Fuego gris es una película argentina surrealista-dramática de 1994 coescrita y dirigida por Pablo César y protagonizada por María Victoria D'Antonio, Cristina Banegas, Arturo Bonín, Leonardo Sbaraglia, Alejo García Pintos y Eleonora Wexler. Se estrenó el 25 de agosto de 1994.

El film, definido por el director como "drama rock", cuenta con una banda sonora compuesta por Luis Alberto Spinetta, editada también como álbum homónimo y lanzado antes de la película. Es la única banda sonora en la que Spinetta participó durante toda su carrera.

El film fantástico no tiene diálogos, y su historia se desarrolla mediante una serie de imágenes mayormente alegóricas, entrelazadas con las canciones de Spinetta. Según el director, la película tiene una estructura de recorrido/aventura a través del mundo subjetivo y del mundo objetivo, a la manera de una "Alicia en el País de los Horrores".

Sinopsis
La historia comienza con un epígrafe, (y el único texto que aparecerá en todo el transcurso de la misma):

La protagonista (María Victoria D'Antonio) aparece primero trabajando en una oficina en la que los empleados se maltratan, y luego conduce una moto a través de un embotellamiento de tráfico, igualmente violento; se trata de una adolescente que fue violada de niña por su padre (Arturo Bonín), y que ahora se encuentra alienada del mundo y de su entorno más cercano.

Una noche la protagonista va al recital de su ídolo de rock, Kakón el Griego, pero no puede ingresar porque todas las entradas están vendidas. Mientras forcejea para intentar ingresar al recital, de repente cae por una alcantarilla. La joven se verá obligada entonces a correr "por los túneles pluviales de la ciudad de Buenos Aires en busca de la luz hacia su centro interior".

Su madre (Cristina Banegas), que también ha sido víctima de la violencia y el clima familiar insoportable que creó el padre, se ha vuelto loca. Al mismo tiempo y después del suicidio de su única amiga, la protagonista entra de golpe en un estado ensimismado, estado que la acompaña mientras alternativamente recorre y se esconde en un mundo ominoso e inestable dentro de su mente. En un momento la protagonista logra salir al mundo exterior, solo para comprobar que la realidad objetiva es tan o más irracional que la realidad subjetiva, cuando una lluvia de sapos en paracaídas caen sobre ella y frente al Obelisco de Buenos Aires.

Al darse cuenta de que ella misma ha creado los oscuros escenarios por los que transita, la protagonista decide revertir la situación, y realizar una catarsis que la libere de sus demonios internos. Lentamente, la joven comienza a atravesar sus procesos psíquicos y simbólicos, enfrentándose a los traumas causados por el abuso físico y psicológico de su padre, el sufrimiento que le provoca la situación de su madre y los miedos que la han perseguido por tanto tiempo, con un ansia renovada de liberarse de sus cadenas mentales y alcanzar la paz interior.

Reparto

Producción
La película carece de diálogo y está sostenida por las imágenes y la banda musical compuesta por Luis Alberto Spinetta a modo de obra integral dramático-musical ("drama-rock"). Spinetta compuso 17 canciones especialmente para la película a partir del guion, que constituyen el eje de la trama junto a las imágenes:

El músico también participó como extra en las escenas que representan el Averno, y también aparecen sus hijos Catarina y Valentino. Sobre el papel principal interpretado por María Victoria D'Antonio, Pablo César dijo:

El guion fue escrito suponiendo que Luis Alberto Spinetta aceptaría componer la música, cosa que finalmente hizo. Las escenas de túneles y sótanos se filmaron en un silo cerealero ubicado en el barrio de Retiro, mientras que dos escenas fueron filmadas en exteriores en Cabo Verde.

El póster promocional del film fue creado y diseñado por el famoso artista argentino Ciruelo. El póster del film también fue utilizado para ilustrar la tapa del álbum homónimo de Spinetta que formó parte de la banda sonora del film.

Análisis
El periodista Claudio D. Minghetti de Página 12, analizó la película en estos términos:

El periodista Claudio España realizó en La Nación el siguiente análisis:

El periodista Ricardo Bustos la describió así:

Véase también
 Fuego gris (álbum de Luis Alberto Spinetta)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Fuego gris en Cine Nacional
  (Fuente: www.fotolog.com/mercurioderetiro/75767496/)

Fuego gris
Fuego gris

Fuego gris (película)


Hercegovačka nogometna zona  je bila liga četvrtog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1976./77.
Sudjelovalo je 18 klubova, a prvak je bila "Iskra" iz Stoca.

Ljestvica

 Duvno – tadašnji naziv za Tomislavgrad
 Lištica – tadašnji naziv za Široki Brijeg
 ljestvica bez rezultata tri utakmice

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Povezani članci
 Republička liga BiH 1976./77.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 Ešref Selimović, Mate Kelava: Povijest nogometa u Tomislavgradu : od Tomislava do Tomislava, Tomislavgrad, 2014.,   (Matica hrvatska)  (Naša ognjišta), str. 237-239
 nk-sirokibrijeg.com, Miljenko Karačić: Zlatne godine - Šest desetljeća nogometa u Širokom Brijegu, Široki Brijeg, 2008., str. 40-41, preuzeto 10. veljače 2020.

1976-77 Hercegovina
 Hercegovina
1976-77

Hercegovačka nogometna zona 1976./77.


Give Me a Salidor este un film din 1938, regizat de Elliott Nugent. În rolurile principale joacă actorii Martha Raye și Bob Hope.

Distribuție
Martha Raye — Letty Larkin
Bob Hope — Jim Brewester
Betty Grable — Nancy Larkin
Jack Whiting — Walter Brewster
Clarence Kolb — Captain Tallant
J.C. Nugent — Mr. Larkin
Bonnie Jean Churchill — Ethel May Brewster
Nana Bryant — Mrs. Minnie Brewster

Note

Legăuri externe

Filme din 1938
Filme în limba engleză
Filme americane
Filme de comedie din anii 1930
Filme de comedie
Filme de dragoste

Give Me a Sailor


Behrendorf (Danca: Bjerndrup, Frizce: Bjarntoorp), Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Nordfriesland iline bağlı yerleşim yeri. 15,29 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Aralık 2015 itibarıyla yaklaşık 570 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Kilometrekare başına yaklaşık 37 kişilik bir nüfus yoğunluğuna sahiptir. Belediye Başkanlığı Jens Andreas Carstensen tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-vioel.de

Kaynakça

Nordfriesland iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Behrendorf


James Willard Schultz (* 26. August 1859 in Boonville im US-Bundesstaat New York; † 11. Juni 1947 in der Wind River Indian Reservation in Wyoming), indianisch Apikuni genannt, war ein amerikanischer Schriftsteller, der in jungen Jahren ein Leben als Jäger und Händler im amerikanischen Westen geführt und eine Zeitlang bei einem Stamm der Schwarzfußindianer im nordwestlichen Teil von Montana gelebt hat. Dabei entdeckte er auch ein eiszeitliches Gletschergebiet, das später als Glacier-Nationalpark unter Schutz gestellt wurde. Von all diesen Eindrücken bewegt, begann James Willard Schultz darüber zu schreiben, zunächst Artikel für Zeitungen und dann Bücher, von denen zu seinen Lebzeiten weit über dreißig Stück, mit sachlichem wie auch fiktivem Inhalt, veröffentlicht worden sind.

Lebensabriss
Boonville, der Geburtsort von James Willard Schultz, war eine Gemeinde im Oneida County. Hier wuchs er auch auf und begleitet von seinem Vater und erfahrenen Jägern machte er als Kind und Jugendlicher viele Jagdausflüge durch die Adirondack Mountains, die oben im nordöstlichen Teil des Staates New York lagen. — Im Sommer 1877 gaben ihm seine Eltern ihre Einwilligung für einen Jagdausflug nach Montana. Von seiner Mutter bekam er dafür 500 Dollar mit der Bedingung, dass er im Herbst zurückkehren und dann nach West Point gehen solle, aber er kehrte zu der vereinbarten Zeit nicht zurück. (Sehr viel später kam er noch einmal  in seinen Heimatort zurück, aber die geistige Enge dort und die Sehnsucht nach seiner indianischen Frau Natahki ließen ihn nach wenigen Monaten wieder in die Wildnis zurückkehren.)

In Montana ist James Willard Schultz zuerst nach Fort Benton am Missouri gegangen und hat dann in den Great Plains Bisons gejagt.

Um das Jahr 1880 herum wurde der Jäger auch noch zum Händler, als er zusammen mit einem Partner einen Handelsposten irgendwo am Marias gründete, und dann zum Indianer in einem Stamm der Schwarzfüße, den (südlichen) Piegan, die im nordwestlichen Teil von Montana am Rande der Rocky Mountains beheimatet waren. Er wurde von einem Häuptling adoptiert und bekam den indianischen Namen Apikuni, was nach der englischen Übersetzung so viel wie 'Geflecktes Gewand' hieße. Zwei bis drei Jahre lang hat er vermutlich unter den Piegan, die auch Blackfeet genannt wurden, gelebt und seine Anpassung an das indianische Leben soll sogar so weit gegangen sein, dass er an Kriegszügen gegen feindliche Stämme teilgenommen hat. Und irgendwann in dieser Zeit hat er auch eine Indianerin aus seinem Stamm geheiratet: Natahki, die ihn auch in das zivile Leben begleitet und die er später literarisch verewigt hat.

1885 schickte er einen Artikel an Forest and Stream, eine Zeitschrift, die sich, allgemein gesagt, mit Naturerlebnissen wie Angeln, Wandern, Camping usw. befasste und schon damals energisch für den Naturschutz eintrat. Dadurch wurde er mit George Bird Grinnell bekannt, der zu der Zeit Herausgeber von Forest and Stream war. Unter der Führung von Schultz hat Grinnell die Region während mehrerer Jagdausflüge in der nächsten Zeit kennengelernt und er ist dann später einer der aktivsten Initiatoren zur Gründung des Glacier-Nationalparks im Jahre 1910 gewesen. Die beiden Männer haben auch eine Freude daran gehabt, auffällige Natur-Merkmale wie Berge, Seen, Gletscher usw. mit Namen zu bezeichnen und in den kommenden Jahren hat James Willard Schultz als professioneller Führer noch viele andere Besucher — wohl bis in die 1930er Jahre hinein — in dieser Region herumgeführt und sich mit weiteren Artikeln sein Geld verdient. Außer für Forest and Stream hat er u. a. für die beiden Jugendzeitschriften Youth's Companion und The American Boy gearbeitet und 1902 ist er eine Zeit lang Rezensent in Kalifornien bei der Los Angeles Times gewesen.

1907 wurde sein erstes Buch veröffentlicht, in dem er sein Leben unter den Schwarzfußindianern schildert und dabei Natahki besonders erwähnt. Das Buch ist in den 1920er Jahren auch in Deutschland in zwei Bänden herausgekommen, die beide von dem amerikanischen Maler und Ethnografen Frederick Weygold mit Buchschmuck und Erklärungen versehen worden sind. Danach ist James Willard Schultz weiter noch recht produktiv gewesen und hat bis zum Jahr 1940 an über dreißig Bücher (immer bei dem Verlag Houghton Mifflin Company in Boston) veröffentlicht.

Natahki, seine indianische Frau, war schon 1903 gestorben. Er hat danach noch zweimal wieder geheiratet. Die letzte Ehe schloss er 1932 mit Jessie Louise Donaldson, einer Professorin an der Montana State University, die sehr viel Anteil an seiner literarischen Arbeit genommen und einige Artikel nach seinem Tode über ihn verfasst hat. An Kindern hat er wohl nur einen Sohn gehabt, den Natahki ihm 1882 geboren hatte: Hart Merriam Schultz (Lone Wolf), der in seinem Leben ein anerkannter Maler und Bildhauer geworden ist und auch einige Bücher seines Vaters illustriert hat.

1931 verletzte sich James Willard Schultz, dessen Gesundheit in den letzten drei Jahrzehnten seines Lebens ohnehin sehr labil gewesen sein soll, schwer an der Wirbelsäule. Bei der Behandlung dieser Verletzung wurde er von Morphium abhängig, was er aber bekämpfte und nach einem Jahr überwunden hatte. Weitere Verletzungen erlitt er in den 1940er Jahren und nach einer besonders schweren im September 1944 in seinem Haus in Denver, zog er nach deren Behandlung (wohl aus Pflegegründen) an irgendeinen Ort in der Wind River Reservation in Wyoming.

James Willard Schultz starb am 11. Juni 1947 in der Wind River Reservation in Wyoming. Auf seinen Wunsch hin wurde er in der Blackfeet Indian Reservation in Montana auf dem Begräbnisplatz von Natahkis Familie beigesetzt.

Werke von J. W. Schultz

Englische Ausgaben
 My Life as an Indian: The Story of a Red Woman and a White Man in the Lodges of the Black Feet, Verlag Doubleday, Page & Co, New York 1907 (Digitalisat)
 With the Indians in the Rockies, Verlag Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1912 (Digitalisat)
 Sinopah: The Indian Boy, Verlag Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1913
 On the Warpath, Verlag Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1914
 Blackfeet Tales of Glacier National Park, Verlag Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1916
 Apauk-Caller of Buffalo, Verlag Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1916 (Digitalisat)
 The Gold Cache, Verlag Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1917
 Bird Woman: The Guide of Lewis and Clark, Verlag Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1918
 Lone Bull's Mistake: A Lodgepole Chief Story, Verlag Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1918
 Rising Wolf: The White Blackfeet, Hugh Monroes Story of his first year on the plains, Verlag Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1919
 In the Great Apache Forest, Verlag Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1919
 The War-Trail Fort: Further Adventures of Thomas Fox and Pitamakan, Verlag Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1921
 Seizer of Eagles, Verlag Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1921
 Trail of the Spanish Horse, Verlag Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1922
 The Danger Trail: A Thrilling Story of the Fur-Traders, Verlag Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1923
 Friends of My Life as an Indian, Verlag Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1923
 Plumed Snake Medicine, Verlag Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1924
 Questers of the Desert, Verlag Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1925
 Signposts of Adventure: Glacier Nationalpark as the Indians know it, Verlag Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1926
 Sun Woman: A Novel, Verlag Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1926
 William Jackson: Indian Scout, Verlag Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1926
 A son of the Navahos, Verlag Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1927
 Red Crow's Brother, Verlag Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1927
 In Enemy Country, Verlag Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1928
 Skull Head The Terrible, Verlag Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1929
 The White Beaver, Verlag Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1930
 Sun God's Children, Koautor Jessie Louise Donaldson, Verlag Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1930
 Friends and Foes in the Rockies, Verlag Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1931
 Alder Gulch Gold, Verlag Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1933
 Gold Dust, Verlag Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1934
 The White Buffalo Robe, Verlag Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1936
 Stained Gold, Verlag Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1937
 Short Bow's Big Medicine, Verlag Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1940

Deutsche Ausgaben
 Natahki und ich. Mein Leben unter den Schwarzfußindianern, Ernte Verlag, Hamburg 1922 (Nachdruck: Köln 1974)
 In Natahkis Zelt. Mein Leben als Indianer, Ernte Verlag, Hamburg 1925 (Nachdruck: Köln 1974)
 Der weiße Büffel und andere Erzählungen von den Schwarzfußindianern, Verlag Velhagen & Klasing, Bielefeld 1926
 Indianerfrauen, Auszug aus In Natahkis Zelt, Serie: Deutsche Jugendbücherei Nr. 377, Verlag Hermann Hillger, Berlin und Leipzig 1931
 Sohn des Navaho I, Kleine Jugendreihe, Verlag Kultur & Fortschritt, Berlin 1960
 Sohn des Navaho II, Kleine Jugendreihe, Verlag Kultur & Fortschritt, Berlin 1960
 Der Irrtum des Einsamen Bison, Kleine Jugendreihe, Verlag Kultur & Fortschritt, Berlin 1960
 Sucht mich in der Prärie. Mein Leben als Indianer, Verlag Scherz, Bern und München 1983
 Sucht mich in der Prärie. Mein Leben als Indianer, Verlag Ullstein, Frankfurt am Main, Berlin, Wien 1985

Weblinks

 Montana State University J. W. Schultz Papiere (1867–1969)
 Montana Cowboy Hall of Fame Foto mit biografischer Notiz
 Northwest Digital Archive Korrespondenz-Verzeichnis (1914–1946)

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Literatur (Englisch)
Literatur (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1859
Gestorben 1947
Mann

James Willard Schultz


Norte es el primer álbum de estudio de la banda chilena Curacas, lanzado en 1970 por el sello discográfico Peña de los Parra de los hermanos Isabel y Ángel Parra, y distribuido por el sello DICAP.

Lista de canciones

Referencias

Álbumes de Chile de 1970
Álbumes debut de 1970
Álbumes de Peña de los Parra
Álbumes de Discoteca del Cantar Popular
Álbumes en español

Norte (álbum)


A self-serving bias is any cognitive or perceptual process that is distorted by the need to maintain and enhance self-esteem, or the tendency to perceive oneself in an overly favorable manner. It is the belief that individuals tend to ascribe success to their own abilities and efforts, but ascribe failure to external factors. When individuals reject the validity of negative feedback, focus on their strengths and achievements but overlook their faults and failures, or take more credit for their group's work than they give to other members, they are protecting their self-esteem from threat and injury. These cognitive and perceptual tendencies perpetuate illusions and error, but they also serve the self's need for esteem.  For example, a student who attributes earning a good grade on an exam to their own intelligence and preparation but attributes earning a poor grade to the teacher's poor teaching ability or unfair test questions might be exhibiting a self-serving bias. Studies have shown that similar attributions are made in various situations, such as the workplace, interpersonal relationships, sports, and consumer decisions.

Both motivational processes (i.e. self-enhancement, self-presentation) and cognitive processes (i.e. locus of control, self-esteem) influence the self-serving bias. There are both cross-cultural (i.e. individualistic and collectivistic culture differences) and special clinical population (i.e. depression) considerations within the bias. Much of the research on the self-serving bias has used participant self-reports of attribution based on experimental manipulation of task outcomes or in naturalistic situations. Some more modern research, however, has shifted focus to physiological manipulations, such as emotional inducement and neural activation, in an attempt to better understand the biological mechanisms that contribute to the self-serving bias.

History
The theory of self-serving biases first came to attention in the late 1960s to early 1970s. As research on this topic grew, some people had concerns about it. In 1971, a fear emerged that the hypothesis would prove to be incorrect, much like the perceptual defense hypothesis by Dixon. However, the theory now holds strong. When this theory was still being developed it was during the research of attribution bias. Fritz Heider found that in ambiguous situations people made attributions based on their own needs, in order to maintain a higher self-esteem and viewpoint. This specific tendency became what we now know as the self-serving bias. Miller and Ross conducted a study in 1975 that was one of the earliest to assess not only self-serving bias but also the attributions for successes and failures within this theory. They argued that the self-serving bias people create is rational and not dependent on one's need for self-esteem. This means that if the outcome of an event is consistent with the person's expectation, then they will attribute dispositional (internal) factors. On the other hand, if the outcome of the event doesn't match the person's expectations, they will make situational attributions by blaming their surroundings instead of themselves.

Methods

Laboratory testing
Investigations of the self-serving bias in the laboratory differ depending on the experimental goals, but have basic fundamental aspects. Participants perform some task, often of intelligence, social sensitivity, teaching ability, or therapy skills. Participants may be asked to work alone, in pairs, or in groups. After task completion, participants are given randomized bogus feedback. Some studies employ emotion-induction mechanisms to investigate moderating effects on the self-serving bias. Finally, participants make attributions for the given outcomes. These attributions are assessed by the researchers to determine implications for the self-serving bias.

Neural experimentation
Some more modern testing employs neural imaging techniques to supplement the fundamental self-serving bias laboratory procedures. Neural correlates of the self-serving bias have been investigated by electroencephalography (EEG), as well as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). These procedures allow for insight into brain area activity during exhibition of a self-serving bias, as well as a mechanism to differentiate brain activity between healthy and clinical populations.

Naturalistic investigation
Retrospective performance outcomes can be used in investigation of the self-serving bias. An example of this is reported company performance followed up by self-report of outcome attributions. These self-report attributions can then be used to assess how successes and failures are viewed by company employees and executives. This method can be used for numerous outcome variables to determine the presence or absence of the self-serving bias.

Factors and variables

Motivation
Two types of motivation affect the self-serving bias: self-enhancement and self-presentation. Self-enhancement aims to uphold self-worth; attributing successes internally and failures externally helps people in their self-enhancement. Self-presentation refers to the drive to convey a desired image to others and make self-serving attributions to manage impressions. For example, they claim personal responsibility for successes but not failures in an attempt to influence how others perceive them. Motivation works in conjunction with cognitive factors to produce personally satisfying and self-preserving attributions for outcomes.

Locus of control
Locus of control is one of the main influences of attribution style. Individuals with an internal locus of control believe that they have personal control over situations and that their actions matter. Those with an external locus of control believe that outside forces, chance, and luck determine situations and that their actions cannot change anything. Individuals with an external locus of control are more likely to exhibit a self-serving bias following failure than those with an internal locus of control. The difference in attribution style between individuals with internal and external loci of control, however, is not as marked in successful outcomes, as individuals with both types attribution style have less need to defend their self-images in success. Airplane pilots with an internal locus of control were likely to exhibit a self-serving bias in regard to their skill and levels of safety.

Gender
Studies have shown a slight discrepancy in males' and females' use of the self-serving bias. In self-report surveys investigating partner interactions of romantic couples, men tended to attribute negative interactions to their partners more than women did. This is evidence that men may exhibit the self-serving bias more than women, although the study did not look at positive interaction attributions.

Age
Older adults have been shown to make more internal causal attributions for negative outcomes. Differential attribution style at different ages indicates that the self-serving bias may be less likely in older adults. These older adults who attributed negative outcomes to more internal factors also rated themselves to be in poorer health, so negative emotional factors may confound the found age effects.

Culture
There is evidence of cross-cultural differences in the tendency to exhibit the self-serving bias, particularly when considering individualistic (Western) versus collectivistic (non-Western) societies. Family and group goals are important in collectivistic cultures. In contrast, the individual goals and identity focused on in individualistic societies increases the need for people within those cultures to guard and boost their personal self-esteem. While differences have been shown, conflicting literature has cited similarity in causal attributions across both individual and collective cultures, specifically between Belgium, West Germany, South Korea, and England. Naturalistic observation and information comparing United States and Japanese companies outcome attributions shows that the meaning and psychological function of internal versus external attributions are similar across cultures but that the difference is in the strategy of attribution. No consensus has been reached on cross-culture influences on the self-serving bias, though some systematic differences do seem to be present, especially between Western and non-Western cultures. For example, a study conducted by Kudo and Numuzaki named "Explicit and Direct Self-Serving Bias in Japan Reexamination of Self-Serving Bias for Success and Failure" showed that the participants in the success condition provided more internal attributions than the participants in the failure condition even though past research has constantly shown that Japanese people don't tend to show a self-serving bias. Also, another study conducted by Hugten and Witteloostuijn named "The foreign language effect on the self-serving bias: A field experiment in the high school classroom" displayed the results that student participants between the ages of 13 and 15 who mainly process feedback in a non-native English tend to show more self-serving bias than those who process feedback in their native Dutch language.

Role
Investigations of self-serving bias distinguish between the role of participants as the actor of a task or as the observer of someone else performing a task, relating closely to actor–observer asymmetry. Actors of a task exhibit the self-serving bias in their attributions to their own success or failure feedback, whereas observers do not make the same attributions about another person's task outcome. Observers tend to be more objective in their tendency to ascribe internal or external attributions to other people's outcomes. This may be due to the fact that the self-image of actors is challenged directly and therefore actors feel the need to protect their own self-image, but do not feel the same inclination to do so when the self-image of others is threatened.

Self-esteem and emotion
Emotions can influence feelings of self-esteem, which in turn alters the need to protect one's self-identity. Individuals with higher self-esteem are thought to have more to protect in their self-image, and therefore exhibit the self-serving bias more often than those individuals with lower self-esteem. In a study, participants who were induced to feel the emotions of guilt or revulsion were less likely to make self-serving attributions for success and less likely to make self-protecting attributions for failure. Coleman concluded that the two emotions of guilt and revulsion lead to a drop in self-esteem, and thus a reduction in the use of the self-serving bias.

Self-awareness and probability of improvement

The relationship between individuals' awareness levels and perceived probability of improvement also influences the activation of the self-serving bias. Individuals with high self-awareness attribute failure internally when they perceive a high probability of improvement. However, they will engage in self-serving bias, attributing failure externally when they perceive a low probability of improvement. Individuals low in self-awareness will attribute failure externally regardless of their perceived probability of improvement.

Real-world implications

Interpersonal relations
Whether the self-serving bias is exhibited may depend on interpersonal closeness, relationships in a social context. When working in pairs to complete interdependent outcome tasks, relationally close pairs did not show a self-serving bias while relationally distant pairs did. A study on self-serving bias in relational context suggests this is due to the idea that close relationships place limits on an individual's self enhancement tendencies.  The individual becomes more modest, when in a close relationship, and is less likely to use that relationship for his or her own benefit. Understanding why partners refrain from the self-serving bias is still in question but can partially be explained by favorable impression those in close relationships have for one another. A similar result was shown when looking at pairs of friends and strangers. Pairs performed an interdependent outcomes creativity test and were then given a bogus pipeline for a success or failure outcome. Strangers exhibited the self-serving bias in responsibility attributions, but friends tended to make joint attributions for both success and failure. Researchers have taken this as evidence for "boundaries on self-enhancement". In another study conducted in 2016, the implicit and explicit evaluation of 108 partners and exes as parents who were either married, separated or divorced was researched to investigate if the self-serving bias influenced them. Using two Implicit Association tests, one measuring Self vs Partner and the other measuring Self vs Ex, results showed that most of the time, men and women consider their exes or partners as less suitable parents which demonstrates the self-serving bias as they "ascribe more easily successes to internal factors" and failures towards their partners. Also, another result demonstrated that "women revealed a higher self-serving bias than men on both implicit and explicit measures, but only toward exes and not toward current partners" because they consider their exes as an out-group and their partners as an in-group.

Workplace
The self-serving bias can be found in several aspects of the workplace. Research shows that the self-serving bias is used to explain employment: being hired for a job is attributed to personal factors, whereas failure to obtain a job is attributed to external factors. Experimental investigation of the explanations for unemployment through asking participants to imagine particular job opportunities and likelihood of getting those jobs, however, did not show such a self-serving bias. Researchers claim that this may be due to the actor-observer role differences in the self-serving bias. Within the workplace, victims of serious occupational accidents tend to attribute their accidents to external factors, whereas their coworkers and management tend to attribute the accidents to the victims' own actions. Interpersonal dynamics of the self-serving bias in the previous section have implications for attributions for outcomes in the workplace. In an investigation of group dynamics, virtual group members had to complete a decision-making task via computer-mediated communication. Results showed that the self-serving bias was present in negative outcomes, and that greater interpersonal distance from group members increased blame for negative outcomes.

Narcissism
Studies revealed that narcissism was related to enhanced self-ratings of leadership, even when controlling for the Big Five traits. Another study showed that narcissism was related to enhanced leadership self-perceptions; indeed, whereas narcissism was significantly positively correlated with self-ratings of leadership, it was significantly negatively related to other ratings of leadership. This study also revealed that narcissism was related to more favorable self-ratings of workplace deviance and contextual performance compared to other (supervisor) ratings.  Because narcissism broadly reflects strong self-admiration and behavioral tendencies which may not be viewed positively by others it is possible that narcissism influences self- and other perceptions differently, and insight into this possibility may be important given that differences in perceptions are the foundation for certain types of performance management and development practices.

Classroom
Studies in both lab and field settings have shown both teachers and students hold self-serving biases in regard to outcomes in the classroom. These attributions hold the potential for conflict between teacher and student since neither will take personal responsibility, as the student may blame the teacher while the teacher holds the student accountable. However, both teachers and students also reported being aware of the others' bias, which indicated there may be a feasible conflict resolution mechanism.

Computer technology
Computers have become an integral part of everyday life, and research has shown that individuals may subconsciously treat interactions with computers as they would treat a social situation. This finding combined with what is known about the self-serving bias in interpersonal relations indicates that consumers that use a computer to buy products will take personal credit for successful purchases but blame the computer for negative purchase experiences. It was also found, however, that consumers are more willing to attribute successful purchases to the computer and not ascribe blame to the computer for failed purchases if they have "intimate self-disclosure" with the computer, which Moon describes as revelation of personal information that makes the discloser feel vulnerable. Another reason is that people are so used to bad functionality, counterintuitive features, bugs, and sudden crashes of most contemporary software applications that they tend not to complain about computer problems. Instead, they believe it is their personal responsibility to predict possible issues and to find solutions to computer problems. This unique phenomenon has been recently observed in several human-computer interaction investigations.

Sports
Individuals have been shown to exhibit the self-serving bias in regard to sports outcomes. In one study, collegiate wrestlers at the Division I level made self-reported attributions of the outcomes in their preseason matches. Winners were more likely than losers to attribute the match outcome to internal causes. The researchers note that wrestling is a one-on-one sport and has clearly defined winners. Therefore, other sports of this nature may show similar results, but other team sports or sports with more ambiguous outcomes may not show the same pattern for the self-serving bias. In another study conducted in 1987, the research focused on comparing the self-serving attributions made by individuals who played single sports and those who played in teams. The study gathered 549 statements that were coded for attributional content from lone performers such as tennis and golf players and team performers such as baseball, football or basketball players. The results showed that "lone performers made more self-serving attributions than team performers" because their performance outcomes have a greater effect on their individual esteem unlike for group outcomes where it "must often be distributed among all participants." To expand upon self-serving attributions made by team sports, a study conducted in 1980 coded "newspaper accounts of baseball and football for attributional content." The coding of the newspaper accounts showed that there was a "tendency to make internal attributions for success and external attributions for failure" which supports the self-serving bias as about 75% of the attributions from winning teams were internal while about 55% of attributions from losing teams were internal.

Depression

Clinically depressed patients tend to show less of a self-serving bias than individuals in the general population. In a study exploring the effects of mood on the self-serving bias, the moods of participants were manipulated to be either positive or negative. Negative mood participants were less likely to attribute successful outcomes to the self than positive mood participants, attributing success to external factors. It has been suggested that the negative mood in depressed individuals as well as their self-focused attention explains why clinically depressed populations are less likely to exhibit the self-serving bias than normal populations.

Impacts in negotiation

Self-Serving bias is defined also by Kaplan et al.  to individual's preferences, which effects to his/her beliefs in an optimistic way. Kaplan et al. also defines, that SSB should be termed as 'self-defeating' phenomenon as it appears for persons, who does not give up. Furthermore, Kaplan et al. state, that specific type of self-serving bias is wishful thinking. This is typically present, when unpleasant surprise pops up in the negotiation, particularly when the opponent has made preparations carefully. Another example is well-known phenomenon from law-court and is commonly used also in law-based TV-series. We can say, that according to Kaplan et al.'s finding, that self-serving bias is playing a major role in negotiation context. There is an emotional effect to the negotiations and there seems to be a reflection between self-serving bias and emotions.

Neural research outcomes

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
The self-serving bias has been investigated by the fMRI method in normal populations. Attributions using the bias show activation in the dorsal striatum, which plays a role in motivated behavior, as well as in the dorsal anterior cingulate. In clinically depressed patients, there appear to be weaker connections between the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and limbic areas of the brain, so this connection may play a role in self-serving attributions.

Electroencephalography (EEG)
In a study employing the EEG method of examining brain activation, participants were given bogus outcome feedback that indicated either success or failure and told to make attributions. Different from non-self-serving responses, self-serving responses did not show increased dorsomedial frontal cortex activity preceding attribution decisions. Such lack of brain activity implies that self-control, which is controlled by the dorsomedial frontal cortex, is not as prominent in self-serving attributions as non-self-serving ones.

See also

References

Cognitive biases
Self
Social psychology
Narcissism

Self-serving bias


نفر حتب الأول فرعون من الأسرة الثالثة عشر خلف نفر حتب الملك سوبك حتب الثالث على عرش البلاد وتخبرنا بردية تورين أن حكمه أمتد مدة 11 عاما، وهذا يجعله من أحد أطول الملوك حكما في هذه الأسرة.

عائلته
ينحدر نفر حتب الأول من عائلة عسكرية من طيبة، والده يدعى حاعنخف واسم ووالدته كمي، وكان والده يحمل لقب أبا الإله، ولنفر حتب أخوين تولى كل منهما العرش فيما بعد وهما سوبك حتب الرابع ومن وازرع
زوجة نفر حتب تدعى سنسنب أنجب منها عدد من الأبناء هم ساحتحور وهو أول أولاده وسوبك حتب وحاعنخف وحرحتب.

آثاره
للملك نفر حتب آثارا هامة في كل أنحاء مصر وخارجها فقد عثر في بلدة ببلوص (جبيل الواقعة على شاطئ فينقية) قطعة حجر منقوش عليها رسم الملك نفر حتب ومعه أمير ببلوص والذي يدعى بنتن كما يذكر النقش وهو يقوم بتقديم فروض الطاعة والولاء للملك نفر حتب مما يشير إلى أن فينقية كانت خاضعة للملك نفر حتب.

ومن أهم الآثار التي وجدت للملك نفر حتب لوحة كبيرة عثر عليها في العرابة المدفونة (أبيدوس) ترجع إلى العام الثاني من حكمه أمر بنقشها إحياء لذكرى الإله أوزير ذكر فيها نفر حتب الأعمال التي قام بها للأحتفاء بالإله أوزير، وهذه اللوحة من الآثار القليلة التي توضح لنا الأجرءات التي تتخذ لصنع ونقش اللوحات الحجرية بناء على أوامر الملك.

وقد وجد عدد من النقوش على الصخور في أسوان وجزيرة سهل (بالقرب من أسوان) التي تحمل اسم الملك وأسماء أفراد عائلته وزوجته، ومن هذه النقوش تم التعرف على عائلته.

وقد عثر على محراب عليه صورة له في معبد الكرنك، كما عثر على رأس عمود ذكر عليه اسمه يوجد حاليا في متحف برلين، وعثر أيضا على عدد من الجعارين منقوش عليها اسمه وتوجد في متاحف اللوفر ومتحف تورين ومتحف شتوتغارت بألمانيا.

نهاية حكمه
نهاية حكم نفر حتب أو ظروف وفاته غير معروفة، وقد خلفه على العرش أخاه سوبك حتب الرابع الذي يعتقد أنه شارك أخاه في الحكم فقد عثر في الكرنك على قطعة حجر عليها نقش أسميهما معا.

ولكن يعتقد أيضا طبقا لما ذكر في بردية تورين التي وضعت بين اسم الملك نفر حتب وسوبك ختب الرابع اسم ساحتحور وهو نفس اسم أبن نفر حتب أنه شارك والده الحكم ولكنه توفي قبل والده ولكن لم يعثر له على أي آثار تؤيد هذا الأفتراض.

انظر أيضًا
قائمة ملوك مصر القديمة
الأسرة المصرية الثالثة عشر

المراجع

فراعنة الأسرة المصرية الثالثة عشر

نفر حتب الأول


El Consejo Superior Nacional de los Helenos (en griego: Ύπατο Συμβούλιο των Ελλήνων Εθνικών) es una organización establecida en Grecia en 1997 para defender y restaurar la tradición étnica y politeísta griega en la sociedad griega actual. La organización nació de la unión de varios grupos independientes de revivalismo helénico.

Las convicciones éticas del politeísmo helénico moderno están muchas veces inspiradas en las virtudes del antiguo griego, tales como la reciprocidad, la hospitalidad y la moderación.

Orígenes

El YSEE fue establecida en Grecia en 1997 como resultado de acercamientos entre agrupaciones que practicaban el helenismo antiguo.

Los seguidores que practican este culto llegan a los 100 000 griegos, mientras que los miembros fundadores son 2000, aunque el grupo admite que el número de seguidores podría ser mucho mayor.

Esta entidad es miembro fundador del Congreso Europeo de Religiones Étnicas, y patrocinó el séptimo Congreso anual CERE en junio de 2004. Es también miembro del programa de la Unión Europea contra la discriminación.

Como contexto, el neohelenismo es un fenómeno cultural activo en Grecia y en otras zonas del mundo. Este fenómeno neohelénico presenta recuperaciones muy variadas, en particular antropológicas, sociológicas y religiosas, que cubren varios campos de la visión humana del mundo, de la valorización de la figura femenina en la sociedad, y una idea de política muy similar a la de la Grecia antigua. Los grupos dodecateicos neohelénicos se caracterizan por una sólida base común.

Eventos

Además de sus actividades políticas, el YSEE realiza rituales y ceremonias helénicas, incluyendo el festival anual Prometea en el Monte Olimpo. Unas 2500 personas asistieron a la edición de 2005, convirtiéndolo en la reunión con más gente del mundo moderno. El festival incluye charlas de temas filosóficos y religiosos, teatro y espectáculos artísticos así como rituales religiosos y ceremonias.

Desde su fundación, ha distribuido unas 200 cartas de protesta pidiendo una mayor libertad religiosa para esta religión en Grecia y ha realizado unos 800 eventos educativos.

El culto helénico antiguo
Los politeístas helénicos adoran a los antiguos dioses, incluidos los Olímpicos, divinidades de la naturaleza, dioses del submundo y héroes. Tanto antepasados físicos como espirituales son adorados. Es una religión votiva o devocional basada en el cambio de ofrendas con el fin de obtener la bendición de los dioses.

Legitimidad

Este grupo religioso sufre diferentes grados de discriminación por parte de la Iglesia Ortodoxa Griega. Uno de los principales objetivos del YSEE es el reconocimiento legal de la religión, la cual no se reconocía como "persona legal de ley pública" en Grecia. Una consecuencia de esta falta de reconocimiento legal es que no ha podido establecer lugares permanentes de culto. Tras casi 10 años de reclamos, finalmente en el 2006 pudo legitimarse, cuando las cortes griegas levantaron la prohibición recientemente del culto a dioses (politeísmo), lo que da por finalizado un muy largo período de prohibición de esta religión por casi 1700 años, según refiere el YSEE, el cual comenzó (tras la ocupación romana de Grecia) con el edicto de Tesalónica, dictado en el 380 d. C. por el emperador romano Teodosio, que prohibía el culto a las deidades étnicas, y establecía solamente el culto a un solo dios, el cristiano, y la sistematización de esta nueva religión como control social, dando comienzo a un muy largo y penoso período de persecuciones y matanzas de todo tipo, conocido como inquisición.

Sedes
El Concejo Superior Nacional de los Helenos posee sedes y representación en Estados Unidos, Canadá, Alemania y Brasil, ofreciendo lecturas, eventos, y apoyando a los practicantes de la religión fuera de Grecia.

Véase también
 Religión griega
 Dioses olímpicos
 Religión de Grecia Antigua (culto)
 Dodecateísmo
 Politeísmo
 Congreso Europeo de Religiones Étnicas
  Wikiproyecto Grecia

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 www.ysee.gr (página oficial)
 Página web oficial (versión en español)

Mitología
Religiones del mundo grecorromano
Religiones étnicas
Politeísmo
Organizaciones de Grecia


Simon Plössl (født 19. september 1794 i Wien, død 29. januar 1868 sammesteds) var en østrigsk optiker.

Efter at have arbejdet hos Voigtländer i Wien nedsatte han sig, 1823, som optisk instrumentmager i denne sin fødeby. Han vandt et navn ved sine fortrinlige instrumenter, især mikroskoper og kikkerter. Den dialytiske kikkert, som han efter forslag af Littrow fabrikerede fra 1832, var en tid meget anvendt.

Kilder

Optikere

Simon Plössl


Chuan may refer to:

 Quan, a Chinese surname
 Chuanr, a food originating in Xinjiang
 Abbreviation for Sichuan

See also
Chuanqi (disambiguation)

Chuan


BTicino S.p.A. () est une entreprise italienne de travail des métaux qui opère dans le domaine des équipements électriques basse tension utilisés pour le résidentiel, l'emploi et la production.

Bticino propose des solutions pour la distribution d'énergie, pour la communication (interphones et interphones vidéo) et pour le contrôle de la lumière, du son, du climat et de la sécurité.

Histoire
Fondée en 1936 par les frères Arnaldo, Luigi et Ermanno Bassani sous le nom de Ticino Electric Switches pour produire des petits articles en métal de différentes applications. Depuis 1948, l'entreprise est devenue Bassani SpA et se spécialise dans la fabrication de composants électriques utilisés à l'intérieur des maisons, afin de répondre à la demande croissante résultant de la reconstruction post-conflit.

En 1989, Bassani Ticino rejoint le groupe français Legrand, changeant son nom en BTicino. Bticino a été la première entreprise à concevoir les interrupteurs comme des meubles (pas seulement comme des composants industriels), en développant un traitement spécifique visant à améliorer la qualité du produit et à simplifier la mise en œuvre.

L'entreprise est devenue connue sur le marché italien dans les années 1950 ; "Domino" et "Sicura" sont les noms de la première série qui remporte un grand succès. Les produits des années 1960 se caractérisent par la facilité de montage et par la modularité : ils avaient répandu la boîte rectangulaire, qui représente la norme actuelle. La série Magic (1961) est le premier boîtier de prise de courant avec interrupteurs modulaires.

Articles connexes
 Ingénierie électrique
 Dispositifs à courant résiduel
 OpenWebNet

Liens externes

 Site officiel de BTicino
 Page d'accueil des États-Unis
 Communauté MyOpen
 Groupe Legrand

Entreprise du secteur des technologies ayant son siège en Italie
Marque italienne
Marque d'électroménager
Entreprise d'électronique ayant son siège en Italie

Bticino


Uporaba fetalnog tkiva u cjepivima je praksa istraživanja, razvoja i proizvodnje cjepiva primjenom kultiviranih (laboratorijski uzgojenih) ljudskih fetalnih stanica. Cjepiva iz zakonski obaveznog programa cijepljenja u Republici Hrvatskoj proizvedena su koristeći ljudske stanične linije fetusa (humane diploidne stanice) i ne sadrže tragove ljudske DNK abortiranih fetusa jer cjepiva prolaze proces purifikacije kojim se otklanjaju preostali stanični dijelovi i stanična DNA. Cjepivo protiv rubeole koje je dio obaveznog programa cijepljenja u Republici Hrvatskoj sadrži živi atenuirani virus rubeole, soj Wistar RA 27/3 koji je izoliran iz zaraženog abortiranog fetusa.

Dok cjepiva protiv bakterijskih bolesti nemaju etički problematičnu pozadinu jer su voda, soli, šećer i aminokiseline dovoljni za umnožavanje bakterija, za proizvodnju cjepiva protiv virusnih bolesti potrebne su žive stanice, jer se virusi razmnožavaju samo u živim stanicama koje potječu iz pilećeg tkiva, majmunskih stanica bubrega, inkubiranih kokošjih jaja, stanica kvasca, ali i iz ljudskog fetusnog tkiva.

Obrađene stanice od pobačene djece (ljudske stanične linije fetusa) za proizvodnju aktivnih cjepiva protiv virusnih zaraznih bolesti prodaju se na tržištu od 1960-ih godina. Aktivna cjepiva protiv hepatitisa A, rubeola i vodenih kozica se proizvode i danas koristeći isključivo ljudske stanične linije fetusa, jer su one hranjivi medij za umnožavanje oslabljenih virusa potrebnih za proizvodnju.

Bez uporabe ljudskih fetalnih stanica proizvode se antivirusna cjepiva protiv gripe, ospica, zaušnjaka, dječje paralize, hepatitisa B, krpeljnog meningoencefalitisa i žute groznice.

Ljudska stanična linija WI-38 i virusni soj RA 27/3

Do danas su za proizvodnju cjepiva od živih, oslabljenih virusa, tj. aktivnih cjepiva korištene dvije ljudske stanične linije izvedene iz tkiva pobačene djece: Prva je bila linija WI-38 (s Wistar Instituta Sveučilišta Pennsylvania). WI-38 utemeljio je 1961.g. dr. Leonard Hayflick uklanjanjem plućnih stanica s pobačenog, otprilike 3 mjeseca starog ženskog fetusa. Do pobačaja je došlo, jer su roditelji smatrali da već imaju dovoljno djece. U članku u američkom časopisu Diseases of Childhood, dr. Stanley Plotkin o podrijetlu ove stanične linije: "Ovaj fetus je dr. Sven Gard odabrao specifično za tu svrhu." WI-38 korišten je u proizvodnji povijesnog cjepiva protiv rubeole RA 27/3.

Kod komercijalno dostupnog cjepiva protiv rubeole u EU, i virus i njegova kultura potiču od pobačene djece. Virus rubeole potječe od djeteta koje je abortirano u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama tijekom epidemije rubeole 1964. godine, kada je ženama koje su bile zaražene savjetovano da prekinu trudnoću. Virus je pronađen kod 27. pobačenog djeteta, koje je poput ostale djece odmah nakon pobačaja secirano. Naziva se virusnim sojem RA 27/3, pri čemu R znači rubeola, A je abortus, 27 je 27. pobačeni fetus i 3 je treći uzorak tkiva. Liječnik koji je izvršio pobačaj usko je surađivao s Institutom Wistar kako bi prikupio pobačenu djecu i izolirao virus. Virus je zatim uzgojen u stanicama pluća (WI-38) drugog pobačenog, oko 3 mjeseca starog ženskog fetusa. Novo cjepivo razvijeno je u Philadelphiji i testirano na siročadi.

Ljudska stanična linija MRC-5

Druga linija ljudskih stanica koja se koristi za proizvodnju cjepiva od živih, oslabljenih virusa, tj. aktivnih cjepiva je linija MRC-5 (iz Londonskog medicinskog istraživačkog vijeća) s ljudskim fetalnim plućnim stanicama. Potječu iz muškog fetusa starog 14 tjedana kojeg je 27-godišnja žena abortirala u Velikoj Britaniji iz "psihijatrijskih razloga". MRC-5 je 1966.g. proizveo J.P. Jacobs.

Osim ove dvije, proizvedene su i druge ljudske stanične linije u farmaceutske svrhe, ali se one ne koriste za cjepiva koja su trenutno dostupna u Hrvatskoj. Stanične linije koje su nastale od pobačenih fetusa 1960-ih i danas se koriste kao medij za umnožavanje potrebnih virusa za izradu cjepiva. Potrebno je samo vrlo malo "materijala" za izradu cjepiva, tako da još uvijek postoji dovoljno supstrata iz tada proizvedenih staničnih linija, koje su duboko smrznute u tekućem dušiku.

Veza pobačaja i cjepiva
Farmaceutske tvrtke poriču postojanje neposredne veze između pobačaja i cjepiva. Tvrde da pobačaj nije proveden u cilju dobivanja fetalnih stanica za proizvodnju cjepiva. Međutim, dr. Hayflick je 1961.g. obrazložio da je ekonomično i jednostavno koristiti fetalno tkivo za razliku od drugih kultura koje nisu tako lako dostupne: "Izdvajanje i karakterizacija humanih diploidnih staničnih linija dobivenih iz fetalnog tkiva čini ovu vrstu stanica prikladnom kao supstrat za proizvodnju virusnih cjepiva." Budući da fetalne stanice ne opstaju dugo bez posebnih mjera, znanstvenici koji rade na cjepivu, moraju usko surađivati s liječnicima koji provode pobačaje na dobivanju željenog tkiva. Američki embriolog Dr. C. Ward Kischer kaže: "Da bi se sačuvalo 95% stanica, potrebno je pripremiti živo tkivo u roku od pet minuta. U roku od sat vremena propadanje stanica bi se nastavilo i uzorci bi postali bezvrijedni." Tkivo fetusa iz spontanih pobačaja je bezvrijedno za staničnu kulturu cjepiva, jer je uzrok pobačaja često virusna ili bakterijska infekcija, kromosomski defekt ili slični poremećaj koji tkivo čini beskorisnim za stroge standarde proizvođača cjepiva.

Moralne dvojbe

Etički neproblematično alternativno aktivno cjepivo protiv vodenih kozica do danas nije dostupno na svjetskom tržištu. Međutim, aktivna cjepiva protiv hepatitisa A i protiv rubeole koja se ne proizvode od pobačene djece uz pomoć ljudskih staničnih linija dostupna su u Japanu, ali je njihov uvoz u EU zabranjen.

Etička procjena s kršćanskog stanovišta o cjepivima u kojima se za proizvodnju koriste stanice iz pobačenih fetusa objavljena je u izjavi Papinske akademije za život u srpnju 2005. godine: "Moralna razmišljanja o cjepivima za čiju proizvodnju se koriste stanice abortiranih fetusa".

"Bilo koji oblik formalnog sudjelovanja (dijeljenje zloćudne namjere) u djelu onih koji su izvršili pobačaj koji je omogućio proizvodnju fetalnog tkiva potrebnog za proizvodnju cjepiva moralno je zabranjen.Svi koji u određenoj mjeri surađuju dijeleći namjeru da izvrše pobačaj s ciljem proizvodnje spomenutih cjepiva, zapravo sudjeluju u istom moralnom zlu kao to osoba koja je izvršila pobačaj."

"Izrada, distribucija i stavljanje na tržište cjepiva napravljenih korištenjem biološkog materijala dobivenog od pobačenih fetusa su moralno nedopustivi, jer mogu promicati daljnje pobačaje za proizvodnju takvih cjepiva."

"Treba uzeti u obzir još jedan aspekt, a to je oblik pasivnog materijalnog sudjelovanja koje proizvođači ovih cjepiva čine, ako nisu javno osudili i odbacili izvorni nemoralni čin (pobačaj) i ako ne istovremeno istražuju i promoviraju alternativnu proizvodnju cjepiva za iste bolesti koje su moralno prihvatljiva. Takvo pasivno materijalno sudjelovanje jednako je zabranjeno."

"Upotreba cjepiva čija je proizvodnja povezana s pobačajem znači posrednu pasivnu materijalnu suradnju u pobačaju."

U svibnju 2020. su kardinal Joseph Zen nadbiskup Hong Konga u miru, kardinal Müller pročelnik Kongregacije za nauk vjere u miru i brojni drugi biskupi Katoličke Crkve potpisali apel u kojemu pozivaju na poštovanje "neotuđivih prava građana i njihovih temeljnih sloboda" u kontekstu nametnutih mjera raznih država u borbi protiv COVID-19. U tom apelu piše: "Sjetimo se kao pastiri da je za katolike moralno neprihvatljivo razvijati ili koristiti cjepiva dobivena iz materijala pobačenih fetusa."

Stav Katoličke crkve
Katolička crkva protivi se pobačaju. Ipak, Papinska akademija za život zaključila je 2005. godine da roditelji mogu svojoj djeci omogućiti primanje cjepiva od fetalnog tkiva. Ova je Akademija također pozvala na razvoj novih cjepiva koja se mogu proizvesti na druge načine.  Nacionalni katolički centar za bioetiku navodi da "... moralno je slobodan koristiti cjepivo bez obzira na njegovu povijesnu povezanost s pobačajem. Razlog je taj što rizik za javno zdravlje, ako se odluči ne cijepiti, premašuje legitimnu zabrinutost zbog podrijetla cjepiva ... ".

Izvori

Imunologija

Uporaba fetalnog tkiva u cjepivima


Højen Bæk eller Højen Å er en i alt 15 km lang bæk, der begynder ved Mejsling Kær ca. 7 km sydvest for Vejle. Syd for Vejle løber bækken mod øst og dernæst nord i et fredet, kuperet område fra istiden, og løber ud i Vejle Å.

Højen Bæk er på dette stræk et af Danmarks reneste vandløb. Det store fald gennem bakkerne får vandet til at risle og hvirvle rundt, så åen opfører sig som en iltrig bjergbæk. Der går en ca. 5 km lang sti langs den nedre del af bækken.

Et område mellem Ny Højen og Vejle ligger Natura 2000-område nr. 80 Højen Bæk, i en naturfredning fra 1990. Fredningen blev gennemført for at fastholde, udbygge og forbedre områdets store naturvidenskabelige interesser og sikre områdets varierede plante- og dyreliv, specielt i ferskvandsbiologisk henseende. Fredningen omfatter et areal på 194 hektar
Midt i fredningen ligger en fredet 150 år gammel granitbro, lige syd for Gl. Koldingsvejs krydsning af åen. Broen er bygget efter fransk forbillede ved de dengang nyanlagte landeveje, der bandt landet sammen.

Flora og fauna
På sin vej i de dybe, fredede slugter løber bækken gennem smukke løv- og gærdselsskove og flere steder langs åbne græsenge i et afvekslende terræn.

I hele habitatområdet findes naturtypen "kildevæld" langs bækken, men også elle- og askeskov. Begge naturtyper er sjældne i Danmark og prioriterede naturtyper på EU-niveau. Der findes en meget værdifuld flora på flere af lokaliteterne. Skovene på dalskråningen er meget varierede, muldrige og fugtige på grund af kildevæld. Især Hjulbæk Skov har en urskovsagtig karakter nærmest bækken, hvor bl.a. padderokken skavgræs vokser mellem flader med kildekalk. I skovene findes andre sjældne arter, f.eks. bregnerne bjergmangeløv og strudsvinge.

På overdrevene er fundet fåre-svingel, hirse-star og hunde-viol, mens der på de våde enge er blåtop, tormentil, sump-kællingetand og majgøgeurt.

Strømelskende insekter stortrives. Over halvdelen af landets 25 slørvingearter trives i bækkens vand sammen med kvægmyg, vårfluer og døgnfluer. Siden istiden har en særlig døgnflueart, Rhithrogena germanica, overlevet her som det eneste sted i Danmark.

Musvåger holder til i fredningen og masser af småfugle høres og ses.

Rød glente yngler i området. Sort stork , både gamle og årsunger, er ved flere lejligheder set på interessante tidspunkter. Området er et af de ganske få habitatområder i Danmark, hvor vandstær yngler. Også bestandene af isfugl og bjergvipstjert er sunde i området.

Bæklampret er udpegningsgrundlag for Natura2000.

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger

 Natura 2000-planen 2016-2021
 Planche om Højen Bæk

Natura 2000-planer
Vandløb i Vejle Kommune
Fredede arealer i Danmark
EU-habitatområder i Danmark

Højen Bæk


The Ultimate Aural Orgasm er Scooters tolvte studiealbum, udgivet i 2007 af Sheffield Tunes i Tyskland. To singler blev frigivet fra det: "Behind The Cow" og "Lass Uns Tanzen". Dette er det første album udgivet med nyt medlem Michael Simon. Det er kunst er en hyldest til 1987 album Music for the Masses ved Depeche Mode.

Spor
 "Horny in Jericho" - 2:50
 "Behind the Cow" (featuring Fatman Scoop) - 3:36
 "Does the Fish Have Chips?" - 3:25
 "The United Vibe" - 3:48
 "Lass Uns Tanzen" - 4:27
 "U.F.O. Phenomena" - 5:04
 "Ratty's Revenge" - 4:49
 "The Shit That Killed Elvis" (featuring Jimmy Pop and Bam Margera) - 3:55
 "Imaginary Battle" - 3:57
 "Scarborough Affair" - 4:26
 "East Sands Anthem" - 4:13
 "Love Is an Ocean" - 5:45
 "Firth of Clyde" - 4:57 bonus track, only for iTunes customers

20 Years of Hardcore bonusindhold
 "Behind the Cow" (Spencer & Hill Bigroom Mix)
 "Behind the Cow" (Spencer & Hill Dub Radio Edit)
 "Taj Mahal"
 "Lass Uns Tanzen" (Radio Edit)
 "Lass Uns Tanzen" (Alternative Club Mix)
 "Lass Uns Tanzen" (DJ Zany Remix)
 "Lass Uns Tanzen" (Hardwell & Greatski Late At Night Remix
 "Lass Uns Tanzen" (Tom Novy's New HP Invent Mix)
 "Te Quiero"

Luksusudgave
Deluxe udgaven af albummet kommer med en anden cd med følgende track notering. Denne version blev udgivet som standard i Australien som 2 x CD Tour Edition.
 "Aiii Shot the DJ" (Missing Live Track)
 "Am Fenster" (Missing Live Track)
 "Trance Atlantic" (Special Live Version)
 "Fire" (Full Length Live Version)
 "Apache" (Flip & Fill UK Mix)
 "Behind the Cow" (3 AM Mix)
 "Behind the Cow" Making of Video
 "Behind the Cow" Video
 Photos
 Band Interview
 2-sided poster

Chart Positioner

Album fra 2007
Scooter-album

The Ultimate Aural Orgasm


حبليات الرأس أو الرأس حبليات أو راسية الحبل  هي شعيبة من شعيبات الحبليات وتحدد بوجود الحبل الظهري، وفي الأغلب تعيش في المحيطات الحديثة ومن الأمثلة على حبليات الرأس السهيم. تعتبر هذه الشعيبة من أهم شعيبات الحبليات الاولية حيث تظهر افرادها الصفات المميزه للحبليات وتضم حيوانات بحرية المعيشة ومن أمثلتها الرميح (الاسم العلمي:Amphioxus).

خصائص حبليات الرأس
حبليات الرأس تتبع للمملكة الحيوانية، وهي من الحيوانات البحرية، ويكون جسمها بالأغلب مجزأ. تمتلك حبليات الرأس أجهزة تمتد على طول الحبل الظهري مثل : حبل عصبي، وجهاز هضمي، وجهاز تنفسي ويمتد الحبل الظهري على طول الجسم طوال حياة الحيوان، ولا يختفي أو يتحول إلى عظام. ويوجد في حبليات الرأس أهداب حول محيط الفم لمساعدتها في الحصول على الغذاء. تملك حبليات الرأس شقوق خيشومية تساعدها على التنفس. كما أن الجنس فيها منفصل.

الاكتشاف
أعداد الأفراد في هذه الشعيبة قليلة جدا ولا تملك أجزاء صلبة، لذلك من الصعب العثور على مستحاثات لها، ورغم ذلك عثر على أنواع متحجرة من حبليلت الرأس في صخور قديمة جدا سبقت عصر الفقاريات وهو حيوان السجيل في كولومبيا البريطانية يعود للعصر كمبري الأوسط، وعثر على نوع اخر(Yunnanozoon) في جنوب الصين يعود للعصر كامبري المبكر.

السهيم
هو حيوان صغير الحجم حوالي حوالي 5-7 سم يعيش بالماء ويدفن نفسه بالرمال أثناء النهار وينشط ليلاً ولا يظهر إلا الجزء الأمامي الذي به الفم وهو يشبه السهم حيث أن مؤخرته مدببة ومقدمة جسمه بها لوامس تشبه ريشة السهم، الجسم منضغط من الجانبين وفي ثلثي الجزء الأمامي للجسم يفلطح السطح البطني مكوناًُ ما يعرف بالثنيتان الجانبيتان، وتوجد الزعنفة البطنية عند نهاية الثنيتان وتمتد لخلف الجسم حتى فتحة الشرج والتي تبدأ بعدها الزعنفة الذيلية والتي تستمر على الجزء الظهري من الذيل من بعدها للأمام توجد الزعنفة الظهرية والتي تمتد أماماً للمقدمة.

يتحرك السهيم بانقباض وانبساط العضلات المحيطة بالجسم والتي على شكل رقم 7 ورأسه متجه للأمام.

جلد السهيم من النوع الناعم لعدم احتوائه على هيكل خارجي أما الهيكل الداخلي فيتكون من الحبل الظهري الذي يمتد بطول الحيوان وهو يتكون من خلايا يحيط بها نسيج ضام جيلاتيني وغلاف ليفي

الجهاز الهضمي
منطقة الفم تحاط بجدارين جانبيين يشكل ما يسمى بالقلنسوة الفمية والتي تحمل على حافتها زوائد فمية لها وظيفة حسية كما أنها تتشابك معاً لتمنع دخول حبات الرمل إلى السهيم كما أن حركة هذه الزوائد تؤدي لتيار من الماء لدخول الغذاء والأكسجين للحيوان، والقلنسوة الفمية تحيط بتجويف يسمى بالدهليز والذي يحده من الخلف النقاب أو البرقع لأن به فتحة واحدة وهي فتحة الفم يحيط بها زوائد برقعية من ناحية البلعوم، أما الجهة الأمامية للبرقع فيوجد عليها زوائد إصبعية الشكل تسمى العضو العجلي ويغطي سطحه أهداب طويلة كثيرة الحركة تتسبب في عمل تيار للماء ليدخل القلنسوة ومنه للفم، وأعلى القلنسوة توجد حفرة هاتشوك وهي يعتقد أنها عضو للتذوق، ويفتح الفم في البلعوم والذي قد يصل لمنتصف الجسم وجوانب البلعوم بها فتحات مائلة تسمى الفتحات الخيشومية والتي تنفصل عن بعضها بالعوارض الخيشومية أما قاع البلعوم فيسمى القلم الداخلي وبه ميزاب أو أخدود يحتوي على أهداب واربع مجموعات غدية تفرز مخاط يساعد على التصاق الطعام به وتعمل الأهداب على دفع المخاط والغذاء الملتصق به للأمام حتى الشريط حول البلعوم والذي يحمل أهداب تدفع الطعام لأعلى البلعوم حيث يوجد ميزاب فوق بلعومي يمتد بطول سقف البلعوم وبه أهداب تدفع الطعام للخلف تجاه المريء وكذلك العوارض الخيشومية تحتوي على أهداب تدفع الطعام لأعلى تجاه التيار المتولد من الفتحة الفوق البلعومي.

ومن يبدأ المريء وهو ضيق وينقل الطعام إلى المعدة الأكثر اتساعاً والتي يخرج منها كيس غدي يمتد على الجانب الأيمن للبلعوم مكونا الأعور الكبدي وهو يمثل الكبد في الفقاريات ويمتد لخلف المعدة انبوبة مستقيمة تمثل الأمعاء والتي تفتح للخارج على الجانب الأيسر من الحيوان على الزعنفة البطنية فتحة الاست، ويحيط السيلوم بالأمعاء من كل جانب إلا الجانب الظهري حيث توجد المساريقا.

الجهاز التنفسي
ويتم التبادل الغازي في السهيم عن طريق الجلد والفتحات الخيشومية والتي تكون معراة في الطور الجنيني إما باستمرار النمو تتغطى بغطاء البهو والذي يشكل تجويف البهو ويفتح قبل الزعنفة البطنية بفتحة البهو.

الجهاز الدوري
لا يوجد قلب في السهيم ولكن الذي يساعد على دفع الدم وجود بصيلات منقبضة على الأبهر البطني والذي يتفرع منها على الجانبين أوعية دموية واردة إلى منطقة الفتحات الخيشومية ويتسلم الدم المؤكسد أوعية دموية صادرة والتي تتجمع في أبهران ظهريان أيمن وأيسر يمتدان على السطح الظهري للبلعوم وعلى جانبي الميزاب فوق الخيشومي للأمام ليعطي كلا منهما شريان سباتي في المنطقة الأمامية، ويتحد الأبهران خلف البلعوم ليكونا وعاء متوسط يعرف بالأبهر الظهري المتوسط والذي يمتد للخلف وتخرج منه فروع لتغذية الجسم ويمتد في الذيل ليكون الشريان الذيلي وتتفرع هذه التفرعات إلى شعيرات دموية والتي تتجمع بدورها في الوريد الذيلي والوريد تحت المعوي ليصب في الوريد الكبدي البابي الذي يدخل الكبد ليتفرع لشعيرات دموية ثم تتجمع الشعيرات الدموية لتعطي الوريد الكبدي الذيل يتصل بالأبهر البطني.

الدم في السهيم عديم اللون ولا يحتوي على خلايا إلا بعض خلايا أميبية وقليل من كرات الدم الحمراء.

الجهاز الإخراجي
وهو عبارة عن أنابيب دقيقة تعرف بالنفريدات وهي توجد في الجدار الظهري لتجويف البهو وتفتح في مقابل الفتحات الخيشومية الأولية وتماثلها في العدد
وكل نفريدة تتركب من انبوبة ملتوية بها انتفاخات أعورية تفتح بها خلايا صولجانية أو لهابية تجمع المواد الإخراجية وتدفعها إلى النفريدة ومنها إلى الفتحة الإخراجية ثم إلى البهو لتخرج مع تيار الماء من ثقب البهو

الجهاز التناسلي
الجنس منفصل في السهيم ويحتوي على عدد من المناسل على جانبي البلعوم وبداية القناة الهضمية.

انظر أيضا
حبليات

السهيم

علم الأحياء البحرية

مستحاثة

عصر كمبري

مراجع

أصنوفات سماها إرنست هيكل
علم الأحياء البحرية
علم التصنيف
كائنات باقية ظهرت خلال الكمبري

رأس حبليات


is a Japanese actor. He won the Blue Ribbon Award for Best Actor in 1984 for The Funeral and Farewell to the Ark. Yamazaki is well known for his role "Nenbutsu no Tetsu" on the television jidaigeki Hissatsu Shiokinin and Shin Hissatsu Shiokinin.

Career
Yamazaki graduated from Haiyuza Theatre Company and joined Bungakuza in 1959. He made his film debut in Kihachi Okamoto`s Daigaku no sanzôkutachi in 1960. In 1961, he received the Elan d'or Award for Newcomer of the Year. In 1963, he appeared in Akira Kurosawa's High and Low. He worked with Kurosawa twice more: in the director's next film, 1965's Red Beard, then fifteen years later, in Kagemusha.

In 1973, he appeared jidaigeki television drama Hissatsu Shiokinin and he played the same role in Shin Hissatsu Shiokinin again in 1977. He also starred in director Juzo Itami movies, as a trucker who resembles John Wayne in Tampopo (1985) as well as co-starring in The Ramen Girl (2008) with Brittany Murphy.

He also played a supporting role in Yōjirō Takita's Departures.

Filmography

Film

TV dramas

Awards and honours

References

External links

1936 births
20th-century Japanese male actors
21st-century Japanese male actors
Living people
People from Matsudo
Recipients of the Medal with Purple Ribbon
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun, 4th class

Tsutomu Yamazaki


Die Route nationale 629, kurz N 629 oder RN 629, war eine französische Nationalstraße, die von 1933 bis 1973 zwischen Revel und einer Straßenkreuzung mit der ehemaligen Nationalstraße 113 nordwestlich von Carcassonne verlief. Ihre Länge betrug 36 Kilometer.

Weblinks

 Route nationale française 629 auf WikiSara ()

629

Route nationale 629


est un romancier et écrivain de light novels japonais résidant dans la préfecture d'Osaka. Il est connu pour son roman Je veux manger ton pancréas, adapté au cinéma en 2017.

Biographie
Yoru Sumino commence à écrire durant ses années au lycée. Il soumet une première histoire au Grand prix du roman Dengeki, mais celle-ci ne passe pas le premier tour de sélection. Il décide alors de réviser son style pour publier Je veux manger ton pancréas, mais le manuscrit final est trop long pour participer au prix.

Son premier roman est finalement publié sur la plateforme Shōsetsuka ni narō en 2014, sous le nom de plume . L'année suivante, l'histoire est publiée par Futabasha. Il remporte la seconde place du Grand prix des libraires en 2016 pour Je veux manger ton pancréas. En 2019, son roman Aokute Itakute Moroi remporte la première place dans les livres les plus lus par jeunes de 20 ans en 2018 de .

Principales œuvres
 , illustré par , Futabasha, juin 2015, .
 , illustré par loundraw, Futabasha, février 2016, .
 , Futabasha, décembre 2016, .
 , Shinchōsha, mars 2017, .
 {{japonais||青くて痛くて脆い|Aokute itakute moroi}}, Kadokawa Shoten, mars 2018, .
 , Gentōsha, mars 2019, recueil de nouvelles,  :
 .
 , publié chez  en janvier 2018 sous le nom .
 , Shōsetsu Gentō, avril 2018.
 .
 .
 , Shōsetsu Gentō, mai 2018.
 , Shōsetsu Gentō, mars 2018.
 , Shōsetsu Gentō, juin 2018.
 .
 .
 .
 , Shōsetsu Gentō, décembre 2018.
 , Shinchōsha, septembre 2020, .

 Adaptations
Ayant généré plus de deux millions de ventes, Je veux manger ton pancréas connaît plusieurs adaptations, dont un manga dessiné par  et sérialisé en deux volumes. Un film mettant en scène Minami Hamabe et  sort en 2017, et un film d'animation sort en 2018.Mata, Onaji Yume wo Mite Ita a lui aussi été adapté en manga, également dessiné par Izumi Kirihara, écrit de septembre 2017 à août 2018 et rassemblé en trois volumes. Kakushigoto est une autre œuvre de Sumino adaptée en manga, avec un premier volume publié en avril 2019 et dessiné par Nieki Zui

 Notes et références
 Notes

 Références

 Voir aussi
 Articles connexes

 Kakushigoto'', manga du même nom que celui de Sumino, mais différent, écrit par .

Liens externes

Auteur de light novel
Romancier japonais du XXIe siècle

Yoru Sumino


Grabovo-dio je naselje u Republici Hrvatskoj, u sastavu Grada Vukovara, Vukovarsko-srijemska županija.

Povijest

Do teritorijalne reorganizacije u Hrvatskoj nalazilo se u sastavu stare općine Vukovar. Dva bivša naselja Jakobovac i Ovčara 1991. godine pripojena su naselju Grabovo iz kojeg su ponovno izdvojena 2001. godine kao novo naselje Grabovo-dio.

U ovom naselju (tada naselje Ovčara) počinjen je Genocid u Vukovaru koji su počinili pripadnici JNA i srpskih paravojnih postrojba u noći s 20. na 21. studenoga 1991. godine tijekom srpske okupacije Vukovara.

Većina naselja razrušeno je i opustošeno tokom rata, a dosta starih građevina danas je pretvoreno u farme i industrijske pogone.

Stanovništvo

Prema popisu stanovništva iz 2011., naselje je imalo 47 stanovnika.

Znamenitosti

Spomen dom Ovčara
Masovna grobnica Ovčara

Izvori

Naselja u Vukovarsko-srijemskoj županiji

Grabovo (Vukovar)


معاهدة فرانكفورت   هي معاهدة سلام وقّعت في فرانكفورت في 10 ماي 1871 في نهاية الحرب الفرانكو بروسية.

خلاصة نص المعاهدة
من بين ما نصت عليه المعاهدة ما يلي:
 تحديد الحدود بين الجمهورية الفرنسية الثالثة والإمبراطورية الألمانية حيث تمر 1694 قرية ومدينة من الحكم الفرنسي إلى الحكم الألماني.
 اعتراف فرنسا بوجوبها أداء تعويضات الحرب والمقدرة بخمسة مليارات فرنك تؤديها قبل مرور خمس سنوات.

مراجع

ألمانيا في 1871
فرنسا في 1871
أحداث مايو 1871
الحدود الألمانية الفرنسية
الحرب الفرنسية البروسية
فرانكفورت في القرن 19
تاريخ ألزاس
تاريخ فرانكفورت
تاريخ لورين
معاهدات في 1871
معاهدات الإمبراطورية الألمانية
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معاهدة فرانكفورت (1871)


Joshua Maria Young (29 de outubro de 1808 - 18 de setembro de 1866) foi um prelado americano da Igreja Católica Romana. Ele serviu como bispo de Erie, Pensilvânia, de 1854 até sua morte.

Vida e igreja
Ele nasceu em Acton, Maine, filho de Jonathan e Mehetable (née Moody) Young. Um dos dez filhos, ele tinha três irmãos e seis irmãs. Criado como um congregacionalista, ele pertencia a uma proeminente família da Nova Inglaterra de graduados de Harvard e ministros protestantes. Aos oito anos, Young foi enviado para morar com seu tio em Saco, e mais tarde tornou-se aprendiz de impressor do jornal Eastern Argus, de Portland, em 1823. Ele foi editor do The Maine Democrat por cerca de um ano após seu aprendizado. Depois que um colega de trabalho lhe emprestou livros católicos, Young decidiu se converter ao catolicismo e recebeu um batismo condicional em outubro de 1828. Após sua conversão, ele mudou seu nome para Joshua Maria em homenagem à Virgem Maria.

Em 1830 foi estudar para o sacerdócio em Cincinnati, Ohio, onde esperava que o clima fosse mais adequado à sua saúde. Ele brevemente continuou a trabalhar na publicação, e foi empregado do The Catholic Telegraph. Depois de completar seus estudos teológicos no Mount St. Mary's College em Emmitsburg, Maryland, Young foi ordenado sacerdote pelo bispo John Baptist Purcell em 1º de abril de 1838.  Ele então trabalhou como missionário no Ocidente antes de se tornar pastor da Igreja de Santa Maria em Lancaster, Ohio. Ele também participou do Primeiro Concílio Plenário de Baltimore em 1852 como teólogo do bispo Purcell.

Em 29 de julho de 1853, Young foi nomeado o segundo Bispo de Erie, Pensilvânia, pelo Papa Pio IX.  Ele recebeu sua consagração episcopal em 23 de abril de 1854, do bispo Purcell, com os bispos Martin John Spalding e Louis Amadeus Rappe servindo como co-consagradores. Ele foi um oponente da escravidão durante a Guerra Civil (1861–1865), e testemunhou a descoberta de petróleo em Titusville em 1859, o que o obrigou a erguer numerosas igrejas para acomodar os colonos ao longo do Oil Creek e do Rio Allegheny. No início do mandato de Young, a diocese continha 28 igrejas e 14 padres; na época de sua morte, o número de igrejas e padres era superior a 50. Ele estabeleceu várias escolas católicas e orfanatos, e um hospital. Ele também introduziu na diocese as Irmãs de São José de Buffalo, Nova York.

Young morreu repentinamente em sua residência em Erie, aos 57 anos.

Referências

Mortos em 1866
Nascidos em 1808
Bispos católicos dos Estados Unidos
Convertidos do protestantismo ao catolicismo romano

Joshua Maria Young