Sports Reference

Scrimă
Intercalate
Competiții de scrimă în Grecia

Scrimă la Jocurile Intercalate din 1906