Obična žućica (zečjak, žuti zečji trn, žuta metla, lakotnik, metlasta žućica, lat. Cytisus scoparius) je grmolika biljka u zapadnoj i srednjoj Europi. Također je poznata kao 'Zlatni grm', a i mješaju ju s Forzicijom.
Vrsta je prilagođena Mediteranu i obalnoj klimi. Prisustvo biljke ograničeno je niskim zimskim temperaturama. Sjemenke, mlade biljke, i pupoljci posebno su osjetljivi na smrzavanje. Odrasle biljke su otpornije, i grane pogođene niskim temperaturama obnavljaju se brzo. Cytisus scoparius sadrži otrovne alkaloide koji opterćuju srce i živčani sustav.

Opis
Izrasline Cytisus scoparius obično narastu od 1m do 3m visoke, rijetko do 4m, s glavnim stablom do 5 cm debljine, rijetko 10 cm debljine. Grmovi imaju zelene izdanke s malim tro-latičnim listovima duljine 5-15 mm, koji otpadaju u vrijeme zrelosti (engl. deciduous). U proljeće i ljeto prepuni su zlatno-žutih cvjetova 20-30 mm od vrha do dna, i 15-20 mm široki. Cvjetanje se odvija nakon 50-80 GDD (engl. growing degree days - je heuristička mjera akumulirane toplinske energije, koju koriste vrtlari, cvjećari, i farmeri da predvide razvoj biljaka i životinja do trenutka cvjetanja, do trenutka izvaljivanja insekata, te sazrjevanja usjeva).

Distribucija i razvoj
C. scoparius se može naći na sunčanim mjestima, obično na suhom, pješčanom tlu na niskim nadmorskim visinama, može izdržati vema kiselo tlo. Izvan svog prirodnog područja, npr. Indija, Južna Amerika, zapadna Sjeverna Amerika (posebno otok Vancouver), Australia, i Novi Zeland (gdje je proglašena korovom) postala je invazivna vrsta na livadama, i ostalim staništima.

Podvrste
 Cytisus scoparius subsp. insularis (S.Ortiz & Pulgar) Auvray
 Cytisus scoparius subsp. maritimus (Rouy) Heywood
 Cytisus scoparius subsp. reverchonii (Degen & Hervier) Rivas Goday & Rivas Mart.
 Cytisus scoparius subsp. scoparius

Sinonimi
 Corema scoparium (L.) Bercht. & J.Presl
 Cytisogenista scoparia (L.) Rothm.
 Genista scoparia (L.) Lam.
 Genista vulgaris Gray
 Sarothamnus scoparius (L.) Wimm. ex W.D.J.Koch
 Sarothamnus vulgaris Wimm.
 Spartium scoparium L.

Izvori

Galerija

Genisteae
Flora Sjeverne Europe
Flora Srednje Europe
Flora Jugozapadne Europe
Flora Jugoistočne Europe
Flora Istočne Europe
Flora Luksemburga
Flora Hrvatske
Flora Španjolske
Flora Kanalskih otoka

Obična žućica


Diadumenos, MÖ 420 yılında Polykleitos tarafından yapılmış olan heykeldir.

Antik Yunanistan'daki heykeller

Polykleitos heykelleri
Yunanistan'da arkeoloji

British Museum

Diadumenos


Elizabeth "Bep" Voskuijl (; ) a fost o femeie neerlandeză care a ajutat la ascunderea Annei Frank și a familiei ei de persecuția nazistă din timpul ocupației germane a Țărilor de Jos. În primele versiuni ale Jurnalului Annei Frank, ea este cunoscută sub numele de Elli Vossen.

Biografie
Bep s-a născut în Amsterdam. Ea a fost unul dintre cei opt copii ai lui Johannes Hendrik Voskuijl și ai Christinei Voskuijl. Încă din adolescență, Bep a lucrat ca modistă, chelneriță și menajeră în scopul de a câștiga bani pentru școlarizare și a absolvit cursuri de secretariat.

Ea a fost angajată de către Otto Frank în 1937 ca secretară și prin 1942 era director administrativ al companiei acestuia, Opekta, cu sediul pe Prinsengracht 263, unde se afla ascunzătoarea familiei Frank. Ea avea optsprezece ani, atunci când a început să lucreze acolo, și era cel mai tânăr angajat din birou. A avut relații bune cu Miep Gies. Mai târziu, în 1938, tatăl ei, Johannes Hendrik Voskuijl, care era șomer (el avea ceva probleme de sănătate), a devenit magazioner la depozitul Opekta. În cartea Anne Frank Remembered, Miep Gies o descrie pe Bep ca o fată blândă și foarte timidă și își amintește că ele au devenit curând prietene apropiate. Elisabeth era o tânără dactilografă care a fost de acord să ajute la aprovizionarea cu alimente a familiei Frank și a celorlalte patru persoane ascunse în camerele din spate ale clădirii de birouri, din iulie 1942 până la trădarea și arestarea acestora pe 4 august 1944. Bep a fost responsabilă pentru aprovizionarea cu lapte și pâine, iar sora lui Bep a cusut haine pentru persoanele care se ascundeau. Ea a comandat, de asemenea, cursuri prin corespondență, de stenografie și de limba latină pentru cei din ascunzătoare și a petrecut mult timp cu Anne, vorbind despre filme, rochii și cărți, făcându-i confidențe despre iubitul ei și aducându-i cărți poștale cu familia regală olandeză. În timpul raziei Gestapo-ului, ea s-a speriat și a reușit să scape cu câteva documente care i-ar fi incriminat pe intermediarii de pe piața neagră, dar s-a întors pentru a o ajuta pe Miep Gies să strângă obiectele personale ale evreilor capturați, printre care jurnalul și manuscrisele Annei Frank.

La 25 mai 1944 Bep s-a logodit cu Bertus Hulsman, dar el a rupt logodna la scurt timp. În noiembrie 1945 tatăl ei a murit. Bep a părăsit compania Opekta în 1947, după ce s-a căsătorit pe 15 mai 1946 cu Cornelius van Wijk, cu care a avut patru copii: Ton, Cor, Joop și o fiică, Anne-Marie, născută în 1960 și numită după Anne.

După cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial
Ea a fost onorată în anii următori pentru activitățile sale în timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial, dar nu i-a plăcut publicitatea și a dat puține interviuri despre legăturile ei cu Anne Frank. Totuși, ele erau "ca niște surori". În 1954 a depus mărturie în fața tribunalului de la Lübeck împotriva a doi negaționiști care susțineau că Jurnalul Annei Frank era un fals. Bep a ținut legătura cu Otto Frank, chiar și după mutarea lui în Elveția (după retragerea sa din afaceri în 1952) și recăsătorirea lui. Otto știa că Bep avea probleme financiare și a făcut tot posibilul pentru a o ajuta. El i-a împrumutat ocazional bani. În 1971 institutul Yad Vashem i-a conferit medalia și titlul Drept între popoare.

Bep Voskuijl – van Wijk a murit în Amsterdam pe 6 mai 1983, din cauza unei boli de rinichi. Ea avea vârsta de 63 de ani.

Note

Referințe

Bibliografie și lecturi suplimentare

Legături externe
 Interview with Bep Voskuijl
 The wedding photograph of Bep Voskuijl and Cor van Wijk taken a year after the war, showing Otto Frank, Pfeffer's partner Charlotte Kaletta, and Miep and Jan Gies
 Post war photo of Bep at home with her children

Nașteri în 1919
Decese în 1983
Drepți între popoare din Țările de Jos
Oameni din Amsterdam
Persoane asociate cu Anne Frank

Bep Voskuijl


هذه قائمة بالأفلام المصرية لعام 1987 مرتبة أبجديا

1987
 المليونيرة الحافية
 أبناء وقتلة
 الاتهام
 أربعة في مهمة رسمية
 امرأتان ورجل
 امرأة من نار
 أردت أن أعتذر
 البيات الشتوي
 البيه البواب
 التعويذة
 السادة الرجال
 المرأة الحديدية
 النمر والأنثى
 الوحل
 خليل بعد التعديل
 روض الفرج
 زوجة رجل مهم
 عشماوي
 العملاق
 نوارة والوحش

مصر في 1987
قوائم أفلام حسب البلد أو اللغة 1987
8
قوائم أفلام مصرية حسب السنة

قائمة الأفلام المصرية سنة 1987


Prvenstvo Zadarskog nogometnog podsaveza za sezonu 1961./62. je osvojio "Tekstilac" iz Zadra, koji je potom razigravao za prvaka Dalmatinske zone. To je bila liga 3. stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije, a sudjelovalo je ukupno 10 klubova.  Od sezone 1962./63., uspostavom Dalmatinske zonske lige, Liga zadarskog podsaveza postaje liga četvrtog stupnja.

Ljestvica

 Bokanjac – danas dio Zadra

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Povezani članci
 Dalmatinska nogometna zona 1962.
 Prvenstvo Splitskog nogometnog podsaveza 1961./62.
 Prvenstvo Šibenskog nogometnog podsaveza 1961./62.
 Druga savezna liga 1961./62.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori
 Godišnjak FSJ 1961-62, Beograd, 1962., ISSN: 0351-2894, str. 201
 arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr, "Slobodna Dalmacija", 1961. godina
 arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr, "Slobodna Dalmacija", 1962. godina

1961-62 Zadar
+Zadar
1961-62 Zadar

Prvenstvo Zadarskog nogometnog podsaveza 1961./62.


Nathanaël Rochat, né le  au Sentier (originaire du Chenit), est un humoriste suisse du canton de Vaud.

Biographie
Nathanaël Rochat naît le  au Sentier, dans la Vallée de Joux. Il est originaire du Chenit (commune où se situe la localité du Sentier). Son père est contremaître et sa famille proche de l'Église évangélique. Il a un frère et une sœur.

Il grandit aux Bioux et suit une scolarité qui le mène jusqu'au gymnase. Après un échec à l'École normale, il fait un apprentissage d'employé de commerce à Lausanne et obtient un CFC en 1996.

Il fait ses premiers pas dans le domaine de l'humour et de la scène en prononçant un sketch sur la mollesse en 2002, dans le Caveau de l'Hôtel de ville de Lausanne. À partir de 2005, il vit deux années en Angleterre, à Bristol, avec la mère de ses enfants. Il y fait de petits boulots et découvre le stand-up. C'est sa participation à l'émission satirique La Soupe à partir de 2008 (ou 2007) qui le fait connaître du grand public. Il participe également régulièrement à l'émission radio dominicale Les beaux parleurs sur La Première.

Il est père de deux enfants et séparé de leur mère, d'origine anglaise.

Spectacles
 2018 : Live Unplugged
 2022 : Y'a moyen

Distinctions
 2014 : Prix du meilleur jeune humoriste romand au Festival Morges-sous-rire
 2019 : Prix de l'humour de la Société suisse des auteurs

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en août 1973
Naissance dans le canton de Vaud
Humoriste suisse
Artiste vaudois

Nathanaël Rochat


Svijet

Natjecanja

Svjetska natjecanja
 Od 17. srpnja do 3. kolovoza – XXII. Olimpijske igre – Moskva 1980.

Kontinentska natjecanja

Europska natjecanja
 Od 11. do 22. lipnja – Europsko prvenstvo u nogometu u Italiji: prvak SR Njemačka

Osnivanja

Rekordi

Nagrade

Ostali događaji

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Natjecanja

Timski športovi

Pojedinačni športovi

Osnivanja
 Kuglački klub Sinj, hrvatski kuglački klub

Rekordi

Nagrade

Ostali događaji

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Šport u 1980.


أيت يحي إحدى بلديات دائرة عين الحمام التابعة لولاية تيزي وزو.

أعلام
 علي يحيى عبد النور

مواضيع ذات صلة
 بلديات ولاية تيزي وزو
 دوائر ولاية تيزي وزو

مصادر

 التقسيم الإداري لولاية ولاية تيزي وزو

أيت يحي

أيت يحي


Une , est un type d'habitation japonais caractéristique de l'époque d'Edo, entre le  et le . Une nagaya est un long bâtiment, d'un ou deux étages, divisé en plusieurs appartements destinés à être loués. Le puits, les toilettes et les installations de traitement des déchets sont mis en commun entre tous les habitants d'une même nagaya. À l'exception d'une éventuelle chambre à coucher, chaque ménage ne dispose que d'une pièce à vivre. En règle générale, les deux extrémités de ces bâtiments étaient occupés par des commerces, dont les propriétaires vivaient dans les appartements adjacents.

Origines
Le terme se rencontre déjà dans le Man'yōshū, une anthologie de poésie datant de  environ, dans laquelle il désigne un pavillon situé dans l'enceinte d'un monastère (livre XVI, poème 3822). Par la suite, les textes japonais mentionnent régulièrement des bâtiments longs dans les établissements religieux bouddhistes, comme la léproserie connue sous le nom de  (Kitayama jūhakken-do), construite à Nara au  et qui devait son nom aux  disposées en enfilade qui servaient à accueillir les malades.

Durant la période féodale, des habitations de ce type furent édifiées près des résidences aristocratiques, pour y loger les samouraïs de rang inférieur, les soldats et les serviteurs. Ces logements furent également introduits dans le cadre urbain, à Tokyo, toujours dans le même but.

Époque d'Edo
C'est au début de cette époque que les maisons longues furent appelées nagaya-mon. En ville, ces maisons devinrent caractéristiques des marchands de classe moyenne ou supérieure, tandis que dans les campagnes, elles furent l'apanage des notables et des paysans riches. Ce n'est qu'avec le développement urbain constant qui survient lors de l'époque d'Edo que les nagaya devinrent la forme d'habitat majoritaire des couches inférieures de la population.

Il s'agit alors de logements semi-collectifs. Chaque famille dispose de son appartement, mais les nagaya sont en général regroupées par deux, autour d'une cour étroite dans laquelle est installée le puits et les sanitaires communs à tous les locataires (il n'y a toutefois rien pour se laver, les habitants devant donc aller aux bains publics).

Les conditions de vie dans les nagaya peuvent être assez difficiles, puisque la promiscuité et le manque d'installations sanitaires entraînent de graves problèmes d'hygiènes. Construits en bois, ces logements étaient propice aux incendies, ce qui leur valut le surnom de . L'autre grande difficulté de la vie dans une nagaya est la présence permanente du propriétaire (ōya), qui surveille les activités de tous ses locataires (tanako).

Disparition et postérité
Avec les changements de l'ère Meiji,, notamment l'industrialisation, les conditions de vie s'améliorent sensiblement au Japon, et les nagayas deviennent progressivement les logements caractéristiques des classes les plus pauvres de la société. Les nagayas en bois telles qu'elles existaient auparavant ont aujourd'hui presque disparu des villes japonaises, d'autant plus avec les destructions occasionnées par les bombardements alliés sur le Japon au cours de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Cependant, les habitations urbaines actuelles reprennent certaines des caractéristiques des nagayas, notamment la longueur.

Ces habitats ont cependant profondément marqué la culture japonaise, car malgré les conditions de vie difficiles qui les caractérisaient, les habitants développaient grâce à la promiscuité une très forte solidarité. Cette promiscuité fournit également de la matière au rakugo (une forme comique de spectacle littéraire) ou au senryū, le pendant satirique et cynique des haïkus.

Plusieurs œuvres japonaises attestent de cette persistance des nagayas dans les mémoires:

 Dans le manga Spirale, de Junji Itō, ces anciennes maisons sont au cœur de l'histoire
 Dans le manga et l'anime Bleach, les habitations de la Soul Society sont souvent apparentées à des nagayas.
 Le roman Zennin nagaya, de , adapté en manga par , met en scène les habitants d'une nagaya à l'époque d'Edo.

Notes et références

Articles connexes
 Architecture vernaculaire
 Habitat japonais
 Inuyarai
 Kura

Habitat japonais
Édifice-type

Nagaya (architecture)


HMS Erebus was a First World War monitor launched on 19 June 1916 and which served in both world wars. She and her sister ship  are known as the . They were named after the two bomb vessels sent to investigate the Northwest Passage as part of Franklin's lost expedition (1845–1848), in which all 129 members eventually perished.

Monitors were designed as stable gun platforms with a shallow draught to allow operations close inshore in support of land operations, and were not intended to contest naval battles. Erebus was equipped with two /42 guns in a single forward turret mounted on a tall barbette to extend the range of fire to .

The Erebus class were designed to outrange German heavy shore batteries and they were also fitted with highly effective anti-torpedo bulges on each side of the hull.

Background
During the First World War, the Royal Navy developed several classes of ships which were designed to give close support to troops ashore through the use of naval bombardment. Termed monitors, they owed little to the monitors of the 19th century, though they shared the characteristics of poor seaworthiness, shallow draught and heavy armament in turrets. The size of the various monitor classes of the Royal Navy and their armaments varied greatly. The  was the United Kingdom's first attempt at a monitor carrying  guns. Following construction of the first two of the Marshall Ney-class, another four were ordered in May 1915, with the Harland and Wolff shipyard at Govan receiving a contract to construct two hulls, which were given yard numbers 492 and 493. However, all four were cancelled in June when it was realised that there were insufficient gun turrets to complete both the battleship, , and the monitors before 1917.

By August 1915, , the first of her class, had revealed a very poor performance in her sea trials. The monitor's engines would not start reliably and were prone to stalling, making it impossible for the ship to achieve even the minimum standard for the trial of four hours of continuous sailing at full power. The vessel was also difficult to steer. Disappointed by the failure, the Admiralty began the design of a replacement class on 6 September, which incorporated lessons learned from all of the previous classes of monitor commissioned during the war. Some of the main modifications were an increase in the power supply to guarantee a speed of  and a change to the angles and lines of the hull to improve steering. Another significant change was to raise the top of the anti-torpedo bulge above the waterline and reduce its width; both changes would improve the stability and maneuverability of the ship at sea. The bulge was fitted along each side of the ship and was intended to absorb the impact of any explosions. To maintain protection while reducing the bulge's width, its inner compartment was made water tight and filled with 70 steel tubes, rather than leaving the inner compartment open to the sea as in previous designs.

Design and construction
The new design, which would later be named the Erebus-class, was for a vessel  long,  wide with a draught of . It would have  loaded displacement, with a maximum operational speed of  produced by triple-expansion steam engines with two shafts, and a crew of 204. Power would be provided by four Babcock & Wilcox water-tube boilers, which would generate a combined . The monitors would have an operational range of  at a speed of 12knots.

The ships would be armoured to a similar standard to the , which were launched in April 1915. Deck armour would range from  on the forecastle, through  on the upper deck and  over the magazine and belt. With the main 15 in guns being originally intended for use on a battleship, the armour for the turret was substantially thicker than elsewhere in the design; with  on the front,  on the other sides and  on the roof. The main gun's barbette would be protected by  of armour. The conning tower was protected by  of armour on the sides and  on the roof. Each anti-torpedo bulge was  wide with an outer air-filled compartment  wide and an inner compartment  wide containing the steel tubes.

Orders for two vessels of the new design were placed with Harland and Wolff on 29 September with reinstated yard numbers 492 and 493, which were renamed respectively Erebus and  on 13 October. Erebus was laid down at Harland and Wolff's shipyard in Govan on 12 October 1915 and launched on 19 June 1916.

The ship's main armament consisted of two BL 15in Mk I naval guns in a single forward turret. Erebus's turret was originally a spare for the battlecruiser , which was prepared in case the new BL 18in Mk I naval guns intended for the larger vessel were ineffective. Learning from the earlier experience with Ney, the turrets were adjusted to increase elevation to 30 degrees, which would add greater firing range.

Erebus conducted sea trials on 1 September, during which the ship was faster than her sister at  compared to  for Terror. However, under service conditions the maximum speed that could be achieved for both vessels was  with a clean hull or  with a fouled hull. Erebus was completed and commissioned on 2 September.

Service history

First World War
During the First World War, Erebus bombarded German naval forces based at the Belgian ports of Ostend and Zeebrugge.

On 28 October 1917, she was damaged by a remote controlled German FL-boat, and suffered the loss of  of anti-torpedo bulge.

Inter-war period
In 1919, Erebus took part in the British Invasion of Russia providing gunfire support in the White Sea and in the Baltic Sea.

In 1921, she took part in gunnery trials against the surrendered German battleship . She then served as a gunnery training ship between the two world wars. After a refit completed in August 1939, she was earmarked as guardship at Cape Town, but due to the outbreak of World War II this did not occur.

Second World War
In the early war years, Erebus served with the Eastern Fleet and the Mediterranean Fleet, where she was used to run supplies to besieged Tobruk and bombard enemy concentrations. She was present at Trincomalee during the Japanese attack on the harbour there, receiving a near-miss hit from Japanese aircraft, suffering casualties. In 1943, she was damaged while bombarding Sicily during the Allied invasion of Sicily.

Erebus was used for coastal bombardment during the Normandy Landings on 6 June 1944, firing at the batteries at Barfleur and La Pernelle. She suffered one 15-inch gun destroyed due to a premature explosion of a high explosive round in the bore.

On 10 August 1944, she was used against the defenders of the harbour at Le Havre. She was damaged by the battery at Clos des Ronces and was out of action for some time. In November 1944, she supported Operation Infatuate, the amphibious assault on Walcheren, Netherlands.

She was scrapped in July 1946. It is believed that one of Erebus 15-inch guns was used to equip , the Royal Navy's last battleship.

Footnotes

References

Bibliography

External links

Uboat.net - HMS Erebus
Personal experiences
Royal Navy history

Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
Erebus-class monitors
Naval ships of Operation Neptune
Ships built by Harland and Wolff
Ships built in Govan
1916 ships
World War I monitors of the United Kingdom
World War II monitors of the United Kingdom

HMS Erebus (I02)


Maqāṣid al-falāsifa (en arabe : مقاصد الفلاسفة), traduisible par "Les doctrines des philosophes" ou "Les intentions des philosophes", est un traité philosophique du penseur et théologien musulman Al-Ghazali. Ce volumineux traité, encore inédit en français, a probablement été achevé en 1094.

Il s'agit d'un exposé, voulu comme neutre par son auteur, des doctrines philosophiques prévalant dans le monde musulman médiéval, principalement celles d'Avicenne, contenue dans son ouvrage persan "Philosophie pour 'Alâ' al Dawla" (Dânishnamah-yi Alâ'î), dont Al-Ghazali a librement synthétisé les parties sur la logique, la métaphysique et la physique.

Al-Ghazali a déclaré qu'il fallait être bien versé dans les idées des philosophes avant de se lancer dans la réfutation de leurs idées. Il a également affirmé que les autres branches de la philosophie, notamment la physique, la logique, l'astronomie ou les mathématiques, ne lui posaient aucun problème.

On a supposé - cela est à présent sujet à caution - que Maqāṣid al-falāsifa était une étude préparatoire à son traité philosophique majeur: L'Incohérence des philosophes (tahafut al-falāsifa).

Contexte et objectifs
Cet exposé, l'un des nombreux ouvrages rédigés pendant la période mouvementée qui a précédé la crise spirituelle d'Al-Ghazali, sera complété, environ un an plus tard, par sa critique méthodique de la philosophie dans le Tahafut al-Falasifa ("L'incohérence des philosophes"). Dans Maqāṣid al-falāsifa, son hostilité envers les philosophes (plus spécialement leur métaphysique) n'est pas encore évidente, et le livre constitue un résumé précieux du système avicennien.

Dans sa préface, Al-Ghazali explique que l'ouvrage est conçu comme un exposé, et ce pour une bonne raison : « Considérer la fausseté de leurs enseignements avant d'avoir saisi les bases de leurs conceptions est impossible ». Cela est en accord avec le principe directeur de toute une vie, qu'Al-Ghazali énonce dans son autobiographie Erreur et délivrance, où il se demande : « Comment peut-on accepter ou rejeter ce qui n'a pas été compris ? ».

Structure
L'ouvrage est divisé en trois sections : Logique, Métaphysique et Physique. Habituellement, la métaphysique est traitée en dernier, non seulement parce que c'était l'ordre traditionnel, depuis le premier éditeur d'Aristote, mais aussi parce que la "science divine" occupait le rang le plus élevé dans les degrés de la connaissance.

Al-Ghazali reconnaît que « c'est la pratique habituelle des philosophes » de placer la physique avant la métaphysique, mais il inverse l'ordre car la métaphysique, qui est « la fin et le but ultime de toutes les sciences », est tout simplement « plus importante».

Contenu

Connaissances théoriques et pratiques
Dans la section sur la métaphysique, Al-Ghazali commence sa discussion par la distinction entre la connaissance pratique et théorique.

Pour Avicenne, la connaissance théorique prime sur la connaissance pratique. Pour Al-Ghazali, les deux doivent être conciliées (et en effet, dans son style, les deux sont parfaitement imbriqués, les exposés théoriques étant toujours étayés par des exemples pratiques, voire domestiques).

La connaissance pratique concerne les actions humaines. La connaissance théorique quant à elle concerne « les conditions des choses existantes de telle sorte que la forme de toute existence, dans sa totalité et dans son ordre, devient présente à notre esprit ». La connaissance pratique traite de la politique et de l'art de gouverner, de l'économie et de l'éthique, autant de sujets auxquels Al-Ghazali apportera d'importantes contributions.

La connaissance théorique comprend les sciences naturelles, les mathématiques et la théologie (ou "première philosophie"). Elle progresse de ce qui ne peut être exempt de matière, ni dans l'esprit ni dans la réalité, par exemple l'homme lui-même, à ce qui est exempt de matière dans l'esprit mais pas dans la réalité, par exemple les figures géométriques, et à ce qui est totalement exempt de matière, par exemple l'intellect, Dieu lui-même.

C'est ici, dans l'échelle ascendante de l'abstraction, que nous rencontrons les premières traces de cette systématisation hiérarchique et imbriquée de la réalité, caractéristique de la pensée néo-platonicienne en général et de la pensée avicennienne en particulier.

Plus tard, cette dichotomie entre le théorique et le pratique de la connaissance sera explicitée par Al-Ghazali dans des traités en deux parties, comme Mi'yar al-'ilm ("Le critère de la connaissance"), son exposé de logique, qui sera complété (comme il l'annonce à la fin du livre) par le Mizan al-'amal ("Le critère de l'action"), un traité d'éthique.

La notion d'être
C'est dans la conception philosophique de l'être que l'influence de la philosophie et son impact durable sur Al-Ghazali devient le plus apparent.

La "science divine" traite de l'être parce qu'il est «le plus universel des sujets». Pour cette raison, « l'intellect doit saisir l'être par une simple appréhension ». Il n'a pas d'autre choix que de le faire, puisque l'être, par sa nature même, ne permet ni description ni définition. C'est la plus commune des notions, connue de façon innée, et pourtant non susceptible d'être définie ; il n'existe pas de catégorie plus grande sous laquelle l'être peut être subsumé et par laquelle il pourrait être défini.

La science de l'être a donc pour objet d'identifier et d'explorer, dit-il : « (...)l'être en soi en tant qu'il est pur être ; c'est-à-dire, comme substance et accident, universel et particulier, un et multiple, cause et causé, potentiel et actuel, congruent et divergent, nécessaire et possible. ».

Bien que Al-Ghazali se contente de décrire les distinctions faites par les philosophes, il adoptera à la fois ces distinctions et la terminologie qui les accompagne. En particulier, la distinction entre l'être nécessaire et l'être possible s'avérera cruciale. De là découle une formulation de la contingence dont Al-Ghazali fera la pierre angulaire de sa propre vision soufie du monde.

Le nécessaire et le possible
La distinction entre nécessaire et possible n'était pas nouvelle. Les théologiens antérieurs, dont Ash'ari, l'avaient employée, mais en des termes différents. La création était temporelle, ou "créée dans le temps", et ce fait même impliquait qu'il fallait un créateur non temporel pour la faire naître du néant ; ce créateur éternel était Dieu. Mais la formulation philosophique n'était pas seulement un changement de terminologie de "éternel" à "nécessaire" et de "temporel" à "contingent" ; ses implications étaient plus profondes.

Les termes modaux sont notoirement circulaires ; comme Aristote a été le premier à le souligner, ils ne peuvent être définis que les uns par rapport aux autres. Ainsi, le nécessaire peut être défini comme ce dont la non-existence est impossible. De même, l'impossible est ce dont la non-existence est nécessaire, tandis que le possible est ce qui n'est ni nécessaire ni impossible. Chez Aristote, ces distinctions sont logiques.

Plus tard, grâce en grande partie aux apports de à Al-Farabi et d'Avicenne, elles deviennent des distinctions ontologiques; Si nous décrivons Dieu comme nécessaire, nous excluons à la fois sa possibilité et son impossibilité, et ce faisant, nous disons quelque chose sur sa nature essentielle. En tant qu'être nécessaire, il est non causé ; il est «l'être nécessairement existant» (wajib al-wujud).

Dans la nature divine, l'essence et l'existence ne font qu'un ; ce que Dieu est coïncide avec le fait qu'Il est. Une telle unité d'essence et d'existence n'existe pas chez les autres êtres. Tous les êtres autres que Dieu sont possibles, par définition : ils peuvent exister et ne pas exister. De plus, leur essence ou "quiddité" n'implique pas leur existence. Nous pouvons parler d'une pierre, d'un cheval ou d'un homme et demander : "Qu'est-ce que c'est ?" Mais la réponse à notre question n'implique pas l'existence de cet objet.

L'existence est accessoire à l'identification de l'essence. Mais cette procédure n'est plus purement logique. Pour Avicenne, à la suite de Al-Farabi, la distinction devient ontologique, une question d'être. Il n'y a rien dans la nature de l'homme, ou de toute autre chose, qui implique, et encore moins qui nécessite, son existence.

L'existence est plutôt quelque chose de séparable qui peut être "ajouté" à l'essence. Cela représente la nature même du contingent : c'est quelque chose dont l'existence et la non-existence doivent être causées par quelque chose d'autre que lui-même.

Notes et références

Œuvre de théologie islamique
Livre paru au XIe siècle
Pages avec des traductions non relues

Maqasid al-falasifa


This is a list of fictional spacecraft, starships and exo-atmospheric vessels that have been identified by name in notable published works of fiction. The term "spacecraft" is mainly used to refer to spacecraft that are real or conceived using present technology. The terms "spaceship" and "starship" are generally applied only to fictional space vehicles, usually those capable of transporting people.

Spaceships are often one of the key plot devices in science fiction. Numerous short stories and novels are built up around various ideas for spacecraft, and spacecraft have featured in many films and television series. Some hard science fiction books focus on the technical details of the craft. Some fictional spaceships have been referenced in the real world, notably Starship Enterprise from Star Trek which gave its name to Space Shuttle Enterprise and to the VSS Enterprise.
For other ships from Star Wars, Star Trek, Robotech, and other major franchises, see the separate lists linked below.

Space stations

Shuttles
(Planetary surface to orbit)
Moonrakers – Drax Industries NASA-style Space Shuttles featured in the 1979 James Bond film Moonraker and in the 2012 video game 007 Legends.
Orion III ("Pan Am Space Clipper") – a shuttle used to transport Dr. Heywood Floyd into space, in Arthur C. Clarke's and Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey
SSTO-TAV-37B Space Shuttlecraft – used in James Cameron's 2009 film Avatar

Space Shuttle orbiters
Churchill – Lifeforce
Daedalus – Space Cowboys
Explorer – from the 2013 film Gravity
Excalibur – Henry Henshaw's shuttle in Superman comics.
Intrepid – in Payne Harrison's novel Storming Intrepid
Odyssey – Odyssey 5
Pleiades – in David Brin's novel Earth
Roger – the anthropomorphic NASCA (a play on "NASA", "car" and "NASCAR") Space Shuttle orbiter in the Cars Toons episode "Moon Mater"
X-71 shuttles (Freedom and Independence) – specialized USAF Space Shuttle orbiters from the 1998 film Armageddon

Lunar
Aries Ib – passenger lunar lander in Arthur C. Clarke's and Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey
 Eagle Transporter – Moonbase Alpha's modular service craft in Space: 1999
Friede – Moon rocket in 1929 German film Frau im Mond (Woman in the Moon)
 Mark IX Hawk – space fighter similar to the Eagle in Space: 1999
Mayflower One – Airplane II: The Sequel
Unnamed "projectile" – From the Earth to the Moon and Around the Moon by Jules Verne (1865)

Interplanetary

Aether — a large modular crewed spacecraft returning from a 2-year mission in the ongoing colonization of the fictional habitable Jovian moon X-13 in the 2020 movie The Midnight Sky
Anastasia — Dan Dare's personal ship
Bebop — titular ship of the series Cowboy Bebop
Bilkis – an experimental spaceship in the anime series Geneshaft
Cepheus — a ship made for transport between different bases and colonies in the deep Solar System in the movie Ad Astra.
Discovery One – a scientific research spacecraft sent to Jupiter in the novels: "2001: A Space Odyssey" and "2010: Odyssey Two" and the corresponding films: "2001: A Space Odyssey" (1968) and "2010: The Year We Make Contact" (1984).
Europa One – a scientific research spacecraft made to send astronauts to Jupiter's moon Europa to find extraterrestrial life under the moons surface in Europa Report.
Lander – a ship used as a way to transport the crew of Europa One to the surface of Europa. It contains mining and recording materials to search for alien life under the surface of the moon.
Excelsior –  from the 1918 Danish film Himmelskibet (A Trip to Mars), "The film that marked the beginning of the space opera subgenre of science fiction." — Phil Hardy
F-302 Mongoose – air/space/hyperdrive strike craft in Stargate SG-1
Hermes – a reusable NASA spacecraft manufactured by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for the Ares program to Mars in Andy Weir's and Ridley Scott's The Martian
MAV (Mars Ascent Vehicle) and MDV (Mars Descent Vehicle) landers – non-reusable landers used during the Ares missions
Hunter IV – personal fighter of Samus Aran from the Metroid series
Icarus I and Icarus II – spaceships from the 2007 movie Sunshine
Lewis & Clark – rescue ship sent to retrieve the Event Horizon
Mars I and Mars II – from the 2000 film Mission to Mars
unnamed modular Mars cycler spacecraft tethered to launch vehicle Kingfisher to create artificial gravity for the fictional 2-year Mars mission MTS-42 in the 2021 movie Stowaway
Messiah – an Orion spacecraft designed to prevent a comet hitting Earth in the 1998 film Deep Impact
Nightflyer – craft from the American horror science fiction television series Nightflyers
Odyssey – spacecraft designed to visit Saturn's moon Titan in the 2013 film Oblivion
Orbit Jet – United Worlds XV-2 Rocky Jones, Space Ranger, 1954 TV series
Rocinante – Martian corvette, centerpiece of The Expanse (TV series and novel series)
Rocket – from Little Einsteins
Ryvius – the title spacecraft from the anime series Infinite Ryvius
SA-43 Hammerhead Mk 1 – U.S.M.C. VTOL atmosphere/space fighter in 2063 Space: Above and Beyond, 1995 TV series
Scorpio E-X-1 – It's About Time
SCV-70 White Base – the mothership of the makeshift Earth Federation crew and the RX-78-2 Gundam in Mobile Suit Gundam.
Serenity – an interplanetary spacecraft from the TV series Firefly and the 2005 science fiction movie Serenity
USS Cygnus – from Disney's The Black Hole
Valley Forge – American Airlines space freighter, outfitted with geodesic dome greenhouses preserving the last forests in the 1972 film Silent Running
Zero-X – supermarionation film Thunderbirds Are Go

Interstellar

Military or exploration
Amaterasu (天照) – the third Freedom Guard Ship of the Kibi Planetary Nation (Starship Operators)
Arcadia (アルカディア号) – the most powerful space battleship in the Captain Harlock universe, created by Tochiro Oyama as his final gift to his friend Harlock before his inevitable demise
LCAM-01XA Archangel – a state-of-the-art warship from the anime Mobile Suit Gundam SEED & SEED Destiny. The first of its class, which it also takes its name from Archangel. She has a nearly identical sister-ship known as the Dominion. Both ships are named after the Hierarchy of angels, and had there been a 3rd sister-ship, she would've most likely been called the Seraphim.
Argonaut – the most advanced starship of the Iron Tribe in the anime series Heroic Age
Ark – a ship from Transformers. The flagship of the Autobots commanded by Optimus Prime in several Transformers series. The computer of the ship was called Teletraan I (voice provided by Casey Kasem), and it provided intelligence to the Autobots for their various missions. The original series saw it crashing on Earth several million years prior to 1984, and it was discovered some three million years before then by the characters of Beast Wars: Transformers.
Aurora — Private starship owned by Alterra which had a mission of terraforming planets but was shot down when attempting a slingshot maneuver around planet 4546B. (From the Subnautica video game)
Athena – starship which transports humans to a space station orbiting the planet Solaris in the 2002 film Solaris
Avalon – the Homestead Company (also using Sony hardware) starliner in the film Passengers, which transports emigrates from the Earth to Homestead II
Axalon – A Maximal exploration ship in the Beast Wars: Transformers series
Axiom – the Buy n' Large starliner in the films WALL-E and BURN-E, which is used, together with other starships, to provide a temporary home for humanity, but the originally planned 5-year cruise turns into a 700-year time period.
Basroil – a starship commanded by Lafiel in the anime series Banner of the Stars
Basestar – the Cylon capital ships in the Battlestar Galactica universe
Bellerophon – the ship that took colonists to Altair IV in Forbidden Planet
'Blip-A' – light propelled (indirectly) ship built and crewed by Eridians in Project Hail Mary. 'Blip-A is an exonym, the direct translation would be 'Ship'
C-57D – the United Planets cruiser that was sent to the planet Altair IV in Forbidden Planet
Conquistador – the largest battleship of the Henrietta Planetary Alliance (Starship Operators)
Daban Urnud – interdimensional starship that visits the planet of Arbre in the Neil Stephenson novel Anathem
Dark Star
"The Derelict" – the name given to the abandoned alien spacecraft discovered by the crew of the deep space tug Nostromo in the film Alien (1979)
  – The Predacon transwarp ship in the Beast Wars television series. The name was spelled with a y in the Beast Wars video game and in the DVD box set. In IDW Publishing's 2008 Beast Wars Sourcebook it was spelled "Darkside". The ship's computer was voiced by Elizabeth Carol Savenkoff.
Destiny Ascension – an Asari dreadnaught with a crew of 10,000 that serves as the flagship of the Citadel fleet in the Mass Effect universeThe Most Defining Decisions You Have To Make In Mass Effect by András Neltz Kotaku.com, April 13, 2013.
EAS Agamemnon – (Babylon 5)
Eltrium – Earth's flagship of its interstellar fleet originally created as an evacuation ship in case of extraterrestrial attacks in Gunbuster.
Endurance – NASA spacecraft/space station hybrid capable of traveling through wormholes, mothership to Rangers and Landers in Interstellar
Lander – two cargo spacecraft used in the Endurance mission to transport materials from the Endurance to Mann's planet; Lander 1 is later used by TARS to propel the craft far enough from SMBH Gargantua.
Ranger – various SSTO spaceplanes featured in Interstellar: the Ranger Test Article, piloted by Cooper during his crash; the twelve Rangers used during the Lazarus missions to carry astronauts through the wormhole to twelve potentially habitable planets; Ranger 1 and Ranger 2 used to carry personnel from the Endurance to Miller's, Mann's and Edmunds's planets (Ranger 2 is later used by Cooper like TARS's Lander); the futuristic Rangers, used around Saturn as the Cooper station's auxiliary craft (one is later stolen by Cooper and TARS to rejoin with Amelia on Edmunds's planet).
Event Horizon –  gravity drive exploration starship, aiming to explore Proxima Centauri, disappears on its maiden voyage and rediscovered seven years later with its crew missing, a space-borne "Mary Celeste"
Exelion – 12 kilometer long warship originally commissioned as Earth's flagship in Gunbuster.
Hyperion – the flagship of Jim Raynor in StarCraft
Hail Mary – light propelled (indirectly) ship sent on a one way trip to Tau Ceti in Project Hail Mary to investigate
Beetles – miniature, automated spacecraft propelled in the same manner to return information back to Earth
ISA Excalibur – Earth Alliance (Babylon 5)
Icarus – near-light speed ship with onboard cryogenic chambers used to land astronauts on habitable worlds thousands of light years away to ensure the survival of the human race in Planet Of The Apes
Island Cluster Class Colonization Ship 25 (Macross Frontier) – Colony Fleet consisting on a transformable fighting ship, the main population vessel and other smaller islands from the anime Macross Frontier
Jupiter 2 – fictional nuclear-powered spacecraft from the television series Lost in Space (1965–68)
Karrajor – a warship from the Cartoon Network series Megas XLR. It serves as a mothership for the squid-like alien race known as the Glorft.
R.L.S. Legacy – a space exploration vessel from the Disney animated film Treasure Planet. It is a space ship that is designed to emulate a Sailing ship from the 1600s.
Leonora Christine – colonization starship utilizing the fictional Bussard ramjet drive in the novel Tau Zero to create enough speed for onboard time dilation to occur so the passengers can reach the far away Beta Virginis star within their lifetime.
Liberator – Blake's 7
Libertad – a sub-light speed training ship in the anime series Strain: Strategic Armored Infantry
Megazone – the title spaceship in the OVA series Megazone 23
Minbari – Victory-class destroyer based on Vorlon technology from the Babylon 5 universe
Murray Leinster – Destroyed at the beginning of the cult film Starcrash
Nautilus – flagship space yacht of International Transport Spacelines from Event[0]
Nauvoo – A Mormon-owned religious space exploration generational ship in The Expanse used to travel a 100-year period to the star Tau Ceti.
Nemesis – flagship of the Decepticons (Transformers)
Nirvana – a supership from the anime series Vandread
Normandy SR-1 – a Systems Alliance Navy frigate that serves as Commander Shepard's base of operations in the Mass Effect universe. Sequels feature a larger and more advanced version known as the SR-2.
NSEA Protector – a starship from the cult film Galaxy Quest
Olympus Mons – flagship of the Settlement Defense Front fleet in Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare.
Orbit Jet – winged-tail rocket ship (Rocky Jones, Space Ranger)
Orion – saucer patrol craft in Raumpatrouille
Prometheus – Weyland Corporation scientific vessel
Raza – interstellar spaceship from the television series Dark Matter
Red Dwarf – The titular spaceship from the BBC sci-fi comedy series Red Dwarf
Retribution – the only operational carrier after an SDF attack in Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare.
SDF-1 Macross – a massive interstellar transforming spacecraft from the anime Super Dimension Fortress Macross and its American adaptation, Robotech
Rodger Young – Corvette transport in the novel Starship Troopers
SDF-3 Pioneer – the flagship of Admiral Rick Hunter in Robotech: The Shadow Chronicles
Searcher – space exploration vessel from the second season of Buck Rogers in the 25th Century
Shangri-La – the mothership of the Mu race in the manga and anime series Toward the Terra (地球へ… Terra e...)
Star Destroyer – capital ships used by the Galactic Republic, the Galactic Empire and the First Order and (very rarely) by the Rebel Alliance in the Star Wars universe
Starship Tipton – a fictional re-imagining of the SS Tipton cruise liner from the Disney Channel Original Series The Suite Life on Deck. It serves as the main setting in a Star Trek-themed episode and it features Star Trek alum George Takei as a special guest.
USS Sulaco – Conestoga-class light assault carrier from the sequel Aliens
Swordbreaker – the mysterious spaceship owned by Kain Blueriver in the anime series Lost Universe
Terra V – Buzz Corey's space cruiser in Space Patrol
Tigris – the only operational destroyer after a massive attack by the SDF in Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare.
Titan – the title spaceship in the movie Titan A.ETitan A.E., Review by Chris Vognar, Dallas Morning News, June 16, 2000. (retrieved on March 3, 2014).
 UESC Marathon – the title ship of the video game Marathon which was crafted out of Deimos.
UNSC Forward Unto Dawn – the Charon-class light frigate in the UNSC Navy commanded by Commander Miranda Keyes in Halo 3
UNSC In Amber Clad – the Stalwart-class frigate in the UNSC Navy commanded by Commander Miranda Keyes in Halo 2
UNSC Infinity – the post-war flagship of the UNSC Navy in Halo 4, Halo 5: Guardians, and Halo Infinite. It was presumed destroyed in Halo Infinite by the Banished
UNSC Pillar of Autumn – the Halcyon-class cruiser in the UNSC Navy commanded by Captain Jacob Keyes in Halo: Combat Evolved
USG Ishimura – A planet-cracking mining vessel and the main setting of the first game of Dead Space. It is also referred to as the 'beginning of the Necromorph's takeover'.
USS Cerritos – the primary ship in Star Trek: Lower Decks; see Starfleet ships for more information.
USS Defiant – the name of three ships that feature in various Star Trek media. The most notable Defiant appears in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine from its introduction in the third season's premiere episode The Search until its destruction in the seventh season episode The Changing Face of Evil.
USS Discovery – the primary ship in Star Trek: Discovery, which travels instantaneously through space using a mycelial network; see Starfleet ships for more information.
USS Enterprise – various incarnations of a space exploration vessel from Star Trek; see Starfleet ships for more information
USS Orville – The titular vessel from the 2017–present TV series The Orville.
USS Protostar – the primary ship in Star Trek: Prodigy, which utilizes a protostar to travel considerably faster than conventional warp speed; see Starfleet ships for more information.
USS Saratoga – a space carrier in Space: Above and Beyond, aboard which serve the members of the U.S. Marine Corps Space Aviator Cavalry, 58th Squadron, or "Wildcards"
USS Voyager – the primary ship in Star Trek: Voyager; see Starfleet ships for more information
Valkyrie – Titan A.E.
Vanguard – generational ship from Robert A. Heinlein's Orphans of the Sky
Venture Star – starship transporting humans to the moon Pandora in the 2009 film Avatar
Vonnegut – Spaceship transporting AIs of humans to the Proxima Centauri star system in the 2020 book Ready Player Two
 Silver Wings of Morning – starship owned by Purslane Gentian of the Gentian line in House of Suns. One of the fastest ships in that known universe.
Yamato (大和) – the title spaceship of the anime series Space Battleship Yamato
Known as The Argo in the American localized version.
Yggdrasil – starship owned by the Templars and used for the transportation of the nine Pilgrims to the planet Hyperion in the 1990 Dan Simmons Novel Hyperion

Space fighters
"Space fighters" are fictional spacecraft analogous to fighter aircraft. They are popular as the subjects of flight simulators, movies and books. The following are some examples of notable space fighters from various media franchises:

Babylon 5The Earth Alliance (Starfury fighters)
SA-23E Aurora
SA-23J Thunderbolt
Raider FighterThe Minbari FederationNial-class heavy fighterThe Narn RegimeFrazi-class fighterThe Centauri RepublicSentri-class medium fighterThe ShadowsShadow fighterThe VorlonsVorlon fighter

Battlestar GalacticaThe Twelve ColoniesBattlestars: (Actually aircraft carriers) originally 12, one for each colony, all destroyed except Galactica and Pegasus.
Colonial Viper
Colonial Viper MK. II
Colonial Blackbird
Colonial RaptorThe CylonsCylon Raider
Cylon Heavy Raider

Buck Rogers in the 25th CenturyThe Earth Defense DirectorateStar Fighter
Hawk's FighterThe Draconian EmpireDraconian Marauder

The Last Starfighter
Star League Gunstar

Space: Above and BeyondThe United States Marine CorpsSA-43 Hammerhead Endo/Exo-Atmospheric Attack JetThe ChigsChig fighter

Space: 1999TerrestrialMark IX HawkExtraterrestrialSidon warships
Guardal Canal
Bethan and Deltan spacecraft

StargateTau'ri/Earth (USAF fighters)
X-301
F-302
The Goa'uldDeath glider
Needle Threader

The WraithWraith dart
The OriOri fighter

Star Wars

In the Star Wars universe, a "starfighter" is a blanket term for all small combat space craft, regardless of shields, hyperspace capability, weaponry (unless it carries none), armor, maneuverability and crew. "Snubfighter" (a term first used in Star Wars), though no concise definition has been given, often refers to a fighter carrying shielding, secondary weapons systems such as proton torpedoes or concussion missiles, and being hyperspace capable. Starfighters sometimes bear mission designations similar to modern fighter aircraft, such as "strike fighter" and "space superiority fighter".Galactic RepublicARC-170 starfighter
V-19 Torrent starfighter
V-wing starfighter
Jedi starfighter
Jedi interceptor
Naboo starfighterRebel Alliance and New RepublicA-wing
B-wing
U-wing
X-wing
Y-wingGalactic Empire and First OrderVarious TIE fighter modelsConfederacy of Independent SystemsDroid starfighter (Vulture droid)
Geonosian starfighter
Droid Tri-Fighter

Other propertiesAndromedaRF-42 Centaur Tactical FighterHaloUNSC C-709 Longsword Interceptor
UNSC YSS-1000 Sabre Space Superiority Fighter – notably, uses a Shuttle-style booster system for planetary launch
UNSC F-41 Broadsword Exo-atmospheric Multirole Strike FighterMarvel Cinematic Universe'''Dark Aster, the ship of Ronan the Accuser in Guardians of the GalaxyMilano, the ship of Peter Quill in Guardians of the Galaxy and Guardians of the Galaxy, Vol. 2. Replaced by a similar ship, the Benatar in Avengers: Infinity War, and Avengers: EndgameSanctuary II, the ship of Thanos in Thor: Ragnarok, Avengers: Infinity War, and Avengers: EndgameStatesman, the ship carrying surviving Asgardians to Earth in Thor: RagnarokTransportation
 Arcadia Class Jumpship (Destiny 2) The Arcadia Class Jumpship is the first ship the player gets access to and allows them to fly to other planets in the solar systemBretonia – Sleeper ship from the game FreelancerEagle 5 – SpaceballsElysium – PandorumEndeavour – from Rendezvous with Rama by Arthur C. Clarke, 1973; carried explorers to rendezvous with alien spacecraft RamaHispania – Sleeper ship from the game FreelancerHunter-Gratzner – Pitch BlackKusari – Sleeper ship from the game FreelancerLiberty – Sleeper ship from the game FreelancerMillennium Falcon – Star Wars universeNostromo – modified Lockmart CM-88B Bison Transport; commercial towing vessel from the film AlienOut of Band II (Oobii) – a freighter from the Zones of Thought series by Vernor Vinge, the main ship used by a multi-species crew to travel to a planet near the center of the galaxyUSS Planet Express Ship "Bessie" – FuturamaRama – Rendezvous with Rama by Arthur C. Clarke, 1973 (an alien spaceship, their name for it unknown)Razor Crest – Transport ship used by Din Djarin and Grogu in The MandalorianRheinland – Sleeper ship from the game FreelancerThe Massive – Invader ZIMThe Resisty's Ship – Invader ZIMThe Void Ark – A prisoner transport from the video game Void BastardsVoot Runner  – Invader ZIMIntergalacticAndromeda Ascendant – Gene Roddenberry's AndromedaDeucalion – an enormous transforming spaceship over 63,000 km long from the anime series Kiddy GradeKiddy Grade #8: Emerging Anew, R2 DVD Reviews,Anime Vision, Monday, 14 November 2005.Destiny – the ship in which Stargate Universe takes place
Stargate ship types including the Daedalus-class battlecruiser of Earth, the O'Neill-class of the Asgard or the Aurora-class of the Lanteans.Hyperion – an 'ark' which carries 20,000 humans to the Andromeda Galaxy in Mass Effect: AndromedaLor Starcutter – a sentient flying boat that can travel across galaxies in Kirby's Return to Dream LandPersonal spacecraftBetty – from Alien ResurrectionEEV – Bodenwerke Gemeinschaft Type 337 Emergency Escape Vehicle in the sequel Alien 3Escape pods – escape spacecraft often used in Star Wars (which in the first film were clearly inspired by the Apollo CSM)EVA pods – multi-functional vehicles (nicknamed "Alice", "Betty" and "Clara" during the Discovery One mission) used in 2001: A Space OdysseyNarcissus – modified Lockmart Starcub Light Intrasystem Shuttle; shuttlecraft for the Weyland-Yutani commercial hauler USCSS Nostromo in the film AlienPhoenix – first Earth spacecraft to achieve faster-than-light speed using warp drive; spaceship that instigated Earth's first contact with aliens in Star Trek: First Contact.S.T.E.V. – short for "Shuttle Transport Emergency Vessel", a single-person spacecraft featured in the video game Void Bastards.
SS Emporium – Taybor the Trader's spacecraft, featured in the Year Two Space: 1999 episode "The Taybor". The spaceship Emporium, inspired to the Mars Excursion Module, is equipped with a special Jump Drive engine, which allows it to travel between two points via teleportation in hyperspace.TARDIS (Time And Relative Dimension In Space) – various spacecraft-time machine hybrids equipped with some sort of jump drive featured on the television series Doctor Who. Many TARDIS versions are featured, the Doctor's one (a Type 40 TT Capsule) externally resembles a British police box.Tardis – the police box-resembling spacetime machine in the two spin-off Dr. Who films: Dr. Who and the Daleks and Daleks' Invasion Earth: 2150 A.D.''.

Lists of fictional spacecraft
List of fictional space stations
List of films featuring space stations
List of ships in Starship Operators
List of Space: 1999 vehicles
List of Star Wars starfighters
List of Star Wars spacecraft

See also
Bioship
Flying saucer
Foo fighter
Interstellar ark
Hyperspace
Non-rocket spacelaunch
Space dock
Space tourism
Spacecraft
Starship
Unidentified flying object
United States gravity control propulsion research (1955–1974)
Wormhole

References

External links
Starship Dimensions – graphic comparison of fictional spaceship sizes

Spacecraft
Spacecraft

List of fictional spacecraft


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 Dereli, Beypazarı - Ankara ili Beypazarı ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Dereli, Döşemealtı - Antalya ili Döşemealtı ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Dereli, Çine - Aydın ili Çine ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Dereli, Edremit - Balıkesir ili Edremit ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Dereli, Kepsut - Balıkesir ili Kepsut ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Dereli, Ulus - Bartın ili Ulus ilçesine bağlı köy
 Dereli, Gercüş - Batman ili Gercüş ilçesine bağlı köy
 Dereli, Gölpazarı - Bilecik ili Gölpazarı ilçesine bağlı köy
 Dereli, Tire - İzmir ili Tire ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Dereli, Kahramanmaraş - Kahramanmaraş ili mahalle
 Dereli, Osmaniye - Osmaniye ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Dereli, Durağan - Sinop ili Durağan ilçesine bağlı köy
 Dereli, Pertek - Tunceli ili Pertek ilçesine bağlı köy
 Dereli, Eşme - Uşak ili Eşme ilçesine bağlı köy
 Dereli, Çaycuma - Zonguldak ili Çaycuma ilçesine bağlı köy

Kişiler
 Dereli (soyadı), Türkçe soyadı

Dereli (anlam ayrımı)


An Dendrobium xanthoacron in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Dendrobium xanthoacron in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrobium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dendrobium

Dendrobium xanthoacron


Podalyrieae,  tribus mahunarki iz potporodice Faboideae. Pripada mu 10 rodova.

Rodovi
 Cadia Forssk. (8 spp.)
 Xiphotheca Eckl. & Zeyh. (10 spp.)
 Virgilia Lam. (2 spp.)
 Stirtonanthus B.-E. van Wyk & A. L. Schutte (3 spp.)
 Podalyria Lam. ex Willd. (27 spp.)
 Liparia L. (12 spp.)
 Priestleya DC. (8 spp.)
 Cyclopia Vent. (26 spp.)
 Calpurnia E. Mey. (9 spp.)
 Amphithalea Eckl. & Zeyh. (43 spp.)

Izvori

Faboideae

Podalyrieae


Soket, TCP/IP'de, veri iletişimi için gereken iki bilgi olan IP adresi ve port numarasının yan yana yazılmasıyla oluşan iletişim kanalıdır. Örneğin, 192.168.1.1 makinesine 23 numaralı porttan yapılmış olan bir bağlantı 192.168.1.1:23 şeklinde yazılır.

Aynı zamanda, programlamada bir makineye bağlantı açıldığında buna "soket açma" denir. Bir soket açılınca, sistem programcıya IP adresi ve port numarasını verdiği için bu isimlendirme ortaya çıkmıştır.

Uygulama servisi olan bilgisayarlar başlangıçta soketleri dinlemeyi kurarlar. İletişim halindeki sistemler arasında bir bağlantı kurulduğunda, her bir bağlantı için bir soket oluşturulur. İşletim sistemi gelen IP paketlerini soket adresine göre uygun uygulama veya servise yönlendirir.

İnternet soketi


Draugiem.lv es una red social de Internet. Hasta diciembre de 2011, era la más importante de las redes sociales de Letonia, superando incluso a Facebook.    Contaba con más de 2,5 millones de usuarios en 2010. También es popular en Polonia e Hungría. Tiene versiones en 4 idiomas: ruso, letón, húngaro e inglés.

Historia y funcionamiento

Draugiem.lv entró en funcionamiento en 2004. Por muchos años se caracterizó por ser relativamente cerrada, ya que para unirse a ella se necesita una invitación previa de otro usuario ya existente.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Draugiem.lv
 Frype, la versión en inglés del sitio.

Internet en Letonia
Servicios de redes sociales

Draugiem.lv


Teresa Forcades i Vila OSB (rođena 1966.) je katalonska liječnica, benediktinska monahinja i društvena aktivistica. Forcades je poznata po svojim otvorenim stavovima o Crkvi, javnom zdravstvu i katalonskoj neovisnosti.

Obrazovanje
Rođena u Barceloni 1966., Teresa je odrasla u domu u kojem su njezini roditelji odbacili religiju. Poslana je, međutim, u privatnu školu Srca Isusova, gdje je otkrila vjeru kroz proučavanje Biblije koje su nudile redovnice koje su vodile školu. Nastavila je studirati medicinu na Sveučilištu u Barceloni. Godine 1992. preselila se u Sjedinjene Američke Države, gdje je 1995. završila specijalizaciju na Medicinskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Buffalu, specijalizirajući internu medicinu. Nakon što je dobila stipendiju, preselila se u Cambridge, Massachusetts, gdje je 1997. stekla diplomu magistra teologije na Harvard Divinity School.

Tijekom priprema za neke ispite koje je imala boraveći u samostanu svetog Benedikta u Montserratu u Španjolskoj, utemeljenom 1952. i povezanom sa slavnom opatijom Santa Maria de Montserrat, Teresa je osjetila poziv na monaški život. U rujnu 1997. stupa u samostan, gdje slijedi benediktinski obrazac života, radeći i dalje na području religijskih studija, teologije i medicine. Godine 2004. stekla je doktorat iz područja javnog zdravstva na Sveučilištu u Barceloni. Godine 2005. stekla je diplomu teologije. Nakon četiri godine, 2009. doktorirala je na Katalonskoj teološkoj školi.

Političke pozicije

Feminizam
Teresa Forcades feminizam shvaća kao oblik teologije oslobođenja. Otvoreno je kritizirala Katoličku crkvu kao "mizoginu i patrijarhalnu strukturu". Svoja razmišljanja o tome razvila je u svjetlu teologije oslobođenja.

Katalonska neovisnost
Godine 2013. Forcades je bila koautor Manifesta za sazivanje konstitutivnog procesa u Kataloniji s ekonomistom Arcadijem Oliveresom. U njemu su predložili postizanje neovisnosti Katalonije kroz novi politički i društveni model temeljen na samoorganizaciji i društvenoj mobilizaciji. Njezin politički aktivizam rezultirao je time da ju je The Guardian pretjerano označio kao "jednu od najotvorenijih... vođa krajnje ljevice u južnoj Europi".

Godine 2015., kako se približavalo još jedno veliko glasovanje za katalonsku neovisnost, Forcades je dobila dopuštenje od svoje nadređene i Svete Stolice da obuče svjetovnu odjeću. Potom je ušla u političku arenu kako bi vodila ljevičarski pokret Procés Constitution. Napomenula je: "Kritike su očekivane. Slijedim nekoga po imenu Isus a on ih je imao dosta". Godine 2018. vratila se u samostan Sant Benet u Montserratu kako bi nastavila život kao kontemplativna redovnica.

Cijepljenje
Forcades zastupa stavove o opasnostima cjepiva barem od 2009. Godine 2021. kritizirana je zbog svog skepticizma prema cjepivu u vezi s pandemijom COVID-19.

Spisi
Forcades je napisala tri knjige:

 La Trinitat avui (Trojstvo danas) (Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat, 2005.)
 Els crims de les grans companyies farmacèutiques (Zločini velikih farmaceutskih kompanija) (Cristianisme i Justícia, 2006.)
 La teologia feminista en la història (Feministička teologija u povijesti) (uvodnik Fragmenta, 2007.)  Predgovor portugalskom izdanju napisao je kardinal José Tolentino Mendonça, danas arhivist i knjižničar Svete Rimske Crkve, koji je bio i jedan od predstavljača knjige.

Vanjske poveznice

 Sister Teresa Forcades: Europe's most radical nun, BBC News
 Desmontando a la monja-bulo. El País 1 January 2009
 Crimes and abuses of the Pharmaceutical Industry. Cristianisme i Justícia, December 2006,

Izvori

Aktivisti po državama
Benediktinci
Španjolski katolički redovnici

Teresa Forcades


Cristina-Ionela Iurișniți (n. ) este un o fostă deputată româncă aleasă în legislatura 2016-2020.

Vezi și
 Legislatura 2016-2020 (Camera Deputaților)
 Parlamentul României

Legături externe
 Activitatea parlamentară

Politicieni români în viață
Deputați români 2016-2020
Membri ai Uniunii Salvați România
Învățători români

Cristina-Ionela Iurișniți


Pimpinella siifolia, es una hierba de la familia de las apiáceas. Se encuentra en España y Francia.

Descripción
Es una planta perenne, que alcanza un tamaño  de 30-40 cm de altura, poco ramificada, erecta, con un largo y fino rizoma con abundantes raíces delgadas. Tallos fistulosos, estriados, a menudo con bandas longitudinales amarillentas, glabros –a veces con dentículos en la parte superior–. Hojas muy variables en tamaño y forma, glabras, frecuentemente discoloras (más obscuras por su haz); las basales 150-200 mm, con pecíolo envainador de 90-120 mm, 1 vez pinnatisectas, a veces 2 pinnatisectas, con (3)5-9(11) segmentos –los mayores 10-30 × 8-25) mm–, opuestos, de ovados a rómbicos o lanceolados, sentados o cortamente peciolulados, lobados y con margen finamente dentado –dientes mucronados, muy agudos–; hojas medias semejantes pero más pequeñas, con 5-9 segmentos más estrechos que los de las hojas basales; hojas superiores con pecíolo reducido a la vaina. Las inflorescencias en umbelas con 7-9 radios de 20- 30 mm, generalmente muy desiguales, acanalados, con una fila de dentículos a cada lado del canal. Brácteas 0-3, de 3-7 mm, caedizas. Umbélulas con 9-12 flores; radios c. 4 mm, desiguales, acanalados –con una fila de dentículos a cada lado del canal–. Bractéolas 1-4(6), de 2-3(5) mm, desiguales. Pétalos 0,5-1 mm, obovados, emarginados, blancos o rosados.  Frutos 5-6 × 2-3 mm, ovoideos, glabros; mericarpos con costillas estrechamente aladas, blanquecinas.

Distribución y hábitat
Se encuentra en las grietas de rocas, pedregales sueltos, pastos de montaña, preferentemente en calizas; a una altitud de 1000- 2200 metros, en los Pirineos occidentales y Cordillera Cantábrica.

Taxonomía
Pimpinella siifolia fue descrita por Louis François Jules Rodolphe Leresche y publicado en Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 17: 198, en el año 1879.
Citología
El número de cromosomas es de: 2n = 20.
Sinonimia
Apium siifolium (Leresche) Calest.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

siifolia
Endemismos iberogalos
Plantas descritas en 1879
Plantas descritas por Leresche

Pimpinella siifolia


Fáfnir bifhjólaklúbbur var utangarðsklúbbur með óljósan uppruna í kringum aldamótin 2000.

Mótorhjólaklúbburinn var lagður niður sumarið 2009 þegar þeir fengu prospectstöðu innan Hells Angels, einskonar staða sem er gefin áður er fullgild aðild fæst. Tók þá klúbburinn upp nafnið Hells Angels prospect sem síðan varð bara HA á Íslandi.

Um svipað eða sama leiti og prospect-staðan var tekin upp hætti Jón Trausti Lúthersson sem formaður og  Einar "Boom" Marteinsson tok við forystukeflinu. Var fjöldi meðlima á þessum tíma (við) inngöngu í HA áætlaður 20.

Innan klúbbsins er forseti sem er æðstur, varaforseti, gjaldkeri og ritari. Einnig er svokallaður agavörður sem sér um að menn hagi sér rétt. HA á Íslandi heyrir undir HA klúbbinn í Noregi en ekki Danmörku.

Fáfnir (bifhjólaklúbbur)


ELISA, Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay testinin İngilizce kısaltmasıdır. Antijen-antikor ilişkisini, antikora bağlanmış bir enzimin aktivitesini araştırmak temeline dayanan kantitatif ölçüm yöntemidir. Antijene karşı antikor ya da antikora karşı antijen aramak mümkündür. Virüs ve parazit enfeksiyonlarında kullanılan bir tanı yöntemidir; immobilize edilmiş antijen kullanılarak kompetetif olmayan indirek boyama yöntemi kullanılmaktadır.

Antikor aramak için;

 Bilinen antijen plastik bir yüzeye yapıştırılır. Mikro-Elisa sisteminde bu antijen her hasta için kullanılmak üzere yapılan çukurların yüzeyine kaplanır. Antikor aranacak hasta serumu bu çukurlara konur. Bir süre beklenir ve yıkanır. Eğer serumda uygun antikor varsa antijenle birleşir.
 Bir enzim ile işaretlenmiş insan globülini antiserumu eklenir. Bir süre beklenir ve yıkanır. İncelenmekte olan serumda antijene uygun antikor var ise antijene bağlanmış olacağından bu son eklenen enzim ile işaretlenmiş insan antiglobülini de bağlayacak ve yıkama ile uzaklaştırılamayacaktır.
 Enzime uygun bir kromojen substrat eklenir. Sisteme bağlanmış enzim bu substratı parçaladığında ortaya çıkan renk, yapılacak kolorimetrik yöntemlerle ölçülerek bağlanmış olan enzim dolayısıyla bağlanmış olan antikor hakkında fikir verecektir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Virüs enfeksiyonlarında tanı yöntemleri
 An animated illustration of an ELISA assay
 The ELISA technique illustrated
 An animated tutorial comparing the direct and indirect ELISA methods
 "Introduction to ELISA Activity - beginner walkthrough of ELISA used for detecting HIV, including animations  at University of Arizona

Online Tool for ELISA Analysis

İmmünolojik testler

ELISA


James Alexander McDougall (* 19. November 1817 in Bethlehem, New York; † 3. September 1867 in Albany, New York) war ein US-amerikanischer Jurist und Politiker. Er war Attorney General der Bundesstaaten Illinois und Kalifornien sowie Mitglied im Repräsentantenhaus der Vereinigten Staaten und im Senat der Vereinigten Staaten für Kalifornien.

Frühes Leben
James Alexander McDougall wurde am 19. November 1817 in Bethlehem im Albany County geboren. Er besuchte die Grammar Schools in Albany, wo er hervorragend in Mathematik und Bauingenieurwesen war. Er nahm an der Erkundung der Mohawk and Hudson Railroad teil, die später als Albany and Schenectady Railroad bekannt wurde und eine der ersten des Landes war. Er begann sein Studium der Rechtswissenschaften in Albany und zog dann in das Pike County in Illinois. 1838 heiratete er die Tochter eines einflussreichen Anwalts aus Jacksonville und trat den Demokraten bei. Nachdem er sein Studium abgeschlossen hatte, begann er im Cook County zu praktizieren. Hier lernte er den ebenfalls später sehr erfolgreichen Chicagoer Anwalt Stephen A. Douglas kennen.

Politische Karriere

Illinois
Im Januar 1843 wurde der 25 Jahre alte McDougall als Nachfolger von Josiah Lamborn zum Attorney General von Illinois gewählt und 1844 für eine weitere Amtszeit bestätigt. Obwohl klein von Statur, hatte er außergewöhnliche körperliche und geistige Ausdauer. Er war ein brillanter Redner, der seine sprachlichen Fähigkeiten geschickt einzusetzen vermochte, um einer der meistbeachteten Redner des Westens zu werden.

Nach dem Ende seiner Amtszeiten als Attorney General praktizierte McDougall wieder als Anwalt in Chicago und baute eine Kanzlei zusammen mit Ebenezer Peck auf. Während seiner Zeit in Illinois schloss McDougall Freundschaft mit vielen bekannten Anwälten, unter anderem Edward Dickinson Baker und Abraham Lincoln. Im Jahre 1849 war McDougall einer der einflussreichsten Männer von Illinois; er war jedoch auch sehr an der Erkundung und Erschließung des Westens interessiert. McDougall organisierte und begleitete die Erkundungen des Rio del Norte, Gila River und Colorado River. Er erreichte das Quellgebiet des Rio Grande im Südwesten des in der Gründung begriffenen Colorado-Territoriums. Als McDougall vom Goldrausch in Kalifornien erfuhr, kehrte er nach Illinois zurück und zog mit seiner Familie nach San Francisco an Bord der California.

Kalifornien
In Kalifornien arbeitete McDougall zunächst wieder als Anwalt, wurde jedoch schon im Oktober 1850 zum kalifornischen Attorney General gewählt. Er trat nach einem Jahr zurück, um einen Sitz in der California State Legislature einzunehmen.

1852 wurde McDougall für den zweiten Wahlbezirk seines Staates in das Repräsentantenhaus der Vereinigten Staaten gewählt. Eines seiner Hauptanliegen war, die Unterstützung der Bundesregierung für eine Eisenbahntrasse zum Pazifik zu erlangen. Er legte einen entsprechenden Gesetzentwurf vor; dieser wurde jedoch von Thomas Hart Benton abgelehnt. Nach dem Ende der Amtszeit 1855 kehrte McDougall als Anwalt nach San Francisco zurück.

1860 trat McDougall bei der Wahl zum US-Senat an. Die Demokraten in Kalifornien waren gespalten über die Sezession. Um zu verhindern, dass ein demokratischer Sezessionsanhänger gewählt würde, unterstützten die Republikaner McDougall, was diesem zum Sieg verhalf.

Washington, D.C.
McDougall setzte sich weiter für den Bau einer Pazifik-Eisenbahn ein, aber Alkoholismus machte ihn ineffektiv. Bereits 1862 vernachlässigte er seine Senatspflichten und fiel durch zahlreiche Skandale auf. Er kämpfte gegen einige von Lincolns Kriegsgesetzen, konnte aber nichts ausrichten. Während der gesamten Amtszeit kehrte er nicht ein einziges Mal nach Kalifornien zurück.

Lebensabend
Nach dem Ende seiner Amtszeit als Senator kehrte McDougall in sein Jugendhaus in Albany zurück, wo er am 3. September 1867 vermutlich an den Folgen des Alkoholismus starb. Seinen Wünschen entsprechend wurde sein Leichnam nach Kalifornien gebracht und auf dem Lone Mountain Cemetery (später Calvary Cemetery) in San Francisco beigesetzt. 1942 wurden seine Gebeine auf den Holy Cross Cemetery in Colma umgebettet.

Literatur

 "Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1867"  D. Appleton New York 1869  Band 7 S. 484 Google Books

 Newton Bateman und Paul Selby "Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois" Munsell Publishing Company 1905, Seite 363 Google Books

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Senator der Vereinigten Staaten aus Kalifornien
Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Kalifornien
Attorney General (Kalifornien)
Attorney General (Illinois)
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1817
Gestorben 1867
Mann

James A. McDougall


An Decaryochloa diadelpha in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Aimée Antoinette Camus. An Decaryochloa diadelpha in nahilalakip ha genus nga Decaryochloa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Decaryochloa

en:Decaryochloa diadelpha

Decaryochloa diadelpha


Massey Ferguson Limited is a Canadian-British agricultural machinery manufacturer. The company was established in 1953 through the merger of farm equipment makers Massey-Harris of Canada and the Ferguson Company of the United Kingdom. It was based in Toronto, then Brantford, Ontario, Canada, until 1988. The company transferred its headquarters in 1991 to Buffalo, New York, U.S. before it was acquired by AGCO, the new owner of its former competitor Allis-Chalmers.

History

Massey Manufacturing Co.

In 1847, Daniel Massey established the Newcastle Foundry and Machine Manufactory in what is now Newcastle, Ontario. The company made some of the world's first mechanical threshers, at first by assembling parts from the United States, but eventually designing and building its own equipment. Daniel Massey's son, Hart Massey, renamed the enterprise the Massey Manufacturing Co.

In 1879, the company moved to Toronto and it soon became one of the city's leading employers. It was located on King Street West at Strachan Avenue, occupying the former Toronto exhibition grounds, the site of Toronto's Crystal Palace, just south of the Provincial Lunatic Asylum and north of the Central Prison. The huge complex of factories, consisting of a  site with plant and head office at 915 King Street West (now part of Liberty Village), became one of the best-known features of the city. The company expanded further and began to sell its products internationally. Through extensive advertising campaigns, it became one of the most well-known brands in Canada. A labor shortage throughout the country also helped to make the firm's mechanized equipment very attractive.

Massey-Harris Limited

In 1891, the Massey Manufacturing Co. merged with A. Harris, Son and Company to form Massey-Harris Limited, which became the largest agricultural equipment maker in the British Empire. Massey-Harris made threshing machines and reapers, as well as safety bicycles, introducing a shaft-driven model in 1898. In 1910, Massey-Harris acquired the Johnston Harvester Company of Batavia, New York, making it one of Canada's first multinational firms.

Hart Massey's sons Charles, Walter, Chester and Fred became closely involved in the business and eventually took over its operations. They were the last generation of Masseys to run Massey-Harris. President Vincent Massey left to become a minister in the Mackenzie King government. In 1927, an unsolicited takeover offer from an unnamed US purchaser precipitated a power struggle for control of the firm. The US bid was turned down, and control remained in Canadian hands with the sale of the Massey's stock for  to Thomas Bradshaw and J.H. Gundy of Toronto. Members of the family accomplished other things in business. Vincent Massey later became Governor General of Canada. Raymond Massey became a noted actor in American films. The Massey family used its fortune to improve the city of Toronto and many institutions including the University of Guelph, University of Toronto, Upper Canada College, Crescent School, Appleby College, Massey Hall, and Metropolitan United Church were partially financed by the Masseys.

The company's early tractor models included the 20 horsepower Massey-Harris GP 15/22 (1930–36), 25 horsepower 'Massey-Harris Pacemaker' (1936–1939), 35 horsepower Model 101 (1938–1942), Massey-Harris Pony, Model 20, Model 81, and Model 744.

Grain harvesting was revolutionized by Massey engineer Tom Carroll in 1938, with the world's first affordable, mass-produced, self-propelled combine— the No. 20. It was too heavy and expensive for extensive mass production, but served as a guide for the design of the lighter and less costly No. 21 which was tested in 1940, and put on sale in 1941. The Massey-Harris No. 21 Combine was commemorated with a Canada Post stamp on June 8, 1996. Massey-Harris also produced one of the world's first four-wheel drive tractors.

E.P. Taylor, one of C.D. Howe's dollar-a-year men, joined the board of directors in 1942, and Eric Phillips joined management in 1946. The company became one of the prime jewels of the Argus Corporation.

The final generation of Massey-Harris tractors, introduced immediately after World War II, included the 25-horsepower M-H 22 series, the 35 horsepower M-H 33 series, the 45 horsepower M-H 44 series and the 55 horsepower M-H 55 series. In 1952, the M-H 22 was replaced by the M-H 23 Mustang. In 1955, the 30-horsepower Massey-Harris 50 was introduced after the merger that created Massey-Harris-Ferguson. It was based on the Ferguson TO-35 and was also produced as the F-40 for Ferguson dealers. The MH-50 was available in several configurations: utility, high-crop utility, or row-crop with a choice of single, tricycle, or wide adjustable front ends. In 1956, the M-H 33 was replaced by the MH 333, while the M-H 44 was replaced by the M-H 444 and the M-H 55 was replaced by the M-H 555. The tractors were commonly known as the "triple series" and were mechanically similar to their predecessors, however they featured new styling which included a slightly different hood design, chrome trim on the grill and hood, and a different color scheme. They were also available with power steering, live power take-off (PTO), and hydraulics. The Massey Harris triple series tractors remained in production until 1958.

Military contracts
During World War II and afterwards Massey Harris undertook a number of contracts to produce tractors, tanks and self-propelled artillery vehicles for the United States Armed Forces. Vehicles produced by Massey Harris include the following:

 M5 Stuart light tank (250 M5s, and 3,530 M5A1s built)
 M24 Chaffee light tank
 M41 Howitzer Motor Carriage self-propelled artillery (built on M24 chassis)
 M44 self propelled howitzer (250 built in early 1950s on M41 Walker Bulldog tank chassis)
 M36 Jackson tank destroyer
 M19 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage Self-propelled anti-aircraft artillery vehicle (300 built)
 I-162 Military tractor built for the United States Army (25 built)
 I-244 Military tractor built for the United States Air Force, United States Navy, and United States Army Corps of Engineers in 1955 and 1956
 I-330 Military tractor built for the United States Navy (6 built)

Massey Ferguson
In 1953, Massey-Harris merged with the Ferguson Company to become Massey-Harris-Ferguson, before shortening it to Massey Ferguson in 1958. They tried to consolidate the two dealer networks and product lines. Its television and radio advertising featured an upbeat jingle with a male chorus singing, "He's a get-up-early, keep-'em-rollin, Massey-Ferguson kind of a man." Nevertheless, the company soon began to decline financially after facing increasing international competition in the 1960s, when the firm began to struggle.

Hanomag-Cura, Argentina
In 1971, Massey purchased the local facilities of Rheinstahl Hanomag-Cura in Argentina, which had been established in 1960. The production of tractors and other agricultural implements, during until 1999. Some model numbers made in Argentina included 65R/250/252, 155, 150, 5160 S-2 / S-4, 5140 / 5140–4, 265, 255, 250, 250 S "viñatero", 8500 and 9500.

Other model numbers included 1075, 1078, 1095h, 1098, 1175 / 1175 S, 1185 / 1185 S, 1195 L / 1195 S-2/S-4, 1215 S-2 / S-4, 1340 S-2/S-4, 1360 S2/S4, 1615 L / S 1615 L, 1640, 1650, 1670, 1690, 1465, 1475 "Super alto", 1485, 1499 SX / 1499 L.

Sunshine, Australia

In 1955, Massey purchased the Australian manufacturers of Sunshine harvesters, H.V. McKay Pty Limited. Hugh Victor McKay had invented the combine harvester in 1884, the first machine to combine the functions of reaping, threshing and winnowing grain from a standing crop. By the 1920s, H.V. McKay Pty Ltd was running the largest implement factory in the southern hemisphere, covering , and led the international agricultural industry through the development of the world's first self-propelled harvester in 1924.

In 1930, the H.V. McKay Pty Limited was granted exclusive Australian distribution of Massey-Harris machinery. The company was then renamed H.V. McKay Massey Harris Pty Ltd. Throughout World War II, H.V. McKay Massey Harris exported over 20,000 Sunshine drills, disc harrows and binders to England to facilitate the increase in food production.

In 1955, the remainder of H.V. McKay Pty Ltd was sold to Massey Ferguson. Manufacturing ended in 1986, and the last section was sold off and demolished in 1992. The former bulk store, factory gates and clock tower, factory gardens, and head office complex still exist and are all listed on the Victorian Heritage Register.

Landini
In 1959, Massey bought 100% of Landini which is based in Italy. Landini has built many models for Massey over the years, especially vineyard and crawler models. Massey sold 66% to ARGO SpA in 1989, another percentage later to Iseki, and the final part was sold to ARGO in 2000.

Perkins
In 1959, Perkins Engines from Peterborough, England was purchased. Perkins was the main diesel engine supplier for Massey Ferguson for many years. In 1990, Massey Ferguson took over Dorman Diesels of Stafford merging it with Perkins to form Perkins Engines (Stafford) Ltd. In the 1980s, Perkins purchased Rolls-Royce (Diesels) Ltd, to form Perkins Engines (Shrewsbury) Ltd. In 1994, Perkins was bought by LucasVarity, who sold it in 1998 to Caterpillar Inc., who was a major customer for Perkins's smaller and mid-sized engines; Caterpillar was a major producer of large diesel engines for stationary and mobile applications.

Ebro of Spain
In 1966, Massey purchased 32% of the Spanish tractor and auto company Ebro, or Motor Iberica. Ebro had previously built Ford tractors under license, but now began building models for Massey, and Massey models under license. Massey sold its interest to Nissan in the 1980s.

In the early 1960s, Massey Ferguson moved their head office from 915 King Street to the Sun Life Tower at 200 University Avenue in the Downtown Toronto.

In 1969, Massey Ferguson began producing a line of snowmobiles under the name 'Ski Whiz'. The snowmobile line was discontinued in 1977, due to a decline in sales.

Activities in Germany
In 1973, Massey purchased German Eicher tractor and many Massey-licensed Eichers were built. They later sold their interest and Dromson now owns Eicher which now builds specialized tractors for vineyards and such.

The firm purchased control of Hanomag in 1974. After a loss of $250 million over the next five years, Hanomag was sold off.

Conrad Black take-over

On 16 August 1978, Conrad Black, whose family had obtained control of Argus Corporation, an investor in Massey Ferguson, became active in Massey Ferguson's management. In 1977, chairman Albert A. Thornbrough received a $471,000 salary, the highest executive salary in Canada at the time. During the 50 years between 1929 and 1979, the firm made more than 4% profit on its sales only five times. Under Black's leadership, Massey Ferguson instituted significant cost-cutting programmes and down-sized its work force in an attempt to improve its profitability. During the late 1970s, production was relocated from Toronto to a new, large facility in Brantford, Ontario. In 1978, Massey Ferguson was the first to introduce an electronic control system for the three-point hitch on a tractor. However a worldwide decline in the agricultural equipment market combined with high inflation, high domestic interest rates and a major recession, caused Massey Ferguson to slip into a loss and seek relief from creditors. On 31 October 1979, Volkswagen AG made an informal offer for 51% of the firm, but was rebuffed by Black. On 23 May 1980, Black resigned as chairman. In a subsequent series of detailed and lengthy letters to Herb Gray—the then Canadian Minister of Industry under the government of Pierre Trudeau—he remarked on the challenges faced by the firm, and outlined his solution, which would have seen the Canadian and Ontario governments as well as Argus Corporation refloat the ailing firm. Black failed to obtain a suitable response, and resolved to cut his losses.

Varity

In October 1980, Argus donated its shares in Massey Ferguson to the employee's pension plans, leading the way to a  bail-out from the Government of Canada and the Government of Ontario for the collapsing business, which later was renamed Varity Corporation. In 1986, Varity spun off several money-losing divisions into an entity called Massey Combines Corporation. Massey Combines Corporation was headquartered in Brantford and became insolvent on 4 March 1988, and its assets were re-acquired by Massey Ferguson.

Varity left Toronto and relocated its head office to the Williams-Butler House at 672 Delaware Avenue in the Millionaire Row area of Buffalo, New York. The Toronto manufacturing complex was demolished and the property sold and re-developed, leaving only its head office building standing. Despite its hardships, Massey Ferguson was selling 25% more tractors than its nearest competitors at this time.

In 1992, a management buyout of MF Industrial created Fermec, which  ceased trading in 2001 when it was taken over by the Terex Corporation, formerly a unit of General Motors. The sale encompassed all construction equipment from Massey. It was then purchased by Case Corporation in 1997.

In 1994, Massey Ferguson's worldwide holdings were purchased by the United States-based AGCO Corporation for  in cash and $18 million in stock.

In August 1996, Varity merged with Lucas Automotive to become LucasVarity. After a series of mergers and takeovers, the remains of LucasVarity were acquired by the United States company TRW in 1999 for .

AGCO Ownership
While Massey-Ferguson had a strong global presence at 20% market share in 1994, it sold 87% of its machines outside North America. The acquisition by AGCO had the aim to increase AGCO's global presence outside North America and increase Massey Ferguson's presence inside North America. In 2008, the 8600 series became the first agricultural tractor world-wide to feature Selective Catalytic Reduction emissions technology branded as e3.

In June 2012, the facility in Jackson, Minnesota was expanded to start building Massey Ferguson and comparable AGCO "Challenger" models for the North American market. Since production began at AGCO Jackson, the facility has produced "7600" series and "8600" series Massey Ferguson tractors for the North American market. Production at the Jackson facility also included the 7700, 8700, 7700S, and 8700S Massey Ferguson tractors.

In January 2020, AGCO announced the expansion of its factory in Beauvais, France. After the expansion, the factory will cover a total area of 54ha and employ up to 2,500 people. New Massey Ferguson models will be designed, built, and tested in the factory. With the completion of this factory expansion at the Beauvais location, the production of the 7700S and 8700S models in Jackson ceased and returned to Beauvais only in the year 2022 as the new expansion is expected to fulfill global demand for those high-horsepower tractor models. The move was made by AGCO's  management due to the increased demand for the company's self-propelled application equipment and Fendt track tractors which are produced at the location in Jackson.

Since AGCO acquired the company, there has been a resurgence and expansion of the Massey Ferguson brand worldwide.  Row-crop tractors have continuously been produced in the Beauvais, France factory since 1960 and in June 2022, the 1,000,000th tractor was produced bearing the Massey-Ferguson brand. The first tractor model from the Beauvais plant was an 825 and the millionth tractor was an 8S.305 with Dyna-VT transmission.

Equipment Offerings
Presently, Massey Ferguson offers the following types of equipment with different regional availability throughout the globe:

 Compact Tractors
 Utility Tractors
 Mid Range Tractors
 High Horsepower Tractors
 Hay Tools
 Planting Equipment
 Combine Harvesting Equipment
 Self-propelled sprayers

Overview of Tractor Models

Massey Ferguson developed a wide range of agricultural vehicles and have a large share in the market across the world especially in Europe. In December 1957, the MF35 which was the first Massey Ferguson branded tractor rolled off the factory floor. It was a Ferguson design that started its life in 1955 as the Ferguson 35, often nicknamed "Gold Belly" due to the gold engine and gearbox. The 35s were massively popular and sold across the United Kingdom, Australia, Ireland and the United States. These were followed by other early models like the 65 (MK1 indirect injection) 65 (MK2 direct injection).

The next big selling model was the MF135 which became widely popular because of its reliability and power compared to other tractors at the time. This was the first model in the MF 100 series. These included the MF 130, 133, 135, 145, 148, 150, 158, 165, 168, 175, 178, 180, 185 and 188.The same time the MF 100 series came out, the MF 1000 series was introduced. These include the MF 1080, 1100, 1130 and 1150. Later came the MF 550, 560, 565, 575, 590, 595 (500 series).

From the mid-1970s and early 1980s came the 200 series tractor, which included the MF 230, 235, 240, 245, 250, 255, 260, 265, 270, 275, 278, 280, 285, 290, 298, 299.

In the mid-1980s, the short-lived 600 series was released. This included the 675, 690, 690T, 695, 698 and 699. The reason behind poor sales figures was due to unattractive styling and poor ergonomics, with the cab sitting much higher than previous MF tractors. Although the cab did give excellent visibility and a flat floor, being high off the ground meant it was best suited to field operations instead of livestock work. The 600 series was one of the first tractors to offer the user an option to control where the hydraulic fluid should be pumped. By moving a switch situated near the floor of the cab, the user could block off flow to the rear hydraulics and link arms, concentrating the full force of the pump on the front loader if equipped.

In the late 1980s, one of the greatest selling tractors of all time was released- the 300 series Massey Ferguson. Excellent power, simplicity of cab, high range of gears and components made the MF 300 series a success especially in Europe. The range included the MF 340, 350, 352, 355, 362, 365, 372, 375, 382, 383, 390, 390T, 393, 394, 395, 398, 399 and 399T (the most powerful and popular Massey Ferguson 399) with horsepower ranging from 45HP to 104HP. The 300 series was also offered with a choice of cab, Hi-Line or Lo-Line. The Hi-Line cab featured a flat floor whilst the Lo-Line cab had a hump in the middle for the transmission tunnel. Some 'original' examples of the lower horsepower 300-series have been known to fetch prices exceeding £20,000 because of their rarity.

In the mid-1990s, the 6100 series and 8100 series were released including the 6150, 6180 and 8130.

Tractors that came after the 300 series included:
 the 4200 range, the 4300 range, 3600 (early 1990s)
 3000/3100 (early to mid-1990s)
 3005/3105 (mid-1990s)
 6100 (late 1990s), 6200 (late 1990s/early 2000s (decade))
 8200 (late 1990s/early 2000s)
 5400, 6400, 7400, 8400 (2004-2007)
 5600, 6600, 7600, 8600 (2009 to 2014)
 5700, 6700, 7700, 8700, (2014-2018)
 3700, 4700, 5700, 6700, (global series) 5700S, 6700S, 7700S, and 8700S.

In the 2000s, the Massey Ferguson range included the 8600 series (limited markets), 5400 (limited markets), 5700S, 6700S, 7700S, and 8700S series tractors. New generation AGCO Power engines 8700 S Series provided levels of torque and horse-power unsurpassed in conventional tractor design, from the minimum of fuel. AGCO POWER 6 cylinder 8.4 L engines generated power from 270 to 405 hp.(AGCO Beauvais France) Massey Ferguson tractor production factories also built tractors marketed by AGCO under the "Challenger" brand, and also specific model ranges for Iseki.

In July 2020, Massey Ferguson launched the change of the tractor lineup, starting with the 8S Series that replaced the 7700S range.

In 2021, more models were launched. In January, the 5S Series and in September the 6S Series and 7S Series. This change also brought a new model numbering. For example, an MF 5S.105 – the "5S" stands for the series and the last three digits stands for the maximum power.

In 2022, Massey Ferguson presented the new compact tractor 1700M Series and the new specialized tractor 3S Series.

Product images

Former Logos

Massey Ferguson is the most widely sold brand of agricultural machinery in the world. The brand designs were licensed to a variety of companies including:

Algerian Tractors Company — Licensee in Algeria
Industry of Machinery and Tractors — Licensee in Serbia
 Millat Tractors — Licensee in Pakistan
 Tractors and Farm Equipment Limited (TAFE) — Licensee in India

See also
 Dynashift
 Liberty Village — area where Massey Ferguson had a plant is now a residential neighbourhood with the company's head office building at 915 King Street West still standing (by E. J. Lennox c. 1899) as Massey Harris Lofts.

Rival manufacturers:
 Case IH
John Deere
 New Holland Agriculture
SAME
 Versatile
 Kubota

References

Sources
 Pripps, Robert N. The Big Book of Farm Tractors. Vancouver, BC: Raincoast Books, 2001. .

External links

 Official Website

AGCO

Agricultural machinery manufacturers of the United States
Tractor manufacturers of the United States
Tractor manufacturers of Canada
Tractor manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Lawn and garden tractors
Manufacturing companies established in 1847

Massey Ferguson


An Carex helleri in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Kenneth Kent Mackenzie. An Carex helleri in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Carex

Carex helleri


Tetta Kawai (født 8. maj 2000) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Gamba Osaka.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Tetta Kawai


Mireille Albrecht, née le  à Rotterdam et morte le  à Paris , est une autrice française, résistante durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

Biographie
Mireille Berthe Wilhelmina Albrecht est née à Rotterdam le . Ses parents sont Freddy Albrecht, un banquier néerlandais et Berty Albrecht, une Française connue pour son activité dans la Résistance. Elle a un frère, Frédéric, né en 1920. Elle grandit à Londres où sa famille s'installe en 1924. À la séparation de ses parents en 1932, elle part pour Paris avec sa mère et son frère.

Sa mère, Berty Albrecht, est une militante sociale et féministe qui s'engage très vite activement dans la Résistance. Mireille Albrecht, encore adolescente fait également partie du mouvement de résistance Combat. Arrêtée une première fois, en , Berty Albrecht réussit à s'évader de l'hôpital psychiatrique du Vinatier grâce à une opération organisée par un groupe du mouvement Combat, à laquelle participe aussi sa fille Mireille Albrecht.

Mireille Albrecht et sa mère se cachent alors dans la famille Gouze, où elles rencontrent la future Danielle Mitterrand. Mireille Albrecht est ensuite mise à l'abri en Suisse où elle reste chez des cousins jusqu'à la fin de la guerre.

 Elle se marie mais quitte rapidement son mari et part en Afrique du Sud rejoindre son père. Elle y rencontre Charles Hills, un ingénieur britannique. Ils ont une fille, Chilina Hills. Le couple s'installe à Paris puis dans le midi de la France. Ils tiennent un pub puis une galerie d'art en Provence. Après leur divorce, Mireille Albrecht retourne à Paris et ouvre une boutique d'antiquités d'Extrême-Orient.

Elle est par la suite chargée de mission au ministère des Affaires étrangères et membre du Conseil économique et social.

Mireille Albrecht consacre une partie de sa vie à élucider le mystère qui entoure la mort de sa mère. Elle réussit à établir que celle-ci s'est bien suicidée dans sa prison et à identifier la personne qui l'a dénoncée. Elle écrit deux livres à la mémoire de sa mère, Berty et Vivre au lieu d'Exister. Un troisième livre, Les Oubliés de l'ombre, est consacré aux résistants de l'ombre. Elle fait don au musée d'histoire de Marseille d'une série d'objets et d'écrits ayant appartenu à sa mère.

Elle meurt à Paris le  à , et est inhumée au cimetière du Père-Lachaise. Antony Russel a créé une sculpture en forme de chaise en déséquilibre pour sa tombe.

Distinctions
  (11 juillet 1997) ; chevalière du 30 juin 1989
  (décret du 31 mars 1947)

Publications
 .
 .
 Les Oubliés de l'ombre. 1940-1944, éditions du Rocher, 2007,  .

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
  Claire Gorrara, The Daughters of the Resistance: Marie Gatard and Mireille Albrecht dans Women's Representations of the Occupation in Post-'68 France, Springer, 1998

Articles connexes
 Berty Albrecht

Liens externes

Références

Résistante française
Femme de lettres française
Officier de la Légion d'honneur promu en 1997
Titulaire de la médaille de la Résistance française
Personnalité française née d'un parent néerlandais
Naissance en juin 1924
Naissance à Rotterdam
Décès en septembre 2007
Décès dans le 15e arrondissement de Paris
Décès à 83 ans
Personnalité inhumée au cimetière du Père-Lachaise (division 39)

Mireille Albrecht


Kari Brattset Dale (født 15. februar 1991) er en norsk håndboldspiller, der spiller for ungarske Győri Audi ETO KC og Norges kvindehåndboldlandshold.

Hun fik debut på det norske A-landshold i marts 2016.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Håndboldspillere fra Norge
Håndboldspillere fra Glassverket Idrettsforening
Håndboldspillere fra Vipers Kristiansand
Håndboldspillere fra Fredrikstad BK
Olympiske medaljevindere i håndbold
Håndboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2020
Medaljevindere ved sommer-OL 2020
Olympiske bronzemedaljevindere fra Norge

Kari Brattset Dale


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Trávnica enthält die fünf nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Trávnica im Okres Nové Zámky.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

!
Travnica


Mario Cvitković, hrvatski reprezentativni rukometaš

Igrač HC Tatran Prešov.

S mladom reprezentacijom 2013. osvojio je srebro na svjetskom prvenstvu.

Izvori

Hrvatski rukometni vratari
Rukometaši RK Splita

Mario Cvitković


Poetry Society peut désigner :
 Poetry Society, une organisation bénévole des poètes en Inde, dont le siège est à New Delhi ;
 Poetry Society of America, fondée en 1910, la plus ancienne société littéraire américaine dédiée à la poésie.

Poetry Society


Patrick Vroegh, né le  à Lingewaal aux Pays-Bas, est un footballeur néerlandais qui évolue au poste de milieu central au Vitesse Arnhem.

Biographie

Vitesse Arnhem
Né à Lingewaal aux Pays-Bas, Patrick Vroegh est formé par le Vitesse Arnhem. Il intègre l'équipe première en septembre 2019 afin de compenser un manque de joueurs au poste d'arrière gauche, une position inhabituelle pour lui. Mais c'est bien à son poste de prédilection, au milieu de terrain, qu'il est lancé en professionnel le 19 octobre 2019 contre le VVV Venlo, lors d'une rencontre d'Eredivisie. Il entre en jeu à la place de Matúš Bero, et son équipe s'impose sur le score de quatre buts à zéro. Il inscrit son premier but en professionnel le 17 décembre de la même année face au , lors d'une rencontre de coupe des Pays-Bas. Il est titularisé et son équipe l'emporte largement par quatre buts à zéro.

Le 31 octobre 2020, Vroegh inscrit son premier but dans l'Eredivisie lors d'un match face au club de ses débuts, le Willem II. Il marque quelques minutes après son entrée en jeu, participant à la victoire des siens par trois buts à un.

Le 4 juillet 2022, il rejoint le RKC Waalwijk en tant qu'agent libre.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur néerlandais
Joueur du Vitesse Arnhem
Naissance en novembre 1999
Naissance à West Betuwe

Patrick Vroegh