El Día ist der Name folgender Zeitungen:

 El Día (Argentinien), Zeitung aus La Plata, Argentinien
 El Día (Bolivien) (früherer Name El Nuevo Día), Zeitung aus Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivien
 El Día (Kanarische Inseln), Zeitung von den Kanarischen Inseln, Spanien
 El Día (Chile), Zeitung aus La Serena, Chile
 El Día de Ciudad Real, Zeitung aus Ciudad Real, Spanien
 El Día (Houston), Zeitung aus Houston, Texas, Vereinigte Staaten
 El Día (Mallorca), Zeitung mit Sitz auf Mallorca, Spanien
 El Día (Mexiko), Zeitung aus Mexiko
 El Día (Dominikanische Republik), Zeitung aus der Dominikanischen Republik
 El Día (Uruguay), Zeitung aus Uruguay
 El Día (Saragossa), Zeitung aus Saragossa, Spanien

El Día steht für:
 Radio El Día, einen Radiosender auf den Kanarischen Inseln

Siehe auch:
 Diario El Día (Bauwerk), Bauwerk in Montevideo, Uruguay

El Día


Poli Genova (født 10. februar 1987) er en bulgarsk sanger, der repræsenterede Bulgarien ved Eurovision Song Contest 2016 med sangen "Love Is A Crime", hvor hun opnåede en 4. plads. Hun repræsenterede også Bulgarien i 2011 med sangen "Na inat", men gik ikke videre til finalen. Hun har derudover været vært for Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015.

Eksterne envisninger

Sangere fra Bulgarien
Bulgariens Eurovision Song Contest-deltagere
Deltagere ved Eurovision Song Contest 2011
Deltagere ved Eurovision Song Contest 2016

Poli Genova


Yutaka Ikeuchi (født 25. august 1961) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Japans fodboldlandshold

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|1983||3||0
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|1984||1||0
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|1985||4||0
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Eksterne henvisninger

Japan National Football Team Database

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Yutaka Ikeuchi


Doryanthes palmeri, australska endemska sukulentna biljna vrsta iz porodice Doryanthaceae rasprostranjena po državama Novi Južni Wales i Queensland. Nalik je drugoj vrsti D. excelsa, ali su njeni listovi dugi čak do 3 metra i široki 20 cm. Visina stabljike s cvjetnom glavicom na vrhu je oko 5 metara. Cvjetna glavica se sastoji od oko 350 cvjetova i duga je do 120 cm. Crveni su ili crvenkasto-smeđe boje, dugi 6-12 cm. Plod je jajastog oblika dug 7 do 9 cm, a sadrži sjemenke dužine od 15-22 mm. Cvate od kasne zime do proljeća.

Lokalni naziv za nju Giant Spear Lily.

Izvori

Doryanthaceae
Flora Novog Južnog Walesa
Flora Queenslanda

Doryanthes palmeri


Pritchett ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Aaron Pritchett (* 1970), kanadischer Countrymusiker

 Henry Smith Pritchett (1857–1939), US-amerikanischer Astronom und Pädagoge
 John Pritchett (* 1947), US-amerikanischer Tonmeister
 Johnny Pritchett (* 1943), englischer Boxer
 Jimmy Pritchett, US-amerikanischer Rockabillysänger
 V. S. Pritchett (1900–1997), britischer Autor und Literaturkritiker
 W. Kendrick Pritchett (1909–2007), britischer Altphilologe und Altertumswissenschaftler

Pritchett ist der Name folgender Orte:
 Pritchett (Colorado), Ort im Baca County, Colorado, Vereinigte Staaten
 Pritchett (Texas), Ort im Upshur County, Texas, Vereinigte Staaten

Siehe auch:
 Pritchett & Gold, britischer Automobilhersteller

Pritchett


عرسال بلدة لبنانية من قضاء بعلبك في محافظة بعلبك الهرمل.

جغرافيتها
هي بلدة معزولة نسبيا، إذ تبعد عن بعلبك مركز القضاء حوالي 38 كيلومترا، وعن مركز محافظة البقاع، زحلة، 75 كيلومترا. كما تبعد عن بيروت 122 كلم وترتفع عن سطح البحر 1400 - 2000 م مساحتها 316,94 كلم² (122,37 ميل² أو 31694 هكتار).
تقع على سلسلة جبال لبنان الشرقية. تشترك مع سوريا بخطّ حدودي طوله50 كم. يغلب التصحر ويسيطر الجفاف عليها، وتختصر ألوانها السائدة فقط بلونين، الترابي المائل إلى البياض والبني الذي يحمله الغلاف الخارجي للصخور. ويُنعِشُ تهريب البضائع البلدة المنسية تنموياً.

أسمها مؤلف من كلمتين أراميتين هما «عرس» أي عرش و«إل» وتعني الرب فتصبح بالعربية عرش الله وذلك لموقعها المرتفع نسبيا.

سكانها
يصل عدد سكانها إلى 35,000 نسمة غالبيتهم من المسلمين السنة ومعروف عنها صناعة السجاد المحلي

وضعها الاقتصادي
يعتمد أهالي عرسال على ثلاثة مصادر رئيسة هي الكسارات، والزراعة، والتجارة يعمل بها60% من قوى القرية العاملة. ويعمل نحو 10% منهم في وظائف عامة وخاصة، و8% في المهن والحرف، تصل نسبة البطالة فيها إلى 20% تقريبا من القوى العاملة. ومعروف عن بلدة عرسال صناعة السجاد المحلي، كما يُنعش تهريب البضائع مع سوريا البلدة المنسية تنموياً.

الثورة السورية
وقفت مدينة عرسال إلى جانب الثوار السوريين وقدمت لهم المأوى والمساعدة والدعم. أصبحت محطة لجوء للسوريين الذين تدفق معظمهم من منطقة القلمون على وقع شدة المعارك بعد تهجيرهم الأول من بلداتهم في حمص.

وفي نهاية عام 2011، قدم المندوب السوري في الأمم المتحدة وثيقة إلى مجلس الأمن تضمنت اتهام لبنان بالسماح بتهريب الأسلحة والمقاتلين إلى سوريا، وتحدثت الوثيقة عن تواجد لمقاتلي القاعدة في بلدة عرسال. وبعد شهر من هذا الاتهام فاجأ وزير الدفاع اللبناني فايز غصن الأوساط السياسية والإعلامية بتصريح أشار فيه إلى وجود للقاعدة في عرسال، ونفى ذلك في حينه رئيس الجمهورية العماد ميشال سليمان، ووزير الداخلية مروان شربل.

ونتيجة لموقف البلدة المؤيد للثورة السورية، تكرر قصف قوات النظام السوري لها بالصواريخ، الأمر الذي أدى أكثر من مرة إلى سقوط عدد من القتلى والجرحى.

طالع أيضاً
 أحداث عرسال

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قضاء بعلبك
أماكن مأهولة في لبنان
تجمعات سنية في لبنان
قضاء بعلبك
مدن لبنان
مواقع أثرية في لبنان

عرسال


Cet article relate le parcours de l'équipe de Corée du Sud de football lors de la Coupe du monde de football 2022 organisée au Qatar du  au . C'est la onzième participation du pays dans la compétition.

Qualification

Deuxième tour

|}
Le , l'AFC annonce le retrait de la Corée du Nord des éliminatoires ; les craintes liées à la pandémie de Covid-19 seraient à l'origine de ce forfait, à l'instar du forfait du pays pour les Jeux olympiques de 2020. La FIFA et l'AFC prennent alors la décision de mettre à jour le classement du groupe sans comptabiliser les résultats des cinq matchs disputés par la Corée du Nord depuis le début de ce  tour.

Troisième tour

|}

Statistiques

Statistiques générales

Buteurs

Préparation

Matchs de préparation à la Coupe du monde
Liste détaillée des matches de Corée du Sud depuis sa qualification à la Coupe du monde :

Match amicaux

Coupe d'Asie de l'Est

Effectif
L'effectif de Corée du Sud, est dévoilé le .

Compétition

Format et tirage au sort
Le tirage au sort de la Coupe du monde a lieu le vendredi  au Centre des expositions à Doha. C'est le classement de mars qui est pris en compte, la sélection se classe  du classement FIFA, et est placée dans le chapeau 3.

Premier tour - Groupe H

Uruguay - Corée du Sud

Corée du Sud - Ghana

Corée du Sud - Portugal

Huitième de finale

Brésil - Corée du Sud

Statistiques

Temps de jeu

Buteurs

Passeurs décisifs

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Corée du Sud
2022
2022 en Corée du Sud

Équipe de Corée du Sud de football à la Coupe du monde 2022


Rottmar ist ein Ortsteil der Gemeinde Föritztal im Landkreis Sonneberg in Thüringen.

Lage
Rottmar liegt in der Oberlinder Ebene südwestlich von Föritz an der Bundesstraße 89 und hat eine Anbindung auch über die Kreisstraße 29.

Natur
Unweit vom Ortskern Rottmar, nahe dem Sportplatz, liegen die Hallteiche. Die Hallteiche werden teilweise für die Fischzucht genutzt. Gleichzeitig dienen sie als Naherholungsgebiet für die dort lebenden Menschen.

Geschichte
1275 wurde das Dorf erstmals urkundlich erwähnt.

Am nordöstlichen Ortsrand von Rottmar bestand um 1880 eine von insgesamt fünf Ziegeleien im Umkreis der Stadt Sonneberg, die ihre Entstehung auch dem Sonnenberger Stadtbrand und folgenden Wiederaufbau ab Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts verdanken. Weitere 50 meist kleine oder rinnenartige Gruben und Abbaufelder entstanden noch beim Eisenbahn- und Straßenbau (für Bahndämme) und für die Sandgewinnung (wohl auch spezielle Sande für Glashütten). Nach der Stilllegung der Ziegeleien wurden einige der bereits vom Grundwasser gefluteten tiefliegenden Gruben zu Fischteichen, während die Mehrzahl der höher liegenden Abbaufelder von Wiederaufforstung oder Einplanierung betroffen waren.

Am 1. Juli 1950 wurde Rottmar nach Gefell eingemeindet. Diese Gemeinde wiederum wurde am 30. Juni 1994 nach Föritz eingemeindet. Die Gemeinde Föritz wurde am 6. Juli 2018 mit zwei weiteren Gemeinden zu der neuen Gemeinde Föritztal zusammengeschlossen.

Ein Gewerbegebiet wurde seit der Wende geschaffen.

Vereine

 Freiwillige Feuerwehr Rottmar/Gefell e.V.
 SV Rottmar/Gefell e.V.
 Verein für Rassegeflügel- und Kaninchenzucht e.V. Rottmar

Dialekt

In Rottmar wird Itzgründisch, ein mainfränkischer Dialekt, gesprochen.

Weblinks

 Rottmar auf der Website der Gemeinde Föritztal

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Landkreis Sonneberg
Geographie (Föritztal)
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Sonneberg)
Ersterwähnung 1275
Gemeindeauflösung 1950

Rottmar


As 24 Horas de Le Mans 2023 () ou o 24 Horas de Le Mans Centenário () é a edição número 91.º do evento automobilístico de resistência por excelência que se realiza entre 10 e 11 de junho de 2023 no circuito de La Sarthe, Le Mans, França. O evento foi organizado pelo Automobile Clube de l'Ouest, e será a quarta cita da temporada de 2023 do Campeonato Mundial de Resistência da FIA. A edição será o 100.º aniversário das primeiras 24 Horas de Le Mans em 1923. A corrida foi vencida pelo No. 51 Ferrari 499p, com Alessandro Pier Guidi ao volante na linha de chegada; esta foi a primeira vitória da Ferrari desde 1965 e sua primeira entrada desde 1973.

Entradas

Entrada automáticas
As equipas vencedoras dos campeonatos da European Le Mans Series (ALMS), da Asian Le Mans Series (ALMS) e da Michelin Le Mans Cup (MLMC) receberam convites automáticos de entrada. Os segundos colocados nos ELMS de 2022 nos campeonatos LMP2 e LMGTE também receberam um convite automático. Três participantes do IMSA SportsCar Championship (WSC) foram escolhidos pela ACO como inscrições automáticas, independentemente do desempenho ou categoria. As equipas que obtivessem entradas automáticas na LMP2 foram autorizadas a trocar os seus carros em relação ao ano anterior. As equipas ELMS LMGTE e ALMS GT que obtivessem entradas automáticas foram autorizadas a utilizá-las apenas no Lmgte Am. O Campeão Europeu e asiático LMP3 (Le Mans Prototype 3) foi obrigado a entrar no LMP2, e o campeão Michelin Le Mans Cup Group GT3 (GT3) foi limitado à categoria LMGTE Am.

Lista de participantes

Entradas de reserva
Para além dos sessenta e dois convites para a corrida, dez inscrições foram colocadas numa lista de reserva para potencialmente substituir quaisquer convites que não tenham sido aceites ou retirados. As entradas de reserva são ordenadas com a primeira reserva a substituir a primeira retirada da corrida, independentemente da classe de qualquer uma das entradas. A lista de reserva foi reduzida para oito carros em maio, depois que Risi Competizione e Heart of Racing retiraram suas inscrições.

Garage 56
Em 17 de março de 2022, a NASCAR e a Hendrick Motorsports anunciaram que colocarão um Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 de próxima geração como uma entrada Garage 56, a primeira desde 2021, marcando a primeira presença da NASCAR em Le Mans desde 1976, quando um Dodge Charger e Ford Torino competiram.

Numerosas modificações foram feitas em um modelo da série Cup, incluindo uma célula de combustível e spoiler maiores, canards e aviões de mergulho, resultando em uma perda de peso de  em comparação com o carro da série Cup.

Em 28 de janeiro de 2023, no fim de semana das 24 horas de Daytona, os três pilotos para a entrada no Garage 56 foram anunciados como o campeão de Fórmula Um de 2009 Jenson Button, O sete vezes campeão da Cup Series Jimmie Johnson e o vencedor de Le Mans de 2010 Mike Rockenfeller.

Calendário

Treino livre
 Apenas é apresentado o carro mais rápido de cada classe.

Quarta

Quinta

Classificação de qualificação

Resultados de qualificação
Posições Pole em cada classe são mostrados em itálico.

Classificação da corrida
O número mínimo de voltas para a classificação na chegada (70% da distância total do vencedor da corrida) foi de 239 voltas. Os vencedores das classes são indicados em "negrito" e com .

Notas

Referências

Ligações externas

Eventos desportivos de junho de 2023
2023
Desporto na França em 2023

24 Horas de Le Mans de 2023


Uma fazenda de corpos é uma instalação de pesquisa onde a decomposição de humanos e animais pode ser estudada em uma variedade de configurações. A primeira fazenda de corpos foi concebida pelo antropólogo William M. Bass em 1981, na Universidade do Tennessee em Knoxville, no Tennessee, onde Bass se interessou em estudar a decomposição de um cadáver humano desde o momento da morte até o momento da decomposição. O objetivo era obter uma melhor compreensão do processo de decomposição, permitindo o desenvolvimento de técnicas para extrair informações como o momento e as circunstâncias da morte de restos humanos. A pesquisa em fazendas de corpos é de particular interesse em antropologia forense e disciplinas relacionadas, e tem aplicações nos campos de aplicação da lei e ciência forense. Ao colocar os corpos do lado de fora para estudar os elementos, os pesquisadores conseguem entender melhor o processo de decomposição.

Sete dessas instalações existem nos Estados Unidos, tão ao sul quanto a Flórida subtropical (USF-FORT) e tão ao norte quanto Marquette, em  Michigan, na Northern Michigan University. A instalação de pesquisa operada pela Texas State University em Freeman Ranch é a maior, pois possui 26 acres de extensão (10,52 hectares). Instalações semelhantes a essas também estão operacionais na Austrália e no Canadá. No Reino Unido, a pesquisa se concentra em restos não humanos, principalmente com porcos devido a sua decomposição ser semelhante com a dos humanos.

Ver também
 Decomposição
 Putrefação
 Rigor mortis
 Livor mortis
 Esqueletização

Universidade do Tennessee

Fazenda de corpos


Spongano ist eine südostitalienische Gemeinde (comune).

Geografie
Die Gemeinde hat  Einwohner (Stand ). Sie liegt in der Provinz Lecce in Apulien, etwa 41,5 Kilometer südsüdöstlich der Provinzhauptstadt Lecce im südlichen Salento.

Geschichte
1103 wurde der Ort von Roger II. von Sizilien erwähnt. Die Gemeinde erlangte größere Bedeutung, als 1147, heute ein Ortsteil von Poggiardo, durch Wilhelm I. von Sizilien zerstört wurde. Dessen Bevölkerung floh ins Umland und ließ sich auch in Spongano nieder.

Verkehr
Der Bahnhof von Spongano liegt an der Bahnstrecke Zollino–Gagliano Leuca.

Persönlichkeiten
 Benigno Luigi Papa (1935–2023), Erzbischof von Taranto (Tarent)

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Apulien

Spongano


نادي دينامو بارنول لكرة القدم  نادي كرة قدم روسي يلعب في دوري الدرجة الثانية . تم تأسيس النادي في سنة 1957 .

مراجع

أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1957
أندية كرة قدم في روسيا
الرياضة في بارناول
تأسيسات سنة 1957 في روسيا

دينامو بارنول


Samantha "Sam" Fernandine Puckett  es un personaje ficticio aparecido en las series iCarly y Sam & Cat creada por Dan Schneider e introducida en el episodio piloto de ICarly. Sam en la serie es la mejor amiga de la protagonista Carly Shay así como la co anfitriona del popular webshow ficticio "ICarly", aunque Sam estuvo presente en la concepción del programa ella no aceptó la responsabilidades que implicaban al mismo conformándose con ser la simple asistente de su amiga, aunque conforme el show se va haciendo popular Sam muestra su valor como una de las portadoras del humor del programa.

Es una chica de personalidad agresiva, extraña, irresponsable, pero a pesar de eso es buena y amable. Inicialmente lleva una relación antagónica con Freddie Benson hasta que ambos se vuelven amigos e incluso una pareja temporal.

Para el momento del reinicio de 2021, se menciona que Sam Puckett viajaba con una pandilla de motociclistas conocida como "los destructores"

El personaje es interpretado por Jennette McCurdy, mientras que en las versiones dobladas es interpretada por las actrices de voz Alondra Hidalgo y Catherina Martínez en Latinoamérica y España respectivamente.

Apariciones

iCarly
Sam debuta en las serie a partir del episodio piloto como la irresponsable, rebelde pero leal mejor amiga de la protagonista Carly Shay. Según lo explicado por ambas, se conocieron cuando eran niñas después de que Sam quisiera comerse almuerzo de Carly y, después de que esta se negara, Sam admitiría que le agrada y desde entonces las dos están muy unidas. Pese a que su personalidad a menudo contrasta con la de Carly, ambas siempre están de acuerdo y rara vez discuten por lo que su amistad les ayuda a definir el humor empleado en los sketches de iCarly. En algunas ocasiones Carly se ve forzada a actuar como la voz de la razón en el grupo y como mediadora entre Sam y algún enemigo del programa o de ella, siendo de las pocas personas que Sam respeta y escucha.

Un gag recurrente en la serie es su tendencia a meterse en problemas, ya sea en contra de figuras de autoridad como sus maestros, otros adultos como la Sra. Benson o el portero Lewbert y principalmente la policía, con quienes tiene una eterna rivalidad y que la ha llevado a ser arrestada en más de una ocasión. Su familia al igual que ella está conformada por ex convictos y criminales de los que se siente orgullosa y considera el arresto como un vínculo de su familia. Tiene una hermana gemela llamada Melanie que a diferencia de ella es una adolescente ejemplar, educada y amigable, de la que no le gusta hablar debido a que su madre tiende a compararlas.

Tiene una amistad antagónica con Freddie Benson, el vecino de Carly y también el productor técnico del programa a quien constantemente humilla, denigra y hasta golpea para su propio deleite. Si bien en un inicio ambos se mantienen así a lo largo de la serie, conforme transcurre el tiempo Sam desarrolla una atracción hacia Freddie e incluso lo besa, razón que la llevaría a internarse voluntariamente en un hospital psiquiátrico en un intento de evitar ser rechazada por este. Cuando Freddie le corresponde de igual manera, ambos inician un noviazgo temporal. Relación que deciden terminar cuando se dan cuenta de que sus personalidades son muy distintas y de que estos afectan indirectamente la calidad de iCarly así como a Gibby y Carly.

Sam & Cat
Poco después de la finalización de iCarly, McCurdy cerró un contrato con Schneider y Nickelodeon para estelarizar una serie spin off tanto de iCarly como Victorious, coprotagonizada junto Ariana Grande.

La serie toma lugar algún tiempo después del final de iCarly y Victorious donde se revela que Sam se muda a Los Ángeles tras quedarse sin gasolina en su viaje, y aunque en un inicio ella no le agrada la idea de cuidar niños junto a Cat Valentine. Al ver que puede juntar grandes cantidades de dinero y al no tener a donde ir, opta por mudarse a casa de Cat y fundar su propia organización de cuidado de niños, encargandose de imponer orden y disciplina en los niños revoltosos y problemáticos.

Recepción
Además de ser uno de los personajes con mejor recepción entre los fanáticos y las críticas, la interpretación de McCurdy como Sam la han hecho acreedora de varias nominaciones para algunos premios de diferentes categorías como actriz favorita en televisión mejor compañera de televisión y estrella favorita de Nickelodeon.

En marzo del 2021 se reportó que McCurdy a diferencia de sus coprotagonistas Consgrove, Kress y Trainor no regresaría para la secuela de la serie debido a su retiro por completo de la actuación en 2014.

Referencias

Personajes de iCarly
Estadounidenses ficticios
Gemelos ficticios

Sam Puckett (iCarly)


(titre international ) est un film dramatique norvégien  écrit et réalisé par Arne Skouen et sorti en 1959.

Le film est basé sur une pièce de 1955 d'Axel Kielland, qui joue également un personnage mineur dans le film. La pièce et le film sont basés sur des événements réels s'étant déroulés en Suède.

Herren og hans tjenere a été présenté en compétition dans la section principale au  Festival international du film de Berlin.

Synopsis

Juste après que Sigurd Helmer (Claes Hill) a été ordonné évêque, son grand rival Tornkvist (Georg Løkkeberg) remet une lettre à la police affirmant que Helmer a obtenu son poste par des moyens déloyaux. Une lutte de pouvoir entre les deux s'ensuit, ce qui a de graves implications pour Helmer. La lettre prouve que Helmer a calomnié son concurrent Tornkvist dans des lettres anonymes.

Tornkvist révèle ses accusations lors du dîner inaugural chez l'évêque. En même temps, il annonce ses fiançailles avec la fille de l'évêque, Agnès (Anne-Lise Tangstad), qui se range à ses côtés contre son propre père. Tornkvist et Agnès partent et la fête s'interrompt dans la confusion. Helmer se retrouve avec sa femme, déchirée entre son amour pour son mari et sa foi chrétienne. Elle veut qu'il accepte la responsabilité comme un vrai chrétien. Finalement, il apparaît que le secrétaire de Helmer avait écrit les lettres anonymes calomniant Tornkvist. Le secrétaire écrit des aveux et tente de se suicider.

Fiche technique

 Titre original : Herren og hans tjenere
 Titre international :
 Réalisation : Arne Skouen
 Scénario : Arne Skouen, d'après une pièce de théâtre d'Axel Kielland
 Photographie : Finn Bergan
 Montage : Bjørn Breigutu
 Musique : Gunnar Sønstevold
 Pays d'origine : Norvège
 Langue originale : norvégien
 Format : noir et blanc
 Genre : drame
 Durée :
 Dates de sortie :
 Norvège :
 Allemagne de l'Ouest :  (Berlin International Film Festival)
 Suède :
 Danemark :

Distribution

 Claes Gill : Sugurd Helmer, évêque
 Wenche Foss : Mme Helmer
 Georg Løkkeberg : Arvid Tornkvist, Dr théologien
 Urda Arneberg : Mlle Monsen
 Lars Andreas Larssen : Leif Helmer
 Anne-Lise Tangstad : Agnès Helmer
 Sverre Hansen : le procureur de la République
 Harald Heide Steen : le défenseur
 Axel Kielland : le juge
 Einar Sissener : l'officier de police
 Egil Hjorth-Jenssen : le réparateur de machines à écrire
 Helge Essmar : prédicateur
 Hans Coucheron-Aamot : Steen, évêque
 Carl Frederik Prytz : Prest

Notes et références

Articles connexes

Liens externes

Film norvégien sorti en 1959
Film dramatique norvégien
Film norvégien en noir et blanc
Film en norvégien
Pages avec des traductions non relues
Adaptation d'une pièce de théâtre au cinéma

Herren og hans tjenere


Faizsiz bankacılık, geçmişi MÖ. 2123 - MÖ. 2081 yılları arasında Babil'de hüküm süren Hammurabi'ye kadar uzanmaktadır. Faizsiz bankacılığın temelini oluşturan "mudaraba" ve "muşaraka" akitleri, Orta Çağ Avrupasına da geçmiş ve "Commenda" ve "Società" adı altında kullanılmaya başlanmıştır.

Avrupalılar bu akitleri hiç değiştirmeden uygulamışlardır. Ayrıca İngiliz Bankacılığında önemini halen koruyan ve kısmen kar dağıtımı esasına göre çalışan tröstlerin (Investment Trust) faizsiz banka ile benzerlik ve yakınlığına da işaret edilmektedir.

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
 İslâmî bankacılık

Bankacılık

Faizsiz bankacılık


Žuti kruh    odnosno lat. Laetiporus sulphureus vrsta je gljive koja raste na drveću u Europi i Sjevernoj Americi. Vrlo mlada gljiva smatra se jestivom, no kod osjetljivih osoba može izazvati probavne poremećaje. Po nekim novijim izvorima gljiva je i ljekovita.

Opis
Plodna tijela su jednogodišnja, obično smještena ne baš visoko iznad zemlje na stablima ili panjevima. U prvoj fazi razvoja, izgleda poput žućkaste mesnate mase, intenzivne žute do narančaste boje. Postupno se plodno tijelo stvrdnjava, dobivajući oblik "uha" karakterističnog za poliporuse, koji se sastoji od nekoliko stopljenih pseudo-šešira u obliku lepeze, koji često stoje na jednoj zajedničkoj podlozi. Veličina klobuka je od 10 do 40 cm. Maksimalna debljina na deblu stabla iznosi oko 7 cm. Masa gljive može doseći 10 kg ili više(45 kg rekordni primjerak nađen u Velikoj Britaniji). Rubovi plodnih tijela su valoviti i podijeljeni u režnjeve s dubokim pukotinama.

Cjevaste himenofore s malim zaobljenim ili nazubljenim porama (3-5 po mm kvadratnom). Mlade gljive obilno stvaraju žućkaste vodenaste kapljice. Cjevčice su žute, kratke, 2–4 mm duge.

Prah spora je blijedo kremaste boje.

Ljekovitost
Gljiva se smatra i ljekovitom - in vitro koči razvoj stanica nekih oblika raka. Posjeduje i antimikrobna te antivirusna svojstva.

Dodatna literatura
Smith, Alexander H.; Smith Weber, Nancy (1980). The Mushroom Hunter's Field Guide. University of Michigan Press.  .

Izvori

Polyporales
Jestive gljive
Ljekovite gljive

Žuti kruh


Kyzyl (; , ; , Kızıl, , ) is the capital city of the republic of Tuva, Russia. The name of the city means "red" or "crimson" in Tuvan (and in many other Turkic languages). Its population was

History

The city was founded in 1914 as Belotsarsk (, ; "White Tsar's town"). In 1918, it was renamed Hem-Beldir (, ). In 1926 it was given its present name. When the city was the capital of Tannu Tuva, it was named Kizil Khoto. In September 2014, Kyzyl celebrated its 100th anniversary as a city.

The settlement was founded in 1914 by Russian settlers immediately after the entry of the then Uryanhai Territory under the protectorate of the Russian Empire called  Belotsarsk .

In 1918, in connection with the revolution and the antimonarchist movement, it was renamed to Khem-Beldyr, and in 1926 to Kyzyl (Tuv .: red).

In 1921–1944, the city was the capital of Tuvan People's Republic, from 1944 to 1961 the capital of the RSFSR's Tuva Autonomous Oblast, from 1961 to 1991 of the Tuva ASSR and since 1991 of the Republic of Tyva.

They began to lay a new city in the village of Vilany, in Tuvan – Khem-Beldyr, which means "confluence of rivers". Technological engineer K.V. Goguntsov and topographer M. Ya. Kryuchkov arrived here in February 1914. Kryuchkov drew a general plan of the city of Belotsarsk (fund 123, opis, 2, delo 21), which basically coincides with the plan of the central part of the city of Kyzyl. The city plan shows the numbers of the land plots and gives an explanation of who owns these plots. In May 1914, the head of the Russian population in Uryankhai approved the draft rules on the allotment of land plots and the organization of a committee for the improvement of the future city. The very first plots were allocated for houses of officials, administration, for honorary Uryankhs, treasury, post and telegraph office, state fire shed.

The city was built by recruited workers from Krasnoyarsk, Minusinsk, Tomsk and other cities of Siberia, Tuvan farm laborers, Russian workers who fled from gold mines because of difficult working and living conditions.

On July 4, 1915, the Commissioner for the Uryankhai Territory V. Yu. Grigoriev wrote a letter to the Head of the Russian population in the Uryankhai Territory, where the very important issue of creating a museum in the city of Belotsarsk was raised (fund 123, inventory 2, file 53, sheets 25–26).

At the IV Uryankhai regional congress on March 11, 1918, a decree was issued to rename Belottsarsk to Uryankhaisk. However, this name did not stick to the city, it was still called White Tsarsky.

The revolutionary events of 1917 in Russia did not pass by the new capital of Tuva. During a major battle (the White Tsarsky battle) between the red partisans of the detachment of P.E. Schetinkin and A.D. Kravchenko and the Kolchak men under the command of the captain G.K. Bologov at the end of August 1919, the city was almost completely burned down. The 10th congress of representatives of the Russian population of Tuva (September 16–20, 1920) gathered in the village of Turan, Uryankhai region. At this congress it was decided to restore the city and rename it the Red City.

On August 13, 1921, in the town of Sug-Bazhy (the village of Kochetovo), the Vsetuvinsky Constituent Khural of representatives of all khoshuns (khoshun was an administrative-territorial unit of that time) of Tuva gathered. Khural proclaimed the creation of an independent state – the Tuvan People's Republic. In March 1922, the Tuvan government, the Central Committee of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party (Central Committee of the TNRP), and the executive committee of the Russian Self-Governing Labor Colony (RSTK) were transferred to the restored Kyzyl. In the spring of 1922, the city of Kyzyl became the capital of the Tuva People's Republic (TNR).

In 1924, the Tuvan Central Cooperative (Tuvintsenkoop, TCC) was formed, which played a significant role in the development of industrial production, domestic and foreign trade. In 1925, the Tuvan National Bank (Tuvinbank) began its activity, which contributed to the development of all sectors of the national economy. In Kyzyl, enterprises for the processing of agricultural raw materials were organized, in 1928 a shoemaker's workshop was opened, in 1930-1931 – a sausage workshop, a pimokatny and tailoring workshop. In the early 1940s, a mill, a sawmill, a power station and a brick factory operated in Kyzyl, and sheepskin and fur production was organized. In 1929 the Kyzyl printing house was opened, the transport organization "Soyuztrans" was created. From that moment, the beginning of the development of the transport of the Tuvan People's Republic was laid. Two years later, the truck fleet consisted of 31 vehicles. In 1931, a telephone exchange for 30 subscribers was opened in the city of Kyzyl.

Geography

Kyzyl claims to be located exactly in the geographical center of Asia. Whether these coordinates are in fact the center of Asia is disputed (e.g., Ürümqi in China makes a similar claim). However, there is a monument labelled "Center of Asia" in English, Russian, and Tuvan which asserts this claim. Tos-Bulak is the area of open fields and mineral springs which lies immediately south of Kyzyl.

Kyzyl stands at the point where the Great Yenisey (Bii-Xem) meets the Little Yenisey (Kaa-Xem) river to form the Yenisey proper (Ulug-Xem). Most development takes place south of the Yenisey and Little Yenisey and follows the curves of the river, with the highest development centered just below the confluence of the Great Yenisey with the Little Yenisey. A monument was built in 1964 on the river bank to mark this..

Climate
The climate of Kyzyl has a extreme cool semi-arid variety (Köppen climate classification BSk) bordering humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb)   , with average highs around  in the summer and  in the winter and only  of precipitation annually. Located far from any moderating bodies of water and at a relatively high latitude, temperatures can be extreme, though less so than the Sakha Republic. Nevertheless, the temperature has never risen above freezing from 22 November to 19 February, inclusive. On 20 February 2021 the temperature got above freezing in winter for the first time in recorded history. Temperature swings can be rapid. The transitional seasons of spring and autumn are short: only April and October average close to the annual mean of .
The city of Kyzyl is equated to the regions of the Far North. The climate of Kyzyl is dry and sharply continental. A significant influence on the climate is exerted by being in the basin, thanks to which in winter the air in the basin stagnates and is cooled under the influence of the Siberian anticyclone, forming a powerful temperature inversion. Winter (November-March) is exceptionally harsh for such latitude (the city is located at the same latitude with London, Kursk and Orenburg), snow-free (10-20 cm), windless. The average temperature in January is -28.7 °C (absolute minimum to -54 °C, the city is among the 10 coldest cities in Russia and the world). Spring is short. The daytime thaws that begin in the second half of March lead to a rapid descent of snow cover by the end of the month. However, even in April, in the absence of snow, with Arctic invasions, the temperature can drop at night to -27.3 °C. In May, hot weather quickly sets in. Summers are almost always hot, sometimes there are prolonged droughts. Summer in Kyzyl begins in mid-May and ends in mid-September. In summer, the city is characterized by high daytime temperature maxima. The maximum temperature is one of the highest in the Russian Federation, and is among the ten hottest cities with a maximum of +40.7. The bulk of precipitation falls in the summer, in the second half of summer. Dust storms are possible in May and July. In August, heavy rainfall and severe thunderstorms are not uncommon. In the middle and at the end of September, the first frosts are observed, although the weather is still quite hot during the day. Leaf fall is observed until the beginning of October. In October, a rapid decrease in average temperatures begins. At the end of October, before the snow cover is established, the average daily temperature drops below 0 °C (in November to -20 ° and below C), which makes it impossible to grow winter and many fruit and berry crops. Snow cover is usually established in mid-November, followed by a sharp drop in temperatures to -20 °C and below.

Since the center of the Asian maximum atmospheric pressure (Siberian anticyclone) is located above Tuva in the cold season and Kyzyl is located at the bottom of a deep basin (compared to the mountains surrounding the basin) on a very large thickness of the atmosphere, up to the level of planetary winds to heights of 2-2.5 km, in winter a very powerful inversion is observed over the city. The temperature at an altitude of 2 km above the city can be 15-20 degrees higher than at the surface of the earth. Almost from the end of October to the beginning of March, there is windless, often clear weather. Because of this, the strongest smog is observed over the city and the basin, on some days visibility can drop to 500-1000 meters due to smog. Severe air pollution in winter is a big environmental problem. To solve it, the government of the region has taken measures for gasification.

The record high of  was recorded on 15 July 2004. The record low of  was recorded on 4 February 1945.

Administrative and municipal status

Kyzyl is the capital of the republic. Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as a city under republic jurisdiction (urban okrug, an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts), as Kyzyl Urban Okrug.

Demographics
According to the 2020 All-Russian Population Census, as of October 1, 2021, in terms of population, the city was in 136th place out of 1117 cities of the Russian Federation.

 National composition

According to the 2021 census, out of 125,241 residents of the city, Tuvans made up 81.3% (88,270 people), Russians - 16.4% (17,771 people), others - 2.3%.

Industry
Manufacturing plants include brickyards, sawmills, furniture manufacturing, and food-processing plants.

Transportation

Road connection
The federal highway M54 "Yenisei" connects Kyzyl with Abakan and Mongolia via Erzin.

Air traffic

The city is served by the Kyzyl Airport. The airport provides regular flights to Moscow, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, as well as to remote localities of the republic. The airport is included in the list of reference airports in Russia.

The railway
There is a project of the Tuvan Railway with a railway terminal in Kyzyl. Kuragino–Kyzyl railway line is still being designed. The construction of the road started in 2011, but only  of track was built near Kyzyl.

Tourism

Sights

Sculpture complex Center of Asia

The obelisk, symbolizing the center of Asia, is located on the bank of the Yenisei River, in the city of Kyzyl of the Republic of Tuva. It was built three times — in 1964, 1984 and 2014. Today's monument is a whole sculptural ensemble.
The new obelisk was built according to the project of the Buryat artist Dashi Namdakov. It is represented by an ensemble of three lions holding a globe topped with a spire. Externally, the monument is very similar to the previous obelisk. It depicts grandiose figures of oriental dragons and a high stele, the decor of which is made in the form of symbolic animals intertwined in a rush of ascent to the sky. In addition, people see twelve cosmogonic animalistic images that make up the Buddhist horoscope.

Ethnic and cultural complex of Aldyn-Bulak
It occupies the coastal zone of the Yenisei, to Kyzyl-45 km. It is built as a kind of model of the universe, where the roles of stars and luminaries are assigned to yurts of different sizes and purposes. Although the yurts are decorated as authentic as possible, Aldyn-Bulak has all the amenities, including places to stay, a restaurant, a sauna, a parking lot.

Tsechenling Temple

One of the most important Buddhist attractions of Kyzyl. Built in 1998, it consists of two floors: the first – as a residence, the second – for prayings. The corners of the building look more worn out, this is due to the tradition of walking around the temple in a circle and touching the corners. Classes on spiritual practices and languages are held inside, admission is free.

Buddhist Prayer wheel
It was officially opened in 2006. It is considered the largest prayer wheel in Russia. It came from an Indian monastery, where the monks worked on the wheel for several years. Millions of scrolls with mantras are stacked inside.

Kadarchy Monument

It was installed in 1997 in front of the Kyzyl airport. The monument is a shepherd with a staff in traditional Tuvan clothing. After the sculpture took its place on the hill, the locals considered that the hero did not have enough liverstock, so "sheep" were placed nearby in the form of boulders painted white.

Mineral spring "Bobry"
It is located  from Kyzyl. The name is translated as "beavers": according to legend, people learned about the spring from these animals who came there to drink. There are more than 20 streams and springs, the water is collected in small natural and handmade bowls or spreads. According to legend, each of the streams treats different diseases, so tourists try the water from all of them.

National Museum of the Republic of Tyva

It was founded in 1929 in Kyzyl. Unique collections presented in the museum are: Archaeological collections of the Scythian mounds "Arzhaan" and "Arzhaan-2"; Tuvan ethnographic collections; Tuvan women's and men's silver jewelry; cult collections of Shamanism, Buddhism and Orthodoxy.

Dus-khol lake
A salty spring in the Republic of Tuva. In the Tuvan dialect, the name of the reservoir means "salt lake". Dus-Khol is a natural monument and is under state protection. The water in this spring has healing properties. Throughout the summer season, tourists and locals come to the reservoir.

Events

International Festival of Live Music and Faith "Ustuu-Khuree"
The festival, which shows all the magnificence of indigenous cultures, has been held in the Republic of Tyva since 1999. The festival arose in line with the idea of restoring the ruins of a once majestic Buddhist temple in Chadan. The motto of the festival was live music and following the universal spiritual postulates of living faith (kindness, tolerance, unpretentiousness to the benefits of life).The simplicity of the living conditions of the tent city, the proximity to nature, the special atmosphere of the ruins of a Buddhist temple, the constant joint music playing of the participants — all these components created a unique image of the festival. Traditionally, the Ustuu-Khuree festival takes place in July.

International festival Khoomei in the Center of Asia"
The festival program traditionally includes competitions among throat singing performers, the consecration ceremony "Ovaa khoomei". It is held every two years. During the festival, the number of participants reached more than 600 people, including 31 foreign citizens from different countries, such as the US, China, Mongolia, Sweden, Germany, Japan, Brazil.

National holiday "Naadym"
Naadym is a Tuvan national holiday of shepherds, held annually in mid-August. It necessarily includes the national wrestling khuresh, horse racing, archery, competitions for the best national yurt, the best national costume and equipment of a horse.

Education
School No. 1 (Kyzyl) – first school in the city.
Tyvan State University – is the only university in Tyva.

In popular culture

In the late 1980s, Kyzyl was visited by Ralph Leighton, who had made it a quest to reach Tuva with his friend, the Nobel Prize-winning physicist Richard Feynman. Though Feynman died before they reached Tuva, the journey is chronicled in the book Tuva or Bust!

The film Genghis Blues chronicles the pilgrimage of a blind blues performer, Paul Pena, who learned Tuvan throat singing by listening to his shortwave radio, to compete in the Tuvan throat singing competition.

Sister cities
 Honolulu, Hawaii, United States
 Rivne, Ukraine
 Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil (both cities are claimed to be located in the exact center of their respective continents)
 Erenhot, China
 Yakutsk, Russia

References

Notes

Sources

1914 establishments in the Russian Empire
Populated places established in 1914
Populated places on the Yenisei River

Kyzyl


George Kennan (født 16. februar 1845 i Ohio, død 10. maj 1924) var en amerikansk telegrafist, journalist og forfatter.

Han berejste som telegrafist i det russisk-amerikanske Telegrafselskab Kamtjatka i 1865 og Rusland og Sibirien 1870—71. Han skrev herom bogen Tent life in Siberia i 1870. En ny rejse i Sibirien 1885—86 gav ham stof til hans bog Siberia and the exile system 1889—90, hvori han beskriver de russiske forvistes liv. Han optrådte senere som foredragsholder og journalist og har som sådan offentliggjort Campaigning in Cuba i 1899, The Tragedy af Pelée i 1902 og A Russian Comedy of Errors i 1915.

Forfatterskab på dansk
 George Kennan: Sibirien; Christiania og Kjøbenhavn 1891 (autoriseret oversættelse ved L. Strange)

Kilder

Journalister fra USA
Forfattere fra USA
Amerikanere i 1800-tallet
Amerikanere i 1900-tallet
Personer fra Ohio

George Kennan (1845-1924, amerikansk udforsker)


Roller chain  or bush roller chain is the type of chain drive most commonly used for transmission of mechanical power on many kinds of domestic, industrial and agricultural machinery, including conveyors, wire- and tube-drawing machines, printing presses, cars, motorcycles, and bicycles. It consists of a series of short cylindrical rollers held together by side links. It is driven by a toothed wheel called a sprocket.   It is a simple, reliable, and efficient means of power transmission.

Sketches by Leonardo da Vinci in the 16th century show a chain with a roller bearing. In 1800, James Fussell patented a roller chain on development of his balance lock and in 1880 Hans Renold patented a bush roller chain.

Construction

There are two types of links alternating in the bush roller chain. The first type is inner links, having two inner plates held together by two sleeves or bushings upon which rotate two rollers. Inner links alternate with the second type, the outer links, consisting of two outer plates held together by pins passing through the bushings of the inner links. The "bushingless" roller chain is similar in operation though not in construction; instead of separate bushings or sleeves holding the inner plates together, the plate has a tube stamped into it protruding from the hole which serves the same purpose. This has the advantage of removing one step in assembly of the chain.

The roller chain design reduces friction compared to simpler designs, resulting in higher efficiency and less wear. The original power transmission chain varieties lacked rollers and bushings, with both the inner and outer plates held by pins which directly contacted the sprocket teeth; however this configuration exhibited extremely rapid wear of both the sprocket teeth and the plates where they pivoted on the pins. This problem was partially solved by the development of bushed chains, with the pins holding the outer plates passing through bushings or sleeves connecting the inner plates. This distributed the wear over a greater area; however the teeth of the sprockets still wore more rapidly than is desirable, from the sliding friction against the bushings. The addition of rollers surrounding the bushing sleeves of the chain and provided rolling contact with the teeth of the sprockets resulting in excellent resistance to wear of both sprockets and chain as well. There is even very low friction, as long as the chain is sufficiently lubricated. Continuous, clean, lubrication of roller chains is of primary importance for efficient operation, as is correct tensioning.

Lubrication
Many driving chains (for example, in factory equipment, or driving a camshaft inside an internal combustion engine) operate in clean environments, and thus the wearing surfaces (that is, the pins and bushings) are safe from precipitation and airborne grit, many even in a sealed environment such as an oil bath.  Some roller chains are designed to have o-rings built into the space between the outside link plate and the inside roller link plates. Chain manufacturers began to include this feature in 1971 after the application was invented by Joseph Montano while working for Whitney Chain of Hartford, Connecticut. O-rings were included as a way to improve lubrication to the links of power transmission chains, a service that is vitally important to extending their working life. These rubber fixtures form a barrier that holds factory applied lubricating grease inside the pin and bushing wear areas. Further, the rubber o-rings prevent dirt and other contaminants from entering inside the chain linkages, where such particles would otherwise cause significant wear.

There are also many chains that have to operate in dirty conditions, and for size or operational reasons cannot be sealed. Examples include chains on farm equipment, bicycles, and chain saws. These chains will necessarily have relatively high rates of wear.

Many oil-based lubricants attract dirt and other particles, eventually forming an abrasive paste that will compound wear on chains. This problem can be reduced  by use of a "dry" PTFE spray, which forms a solid film after application and repels both particles and moisture.

Motorcycle chain lubrication
Chains operating at high speeds comparable to those on motorcycles should be used in conjunction with an oil bath. For modern motorcycles this is not possible, and most motorcycle chains run unprotected. Thus, motorcycle chains tend to wear very quickly relative to other applications. They are subject to extreme forces and are exposed to rain, dirt, sand and road salt.

Motorcycle chains are part of the drive train to transmit the motor power to the back wheel. Properly lubricated chains can reach an efficiency of 98% or greater in the transmission. Unlubricated chains will significantly decrease performance and increase chain and sprocket wear.

Two types of aftermarket lubricants are available for motorcycle chains: spray on lubricants and oil drip feed systems.
Spray lubricants may contain wax or PTFE. While these lubricants use tack additives to stay on the chain they can also attract dirt and sand from the road and over time produce a grinding paste that accelerates component wear.
Oil drip feed systems continuously lubricate the chain and use light oil that does not stick to the chain. Research has shown that oil drip feed systems provide the greatest wear protection and greatest power saving.

Variants

If the chain is not being used for a high wear application (for instance if it is just transmitting motion from a hand-operated lever to a control shaft on a machine, or a sliding door on an oven), then one of the simpler types of chain may still be used. Conversely, where extra strength but the smooth drive of a smaller pitch is required, the chain may be "siamesed"; instead of just two rows of plates on the outer sides of the chain, there may be three ("duplex"), four ("triplex"), or more rows of plates running parallel, with bushings and rollers between each adjacent pair, and the same number of rows of teeth running in parallel on the sprockets to match. Timing chains on automotive engines, for example, typically have multiple rows of plates called strands.

Roller chain is made in several sizes, the most common American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards being 40, 50, 60, and 80. The first digits indicate the pitch of the chain in eighths of an inch, with the last digit being 0 for standard chain, 1 for lightweight chain, and 5 for bushed chain with no rollers. Thus, a chain with half-inch pitch is a No. 40 while a No. 160 sprocket has teeth spaced 2 inches apart, etc. Metric pitches are expressed in sixteenths of an inch; thus a metric No. 8 chain (08B-1) is equivalent to an ANSI No. 40. Most roller chain is made from plain carbon or alloy steel, but stainless steel is used in food processing machinery or other places where lubrication is a problem, and nylon or brass are occasionally seen for the same reason.

Roller chain is ordinarily hooked up using a master link (also known as a "connecting link"), which typically has one pin held by a horseshoe clip rather than friction fit, allowing it to be inserted or removed with simple tools. Chain with a removable link or pin is also known as "cottered chain", which allows the length of the chain to be adjusted. Half links (also known as "offsets") are available and are used to increase the length of the chain by a single roller. Riveted roller chain has the master link (also known as a "connecting link") "riveted" or mashed on the ends. These pins are made to be durable and are not removable.

Horseshoe clip
A horseshoe clip is the U-shaped spring steel fitting that holds the side-plate of the joining (or "master") link formerly essential to complete the loop of a roller chain. The clip method is losing popularity as more and more chains are manufactured as endless loops not intended for maintenance. Modern motorcycles are often fitted with an endless chain but in the increasingly rare circumstances of the chain wearing out and needing to be replaced, a length of chain and a joining link (with horseshoe clip) will be provided as a spare. Changes in motorcycle suspension are tending to make this use less prevalent.

Common on older motorcycles and older bicycles (e.g. those with hub gears) this clip method cannot be used on bicycles fitted with derailleur gears, as the clip will tend to catch on the gear-changers.

In many cases, an endless chain cannot be replaced easily since it is linked into the frame of the machine (this is the case on the traditional bicycle, amongst other places). However, in some cases, a joining link with horseshoe clip cannot be used or is not preferred in the application either. In this case, a "soft link" is used, placed with a chain riveter and relying solely on friction. With modern materials and tools and skilled application this is a permanent repair having almost the same strength and life of the unbroken chain.

Use

 Roller chains are used in low- to mid-speed drives at around 600 to 800 feet per minute; however, at higher speeds, around 2,000 to 3,000 feet per minute, V-belts are normally used due to wear and noise issues.
 A bicycle chain is a form of roller chain. Bicycle chains may have a master link, or may require a chain tool for removal and installation. A similar but larger and thus stronger chain is used on most motorcycles although it is sometimes replaced by either a toothed belt or a shaft drive, which offer lower noise level and fewer maintenance requirements.
 Some automobile engines use roller chains to drive the camshafts. Very high performance engines often use gear drive, and starting in the early 1960s toothed belts were used by some manufacturers.
 Chains are also used in forklifts using hydraulic rams as a pulley to raise and lower the carriage; however, these chains are not considered roller chains, but are classified as lift or leaf chains.
 Chainsaw cutting chains superficially resemble roller chains but are more closely related to leaf chains. They are driven by projecting drive links which also serve to locate the chain onto the bar.

A perhaps unusual use of a pair of motorcycle chains is in the Harrier jump jet, where a chain drive from an air motor is used to rotate the movable engine nozzles, allowing them to be pointed downwards for hovering flight, or to the rear for normal forward flight, a system known as "thrust vectoring".

Wear
The effect of wear on a roller chain is to increase the pitch (spacing of the links), causing the chain to grow longer. Note that this is due to wear at the pivoting pins and bushes, not from actual stretching of the metal (as does happen to some flexible steel components such as the hand-brake cable of a motor vehicle).

With modern chains it is unusual for a chain (other than that of a bicycle) to wear until it breaks, since a worn chain leads to the rapid onset of wear on the teeth of the sprockets, with ultimate failure being the loss of all the teeth on the sprocket. The sprockets (in particular the smaller of the two) suffer a grinding motion that puts a characteristic hook shape into the driven face of the teeth. (This effect is made worse by a chain improperly tensioned, but is unavoidable no matter what care is taken). The worn teeth (and chain) no longer provides smooth transmission of power and this may become evident from the noise, the vibration or (in car engines using a timing chain) the variation in ignition timing seen with a timing light. Both sprockets and chain should be replaced in these cases, since a new chain on worn sprockets will not last long. However, in less severe cases it may be possible to save the larger of the two sprockets, since it is always the smaller one that suffers the most wear. Only in very light-weight applications such as a bicycle, or in extreme cases of improper tension, will the chain normally jump off the sprockets.

The lengthening due to wear of a chain is calculated by the following formula:

M = the length of a number of links measured

S = the number of links measured

P = Pitch

In industry, it is usual to monitor the movement of the chain tensioner (whether manual or automatic) or the exact length of a drive chain (one rule of thumb is to replace a roller chain which has elongated 3% on an adjustable drive or 1.5% on a fixed-center drive). A simpler method, particularly suitable for the cycle or motorcycle user, is to attempt to pull the chain away from the larger of the two sprockets, whilst ensuring the chain is taut. Any significant movement (e.g. making it possible to see through a gap) probably indicates a chain worn up to and beyond the limit. Sprocket damage will result if the problem is ignored.  Sprocket wear cancels this effect, and may mask chain wear.

Bicycle chain wear
The lightweight chain of a bicycle with derailleur gears can snap (or rather, come apart at the side-plates, since it is normal for the "riveting" to fail first) because the pins inside are not cylindrical, they are barrel-shaped. Contact between the pin and the bushing is not the regular line, but a point which allows the chain's pins to work its way through the bushing, and finally the roller, ultimately causing the chain to snap. This form of construction is necessary because the gear-changing action of this form of transmission requires the chain to both bend sideways and to twist, but this can occur with the flexibility of such a narrow chain and relatively large free lengths on a bicycle.

Chain failure is much less of a problem on hub-geared systems (e.g. Bendix 2-speed, Sturmey-Archer AW) since the parallel pins have a much bigger wearing surface in contact with the bush. The hub-gear system also allows complete enclosure, a great aid to lubrication and protection from grit.

Chain strength
The most common measure of roller chain's strength is tensile strength. Tensile strength represents how much load a chain can withstand under a one-time load before breaking. Just as important as tensile strength is a chain's fatigue strength. The critical factors in a chain's fatigue strength is the quality of steel used to manufacture the chain, the heat treatment of the chain components, the quality of the pitch hole fabrication of the linkplates, and the type of shot plus the intensity of shot peen coverage on the linkplates. Other factors can include the thickness of the linkplates and the design (contour) of the linkplates. The rule of thumb for roller chain operating on a continuous drive is for the chain load to not exceed a mere 1/6 or 1/9 of the chain's tensile strength, depending on the type of master links used (press-fit vs. slip-fit). Roller chains operating on a continuous drive beyond these thresholds can and typically do fail prematurely via linkplate fatigue failure.

The standard minimum ultimate strength of the ANSI 29.1 steel chain is 12,500 x (pitch, in inches)2.
X-ring and O-Ring chains greatly decrease wear by means of internal lubricants, increasing chain life.  The internal lubrication is inserted by means of a vacuum when riveting the chain together.

Chain standards
Standards organizations (such as ANSI and ISO) maintain standards for design, dimensions, and interchangeability of transmission chains. For example, the following table shows data from ANSI standard B29.1-2011 (precision power transmission roller chains, attachments, and sprockets) developed by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). See the references for additional information.

For mnemonic purposes, below is another presentation of key dimensions from the same standard, expressed in fractions of an inch (which was part of the thinking behind the choice of preferred numbers in the ANSI standard):

A typical bicycle chain (for derailleur gears) uses narrow -inch-pitch chain. The width of the chain is variable, and does not affect the load capacity. The more sprockets at the rear wheel (historically 3–6, nowadays 7–12 sprockets), the narrower the chain. Chains are sold according to the number of speeds they are designed to work with, for example, "10 speed chain". Hub gear or single speed bicycles use 1/2 x 1/8 inch chains, where 1/8 inch refers to the maximum thickness of a sprocket that can be used with the chain.

Typically chains with parallel shaped links have an even number of links, with each narrow link followed by a broad one. Chains built up with a uniform type of link, narrow at one and broad at the other end, can be made with an odd number of links, which can be an advantage to adapt to a special chainwheel-distance; on the other side such a chain tends to be not so strong.

Roller chains made using ISO standard are sometimes called "isochains".

See also
 Self-lubricating chain

References

Bibliography

External links

 The Complete Guide to Chain

Chain drives
Mechanical power transmission
Mechanical power control

Roller chain


Le  est un temple bouddhiste situé dans l'arrondissement Sakai-ku de la ville de Sakai, dans la préfecture d'Osaka, au Japon. Il appartient à la branche Daitoku-ji du courant Rinzai du zen japonais. Sa divinité principale est Shaka Sanzon. Son jardin, dessiné par Furuta Shigenari en 1619, est classé comme monument national. Ce temple est le bodaiji du clan Miyoshi, ainsi que celui de nombreuses écoles de cérémonie du thé.

Histoire
Le temple a été fondé en  sous le nom de , et était un petit ermitage zen. En 1557, Miyoshi Nagayoshi, châtelain du château d'Iimoriyama dans la province de Kawachi, devient le chef de guerre le plus puissant de la région. Il agrandit l'ermitage en temple pour pouvoir prier pour son père décédé, Miyoshi Motonaga. Le temple était à l'origine situé dans une autre partie de Sakai, appelée Shukuin-chō. En 1573, le shogun Ashikaga Yoshiaki en fait un des cinq grands temples parmi les temples officiels de son shogunat. Le temple est détruit en 1574 lors de la lutte de Matsunaga Hisahide contre Oda Nobunaga. Il est reconstruit, pour être à nouveau détruit en 1615 lors de la campagne d'été d'Osaka, une des guerres entre Toyotomi Hidenaga et Tokugawa Ieyasu. Il est reconstruit une fois de plus sous le patronage du shogunat Tokugawa par le célèbre prélat Takuan Sōhō en 1619. Il est déplacé à son emplacement actuel à cette époque.

Le temple subit de nouveau une catastrophe lors du bombardement d'Osaka le 10 juillet 1945 pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Le Kaisan-dō, le Hōjō, le Tōshō-gū et de nombreuses autres structures disparaissent, mais le hall principal (construit en 1654), le Sanmon (construit en 1647) et le Karamon survivent et sont maintenant désignés comme biens culturels nationaux importants (ICP).

Le temple se trouve à cinq minutes à pied de la station Goryomae du tramway Hankai.

"Vraie tombe" de Tokugawa Ieyasu
Le temple a en son sein un monument censé être la "vraie" tombe de Tokugawa Ieyasu. Selon la légende du temple, Tokugawa Ieyasu a été forcé par Sanada Yukimura de battre en retraite pendant le siège d'Osaka, et il a été blessé dans son palanquin par une lance brandie par Gotō Mototsugu, partisan de Toyotomi Hideyori et allié de Sanada, et il en est mort. Son corps a été caché par ses serviteurs sous le plancher du Kaisan-dō à Nanshū-ji et a été secrètement enterré. Cette légende a contre elle un certain nombre de problèmes historiques, notamment que le Nanshū-ji avait alors été incendié et que Gōtō Matabe a été tué au combat avant que les événements présumés ne se produisent. Cependant, la légende a une longévité considérable, et en 1967, Keijirō Miki, un maître réputé de l'école d'escrime japonaise Hokushin Ittō-ryū (et lui-même descendant du clan Mito Tokugawa), a construit un monument portant l'inscription "Tombe Tōshō-gū de Tokugawa Ieyasu" sur le site du sanctuaire Tōshō-gū, qui était autrefois situé dans le temple.

Jardin du Nanshū-ji
Le jardin sec situé à l'extérieur de la chambre de l'abbé date, pense-t-on, de la reconstruction du temple par Takuan Sōhō. Il utilise le relief ascendant pour incorporer une cascade sèche avec un pont de pierre «en amont» et un lit de pierres blanches au premier plan pour souligner l'agencement des pierres au centre. C'est un lieu national désigné de beauté scénique.

Cimetière
Nanshū-ji est le bodaiji du clan Miyoshi, d'éminents seigneurs de guerre de la période Sengoku. Cependant, le temple est surtout connu pour ses liens avec la cérémonie du thé. Bien que la tombe officielle de Sen no Rikyū se trouve au temple Jukōin dans l'enceinte du Daitoku-ji à Kyoto, il a une autre tombe à Nanshū-jii, car Rikyū a vécu de nombreuses années à Sakai. Les tombes des autres maîtres du thé et marchands de Sakai Takeno Jōō et Tsuda Sōgyū se trouvent également à Nanshū-ji. D'autres écoles de la cérémonie du thé, dont les Omotesenke, Urasenke et Mushakōjisenke, ont également des tombes dans ce cimetière.

La tombe d'Utagawa Yoshitaki, un artiste ukiyo-e réputé pour ses représentations d'acteurs de kabuki, est également située à Nanshū-ji.

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Guide du visiteur de Sakai (en japonais)
 Page d' accueil de la ville de Sakai (en japonais)

Sakai
Temple bouddhiste dans la préfecture d'Osaka

Nanshū-ji


Kurtahmetli, Samsun ilinin Çarşamba ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Köy adını zamanında yaşamış kurt avcısı ahmetten almıştır. kurt ahmetin bulunduğu yer anlamında kurtahmetli denmiştir.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 46 km, Çarşamba ilçesine 13 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Çarşamba'nın mahalleleri

Kurtahmetli, Çarşamba


Perfetti Automobili war ein italienischer Hersteller von Automobilen.

Unternehmensgeschichte
Das Unternehmen aus Mailand begann 1922 mit der Produktion von Automobilen. Der Markenname lautete Perfetti. 1923 endete die Produktion nach nur wenigen hergestellten Exemplaren.

Fahrzeuge
Das einzige Modell war der Tipo Unico. Für den Antrieb sorgte ein Vierzylindermotor mit 1491 cm³ Hubraum. Ungewöhnlich war die Sitzanordnung: Der Fahrersitz war in Fahrzeugmitte angeordnet, jeweils ein Sitz links und rechts daneben, und ein vierter Sitz dahinter.

Literatur
 Nick Georgano: The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile, Volume 3 P–Z. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, Chicago 2001, ISBN 1-57958-293-1 (englisch)
 Autorenkollektiv: Enzyklopädie des Automobils. Marken · Modelle · Technik. Weltbild Verlag, Augsburg, 1989

Ehemaliger Pkw-Hersteller (Italien)
Ehemaliges Unternehmen (Mailand)

Perfetti Automobili


Christopher Edward "Chris" Hansen (født 13. september 1959) er en amerikansk journalist.

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Personer fra Chicago
Skuespillere fra Illinois

Chris Hansen


Gusari može značiti:
gusari, pomorski ratnici koji se van sastava regularne ratne mornarice bore za određenu državu.
NK Gusar Komin
Vaterpolski klub Gusar Sveti Filip i Jakov
HVK Gusar

Gusari (razdvojba)


مارك لينش (Marc Lynch)أستاذ العلوم السياسية المساعد بجامعة ويليامز، حصل على الدكتوراة من جامعة كورنيل، وهو متخصص في شؤون الشرق الأوسط، خاصة شؤون الإسلاميين والعراق وفلسطين، وهو مؤلف كتاب «أصوات الشعب العربي الجديد» من منشورات دار جامعة كولومبيا للنشر، صدر في ديسمبر 2005، بدأ «مارك لينش» مبكراً في التعرف علي الوطن العربي والذي عاش به مدة ثلاث سنوات في فترة بداية التسعينات متنقلا بين عمان والقاهرة وله رؤية بضرورة دمج الإسلاميين في الحياة السياسية في المجتمعات العربية، ينشر لينش كتابته في مجلة السياسة الخارجية.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
مدونة أبو خنزير الأرض

علماء سياسة أمريكيون
مواليد 1969
مؤلفون عن السياسة الخارجية
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة جورج واشنطن

مارك لينش


Maddale (kannada ಮದ್ದಲೆ maddaḷe), malayalam madhalam, tamil und telugu maddalam, ist eine zweifellige Doppelkonustrommel, die vor allem in der religiösen Volksmusik in den südindischen Bundesstaaten Karnataka, Kerala und Tamil Nadu mit den Händen gespielt wird. Die namensverwandten regionalen Varianten unterscheiden sich in der Bauart wenig und entsprechen dem Typ der in klassischen südindischen Musik gespielten mridangam. Die Trommeln werden bei einer Vielzahl von Tempelfesten und Prozessionen eingesetzt, die sich nach dem Jahreszyklus richten. Im Süden von Karnataka gehört die maddale zusammen mit der Zylindertrommel chande zur Begleitung des Yakshagana-Tanztheaters, in Kerala spielt die madhalam im zeremoniellen Trommelorchester Panchavadyam.

Bauform

Der Korpus (kannada karusige) der maddale wird in zwei Teilen aus einem Stammabschnitt von Calophyllum inophyllum (honne), Pterocarpus massupium (Indische kino), indische Jackfrucht (Artocarpus integrifolia, kannada halasu), Gerber-Akazie (Acacia catechu, kannada khadira) oder einer Röhren-Kassie (Cassia fistula, kannada kakke) herausgestemmt. Beide konusförmigen Teile besitzen an ihrem größeren Ende, an dem sie zusammengefügt werden, einen flachen Wulst. Ein darüber gespannter Messingring schützt die Verbindungsstelle vor Verrutschen und dient gleichzeitig zur Verzierung. Der Mittendurchmesser beträgt bei zwei typischen, 1980 gemessenen Instrumenten etwa 20 Zentimeter; das vom Spieler aus gesehen linke Trommelfell ist etwas größer und hat einen Durchmesser von 17 Zentimetern, das rechte Trommelfell von 16 Zentimetern. Die Gesamtlänge beträgt 40 Zentimeter.

Es gibt kleinere Trommeln aus einem Stück Holz mit 30 Zentimetern Länge und Durchmessern von 15 Zentimetern, 13,5 Zentimetern und 13 Zentimeter. Ihr Korpus (kalase) wird von beiden Seiten mit dem Stemmeisen dünnwandig (bis etwa 1,5 Zentimeter) ausgehöhlt. Größere Trommeln, die noch zu Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts hergestellt wurden, besaßen bei 66 Zentimetern Länge einen Mittendurchmesser von 30 Zentimetern, auf der linken Seite etwa 20 Zentimeter und rechts 18 Zentimeter Durchmesser.

Die Fixierung der beiden Membranen (mucchige) aus ungegerbter Kalbshaut benötigt mehrere Arbeitsgänge. Jede Haut sollte eineinhalb Mal so groß sein wie der Korpusdurchmesser und aus drei Lagen bestehen. Die drei Häute werden mit nach oben zunehmender Stärke übereinander gelegt, sie heißen von unten nach oben adivattu, jivakavalu und melottu. Aus den beiden äußeren Schichten schneidet man in der Mitte ein kreisförmiges Loch von vier bzw. fünf Zentimetern heraus, bohrt durch die äußeren Ränder zwölf gleichmäßig verteilte Löcher und steckt kleine Eisenhaken hindurch. Die so vorbereitete Membran wird nun über eine Öffnung der stehenden Trommel ausgebreitet und von den Haken bis zu einem provisorisch über die untere Korpushälfte geschobenen Eisenring mit einer Baumwollschnur verspannt. Holzstücke unter dem Ring sichern dessen Position am Korpus. Als Nächstes werden 32 Löcher in gleichmäßigem Abstand an der äußeren Kante durch die Membran gebohrt. Zwei Hautstreifen in der zweieinhalbfachen Länge des Kreisumfangs werden nun versetzt durch jedes zweite Loch gezogen und zusammen mit einem dicken verdrillten Ring (hindige) aus fester Haut außen an der Kante festgebunden. Die nass aufgezogenen Häute können nun trocknen, danach sind Haken und Eisenring überflüssig geworden. Für die gegenüberliegende Membran gilt etwa dasselbe Verfahren. Für die Verspannung der Membranen sorgt ein breiter Hautstreifen in ungefähr der 34fachen Länge des Instruments, der durch beide Hautringe um den Korpus durchgeschlauft wird.

Eine Stimmpaste (karna) auf dem kleineren rechten Trommelfell (bala mucchige) dient der Feinabstimmung des Klangs. Zu ihrer Herstellung wird feingemahlene Eisenschlacke mit gekochtem Reis im Verhältnis 1 : 3 vermischt. Zur Vorbereitung bestreicht man eine Kreisfläche in der Mitte des Trommelfells mit dem mit Wasser vermischten Pflanzensaft der wilden Paternostererbse ein. Nach dem Trocknen wird die Stimmpaste mit dem Daumen aufgerieben. Nicht haftendes Pulver wird weggeblasen und weiter solange Paste aufgetragen, bis eine leichte Erhebung entstanden ist. Diese Paste hält dauerhaft im Unterschied zu einer Paste aus gekochtem Reis und Asche (bona), die vor jedem Spiel frisch auf das Trommelfell der linken Seite (adi mucchige) aufgebracht wird. Ein dickerer Auftrag ergibt einen tieferen Ton. Auf etwa dieselbe Weise werden die Felle der meisten indischen Doppelkonustrommeln präpariert.

Spielweise

Zum Stimmen schiebt der Musiker Holzpflöcke in die richtige Position an der etwas größeren Seite der leicht asymmetrischen Trommel unter die Spannschnüre. Alternativ kann er mit einem Hammer den Hautring am Rand bearbeiten, um einen höheren Ton zu erzielen. Er sollte die maddale auf die Tonintervalle (shrutis) des vom Melodieinstrument oder dem Sänger intonierten Raga einstimmen. Bei zwei ähnlich großen, aber unterschiedlich gestimmten Trommeln wurde an der rechten Seite des tieferen Instruments (ili maddale) die Tonhöhe F3, beim anderen (ilu maddale – ilu heißt "höher") eine Oktave höher, also F4, festgestellt.

Der maddale-Spieler (maddalegara) sitzt mit gekreuzten Beinen am Boden und hält sein Instrument quer vor sich, die rechte Seite ruht erhöht auf dem Oberschenkel, mit der linken Fußsohle stützt er die untere Kante des linken Trommelfells. Bei Prozessionen hängt die madhalam an einem Schulterriemen vor dem Bauch des Spielers. Die unterschiedlichen Trommelschläge werden mit einer besonderen Silbensprache memoriert, die bidtige heißt (in Nordindien bol). Der Spieler hat über die Fingerkuppen der rechten Hand Hülsen aus einer getrockneten Reismehl-Lehm-Paste gezogen, die für einen harten Schlag sorgen.

Einige Spielweisen für die rechte Hand: Gumpu bedeutet, mit drei oder vier Fingern ohne Daumen zu schlagen. Are gumpu ergibt leichtere Schläge (are, "halb"), nur der Zeigefinger schlägt in die Mitte. Bei chapu schlägt der Zeigefinger, während der kleine Finger leicht am Rand des karna aufliegt. Wenn der Zeigefinger an der Rand schlägt und zugleich der kleine Finger in die Mitte, entsteht kapal ("Schlag") und nur mit dem Zeigefinger an den Rand heißt teka. Vier Finger knapp außerhalb des karna ergibt ttam. Die Finger beider Hände in einer rollenden Bewegung produzieren urulike ("rollend") mit dem Ergebnis ta ri ki ṭa ki ṭa ta ka, jeder Ton eine Sprachsilbe.

Für die linke Hand gibt es andere Bezeichnungen: dim, an den Rand schlagen und die Finger wegziehen; sanna dim (sanna, "klein"), Mittel- und Ringfinger schlagen, während der Handballen dämpft; und schließlich ta, mit vier Fingern (ohne den kleinen Finger) in die Mitte schlagen und wegziehen. Ein dim zusammen mit einem ttam ist typisch für das Ende eines rhythmischen Musters (tala).

Die bei der Begleitung des Yakshagana-Theaters verwendeten talas lauten: Eka tala mit vier Schlägen, rupaka tala mit sechs Schlägen, jhampe tala mit fünf Schlägen, trivude tala, ashta tala und titti thai, unterschiedliche Rhythmusmuster mit jeweils sieben Schlägen sowie adi tala mit acht Schlägen.

Verbreitung
Die maddale gehört zu einer Gruppe von Doppelkonustrommeln, einer Form der Röhrentrommeln, die fast nur im indischen Kulturraum vorkommen und in der klassischen und volkstümlichen Musik gespielt werden. Sie stellen einen von etwa zehn indischen Trommeltypen dar, von denen es unzählige regionale Varianten gibt. Neben der südindischen mridangam gehören zu dieser Bauform ihr nordindisches Gegenstück pakhawaj, die ähnlich große nepalesische pashchima und die schlanke, nahezu symmetrische pung aus Manipur. Dholak bezeichnet meist eine nordindische, leicht gewölbte Fasstrommel, gelegentlich auch eine Doppelkonustrommel.

Woher der Name maddale stammt, ist nicht ganz klar, in Südindien wird auch die mridangam gelegentlich maddalam oder maddale genannt. Ähnliche Schreibweisen wie madal, mardal und mardala stehen in anderen Landesteilen ebenfalls für zweifellige Fass- oder Doppelkonustrommeln: in den zentralindischen Adivasi-Gebieten besonders bei den Santal, Oraon, Baiga, Ghasia und benachbarten Gruppen. Eine madal gehört zu den Volkstanzliedern dalkhai und rasarkali in der Gegend von Sambalpur und kann beim Maskentanz Purulia chhau gebraucht werden. Marda führt etymologisch auf die Sanskrit-Wurzel ṃṛid ("Erde", "Boden", "Lehm") zurück, folglich hängt mardala mit der früher aus Ton bestehenden mridangam zusammen (aus ṃṛid und anga, "Körper"). Die Beziehung zwischen marda und maddale oder maddalam kann nicht nachgewiesen, nur vermutet werden. Sanskrit mādalā entspricht Pali maddalo, Marathi mādlā, Telugu, maddeḷa, Tamil maṭaḷam und Hindi mandal.

Typisch für die nepalesische Musik ist die kleine flachgewölbte Fasstrommel madal (auch madel, mader, magdal). Das Instrument wurde früher nur von der Magar-Volksgruppe gespielt. Vorwiegend unter der Stammesbevölkerung (Adivasis) von Nord- und Ostindien ist die fassförmige oder leicht konische Trommel magar (madal) mit einem Korpus aus Ton verbreitet. Wie üblich dient sie an einem Tragegürtel vor dem Körper gehängt als Rhythmusgeber bei Volkstänzen. In Westbengalen spielen sie verschiedene Adivasigruppen unter anderem zusammen mit der Kesseltrommel dhamsa.

Nach der altindischen Gandharva-Musiktheorie, wie sie in dem um die Zeitenwende entstandenen Werk Natyashastra beschrieben wurde, gab es zur Begleitung religiöser Schauspiele Musikinstrumente wie die zweifellige Fasstrommel mridangam (pushkara bezeichnete wohl Trommeln allgemein und dundubhi Kriegstrommeln), die Bogenharfe vina und eine Flöte, letztere von Gott Krishna persönlich geblasen. Ein mittelalterlicher Sanskrit-Autor beschreibt eine Trommel mardala mit einem 40 Zentimeter langen Holzkorpus in Fassform und Membrandurchmessern von 25 und 20 Zentimetern. Beide Trommelfelle waren mit einer Paste aus Asche und gekochtem Reis eingerieben. Daneben finden sich in der auf Tamil verfassten Literatur der Sangam-Periode (grob zwischen dem 5. Jahrhundert v. Chr. und dem 5. Jahrhundert n. Chr.) mehrere muraja oder murava genannte Trommeltypen, die offensichtlich die Form der maddale (mridangam) besaßen.

Vom klassischen Sanskrittheater bis zu volkstümlichen Aufführungen stehen viele dramatische Stücke und Tänze in der altindischen Tradition, bei der eine rhythmusbetonte Begleitmusik von zweifelligen Röhrentrommeln hervorgebracht wird. Ein Beispiel ist das Krishna gewidmete Nataka-Volkstheater von Orissa, bei dem ein Vorsänger (gahaka oder gayaka) mit drei Musikern auftritt, die eine Fasstrommel mardal (oder mardala), eine Messingzimbel (gini) und Harmonium spielen.

An der Küste Karnatakas führen während der Trockenzeit im Winterhalbjahr professionelle Tanzgruppen das Yakshagana-Tanztheater auf. Dessen Begleitorchester besteht aus einer maddale und einer senkrecht stehenden, einseitig geschlagenen Zylindertrommel chande. Der Sänger (bhagavata) fungiert zugleich als Regisseur und gibt im nördlichen Stil (badagatittu) mit seinen Zimbeln (tala) den Takt, im südlichen Stil (tenkutittu) schlägt er einen Messinggong.

In Kerala spielt die madhalam im zeremoniellen Trommelorchester Panchavadyam ("Fünf Musikinstrumente") zusammen mit den Sanduhrtrommeln idakka und timila, den kleinen Bronzepaarbecken elathalam und dem einzigen Blasinstrument, der gebogenen Naturtrompete kombu. Große Panchavadyam-Orchester verfügen meist über ein bis zwei idakka-Spieler, ein paar mehr madhalam-Spieler und doppelt soviele von den übrigen Instrumenten als madhalams vorhanden sind. Bei Tempelfesten dauert eine am Vormittag beginnende Panchavadyam-Aufführung acht Stunden, weitere Stunden folgen abends und nachts.

Madhalam, idakka und die Zylindertrommel chenda (ähnlich der chande in Karnataka) spielen in Kerala auch im Tanztheater Kathakali zusammen. Einer der führenden madhalam-Spieler beim Kathakali war der 2008 verstorbene K.K. Gopalakrishnan. Keli ist ein Musikstil, mit dem eine Kathakali-Aufführung oder eine religiöse Festveranstaltung eingeleitet wird. Bei diesem maddalam keli spielen mehrere maddalams mit Perkussionsinstrumenten zusammen. Kuzhal pattu gehört zu einem Tempelfest, bei diesem Stil wird der Trommler vom Doppelrohrblattinstrument kuzhal (ähnlich einer shehnai) begleitet.

Die Tamilen brachten die maddalam nach Sri Lanka, wo sie in die Tradition der Singhalesen einging und praktisch baugleich unter dem Namen demala bera als rhythmische Begleitung von Liedern und Tänzen zusammen mit dem kleinen Doppelrohrblattinstrument horanewa im Volkstheater Nadagam eingesetzt wird.

Diskografie
 Ritual Percussion of Kerala. Vol. 1: kshetram vadyam, vol. 2: tayambaka. Aufnahmen von Rolf Killius. 2 CDs von VDE Gallo 971-2, 1998

Literatur
 Richard Emmert u. a.: Description of Musical Instruments. In: Ders. (Hrsg.): Dance and Music in South Asian Drama. Chhau, Mahākāli pyākhan and Yakshagāna. Report of Asian Traditional Performing Arts 1981. Academia Music Ltd., Tokyo 1983, S. 283–286
 Hiriyadka Gopala Rao: Rhythm and Drums in Badagatittu Yakshagāna Dance-Drama. In: Emmert, S. 188–204

Weblinks

 Yakshagana Taala Maddale#4 - Gopal Bhat, Jogi Mane. Youtube-Video (Yakshagana-Begleitmusik in Karnataka mit maddale, Harmonium, Zimbeln und Gesang)
 Panchavadyam – Maddalam vayana. Youtube-Video (Panchavadyam-Aufführung in Kerala: mehrere maddalams und kombus)

Einzelnachweise

Musik (Indien)
Traditionelles indisches Musikinstrument
Schlagtrommel

Maddale


Un orexigène (du grec órexis, « appétit ») ou stimulateur de l'appétit est un médicament qui stimule l'appétit.

Ce terme désigne aussi les signaux centraux homéostatiques (neuropeptides sécrétés par des neurones hypothalamiques anorexigènes qui reçoivent des signaux périphériques  de régulation à court terme et long terme) stimulant l'appétit.

Dans le noyau arqué de l'hypothalamus, les neurones à AGRP () et à NPY (NeuroPeptide Y) ont une fonction anabolique et orexigène.

Notes et références

Voir aussi
 Comportement alimentaire
 Anorexigène

Alimentation humaine
Médicament

Orexigène


Matica hrvatskih kazališnih dobrovoljaca (MHKD) je bila hrvatska amaterska kazališna skupina koju je Aleksandar Freudenreich osnovao u okviru Hrvatskoga sokola. Osnovao ju je 1923. a tri godine poslije, 1926., iz nje se je razvila Matica hrvatskih kazališnih dobrovoljaca. Djelovala je do 1941. godine.

Od 1933. godine ideološki i organizacijski vezana za Sklad, težeći na odručju scenske umjetnosti pomoći izgraditi hrvatski scenski izražaj zasnovan na samonikloj narodnoj kulturi. Stoga su prišli proučavanju narodnog života i pod Freudenreichovim vodstvom su članovi skupa s glazbenicima Sklada otišli na folklorne smotre po selima gdje su bilježili plesne korake i figure uz pomoć balerine Nevenke Perko. Radeći to zatekao ih je poziv za sudjelovanje na međunarodnome plesnom natjecanju u Berlinu održanom u sklopu Olimpijade 1936. godine. Uskoro su osvajali nagrade na natjecanjima. Premda prije svega glumačka skupina, usporedno su radili i na umjetničkoj obradi narodnog plesa.
Održala je preko 500 predstava u zemlji i inozemstvu. Promicala je hrvatsku dramsku baštinu (J. Freudenreich, A. Šenoa, F. Becić, J. Jurković, M. Derenčin, M. Ogrizović, M. Jurić Zagorka, V. Car Emin). Izvodili su i inozemne autore, a ističe se izvedba Hofmannsthalova Čovjeka (1934.) na otvorenome.

Izvori

Hrvatsko kazalište


Adnan Gulshair el Shukrijumah (, ʿAdnān Shukrī Jumaʿah) (4 August 1975 – 6 December 2014) was a citizen of Saudi Arabia and a senior member of Al-Qaeda. He was born in Saudi Arabia and grew up in the United States.

In March 2003, a provisional arrest warrant was issued calling him a "material witness", and he was subsequently listed by the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) on the Seeking Information - War on Terrorism list, and the United States Department of State, through the Rewards for Justice Program, offered a bounty of up to US$5 million for information about his location.

Last known to have lived with his family in Miramar, Florida, Shukrijumah was known to have a Guyanese passport but might also have used a Saudi, Canadian, or Trinidadian passport. Saudi Arabia has repeatedly denied that el Shukrijumah was a Saudi citizen. He was considered to be a high-ranking member of al-Qaeda.

His mother insisted that her asthmatic son had been wrongly accused. He also went by the names Abu Arif, and Jafar al-Tayyar, the latter translating to "Jafar the Pilot".

In 2014, Shukrijumah was killed in a military manhunt operation by Pakistan Army Special Forces in South Waziristan. The Pakistani Taliban confirmed Shukrijumah's death two days later. Al-Qaeda confirmed Shukrijumah's death in July 2016.

Early years

Shukriumah moved to the United States in the 1980s as a young teenager with his parents. His mother Zuhrah Abdu Ahmed still resides in Florida, while his father died following a career as an imam. In 2001, his father had attracted the interest of officials, as the Saudi embassy had sent him $19,200.

Shukrijumah learned English later in his youth. As a young adult in 1997, he attended "English as a Second Language" classes. The FBI obtained a videotape of Adnan G. El Shukrijumah from the period that shows him giving a presentation exercise to the class, in which he speaks at length on the subject of jump starting a car. U.S. authorities believe that he may have been trained at an Afghan training camp in the late 1990s. He is alleged to have received assistance from American neuroscientist Aafia Siddiqui. Shukrijumah enrolled at Broward Community College, and earned money on the side working as a freelance computer technician. Shukrijumah applied for a green card so as to have his permanent residence status in the United States recognized, but lied on his application about having ever been arrested in the past.

In March 2001, while investigating Imran Mandhai, who attended the same Florida mosque as Shukrijumah, authorities made a note that Mandhai had eyed Shukrijumah as a potential colleague in whom to confide his plans, although Shukrijumah had refused to associate with the militant Mandhai. Reports would later accuse Mandhai of plotting to destroy Mount Rushmore.

Shukrijumah left the United States in May 2001 and flew to Trinidad after receiving his degree in computer engineering. However Mandhai's testimony in court would indicate that he believed he had last seen Shukrijumah two months after his stated departure. Authorities tried to speak with Shukrijumah, appearing unannounced at his parents' home six times asking if he was available - only to be told that he had left the country.

Under torture, Jose Padilla claims to have been partnered with Shukrijumah in the summer of 2001, and that the pair were taught how to seal natural gas into apartment complexes and detonate explosives in a course they received at the Kandahar airport. Padilla claims that the two men constantly fought, and he eventually went to Mohammed Atef to complain that he could not work with Shukrijumah and the training was canceled.

In late 2002, Shukrijumah phoned his parents to tell them that he had found a wife, settled down and had a son, and was now teaching English in Morocco.

2003 worldwide alert
In March 2003, his family's Florida home was the subject of an FBI search which yielded no evidence of his location. A bulletin was released suggesting that he was wanted as a terrorist and posed a "grave danger" to "gas stations, fuel trucks, subway systems, trains, or bridges". A number of "sightings" were reported across the country - including at a sandwich shop in south Tampa.

In September 2003, the FBI issued an alert for four people they alleged "pose a threat to U.S. citizens", including Abderraouf Jdey, Shukrijumah and the previously unknown Zubayr al-Rimi and Karim el-Mejjati.

In October, author Paul Williams wrote a book titled Dunces of Doomsday in which he claimed that Amer el-Maati, Jaber A. Elbaneh and Anas al-Liby had all been seen around Hamilton, Ontario the previous year, and that Shukrijumah had been seen at McMaster University where he "wasted no time in gaining access to the nuclear reactor and stealing more than 180 pounds of nuclear material for the creation of radiological bombs". He was subsequently sued by the university for libel, as there had been no evidence to suggest any part of his story was true. The publisher later apologised for allowing Williams to print statements which "were without basis in fact".

Summer 2004 terror alert
On 26 May 2004, United States Attorney General John Ashcroft and FBI Director Robert Mueller announced that reports indicated that el Shukrijumah was one of seven al-Qaeda members who were planning terrorist actions for the summer or fall of 2004. The other alleged terrorists listed on that date were Ahmed Khalfan Ghailani (who was later captured in Pakistan), Fazul Abdullah Mohammed, and Amer el-Maati, Aafia Siddiqui, Adam Yahiye Gadahn, and Abderraouf Jdey. The first two had been listed as FBI Most Wanted Terrorists since 2001, indicted for their roles in the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings. Jdey had already been on the FBI's "Seeking Information" wanted list since inception on 17 January 2002, to which Shukrijumah had also been later added, and the other three as well. American Democrats labeled the warning "suspicious" and said it was held solely to divert attention from President Bush's plummeting poll numbers and to push the failings of the Invasion of Iraq off the front page. CSIS director Reid Morden voiced similar concerns, saying it seemed more like "election year" politics, than an actual threat - and The New York Times pointed out that one day before the announcement, they had been told by the Department of Homeland Security that there were no current risks.

Ashcroft alleged that Shukrijumah had specifically "scouted sites" in New York City and around the Panama Canal for possible terrorist attacks. On 30 June, it was announced by the Honduran Security Ministry that el Shukrijumah had been in Honduras during the previous month meeting with members of the Mara Salvatrucha street gang. That September, the Aviation Security Association claimed that a Japanese flight attendant had confronted Shukrijumah while he had been acting strangely at Kansai International Airport. In June 2007, the New York Post claimed that Shukrijumah was "Al Qaeda's operations leader on a nuclear terror plot targeting the United States" stating that Osama bin Laden had chosen him  "to detonate nuclear bombs simultaneously in several U.S. cities."

Identified
A 2006 Summary of the High Value Terrorist Detainee Program, from the office of the Director of National Intelligence, asserted that Jafar al-Tayyar was identified as el Shukrijumah by waterboarded captive Abu Zubaydah. Khalid Shaikh Mohammad, after also being waterboarded, was shown a photograph of Shukijumah and agreed it was Jafar al-Tayyar. Other captives held at Guantanamo Bay detention camp had stated that another man, whose photograph they identified from a collection, was Jafar al-Tayyar although the American authorities discarded their claims.

Linked to Najibullah Zazi plot and put on the FBI most wanted terrorists list
In June 2010, anonymous U.S. counter-terrorism officials told the Associated Press that Najibullah Zazi, who was arrested in September 2009 on charges that he planned to suicide bomb the New York City Subway system, had met with Shukrijumah in a camp in Pakistan. On 8 July 2010, he was put on the FBI Most Wanted Terrorists list.

External operations council
Shukrijumah and two other leaders were part of an "external operations council" that designed and approved terrorism plots and recruits, but his two counterparts were killed in U.S. drone attacks, leaving Shukrijumah as the de facto chief and successor to Mohammed – his former boss. "He would be equated with being chief of operations," FBI special agent Brian LeBlanc told the US news network, adding that investigators believed Shukrijumah was "extremely dangerous."

However, according to the Long War Journal, Shukrijumah was al-Qaeda's operations chief for North America.

References

1975 births
2014 deaths
Al-Qaeda planners
FBI Most Wanted Terrorists
Fugitives
Saudi Arabian al-Qaeda members
Saudi Arabian engineers
Saudi Arabian expatriates in Pakistan

Adnan Gulshair el Shukrijumah


The Revenant යනු 2015 ඇමෙරිකානු ඓතිහාසික වික්‍රමාන්විත චිත්‍රපටයකි. එය අධ්‍යක්ෂණය, සහාය නිෂ්පාදනය සහ සහාය රචනය කරන ලද්දේ අලෙජන්ද්රෝ G. ඉනාරිටු (Alejandro G. Iñárritu) විසිනි. මයිකල් පන්ක්ගේ, එම නාමයම සහිත නවකතාව ඇසුරින් තිරරචනය කරන ලද්දේ ඉනාරිටු සහ මාර්ක් L. ස්මිත් විසිනි. නවකතාව දිවයන්නේ සම් දඩයක්කරුවෙකු වූ හියු ග්ලාස් 1823 දී වත්මන් මොන්ටානා සහ දකුණු ඩකෝටා ප්‍රදේශ වලදී විඳි අත්දැකීම් පිලිබඳවය. චිත්‍රපටයෙහි ග්ලාස් ලෙස ලියනාඩෝ ඩිකැප්‍රියෝ රංගනයෙන් දායක වන අතර ටොම් හාඩි, ඩොම්නැල් ග්ලීසන් සහ විල් පෝල්ටර් ද රංගනයෙන් දායක වෙති. චිත්‍රපටය දිවයන්නේ ග්ලාස්, දුඹුරු වලසෙකුගේ ප්‍රහාරයට ලක්ව දරුණු ලෙස තුවාල ලබා සිටියදී ඔහුව පාවාදී, ඔහුගේ පුතු මරා දමා, ඔහුව වනයේ හැර දමා යන ඔහුගේම පිරිසේ සිටි මිනිසකුගෙන් පළි ගැනීම උදෙසා ග්ලාස් දරණ උත්සාහය පිළිබඳවයි.

කතාව
1823 දී, හියු ග්ලාස්, කැප්ටන් ඇන්ඩ්රු හෙන්රිගේ දඩයක්කරුවන් කණ්ඩායමක මග පෙන්වන්නෙකු ලෙස, සංවිධානය නොවූ ඇමෙරිකානු භුමි ප්‍රදේශයක් හරහා යමින් සිටියි. ග්ලාස් සහ ඔහුගේ  පුත් හෝක් දඩයම් කරමින් සිටියදී ඔවුන්ගේ කඳවුර විරුද්ධවාදී අරිකාරා කණ්ඩායමේ ප්‍රහාරයට ලක් වෙයි. දඩයක්කරුවන් සියළු දෙනාම පාහේ මරුමුවට පත් වන අතර දිවි රැක ගැනීමට සමත් වූ ස්වල්ප පිරිස බෝට්ටුවකට නැගී පලා යයි. ගංගාව ඔස්සේ ගමන් කිරීම, ඔවුන්ව තවත් අරිකාරා ප්‍රහාරයකට ලක් කිරීමේ අවධානමක් ඇති කළ බැවින් බෝට්ටුව අත්හැර දමා පයින් ගමන් කළ යුතු බව ග්ලාස් යෝජනා කරයි.

කණ්ඩායම පයින් ගමන් කිරීම අරඹයි. කණ්ඩායමේ අන් අයගෙන් වෙන්ව සෝදිසියේ යෙදෙමින් සිටින ග්ලාස්, පැටවුන් සිටින දුඹුරු වැලහින්නකගේ ප්‍රහාරයට ලක්වෙයි. ඔහු වැලහින්නව මරා දැමීමට සමත් වුවද ඔහුගේ තත්ත්වය ඉතා බරපතළ වෙයි. කණ්ඩායමේ අනෙක් පිරිස ඔහුව සොයා ගත් විට, හදිසි වෛද්‍යාධාර කිසිවක් නොමැති නිසා, ග්ලාස්ව මරාදැමිය යුතු බවත් එය ඔහුට සහනය ලබා දීමක් බවත්, කලහකාරී දඩයක්කරුවෙකු වන ජෝන් ෆිට්ස්ජෙරල්ඩ්, හෙන්රිට යෝජනා කරයි. හෙන්රි එකඟ වන නමුත්, ග්ලාස්ව මරාදැමීම සඳහා සිය තුවක්කුවේ කොකාගැස්විමට ඔහුට සිත එකඟ කර ගැනීමට නොහැකි වෙයි. අනතුරුව, ග්ලාස් මරණයට පත්වීම හෝ සුවය ලැබීම සිදුවන තෙක් ඔහු සමඟ නතර වීමට කැමති අයෙකුට මුදල් ලබා දීමට හෙන්රි ඉදිරිපත් වෙයි. ස්වේච්ඡාවෙන් ඉදිරිපත් වන්නේ හෝක් සහ බොළඳ ගැටයෙකු වන ජිම් බ්‍රිජර් පමණක් වන අතර අවස්ථාවාදී ලෙස ෆිට්ස්ජෙරල්ඩ් ද නතරවීමට එකඟ වෙයි. එමගින් තම කණ්ඩායමට ප්‍රහාර එල්ල වන අවස්ථාවේ හැර දමා ඒමට සිදු වූ සම් මිටි වල පාඩුව පිරිමසා ගැනීමට ෆිට්ස්ජෙරල්ඩ් බලාපොරොත්තු වෙයි. ග්ලාස් මිය ගියහොත් එම අසරණ මිනිසාව මිහිදන් කරන බවට හෙන්රි, ෆිට්ස්ජෙරල්ඩ්ව පොරොන්දු කරවා ගනී.

අනෙකුත් දඩයක්කරුවන් නික්ම ගිය පසු තමන් සහ ග්ලාස් පමණක් තනි වන තෙක් ෆිට්ස්ජෙරල්ඩ් බලා සිටියි. තුවාල ලැබූ පුද්ගලයා තවදුරටත් බලපෑමක් කළ නොහැකි අයෙකු ලෙස දකින ෆිට්ස්ජෙරල්ඩ්, ග්ලාස්ව හුස්ම හිරකොට මරා දැමීමට උත්සාහ කරයි. නමුත් හෝක් පැමිණ ඔහුගේ උත්සාහය ව්‍යර්ථ කරයි. හෝක් උදව් ඉල්ලා කෑ ගැසීමට තැත් කරන මොහොතේ සන්ත්‍රාසයට පත්වන ෆිට්ස්ජෙරල්ඩ්, කිසිවක් කරකියාගත නොහැකි ඔහුගේ පියා ඉදිරිපිටදීම කොල්ලාට පිහියකින් ඇන මරා දමයි. බ්‍රිජර් ආපසු පැමිණීමට පෙර කඩිනමින් හොක්ගේ සිරුර සඟවා දැමීමට ෆිට්ස්ජෙරල්ඩ් උත්සුක වෙයි. දරුණු ලෙස තුවාල ලබා සිටින ග්ලාස් ට කතා කිරීමට පවා නොහැකි බැවින් මහත් චිත්ත වේදනාවකින් පෙළෙමින් බලා සිටීම හැර අන් කිසිවක් කළ නොහැකි වෙයි. පසුදා උදෑසන බ්‍රිජර්ව අවදි කරවන ෆිට්ස්ජෙරල්ඩ්, අරිකාරා කණ්ඩායමක් ඔවුන් අවට සිටින බවත්, ඔවුන්ට කිසිවකුගේ උදව් නොමැති නිසා ග්ලාස්ව හැර දමා යා යුතු බවත් කියයි.  ඉමහත් කඩිනමින් ග්ලාස්ව නොගැඹුරු වලකට ඇද දමා, පස් වලින් යටකර ඔවුහු නික්ම යති.

චිත්‍රපට

The Revenant (2015 film)